title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: A 3.0 liter Power Stroke turbo-diesel V6 was introduced in the 2018 Ford F-150 to compete with the Ram 1500 EcoDiesel V6. The 3.0-liter Power Stroke diesel generates and of torque, paired with a Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission, providing a towing capability of . EPA-estimated fuel efficiency ratings are highway, city, and combined. It continued to be offered until the 2021 model year.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Bronze Age Pervert is the pseudonym of the anonymous author of "Bronze Age Mindset" and the writer and host of a podcast called "Caribbean Rhythms". The pseudonym is often shortened to BAP.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Bronze Age Pervert self-published the book "Bronze Age Mindset" via Amazon Publishing in June 2018. The 77-chapter "exhortation" is written with intentionally poor grammar, mixing Nietzschean philosophy with criticisms of modern society. Bronze Age Pervert explicitly stated that "Bronze Age Mindset" is not intended as a political manifesto and that it was written in a "mood of revelry and laughter." The mainstream media, Bronze Age Pervert claims, deliberately use "humorlessness as a strategy and pretend to see policy proposals when we engage in fun and trolling."


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: The book discusses classical figures, including Alcibiades, Periander of Corinth, and the heroes of the Homeric epics. In particular BAP elevates and celebrates the pirate and the soldier of fortune as heroic ideals worthy of emulation and asserts that classical education is wasted on both (social) liberals and conventional conservatives. Although BAP does not provide sources, notes or formal references in the book he mentions Nietzsche, Schopenhauer and pre-Socratic thinkers like Heracleitus very frequently. "The New Republic" describes the book as "rambling", "dizzying", displaying "prose ... artfully penned" but "arguments ... fractured and incoherent". Book reviewer Inga-Lina Lindqvist of Swedish "Aftonbladet" cautions readers that despite the often impenetrable fever-dream style, "to simply dismiss BAP as yet another internet maniac who read Nietzsche and misunderstood Homer's humanistic intentions does not fly. He's too educated, too funny and too influential for that." BAP's thinking is marked by deep anti-egalitarianism and Jesse Russell, writing for paleoconservative "Chronicles Magazine", praises "self-styled online intellectual pirate" BAP for realizing that we are currently living in 'Nietzsche's nightmare' of boundless egalitarism; he perceives more acutely than his more libertarian right-wing critics like C. Bradley Thompson of Clemson University's Institute for the Study of Capitalism and "his Straussian friends". Andrew Marzoni in "Aeon Magazine" is less impressed and calls the book "Nietzschean pastiche", "a tedious commentary on classical philosophy", an unoriginal, basic paleoconservative call to action after "100 pages of manipulating Empedocles and Heraclitus into refutations of evolutionary biology, civilizational progress, the liberation of women and LGBTQ groups, and the contemporary effeminisation of men (much of which omits definite articles in mock imitation of a caveman)".


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: In 2019, conservative intellectual Michael Anton reviewed "Bronze Age Mindset" for the "Claremont Review of Books" in a friendly yet critical manner, thus exposing a more mainstream right wing audience to the thought of BAP. Anton claims that the book's provocativeness makes it successful and popular among right wing youths: "it appeals to the young; it appeals to the young in part because it's outrageous ... [I]t opens not just the author but his readers to 'attaq'." "Bronze Age Mindset" was first given to Anton by Curtis Yarvin, a major figure in the neoreactionary movement, and political philosopher Darren Beattie encouraged Anton to read it. According to Anton, as well as Aaron Renn, the key philosophical concept BAP develops in the book is that of 'owned space'. Anton paraphrases BAP's view of 'space' as being 'owned when it is mastered or controlled. This can either be accomplished by you—or your herd or pride or clan or tribe or nation—or by others." Renn clarifies further that "if you don't have owned space, if you live or build on space owned by others, then you are putting yourself in a highly disadvantageous and vulnerable position, subject to cultural eviction and spiritual homelessness." The Straussian Claremont Institute subsequently published a symposium on the review in their online publication "The American Mind", including a response essay from BAP in which he compared "the anti-male and anti-white rhetoric of the new left" to anti-Tutsi propaganda before the Rwandan genocide. In the same symposium, Anton responded to BAP's response by reiterating his concern about the 'BAPist' wholesale rejection of the equality principle of the American Founding and the philosophical and practical consequences of said rejection.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Tara Isabella Burton in her discussion of "Bronze Age Mindset" in her own book "Strange Rites" highlights BAP's tirades against the 'bugman'"," a concept of a human that is analogous to Nietzsche's and Kojève's idea of the wretched 'last man'. According to Burton, BAP spends most of "Bronze Age Mindset" deriding the progressive, sensitive bugmen of the twenty-first century, whom she describes as beta males denuded of their strength by the feminizing corruption of politically correct modernity. The bugman, according to BAP, "pretends to be motivated by compassion, but is instead motivated by a titanic hatred of the well-turned-out and beautiful." Supposedly, the bugman is animated by pure ressentiment, and longs to tear down all that is stronger, more beautiful and more powerful than he is. In BAP's own words: "The bugman seeks to bury beauty under a morass of ubiquitous ugliness and garbage, ... thus his garbage is flowing out of cities built on piles of unimaginable filth. The waters are polluted with birth control pills and mind-bending drugs emitted by obese high-fructose corn syrup-guzzling beasts."


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: "Bronze Age Mindset" gained a cult following in right-wing circles, including staffers of the Trump White House and on Capitol Hill, according to anonymous sources described by "Politico" and "Huffington Post". In the summer of 2018 it was among the top 150 books sold on Amazon sitewide, which is notable according to Anton and Dan DeCarlo since it was achieved without the aid of a publicist or book deal. In October 2019, it was still ranked third in Ancient Greek History and #174 in Humour on the Amazon best-seller list.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: On Twitter, BAP uses a multi-layered style, including post-ironic far-right memes alongside homoerotic images of bodybuilders. The banner above the Bronze Age Pervert Twitter profile is a close up photo of Cellini's "Perseus with the Head of Medusa" and the account has referred to itself in its Twitter biographical information as belonging to an "Aspiring Nudist Bodybuilder. Free speech and anti-xenoestrogen activist"."" Bronze Age Pervert is very concerned with the aesthetics of the conventionally attractive, classical male physique, and elaborates in "Bronze Age Mindset" that "the universal body, the correct type discovered by ancient Greek science and art" is "not something you will develop by nurturing your own 'individual' quirks, doxies, and faggotries". It seems BAP considers Greek thought as the kind of "science" that "can uncover for us ... the true hierarchy of biological types". He expresses admiration for Hippocleides for the latter's "display and use [of] his powers and excellences and biological superiority." According to BAP the "Bronze Age Mindset" he advocates and "biological superiority" are inseparable and "the same!". For these reasons Bronze Age Pervert encourages his readers to engage in active cultivation of the body via sports, bodybuilding, martial arts – preferably in the nude like the old Greeks and the early 20th century German Wandervogel and Freikörperkultur movements – as well as nude sunbathing. Something BAP refers to as a life of "sun and steel" in reference to the Japanese author Yukio Mishima's "Sun and Steel".


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: The account originated with "Frogtwitter," a group of pseudonymous online writers with a highly negative view of contemporary American society. This group mythologizes an aristocratic past while engaging in racism and anti-semitism, often through memes laden with heavy irony. Due to their heretical views the presence of Bronze Age Pervert and other members of Frogtwitter on Twitter is precarious. Will Lloyd of "The Spectator" describes them as a "relatively non-racist, non-anti-Semitic dissident right movement" separate from the neoreactionary movement. Former Downing Street aide Andrew Sabisky, while writing for "International Business Times UK" opined that "[t]he magic of frogtwitter lies in the balance between the darkness of their nihilism and the joyous, majestic, life-affirming vitality with which they express it, buttressed by a fierce intelligence." They tend to evoke themes of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory in their opposition to immigration. BAP frequently condemns alt-right leadership figures, such as Richard Spencer.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: A number of right of center politicians have been criticized for following or interacting with BAP on Twitter, including former White House speechwriter Darren Beattie, Minnesota State Senator Roger Chamberlain, and US Senate candidate Lauren Witzke. In February 2017, Curtis Yarvin sarcastically claimed to "The Atlantic" that Bronze Age Pervert was his White House "cutout / cell leader". In 2021 "El País" criticized Spanish politician Manuel Mariscal of the right wing populist Vox party for being seen with a mobile phone case donning an image of the Pepe meme and the fact that BAP, among others, endorsed this signal and encouraged other right wing populists to show their support for "Frogtwitter". In addition to right wing politicians, the broad group of political influencers, bloggers, and podcasters known as 'anti-woke leftists' or 'dirtbag leftists' have received criticism in the liberal press for discussing and engaging with BAP and the broader far right on Twitter, most notably Anna Khachiyan of the "Red Scare" podcast, who called Bronze Age Pervert "the great genius writer/artist of our age" and said that "all of the good fiction writing now is self-published essentially and coming from the so-called 'alt-right,' and my haters can quote me on that."


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Michael Anton described the size of BAP's Twitter presence as 'largish' (>70K followers as of June 2021) and made note of the viral success of the grass roots Twitter book promotion campaign for "Bronze Age Mindset" as "[l]egions of eager fans quote the book and/or post pictures of its cover in exotic locations and/or lying atop military uniforms, presumably their own". Josh Vandiver of Ball State University observed that Bronze Age Pervert's "cult" following seems to be global in nature with images appearing on social media of "readers holding the book aloft before beaches and mountains across the world". Bronze Age Pervert's followers tend to imitate (aesthetic elements) of his Twitter account, ape the writing style, amplify his ideas and repeat his catchphrases such as "SUBMIT!", "wat means?", and "ghey". Vandiver uses the example of the last term to explain "[w]hen accused of being 'ghey,' [BAP's] preferred spelling of 'gay' – one of many insider code words, partly necessitated by social media censors – BAP accuses his accusers of being themselves hopelessly effete, often by way of comparison to imagined forefathers from a more virile, 'bronze' age". Additionally, Bronze Age Pervert's Twitter followers will "post images of their own physiques, sometimes under the hashtag '#frogtwitter,' seeking BAP's approval and coveted retweet" as well as self-publish their own 'BAPish' books, memes and writings that BAP will generously crosspromote via retweets.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: On 3 or 4 August 2021, Twitter suspended BAP's account without reporting why and Bronze Age Pervert decamped to Twitter alternative Telegram. BAP was banned before from Twitter in 2017.BAP was reinstated on Twitter in December 2022.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: In August 2019, BAP began a podcast called "Caribbean Rhythms with Bronze Age Pervert", hosted on Gumroad. The show consists of topics ranging from rants on contemporary geopolitics to opposition to journalism and institutions to introductions to classical political theory, punctuated by samples of classical music. "The Spectator" highlights the highly ironic nature of the podcast: "Listening to an episode of "Caribbean Rhythms" is a lot like being trapped in a radio version of "The Manchurian Candidate": no one is who they seem."


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: The podcast has covered topics such as Charles of Anjou and the Sicilian Vespers, ancient patterns of migration, and Alexander the Great's colonies in Bactria. According to the conservative "National Review", the podcast uses a narrative style of history that highlights the historical drama of great men.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Political science professor C. Bradley Thompson objects to BAP's illiberal, anti-equality, anti-American, anti-rationalist stances and considers Bronze Age Pervert and his writings to be more or less fascist in nature. Other (Christian) right-wing critiques, like those of Dan DeCarlo, tend to focus on the "empty aesthetics" of the youthful "BAPist" movement and it being "a deeper recrudescence of paganism." Jesse Russell notes that fundamentally, the right wing critique of "BAPism" differs little from the critique by the conventional right of the alt-right movement during Donald Trump's unlikely 2016 presidential campaign.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Left-wing and liberal critics of BAP have identified him as part of the manosphere as an (ultra)masculinist and as part of a wider atavistic trend on the post-liberal populist right wing. Additionally, liberal classics scholars and commentators accuse BAP (and others like him) of misusing, misinterpreting and misappropriating the Classics for their political agendas.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Vassar College's Pharos project, whose mission is "to document appropriations of Greco-Roman culture by hate groups online", accuses BAP of providing the "traditionalist right wing" with a tailormade "mythic" narrative that depends "on a toxic blend of misogyny and white supremacy, with the ancient world as its archetype and source of prestige." Pharos is aligned with Donna Zuckerberg's Eidolon project, Zuckerberg dedicated her book "Not All Dead White Men" to documenting how (alt-right) men's groups are supposedly using ancient sources to give their antifeminism, toxic masculinity and patriarchal white supremacy a "veneer of intellectual authority and ancient wisdom". Michael Anton in turn describes aforementioned movement led by Zuckerberg as "calls... to police how the [classical] canon is taught... [and] to attack and even censor its "misuse" by "bad actors" who use it to challenge the [liberal] Narrative" in his book "The Stakes."


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Academic Josh Vandiver writes that the broader alt-right and the manosphere, both of which he considers BAP to be a prominent member, "is unique, and a product of its time, in making masculinity an overt discursive subject and a core (if contested) concept in its ideology, a type of masculinism" which should be understood as "reactions to the perceived triumph of feminist and LGBTQ politics", and thus were critical to the creation of the alt-right. Within that so-called manosphere, masculinity in its various forms is explicitly named and its relation to politics, culture, society, sex, and sexuality is vigorously debated. He also notes that BAP, as well as other alt-right platforms, have revived the idea of the Männerbund, which Vandiver describes as "the intensive grouping of male warriors and initiates understood to have dominated pre-Christian Indo-European societies, especially Germanic ones." Vandiver concludes by cautioning that BAP and the rest of the manosphere "will continue to take the [far right] movement into unusual and uncharted territory".


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: Tara Isabella Burton categorizes the "BAPist" phenomenon as fundamentally an atavist, backward-looking one. According to Burton, "at once a conscious rejection of intuitionalist values and, in many ways, their natural heir, modern atavism promotes a nostalgic, masculinist vision of animal humanity." It is the nostalgic focus on an idealized notion of the past because "once upon a time, this narrative goes, in a vanished age of gods and heroes, men were men and women were women. Human beings acted in accordance with their biological destiny. Men fought wars. Women had babies." However, in each case, humanity has supposedly fallen away from its inherent nature and intended purpose. Burton argues further that atavism is not a new phenomenon at all: "from Friedrich Nietzsche onward, modern reactionary culture has fetishized the imagined past and condemned (...) 'sclerotic' (to use BAP's word) civilizations of the present." In her book "Strange Rites", Burton explains that according to atavists, "real freedom" lies in submission to (biological) hierarchies, nature, strongmen and Nietzschean supermen worth submitting to. Burton adds: "as Bronze Age Pervert is fond of saying: 'SUBMIT!.


title: Bronze Age Pervert

text: The conclusion of Burton's discussion of the "BAPist" phenomenon, among various other novel right- and left-wing, new age, pagan witchcraft, wellness, techno-utopian and transhumanist ideological communities, is more akin to a religious cult than a traditional political community as observed in the 20th century. Vandiver concurs with this sentiment and posits that "if a religion emerges from the Alt-Right, BAP may prove, in retrospect, to have been one of its founders." Thompson is also keen to point out that "BAP devotees treat him as prophet just as the natives first treated Kurtz in "The Heart of Darkness"" and that his following includes "the most unlikely of groups, namely, graduate students and junior faculty trained in political philosophy, particularly those from the so-called Straussian school of thought."


title: Karakorum

text: Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian: Хархорум, "Kharkhorum"; Mongolian Script:, "Qaraqorum"; ) was the capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260 and of the Northern Yuan dynasty in the 14–15th centuries. Its ruins lie in the northwestern corner of the Övörkhangai Province of modern-day Mongolia, near today's town of Kharkhorin and adjacent to the Erdene Zuu Monastery, the probably earliest surviving Buddhist monastery in Mongolia. They are part of the upper part of the World Heritage Site Orkhon Valley.


title: Karakorum

text: The Orkhon valley was a center of the Xiongnu, Göktürk, and Uyghur empires. To the Göktürks, the nearby Khangai Mountains had been the location of the Ötüken (the locus of power), and the Uyghur capital Karabalgasun was located close to where later Karakorum would be erected (downstream the Orkhon River 27 km north–west from Karakorum). This area is probably also one of the oldest farming areas in Mongolia.


title: Karakorum

text: In 1218–1219, Genghis Khan rallied his troops for the campaign against the Khwarazmian Empire in a place called Karakorum, but the actual foundation of a city is usually said to have occurred only in 1220. Until 1235, Karakorum seems to have been little more than a yurt town; only then, after the defeat of the Jin empire, did Genghis' successor Ögedei erect city walls and build a fixed palace.


title: Karakorum

text: Ögedei Khan gave the decree to build the "Tumen Amgalan Ord" (Palace of Myriad Peace; Wan'angong in Chinese) in 1235 the year after he defeated the Jin dynasty. It was finished in one year. In the "History of Yuan" (元史), it is written in the section for Taizong (太宗) Ögedei Khan: "In the seventh year (1236), in the year of the blue sheep the Wan'angong (萬安宮) was established in Helin (和林, Karakorum)." One of Genghis Khan's nine ministers, Yelü Chucai (1190–1244), said the following poem during the ridge raising ceremony of the Tumen Amgalan Ord: "Installed ridge well fit and stone foundation, The parallel placed majestic palace has been raised, When the bells and drums of the Lord and officials sound pleasantly, The setting sun calls the horses of war to itself from the mountain peaks." The Mongolian version of the poem is as follows: ""Tsogtslon tavih nuruu chuluun tulguur, Zeregtsen zogsoh surleg asriig bosgovoi, Ezen tushmediin honh hengereg ayataihan hanginan duursahad, Echih naran uuliin tolgoigoos dainii agtadiig ugtnam".


title: Karakorum

text: The name Karakorum or "Kharkhorin" literally translates to 'black-twenty'. But linguists argue that the 'khorin' might have been a diversion of the word 'khurem', which means "castle" in Mongolian. Other translations vary.


title: Karakorum

text: Under Ögedei and his successors, Karakorum became a major site for world politics. Möngke Khan had the palace enlarged, and the great stupa temple completed. They had the enslaved Parisian goldsmith Guillaume Bouchier design the Silver Tree of Karakorum for the city center. A large tree sculpted of silver and other precious metals rose up from the middle of the courtyard and loomed over the palace, with the branches of the tree extending into the building. Silver fruit hung from the limbs and it had four golden serpents braided around the trunk, while within the top of the tree was placed a trumpet angel, all as automata performing for the emperor's pleasure. When the khan wanted to summon the drinks for his guests, the mechanical angel raised the trumpet to his lips and sounded the horn, whereupon the mouths of the serpents began to gush out a fountain of alcoholic beverages into the large silver basin arranged at the base of the tree.


title: Karakorum

text: William of Rubruck, a Flemish Franciscan missionary and papal envoy to the Mongol Empire reached Karakorum in 1254. He left one of the most detailed, though not always flattering, accounts of the city. He compared it rather unfavorably to the village of Saint-Denis near Paris, and was of the opinion that the royal abbey there was ten times as magnificent as the Khan's palace. On the other hand, he also described the town as a very cosmopolitan and religiously tolerant place, and the silver tree he described as part of Möngke Khan's palace as having become the symbol of Karakorum. He described the walled city as having four gates facing the four directions, two quarters of fixed houses, one for the "Saracenes" and one for the "Cathai", twelve pagan temples, two mosques, as well as a Nestorian church.


title: Karakorum

text: When Kublai Khan claimed the throne of the Mongol Empire in 1260—as did his younger brother, Ariq Böke—he relocated his capital to Shangdu, and later to Khanbaliq (Dadu, today's Beijing). Karakorum was thence reduced to a mere administrative center of a provincial backwater of the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271. Furthermore, the ensuing Toluid Civil War with Ariq Böke and a later war with Kaidu deeply affected the town. In 1260, Kublai disrupted the town's grain supply, while in 1277 Kaidu took Karakorum, only to be ousted by Yuan troops and Bayan of the Baarin in the following year. In 1298–99 prince Ulus Buqa looted its markets and the grain storehouses. However, the first half of the 14th century proved to be a second era of prosperity: in 1299, the town had been expanded eastwards, then in 1311, and again from 1342 to 1346, the stupa temples were renewed.


title: Karakorum

text: After the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, Karakorum became the residence of Biligtü Khan in 1370. In 1388, Ming troops occupied and later razed Karakorum. According to Saghang Sechen's "Erdeni-yin Tobči", in 1415 a khuriltai decided to rebuild it, but no archaeological evidence for such a venture has been found yet. However, Karakorum was inhabited at the beginning of the 16th century, when Batu-Möngke Dayan Khan made it a capital once again. In the following years, the town changed hands between Oirads and Chinggisids several times, and was consequently given up permanently.


title: Karakorum

text: The Erdene Zuu Monastery stands near Karakorum. Various construction materials were taken from the ruin to build this monastery.


title: Karakorum

text: The actual location of Karakorum was long unclear. First hints that Karakorum was located at Erdene Zuu were already known in the 18th century, but until the 20th century there was a dispute whether or not the ruins of Karabalgasun, or "Ordu-Baliq", were in fact those of Karakorum. In 1889, the site was conclusively identified as the former Mongol capital by Nikolai Yadrintsev, who discovered examples of the Orkhon script during the same expedition. Yadrintsev's conclusions were confirmed by Wilhelm Radloff.


title: Karakorum

text: The first excavations took place in 1933–34 under D. Bukinich. After his Soviet-Mongolian excavations of 1948–49, Sergei Kiselyov concluded that he had found the remains of Ögödei's palace. However, this conclusion has been put into doubt by the findings of the 2000–2004 German-Mongolian excavations, which seem to identify them as belonging to the great stupa temple rather than to Ögödei's palace.


title: Karakorum

text: Excavation findings include paved roads, some brick and many adobe buildings, floor heating systems, bed-stoves, evidence for the processing of copper, gold, silver, iron (including iron wheel naves), glass, jewels, bones, and birch bark, as well as ceramics and coins from China and Central Asia. Four kilns have also been unearthed.


title: Karakorum

text: The Virtual Kharakhorum project of 2020 reconstructed the city in an explorable 360 degree format based on the latest archeological studies. The following are some of the notable buildings of the city.


title: Karakorum

text: The Tumen Amgalan Ord (Palace of Myriad Peace), built in 1236, was located at the southern end of the city enclosed by a wall of its own. Previously the large building outside the Erdene Zuu Monastery on its north-west side was thought to be the Khan's Palace. Later research revealed that the large building was actually the 300 feet (90m) tall Pavilion of the Rising Yuan. The Khan's Palace is now understood to have been located on the exact site of the Erdene Zuu Monastery. The northern wall of the Palace separated it from the city the outline of which can be clearly seen on satellite images. 13th century walls have been excavated under the current walls of the monastery.


title: Karakorum

text: William of Rubruck wrote that "Mangu had at Caracarum a great palace, situated next to the city walls, enclosed within a high wall like those which enclose monks' priories among us." An even older layer dating back to the 8th century has also been discovered under the 13th century walls. This has been theorized to be the Takhai Balgas (Takhai City) mentioned in Mongolian chronicles relating to the foundation of the Erdene Zuu Monastery. The "Yuanshi" and the "Karakorum Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1342" both state that Genghis Khan established his capital in Karakorum in 1220 and that Ogedei Khan later built a wall around the entire city in 1236. Some remnants of the smaller old wall may have already existed during Genghis Khan's time and his palace would have been stationed on the spot of the Palace of Myriad Peace. In a traditional "Khuree" (circular, mobile camp) arrangement the mobile palace of the Khan is usually located in the center with an open square or unhindered space to the south which was well-guarded. In the case of Karakorum the non-palatial part of the settlement grew only to the northern side of the palace with no settlement to the south of the palace. This not only followed the general principle of the "Khuree" but also provided the Khan unhindered access to the nearby river and forested mountains to the south and south-west which were his hunting grounds. This also ensured that there was no settlement upstream the Orkhon River which flowed north-westwards along the western side of the city from the southern mountains. A similar arrangement existed in Urga (present-day Ulaanbaatar) where the southern part of the city close to the river and mountain was reserved for the Khan whereas the ger districts expanded to the north.


title: Karakorum

text: William of Rubruck states that the Khan's Palace in Karakorum was "like a church, with a middle nave, and two sides beyond two rows of pillars, and with three doors to the south, and beyond the middle door on the inside stands the tree, and the Khan sits in a high place to the north, so that he can be seen by all; and two rows of steps go up to him: by one he who carries his cup goes up, and by the other he comes down. The space which is in the middle between the tree and these steps by which they go up to him is empty; for here stands his cup-bearer, and also envoys bearing presents; and he himself sits up there like a divinity. On (his) right side, that is to the west, are the men, to the left the women." This was in line with the internal arrangement of a Mongolian ger, as William of Rubruck states separately in his account: "When they have fixed their dwelling, the door turned to the south, they set up the couch of the master on the north side. The side for the women is always the east side, that is to say, on the left of the house of the master, he sitting on his couch his face turned to the south. The side for the men is the west side, that is, on the right." This arrangement, as well as the avoidance of touching the entrance threshold (mentioned by Rubruck), has continued down to the present-day among Mongols.


title: Karakorum

text: Apart from the permanent palace of Karakorum there was the moving palace of the Khan which regularly moved around the city and settled in a ring shape ("Huriye" or circular enclosure) on its stops. William of Rubruck served as a priest of the Khan (along with a healer monk from Jerusalem) for four months in this moving palace before entering Karakorum in April 1254 with the Khan and his moving palace. Despite the destruction of the permanent palace by the Ming in 1388 there was still a moving palace in the region until 1585 when the senior Genghisid of the central Mongolian region Abtai Sain Khan decided to restore the permanent palace area in the form of a monastery (Erdene Zuu) using the stones and bricks of Karakorum. Erdene Zuu also became the mother monastery of Urga (Ulaanbaatar). Urga was founded in 1639 by Tusheet Khan Gombodorj the grandson of Abtai Sain Khan (both of whose mausoleums are within Erdene Zuu) as a residence for his 5 year old son Zanabazar. Urga (Palace) was also called the "Huriye" (circular enclosure) and was initially staffed by monks from nearby Erdene Zuu. Gers from Gombodorj's own "Huriye" as well as the ger-temple of Abtai Sain Khan were given to Urga (Abtai Sain Khan's ger was dismantled in Ulaanbaatar in 1937). The circular ger-district surrounding Gandantegchenlin Monastery in Ulaanbaatar (itself an extension of the Zuun Khuree/Huriye) is the only remaining Huriye organically descended from Gombodorj's Huriye and arguably the only remaining Huriye in the world. A "Huriye" called the Ring of the Avars (written "Hring"), a circular fortress of the Avar khagan containing three centuries worth of gold and treasures, was taken by Pepin of Italy in 792.


title: Karakorum

text: William of Rubruck said that within the palace of Karakorum "there are many buildings as long as barns, in which are stored his provisions and his treasures." Ata-Malik Juvayni, a one time resident of Karakorum, says in his "History of the World Conqueror" that Ogedei Khan frequently invited people into the open yard of these treasure buildings where they were free to carry away all they could in a set time. The Khan also gave frequent donations from this treasure to the city's poor. The palace was built in Chinese architectural style as was common in the region since Xiongnu times. There were three main palace buildings standing side by side in a parallel form as mentioned in Yelu Chucai's poem. The three main buildings of Erdene Zuu Monastery are also parallel and sit on an elevated platform like the earlier palace. Fragments of the Sino-Mongolian inscription of 1342 were found embedded in different places in the walls of Erdene Zuu Monastery, thereby giving further proof that the monastery was largely built using stones and bricks of Karakorum. A chief feature inside the main palace was the Silver Tree made by William of Paris.


title: .700 Nitro Express

text: The .700 Nitro Express (17.8×89mmR) is a big game rifle cartridge. The cartridge is typically charged with around 250 grains of powder, in addition to a two-grain igniter charge (to reduce the tendency of the cartridge to hang fire from such large powder charges). The cartridge was introduced in 1988 by the boutique gunmakers Holland & Holland (H&H) of London, England. It was developed by Jim Bell and William Feldstein and built by H&H. Feldstein had tried unsuccessfully to get H&H to build a .600 Nitro Express for him, but they had already ceased production. However, when Bell and Feldstein produced an entirely new .700 Nitro Express cartridge, they were able to attract the interest of H&H, which was looking for a new big-bore cartridge. After production began, the backlog of orders was so great that it continued to 2007 and H&H restarted the production of .600 Nitro Express guns.


title: .700 Nitro Express

text: In many respects, this cartridge parallels the .600 Nitro Express. It is essentially a scaled-up version of that cartridge, but is somewhat more powerful, and fires a heavier 1,000-grain (64.8 g) bullet. The case itself is a completely new case, not simply another case resized. Double rifles are extremely expensive, starting at about US$10,000 and selling up to US$260,000 in 2015, and have generally been replaced by repeater-rifles using rounds such as the .458 Winchester Magnum.


title: .700 Nitro Express

text: The .700 Nitro Express develops an approximate average of of muzzle energy with a bullet at . Handloaders can push the cartridge to generate as much as of energy in a modern bolt action, by using a bullet fired at . However, doing so necessitates a rifle so heavy it is almost inoperable for hunting purposes. Lathe turned cases as used in the Accurate Reloading rifle above will suffer blown primers at this level though a good source of drawn brass would allow (in theory) velocities up to .


title: .700 Nitro Express

text: The typical average muzzle velocity of a factory-loaded cartridge is . In the rifle used by Accurate Reloading this would result in recoil energy of approximately . This is more than ten times the average recoil from a .308 Winchester which is a very common hunting caliber, and more than 4 times the recoil of a strong .45-70 Government round.


title: .700 Nitro Express

text: Rifle calibers comparable to the .700 Nitro Express in terms of power and recoil include the following:


title: Dean Lewis

text: Dean Lewis Grant Loaney (born 21 October 1987) is an Australian pop singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 2016 single "Waves", which was certified 7× platinum in Australia in 2019, and his 2018 single "Be Alright", which reached number one in Australia and was certified platinum within four weeks of release, eventually reaching 11× platinum in Australia and multi-platinum worldwide, including double platinum in the United States.


title: Dean Lewis

text: Lewis released his debut studio album, "A Place We Knew", in 2019 and his second, "The Hardest Love", in 2022.


title: Dean Lewis

text: Lewis was inspired to pursue music after watching a live Oasis DVD in 2005. Lewis says "I remember watching Liam Gallagher walk out with this hat and red jacket and watching him with Noel, they were just the coolest guys ever. I spent the next five years watching every Oasis video – Noel Gallagher basically taught me how to write songs."


title: Dean Lewis

text: Lewis signed his recording contract with Specific Music in 2014, and a major contract with Island Records and Universal Music Australia in March 2016. Lewis released his debut single "Waves" on 30 September 2016 which peaked at number 12 on the Australian ARIA Charts. The song was featured in a number of American television shows such as "Suits", "Greys Anatomy", "Valor", "Riverdale", "All American", "Shadowhunters: The Mortal Instruments" and "Magnum P.I.". The song has since been certified 6× Platinum by ARIA.


title: Dean Lewis

text: Lewis released "Need You Now" in April 2017 and his debut extended play "Same Kind of Different" on 12 May 2017 which peaked at number 27 on the ARIA Album Charts. Lewis received five ARIA Award nominations at the ARIA Music Awards of 2017. "Lose My Mind" and "Chemicals" were also released as singles from the EP and have been certified Platinum and Gold respectively.


title: Dean Lewis

text: In June 2018, Lewis released "Be Alright". The single reached number one in Australia for five consecutive weeks, becoming his first chart-topper in the country, and has been certified eight times platinum in Australia. It also reached number one in Belgium, top five in New Zealand, Sweden and Ireland, top 10 in the Netherlands and Switzerland, top 20 in the United Kingdom and Scotland, top 30 in the United States and number one in the Billboard Adult pop chart. In January 2019, Lewis released "7 Minutes". Lewis released his debut studio album "A Place We Knew" on 22 March 2019. Lewis performed "Be Alright" and "Waves" at the 2019 AFL Grand Final. In 2019, Lewis signed with WME for representation in all areas.


title: Dean Lewis

text: Lewis released a single in collaboration with Dutch DJ/producer Martin Garrix on 31 October 2019 called "Used to Love". Regarding the collaboration with Garrix, Lewis explains that "Since my career began, collaborations never felt like something I saw myself pursuing. As a songwriter, who also sings, the entire concept just felt foreign. Until I met Martin. We spent about a week together locked behind closed doors in Amsterdam working on a song, which thought might end up be sung by someone else. But as the track progressed is started to sound a lot like me, but also very Martin. It's a real collaboration with a guy who's now become a great friend". An acoustic version of the song was released in 2020.


title: Dean Lewis

text: On 5 March 2021, Lewis released the single "Falling Up". Lewis stated the song is about "being online and focusing on that one negative comment in a sea of good".


title: Dean Lewis

text: On 22 October 2021, Lewis released "Looks Like Me", which was inspired by a personal relationship where an ex was "hanging" with a guy that she said looked like Lewis. This was followed by "Hurtless" on 1 April 2022. On 2 September 2022 he released the single "How Do I Say Goodbye".


title: Dean Lewis

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Lewis has won three awards from 16 nominations.


title: Dean Lewis

text: The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Lewis has won three awards from eight nominations.


title: Dean Lewis

text: The MTV Europe Music Awards is an award presented by Viacom International Media Networks to honour artists and music in pop culture.


title: Dean Lewis

text: The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Highway to Heaven is an American fantasy drama television series that ran on NBC from September 19, 1984, to August 4, 1989. The series starred Michael Landon as Jonathan Smith, an angel sent to Earth in order to help people in need. Victor French, Landon's co-star from his previous television series, "Little House on the Prairie", co-starred as Mark Gordon, a retired policeman who travels with and helps Smith with the tasks or "assignments" to which he is referred. The series was created and executive produced by Landon, who also directed most of the show's episodes. French directed many of the remaining episodes. It was Landon's third and final TV series and his only one set in the present day, unlike "Little House on the Prairie", and Landon's first TV series, "Bonanza", both of which were Westerns. It was the final screen appearance for French, who died two months before the final episode aired; Landon went on to appear in two films, one of which was a pilot for a new series, prior to his own death in 1991.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: "Highway to Heaven" aired for five seasons, running a total of 111 episodes. It consistently earned respectable ratings; it was in the Nielsen Top 20 in its first season, and ranked in the Top 40 for its first four seasons.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Jonathan Smith is a "probationary" angel sent to Earth to help people in need. In the course of an "assignment", he meets Mark Gordon, an embittered retired policeman now bouncing from job to job. At first distrustful of Jonathan, Mark helps him complete his assignment and comes to believe in his true nature. He volunteers to assist Jonathan in helping troubled people on Earth, feeling that Jonathan needs a companion in his lonely mission, and "The Boss" (a.k.a. God) approves. Jonathan and Mark are given assignments where they help troubled souls overcome their problems.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Each episode typically begins with Jonathan and Mark arriving in a new city and taking jobs as business employees or civil service workers as part of their latest assignment. Due to Jonathan's angelic nature, the two can work as police officers, medical personnel, teachers, social workers or other skilled employees (background checks or employment history verification being divinely provided or somehow never looked into), allowing for a variety of identities and scenarios. Both Jonathan and Mark face the same difficulties as people on Earth trying to rectify these problems, and have little to aid them beyond a bare outline of their assignment. At certain times Jonathan presents gifts to others, such as decorating a drab nursing home with flowers or giving someone a bicycle. These material gifts likely come from "the Boss", but when asked, he answers only "A friend of mine provided them." When necessary, "The Boss" provides the protagonists with divine intervention or as Jonathan and Mark refer to it, "The Stuff". An early season one episode, "The Return of the Masked Rider", establishes that Jonathan is not given "The Stuff" if he acts contrary to God's will. This rule would be often referred to in later episodes but would also be at times ignored or forgotten; for example, in the episode "The Secret" Jonathan uses "The Stuff" in direct defiance of God's orders.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Early episodes generally left it ambiguous whether Jonathan is an angel in the original sense of the term or a deceased human being, but the cold open of the season one episode "Hotel of Dreams" has a scene in which Jonathan mentions to Mark that he died of lung cancer attributed to his tobacco smoking habit. In the season two episode "Keep Smiling" it is revealed that "Jonathan Smith" is actually Arthur Thompson, a man who lived on Earth from September 7, 1917–March 21, 1948. The season 3 episode "Love at Second Sight" further explains that angels sent to Earth are given different bodies so that they will not be recognized by anyone who knew them when they were alive.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: The series aimed to address contemporary social and emotional issues with sensitivity, and also with humor, particularly between Jonathan and Mark. Their personalities often clash (Jonathan being more sensible and compassionate, but sometimes naive, and Mark being more pragmatic and cynical), but they always support each other. Jonathan's mission on Earth is to do enough good to gain his wings and, presumably, ascend to Heaven. As Jonathan and Mark develop a close relationship and Jonathan is in better favor with his superiors, Mark is torn between losing his best friend as opposed to being happy for Jonathan's being promoted to Heaven, and considers impeding the process.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Recalling how he came up with the idea for "Highway to Heaven", director/executive producer/star Michael Landon said, "I was driving through Beverly Hills to pick up my kids on a Friday night, and people were honking at each other. There is no worse place for that than Beverly Hills; I think when people have a little bit more money, they really believe that the Red Sea will part and their car will go forward. And I thought, 'Why is everybody so angry? If they would just spend that same time being nice ... It’s obvious the flow of traffic is going to go much better if everybody has his opportunity.'"


title: Highway to Heaven

text: NBC executives were skeptical when Landon pitched the idea to them, feeling it would be an easy target for television critics, but Landon was persistent, even vowing that if the pilot episode failed to perform well with test audiences, he would produce a second pilot for the series for no pay.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Landon personally chose Victor French for the part of Mark Gordon, having become familiar with French and his acting technique while working with him on "Little House on the Prairie" and "Bonanza".


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Quadriplegic actor James Troesh had a small part in the two-part season one episode "A Fresh Batch of Lemonade" as attorney Scotty Wilson. He later persuaded Landon to do an episode ("A Match Made in Heaven") in which Scotty becomes romantically involved with Mark Gordon's cousin Diane, loosely based on Troesh's real-life romance with his wife. Both Troesh and Margie Impert (who played Diane) continued to make appearances on the show during seasons two and three.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: The final scene of the two-part pilot episode was filmed along Dawn Road, south of Tucson, Arizona. Part of this scene was spliced together with footage of Mark picking Jonathan up in his car to form the show's title sequence. This additional footage (which does not appear in the story content of any episode) was filmed along Soledad Canyon Road near Acton, California.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Most scenes of the series were filmed on location in Los Angeles. Other filming locations included Simi Valley, Stanislaus National Forest, and Tuolumne County, all in California. The second-season episode "To Bind The Wounds" was partially filmed at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, where the World War II B-25 Mitchell Bomber was located. Though the crew scouted locations, Landon himself never visited filming locations prior to the shoot, preferring the spontaneity of working in an unfamiliar location and trusting his crew to pick somewhere suited to the script's needs. Scenes which were filmed on sound stages instead of on location (for purposes of controlled lighting and other special needs) were shot consecutively, with the crew often filming scenes for several different episodes in a single day. Mark's car, central to travel by Mark and Jonathan in the series, was a 1977 Ford LTD II.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: In June 1988 in the midst of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, NBC decided that season five would be "Highway to Heaven"s last,


title: Highway to Heaven

text: since the show was falling in the ratings. The show's 5th-season premiere aired in the fall; after that one episode, the series was removed from NBC's regular broadcast schedule entirely. A two-hour special aired on December 7, but "Highway To Heaven" was not at that point reinstated as a regular series, though 10 further episodes had been filmed.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Michael Landon made an appearance on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" on March 10, 1989, and explained the series' cancellation. One further "Highway To Heaven" episode was broadcast on March 21, but again the series was not scheduled regularly. Finally, the nine remaining season 5 episodes were burned off and aired in a Friday time slot in the summer of 1989 beginning June 2. The series finale (which was a Christmas-themed episode) aired on August 4.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: The finale did not resolve any ongoing character situations, leaving the possibility of further episodes. Even if the series had performed well enough to warrant renewal, Victor French would have been unable to continue with it, since he had been diagnosed with lung cancer in March 1989, shortly after completing filming for the fifth season. He died that June.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: The cancellation of "Highway" also marked the end of Landon's 30-year relationship with NBC, in which he co-starred on "Bonanza" and "Little House on the Prairie", the latter of which, much like with "Highway", he also served as an executive producer and director for the majority of episodes. Landon's last public appearance was on NBC, as a guest on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson", less than two months before he died in July 1991.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Throughout its five seasons, Highway to Heaven consistently ranked among the Top 25 shows on network TV. Much of NBC's success for 1984–1985 was a result of the show's popularity.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Beginning in September 1989, the series was Syndicated by Genesis Entertainment. Since then, it has also been rerun on cable networks UP and INSP, digital subchannel networks Cozi TV, Retro TV & Light TV, and the LeSEA Broadcasting Networks of WHT (World Harvest Television) and FETV (Family Entertainment Television). It has also aired on BYUtv.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: All five seasons were released for streaming on Netflix in June 2017, and Hallmark Movies Now, Dove Channel, Christian-based VOD service Pure Flix, and the FilmOn channel on Roku. In 2020 the series was added to the Living Scriptures streaming service.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: In Region 1, A&E Home Video (under license from the estate and production company of Michael Landon) released the first three seasons on DVD in 2005–06. The episodes contained on these releases were the edited, syndicated versions and not the original broadcast versions. Due to poor sales, the final two seasons were never released.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: In 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment acquired the rights to the series. They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD in June, with Season 1 containing original uncut episodes and Season 3 containing mostly uncut episodes. Season 4 was released (for the first time in Region 1) on June 3, 2014. The fifth and final season was released on September 16, 2014.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: In Region 2, Paramount Home Entertainment & CBS DVD have released all five seasons on DVD in France under the title " (The Roads of Paradise)",


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Seasons 1 to 4 have been released in Germany under the title "Ein Engel auf Erden", while in the Netherlands, the first two seasons have been released on DVD.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Seasons 1 to 5 have been released in Germany in a remastered edition between 2014 and 2016 under the title "Ein Engel auf Erden" Remastered Edition. A complete edition on Blu-ray is scheduled for September 2, 2022.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Revelation Films acquired the rights to the series in the UK and has released all five seasons on DVD, in addition to "Highway to Heaven - The Complete Collection" (released in November 2013), a 30-disc set featuring all 111 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: In Region 4, Paramount Home Entertainment & CBS DVD released the first three seasons on DVD in Australia for the first time in 2008/2009. The episodes contained on these releases are the edited, syndicated versions and not the original broadcast versions. Seasons 4 and 5 were to be released on DVD on December 24, 2009, but the releases never materialized.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: In 2012, Madman Entertainment acquired the rights to the series and have subsequently released all five seasons on DVD. These releases, like the previous releases from Paramount, contain edited episodes, not the original broadcast versions.


title: Highway to Heaven

text: Lifetime made a reboot as a film series, starring Jill Scott and Barry Watson and directed by Stacey K. Black. The film premiered on November 6, 2021.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Mark Moshe Kasher (born July 6, 1979) is an American stand-up comedian, writer and actor based in the Los Angeles area. He is the author of the 2012 memoir "Kasher in the Rye: The True Tale of a White Boy from Oakland Who Became a Drug Addict, Criminal, Mental Patient, and Then Turned 16". In 2009, iTunes named Kasher "Best New Comic" and his comedy album "Everyone You Know Is Going to Die, and Then You Are!" was ranked one of the top 20 comedy albums on iTunes that same year. He was also named "Comic to Watch in 2010" by "Punchline Magazine".


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Born in Queens, New York, Kasher moved to Oakland, California with his mother and brother when he was one year old. Kasher grew up in North Oakland's Temescal and Piedmont Avenue neighborhoods, and his family lived mostly on disability assistance and food stamps. A son of deaf parents, Kasher worked as a sign-language interpreter from the age of 17. His parents met at the World Games for the Deaf in 1967 and split up when Kasher was nine years old.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: When Kasher was four years old, his father Steven, a former painter who was born to secular, communist Jewish parents, became a Hasidic Jew in the Satmar community in Brooklyn; Steven's grandfather, originally from Hungary, was a New Square Skverer Hasid. Kasher regularly spent summers with his father in Sea Gate, Brooklyn until his death — Kasher was 20 at the time. His father lived with Gaucher's disease. Kasher's brother is a rabbi.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In his autobiography "Kasher in the Rye: The True Tale of a White Boy from Oakland Who Became a Drug Addict, Criminal, Mental Patient, and Then Turned 16", Kasher wrote about having been moved in and out of mental institutions from the age of 4 and using drugs from the ages of 12 to 16. He was kicked out of four different high schools. In an interview with SanDiego.com, Kasher described himself as "pretty straight edge," stating that he has been clean "since I was very young." He earned his G.E.D. at age 16 and later became a sign-language interpreter.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Kasher attended community college in the Bay Area, where he studied theater and wrote several long-form monologues. He later transferred to the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he graduated with a degree in religious studies and minored in Jewish studies. Prior to his career in comedy, Kasher had considered becoming a college professor in Jewish history.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In 2001, Kasher attended an open mic comedy night in New York which included a performance by Chelsea Peretti, a comedian and writer with whom Kasher had attended junior high school in Oakland. After seeing her perform, Kasher asked Peretti to take him along on future performances, offering to perform with her. For his first performance, she took him to an open mic at the Luggage Store Gallery in San Francisco.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In the early 2000s, Kasher performed mainly in the Bay Area, regularly performing at the Punch Line and Cobb's comedy clubs in San Francisco. In the mid to late 2000s, he participated in many comedy shows with fellow comedians Brent Weinbach and Alex Koll. In 2008 Kasher moved to Los Angeles.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: 2009 marked a significant year in Kasher's comedy career. He was named "Best of Fest" at that year's Aspen Rooftop Comedy Festival; his performance in Aspen garnered him an invitation to the "Just For Laughs" comedy festival in Montreal that same year. This was followed by an appearance on the Comedy Central series "Live at Gotham". Kasher had also released his comedy album "Everyone You Know Is Going to Die, and Then You Are!" through Rooftop Comedy Productions in April 2009; near the year's end the album was deemed one of the top 20 comedy albums of 2009 on iTunes. Kasher was also recognized by iTunes as Top New Comedy Artist of 2009.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Kasher's stand-up act has been featured on such television programs as "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" in 2010 and "John Oliver's New York Stand Up Show" in 2011. He has appeared on "Conan", Showtime's "Larry Wilmore's Race, Religion & Sex". He has also appeared as a frequent panelist on "Chelsea Lately".


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Kasher has performed at festivals internationally. In addition to the aforementioned Rooftop Comedy Festival and "Just For Laughs", in 2010, he appeared at Fun Fun Fun Fest and South By South West both held in Austin, Texas, as well as Cat Laughs in Kilkenny, Ireland, and the


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Sasquatch! Music Festival in George, Washington. In 2011 he appeared at the Melbourne Comedy Festival in Melbourne, Australia. Kasher has also attended SF Sketchfest in San Francisco, California on several occasions.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In addition to the iTunes awards in 2009, Kasher was named "Comic to Watch in 2010" by "Punchline Magazine" as well as "One of the Top 20 Jews In The Arts" by "Shalom Life" in 2011. John Wenzel of "The Denver Post" also ranked Kasher #2 on his list of the top 10 comedy shows he attended in the Denver area during 2011.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In January 2012, Kasher recorded his first solo comedy special for Netflix, "Moshe Kasher: Live In Oakland" at The New Parish nightclub in his hometown of Oakland.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In September, 2016 Comedy Central ordered a talk show series to be written and hosted by Kasher, entitled "Problematic", which premiered on April 18, 2017.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Kasher is a published playwright, writer and author. While still in college, Kasher's long form monologue "Look Before You Leap" was included in the literary collection "Monologues For Men By Men: Volume Two" published in 2003. In 2011 and 2012 he contributed several articles to "Heeb" magazine. In 2012, he published his autobiography "Kasher in the Rye: The True Tale of a White Boy from Oakland Who Became a Drug Addict, Criminal, Mental Patient, and Then Turned 16" published by Hachette Book Group's Grand Central Publishing. He wrote an episode titled "Pardon Me" for the television show, "The New Normal".


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Kasher played small roles in the independent films "Sorry, Thanks" (2009) and "Wish Makers of West Hollywood" (2010). He appeared on episodes of the Fox sitcom "Traffic Light" in 2011 and the NBC sitcom "Whitney" in 2012. Kasher played the role of Ruben — a gay, deaf man confined to a wheelchair — in an episode of the U.S. television series "Shameless" which aired March 18, 2012.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In 2011, Kasher, along with Neal Brennan (co-writer of "Chappelle's Show") and DJ Douggpound (Doug Lussenhop of "Tim and Eric Nite Live!"), started a podcast called "The Champs". Kasher said the following of the podcast in a 2011 interview with SanDiego.com: "It’s Doug dropping sound effects and beats over me and Neal kind of hosting an hour of ridiculous chat. We have a rotating black guy guest, there’s a different black guest every week." Guests of the show included actor/comedians Wayne Brady and David Alan Grier, as well as musician Questlove, adult film star Lexington Steele and professional basketball player Blake Griffin. The show has strayed from its guest format on occasion with guests such as comedian and actor Bobby Lee, former pornographic actress Sasha Grey, former Major League Baseball player Jose Canseco and actor Aziz Ansari. In 2014 "The Champs" was named "Best Podcast" as part of "LA Weekly" "Best of L.A." issue. The podcast ended in 2016.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In October 2014, Kasher premiered a new podcast on the Nerdist Podcast Network. "Hound Tall Discussion Series" is a live monthly podcast that covers a single topic. It's "an hour long chat with an expert and a panel of comedians, they learn all there is to know about things". The first episode was about harems and the expert was Jillian Lauren, author of , while Pete Holmes and Beth Stelling made up the comedic panel.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: On 15 July 2019, "The Endless Honeymoon Podcast" co-hosted with his wife, Natasha Leggero, premiered on most platforms such as Apple, Spotify, Stitcher and YouTube.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: In 2020, Moshe and his brother Rabbi David Kasher began their podcast "Kasher vs. Kasher" to explore life during the Coronavirus pandemic.


title: Moshe Kasher

text: Kasher married fellow comedian Natasha Leggero (who converted to Judaism) in October 2015. The couple had a baby girl in February 2018.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Turkey face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents, though Turkey's LGBT rights are considered to be relatively progressive compared to most other Muslim-majority countries.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 1858, the Ottoman Empire—the predecessor of the modern-day Republic of Turkey— adopted a new penal code, which no longer contained any explicit articles criminalizing homosexuality, sodomy, and köçeklik (young male slave dancers). The Ottoman Penal Code of 1858 was heavily influenced by the Napoleonic Code, as part of wider reforms during the Tanzimat period. LGBT people have had the right to seek asylum in Turkey under the Geneva Convention since 1951, but same-sex couples are not given the same legal protections available to heterosexual couples. Transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender since 1988. Although discrimination protections regarding sexual orientation and gender identity or expression have been debated legally, they have not yet been legislated.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In the 1980s, the national government, whether democratically elected or as a result of a coup d'état, opposed the existence of a visible LGBT community, especially within the political context.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Some openly gay people were able to be successful in the 1980s. Murathan Mungan has been openly gay throughout his professional life as a successful poet and writer. However, many gay and bisexual men who lived during this period have since said in interviews that they felt pressured by social attitudes and government policy to remain in the closet about their sexual identity.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In the 1980s, the Radical Democratic Green Party expressed support for gay rights, including the work of a group of transgender people to protest police brutality. However, it was not until the 1990s that many members of the LGBT community in Turkey began to organise on behalf of their human rights.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 1993, Lambda Istanbul was created to campaign on behalf of LGBT rights in Turkey. In 1994, the Freedom and Solidarity Party banned discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity within the party and nominated Demet Demir, a leading voice of the community, to successfully become the first transgender candidate for the local council elections in Istanbul.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 1993, organisers were denied permission to hold a LGBT pride parade. Similar opposition was expressed by the government in 1995 and 1996 for a LGBT film festival and academic conference. Government officials cited vaguely worded laws designed to protect public morality as justification for refusing to allow these public events to take place.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 1996, the Supreme Court overturned a lower court's ruling and removed a child from her lesbian mother on the grounds that homosexuality is "immoral".


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Throughout the 1990s, reports by IHD, Turkey's Human Rights Association as well as international human rights organizations such as Amnesty International stated that transgender people were frequently harassed and beaten by police officers. One article even stated that police had set fire to an apartment block with many transgender people residing there.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Reports of harassment and violence against LGBT people still occur in the twenty-first century. In 2008, a gay Kurdish-Turk student, Ahmet Yıldız, was shot outside a café by his father and later died in the hospital. Sociologists have called this Turkey's first publicised gay honour killing. The wish of the Turkish Government to join the European Union has put some pressure on the government to grant official recognition to LGBT rights. The report on progress in Turkey for the accession to the European Union of 14 October 2009, the European Commission for Enlargement wrote:


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country in which a gay pride march was held. In Istanbul (since 2003) and in Ankara (since 2008) gay marches are being held each year with an increasing numbers of participation. The gay pride march in Istanbul started with 30 people in 2003, and in 2010, there were 5,000. The pride parades in 2011 and 2012 were attended by more than 15,000 participants.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 30 June 2013, Istanbul Pride parade attracted almost 100,000 people. The protesters were joined by Gezi Park protesters, making the 2013 Istanbul Pride the biggest pride event ever held in Turkey. The 2014 Istanbul pride attracted more than 100,000 people. The 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 pride parades were banned by local authorities, and participants were faced with police attacks. In June 2013, the first Izmir Pride took place with 2,000 participants. On 3 June 2018, the 6th Izmir Pride Parade peacefully took place with over 50,000 participants. Another pride took place in Antalya. Politicians from the main opposition party, CHP and another opposition party, BDP also lent their support to the demonstration. The pride march in Istanbul does not receive any support of the municipality or the government.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2009, amateur football referee Halil İbrahim Dinçdağ came out as gay and was subsequently banned from refereeing football matches. In December 2015, the Turkish Football Federation was ordered to pay 23,000 lira in compensation for dismissing Dinçdağ.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 21 September 2011, the Minister of Family and Social Policies Fatma Şahin met with an LGBT organisation. She said that the government will actively work together with LGBT organisations. She submitted a proposal for the acceptance of LGBT individuals in the new constitution that Parliament planned to draft in the coming year. She was calling on Members of Parliament to handle the proposal positively. She asserted that "if freedom and equality is for everybody, then sexual orientation discrimination should be eliminated and the rights of these LGBT citizens should be recognised."


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 9 January 2012, a columnist named Serdar Arseven for an Islamist newspaper called "Yeni Akit" wrote an article calling LGBT people perverts. The Court of Cassation penalised Yeni Akit with 4,000 TL fine and Serdar Arseven with 2,000 TL for hate speech.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In May 2012, the BDP requested the writers of the new Turkish constitution to include same-sex marriage in that constitution. It was rejected by the biggest party in the Turkish Parliament, the AKP, and an opposition party, MHP, while supported by the main opposition party, the CHP.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 29 May 2013, a parliamentary research motion regarding LGBT rights in Turkey was proposed and discussed in the parliament of Turkey. Despite support from pro-Kurdish BDP, secularist CHP, and the abstention of Turkish nationalist party MHP, the motion was rejected by votes of the ruling party AKP. AKP MP Türkan Dağoğlu cited the scientific articles on homosexuality published in the US in 1974 and said, "Homosexuality is an abnormality. Same-sex marriages may not be allowed. It would cause social deterioration." For the research motion, CHP MP Binnaz Toprak said, "In the 1970s there were scientists suggesting that black people were not as smart as white people in the US. Hence the science of today doesn't accept the findings of those times. Your sayings can not be allowed."


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 12 August 2013, the Constitutional Reconciliation Commission, which was drafting a new constitution of the Republic and was composed of four major parliamentary parties including Kurds, secularists, Islamists and nationalists, agreed to provide constitutional protection against discrimination for LGBT individuals. The draft was later cancelled.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 17 July 2014, Turkey's Supreme Court ruled that referring to gays as "perverted" constitutes hate speech.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In November 2016, Turkey, along with Georgia, Israel, Japan, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, East Timor and Vietnam, were the only Asian countries in the United Nations to vote in favor of the appointment of an independent expert to raise awareness of the discrimination faced by the LGBT community and to find ways to properly protect them.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In June 2018, the embassy of Turkey, along with ambassadors from 51 countries have signed an open letter of support for LGBT rights in Poland.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Gay sexual conduct between consenting adults in private is not a crime in Turkey. The criminal code also has vaguely worded prohibitions on "public exhibitionism," and "offenses against public morality" that can be used to harass gay and transgender people. Individual towns and cities are given some leeway in enacting local laws designed to protect 'public morality'.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In Turkey, compulsory military service applies to all male Turkish citizens between the ages of 18 and 41. However, the Turkish military openly discriminates against homosexuals by barring them from serving in the military. At the same time, Turkey – in violation of its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights – withholds any recognition of conscientious objection to military service. Some objectors must instead identify themselves as "sick" – and some were forced to undergo what Human Rights Watch calls "humiliating and degrading" examinations to "prove" their homosexuality.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In October 2009 the report of the EU Commission on Enlargement stated: "The Turkish armed forces have a health regulation which defines homosexuality as a 'psychosexual' illness and identifies homosexuals as unfit for military service. Conscripts who declare their homosexuality have to provide photographic proof. A small number have had to undergo humiliating medical examinations."


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In November 2015, the Turkish Armed Forces removed the clause stating that a draftee must "prove" their homosexuality. Draftees may decide to disclose their sexuality verbally and receive an 'unfit report' during their medical examination which exempts them from service, or must not disclose their orientation in any form for a year if a military doctor agrees to grant them a 'fit report' and serve their conscription. Those who disclose their homosexuality and receive an 'unfit report' may be subject to future discrimination in public life as the military's record of homosexuals in the drafting process has resulted in several cases of public leaks. Homosexuality remains grounds for expulsion for commissioned officers, non-commissioned officers and military students under the Turkish Armed Forces Discipline Law.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: There is little support in the army in favour of greater acceptance; in a 2015 study asking 1,300 officers "whether homosexuals should be allowed to serve in the army", 96.3% answered negatively.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: No laws exist yet in Turkey that protect LGBT people from discrimination in employment, education, housing, health care, public accommodations or credit. In October 2009, the report of the EU Commission on Enlargement stated:


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2011, Öykü Evren Özen, a transgender woman from the northwestern province of Bursa, has become a candidate for deputy from the main opposition party, Republican People's Party, or CHP. She was the first transgender lawmaker of Turkey during the general elections.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals are among the most vulnerable asylum seekers and refugees in Turkey today. Their access to rights and services is limited in Turkey as a result of anti-LGBT sentiments of state actors and the general public.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In August 2013, three major political parties in the parliament including the secularist CHP which worked with BDP on the matter, conservative AKP and nationalist MHP, has agreed to provide constitutional protection against discrimination for LGBT people. The draft was later canceled due to nonconcurrences regarding other subjects in the new constitutional draft.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Can Çavuşoğlu, a Turkish activist, has launched a campaign as the first openly gay mayoral candidate of Turkey, Çavuşoğlu announced a bid to run in the Black Sea region, a town of Bulancak, Giresun, home to about 60,000, in the March 2014 local elections.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In February 2015, the main opposition CHP introduced a bill to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in both public and private sectors. The bill seeks equal recruitment, pay, promotion, dismissal in the workplace and reforms in the Turkish Armed Forces Code of Discipline that would allow members of the military to serve openly.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2015, pro-LGBT Kurdish, Peoples' Democratic Party publicly announced that they will have LGBT and Feminist candidates. Barış Sulu, the left-wing People's Democratic Party (HDP) candidate, becomes the first openly gay man to run for the Turkish parliament.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In January 2019, the 34th Labor Court in Istanbul issued the first verdict in a legal case surrounding three garbage men who were fired by a municipality for allegedly engaging in a homosexual relationship with one of their co-workers. The court ruled in favour of one of the plaintiffs, identified as R.S., concluding that his contract was unjustly terminated. Three drivers of the garbage trucks owned by the Kağıthâne Municipality in Istanbul were fired by their employer after it was alleged last year that they were in a gay relationship with a 27-year-old garbage collector. The garbage collector, identified only as M.Ş., had told the authorities that he had engaged in sexual relationship "from time to time" with the three truck drivers. The drivers, aged between 43 and 51, had sued the municipality and its subcontractor in April 2018, citing what they described as unjust termination of their contract.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: The 34th Labour Court in Istanbul ruled on 29 January in favor of one of the plaintiffs, identified as R.S., concluding that his contract was unjustly terminated. His attorney had told the court that the plaintiff "had got nothing to do with that incident," while the company lawyers had claimed that his dismissal was part of "rightful termination" due to the sexual relationship at work. If the ruling is approved in the appeals process, too, the subcontractor will be forced to return the plaintiff to his previous job or to compensate him. A hearing for one of the other two cases, which still continue, was held in February.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In Turkey, the minimum age required to get sex reassignment surgery is 18. In order for one to change one's gender section on an identity card, the procedure must be conducted at a state hospital. Sex reassignment surgery is available in Turkey's major cities like Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and Antalya.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: LGBT-themed movies are not banned in Turkey. "Brokeback Mountain", as an example, was seen in Turkish cinemas without any government censorship. Anyone eighteen years of age or older could buy a ticket to watch the film.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: LGBT-themed DVDs can also be legally sold in Turkey, albeit DVDs with sexually explicit content may only be sold to people eighteen years of age or older.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2013, a Turkish vendor was charged with selling "immoral" DVDs because the DVD movies featured gay sexually explicit content. Judge Mahmut Erdemli from the court in Istanbul overturned the criminal charges. He ruled that gay sex is natural, stated that an individual's sexual orientation should be respected, and cited examples of same-sex marriages in Europe and in the Americas.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In Turkey, everyone has the constitutionally protected right to hold a peaceful protest without prior permission, so long as the topic of the protest is not explicitly banned by law. Even though there are not any laws explicitly forbidding LGBT-related protests, the Istanbul Pride parade in June 2015, which overlapped with the Muslim holy fasting month of Ramadan, was banned by the Istanbul governorship hours before the event over "security concerns". Soon after, it was shut down through police intervention for the first time in its 13-year history. The parade had taken place the previous year during Ramadan without issue. In 2016, it was banned again and arrests were made as participants tried to hold the rally regardless of the prohibition. It was banned again in 2017, and in 2018 it was banned again and arrests were made as participants tried to hold the rally regardless of the prohibition. It was banned again in 2019. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was held online with no official interference.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2017, the capital city of Ankara banned all LGBT or LGBT rights related events, under the pretext of providing "peace and security", with officials saying that such "exhibitions" could cause different groups of society to "publicly harbor hatred and hostility" towards each other; on the other hand news media noted that the ban came in the context of the steady erosion of civil liberties in Turkey following the failed 2016 coup attempt.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In Ankara, all public LGBTI-related discussions are banned. In November 2017, the Ankara governor's office under state of emergency imposed an indefinite ban on LGBTI-focused public events. The emergency rule ended in July 2018; however, the ban was still not lifted. In October 2018, the government extended the ban to LGBTI-focused events generally without giving any idea about the end date. In May 2019, police in Ankara violently ended a student-led Pride march at the Middle East Technical University (METU). According to a report from Amnesty International, authorities arrested 25 students during that.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In June 2019, the 7th Izmir Pride, the 3rd Antalya Pride and the 27th Istanbul pride were banned by the cities governors. Amnesty International last week called for Turkey to lift the Pride bans. However, days later a court suspended Izmir pride week ban. In June 2019, 17 people were detained during press statement over Pride ban in Turkish police dispersed a crowd gathered in the city of Izmir for a public press statement over the governorate's pride parade ban and detained 17 people, after the group read their press statement.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 25 June 2019, the Governorship of Mersin banned all LGBT events to be held in the province for 20 days under the Turkish Law on Meetings and Demonstrations "with the aim of maintaining public well-being and public peace, preventing crimes and protecting public health, public morality and safety of life and property of citizens." The ban went in effect in the 5th Mersin Pride Week, which was to be held between 1–7 July.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: According to a survey conducted by the Kadir Has University in Istanbul in 2016, 33 per cent of people said that LGBT people should have equal rights. This increased to 45 per cent in 2020. Another survey by Kadir Has University in 2018 found that 55.3 percent of people would not want a homosexual neighbour. This decreased to 46.5 per cent in 2019.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Attitudes towards the legalization of same-sex unions in Turkey are mixed. A 2015 poll by Ipsos found that 27% of the Turkish public was in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage, while 19% preferred civil unions instead. 25% of those surveyed were against any form of legal recognition for same-sex couples and 29% stated that they did not know which option to choose.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: According to the 2020 Pew Research, 25% of the Turks said homosexuality should be accepted by society, with 57% opposing it. The acceptance was higher among educated people (41%) and young Turks (34%).


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Homosexuality is a taboo subject in Turkey and the culture of "honour killings" can be observed in Turkish society families murdering members (usually female) who engage in sexual behaviours regarded by some as morally inappropriate. The murder of Ahmet Yıldız, a 26-year-old Kurdish-Turk gay man from Şanlıurfa, may be the first known example of an honour killing with a gay male victim. Studies for the years 2007–09 prepared by the German Democratic Turkey Forum show 13 killings in 2007, 5 in 2008 and at least 4 killings in 2009 related to the sexual identity of the victims. On 21 May 2008 the New York-based organization Human Rights Watch published a report entitled "We Need a Law for Liberation". The report documents how gay men and transgender people face beatings, robberies, police harassment, and the threat of murder. Human Rights Watch found that, in most cases, the response by the authorities is inadequate if not nonexistent. In case of hate murders against homosexuals, courts apply the condition of "heavy provocation" and lower sentences.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In Turkey prejudice against homosexuals is common in many areas. Due to common prejudices against homosexuals, since the early 2000s, administrative institutions have carried out many discriminatory practices such as police raids on gay bars, closure of LGBTI+ associations, raids on gay individuals home, magazines and website censors. Similarly, in the 2010s, prohibitions on all LGBT events in province were made. According to the research of KAOS GL, 27% of LGBT people who did not hide their sexual identity were discriminated against in the recruitment process in 2017, 8% in 2018, 11% in 2019. The study stated that LGBT people, who think that the institutions they apply for are biased, are more inclined to hide their sexual identity, so this rate will be higher if the applicants open to employers.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: The major LGBT community-based civil rights organisation is KAOS GL, established in 1994 in Ankara by students including Yasemin Öz. "Lambdaistanbul", a member of ILGA-Europe, established in 1993 in Istanbul, was sued on the charges of acting against public morality. The prosecution argued that its name and activities were "against the law and morality." That ruling, sharply criticised by Human Rights Watch, was finally overturned by the country's Supreme Court of Appeal on 22 January 2009.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: During the early 1990s, the organisations' proposals for cooperation were refused by the Government Human Rights Commission. April 1997, when members of "Lambda Istanbul" were invited to the National Congress on AIDS, marked the first time a Turkish LGBT organisation was represented at the government level. During the early 2000s (decade), new organisations began to be form in cities other than Istanbul and Ankara, like the "Pink Life LGBT Association" in Ankara, the "Rainbow Group" in Antalya and "Piramid LGBT Diyarbakır Initiative" in Diyarbakır.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 1996, another LGBT organisation, LEGATO, was founded as an organisation of Turkish university students, graduates and academicians, with its first office at Middle East Technical University in Ankara. The organisation continued to grow with other branches in numerous other universities and a reported 2000 members. In March 2007, LGBT students organised for the first time as a student club (Gökkuşağı – in English: rainbow) and Club Gökkuşağı was officially approved by Bilgi University.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In June 2003, the first public LGBT pride march in Turkey's history, organised by "Lambdaistanbul", was held at Istiklal Avenue. In July 2005, KAOS GL applied to the Ministry of Interior Affairs and gained legal recognition, becoming the first LGBT organisation in the country with legal status. In September of the same year, a lawsuit by the Governor of Ankara was filed to cancel this legal status, but the demand was rejected by the prosecutor. In August 2006, the gay march in Bursa organised by the "Rainbow Group", officially approved by the Governor's Office, was cancelled due to large-scale public protests by an organised group of citizens.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In September 2005, the Ankara Governor's Office accused KAOS GL of "establishing an organisation that is against the laws and principles of morality." It also attempted in July 2006 to close the human rights group Pink Life LGBT Association (Pembe Hayat), which works with transgender people, claiming to prosecutors that the association opposed "morality and family structure." Both charges were ultimately dropped.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2006, Lambda Istanbul was evicted from its premises as the landlady was not happy with the fact that the organisation was promoting LGBT rights. In 2008, a court case was launched to close down Lambda Istanbul, and although a lower court initially decided in favour of closing down the association, the decision was overruled by the Turkish Constitutional Court and Lambda Istanbul remains open.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On June 10, 2018, the 6th İzmir Pride was held in Alsancak. Around 50,000 of LGBT members, allies, and human rights supporters participated at the Pride, walking along the waterfront street, Kordon. It started on Kıbrıs Şehitleri Avune and it ended in front of Türkan Saylan Cultural Center.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In April 2019, Ankara court lifted a ban on LGBT events in Turkey's capital. It is reported that it was Turkish LGBT+ rights group KAOS GL who managed to get it appealed after being unsuccessful last year.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In September 2022, thousands of anti-LGBTQ demonstrators marched in Istanbul, demanding the censoring of LGBTQ organizations and the banning of their activities.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Istanbul Pride is a gay pride march and LGBT demonstration held annually in Turkey's biggest city, Istanbul. The event first took place in 2003 and now occurs each year on either the last Sunday of June or the first Sunday of July, to mark the end of Istanbul pride week. About 30 people took part in the first Gay Pride Istanbul. The numbers have increased exponentially each year, reaching roughly 5,000 people by 2010. The 2011 gathering attracted over 10,000 people, therefore making Gay Pride Istanbul the biggest march of its kind in the Muslim World. The 2012 pride march, which took place on 1 July, attracted between 10,000 and 30,000 people.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: Participants assemble in Taksim Square before marching the entire length of İstiklal Avenue. This is a wide pedestrian boulevard and one of Istanbul's most important public spaces, the frequent home of bayram and regional festivals.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: On 30 June 2013, the pride parade attracted almost 100,000 people. The protesters were joined by Gezi Park protesters, making the 2013 Istanbul Pride the biggest pride ever held in Turkey. The 2014 pride attracted more than 100,000 people. The European Union praised Turkey that the parade went ahead without disruption. On Sunday 29 June 2015, Reuters reported that Turkish police used a water cannon to disperse the gay pride parade


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2016, the pride march was banned by the local government "for the safety of our citizens, first and foremost the participants’, and for public order.". LGBT organizations have also not been allowed to make a press statement. The governorate of Istanbul once again claimed that a gathering of LGBT would not be allowed. "Within Law No: 5442, this request has not been approved due to the terror attacks that have taken place in our country and the area; because provocative acts and events may take place when the sensitivities that have emerged in society are taken into account; and because it may cause a disruption in public order and the people's- including the participants of the event- tranquility, security, and welfare."


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2017 the Istanbul Governor’s Office yet again banned the LGBT Pride Parade, citing security concerns and public order.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2018, for the fourth consecutive year the Istanbul Governor’s Office yet again banned the LGBT Pride Parade, citing security concerns and public order, but around 1,000 people defied the ban, they were met with tear gas and rubber bullets. 11 participants were arrested.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In 2019, for the fifth consecutive year the Istanbul Governor’s Office yet again banned the LGBT Pride Parade, citing security concerns and public order. subsequently, opposition Member of the Grand National Assembly Sezgin Tanrıkulu of the Republican People's Party (CHP) lodged a parliamentary question to the Vice President of Turkey Fuat Oktay asking why the deputy governor of Istanbul had banned Istanbul Pride. He also asked how many LGBT members had been killed in the last 17 years, the time the ruling party Justice and Development Party (AKP) ruled the city, due to provocative hate speech, and raised concerns over discrimination against the LGBT community. On 29 June, hundreds of people defied the ban, they were met with tear gas, shields, pepper gas and plastic bullets from the Police.


title: LGBT rights in Turkey

text: In June 2022, a small pride march was organized in Istanbul despite the ban. More than 360 people were subsequently arrested, according to the event's organizers.


title: Cotton Mather

text: Cotton Mather (; February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a New England Puritan clergyman and a prolific writer. Educated at Harvard College, in 1685 he joined his father Increase as minister of the Congregationalist Old North Meeting House of Boston, where he continued to preach for the rest of his life. A major intellectual and public figure in English-speaking colonial America, Cotton Mather helped lead the successful revolt of 1689 against Sir Edmund Andros, the governor imposed on New England by King James II. Mather's subsequent involvement in the Salem witch trials of 1692–1693, which he defended in the book "Wonders of the Invisible World" (1693), attracted intense controversy in his own day and has negatively affected his historical reputation. As a historian of colonial New England, Mather is noted for his "Magnalia Christi Americana" (1702).


title: Cotton Mather

text: Personally and intellectually committed to the waning social and religious orders in New England, Cotton Mather unsuccessfully sought the presidency of Harvard College, an office that had been held by his father Increase, another significant Puritan clergyman and intellectual. After 1702, Cotton Mather clashed with Joseph Dudley, the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, whom Mather attempted unsuccessfully to drive out of power. Mather championed the new Yale College as an intellectual bulwark of Puritanism in New England. He corresponded extensively with European intellectuals and received an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the University of Glasgow in 1710.


title: Cotton Mather

text: A promoter of the new experimental science in America, Cotton Mather carried out original research on plant hybridization and on the use of inoculation as a means of preventing smallpox contagion. He dispatched many reports on scientific matters to the Royal Society of London, which elected him as a fellow in 1713. Mather's promotion of inoculation against smallpox, which he had learned about from an African named Onesimus whom Mather held as a slave, caused violent controversy in Boston during the outbreak of 1721. Scientist and US founding father Benjamin Franklin, who as a young Bostonian had opposed the old Puritan order represented by Mather and participated in the anti-inoculation campaign, later described Mather's book "Bonifacius", or "Essays to Do Good" (1710) as a major influence on his life.


title: Cotton Mather

text: Cotton Mather was born in 1663 in the city of Boston, the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, to the Rev. Increase Mather and his wife Maria "née" Cotton. His grandfathers were Richard Mather and John Cotton, both of them prominent Puritan ministers who had played major roles in the establishment and growth of the Massachusetts colony. Richard Mather was a graduate of the University of Oxford and John Cotton a graduate of the University of Cambridge. Increase Mather was a graduate of Harvard College and the University of Dublin, and served as the minister of Boston's original North Church (not to be confused with the Anglican Old North Church of Paul Revere fame). This was one of the two principal Congregationalist churches in the city, the other being the First Church established by John Winthrop. Cotton Mather was therefore born into one of the most influential and intellectually distinguished families in colonial New England and seemed destined to follow his father and grandfathers into the Puritan clergy.


title: Cotton Mather

text: Cotton entered Harvard College, in the neighboring town of Cambridge, in 1674. Aged only eleven and a half, he is the youngest student ever admitted to that institution. At around this time, Cotton began to be afflicted by stuttering, a speech disorder that he would struggle to overcome throughout the rest of his life. Bullied by the older students and fearing that his stutter would make him unsuitable as a preacher, Cotton withdrew temporarily from the College, continuing his education at home. He also took an interest in medicine and considered the possibility of pursuing a career as a physician rather than as a religious minister. Cotton eventually returned to Harvard and received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1678, followed by a Master of Arts degree in 1681.


title: Cotton Mather

text: After completing his education, Cotton joined his father's church as assistant pastor. In 1685, Cotton was ordained and assumed full responsibilities as co-pastor of the church. Father and son continued to share responsibility for the care of the congregation until the death of Increase in 1723. Cotton would die less than five years after his father, and was therefore throughout most of his career in the shadow of the respected and formidable Increase.


title: Cotton Mather

text: Increase Mather eventually became president of Harvard and exercised considerable influence on the politics of the Massachusetts colony. Despite Cotton's efforts, he never became quite as influential as his father. One of the most public displays of their strained relationship emerged during the Salem witch trials, which Increase Mather reportedly did not support. Cotton did surpass his father's output as a writer, producing nearly 400 works.


title: Cotton Mather

text: Cotton Mather married Abigail Phillips, daughter of Colonel John Phillips of Charlestown, on May 4, 1686, when Cotton was twenty-three and Abigail sixteen years old. Abigail, the couple's newborn twins, and a two-year-old daughter all succumbed to a measles epidemic in 1702.


title: Cotton Mather

text: On May 14, 1686, ten days after Cotton Mather's marriage to Abigail Phillips, Edward Randolph disembarked in Boston bearing letters patent from King James II of England that revoked the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company and commissioned Randolph to reorganize the colonial government. James's intention was to curb Massachusetts's religious separatism by incorporating the colony it into a larger Dominion of New England, without an elected legislature and under a governor who would serve at the pleasure of the Crown. Later that year, the King appointed Sir Edmund Andros as governor of that new Dominion. This was a direct attack upon the Puritan religious and social orders that the Mathers represented, as well as upon the local autonomy of Massachusetts. The colonists were particularly outraged when Andros declared that all grants of land made in the name of the old Massachusetts Bay Company were invalid, forcing them to apply and pay for new royal patents on land that they already occupied or face eviction. In April 1687, Increase Mather sailed to London, where he remained for the next four years, pleading with the Court for what he regarded as the interests of the Massachusetts colony.