title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: This is a list of the main career statistics of Swiss former professional tennis player Roger Federer. All statistics are according to the ATP Tour website. Federer won 103 ATP singles titles including 20 major singles titles (a record that is only surpassed by the 21 majors won by Novak Djokovic and the 22 majors won by Rafael Nadal), 28 ATP Masters titles, and a shared record of six ATP Finals. Federer was also a gold medalist in men's doubles with Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and a silver medalist in men's singles at the 2012 London Olympics.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Representing Switzerland, Federer assisted in winning the 2014 Davis Cup and a record three Hopman Cup titles (2001, 2018 and 2019). He is the first Swiss male player to win a major title, the only Swiss male player to hold the No. 1 ranking in singles, and the only Swiss player, male or female to win all four majors. At the international level, he helped Team Europe win three consecutive Laver Cup titles, the 2017, 2018 and 2019 editions.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer has won 20 Grand Slam men's singles titles, third behind Djokovic (21) and Nadal (22). He is first male player to win more than 14 Grand Slams. He has reached 31 Grand Slam singles finals, second-most behind Djokovic (10 consecutive, and another 8 consecutive—the two longest streaks in men's tennis history), 23 consecutive semifinal appearances, and 36 consecutive quarterfinal appearances. He is one of eight men to have won a career Grand Slam (winning all four majors at least once) and the second of four players to have won a career Grand Slam on three different surfaces, hard, grass, and clay courts, after Andre Agassi and before Nadal and Djokovic.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer is the only male player to win five consecutive US Open titles (2004–08) in the Open Era and in the process win 40 consecutive matches at the US Open. Federer achieved a record streak of 10 consecutive major finals (2005 Wimbledon to 2007 US Open) and never lost 2 consecutive finals during this streak.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer is the second male player to reach French Open and Wimbledon finals in the same year for four consecutive years (2006–2009), after Björn Borg (1978–81). Federer is the only male player to appear in seven consecutive Wimbledon finals (2003–2009), second behind Ivan Lendl's record of eight consecutive US Open finals (1982–1989). Federer is second male player to win 40 consecutive Wimbledon matches after Borg and in the process became the only male player to win 40 consecutive matches at two Grand Slams (Wimbledon and the US Open). Federer has won 11 hard court major titles (6 at the Australian Open and 5 at the US Open), second behind only Novak Djokovic (12).


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer appeared in the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open finals in the same year for four consecutive years (2006–2009), surpassing the old record of Borg who achieve the same task three times in his (Borg) career (1978, 1980–81). Federer is the only male player to appear in Wimbledon and US Open finals in the same year for 6 consecutive years (2004–2008) and won both of them in the same year for 4 consecutive years (2004–2007). Federer has 11 runner-up showings in Grand Slam tournament finals, a record tied with Lendl and later Djokovic.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer is the only male player to appear in at least one Grand Slam semifinal for 18 consecutive years (2003–2020). Federer was 12–2 in his first 12 Grand Slam finals (2003 Wimbledon to 2007 US Open), with losses in the 2006 and 2007 French Open finals. Federer's 2005 win–loss record of 81–4 is second to John McEnroe's 1984 win–loss record of 82–3. Federer is the only male player of Open Era to be the winner and runner-up at all four Grand Slams and the second one to do so after Rod Laver in the history of tennis.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer has won eight Wimbledon titles, an all-time men's record, surpassing the seven Wimbledon titles won by William Renshaw, Pete Sampras, and Novak Djokovic. He is the only male player in history to reach 12 Wimbledon singles finals, and one of only two players to have done this at any Grand Slam event, a record second to Nadal who reached 14 French Open finals. He is the only player to win three different Grand Slam tournaments at least five times (six Australian Open, eight Wimbledon, and five US Open titles) and is the only player to win two different Grand Slam events five consecutive times, at Wimbledon from 2003 to 2007 and the US Open from 2004 to 2008. Federer is one of two players (along with Djokovic) to win two different Grand Slam titles six or more times (six Australian Open and eight Wimbledon).


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer is the only male player to be seeded No. 1 for 18 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from 2004 French Open to 2008 Wimbledon.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer is one of two male players (along with Djokovic) to win three majors in a calendar year on three different occasions (2004, 2006, 2007). He is the only player to successfully defend three majors (2007 Australian Open, Wimbledon and US Open) that he won the year before. His six Australian Open titles are second behind Djokovic's nine titles. His 5 US Open titles are record shared with Connors and Sampras.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer has spent 310 weeks as the ATP number-one ranked player in the world (including a record 237 consecutive weeks), the second-most of any men's tennis player (since 1973) behind Djokovic. He is the only player in the Open Era, male or female, to be No. 1 for more than four years consecutively (2 February 2004 to 17 August 2008).


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: He has also recorded more than 11,000 career aces and is third on the all-time list. Federer is the first male player to be ranked number-one for more than 300 weeks, and the only player, male or female, to do so for more than 200 consecutive weeks. Federer is the 2nd male player to win more than 100 ATP Titles (103) second behind Jimmy Connors (109).


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer is the only player to register at least ten titles on three different surfaces: he has 71 hard-court titles, 19 grass-court titles, and 11 clay-court titles. In his prime years, he won an unparalleled 11 Grand Slam tournaments (3 Australian Open titles, 4 Wimbledon titles, and 4 US Open titles) of a possible 16 events from 2004 to 2007. He reached the finals of all four Grand Slam events in the same calendar year three times in his career in 2006, 2007, and 2009, joining Laver (1969) and later joined by Djokovic (2015, 2021). In the ATP Tour Finals, Federer has won six titles (a record shared with Djokovic) in 10 finals (a stand-alone record) at the year-end tournament featuring the top eight players in the year-end rankings. He has qualified for the tournament a record 17 times, including a record 14 consecutive years from 2002 through 2015.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer's 2006 season is considered by most tennis experts to be one of the most dominant years of the Open Era. He won three Grand Slam singles titles, reached the final of the fourth, and won the season-ending Masters Cup. He won four Masters Series events, winning 12 events of the 17 he entered and making the finals of all but one. His overall record was 92 wins and 5 losses.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Because of these many accomplishments, Federer is considered by many sports analysts to be the greatest tennis player of all time.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: "Only main-draw results in ATP Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Davis Cup, Laver Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records."


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer has won the third most Grand Slam tournaments of any male player in tennis history (20), behind Djokovic (21) and Nadal (22). He has reached 2nd most finals (31), record most semifinals (46), quarterfinals (58), and fourth rounds (69), and has participated at the most tournaments (81). He has won the most matches at these tournaments (369). He is the only man to win three tournaments at least five times each, and to win two of these tournaments five consecutive times. He is one of eight men to win all four Grand Slam tournaments. He, along with Ivan Lendl and Novak Djokovic, has the most runner-up (11) showing in Grand Slam finals.


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer has won the most year-end championships along with Novak Djokovic (6). He has reached the most finals (10) and semifinals (16). He has participated at the most championships consecutively (14) and the most outright (17). He has won the most matches at the championships (59).


title: Roger Federer career statistics

text: Federer has won the third-most Masters titles (28), reached the third-most finals (50) and the third-most semifinals (66). He is one of seven men to win at least seven different titles and is one of four to reach each final. He has won the second-most matches (381) at these tournaments, behind Nadal.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his temple name Emperor Renzong of Qing, born Yongyan, was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1796 to 1820. He was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen, the corrupt Manchu favorite of his father, and attempted to restore order within the Qing Empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into China.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Yongyan was born in the Old Summer Palace, 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing. His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The Chinese character for "yong" in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo in the imperial family during ancient China period.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Yongyan was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Ling, the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an ethnic Han Chinese official whose family had been long integrated into the Manchu Eight Banners as part of a Han Banner.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: The Qianlong Emperor originally had two other sons in mind for succeeding him, but both of them died early from diseases, hence in December 1773 he secretly chose Yongyan as his successor. In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor instated Yongyan as "Prince Jia of the First Rank" (嘉親王; or simply "Prince Jia").


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended the throne and adopted the era name "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a "Taishang Huang" (emperor emeritus) after his abdication.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen, a favourite official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt. He changed the name instead to Việt Nam. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: The Great Qing Legal Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811, a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor, and abrogated in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: On 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The "Draft History of Qing" did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke, as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as the Daoguang Emperor.


title: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Renzong was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex.


title: Ramesses III

text: Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. He is thought to have reigned from 26 March 1186 to 15 April 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power, linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems that also plagued pharaohs before him. This coincided with a decline in the cultural sphere of Ancient Egypt. However, his successful defense was able to slow down the decline, although it still meant that his successors would have a weaker military. He has also been described as a "warrior Pharaoh" due to his strong military strategies. He led the way by defeating the invaders known as "the Sea Peoples", who had caused destruction in other civilizations and empires. He was able to save Egypt from collapsing at the time when many other empires fell during the Late Bronze Age; however, the damage of the invasions took a toll on Egypt. Rameses III constructed one of the largest mortuary temples of western Thebes, now-called Medinet Habu.


title: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses III was the son of Setnakhte and Tiy-Merenese. He was assassinated in the Harem conspiracy led by his secondary wife Tiye and her eldest son Pentawere. This would ultimately cause a succession crisis which would further accelerate the decline of Ancient Egypt. He was succeeded by his son Ramesses IV, although many of his other sons would rule later.


title: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses' two main names transliterate as wsr-mꜢʿt-rʿ–mry-ỉmn rʿ-ms-s–ḥḳꜢ-ỉwnw. They are normally realised as "Usermaatre-Meryamun Rameses-Heqaiunu", meaning "The Ma'at of Ra is strong, Beloved of Amun, Born of Ra, Ruler of Heliopolis".


title: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses III is believed to have reigned from March 1186 to April 1155 BC. This is based on his known accession date of I Shemu day 26 and his death on Year 32 III Shemu day 15, for a reign of 31 years, 1 month and 19 days. Alternative dates for his reign are 1187–1156 BC.


title: Ramesses III

text: In a description of his coronation from Medinet Habu, four doves were said to be "dispatched to the four corners of the horizon to confirm that the living Horus, Ramses III, is (still) in possession of his throne, that the order of Maat prevails in the cosmos and society".


title: Ramesses III

text: During his long tenure in the midst of the surrounding political chaos of the Late Bronze Age collapse, Egypt was beset by foreign invaders (including the so-called Sea Peoples and the Libyans) and experienced the beginnings of increasing economic difficulties and internal strife which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Twentieth Dynasty. In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea Peoples, including Peleset, Denyen, Shardana, Meshwesh of the sea, and Tjekker, invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles. Although the Egyptians had a reputation as poor seamen, they fought tenaciously. Rameses lined the shores with ranks of archers who kept up a continuous volley of arrows into the enemy ships when they attempted to land on the banks of the Nile. Then, the Egyptian navy attacked using grappling hooks to haul in the enemy ships. In the brutal hand-to-hand fighting which ensued, the Sea Peoples were utterly defeated. The Harris Papyrus states:


title: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses III incorporated the Sea Peoples as subject peoples and settled them in southern Canaan. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states in this region such as Philistia after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. During the reign of Ramses III, Egyptian presence in the Levant is still attested as far as Byblos and he may have campaigned further north into Syria. Ramesses III was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 5 and Year 11 respectively. by the early 12th century, Egypt claimed overlordship of Cyrenaican tribes. At one point a ruler chosen by Egypt was set up (briefly!) over the combined tribes of Meshwesh, Libu, and Soped.


title: Ramesses III

text: The heavy cost of these battles slowly exhausted Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of these difficulties is stressed by the fact that the first known labour strike in recorded history occurred during Year 29 of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for the favoured and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of "Set Maat her imenty Waset" (now known as Deir el-Medina), could not be provisioned. Something in the air (possibly the Hekla 3 eruption) prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC. The result in Egypt was a substantial increase in grain prices under the later reigns of Ramesses VI-VII, whereas the prices for fowl and slaves remained constant. Thus the cooldown affected Ramesses III's final years and impaired his ability to provide a constant supply of grain rations to the workmen of the Deir el-Medina community.


title: Ramesses III

text: These difficult realities are completely ignored in Ramesses' official monuments, many of which seek to emulate those of his famous predecessor, Ramesses II, and which present an image of continuity and stability. He built important additions to the temples at Luxor and Karnak, and his funerary temple and administrative complex at Medinet-Habu is amongst the largest and best-preserved in Egypt; however, the uncertainty of Ramesses' times is apparent from the massive fortifications which were built to enclose the latter. No temple in the heart of Egypt prior to Ramesses' reign had ever needed to be protected in such a manner.


title: Ramesses III

text: Thanks to the discovery of papyrus trial transcripts (dated to Ramesses III), it is now known that there was a plot against his life as a result of a royal harem conspiracy during a celebration at Medinet Habu. The conspiracy was instigated by Tiye, one of his three known wives (the others being Tyti and Iset Ta-Hemdjert), over whose son would inherit the throne. Tyti's son, Ramesses Amenherkhepshef (the future Ramesses IV), was the eldest and the successor chosen by Ramesses III in preference to Tiye's son Pentaweret.


title: Ramesses III

text: The trial documents show that many individuals were implicated in the plot. Chief among them were Queen Tiye and her son Pentaweret, Ramesses' chief of the chamber, Pebekkamen, seven royal butlers (a respectable state office), two Treasury overseers, two Army standard bearers, two royal scribes and a herald. There is little doubt that all of the main conspirators were executed: some of the condemned were given the option of committing suicide (possibly by poison) rather than being put to death. According to the surviving trial transcripts, a total of three separate trials were started, while 38 people were sentenced to death. The tombs of Tiye and her son Pentaweret were robbed and their names erased to prevent them from enjoying an afterlife. The Egyptians did such a thorough job of this that the only references to them are the trial documents and what remains of their tombs.


title: Ramesses III

text: Some of the accused harem women tried to seduce the members of the judiciary who tried them but were caught in the act. Judges who were involved were severely punished.


title: Ramesses III

text: It is not certain whether the assassination plot succeeded since Ramesses IV, the king's designated successor, assumed the throne upon his death rather than Pentaweret, who was intended to be the main beneficiary of the palace conspiracy. Moreover, Ramesses III died in his 32nd year before the summaries of the sentences were composed, but the same year that the trial documents record the trial and execution of the conspirators.


title: Ramesses III

text: Although it was long believed that Ramesses III's body showed no obvious wounds, a recent examination of the mummy by a German forensic team, televised in the documentary "Ramesses: Mummy King Mystery" on the Science Channel in 2011, showed excessive bandages around the neck. A subsequent CT scan that was done in Egypt by Ashraf Selim and Sahar Saleem, professors of Radiology in Cairo University, revealed that beneath the bandages was a deep knife wound across the throat, deep enough to reach the vertebrae. According to the documentary narrator, "It was a wound no one could have survived." The December 2012 issue of the British Medical Journal quotes the conclusion of the study of the team of researchers, led by Zahi Hawass, the former head of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquity, and his Egyptian team, as well as Albert Zink from the Institute for Mummies and the Iceman of the Eurac Research in Bolzano, Italy, which stated that conspirators murdered pharaoh Ramesses III by cutting his throat. Zink observes in an interview that:


title: Ramesses III

text: A subsequent study of the CT scan of the mummy of Ramesses III's body by Sahar Saleem revealed that the left big toe was likely chopped by a heavy sharp object like an ax. There were no signs of bone healing so this injury must have happened shortly before death. The embalmers placed a prosthesis-like object made of linen in place of the amputated toe. The embalmers placed six amulets around both feet and ankles for magical healing of the wound for the life after. This additional injury of the foot supports the assassination of the Pharaoh, likely by the hands of multiple assailants using different weapons.


title: Ramesses III

text: Before this discovery it had been speculated that Ramesses III had been killed by means that would not have left a mark on the body. Among the conspirators were practitioners of magic, who might well have used poison. Some had put forth a hypothesis that a snakebite from a viper was the cause of the king's death. His mummy includes an amulet to protect Ramesses III in the afterlife from snakes. The servant in charge of his food and drink were also among the listed conspirators, but there were also other conspirators who were called the snake and the lord of snakes.


title: Ramesses III

text: In one respect the conspirators certainly failed. The crown passed to the king's designated successor: Ramesses IV. Ramesses III may have been doubtful as to the latter's chances of succeeding him, given that, in the Great Harris Papyrus, he implored Amun to ensure his son's rights.


title: Ramesses III

text: The Zink unit determined that the mummy of an unknown man buried with Ramesses was, because of the proven genetic relationship and a mummification process that suggested punishment, a good candidate for the pharaoh's son, Pentaweret, who was the only son to revolt against his father. It was impossible to determine his cause of death. Both mummies were predicted by Whit Athey's STR-predictor to share the Y chromosomal haplogroup E1b1a1-M2 and 50% of their genetic material, which pointed to a father-son relationship.In 2022, S.O.Y. Keita commented, based on an analysis of 8 Short Tandem loci (STR) data on disease and virus alleles published by Hawass et al. 2010;2012 on Rameses III and the Amarna royal mummies which included Tutankhamun showed “a majority to have an affinity with “Sub-Saharan” Africans in one affinity analysis”. Although, he cautioned that this does not mean that the royal mummies “lacked other affiliations” which he argued had been obscured in typological thinking. Keita further added that different “data and algorithms might give different results” which reflected the complexity of biological heritage and the associated interpretation.


title: Ramesses III

text: The Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus Harris I, which was commissioned by his son and chosen successor Ramesses IV, chronicles this king's vast donations of land, gold statues and monumental construction to Egypt's various temples at Piramesse, Heliopolis, Memphis, Athribis, Hermopolis, This, Abydos, Coptos, El Kab and various cities in Nubia. It also records that the king dispatched a trading expedition to the Land of Punt and quarried the copper mines of Timna in southern Canaan. Papyrus Harris I records some of Ramesses III's activities:


title: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses began the reconstruction of the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak from the foundations of an earlier temple of Amenhotep III and completed the Temple of Medinet Habu around his Year 12. He decorated the walls of his Medinet Habu temple with scenes of his Naval and Land battles against the Sea Peoples. This monument stands today as one of the best-preserved temples of the New Kingdom.


title: Ramesses III

text: The mummy of Ramesses III was discovered by antiquarians in 1886 and is regarded as the prototypical Egyptian Mummy in numerous Hollywood movies. His tomb (KV11) is one of the largest in the Valley of the Kings.


title: Ramesses III

text: In 1980, James Harris and Edward F. Wente conducted a series of X-ray examinations on New Kingdom Pharaohs crania and skeletal remains, which included the mummified remains of Ramesses III. The analysis in general found strong similarities between the New Kingdom rulers of the 19th Dynasty and 20th Dynasty with Mesolithic Nubian samples. The authors also noted affinities with modern Mediterranean populations of Levantine origin. Harris and Wente suggested this represented admixture as the Rammessides were of northern origin.


title: Ramesses III

text: In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.


title: Ramesses III

text: There is uncertainty regarding the exact dates of the reign of Ramesses III. This uncertainty affects the dating of the Late Bronze/Iron Age transition in the Levant. This transition is defined by the appearance of Mycenaean LH IIIC:1b (Philistine) pottery in the coastal plain of Palestine, generally assumed to correspond to the settlement of Sea Peoples there at the 8th year of Ramesses III. Radiocarbon dates and other external evidence permit this transition to be as late as 1100 BC, compared to the conventional dating of c. 1179 BC.


title: Ramesses III

text: Some scientists have tried to establish a chronological point for this pharaoh's reign at 1159 BC, based on a 1999 dating of the Hekla 3 eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland. Since contemporary records show that the king experienced difficulties provisioning his workmen at Deir el-Medina with supplies in his 29th Year, this dating of Hekla 3 might connect his 28th or 29th regnal year to c. 1159 BC. A minor discrepancy of one year is possible since Egypt's granaries could have had reserves to cope with at least a single bad year of crop harvests following the onset of the disaster. This implies that the king's reign would have ended just three to four years later, around 1156 or 1155 BC. A rival date of "2900 BP" (950 BC) has since been proposed by scientists based on a re-examination of the volcanic layer. Given that no Egyptologist dates Ramesses III's reign to as late as 1000 BC, this would mean that the Hekla 3 eruption presumably occurred well after Ramesses III's reign. A 2002 study, using high-precision radiocarbon dating of a peat deposit containing ash layers, put this eruption in the range 1087–1006 BC.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Enterprise or USS "Enterprise (often referred to as the "starship "Enterprise") is the name of several fictional spacecraft, some of which are the main craft and setting for various television series and films in the "Star Trek" science fiction franchise. The most notable were Captain James T. Kirk's from the , and Captain Jean-Luc Picard's from "".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Two spacecraft with the name "Enterprise" predate the United Federation of Planets in "Star Trek"s fictional timeline.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: This USS "Enterprise" (XCV 330) appears in "" (1979) among a series of illustrations depicting ships named "Enterprise". It also appears as a model in "Star Trek Into Darkness" (2013), together with models of the "Wright Flyer", a V-2 rocket, a Bell X-1, a Vostok-3KA capsule, a Space Shuttle orbiter, and some "Star Trek" universe starships. A painting of this ship hangs on the wall of Earth's 602 Club in flashbacks that appeared in the "" episode "" (2003).


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Non-canon sources give more details: The 1979 "Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology" describes this "first interstellar liner" as a "Declaration"-class ship launched in 2123. Its length is given as , and it has a capacity of 100 crew and 850 passengers. The "Star Trek Maps" by New Eye Photography Editors, also published in 1979, listed this ship as a fusion drive probe that was Earth's first attempt to explore another star system. "The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture", published in 1980, describes the ship as "the very first starship U.S.S. "Enterprise"".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: United Earth Starfleet's "Enterprise" is the main setting of "" (2001–2005). "Enterprise" was the first Earth built starship capable of reaching Warp 5. The ship was commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer and played an instrumental role in the founding of several proto-Federation alliances. "Enterprise" had significant engagements with the Klingons, Suliban, Xindi and the Romulans and playing a central role in the "Temporal Cold War." It is also featured as a model in "Star Trek Into Darkness".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Three ships named USS "Enterprise" are featured in the original "" television series and the through seventh "Star Trek" films.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Captains: Robert April (James Doohan [voice], Adrian Holmes), Christopher Pike (Jeffrey Hunter, Sean Kenney, Anson Mount), James T. Kirk (William Shatner), Willard Decker (Stephen Collins), Spock (Leonard Nimoy).


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The Federation's first "Enterprise" is the main setting of the original series (1966–1969) and "" (1973–74). Having undergone an extensive rebuilding and refitting, "Enterprise" then appears in "" (1979), "" (1982), and "" (1984) in which the starship is destroyed by its crew to escape capture. Depictions of the "Enterprise" made occasional appearances in later "Star Trek" series, before being reintroduced as the main setting of the prequel "", portraying the ship's missions in the decade prior to "The Original Series".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: In the 1965 pilot episode "", whose footage was reused for a flashback to Captain Pike's command in the episode "" (1966), the ship's bridge featured a transparent dome ceiling for the bridge that was absent for the rest of the Original Series. A significantly redesigned version of Captain Pike's "Enterprise" appears in ""s , set several years after the events of "The Cage". The new design for the "Enterprise", which more closely matches the aesthetic of "Discovery", debuted in 2018 at the conclusion of the , and would go on to become the main setting of the series "Strange New Worlds".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: When the "Enterprise" was reintroduced in the 1979 film "Star Trek: The Motion Picture", the ship had just completed an extensive refit and redesign that included new slimmer warp nacelles, connected to the secondary hull by angled winglike struts. The updated design would be reused later for the "Enterprise"s replacement, an identical starship given the name "Enterprise" and registry number NCC-1701-A.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: This ship first appears at the conclusion of "" (1986) and is the main setting in the subsequent "Star Trek" movies which use the original crew. The ship is ordered "decommissioned" at the end of "" (1991). Non-canon information concerning this ship includes paperwork included with the model kit, which indicated the ship was mothballed at the Memory Alpha ship museum, and the Shatnerverse novel "The Ashes of Eden" (1996), which depicted "Enterprise"-A's removal from the mothball fleet before being destroyed defending the planet Chal.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The "Enterprise"-B was launched at the beginning of the film "Star Trek Generations" (1994). During the ship's maiden voyage, prior to it being properly fitted with essential systems, the crew encountered an energy ribbon known as the Nexus, through which James T. Kirk – captain of the two former Enterprise starships, NCC-1701 and NCC-1701-A – was officially declared missing and presumed dead.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The design of the "Enterprise"-B is nearly identical to that of the USS "Excelsior", which first appeared in the 1984 film "Star Trek III: The Search For Spock." Differences between the "Enterprise"-B and the "Excelsior" include: flarings on the outside of the secondary hull, additional and larger impulse engines, and slight differences between the nacelles as well as the bridge modules. Non-canon information concerning the "Enterprise"-B includes several licensed "Star Trek" novels in which Demora Sulu, daughter of Hikaru Sulu, followed Harriman as captain. There are also licensed guides, such as the "Haynes Enterprise Manual", in which a list of the ship's captains includes Demora Sulu, William George, and Thomas Johnson Jr.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: This ship's first and only appearance is in the "Next Generation" episode "Yesterday's Enterprise" (1990). It was destroyed attempting to defend the Klingon outpost Narendra III from Romulan attack. Survivors included Tasha Yar (Denise Crosby), whose alternate timeline version from "Yesterday's Enterprise" travels with the ship back in time to the battle over Narendra III. The actions of the "Enterprise"-C's crew became a catalyst for the alliance between the Federation and the Klingon Empire.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Captains: Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart), William T. Riker (Jonathan Frakes), Edward Jellico (Ronny Cox)


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The main setting of "Star Trek: The Next Generation" (1987–1994). During "Star Trek Generations", "Enterprise" was lost in 2371 after an attack by the Duras sisters' renegade Klingon Bird-of-Prey which caused extensive damage, leading to a warp core breach. Although the saucer section was safely separated before the breach, the shock wave from the exploding engineering hull threw it out of control, and caused it to crash-land beyond recovery on Veridian III. The ship also appears in the first "Deep Space Nine" episode "" and the final "Enterprise" episode "These Are the Voyages..."


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The main setting for the films "" (1996), "" (1998), and "" (2002). As a "Sovereign" class vessel, it was the most advanced vessel in Starfleet, and an active participant in the Battle of Sector 001 and the Dominion War.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: This ship will appear in of (2023). This ship first appeared in the non-canon video game, "Star Trek Online", and was designed by artist and graphics designer Adam Ihle as part of a fan competition.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: In "", the final episode of "", "Enterprise"-D was shown in an alternate future where it had not crashed during the events of "Star Trek Generations", and instead had been made Admiral William T. Riker's personal flagship. A third warp nacelle allowed the ship to reach at least Warp 13, and the "Enterprise"-D had also been equipped with a spinal phaser lance, large phaser cannons on the saucer section, and cloaking ability, making it one of the most powerful starships seen in the "Star Trek" franchise.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The "Azati Prime" episode of "" involves time travel and features a scene in which "Enterprise"-J appears. "Enterprise"-J operates in a possible timeline during the 26th century. In this timeline, "Enterprise"-J participated in the Battle of Procyon V, a climactic battle in which the Federation successfully drove the invasive trans-dimensional beings known as the Sphere Builders back into their own realm. The ship's crew included a descendant of the Xindi scientist Degra.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: One version of USS "Enterprise" (NCC-1701-F) appears in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game "Star Trek Online". Its design is based on the entry submitted by Adam Ihle for the 2011 "Design the next "Enterprise"" contest, a joint venture between Cryptic Studios, CBS, and Intel, which ran shortly before the game went "free to play". "Enterprise"-F made its first appearance in the mission "Boldly They Rode", at the point where USS "Enterprise"-F appears to help the player defeat the Dominion fleet surrounding Deep Space Nine. Following its brief appearance in a trailer for Season 3 of "Star Trek: Picard" in October 2022, there was speculation that the "Enterprise"-F would finally become part of the official "Star Trek" canon.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The Mirror Universe first appeared in the original series as an alternate reality where the militaristic Terran Empire exists in place of the regular universe's United Federation of Planets (""). A montage in the opening credits of the "Star Trek: Enterprise" episode "In a Mirror, Darkly" shows the Terran Empire logo in use by at least World War II, with licensed novels putting the divergence before Shakespeare, or even classic Greek literature.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The "Star Trek: Enterprise" episode "In a Mirror, Darkly" features a Mirror Universe version of NX-01 "Enterprise". This ship is equipped with a cloaking device, deflector shields, a tractor beam, a prototype agony booth, and different exterior markings. It is commanded by Captain Maximilian Forrest, although for a brief time his first officer, Commander Jonathan Archer, takes command following a mutiny. This "Enterprise" is destroyed by the Tholians.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: A Mirror Universe "Enterprise" appears in the original "Star Trek" episode "". The ship is equipped with an agony booth and the mirror in the captain's quarters conceals Captain Kirk's deadly Tantalus device. ISS "Enterprise" was originally the same shooting model as the regular "Enterprise". The remastered version of "Mirror, Mirror" includes a CGI version of "Enterprise" with "ISS" markings on the hull and minor physical differences from USS "Enterprise", such as a larger deflector dish, a taller bridge, and altered nacelle details. The ship was also shown orbiting the planet in the opposite direction (clockwise instead of counter-clockwise).


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The 2009 "Star Trek" film takes place in a new reality created when the Romulan Nero traveled through time via an artificial black hole created by red matter.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The main setting for the films "Star Trek" (2009), "Star Trek Into Darkness" (2013), and "Star Trek Beyond" (2016). "Enterprise" is shown during its construction phase at the Riverside Shipyard in Iowa during the first film. A brief shot of the NCC-1701 is seen as the shuttlecraft carrying Kirk and the new recruits into space departs the shipyard later on in the movie. At the end of "Star Trek Into Darkness", "Enterprise" started its five-year mission. The ship was later destroyed by Krall and his alien swarm attack during the events of "Star Trek Beyond".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Measurements of this ship's length have ranged from 295 meters to 910 meters. In an article about the 2009 film's visual effects, "Cinefex" wrote, "The reconfigured ship was a larger vessel than previous manifestations – approximately long compared to the ship of the original series", and quoted Industrial Light & Magic art director Alex Jaeger discussing the design's growth in size during early production of the film: "Once we got the ship built and started putting it in environments it felt too small. The shuttle bay gave us a clear relative scale – shuttlecraft initially appeared much bigger than we had imagined – so we bumped up the Enterprise scale, which gave her a grander feel and allowed us to include more detail."


title: Starship Enterprise

text: A special feature on starships in the Blu-ray (BD) version of the movie gives the length as , which would be larger than the "Next Generation" D and E versions, making it the largest USS "Enterprise" in the franchise history (not counting the pre-Federation era "Enterprise" (XCV 330), seen only as a model). This would result in a height of 167m, and a beam of 339m.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: "Enterprise"-A first appears at the end of "Star Trek Beyond" after the destruction of the original "Enterprise" when the crew resume their five-year mission.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Sean Hargreaves stated that he was given the brief to "beef up the neck and arms" on the Ryan Church design, but went further to give the ship echoes of Matt Jefferies' original design.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: According to "The Star Trek Encyclopedia", the registry number NCC-1701 was devised by Matt Jefferies, art director of the first "Star Trek" series, inspired by an old science fiction cover that Gene Roddenberry liked, with a starship flying through space. Jefferies, who was a pilot, based NCC on United States aircraft pre-1949 registration codes. In such pre-1949 usage, an "N" first letter refers to an aircraft registered in the United States. A "C" for a second letter refers to a civil aircraft. Jefferies added a second "C" because he thought it looked better.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The Franz Joseph "Blueprints", the book "The Making of Star Trek", and a handful of "Star Trek" novels speculate that NCC is an initialism for "Naval Construction Contract".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: In an interview with the BBC, Jefferies explained that NC is the designation for U.S. commercial aircraft and the Soviet Union's space program used the CCCP designation. He concluded that any major future space projects would likely be a combined international effort, thus he invented the combined designation NCC. The 1701 had two functions, it represented the first (01) ship of a 17th federation cruiser design, and that the digits were unlikely to be misread, unlike 6, 8, or 9.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: In Gene Roddenberry's original "Star Trek" pitch, the starship is described as a "United Space Ship", and in two episodes of "The Original Series" (TOS), Kirk refers to the "United Space Ship "Enterprise"".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: In 1976, before "", Paramount had planned a "Star Trek" film to have been named "". Early in the production, Ralph McQuarrie had been hired to redesign the "Enterprise". The major feature of the redesign was to replace the cigar-shaped secondary hull with a larger, triangle-shaped "delta wing" section. McQuarrie's design was discarded in favor of keeping the general shape of the "Enterprise" intact for the redesign unveiled in "".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Three decades later, the McQuarrie design for the "Enterprise" was adopted as the basis for the design of the USS "Discovery" in "", a 2017 series that takes place ten years earlier than the original "Star Trek".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: The captain's yacht is a large auxiliary starship built into the design of several Federation starship designs including the "Galaxy"-class and "Sovereign"-class. It was docked to the underside of the saucer section. On USS "Enterprise"-E, the name of the captain's yacht is the "Cousteau". In 2375, the crew of USS "Enterprise"-E used the "Cousteau" to travel to the surface of the Ba'ku homeworld, in the film "".


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Designer Andrew Probert came up with the concept of the captain's yacht while designing the USS "Enterprise"-D. Although it was never seen in use, it is labeled on the master systems display screen in main engineering, docked at the bottom of the saucer section almost directly opposite the main bridge. Probert suggested possible ways for the yacht to be used during the first season, including not showing the yacht but mentioning it in dialogue, but his ideas were rejected. The producers almost used the yacht in the episode "Samaritan Snare", but decided to use an "executive shuttlecraft" due to budgetary constraints. According to Patrick Stewart, the yacht would have been called the "Calypso". Producer Ronald D. Moore noted in the "Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual" that real-life naval tradition would insist on calling such a craft the captain's gig, rather than the captain's yacht.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Rick Sternbach later designed similar craft for USS "Voyager" and USS "Equinox", known as the aeroshuttle and the waverider, respectively. As on the "Enterprise"-D, however, these vessels were only depicted on technical schematics and never seen in operation or referred to in dialog.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Gizmodo's Io9 blog ranked the original design of the as the best version of the "Enterprise", characterizing the original as still superior to 11 later versions of the "Enterprise" that had appeared in the "Star Trek" franchise. By contrast, in 2019, SyFy ranked the refit design of the "Enterprise" (NCC-1701 and NCC-1701-A) as the franchise's best, ranking the original design as only the fourth best version of the starship.


title: Starship Enterprise

text: "Time" described each iteration of the "Enterprise" as "a character in its own right". Over many decades, the starship has influenced real-life activities of NASA and the U.S. Navy:


title: Starship Enterprise

text: Celebrity astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson has spoken highly of the influence and legacy of the original "Enterprise" on other fictional spaceships. Drawing a parallel to comparing athletes between eras, he said of spaceship design, "What matters is not what they look like now, but what they looked to others at the time that they prevailed... There is only one spaceship that's earlier than [the original "Enterprise"], and that's the flying saucer from "The Day the Earth Stood Still". So, what matters here is, what did [the "Enterprise"] look like at the time it came out (1966) compared with anything that had been imagined before? And when you consider that, that is the most astonishing machine that has ever graced the screen." On the ship's influence upon scientists, Tyson wrote, "The "Enterprise" was the first ever spaceship represented in storytelling that was not designed to go from one place to another; [it was] only designed to explore. It was revolutionary in terms of what we would think space would, and should, be about."


title: Starship Enterprise

text: NetDragon Websoft, a gaming and mobile Internet company in Fuzhou, China, based the architectural design of its headquarters building on the "Next Generation"-era "Enterprise" (primarily the "Enterprise"-E), under an official license from CBS.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: Silent Hill 3 is a 2003 survival horror game developed by Team Silent, a group in Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo, and published by Konami. The game was released from May to August, originally for the PlayStation 2. The third installment in the "Silent Hill" series and a direct sequel to the first "Silent Hill" game, it follows Heather, a teenager who becomes entangled in the machinations of the town's cult, which seeks to revive a malevolent deity. A port for Microsoft Windows was released later in October, and a remastered high-definition version was released as part of the "Silent Hill HD Collection", for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2012.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: Originally planned to be a rail shooter, as a result of the initially slow sales of "Silent Hill 2" in Japan, "Silent Hill 3" was developed almost simultaneously alongside another installment in the series, "" (2004). Among the influences on "Silent Hill 3" are the film "Jacob's Ladder" and the works of horror novelist Stephen King. "Silent Hill 3" sold more than 300,000 copies by November 2003 and was critically successful, garnering praise for its presentation, including the environments, graphics and audio, as well as the overall horror elements and themes that are continued from past installments; there also were minor criticism of the game's short length and gameplay mechanics. Its plot was loosely adapted into the 2012 film "".


title: Silent Hill 3

text: "Silent Hill 3" is a survival horror video game in which the player takes control of Heather, a teenager who awakens from a nightmare in a shopping mall and tries to return home to her father, while navigating environments that oscillate between reality and the Otherworld, a bloodier, supernatural version of it. Gameplay in "Silent Hill 3" resembles closely that of its two predecessors, with gameplay set in the third-person view and divided among elements of combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving. The difficulty of both the combat and puzzle elements of the game can be set separately. In the case of the puzzle difficulties, there is a considerable difference between the "medium" difficulty level and the "hard" difficulty level; one of the puzzles on the "medium" level requires only simple pattern recognition, while the "hard" difficulty level version of the same puzzle requires knowledge of Shakespearean plays to complete.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: To aid in exploration, Heather obtains a flashlight and radio early on, the latter of which crackles when monsters are in proximity. She can find "health" restoratives, such as first aid kits and energy drinks; beef jerky, used to lure monsters away from her path; and a range of firearms and melee weapons to fend off the monsters with. She can also block and perform side-step maneuvers to avoid enemies. Heather will also update any relevant maps of the area with notes on locked doors, inaccessible areas, and potential clues to puzzles. While the floor plans of the various environments largely remains consistent between reality and the Otherworld, certain areas may be rendered inaccessible in the Otherworld, with barriers or bottomless gulfs appearing in the street, for example. The game also features unlockable weapons and costumes.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: "Silent Hill 3" takes place in the fictional universe of the "Silent Hill" series. It opens with Heather's (Heather Morris) nightmare of being trapped in a derelict amusement park and killed by the roller coaster. She awakens in a burger restaurant, but before she can leave the shopping mall and return home to her father Harry Mason, private detective Douglas Cartland (Richard Grosse) confronts her, claiming to have information about her birth. Heather evades him and discovers that the mall is mostly abandoned except for monsters. She then encounters Claudia (Donna Burke), a mysterious woman who hints that Heather will be instrumental in bringing about paradise on earth. Heather soon finds herself in the Otherworld version of the mall—monster-filled, bloodstained, and decaying—and eventually returns to the original shopping mall, where she finds Douglas again. He confesses that Claudia had hired him to find her, though denies prior knowledge of the Otherworld or of any greater agenda of Claudia's. Heather leaves the mall and resolves to take the subway home. When she returns home to her apartment, she discovers that her father was murdered on Claudia's orders. Claudia informs her that Harry's murder was out of revenge and to engender hatred in Heather. Before leaving, Claudia tells her that she will be waiting for her in Silent Hill.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: Intent on killing Claudia, Heather resolves to go to Silent Hill and accepts Douglas' offer to drive her there. On the journey there, Heather learns from a journal left by Harry that she was the baby left to him at the end of the first "Silent Hill" game. Because she is the reincarnation of Alessa, the girl originally intended to birth the cult's god, Claudia intends for her to bring forth the god. Arriving in the seemingly abandoned and fog-shrouded town, Heather sets out to find Leonard in a local hospital. Revealed to be Claudia's abusive father, he intends to dispose of Claudia as cult leader and attacks Heather after learning that she is not a member of the cult. Heather defeats him. She journeys to the local church via a local amusement park, purportedly at Douglas' request. When Heather arrives at the amusement park, she finds him wounded, having tried to stop Claudia. He considers killing Heather to stop the god from being born but decides against it. Heather reaches the church and learns that Claudia, who was Alessa's childhood friend, intends to bring about the god's birth to remake the world into a paradise. Heather confronts her and vomits out the fetal deity, nourished by her hatred, with the aid of a supernatural substance given to her by Harry before his death. Claudia promptly swallows the fetus to Heather's horror and is snatched away by an archangel of the cult to the chapel below, where she is found to have given birth and disappeared (with Heather presuming her dead). Heather then defeats the newly born god, before taking time to mourn her father.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: Three endings appear in the game. The "Normal" ending, which is the only ending available on the first play-through of the game, sees Heather and Douglas survive, while in the "Possessed" ending, Heather kills Douglas. In the "Revenge" ending, which is a joke ending accessible by performing certain in-game actions, Heather reunites with Harry, and Harry orders UFOs to blow up Silent Hill.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: "Silent Hill 3" was created by Team Silent, a production group within Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. Development on the PlayStation 2 version began after the release of "Silent Hill 2" in September 2001, and was carried out almost simultaneously with development of another "Silent Hill" title that was intended to explore a different direction for the franchise and not be part of the main, numbered series; known as "Room 302", this game would eventually become integrated into the main series as "". The development team for this iteration was smaller than that working on "Silent Hill 2", with around 40 people working on the game, made up of the core team from the second title and some newcomers. A smaller group of Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo staff later developed a port for Microsoft Windows.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: "Silent Hill 3" was originally planned to be a rail shooter, not a direct sequel to the first "Silent Hill" game, as a result of the initially slow sales and fan criticism of "Silent Hill 2" in Japan. According to Masahiro Ito, this decision wasted considerable development time and part of the game's budget. Eventually, the plan was discarded, although the concept of a "Silent Hill" rail shooter was later explored with "" in 2007.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: Like all "Silent Hill" games, one of "Silent Hill 3"s influences is the film "Jacob's Ladder": one of the subway platforms is named Bergen Street Station, the station Jacob was inquiring about at the beginning of the film. The developers also cited horror writer Stephen King as another of their influences. "Silent Hill 3" incorporates references drawn from real life actors and actresses. Douglas Cartland's name came from American actor Douglas Fairbanks. The developers stated that his name "just seemed to suit him" and that there was no true connection to his namesake. During the sketching process, his character was modeled after actors Giancarlo Giannini and Ian Holm. It was noted even during the concept designs that Cartland was designed as a middle-aged detective. Claudia Wolf's character was considered the most difficult to design. Early sketches revealed that the creators wanted to dress her like a holy woman, and at one point she had a shaved head, with her body covered with tattoos, however, the creators thought that this way of showing her malevolent side was too obvious. Eventually, the creators decided to model her on Julianne Moore, and then remove her eyebrows, so that the appearance was slightly skewed. She was first named "Christie", but it was deemed too "cute" and the character was eventually named after Italian actress Claudia Cardinale. Vincent's name originated from actor Vincent Gallo in connection with his unshaven look. Early designs were based on actor Ethan Hawke and focused on capturing a look of "derangement and moodiness."


title: Silent Hill 3

text: A remastered high-definition version was released as part of the "Silent Hill HD Collection", for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 on March 20, 2012.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: The soundtrack for "Silent Hill 3", composed by Akira Yamaoka, was released in Europe on March 25, 2003 and in Japan on July 16, 2003. The song "You're Not Here" was included in the PS2 port of "Dance Dance Revolution Extreme", and is also included in the "Silent Hill Experience" UMD media pack. The game's soundtrack is the first using vocals prominently. Most of the vocalized tracks are performed by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn (credited as Melissa Williamson); with Joe Romersa providing the chant on the track "Prayer" as well as the vocals on the ending theme ""Hometown"".


title: Silent Hill 3

text: "Silent Hill 3" received positive reviews, garnering an 85/100 rating at Metacritic for the PlayStation 2 version, and a 72/100 rating for the PC version. The PC version fared less well, with some reviewers drawing unfavourable comparisons to other combat-based games found on the PC platform, while others highlighted some technical issues, such as poor gamepad controller support.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: Positive reactions were given to the general horror and atmosphere of the game, including "truly horrifying sections", it "packs some genuine scares" and "the feeling of eeriness and doom is almost overwhelming". The story told as part of the atmosphere was also received positively, making for a "satisfying, coherent sequel", although its status as such meant that "it may be a little tough to follow for people who haven't played the first game", despite "a laudable effort to help people catch up". In addition, the graphics, audio and production values were all credited with adding positively to the atmosphere.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: Negative criticism largely stemmed from the lack of any innovations in gameplay; the game "doesn't do anything major that the series hasn't done before", "does little in term of innovation" and "doesn't offer much beyond the other titles in the series". Also criticised was the game's camera and control system which, despite having been improved from previous games, was described as "awkward, disorienting, and motion sickness-inducing". Some criticism stemmed from the length of the game, as it "can be easily beaten in a handful of hours". Other criticism included the less compelling story compared to the first two entires.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: "Silent Hill 3" sold over 300,000 copies by November 2003. The game also topped sales charts in Japan upon its release.


title: Silent Hill 3

text: A film adaptation of "Silent Hill 3", titled "Silent Hill: Revelation 3D", was released on October 26, 2012, by Open Road Films. The film is a sequel to the film adaptation of the first installment in the "Silent Hill" series. Directed by M. J. Bassett, it starred Adelaide Clemens as Heather, Kit Harington as Vincent Cooper, Sean Bean as Harry Mason, Carrie-Ann Moss as Claudia Wolf, and Malcolm McDowell as Leonard Wolf.


title: Macaronesia

text: Macaronesia (Portuguese: "Macaronésia," Spanish: "Macaronesia") is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coasts of Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of Atlantic oceanic islands, which are formed by seamounts on the ocean floor whose peaks have risen above the ocean's surface. Some of the Macaronesian islands belong to Portugal, some belong to Spain, and the rest belong to Cape Verde. Politically, the islands belonging to Portugal and Spain are part of the European Union. Geologically, Macaronesia is part of the African tectonic plate. Some of its islands – the Azores – are situated along the edge of that plate at the point where it abuts the Eurasian and North American plates.


title: Macaronesia

text: In one biogeographical system, the Cape Verde archipelago is in the Afrotropical realm while the other three archipelagos are in the Palearctic realm. According to the European Environment Agency, the three European archipelagos constitute a unique bioregion, known as the Macaronesian Biogeographic Region. The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions places the whole of Macaronesia in its botanical continent of Africa.


title: Macaronesia

text: Macaronesia has a combined population of 3,222,054 people; 2,172,944 in the Canary Islands, 561,901 in Cape Verde, 250,769 in Madeira and 236,440 in the Azores.


title: Macaronesia

text: The name "Macaronesia" is derived from the Greek words meaning 'islands of the fortunate' (, ). The name was first used by ancient Greek geographers to refer to any islands west of the Strait of Gibraltar. Macaronesia is occasionally misspelled "Macronesia" in false analogy with Micronesia, an unrelated group of archipelagos in the Pacific Ocean whose English name is also derived from Greek.


title: Macaronesia

text: The islands of Macaronesia are volcanic in origin, and are thought to be the product of several geologic hotspots. Due to the geographic location, varied relief and altitudinal ranges, the Macaronesian mountains represent a wide range of climates. There are maritime temperate, Mediterranean, and subtropical climates in the Azores and Madeira; Mediterranean and subtropical climates in some of the Canary Islands; arid and semiarid climates in certain geologically older islands of the Canaries (notably Lanzarote and Fuerteventura) and in some of the islands of the Madeira Archipelago (Selvagens and Porto Santo) and Cape Verde (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio); and a tropical climate in the younger islands of both of the southernmost archipelagos (Santo Antão, Santiago, and Fogo in Cape Verde). In some locations, there are variations in climate due to the rain shadow effect. The "laurisilva" forests of Macaronesia are a type of mountain cloud forest with relict plant species of a vegetation type that originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin, when the climate of that region was more humid. These plant species, many of which are endemic, have evolved to adapt to the islands’ variable climatic conditions.


title: Macaronesia

text: The Macaronesian islands have a biogeography that is unique in the world. They are home to several distinct plant and animal communities. Notably, the jumping spider genus "Macaroeris" is even named after Macaronesia. Because none of the Macaronesian islands were ever part of any continent, all of the native plants and animals reached the islands via long-distance dispersal. Laurel-leaved forests, called "laurisilva", once covered most of the Azores, Madeira, and parts of the Canaries at an altitude of between 400 and 1200 m (the eastern Canaries and Cape Verde being too dry). These forests resemble the ancient forests that covered the Mediterranean basin and northwestern Africa before the cooling and drying of the ice ages. Trees of the genera "Apollonias", "Clethra", "Dracaena", "Ocotea", "Persea", and "Picconia", which are found in the Macaronesian laurel forests, are also known (from fossil evidence) to have flourished around the Mediterranean before the ice ages.


title: Macaronesia

text: Much of the original native vegetation has been displaced because of human activity, including felling forests for timber and firewood, clearing vegetation for grazing and agriculture, and introducing foreign plants and animals into the islands. The laurisilva habitat has been reduced to small disconnected pockets. As a result, many of the endemic biota of the islands are now seriously endangered or extinct. Alien predators – in particular domestic and feral cats – currently pose one of the most serious threats to the endemic fauna. Even though cats prey mostly on other foreign-introduced mammals, such as rodents and rabbits, the abundance of such prey sustains such a large feline population that it has initiated a so-called hyperpredation process, which further increases that population's negative impact on the number of endemic reptiles and birds.


title: Macaronesia

text: Since 2001, the European Union's conservation efforts, mandated by its Natura 2000 regulations, have resulted in the protection of large stretches of land and sea in the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, totaling 5000 km².


title: Paul Auster

text: Paul Benjamin Auster (born February 3, 1947) is an American writer and film director. His notable works include "The New York Trilogy" (1987), "Moon Palace" (1989), "The Music of Chance" (1990), "The Book of Illusions" (2002), "The Brooklyn Follies" (2005), "Invisible" (2009), "Sunset Park" (2010), "Winter Journal" (2012), and "4 3 2 1" (2017). His books have been translated into more than forty languages.


title: Paul Auster

text: Paul Auster was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Jewish middle-class parents of Polish descent, Queenie (née Bogat) and Samuel Auster. He is the first cousin of the late political writer Lawrence Auster, with whom he attended high school and university, two years apart. He grew up in South Orange, New Jersey, and Newark, and graduated from Columbia High School in Maplewood.


title: Paul Auster

text: After graduating from Columbia University with B.A. and M.A. degrees in 1970, he moved to Paris, France, where he earned a living translating French literature. Since returning to the United States in 1974, he has published poems, essays, and novels, as well as translations of French writers such as Stéphane Mallarmé and Joseph Joubert.


title: Paul Auster

text: Following his acclaimed debut work, a memoir titled "The Invention of Solitude", Auster gained renown for a series of three loosely connected stories published collectively as "The New York Trilogy". Although these books allude to the detective genre, they are not conventional detective stories organized around a mystery and a series of clues. Rather, he uses the detective form to address existential questions of identity, space, language, and literature creating his own distinctively postmodern (and critique of postmodernist) form in the process. According to Auster, "...the "Trilogy" grows directly out of "The Invention of Solitude"."


title: Paul Auster

text: The search for identity and personal meaning has permeated Auster's later publications, many of which concentrate heavily on the role of coincidence and random events ("The Music of Chance") or, increasingly, the relationships between people and their peers and environment ("The Book of Illusions", "Moon Palace"). Auster's heroes often find themselves obliged to work as part of someone else's inscrutable and larger-than-life schemes. In 1995, Auster wrote and co-directed the films "Smoke" (which won him the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay) and "Blue in the Face". Auster's more recent works, from "Oracle Night" (2003) to "4 3 2 1" (2017), have also met with critical acclaim.


title: Paul Auster

text: He was on the PEN American Center Board of Trustees from 2004 to 2009, and Vice President during 2005 to 2007.


title: Paul Auster

text: In 2012, Auster said in an interview that he would not visit Turkey, in protest of its treatment of journalists. The Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan replied: "As if we need you! Who cares if you come or not?" Auster responded: "According to the latest numbers gathered by International PEN, there are nearly one hundred writers imprisoned in Turkey, not to speak of independent publishers such as Ragıp Zarakolu, whose case is being closely watched by PEN Centers around the world".


title: Paul Auster

text: One of Auster's more recent book, "A Life in Words," was published in October 2017 by Seven Stories Press. It brought together three years of conversations with the Danish scholar I.B. Siegumfeldt about each one of his works, both fiction and non-fiction. It has been considered a primary source for understanding Auster's approach to his works.


title: Paul Auster

text: Auster is willing to give Iranian translators permission to write Persian versions of his works in exchange for a small fee; Iran does not recognize international copyright laws.


title: Paul Auster

text: Much of the early scholarship about Auster's work saw links between it and the theories of such French writers as Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, and others. Auster himself has denied these influences and has asserted in print that "I've read only one short essay by Lacan, the 'Purloined Letter,' in the "Yale French Studies" issue on poststructuralism—all the way back in 1966." Other scholars have seen influences in Auster's work of the American transcendentalists of the nineteenth century, as exemplified by Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. The transcendentalists believed that the symbolic order of civilization has separated us from the natural order of the world, and that by moving into nature, as Thoreau did, as he described in "Walden", it would be possible to return to this natural order.


title: Paul Auster

text: Edgar Allan Poe, Samuel Beckett, and Nathaniel Hawthorne have also had a strong influence on Auster's writing. Auster has specifically referred to characters from Poe and Hawthorne in his novels, for example William Wilson in "City of Glass" or Hawthorne's Fanshawe in "The Locked Room", both from "The New York Trilogy".


title: Paul Auster

text: "Over the past twenty-five years," opined Michael Dirda in "The New York Review of Books" in 2008, "Paul Auster has established one of the most distinctive niches in contemporary literature." Dirda also has extolled his loaded virtues in "The Washington Post":


title: Paul Auster

text: Ever since "City of Glass", the first volume of his "New York Trilogy", Auster has perfected a limpid, confessional style, then used it to set disoriented heroes in a seemingly familiar world gradually suffused with mounting uneasiness, vague menace and possible hallucination. His plots – drawing on elements from suspense stories, existential récit, and autobiography – keep readers turning the pages, but sometimes end by leaving them uncertain about what they've just been through.


title: Paul Auster

text: Writing about Auster's most recent novel, "4 3 2 1", "Booklist" critic Donna Seaman remarked:Auster has been turning readers' heads for three decades, bending the conventions of storytelling, blurring the line between fiction and autobiography, infusing novels with literary and cinematic allusions, and calling attention to the art of storytelling itself, not with cool, intellectual remove, but rather with wonder, gratitude, daring, and sly humor. ... Auster's fiction is rife with cosmic riddles and rich in emotional complexity. He now presents his most capacious, demanding, eventful, suspenseful, erotic, structurally audacious, funny, and soulful novel to date. ... Auster is conducting a grand experiment, not only in storytelling, but also in the endless nature-versus-nurture debate, the perpetual dance between inheritance and free will, intention and chance, dreams and fate. This elaborate investigation into the big what-if is also a mesmerizing dramatization of the multitude of clashing selves we each harbor within. ... A paean to youth, desire, books, creativity, and unpredictability, it is a four-faceted bildungsroman and an ars poetica, in which Auster elucidates his devotion to literature and art. He writes, 'To combine the strange with the familiar: that was what Ferguson aspired to, to observe the world as closely as the most dedicated realist and yet to create a way of seeing the world through a different, slightly distorting lens.' Auster achieves this and much more in his virtuoso, magnanimous, and ravishing opus.


title: Paul Auster

text: The English critic James Wood, however, offered Auster little praise, criticizing his "Clichés, borrowed language, bourgeois bêtises... intricately bound up with modern and postmodern literature"; he drew a distinction between Auster- "probably America's best-known postmodern novelist"- and "Beckett, Nabokov, Richard Yates, Thomas Bernhard, Muriel Spark, Don DeLillo, Martin Amis, and David Foster Wallace", who to Wood "have all employed and impaled cliché in their work", where Auster, who "clearly shares this engagement with mediation and borrowedness- hence, his cinematic plots and rather bogus dialogue", "does nothing with cliché except use it". Considering this "bewildering", Wood opines that "Auster is a peculiar kind of postmodernist", going on to question "is he a postmodernist at all?", observing that "Eighty per cent of a typical Auster novel proceeds in a manner indistinguishable from American realism; the remaining twenty per cent does a kind of postmodern surgery on the eighty per cent, often casting doubt on the veracity of the plot". Wood however noted that "One reads Auster's novels very fast, because they are lucidly written, because the grammar of the prose is the grammar of the most familiar realism (the kind that is, in fact, comfortingly artificial), and because the plots, full of sneaky turns and surprises and violent irruptions, have what the Times once called "all the suspense and pace of a bestselling thriller." There are no semantic obstacles, lexical difficulties, or syntactical challenges. The books fairly hum along." He stated that "The reason Auster is not a realist writer, of course, is that his larger narrative games are anti-realist or surrealist." Wood also bemoaned Auster's 'b-movie dialogue', 'absurdity', 'shallow skepticism', 'fake realism' and 'balsa-wood backstories'.


title: Paul Auster

text: Auster was married to the writer Lydia Davis. They had one son together, Daniel Auster, who was arrested on April 16, 2022, and charged with manslaughter and negligent homicide in the death of his 10-month old infant daughter, who consumed heroin and fentanyl he was using. On April 26, 2022, Daniel, who was found to be in possession of drug paraphernalia, died from an overdose.


title: Paul Auster

text: Auster and his second wife, writer Siri Hustvedt (the daughter of professor and scholar Lloyd Hustvedt), were married in 1981, and they live in Brooklyn. Together they have one daughter, Sophie Auster.


title: Paul Auster

text: He has said his politics are "far to the left of the Democratic Party" but that he votes Democratic because he doubts a socialist candidate could win. He has described right-wing Republicans as "jihadists" and the election of Donald Trump as "the most appalling thing I've seen in politics in my life."


title: Paul Auster

text: In September 2009, he signed a petition in support of Roman Polanski, calling for his release after he was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.


title: Bill Bradley

text: William Warren Bradley (born July 28, 1943) is an American politician and former professional basketball player. He served three terms as a Democratic U.S. senator from New Jersey (1979–1997). He ran for the Democratic Party's nomination for president in the 2000 election, which he lost to Vice President Al Gore.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley was born and raised in Crystal City, Missouri, a small town south of St. Louis. He excelled at basketball from an early age. He did well academically and was an all-county and all-state basketball player in high school. He was offered 75 college scholarships, but declined them all to attend Princeton University. He won a gold medal as a member of the 1964 Olympic basketball team and was the NCAA Player of the Year in 1965, when Princeton finished third in the NCAA Tournament. After graduating in 1965, he attended Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship where he was a member of Worcester College, delaying a decision for two years on whether or not to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Bill Bradley

text: While at Oxford, Bradley played one season of professional basketball in Europe and eventually decided to join the New York Knicks in the 1967–68 season, after serving six months in the Air Force Reserve. He spent his entire ten-year professional basketball career playing for the Knicks, winning NBA titles in 1970 and 1973. Retiring in 1977, he ran for a seat in the United States Senate the following year, from his adopted home state of New Jersey. He was re-elected in 1984 and 1990, left the Senate in 1997, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2000 Democratic presidential nomination.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley is the author of seven non-fiction books, most recently "We Can All Do Better", and hosts a weekly radio show, "American Voices", on Sirius Satellite Radio. He is a corporate director of Starbucks and a partner at investment bank Allen & Company in New York City. Bradley is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. He also serves on that group's advisory board.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley is a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. In 2008 Bradley was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley was born on July 28, 1943, in Crystal City, Missouri, the only child of Warren (June 22, 1901October 1, 1994), who despite leaving high school after a year had become a bank president, and Susan "Susie" Crowe (June 12, 1909November 30, 1995), a teacher and former high school basketball player. Politicians and politics were standard dinner-table topics in Bradley's childhood, and he described his father as a "solid Republican" who was an elector for Thomas E. Dewey in the 1948 presidential election. An active Boy Scout, he became an Eagle Scout and member of the Order of the Arrow.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley began playing basketball at the age of nine. He was a star at Crystal City High School, where he scored 3,068 points in his scholastic career, was twice named All-American, and was elected to the Missouri Association of Student Councils. He received 75 college scholarship offers, although he applied to only five schools and only scored a 485 out of 800 on the Verbal portion of the SAT, which—despite being likely in the top third of all test takers that year—normally would have caused selective schools like Princeton University to reject him.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley's basketball ability benefited from his height— in the seventh grade, in the eighth grade, and his adult size of by the age of 15—and unusually wide peripheral vision, which he worked to improve by focusing on faraway objects while walking. During his high school years, Bradley maintained a rigorous practice schedule, a habit he carried through college. He would work on the court for "three and a half hours every day after school, nine to five on Saturday, one-thirty to five on Sunday, and, in the summer, about three hours a day. He put ten pounds of lead slivers in his sneakers, set up chairs as opponents and dribbled in a slalom fashion around them, and wore eyeglass frames that had a piece of cardboard taped to them so that he could not see the floor, for "a good dribbler never looks at the ball."


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley was considered to be the top high school basketball player in the country. He initially chose to attend Duke in the fall of 1961. However, after breaking his foot in the summer of 1961 during a baseball game and thinking about his college decision outside of basketball, Bradley decided to enroll at Princeton due to its record in preparing students for government or United States Foreign Service work. He had been awarded a scholarship at Duke, but not at Princeton; the Ivy League does not allow its members to award athletic scholarships, and he was disqualified from receiving financial aid because of his family's wealth.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley's childhood hero Dick Kazmaier had won the Heisman Trophy at Princeton, and he wore #42 in his honor. In his freshman year, Bradley averaged more than 30 points per game for the freshman team, at one point making 57 consecutive free throws, breaking a record set by a member of the NBA's Syracuse Nationals. The following year, as a sophomore, he was a varsity starter in Butch van Breda Kolff's first year as coach of the Tigers.


title: Bill Bradley

text: In his sophomore year Bradley scored 40 points in an 82–81 loss to St. Joseph's and was named to "The Sporting News" All-American first team in early 1963. The coach of the St. Louis Hawks believed he was ready to play professional basketball. The AP and United Press International polls both put Bradley on the second team, establishing him as the top sophomore player in the country; Bradley also hit .316 as a first baseman for the baseball team. The following year "The Sporting News" again named him to its All-American team as its only junior, and as its player of the year. At the Olympic basketball trials in April 1964, Bradley played guard instead of his usual forward position but was still a top performer. He was one of three chosen unanimously for the Olympic team, the youngest chosen, and the only undergraduate. The Olympic team won its sixth consecutive gold medal.


title: Bill Bradley

text: As a senior and team captain in the 1964–1965 season, Bradley became a household name. Only the third tallest on his team, but called "easily the No. 1 player in college basketball today", "the best amateur basketball player in the United States", and "The White Oscar Robertson", he scored 41 points before fouling out of the game in an 80–78 loss to Michigan and their star player Cazzie Russell in the 1964 ECAC Holiday Basketball semi-final at Madison Square Garden, then led Princeton to the NCAA final Four after defeating heavy favorite Providence and Jimmy Walker by 40 points. The team then lost to Michigan in the semifinals, but Bradley scored a record 58 points in the consolation game to lead the team to victory against Wichita State and earn himself the Final Four MVP. In total, Bradley scored 2,503 points at Princeton, averaging 30.2 points per game. He was awarded the 1965 James E. Sullivan Award, presented annually to the United States' top amateur athlete, the first basketball player to win the honor, and the second Princeton student to win the award, after runner Bill Bonthron in 1934.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley holds a number of Ivy League career records, including total and average points (1,253/29.83, respectively), and free throws made and attempted (409/468, 87.4%). Ivy League season records he holds similarly include total and average points (464/33.14, 1964) and most free throws made (153 in 170 attempts, 90.0%, 1962–1963). He also holds the career point record at Princeton and many other school records, including the top ten slots in the category of total points scored in a game, but likely could have scored many more points if he had not insisted so often on passing the ball, in what his coaches called "Bradley's hope passes", to inferior teammates closer to the basket; he only emphasized his own scoring when Princeton was behind or, as during the Wichita State game, his teammates forced Bradley to shoot by returning passes to him. Van Breda Kolff often encouraged Bradley to be more of a "one on one" player, stating that "Bill is not hungry. At least ninety percent of the time, when he gets the ball, he is looking for a pass."


title: Bill Bradley

text: Van Breda Kolff described Bradley as "not the most physical player. Others can run faster and jump higher. The difference ... is self-discipline." At Princeton he had three to four hours of classes and four hours of basketball practice daily, studied an average of seven hours each weekday and up to 24 more hours each weekend, frequently spoke for the Fellowship of Christian Athletes around the country, and taught Sunday school at the local Presbyterian Church. When practicing he did not move from a location on the court unless he made at least ten of 13 shots, and could detect whether a basket was an inch too low from the regulation ten feet.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Improving from his mediocre freshman grades, Bradley graduated "magna cum laude" after writing his senior thesis about Harry S. Truman's 1940 United States Senate campaign, titled "On That Record I Stand", and received a Rhodes Scholarship at Worcester College, Oxford. At Princeton, Bradley was taught by John William Ward. Bradley was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton. His tenure at Princeton was the subject of Pulitzer Prize-winning author John McPhee's January 23, 1965, article "A Sense of Where You Are" in "The New Yorker", which McPhee expanded into a book of the same name. The title came from Bradley's explanation for his ability to repeatedly throw a basketball over his shoulder and into the basket while looking away from it. In 1965, Bradley received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley's graduation year, 1965, was the last year that the NBA's territorial rule was in effect, which gave professional teams first rights to draft players who attended college within 50 miles of the team. The New York Knicks—one mile closer to Princeton than the Philadelphia 76ers—drafted Bradley as a territorial pick in the 1965 draft, but he did not sign a contract with the team immediately. While studying Politics, Philosophy, and Economics (PPE) at Oxford, he commuted to Italy to play professional basketball for Olimpia Milano, then called Simmenthal, during the 1965–66 season, where the team won a European Champions Cup (predecessor to the modern EuroLeague). Bradley was also a member of the Oxford University Basketball Club and helped lead the men's basketball team to back-to-back British University Sports Federation (B.U.S.F.) championships in 1965 and 1966 and the Amateur Basketball Association (A.B.B.A.) National Championship in 1966.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley dropped out of Oxford in April 1967, two months before graduation, to enter the Air Force Reserves. (The following year, Oxford allowed Bradley to take "special exams", enabling him to graduate.) He served six months on active duty as an officer, though the requirement was four years' service. (On March 6, 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson declared that he would issue an executive order that Selective Service deferments for post-graduate study would henceforth be limited to the medical and dental fields.)


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley joined the New York Knicks in December 1967, having missed the preseason and several weeks of the 1967–1968 season. He was placed in the backcourt, although he had spent his high school and college careers as a forward. Neither he nor the team did well, and in the following season, he was returned to the forward slot. Then, in his third season, the Knicks won their first NBA championship, followed by the second in the 1972–73 season, when he made the only All-Star Game appearance of his career. Over 742 NBA games – all with the Knicks – Bradley scored a total of 9,217 points, an average of 12.4 points per game, and averaged 3.4 assists per game. His best season scoring average was 16.1 points per game in the 1972–73 season, during which he also averaged a career-best 4.5 assists per game.


title: Bill Bradley

text: During his NBA career, Bradley used his fame on the court to explore social as well as political issues, meeting with journalists, government officials, academics, businesspeople, and social activists. He also worked as an assistant to the director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in Washington, D.C., and as a teacher in the street academies of Harlem. In 1976, he also became an author by publishing "Life on the Run". Using a 20-day stretch of time during one season as the main focus of the book, he chronicled his experiences in the NBA and the people he met along the way. He noted in the book that he had initially signed only a four-year contract, and that he was uncomfortable using his celebrity status to earn extra money endorsing products as other players did.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Retiring from basketball in 1977, he was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1983, along with teammate Dave DeBusschere. In 1984, the Knicks retired his number 24 jersey; he was the fourth player so honored by the Knicks, after Willis Reed, Walt Frazier, and DeBusschere. He is one of only two players, along with Manu Ginóbili, to have won a EuroLeague title, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Politics was a frequent subject of discussion in the Bradley household, and some of his relatives held local and county political offices. He majored in history at Princeton, and was present in the Senate chamber when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. Van Breda Kolff and many others who knew him predicted that Bradley would be Governor of Missouri, or president, by 40. He spent his time at Oxford focusing on European political and economic history. In 1978, he said that congressman Mo Udall, himself a former professional basketball player, had told him ten years earlier that professional sports could help prepare him for politics, depending on what he did with his non-playing time.


title: Bill Bradley

text: After four years of political campaigning for Democratic candidates around New Jersey, Bradley decided in the summer of 1977 to run for the Senate himself, coinciding with his retirement from the Knicks. He felt his time had been well-spent in "paying his dues". The seat was held by liberal Republican and four-term incumbent Clifford P. Case. Case lost the Republican primary to anti-tax conservative Jeffrey Bell, who, like Bradley, was 34 years old as the campaign season began. Bradley won the seat in the general election with about 56% of the vote. During the campaign, Yale football player John Spagnola was Bradley's bodyguard and driver.


title: Bill Bradley

text: In the Senate, Bradley acquired a reputation for being somewhat aloof and was thought of as a "policy wonk", specializing in complex reform initiatives. Among these was the 1986 overhaul of the federal tax code, co-sponsored with Dick Gephardt, which reduced the tax rate schedule to just two brackets, 15 percent and 28 percent, and eliminated many kinds of deductions. Domestic policy initiatives that Bradley led or was associated with included reform of child support enforcement; legislation concerning lead-related children's health problems; the Earned Income Tax Credit; campaign finance reform; a re-apportioning of California water rights; and federal budget reform to reduce the deficit, which included, in 1981, supporting Reagan's spending cuts but opposing his parallel tax cut package, one of only three senators to take this position. He sponsored the Freedom Support Act, an exchange program between the republics of the former Soviet Union and the United States.


title: Bill Bradley

text: In 1987, Bradley re-introduced legislation that would return 1.3 million acres of land in the Black Hills of South Dakota to the Sioux tribe that had been illegally seized by President Ulysses S. Grant under the threat of starvation of the tribe in 1877. The legislation proposed to keep Mount Rushmore within the US Park Service and 1.3 million acres of the Black Hills to return to jurisdiction under a Sioux National Council. The legislation died in committee.


title: Bill Bradley

text: In 1988, he was encouraged to seek the Democratic nomination for president, but he declined to enter the race, saying that he would know when he was ready. In 1990, a controversy over a state income tax increase—on which he refused to take a position—and his proposal on merit pay for teachers, which led the NJEA to support his opponent, turned his once-obscure rival for the Senate, Christine Todd Whitman, into a viable candidate, and Bradley won by only a slim margin. In 1995, he announced he would not run for re-election, publicly declaring American politics "broken".


title: Bill Bradley

text: While he was a senator, Bradley walked the beaches from Cape May to Sandy Hook, a four-day, 127-mile trip each Labor Day weekend, to assess beach and ocean conditions and talk with constituents. Bradley was criticized for neglecting constituent services while in office.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley ran in the 2000 presidential primaries, opposing incumbent Vice President Al Gore for his party's nomination. Bradley campaigned as the liberal alternative to Gore, taking positions to the left of Gore on a number of issues, including universal health care, gun control, and campaign finance reform. On the issue of taxes, Bradley trumpeted his sponsorship of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which had significantly cut tax rates while abolishing dozens of loopholes. He voiced his belief that the best possible tax code would be one with low rates and no loopholes, but he refused to rule out the idea of raising taxes to pay for his health care program, calling the idea of such a pledge "dishonest".


title: Bill Bradley

text: On public education, he proposed to make over $2 billion in block grants available to each state every year. He further promised to bring 60,000 new teachers into the education system in hard-to-staff areas over ten years by offering college scholarships to anyone who agreed to become a teacher after graduating; Gore offered a similar proposal.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley also made child poverty a significant issue in his campaign. He promised to address the minimum wage, expand the Earned Income Tax Credit, allow single parents on welfare to keep their child support payments, make the Dependent Care Tax Credit refundable, build support homes for pregnant teenagers, enroll 400,000 more children in Head Start, and increase the availability of food stamps.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Although Gore was considered the party favorite, Bradley received a number of high-profile endorsements, including senators Paul Wellstone, Bob Kerrey, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan; former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich; former New York City mayor Ed Koch; former Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker; and basketball stars Michael Jordan and Phil Jackson. Bradley and Jackson have been close friends since they were teammates playing for the New York Knicks. Jackson was a vocal supporter of Bradley's run for the presidency and often wore his campaign button in public. Jackson announced his acceptance of the position of head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers while Bradley was campaigning in California in 1999, and he was a "regular draw on the Bradley money trail" during the campaign. Bradley later called it a "great honor" to be the presenter when Jackson was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007.


title: Bill Bradley

text: Bradley's campaign initially had strong prospects, due to high-profile endorsements and as his fundraising efforts gave him a deep war chest. However, it floundered, in part because it was overshadowed by Senator John McCain's far more attention-gaining, but ultimately unsuccessful, campaign for the Republican nomination; McCain had stolen Bradley's "thunder" on several occasions. Bradley was much embarrassed by his two to one defeat in the Iowa caucus, despite spending heavily there, as the unions pledged their support for Gore. Bradley then lost the New Hampshire primary 53–47%, which had been viewed as a must-win state for his campaign to remain competitive. Bradley finished a distant second during each of the primaries on Super Tuesday.


title: Bill Bradley

text: On March 9, 2000, after failing to win any of the first 20 primaries and caucuses in the election process, Bradley withdrew his campaign and endorsed Gore; he ruled out the idea of running as the vice-presidential candidate and did not answer questions about possible future runs for the presidency. He said that he would continue to speak out regarding his brand of politics, calling for campaign finance reform, gun control, and increased health care insurance.