title: Difference engine

text: The numbers in the third values-column are constant. In fact, by starting with any polynomial of degree "n", the column number "n" + 1 will always be constant. This is the crucial fact behind the success of the method.


title: Difference engine

text: This table was built from left to right, but it is possible to continue building it from right to left down a diagonal in order to compute more values. To calculate "p"(5) use the values from the lowest diagonal. Start with the fourth column constant value of 4 and copy it down the column. Then continue the third column by adding 4 to 11 to get 15. Next continue the second column by taking its previous value, 22 and adding the 15 from the third column. Thus "p"(5) is 22 + 15 = 37. In order to compute "p"(6), we iterate the same algorithm on the "p"(5) values: take 4 from the fourth column, add that to the third column's value 15 to get 19, then add that to the second column's value 37 to get 56, which is "p"(6). This process may be continued "ad infinitum". The values of the polynomial are produced without ever having to multiply. A difference engine only needs to be able to add. From one loop to the next, it needs to store 2 numbers—in this example (the last elements in the first and second columns). To tabulate polynomials of degree "n", one needs sufficient storage to hold "n" numbers.


title: Difference engine

text: Babbage's difference engine No. 2, finally built in 1991, can hold 8 numbers of 31 decimal digits each and can thus tabulate 7th degree polynomials to that precision. The best machines from Scheutz could store 4 numbers with 15 digits each.


title: Difference engine

text: The initial values of columns can be calculated by first manually calculating N consecutive values of the function and by backtracking, i.e. calculating the required differences.


title: Difference engine

text: Col formula_6 gets the value of the function at the start of computation formula_7. Col formula_8 is the difference between formula_9 and formula_7...


title: Difference engine

text: the initial values can be calculated directly from the constant coefficients "a", "a","a", ..., "a" without calculating any data points. The initial values are thus:


title: Difference engine

text: Many commonly used functions are analytic functions, which can be expressed as power series, for example as a Taylor series. The initial values can be calculated to any degree of accuracy; if done correctly the engine will give exact results for first N steps. After that, the engine will only give an approximation of the function.


title: Difference engine

text: The Taylor series expresses the function as a sum obtained from its derivatives at one point. For many functions the higher derivatives are trivial to obtain; for instance, the sine function at 0 has values of 0 or formula_19 for all derivatives. Setting 0 as the start of computation we get the simplified Maclaurin series


title: Difference engine

text: The same method of calculating the initial values from the coefficients can be used as for polynomial functions. The polynomial constant coefficients will now have the value


title: Difference engine

text: The problem with the methods described above is that errors will accumulate and the series will tend to diverge from the true function. A solution which guarantees a constant maximum error is to use curve fitting. A minimum of "N" values are calculated evenly spaced along the range of the desired calculations. Using a curve fitting technique like Gaussian reduction an "N"−1th degree polynomial interpolation of the function is found. With the optimized polynomial, the initial values can be calculated as above.


title: One Piece (season 18)

text: The eighteenth season of the "One Piece" anime series was produced by Toei Animation, and directed by Toshinori Fukuzawa, Satoshi Ito, and Tatsuya Nagamine. The season began broadcasting in Japan on Fuji Television from June 26, 2016 to April 2, 2017. Like the rest of the series, it follows the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy and his Straw Hat Pirates.


title: One Piece (season 18)

text: "Silver Mine" deals with Luffy and Bartolomeo getting kidnapped by the Silver Pirate Alliance. The story arc, called "Zou", adapts material beginning from the middle of the 80th volume to the middle of the 82nd volume of the manga by Eiichiro Oda. The Straw Hats arrived at Zou to reunite with Sanji and the others, only to discover Sanji has been swept up in a personal conflict and that Zou has been under siege by the Beasts Pirates. "Marine Rookie" deals with Luffy robbing a marine base for food after running out of it on the ship.


title: One Piece (season 18)

text: Only a single piece of theme music is used for this season. The opening theme, titled , is performed by Kishidan and Hiroshi Kitadani. However, from episodes 753-756 in the Japanese broadcast only due to licensing issues and to promote "", there is a special opening movie featuring scenes from the afterformentioned film.


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: Toheeb Jimoh is an English actor. He is best known for his appearances as Sam Obisanya in "Ted Lasso" and Anthony Walker in the BBC One TV movie "Anthony".


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: Jimoh was born on 15 April 1997 in the United Kingdom to parents of Nigerian descent. Though he was mostly raised in the UK, he spent time living in Nigeria when he was growing up. He attended The Norwood School and then trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2018.


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: Jimoh was a relative newcomer to acting when he was cast to play Anthony Walker, the victim of a 2005 racist attack, in BBC One's "Anthony", which imagines Walker's life if he had not been killed. His portrayal was called "utterly magnetic". He then portrayed Marcus in the Amazon series "The Feed".


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: Jimoh was in a stage production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" at the Sheffield Crucible and in 2020, was one of six performers in the Almeida Theatre's Christmas Play "Nine Lessons and Carols", the theatre's first production post London's COVID-19 lockdown.


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: When Jimoh auditioned for "Ted Lasso", the character of Sam Obisanya was written as Ghanaian, but his background was changed to Nigerian to match Jimoh's own. His performance has received praise, with his character called the "heartbeat" of the show.


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: Jimoh portrays another Nigerian character, journalist Tunde, in the upcoming Amazon thriller series "The Power", based on Naomi Alderman's novel of the same name. He also has a small part in the Wes Anderson film "The French Dispatch".


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: Jimoh was nominated for an I Talk Telly Best Breakthrough Award in 2020. He was nominated alongside his "Ted Lasso" castmates for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series at the 2021 Screen Actors Guild Awards, and for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 74th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2022 (alongside castmates Brett Goldstein and Nick Mohammed).


title: Toheeb Jimoh

text: In December 2021, Jimoh received the Breakthrough Award at the Critics Choice Awards Celebration of Black Cinema and Television.


title: Revenge dress

text: The "revenge dress" is a dress once worn by Diana, Princess of Wales. It was worn for the first time to a 1994 dinner at the Serpentine Gallery in Kensington Gardens. The garment has been interpreted as having been worn by Diana "in revenge" for the by her husband Charles, then Prince of Wales.


title: Revenge dress

text: The dress, an off-the-shoulder black silk evening gown, was designed by Christina Stambolian. Stambolian compared Diana's choice of black to the black swan Odile in Tchaikovsky's ballet "Swan Lake", saying that Diana "chose not to play the scene like Odette, innocent in white. She played it like Odile. She was clearly angry." Diana had owned the dress for three years before she wore it, fearing it was "too daring". The dress cost . Diana had planned to wear a dress by Valentino before choosing Stambolian's design. Anna Harvey, Diana's former stylist, said that Diana "wanted to look a million dollars... and she did".


title: Revenge dress

text: The event to which the dress was worn was a 29 June 1994 fundraising dinner hosted by "Vanity Fair" magazine for the Serpentine Gallery in Kensington Gardens. Diana had declined the dinner invitation; however, two days prior to the dinner, following several days' publicity of Charles' infidelity revelations, she accepted the invitation. Diana found out about Charles' infidelity in different ways prior to the dinner. An example is in some newspaper headlines they reported "Charles: I Cheated on Diana" and "Di told you so". Prince Charles was broadcast, in which he admitted to having been unfaithful to her after their marriage had "irretrievably broken down". Charles and Diana had separated two years prior to the broadcast of the programme. Diana's biographer Sarah Bradford wrote that Diana "feigned indifference" in regards to the programme.


title: Revenge dress

text: Diana was seen wearing the dress after she exited her car and was greeted by Lord Palumbo, the chair of the trustees of the Serpentine Gallery, before entering the gallery. The photographer who captured Diana arriving at the event, Tim Graham, said that her arrival lasted only 30 seconds in total, and that Diana would have known a large number of photographers would be present following her husband's revelations. Palumbo later recalled that Diana "bounded out of the car in that wonderfully athletic way that she had".


title: Revenge dress

text: Following the dinner, the dress was described as the "I'll Show You dress", the "Serpentine Cocktail" and the "Vengeance dress", as well as the "Revenge dress". In her 2007 book "The Diana Chronicles", Tina Brown wrote that Diana's dress was known by fashion editors as "her f**k-you dress".


title: Revenge dress

text: The dress was sold at auction in July 1997 for £39,098. The dress was bought by a Scottish couple who planned to use it to raise money for children's charities. The dress was exhibited in the Museum of Style in Newbridge, County Kildare in their 2017 exhibition "Diana: A Fashion Legacy", where it was described as "the most important exhibit". Penny Goldstone wrote in "Marie Claire" in 2020 that the dress remains one of Diana's "most iconic styles of all time".


title: Revenge dress

text: The Princess of Wales did not have to dine out before the television cameras at the Serpentine Gallery last night in order to avoid seeing her husband sharing his soul with the nation on the box. She could have watched a video, played bridge or simply washed her hair and curled up in bed... It's amazing what some people will do to avoid press speculation.


title: Revenge dress

text: Elle Pithers, writing for "Vogue" magazine, described the dress as the "progenitor of 'revenge dressing. In 2020, writing for "The Daily Telegraph" Bethan Holt stated that the dress encompassed "the act of reclaiming the narrative", and was the "ultimate modern example of revenge dressing", in an article about women who have found inspiration in Diana Spencer's choice of the dress. Holt wrote, "Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. But also: fashion hath no greater thrill than when being deployed for the purpose of expressing rage, froideur or an insouciant dose of 'look what you're missing.


title: Revenge dress

text: The dress was analyzed by Caroline McCauley in "Fashion, Agency, and Empowerment: Performing Agency, Following Script", and it was interpreted as part of Diana's couture of "revenge" following the breakdown of her marriage to Charles after years of having "snippets of a seductive glamour hidden by a proper royal purity". Caroline McCauley wrote that instead of "cowering in shame" following Charles's admission, "Diana arrived in a figure-hugging black silk dress with a pearl choker necklace, black pumps, and scarlet lipstick and nail polish". Georgina Howell, in her 1998 book "Diana, Her Life in Fashion", wrote that the dress was "possibly the most strategic dress ever worn by a woman in modern times", further describing it as a "devastating wisp of black chiffon" with which Diana "flipped her husband clean off the front pages" following the broadcast of the programme. "The Thrilla He Left to Woo Camilla" was the headline of "The Sun" the following day.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: Drive-By Truckers are an American rock band based in Athens, Georgia. Two of five current members (Patterson Hood and Mike Cooley) are originally from The Shoals region of northern Alabama and met as roommates at the University of North Alabama. The group also has roots in Richmond, Virginia.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: The band consists of Mike Cooley (lead vocals, guitar, banjo), Patterson Hood (lead vocals, guitar), Brad Morgan (drums), Jay Gonzalez (keys, guitar, accordion, backing vocals), and Matt Patton (bass guitar, backing vocals). The band's constant touring has developed a dedicated following.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: Drive-By Truckers' musical style has incorporated elements of rock and roll, Southern rock, country, punk rock, cowpunk, pop punk, blues, soul, Southern soul and R&B. Cited influences on the band include The Clash, Richard Hell and The Voidoids, The Jim Carroll Band, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, Goodie Mob, OutKast, Loretta Lynn, George Jones, Tammy Wynette, Ferlin Husky, Lefty Frizzell, Hank Snow, Hank Williams Sr., Hank Williams Jr., Red Sovine, Red Foley, Merle Haggard, Tom T. Hall, Townes Van Zandt, Neil Young and Lynyrd Skynyrd. The band's music has been classified as Southern rock, country rock, rock and roll, alternative country, R&B, arena rock, country, emo country, folk rock, hard rock, indie rock, neo-Southern rock, post-cowpunk, roots rock, Southern Gothic and Southern soul.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: Drive-By Truckers' lyrics are noted for expressing the progressive political views of the band, particularly band member and songwriter Patterson Hood. Jonathan Bernstein, writing for "Rolling Stone", described "American Band" as the group's most politically charged album, describing the songs as "blunt, pissed-off Trump-era anthems", nearly half which deal with gun violence. The song "Ramon Casiano" is about the little known story of gun rights advocate and former NRA leader Harlon Carter, who shot and killed a 15-year-old Hispanic boy in 1931, but escaped incarceration. Hood wrote "What it Means" in response to the deaths of Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown, unarmed black teenagers whose killings sparked the Black Lives Matter movement. “Surrender Under Protest,” “Ever South,” and “Guns of Umpqua” examine generations of racial injustice in a country that "shoots first and asks questions later." "Once They Banned Imagine" discusses censorship of art in times of crisis, particularly after the September 11 attacks. Band member and songwriter Mike Cooley recalled that "After the 9/11 attacks, Clear Channel put out that list of songs that their stations shouldn’t play. I couldn’t get my head around the notion that John Lennon’s "Imagine" was on that list, that it was something we didn’t need to hear at a time when it was exactly what we needed to hear. The Red Scare, the War on Crime, the War on Terrorism, they’re just excuses for cracking down on anything the establishment finds objectionable.” The follow-up album, "The Unraveling", continues the band's political songwriting, with "Thoughts and Prayers" and "Babies in Cages" discussing the issues of gun violence and the Trump administration family separation policy directly. "The New OK" contained songs written in response to the Black Lives Matter protests in Portland, Oregon and the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: Drive-By Truckers was cofounded by Patterson Hood (son of bassist David Hood of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section) and longtime friend, former roommate, and musical partner Mike Cooley in Athens, Georgia, in 1996. The two had played in various other bands including Adam's House Cat, which was chosen as a top-10 Best Unsigned Band by a "Musician" contest in the late 1980s. Adam's House Cat recordings, entitled "Town Burned Down" were released in September 2018 via ATO Records. After the demise of Adam's House Cat, Cooley and Hood performed as a duo under the name Virgil Kane. They eventually started a new band, Horsepussy, with bassist-vocalist Adam Howell (later to join DBT) and Aaron Bryant (brother of DBT webmaster Jenn Bryant) before splitting for a few years. During this split, Hood moved to Athens and began forming what would become Drive-By Truckers, "with the intent of luring Cooley back into the fold".


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: The band's original lineup was fluid, but it most often included Hood, Cooley, and Howell, along with drummer Matt Lane, pedal steel player John Neff, and mandolin player Barry Sell. They released their first album "Gangstabilly" in 1998. With Hood and Cooley sometimes playing mandolin and banjo instead of guitar, and Howell playing double bass. After recording their first album, the band added a third guitarist/vocalist, Rob Malone. By the second album, "Pizza Deliverance", released in 1999, Howell had left, Malone switched to bass, and Sell had left the band. Neff was also listed as a guest rather than a member, although he plays on much of the album. Hood dominated the songwriting and lead vocals in these early records, but Cooley, Howell, and Malone also contributed songs, with Cooley's songwriting share increasing notably by the second album.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: Following their second release, Lane was replaced by drummer Brad Morgan, who had already filled in for Lane during some of the band's shows. Morgan went on to become the band's other constant member along with Hood and Cooley. With Neff also having declined to remain a full-time band contributor, Hood and Cooley were left as the only original members. The band then embarked on a nationwide tour as a four-piece band, resulting in a live album entitled "Alabama Ass Whuppin'" (released in 2000 by Second Heaven Records, re-released in 2002 by Terminus Records and again in 2013 on ATO Records).


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: After three years on the road, a tight-knit group of musicians had emerged. Malone had switched back to guitar, giving the band a three-member guitar army like Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Earl Hicks, a friend who had previously been involved in the band's production, took over the bass slot. They then began work on 2001's double album, "Southern Rock Opera".


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: The album weaves the history of Lynyrd Skynyrd into a narrative about a fictitious rock band called Betamax Guillotine, whose story unfolds within the context of the South during the 1970s. "Southern Rock Opera" was originally released independently on Drive-By Truckers' own Soul Dump Records on September 12, 2001, and garnered praise from fans and critics alike. To meet the new demand brought on by, among other things, a four-star review in "Rolling Stone", "Southern Rock Opera" was reissued by Mercury and Lost Highway Records in July 2002. Soon after, Drive-By Truckers were named Band of the Year by "No Depression".


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: While Drive-By Truckers were touring in support of "Southern Rock Opera", the band ran into a problem when they were left with only two guitarists (Cooley and Hood) following the departure of Rob Malone in late 2001. The band added fellow Alabamian guitarist and songwriter Jason Isbell to their line-up as the band's third guitarist. During his five years with Drive-By Truckers, Isbell's compositions became as highly praised as those of Cooley and Hood.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: After signing a new deal with Austin-based record label New West, Drive-By Truckers set about recording the follow-up to "Southern Rock Opera". The result was 2003's "Decoration Day", which like its predecessor, received much critical praise. It is another concept album, containing characters who are faced with hard decisions about marriage, incest, break-ups, revenge, murder, and suicide. The album features an eclectic mix of the band's newer rootsy, hard-rocking sound with some of their older alt-country sound. Former member John Neff returned as a guest to play pedal steel on about half the album, although he did not tour with the band for the album.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: After years of producing and playing with Drive-By Truckers, bassist Earl Hicks left the band on December 22, 2003. Hicks was immediately replaced by studio bassist Shonna Tucker, then-wife of guitarist Jason Isbell. Tucker had previously guested on "Decoration Day", playing upright bass on the Cooley-penned track "Sounds Better in the Song".


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: In 2004, Drive-By Truckers released yet another concept album entitled "The Dirty South", which further explored the mythology of the South, with songs focusing on Sam Phillips and Sun Records, John Henry, and a three-song suite about Sheriff Buford Pusser. With Cooley and Isbell each contributing 4 songs on the 14-song set, it was the band's first album for which Hood did not write the majority of songs.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: After touring throughout 2004 and 2005, Drive-By Truckers found their way to the Fidelitorium Recording Studio in Forsyth County, North Carolina, during late 2005. These recording sessions, once again produced by David Barbe, resulted in the band's seventh LP, "A Blessing and a Curse". Released on April 18, 2006, "A Blessing and a Curse" showcased Drive-By Truckers' ability to branch out into new territory, and can be seen as the band's attempt at shaking labeling by critics, detractors, fans, and followers, particularly the Southern rock label that has haunted the band since "Southern Rock Opera". The album sounds less like Lynyrd Skynyrd, and more closely resembles the bare-bones British rock of the early 1970s such as The Rolling Stones and Faces. Tom Petty, Blue Öyster Cult, and Neil Young's influence on the band's sound is more prominent on this album, as well.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On September 1, 2009, Drive-By Truckers released a collection of B-sides and rarities entitled "" which were recorded during the "Decoration Day" and "Dirty South" sessions. Though released after he left the band, the album includes two tracks written by Jason Isbell.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: In 2006, Drive-By Truckers reunited, both on-stage and on-record, with Athens-based, Savannah-born pedal steel guitarist John Neff. Neff had been featured on one song on "A Blessing and a Curse". During the next year, Neff began touring with the band as an unofficial sixth member.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On April 5, 2007, Jason Isbell announced that he was no longer a member of the band. The following day, Patterson Hood confirmed the break on the official site. In his letter to the fans, Hood described the parting of ways as "amicable" and expressed the hope that fans would continue to support Drive-By Truckers, as well as Isbell's solo efforts. In the same letter, Hood announced that Neff would become a full-time member, playing both guitar and pedal steel. Six years after Isbell's departure from the band, he revealed the reported "amicab[ility]" of the split was a charade and that he had been forced out. Because his excessive drinking and drug use had made Isbell unreliable, Hood had asked him to take a break from the band; upon Isbell's refusal, Cooley informed Isbell "that isn't going to work for us".


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: Shortly after Isbell's departure, on April 20, 2007, Patterson Hood announced via the band's website that a longtime friend of the Hood family, Spooner Oldham, would be joining the band playing keyboard for a string of acoustic performances called The Dirt Underneath Tour. This stripped-down tour set the writing mood and style for the band's next release, 2008's "Brighter Than Creation's Dark", a far more "swampy" and country record than its predecessor. "Brighter Than Creation's Dark" went to number 37 on the "Billboard" 200 album chart and was billed as a gothic masterpiece. Spooner Oldham contributed to the recording of the album, and toured with the band in support of the record. The record boasted 19 tracks, clocked in at over 75 minutes (so the record's vinyl format was released as a double album), and features the first song contributions from bassist Shonna Tucker. Keyboardist/backing vocalist Jay Gonzalez went on to tour with the band once Oldham stopped at the end of "Brighter Than Creation's Dark"s Home Front Tour.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On July 7, 2009, New West Records released the band's second official live album and DVD called "Live From Austin TX". Material from "Brighter Than Creation's Dark" made up the majority of the mostly acoustic set-list. This was the first official release featuring Jay Gonzalez as the official sixth band member. Hood later recalled this recording as "absolutely the best filmed performance our band has ever had".


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: After being released from New West Records, the Drive-By Truckers entered the studio throughout periods of 2009 and emerged with two albums' worth of material. The songs were divided between "The Big To Do" (2010) and the Drive-By Truckers "R&B Murder Album" "Go-Go Boots" (2011). "The Big To-Do" further brought media attention to the band, resulting in their highest chart success, appearances on David Letterman and Jimmy Fallon's late night shows, and a scheduled tour opening for Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers. During a performance on the "Late Show with David Letterman" in June 2011, the band played a cover of Eddie Hinton's song "Everybody Needs Love" and were asked by Letterman to play an encore. Along with John Hiatt, English band The Heavy and Alabama-based St. Paul and The Broken Bones, they are the only musical act ever asked to play an encore on his show. As the band's contract with New West Records expired after "The Fine Print" was released, the band signed and released "The Big To-Do" and "Go-Go Boots" on ATO Records.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On April 17, 2010, the band released a single penned by Mike Cooley to commemorate Record Store Day. "Your Woman Is a Living Thing"/"Just Maybe" is the only record the Drive-By Truckers have released solely in a vinyl format. Digital downloads of the single can now be found on the band's website, as well as Facebook. Based on the success of the single, the band decided to release a limited edition (2,500 copies) special 10-inch 45 with two new songs, "The Thanksgiving Filter"/"Used to Be a Cop", on Black Friday of 2010. Both songs also appear on the album "Go-Go Boots."


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: New West Records released "" on August 2, 2011. The announcement was immediately met with mixed receptions by fans.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On December 5, 2011, Patterson Hood announced via Facebook that bassist Shonna Tucker had left the Drive-By Truckers. He did not cite any of Tucker's reasons for leaving the band and merely stated, "we all love and respect her and wish her all of the best in everything she sets out for." David Barbe replaced Tucker for their subsequent shows until Matt Patton of The Dexateens joined the band for their spring 2012 tour. John Neff also departed on December 27, 2012; no third guitar replacement was announced, and all tours during 2013 consisted of Cooley and Hood on guitar with Gonzalez alternating between keyboard and guitar. Since that time, Gonzalez has continued to play both keyboards and guitar, allowing the band to duplicate their trademark three-guitar sound when necessary.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: During the Drive-By Truckers' 2013 New Year's Eve show at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C., an expanded vinyl release of their first live album, "Alabama Ass Whuppin'" was announced to be released in 2013.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On August 3, 2013, Hood's Instagram account revealed the band had begun recording their next album at Chase Park Transduction in Athens. Released on March 4, 2014, "English Oceans" showed that Gonzalez had become an official member of the band. Reduced to five members again, the band showcased a more simple and direct hard-rocking style on the album. The album debuted at number 16 on the "Billboard" charts, which represented the best charting of their career.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: The band released no new studio album in 2015, but instead released a sprawling live album entitled "It's Great to Be Alive". The album was recorded over a three-night run at the Fillmore in San Francisco, on November 20, 21 and 22, 2014.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: The band released their 11th album, "American Band", on September 30, 2016. The album featured the same line-up as "English Oceans", and featured the most politically oriented lyrics of the band's career. A 2017 article in Australia's "Overland" literary magazine suggested, with reference to "American Music", that "no-one in the modern era is making stronger protest music than this Athens, Georgia band". They announced a tour in support of the record, the Darkened Flags Tour, in June of the same year.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: In November 2017, they released the politically charged single "The Perilous Night", showing a continuation of their increased focus on protest songs.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On September 11, 2018, the band shared a photo via their Instagram page alluding that they were currently working on their 12th studio album. The album, titled "The Unraveling", was released on January 31, 2020, making it the longest gap between studio albums for the band so far.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On June 17, 2020, NPR published an opinion piece by Patterson Hood, wherein he apologized for the band's name and called it "a drunken joke that was never intended to be in rotation and reckoned with two-and-a-half decades later".


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On September 30, 2020, just eight months after the release of "The Unraveling", the band announced their thirteenth studio album, "The New OK". It was made available on all streaming platforms the following Friday.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: On April 12, 2022, the band announced their fourteenth studio album, "Welcome 2 Club XIII". The same day, the title track was released as the first promotional single. The title derives from the venue where founding members Patterson Hood and Mike Cooley performed at the start of their careers.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: In 2007, Drive-By Truckers backed up Bettye LaVette on her comeback album "The Scene of the Crime", which was released on September 25 on Anti Records. "Scene of the Crime" was mostly recorded at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. On it, LaVette transforms country and rock songs written by Willie Nelson, Elton John, and Don Henley, among others, into devastating mini-dramas. "Scene of the Crime" was nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Contemporary Blues Album" and landed on numerous "Best of 2007" lists. Drive-By Truckers frontman Patterson Hood produced the album alongside LaVette. The album also features one song cowritten by LaVette and Hood.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: Drive-By Truckers backed up Booker T. Jones on his instrumental album "Potato Hole", which was released on April 21, 2009. Neil Young also contributed over-dubbed guitar work to the album; the Drive-By Truckers and he never met in studio. "Potato Hole" features a re-recording of the Cooley penned track "Space City", which originally was released on the album "A Blessing And A Curse". The band performed with Jones as "Booker T and the DBTs" at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival on June 14, 2009. On January 31, 2010, "Potato Hole" won the Best Pop Instrumental Album award at the 52nd Grammy Awards.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: In late 2009, Barr Weissman released a documentary on the Drive-By Truckers entitled "The Secret To A Happy Ending." The film follows the band over three particularly straining years of their career, and captures their near break up, as well as the departure of Jason Isbell from the band.


title: Drive-By Truckers

text: The band's online presence was created in 1996 by and is still maintained by long-time friend Jenn Bryant. It has been credited with helping the band gain momentum. The band also began to use another long-time friend, Wes Freed, to produce the band's signature visual style with his cover art and posters. Freed continued his collaborative work with them until his death in 2022. In March 2014, the newly debuted "English Oceans" album cover was named Album Art of the Month by "Consequence of Sound" editor Dan Caffrey. However, the band's constant touring and lauded live shows largely developed their dedicated following.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville ( ) is a city in DuPage and Will counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is in the Chicago metro area, west of the city.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville was founded in 1831 by Joseph Naper. The city was established by the banks of the DuPage river, and was originally known as Naper's Settlement. By 1832, over 100 residents lived in Naper's Settlement. In 1839, after DuPage County was split from Cook County, Naperville became the county seat, which it remained until 1868. Beginning in the 1960s, Naperville experienced a significant population increase as a result of Chicago's urban sprawl.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: As of the 2020 census, its population was 149,540, making it the state's fourth-most populous city. Naperville's largest employer is Edward Hospital with 4,500 employees.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville is home to Moser Tower and Millennium Carillon which is one of the four largest carillons in the world. Naperville is also home to an extensive parks and forest preserve network, including Centennial Beach. Naperville has two school districts, 203 and 204. It also has media outlets, like NCTV17. Naperville has a train station served by Amtrak and Metra.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Before any settlement, Naperville was home to Native American tribes. In 1641, the first Caucasian contact with Native Americans in Illinois was made with members of the Iliniwek tribe. The Iliniwek was the predominant tribe throughout Illinois at the time. They were later forced off the land by the Potawatomi tribe. The Potawatomi inhabited Naperville when the first settlers arrived. There was a major Potawatomi village at the present site of downtown Naperville, reached from Chicago by a trail that became Ogden Avenue. A minor village was near where Bailey Hobson later built his mill in 1834.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: In 1831, Joseph Naper arrived at the west bank of the DuPage River with his family and friends to found what would be known as Naper's Settlement. Among those original settlers were Naper's wife, his brother and his wife, his sister and her husband John Murray, and his mother. Their arrival followed a nearly two-month voyage from Ashtabula County, Ohio, in the Naper brothers' schooner which was the "Telegraph".


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: By 1832, over 100 settlers had arrived at Naper's Settlement. After the news of the Indian Creek massacre during the Black Hawk War, these settlers were temporarily displaced to Fort Dearborn for protection from an anticipated attack by the Sauk tribe. Fort Payne was built at Naper's Settlement, the settlers returned and the attack never materialized. The Pre-Emption House was constructed in 1834, as the Settlement became a stagecoach stop on the road from Chicago to Galena. The Pre-Emption House was the first hotel in DuPage county. After DuPage County was split from Cook County in 1839, Naper's Settlement became the DuPage county seat. In 1843, the Illinois General assembly passed an act to incorporate the Naperville Cemetery Association. In 1855, Sybil Dunbar came to Naperville as its first recorded black female resident; she died in 1868 and was buried in Naperville Cemetery.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naper's Settlement was incorporated as the Village of Naperville in 1857, with a population of 2,000. The county seat distinction was lost in 1868 to Wheaton. On August 5, 1873, a train crashed on the CB&Q tracks about east of Naperville. Conductor Williams, who was operating a passenger train, was informed of a freight train occupying the line, but for some reason increased his speed, and upon rounding a curve, ran into a freight caboose. A conductor sitting in the caboose and a cattle drover were instantly killed. The passenger train fireman and engineer jumped out of the locomotive just in time to save their lives.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: In 1887, Peter Edward Kroehler established the Kroehler Manufacturing Company's factory in Naperville along the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy tracks. In 1890, reincorporation as a city occurred.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: After Professor James Nichols donated $10,000, Nichols Library was built, and dedicated in 1898. In January 1907, Edward Sanatorium (now Edward Hospital) was opened by Eudora Hull Spalding. It used the "open air" treatment for tuberculosis patients. In 1908, the Chicago YMCA stated that Naperville was too small for its own YMCA building, but Peter Kroehler led a campaign to build one. In January 1910, Kroehler was the mayor of Naperville and its richest resident. But rumors in Naperville relating to a relationship between him and his stenographer caused him to resign as mayor. After his resignation he retreated to his Binghamton, New York factory. The YMCA was opened on March 26, 1911, and included the first swimming pool in DuPage County. In February 1920, Edward sanatorium burned to the ground, and cost $500,000 to rebuild.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: On April 26, 1946, Naperville was the site of a train disaster. Two Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad trains collided "head to tail" on a single track just west of the Loomis Street grade crossing. The accident killed 45 and injured approximately 127 passengers and/or crew members. In the 1950s, the city limits were about six square miles, but by 1960, the city had its single largest year in geographical expansion in Naperville's history. That year saw over 1,500 acres annexed.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: A predominantly rural community for most of its existence, Naperville experienced a population explosion beginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1980s and 1990s. Throughout the 1990s and '80s the city's population tripled.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: In 1996, Naperville was the site of a flood that also affected the majority of northeastern Illinois. Naperville received 14 inches of rain in less than 24 hours, and DuPage County was declared a disaster zone. The estimated damages were over $30 million.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The YMCA in Downtown Naperville was announced to close in May 2020 after 109 years of operation, due to economic difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: According to the 2010 census, Naperville has an area of , of which (or 98.59%) is land and (or 1.41%) is water.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Parts of Naperville drain to the West Branch of the DuPage River in DuPage County. The Forest Preserve District ownership of a large amount of property along the West Branch has minimized development in floodplains and has helped reduce the damage from overbank flooding that has occurred in the county's more developed watersheds. The DuPage River Trail also runs along the DuPage River, which serves bikes and pedestrians. Naperville was primarily flat prairie before its settlement. Its main geographic anomalies are manmade hills, such as the Greene Valley Hill, a former garbage dump.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville is in six townships and two counties. In DuPage County, the northwest portion is in Winfield Township, the northeast portion in Milton Township, the west-central portion in Naperville Township, and the east-central portion in Lisle Township.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: In Will County, the southwest portion is in Wheatland Township and the southeast portion in DuPage Township. The largest number of Naperville residents live in Lisle Township, followed by Naperville Township.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville's municipal boundaries are cut in noticeably by many places. In the west, Springbrook Prairie, a forest preserve run by The Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, is a major enclave. In the southwest, the Tamarack neighborhood is a major unincorporated enclave. In the north, McDowell Grove Forest Preserve and various office complexes around Diehl Road form a major enclave into the boundary.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville has a typical Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa"). There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, springs are humid, summers are hot, and falls are cool. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F, the coldest was -6 °F.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The 2020 United States census said that there were 149,540 people, 52,238 households, and 38,347 families residing in the city. As of April 2020, Naperville was the 181st most populous city in the United States.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The population density was 3708.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 55,348 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 68.1% White, 5.4% African American, 23.9% Asian and 6.9% Hispanic or Latino.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The 2019 American Community Survey says that there were 52,238 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.35.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: In the city, the age distribution consisted of 24.1% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 31.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.5 years.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the city was $140,061, and the median income for a family was $153,250. Males had a median income of $76,850 versus $71,558 for females. The per capita income for the city was $59,115. About 3.7% of the population was below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville is within the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor. Employers contributing to the population explosion of the 1980s and 1990s included: Bell Labs and Western Electric (once Alcatel-Lucent, now Nokia), Amoco (now BP and Ineos), Nalco, Calamos, Nicor, and Edward Hospital. and ConAgra's Grocery division branch office employs approximately 400 workers. Kraft Foods (now Mondelez International) opened their Naperville site in 1968, and employs over 200 individuals at the plant, which supplies all Triscuit products for North America.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville is also home to the headquarters of Dukane Precast and its double-wall precast concrete manufacturing plant. Naperville was one of the nation's ten fastest-growing communities during the 1990s. It was home to the Office Max headquarters until the 2013 merger between Office Max and Office Depot. The former Office Max headquarters in Naperville was sold, as the merged company moved to Boca Raton.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville area is home to many retailers, restaurants and shopping centers, such as Downtown Naperville, Freedom Commons, Springbrook Prairie Pavilion, and the Route 59 and Ogden Avenue corridors. Naperville has over 11 automobile dealerships, and in October 2006, the city opened the country's first public–private partnership automobile test track, situated on a course, at a cost of $1.5 million.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: According to the 2019 American Community Survey, 77% of commuters drove, 11% took public transportation, and 8.6% worked from home. 22.1% of workers were employed in educational services, and health care and social assistance, 20.4% were employed in professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services, 10.3% in arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services, 9.7% in retail trade, and 9.5% in finance, insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's top ten employers are:


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville Public Library has three library branches within city limits. In 2020, there were 61,476 active cardholders, there were 728,147 total library visits, and there were 2,973,939 checkouts.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville Public Library was founded when James Nichols, a Naperville resident, bequeathed $10,000 to the City Of Naperville, to establish a library after his passing. On September 22, 1898, the Nichols Library formally opened. Its collection comprised over 700 books. With the population of Naperville growing, the original location was running out of space. In 1983 a referendum was passed to build a new library, and the new Nichols Library opened on March 11, 1986. As the population increased, the need for a new branch was evident. Land was acquired, and the upper floor of the Naper Boulevard Library opened to the public on December 29, 1992. South Naperville still had a gap in the Library's coverage, so the 95th Street Library was opened on September 21, 2003.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Nichols Library is in downtown Naperville, on Jefferson Street. It opened at this location in March 1986. It is a structure. The previous library building still stands on Washington Street, just south of the YMCA building, at Washington and Van Buren.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naper Boulevard Library was dedicated in December 1992 and underwent internal renovations in 2015. It is situated on Naper Boulevard, south of Scott Elementary School. It is the smallest of the three buildings at .


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The 95th Street Library is near the intersection of 95th Street and Route 59 (just west of Neuqua Valley High School). Opened in September 2003, it is the newest and largest of the three facilities at and features a modern architectural style.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville is home of the Naperville Independent Film Festival, an annual film festival which features the work of independent filmmakers.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville Municipal Band is a nonprofit organization founded in 1859. They perform a summer concert series in Naperville's Central Park, as well as several other concerts around the city, and are made up of over 90 volunteer musicians.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville Art League hosts the Riverwalk Fine Art Fair annually, and the event has been running since 1984. The Riverwalk Fine Art Fair hosts artists who work in forms such as painting, ceramic, wood, jewelry, fiber, photography, glass, and metal.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Century Walk Corporation, founded in 1996, is a nonprofit organization who commissions sculptures, murals and mosaics to be placed throughout the city. As of February 2021, the organization has placed 51 statues, and over $4 million worth of art. Notable statues include the 9 foot tall statue of comic book figure Dick Tracy, Laughing Lincoln, a life size statue of 30 year old Abraham Lincoln, and the Dan Shanower Sept. 11 Memorial, which includes a steel beam from the World Trade Center and rubble from the Pentagon.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville Historic District is a set of 573 buildings in the older eastern section of Naperville and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was listed on the NRHP on September 29, 1977, and It was granted local district designation by the Naperville City Council in 1986. The buildings represent significant examples of local architecture and are among the city's most important cultural and historical heritage.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Old Nichols Library building, which served as Naperville's original public library, was designated a local landmark in 2017.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naper Settlement is an outdoor history museum representing the era of Naperville's founding. Naper Settlement was established by the Naperville Heritage Society and the Naperville Park District in 1969 to preserve some of the community's oldest buildings. Reconstructions of Fort Payne and the Pre-Emption House stand as part of the museum.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The 158-foot-tall Moser Tower is just north of Aurora Avenue and at the base of Rotary Hill, just west of Downtown Naperville. The Millennium Carillon is designated as one of the four largest carillons in the world, with 72 bronze bells weighing from 10 pounds to the 6-ton "Captain Joseph Naper Bell". It was dedicated in an Independence Day event on June 29, 2000, with a reception attended by over 15,000 people. The carillon is manually or computer-playable, with most performances played by hand, but with half the bells played by a computer-controlled system at set times during the day.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The DuPage Children's Museum was founded in 1987; and moved from Wheaton to its Naperville location in 2001. The Museum was rebuilt and redesigned in 2015.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville Park District manages and provides leisure and recreational activities for Naperville and nearby residents. The District was established by referendum in 1966, but a current park, Centennial Beach, was founded in 1932. As of 2021, the Park District manages over of open space, including over 136 parks, two golf courses, 73 playgrounds, and 70+ miles of trails.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Park District is responsible for the Naperville Riverwalk, construction of which began in 1981, marking the 150th anniversary of the first Joseph Naper's settlement. The Naperville Riverwalk is miles long and runs along the West Branch of the DuPage River. It consists of brick paths, fountains, and covered bridges. In addition, the Riverwalk features fountains, art pieces, and nearby resuraunts. The Naperville Riverwalk Commission has started a plan to expand the riverwalk greatly, in the "Riverwalk 2031 Master Plan". Some of the details of this plan includes extending the riverwalk to Edward Hospital, building a new park, and creating an east bank Riverwalk path from the Highlands subdivision.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Naperville Park District also manages other properties. Centennial Beach is a former quarry redeveloped into a beach. Springbrook and Naperbrook are the two golf courses managed by the Park District. There are two parks dedicated to skateboarding and in-line skating, Frontier Sports Complex and Centennial Park. Commissioners Park, includes Naperville's first official cricket pitch, opened in 2006. Ron Ory Community Garden Plots offers garden plots to lease for a fee during the summer. Knoch Knolls Park includes a small mountain biking trail and eighteen-hole frisbee golf course. It is located south between Ring Road and 95th Street. Naperville Sportsman's Club is a public trap shooting range, the fees are $15.50 for club members, $16.75 for residents, and $18.00 for nonresidents.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Forest Preserve District of DuPage County manages several forest preserves and parks that are within Naperville. Springbrook Prairie is acres of land, it contains of trails, Greene Valley Forest Preserve is a former landfill and farm, it is composed of , and has of trails. Herrick Lake Forest Preserve is composed of and has trails. McDowell Grove Forest Preserve is composed of , and has of trails. Pioneer Park is the location of the Hobson Monument and grist mill. A section of the DuPage River Trail runs through the park, and is used for walking, running, and cycling. Access to the DuPage River for fishing, canoeing, and kayaking is also available at the park. The Forest Preserve District of Will County manages Whalon Lake Forest Preserve, where trails and lake access is available.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The City of Naperville operates under the council-manager form of government. The City Council consists of the Mayor and eight Council Members elected for four-year terms. No person can serve in the office of mayor or council member for excess of three consecutive terms. The city council can select and appoint a city manager, adopt, amend, and repeal ordinances, and can approve the city's annual operating budget. The mayor acts as a member of the city council, with extra responsibilities. The Mayor presides over city council meetings, they function as the local Liquor and Tobacco Control Commissioner, they can declare emergencies, and can select members for City boards and commissions. The city manager enforces all laws and ordinances of the city, they recommend courses of action to the council, and controls all departments throughout the city.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Mayor Steve Chirico (R) is the current mayor of Naperville, and has been serving since 2015. His predecessor was former Mayor George Pradel (also known as "Officer Friendly"). Pradel served for 20 years, making him the longest serving mayor in Naperville History.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: In 2021, a $540 million budget was approved for 2022. The budget was a 7.6% increase from the previous year. Roughly $32 million of the $38 million went towards infrastructure improvements.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: In 2020, the equalized assessed value for the city was $137,000, and the city property tax was 0.6949%, this resulted in a $875.11 average property tax paid. Naperville collects a local gas tax at the price of four cents per gallon. A Retail Sales Tax is in place, with a .75% tax applying on general merchandise, and food for immediate consumption. Naperville has a 1% tax on all food and beverages that can be consumed at the location purchased. In addition to the citywide tax, a .75% percent tax is added onto the existing 1% when the food or beverage is purchased within Downtown Naperville. All Real Estate Transfers are subject to a tax, but are exempt to for owners making deed changes. The tax is $1.50 per $500 of the purchase price, rounding the purchase price up in increments of $500. All uses of hotel and motels are subject tax of the rate of 5.50% of the room rate. State collected Income Taxes, Sales Taxes, and the State Motor Fuel Tax proceeds are doled out to municipalities on a per-capita basis. The total State Use Tax rate is 6.25%, and the State of Illinois collects $0.392 cents per gallon of gasoline sold, and $0.467 per gallon of diesel fuel sold. All funds from the Gas Tax are only meant to be used on roads and bridges.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville is represented by two U.S. Senators, three U.S. Representatives, four Illinois Senators, and six Illinois Representatives.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville has multiple colleges and universities within its city limits. North Central College is on a campus in Downtown Naperville on Chicago Avenue. It was founded by a predecessor to the United Methodist Church in 1861 and has been in Naperville since 1870. The college remains affiliated with the United Methodist Church. In fall 2020, it had 2,832 students enrolled. Northern Illinois University maintains a satellite campus on Diehl Road offering several courses. The College of DuPage, Dupage County's Community College, operates the Naperville Regional Center which offers several classes. DeVry University has their administrative headquarters, and classrooms on Diehl Road in Naperville. Governors State University maintains a satellite campus on West 95th Street in Naperville. Indiana Tech maintains a satellite campus on North Aurora Road.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Two K-12 public school districts serve the city of Naperville (along with a number of private, parochial schools).


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville Community Unit School District 203 serves central and northern Naperville as well as portions of the neighboring Lisle and Bolingbrook. The oldest District 203 building still in use is Ellsworth Elementary, constructed in 1928, while the newest is the Ann Reid Early Childhood Center, opened in 2010.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: District 203 has two high schools: Naperville Central High School and Naperville North High School, five junior high schools and fifteen elementary schools within Naperville city limits. Additionally, the school district has one junior high and one elementary school in Lisle.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Indian Prairie School District 204 (IPSD) was also formed through merged districts in 1972. Neuqua Valley High School, along with three middle schools and 19 elementary schools from this district, are located within southern Naperville. In total, IPSD runs four high schools (Neuqua Valley High School, Metea Valley High School, Wheatland Academy and Waubonsie Valley High School), seven junior high schools, 21 elementary schools, and one preschool. The district serves western and southwestern Naperville, along with eastern Aurora and parts of Bolingbrook and Plainfield.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville is home to numerous private schools, including, All Saints Catholic Academy, Bethany Lutheran School, Calvary Christian School, Covenant Classical School, Naperville Christian Academy, St. Raphael School, and Saints Peter and Paul School.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville has a community access TV station, Naperville Community Television, (NCTV17). The station airs community-based programming that includes news, sports, talk shows, and community event coverage. It broadcasts on Channel 17 in Naperville and online at NCTV17.org.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The "Daily Herald" is a daily newspaper serving suburban Chicago. It was started in 1872 and founded by Hosea Paddock. The "Naperville Sun" is a local newspaper serving Naperville, Illinois. It is published three days a week, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. It was founded in 1935 and now is owned by Chicago Tribune Media Group.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville has multiple radio stations, including 1610-AM WPFP 929, AM 1610, which broadcasts emergency, city and road information. WONC (89.1 FM) broadcasts in an album oriented rock format, and is owned and operated by North Central College. WCKG (1530 AM) broadcasts local news, talk shows, and weather reports.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Edward Hospital in Naperville, Illinois, was first established in 1907 as Edward Sanitarium, and became Edward Hospital in 1955. It merged with Elmhurst Hospital in 2013 to create Edward-Elmhurst Health. Edward Hospital is a full-service hospital with 352 private patient rooms. For many years, Edward Hospital and others have tried to introduce a new hospital into Naperville only to have their request turned down. Thus, Naperville remains the only large Illinois city with only one hospital. Edward Hospital tried to open a hospital in nearby Plainfield to help Naperville citizens with travel times to Edward Hospital.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The University of Chicago Medical Center has two Naperville locations providing pediatric and ENT services.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway (the tolled portion of Interstate 88) passes through northern Naperville. US Route 34 (Ogden Avenue) enters Naperville in the west at Illinois Route 59. A diverging diamond interchange, the first in Northeast Illinois, was completed in 2015 at the junction of Route 59 and Interstate 88.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville's first rail link to Chicago was established in 1864 by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Naperville now has three tracks belonging to the BNSF Railway that run through the north end of town, with passenger rail service provided by Metra and Amtrak. Amtrak's four daily trains through Naperville are the "Illinois Zephyr" and "Carl Sandburg" (both destined for Quincy, Illinois), the "California Zephyr" (destined for Emeryville, California), and the "Southwest Chief" (destined for Los Angeles). A third Metra station was planned on the Suburban Transit Access Route ("STAR") at Wolf's Crossing. The project is no longer active since 2012.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Pace provides rush hour bus service to the Metra stations, and previously, through 2008, had provided for local midday service. Both services have always been operated under contract; First Student, a national transportation management firm, is the current contract operator. In addition, Pace directly operates bus route 530 from Naperville to Aurora (which serves Aurora's Fox Valley Mall) and bus route 714 from Naperville to Wheaton (which serves the College of DuPage), both through its Fox Valley division. Pace also directly operates route 888, a rush hour express route named the "Tri-State Flyer", from Homewood and South Holland to corporate employment sites in the western suburbs, including those in the northern part of Naperville; this route is operated by Pace through its South division. Intercity bus service in Naperville consists of a route from Chicago and Naperville to Davenport, Iowa, and points further west, operated by both Burlington Trailways and Greyhound Lines. The Burlington Trailways buses stop at the Naperville Metra and Amtrak station, downtown on Fourth Avenue; the Greyhound Lines buses stop at the Route 59 Metra station.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: The DuPage Airport, a general aviation airport serving private and charter jets, designation DPA, is 14 miles from downtown Naperville. Clow Airport in Bolingbrook is about 1.5 miles from Naperville's southeastern border.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: There is also a private airport, the Naper Aero Club field, designation LL10, on the western edge of town. The field is notable as the home of the Lima Lima Flight Team.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: Naperville’s electric system is owned and operated by the City of Naperville, which obtains electricity through the Illinois Municipal Electric Agency, a nonprofit government entity.


title: Naperville, Illinois

text: On June 20, 2021, an EF3 tornado tore through southeast Naperville, uprooting trees, injuring eight people, and damaging 231 homes.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Aaron Kosminski (born Aron Mordke Kozmiński; 11 September 1865 – 24 March 1919) was a Polish barber and hairdresser, and suspect in the Jack the Ripper case.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Kosminski was a Polish Jew who emigrated from Congress Poland to England in the 1880s. He worked as a hairdresser in Whitechapel in the East End of London, where a series of murders ascribed to an unidentified figure nicknamed "Jack the Ripper" were committed in 1888. From 1891, Kosminski was institutionalised after he threatened his sister with a knife. He was first held at Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum, and then transferred to the Leavesden Asylum.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Police officials from the time of the murders named one of their suspects as "Kosminski" (the forename was not given), and described him as a Polish Jew in an insane asylum. Almost a century after the final murder, the suspect "Kosminski" was identified as Aaron Kosminski; but there was little evidence to connect him with the "Kosminski" who was suspected of the murders, and their dates of death are different. Possibly, Kosminski was confused with another Polish Jew of the same age named Aaron or David Cohen (real name possibly Nathan Kaminsky), who was a violent patient at the Colney Hatch Asylum.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: In September 2014, author Russell Edwards claimed in the book "Naming Jack the Ripper" to have proved Kosminski's guilt. In 2007, he bought a shawl which he believed to have been left at a murder scene and gave it to biochemist Jari Louhelainen to test for DNA. A peer-reviewed article on the DNA analysis was published in the "Journal of Forensic Sciences" in 2019. However, scientists from Innsbruck Medical University have criticised the paper and its conclusions, pointing to a number of mistakes and assumptions made by its authors.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Aaron Kosminski was born in Kłodawa in Congress Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. His parents were Abram Józef Kozmiński, a tailor, and his wife Golda née Lubnowska. He may have been employed in a hospital as a hairdresser or orderly for a time. He emigrated from Poland in 1880 or 1881, likely with his sisters' families. The family initially lived in Germany. A nephew of his was born there in 1880 and a niece in 1881. It is not known precisely when Aaron left Poland to join his sisters or whether he lived in Germany for any length of time, although he may have left Poland as a result of the April 1881 pogroms following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, the impetus for many other Jews to emigrate. The family moved to Britain and settled in London sometime in 1881 or 1882. His mother, who was listed as a widow, apparently did not emigrate with the family immediately, but had joined them by 1894. It is unknown whether his father died or abandoned the family, but he did not emigrate to Britain with the rest of them. It is known that he had likely died before 1901, and an 1887 death certificate indicates that an Abram Kosminski had died in the Polish town of Koło, only five miles from Grzegorzew, the hometown of Kosminski's father.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: In London, Kosminski embarked on a career as a barber in Whitechapel, an impoverished slum in London's East End that had become home to many Jewish refugees who were fleeing economic hardship in Eastern Europe and pogroms in Tsarist Russia. However, he may have worked only sporadically: it was reported that he had "not attempted any kind of work for years" by 1891. He possibly relied on his sisters' families for financial support, and may have lived with them at 3 Sion Square in 1890 and 16 Greenfield Street in 1891, indicating that his sisters possibly shared responsibility for caring for him and he alternated living between their family homes.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: On 12 July 1890, Kosminski was placed in Mile End Old Town workhouse due to his worsening mental illness, with his brother Woolf certifying the entry, and was released three days later. On 4 February 1891, he was returned to the workhouse, possibly by the police, and on 7 February, he was transferred to Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum. A witness to the certification of his entry, recorded as Jacob Cohen, gave some basic background information and stated that Kosminski had threatened his sister with a knife. It is unclear whether this meant Kosminski's sister or Cohen's. Kosminski remained at the Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum for the next three years until he was admitted on 19 April 1894 to Leavesden Asylum. Case notes indicate that Kosminski had been ill since at least 1885. His insanity took the form of auditory hallucinations, a paranoid fear of being fed by other people that drove him to pick up and eat food dropped as litter, and a refusal to wash or bathe. The cause of his insanity was recorded as "self-abuse", which is thought to be a euphemism for masturbation. His poor diet seems to have kept him in an emaciated state for years; his low weight was recorded in the asylum case notes. By February 1919, he weighed just . He died the following month, aged 53.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Between 1888 and 1891, the deaths of 11 women in or around the Whitechapel district of the East End of London were linked together in a single police investigation known as the "Whitechapel murders". Seven of the victims suffered a slash to the throat, and in four cases the bodies were mutilated after death. Five of the cases, between August and November 1888, show such marked similarities that they are generally agreed to be the work of a single serial killer, known as "Jack the Ripper". Despite an extensive police investigation, the Ripper was never identified and the crimes remained unsolved. Years after the end of the murders, documents were discovered that revealed the suspicions of police officials against a man referred to as "Kosminski".


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: An 1894 memorandum written by Sir Melville Macnaghten, the Assistant Chief Constable of the London Metropolitan Police, names one of the suspects as a Polish Jew called "Kosminski" (without a forename). Macnaghten's memo was discovered in the private papers of his daughter, Lady Aberconway, by television journalist Dan Farson in 1959, and an abridged version from the archives of the Metropolitan Police was released to the public in the 1970s. Macnaghten stated that there were strong reasons for suspecting "Kosminski" because he "had a great hatred of women ... with strong homicidal tendencies".


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: In 1910, Assistant Commissioner Sir Robert Anderson claimed in his memoirs "The Lighter Side of My Official Life" that the Ripper was a "low-class Polish Jew". Chief Inspector Donald Swanson, who led the Ripper investigation, named the man as "Kosminski" in notes handwritten in the margin of his presentation copy of Anderson's memoirs. He added that "Kosminski" had been watched at his brother's home in Whitechapel by the police, that he was taken with his hands tied behind his back to the workhouse and then to Colney Hatch Asylum, and that he died shortly after. The copy of Anderson's memoirs containing the handwritten notes by Swanson was donated by his descendants to Scotland Yard's Crime Museum in 2006.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: In 1987, Ripper author Martin Fido searched asylum records for any inmates called Kosminski, and found only one: Aaron Kosminski. At the time of the murders, Aaron apparently lived either on Providence Street or Greenfield Street, both of which addresses are close to the sites of the murders. The addresses given in the asylum records are in Mile End Old Town, just on the edge of Whitechapel. The description of Aaron Kosminski's symptoms in the case notes indicates that he had paranoid schizophrenia. Macnaghten's notes say that "Kosminski" indulged in "solitary vices", and in his memoirs Anderson wrote of his suspect's "unmentionable vices", both of which may match the claim in the case notes that Aaron Kosminski committed "self-abuse". Swanson's notes match the known details of Aaron Kosminski's life in that he reported that the suspect went to the workhouse and then to Colney Hatch, but the last detail about his early death does not match Aaron Kosminski, who lived until 1919 (see below).


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Anderson claimed that the Ripper had been identified by the "only person who had ever had a good view of the murderer", but that no prosecution was possible because both the witness and the culprit were Jews and Jews were not willing to offer testimony against fellow Jews. Swanson's notes state that "Kosminski" was identified at "the Seaside Home", which was the Police Convalescent Home in Hove near Brighton. Some authors express scepticism that this identification ever happened, while others use it as evidence for their theories. For example, Donald Rumbelow thought the story unlikely, but fellow Ripper authors Martin Fido and Paul Begg thought there was another witness, perhaps Israel Schwartz, Joseph Lawende, or a policeman. In his memorandum, however, Macnaghten stated that "no-one ever saw the Whitechapel murderer", which directly contradicts Anderson's and Swanson's recollection. Sir Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the City of London Police at the time of the murders, scathingly dismissed Anderson's claim that Jews would not testify against one another in his own memoirs written later in the same year, calling it a "reckless accusation" against Jews. Edmund Reid, the initial inspector in charge of the investigation, also challenged Anderson's opinion. There is no record of Aaron Kosminski in any surviving official police documents except Macnaghten's memo.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: In Kosminski's defence, he was described as harmless in the asylum. He had originally been taken into custody for threatening either his sister or the sister of a witness to his admittance with a knife, and brandished a chair at an asylum attendant in January 1892, but these two incidents are the only known indications of violent behaviour. In the asylum, Kosminski preferred to speak his native language, Yiddish, which indicates that his English may have been poor, and that he was unable to persuade English-speaking victims into dark alleyways, as the Ripper was supposed to do. However, the "canonical five" killings that are most frequently blamed on the Ripper concluded in 1888; Kosminski's movements were not restricted until 1891.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: On 7 September 2014, Jari Louhelainen, an expert in historic DNA analysis, announced that he had been commissioned by British author Russell Edwards to study a shawl said to have been found with victim Catherine Eddowes and that he had extracted mitochondrial DNA that matches female line descendants of Eddowes, and mitochondrial DNA that matches female line descendants of Kosminski's sister from the shawl. Louhelainen stated: "The first strand of DNA showed a 99.2 percent match, as the analysis instrument could not determine the sequence of the missing 0.8 percent fragment of DNA. On testing the second strand, we achieved a perfect 100 percent match."


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: In his book "Naming Jack The Ripper", Edwards names Kosminski as Jack the Ripper. Edwards was inspired to try to solve the case after the release of "From Hell", the 2001 Johnny Depp film about the Whitechapel murders. He bought the shawl at auction and commissioned Louhelainen, with Dr. David Miller assisting, to analyse it for forensic DNA evidence. Edwards states that Kosminski was on a list of police suspects but there was never enough evidence to bring him to trial at the time. Kosminski died at the age of 53 of gangrene of the leg in a London mental hospital in 1919. He said that the DNA samples proved that Kosminski was "definitely, categorically and absolutely" the person responsible for the Whitechapel murders committed by Jack the Ripper. He told "The Independent", "I've got the only piece of forensic evidence in the whole history of the case." He continued, "I've spent 14 years working on it, and we have definitively solved the mystery of who Jack the Ripper was. Only non-believers that want to perpetuate the myth will doubt. This is it now—we have unmasked him."


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Criticism of the report included complaints that the findings first appeared in Britain's tabloid "Daily Mail" newspaper. One critic, Susannah L. Bodman of "The Oregonian", said, "The "Daily Mail"s reporting on science and scientific evidence is—let's say—not known to be robust." Other criticisms include questions about "the chain of evidence or provenance on the shawl", that publishing the information in the press "is not the same as reporting and publishing your methods in a peer-reviewed journal", and concerns regarding the entire recent body of Jack the Ripper investigative and historical forensic work in general, notably how often the work of mediums and clairvoyants, human interest angles, recycled evidence from coroner's courts and other sources, and the general acceptance of misinformation and urban myth as fact have undermined and hobbled previous efforts to conduct objective, scientific investigations.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Professor Alec Jeffreys, the forensic scientist who invented DNA fingerprinting in 1984, initially commented that the find was "an interesting but remarkable claim that needs to be subjected to peer review, with detailed analysis of the provenance of the shawl and the nature of the claimed DNA match with the perpetrator's descendants and its power of discrimination". Jeffreys and others later stated that a claim presented in the book as a statistically significant match with the DNA from Eddowes's descendant—a sequence variation described as 314.1C and claimed to be rare—was the result of an error in nomenclature for the common sequence variation 315.1C, which is present in more than 99% of people of European descent.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Former City of London Police officer and crime historian Donald Rumbelow criticised the claim that the evidence proved Kosminski was Jack the Ripper, saying that no shawl is listed among Eddowes's effects by the police. Mitochondrial DNA expert Peter Gill said the shawl "is of dubious origin and has been handled by several people who could have shared that mitochondrial DNA profile". The shawl or other material could have been contaminated before or while DNA was being tested; two of Eddowes's descendants are known to have been in the same room as the shawl for three days in 2007, and in the words of one critic, "The shawl has been openly handled by loads of people and been touched, breathed on, spat upon". Despite the criticisms, Louhelainen continued to defend his work.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Louhelainen's 2014 findings were criticised as they had not been subject to peer review by other scientists or investigators. In March 2019, the "Journal of Forensic Sciences" published a study analysing the mitochondrial DNA from cells extracted from a shawl claimed to have been found near the body of victim Catherine Eddowes, as well as samples from maternal relations of the victim and suspect (Kosminski). This study, conducted by scientists at Liverpool John Moores University and the University of Leeds, stated in its conclusion that "the presence of mtDNA on the shawl matches the female victim's mtDNA derived from stains on it and that mtDNA also on the shawl matches the suspect candidate's mtDNA"; however, Figure 7 of the same paper shows two differences between the suspect candidate's mtDNA sequence and the sequence obtained from the shawl, and in their conclusion the authors state, "According to the SWGDAM 2013 guidelines, if samples have two or more nucleotide position differences, they can be excluded as coming from the same source or maternal lineage, except when heteroplasmy is encountered." There is no suggestion that heteroplasmy is present.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Another Polish Jew proposed as a suspect in the Jack the Ripper murders was Aaron Davis Cohen or David Cohen, whose incarceration at Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum roughly coincided with the end of the murders. He was committed on 12 December 1888, about one month after the murder of Mary Jane Kelly on 9 November. He was described as violently antisocial, exhibited destructive tendencies while at the asylum, and had to be restrained. He was the same age as Kosminski, and died at the asylum in October 1889. Author Martin Fido suggested in his book "The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper" (1987) that the name "David Cohen" was used by the asylum as a simple name for an inmate whose true name (Kosminski or Kaminsky) was too difficult to spell or easily misunderstood. Fido identified Cohen with "Leather Apron", a Polish Jewish bootmaker blamed for the murders in local gossip, and speculated that Cohen's true identity was Nathan Kaminsky, a bootmaker living in Whitechapel who had been treated at one time for syphilis. Fido was unable to trace Kaminsky after May 1888, and records of Cohen began that December. Fido suggested that police officials confused the name Kaminsky with Kosminski, resulting in the wrong man coming under suspicion. As with Kosminski, the asylum case notes say he spoke only Yiddish.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: The implication is that Kaminsky's syphilis was not cured in May 1888 but in remission, and he began to kill prostitutes as an act of revenge because it had affected his brain. However, Cohen's death certificate makes no mention of syphilis but gives the cause of death as "exhaustion of mania" with phthisis, a then prevalent form of pulmonary tuberculosis, as the secondary cause. Kaminsky might have died as an "unknown" as hundreds of people did each year in the late 19th century. That would account for Fido's inability to find a record of his death in England and Wales during the probable period of his life.


title: Aaron Kosminski

text: Nigel Cawthorne dismissed Cohen as a likely suspect because in the asylum his assaults were undirected, and his behaviour was wild and uncontrolled, whereas the Ripper seemed to attack specifically and quietly. In contrast, former FBI criminal profiler John Douglas said in his 2000 book "The Cases That Haunt Us" that behavioural clues gathered from the murders all point to a person "known to the police as David Cohen ... or someone very much like him".


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: John Carpenter (born December 24, 1967) is an American game show contestant and Internal Revenue Service agent. He is the twelfth highest-earning American game show contestant of all time. Carpenter is best known for becoming the first top-prize winner on the American version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", and the first ever top-prize winner in the entire "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" franchise. He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history, until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show, "Twenty One".


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: On the November 19, 1999, episode of "Millionaire", Carpenter proceeded to advance to the million-dollar question without using any lifelines. He then used his Phone-a-Friend to call his father, not for help, but rather to tell him he was going to win the game. Carpenter answered the question correctly and became the show's first millionaire. His win gave him national recognition and led to multiple talk show appearances, as well as subsequent appearances on "Millionaire".


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: Carpenter was born in Northampton, Massachusetts. His father, Tom, worked as a computer program analyst for the Department of Veterans Affairs, while his mother, Gail, served as an administrative assistant for the Massachusetts Audubon Society. In 1986, he enrolled at Rutgers University and graduated in 1990 with a degree in economics. In January 1991, he joined the Internal Revenue Service after completing government exams and tests. In November 1996, Carpenter met his future wife, Deborah, who was studying for a master's degree at Southern Connecticut State University and worked as a manager of a Fleet Bank branch in New Haven. They married in August 1998. At the time of his appearance on "Millionaire", he was 31 years old. When he revealed his profession as an IRS officer on "Millionaire", Carpenter was playfully booed by the audience.


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: Carpenter was originally uninterested in "Millionaire" but eventually tuned in one night after dinner while having friends over at his house. When he found the show's higher-tier questions no more difficult than the lower-tier ones, he decided to call in to the show's hotline for a chance to become a contestant. Carpenter answered all of the hotline questions correctly and was on the show within two days.


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: Host Regis Philbin described Carpenter as having "cruised right through those first fourteen questions," as he had proceeded to reach the final question without using any of his lifelines. The $1 million question was, "Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series <nowiki>'</nowiki>"Laugh-In"<nowiki>'</nowiki>?", with the choices being A) Lyndon Johnson, B) Richard Nixon, C) Jimmy Carter, and D) Gerald Ford. Carpenter used his Phone-A-Friend lifeline to call his father not for help, but rather to inform him that he was going to win the million dollars. Carpenter later said, "I thought I'd look so cocky if I didn't use any lifelines, so I faked it."


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: With his win, Carpenter became the first contestant in the worldwide "Millionaire" franchise to win the show's top prize. He said that the only question that had flustered him was one which asked for the location of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Carpenter eventually remembered that the film "Tombstone" included the gunfight, and he replied correctly with the answer 'Tombstone, Arizona'. While taking a vacation after his win, Carpenter considered quitting his job with the IRS, but eventually decided against it. He explained to "Kiplinger's Personal Finance" that "after the taxes, it's not change-your-life kind of money if you want to eat every day." Carpenter also described the fame as having a bigger impact on his life than the money, later stating: "The "money" doesn't change your life. What happens afterwards might."


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: Shortly after winning on "Millionaire", Carpenter played himself in a "Saturday Night Live" skit. Donald Trump, played by Darrell Hammond, announced that Carpenter would be his running-mate in the presidential election. Afterward, Carpenter pretended to call his father, then shouted, "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!" Carpenter also appeared on "Good Morning America", "Oprah Winfrey Show," and "Live with Regis and Kathie Lee".


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: Carpenter appeared as himself in the second half of the fourth season of "Oz". He plays a contestant in a fictional TV game show called "Up Your Ante" that the prisoners in Em City are watching. The show within the show is hosted by Gordon Elliott, with Eartha Kitt and Didi Conn as celebrity participants.


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: With Rod L. Evans, Carpenter co-authored a trivia book titled "Matching Wits With the Million-Dollar Mind: The World's Hardest Trivia Quizzes From America's First Quiz Show Millionaire". The book was published by Berkley Books in 2002.


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: In 2000, Carpenter appeared in the "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: Champions Edition", in which previous contestants who won $250,000–$1,000,000 played again, with half of their additional winnings from the "Champions Edition" going to a charity of their choice. Carpenter won $250,000, bringing his total "Millionaire" winnings to $1,250,000. In 2004, Carpenter participated in "Super Millionaire", as one of the "Three Wise Men" on the episode during which Robert "Bob-O" Essig won $1,000,000.


title: John Carpenter (game show contestant)

text: He later participated as part of the Mob on NBC's "1 vs. 100" on October 27, 2006, and as a contestant on the Game Show Network game show "Grand Slam". Carpenter appeared on the August 16, 2009 episode of "Millionaire" in prime time for its tenth anniversary. In the audience with him were his father, his wife, and his son. Additionally, he was also the first expert in the "Ask the Expert" lifeline for the eighth season of the syndicated series.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Matheus Luiz Nunes (; born 27 August 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers and the Portugal national team.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Nunes started his career with Ericeirense, before moving to LigaPro side Estoril. During his time with the club, Nunes played mostly in the reserve team, before moving to Primeira Liga side Sporting CP in January 2019. With Sporting, Nunes won a Primeira Liga title and back-to-back Taças da Liga in 2021 and 2022, while being part of the squad that won a double in 2021, leading to him being named in the Primeira Liga Team of the Year in 2022. In August, Nunes signed with Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers for a club-record transfer worth €45 million (£38 million).


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Born and raised in Brazil until 12 years old, Nunes opted to play for the Portugal national team, and made his senior international debut in 2021, representing the side at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Born in Rio de Janeiro, his father left his family, Nunes moved to Ericeira, Lisbon District at the age of 12 with his mother and his Portuguese stepfather. He started playing football with local side Ericeirense in the 6th division, and also helped his family in their bakery for a short period while playing.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Nunes made his senior debut for Ericeirense during the 2015–16 season, in the Lisbon Football Association. He started the 2017 pre-season on trial at Oriental, but was not signed due to a thigh injury, and subsequently returned to his first club.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Nunes signed with Estoril in the summer of 2018. He made his debut in the LigaPro on 14 October in a 2–2 draw against Varzim, starting but leaving injured shortly before the end of the first half. During most of his spell, he was associated to the reserve team.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: On 29 January 2019, Nunes joined Sporting CP of the Primeira Liga on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a €500,000 fee for half of his economic rights, and a €45 million buyout clause. His performances against Sporting for Estoril in the Taça da Liga group stage in the 2018–19 season was noted by Sporting scouting team, who decided to sign him.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: After playing for the club's under-23 team, Nunes received his first call-up to the first team by manager Rúben Amorim on 4 June 2020, coming on as a second-half substitute in the 2–2 draw at Vitória de Guimarães in the Primeira Liga. On 23 October, he agreed to a contract extension by a further year, increasing his buyout clause from €45 million to €60 million, with the club deciding to pay Estoril €450,000 for the other half of his economic rights.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Nunes scored his first goal in e Portuguese top division on 2 January 2021, closing the 2–0 home victory over Braga. His second came the following 1 February, in injury time to help the hosts defeat Benfica 1–0 in the Derby de Lisboa, being named man of the match. Following the departure of João Mário, he earned a permanent place in the starting eleven, and on 15 September, on in his UEFA Champions League debut, he provided an assist for Paulinho in a 5–1 away defeat to Ajax. After helping Sporting on a run of six consecutive league wins, including the Derby de Lisboa against Benfica, where provided an assist and scored a goal in a 3–1 away victory, Nunes was named the league's Midfielder of the Month for the months of October and November. On 15 February 2022, in the first leg of the round of 16 tie of the Champions League, despite his team 5–0 home loss to Manchester City, Pep Guardiola, who was impressed by the calibre of Nunes' performances, praised him as "one of the best players in the world".


title: Matheus Nunes

text: On 17 August 2022, Nunes signed a five-year contract with English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers for a club-record transfer worth €45 million (£38 million), surpassing the former record signing compatriot Fábio Silva.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Nunes made his Wolves debut three days later, as a starter in a 1–0 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium in the Premier League on 20 August 2022. Nunes made his home Premier League debut in a 1–1 draw with Newcastle United at Molineux on 28 August 2022.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: On 8 August 2021, after living in the country for ten years, Nunes received his Portuguese passport. Late in that month, on his 23rd birthday, he was called up by Brazil national team manager Tite as one of nine replacements for the players based in the United Kingdom, for three 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Chile, Argentina and Peru; He refused the call, as he would have had to quarantine on return due not having the complete COVID-19 vaccination. Ultimately, Nunes decided not to represent his country of birth, after he was contacted by Portugal's national team manager Fernando Santos, who convinced him to represent Portugal.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Nunes was called by Santos on 30 September 2021 for World Cup qualifiers against Luxembourg and a friendly with Qatar. He won his first cap on 9 October, starting the 3–0 friendly win over Qatar in the Algarve. He scored his first international goal the following 22 March in a 3–1 home win over Turkey in the semi-finals of the qualification play-offs.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: In October, he was named in Portugal's preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, being included in the final 26-man squad for the tournament.


title: Matheus Nunes

text: Nunes is usually deployed in double pivot in 3–4–3 formation, operating as a number 8 looking to get forward and contribute to the attack and also has a good passing range, as he can make different types of passes whether he is looking to switch the play or try and break lines with penetrative passes or passes that split the opposition backline, which he is highly effective. He also has the ability to carry the ball and make progressive runs, using a combination of speed and strength to make these runs, while also displaying good technique on the ball. Nunes also posses a good anticipation and reading of the game, which allows him to make effective interceptions and challenges.


title: Johnny Weir

text: John Garvin Weir (; born July 2, 1984) is an American figure skater and television commentator. He is a two-time Olympian (representing the United States in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics, respectively), the 2008 World bronze medalist, a two-time Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, the 2001 World Junior Champion, and a three-time U.S. National champion (2004–2006). He began skating at the age of 12, two or three times older than when most elite skaters start training. He was the youngest U.S. National champion since 1991, in 2004 the first skater to win U.S. Nationals three times in a row since Brian Boitano in the late 1980s and the first American to win Cup of Russia in 2007. Weir had a classical skating style and was known for being "a very lyrical skater" and "an entertaining artisan". His costume choices and outspokenness caused conflicts with U.S. Figure Skating, the governing body of the sport in the U.S., throughout his skating career.


title: Johnny Weir

text: Weir retired from competitive figure skating in 2013. He joined NBC as a commentator beginning at the Sochi Olympics in 2014. He was teamed with sports commentator Terry Gannon and fellow figure skater Tara Lipinski; also in 2014, they became NBC's primary figure skating analysts, commentating for skating in two Olympics. He came out in early 2011 and has been involved with LGBTQ activism.


title: Johnny Weir

text: Weir was born on July 2, 1984 in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, the eldest son of John Weir, a nuclear power plant engineer, and Patti Weir (née Moore), a nuclear power plant worker and home inspector. He is of Norwegian heritage, and has one brother, Brian "Boz" Weir, who is four years younger. Weir was raised in Quarryville, Pennsylvania, a rural town in Amish-dominated central Pennsylvania. His father had competed in English saddle events. Weir was also an accomplished rider; by the age of nine, he had won several equestrian competitions and competed in the Devon Horse Show with his Shetland pony, Shadow. His family moved to New Britain, Connecticut, so he could train. He later said that horse riding had given him body awareness, preparing him for figure skating.


title: Johnny Weir

text: Weir began skating at the age of 12. Soon after, his family moved to Newark, Delaware, in early 1996, so he could be near his training rink and coach. Weir was an honor roll student at Newark High School, where he graduated in 2002, and studied linguistics at the University of Delaware before dropping out.


title: Johnny Weir

text: In 1992, after Weir and his family watched Kristi Yamaguchi win a gold medal at the Albertville Winter Olympics, his parents bought him a pair of used figure skates, which he used to teach himself to skate on a patch of ice in the cornfields near their home in Quarryville. When the weather was warmer, he practiced jumps on roller skates in the basement of his family's home. In 1994, he was inspired to further pursue figure skating after watching Oksana Baiul compete at the 1994 Winter Olympics, during the sport's rise in popularity caused by the Nancy Kerrigan attack at the 1994 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. For Christmas, his parents bought him a new pair of skates and a package of group lessons at the University of Delaware, 45 minutes from their home. He had a natural talent for jumping.


title: Johnny Weir

text: By the time he was 12, Weir was performing single Axels, which he learned after a week of lessons; by the time he turned 13, he learned all the single and double jumps, as well as his first triple jump, the salchow. Also when he was 12, he began training with Priscilla Hill, who had coached many skaters and won national medals as a competitive skater. According to sports writer Barry Mittan, Weir was two or three times older than when most elite skaters start training, although it was not an obstacle for him. Weir made the decision to quit equestrian, since he could not do both and his family could not afford both sports, and they moved again, to Delaware, so Weir could train with Hill.