title: Ford Excursion

text: From 1998 to 2012, a second-party SUV conversion of the Ford F-250 was sold in Brazil. Similar in design and layout to the Excursion, the F-250 Tropivan differed primarily in its being a second-party conversion (similar to the Centurion Classic). In contrast to the Excursion, two different wheelbases of the model were produced.


title: Ford Excursion

text: As with all Super Duty trucks in Brazil, the Tropivan had a different engine selection throughout its production run that included a 4.2 L Essex gasoline V6 and two types of diesels: a 3.9 L Cummins B-series and the 4.2 L straight-6 MWM Sprint 6.07TCA.


title: Ford Excursion

text: During and since its production, the Excursion has become a basis for several types of aftermarket vehicles. As a result of its body commonality with the Super Duty model range, the bodywork of the Excursion led to aftermarket conversions of Ford medium-duty truck chassis (Ford F-650 and F-750) to SUVs; to accommodate the longer wheelbase, the body typically is fitted with an extra set of doors. At the other end of the size scale, the Hennessey VelociRaptor SUV was created by mating the rear bodywork of the Excursion with the bodywork of the first-generation Ford Raptor (a practice similar to the creation of the 1990s Centurion Classic C350). Other conversions involve fitting 2000-2005 Excursions with the front fascias of 2006-2016 Super Duty pickup trucks (as the Excursion shares its chassis with the F-250).


title: Ford Excursion

text: The Excursion also served as a basis for stretch limousines; coinciding with its heavier-duty chassis, many examples were stretched (unofficially) longer than the 120-inch limit imposed by Ford on the Lincoln Town Car sedan.


title: Jinnah family

text: The Jinnah family (; ) was a political family of Pakistan. Jinnahs have played an important role in the Pakistan Movement for creation of Pakistan, a separate country for Muslims of India. The family held the leadership of All-India Muslim League, and its successor, Muslim League, until it dissolved in 1958 by martial law. Originally from a Gujarati Khoja background, they moved to Karachi from Kathiawar, Bombay Presidency in the 19th century.


title: Jinnah family

text: Jinnah's paternal grandfather was from Paneli Moti village in Gondal state in Kathiawar peninsula (now in Gujarat, India). Jinnah was the eldest of seven children of Jinnahbhai Poonja, a prosperous merchant, and his wife, Mithibai. His family was a member of the Khoja caste, Hindus who had converted to Islam centuries earlier and who were followers of the Aga Khan. Although born to a Khoja (from Khwaja or 'noble') family who were disciples of the Aga Khan, Jinnah moved towards the Sunni sect early in life. There is evidence later, given by his relatives and associates in court, to establish that he was firmly a Sunni Muslim by the end of his life.


title: Jinnah family

text: Muhammad Ali Jinnah (also referred to as only "Jinnah") and Fatima Jinnah, have been important figures in the history of Pakistan. Jinnah is considered as the founder of Pakistan and he served as the first Governor General of Pakistan upon independence, while Fatima played an important role in the struggle for Pakistan Movement and was the founding mother of Pakistan. Jinnah and Fatima have remained extremely important and well-respected figures in Pakistan, even after their deaths. Several public places, universities, and hospitals in the world have been named after Jinnah and his sister Fatima, and the former's birth and death anniversary are among the public holidays in Pakistan.


title: Jinnah family

text: The ancestors of Jinnah were Khoja from Paneli Moti village in Gondal state in Kathiawar Bombay Presidency, British India Jinnah's grandfather converted to Islam.


title: Jinnah family

text: She had a rift with her father when she expressed her desire to marry a Parsi-born Indian, Neville Wadia. According to M C Chagla in "Roses in December", Jinnah, a Muslim, disowned his daughter after trying to dissuade her from marrying Neville. Dina Wadia was the only direct living link to Jinnah and the nation of Pakistan claiming her father as its own father of the nation is assumed to have some kind of kinship with her according to Akbar S. Ahmed. His descendants through her are part of the Wadia family and reside in India as she married and stayed in India after the creation of Pakistan in 1947. Dina Wadia lived alone with staff in the New York City, United States. Wadia died of pneumonia at her home in New York on 1 November 2017 at the age of 98.


title: Mannix

text: Mannix is an American detective television series that ran from 1967 to 1975 on CBS. It was created by Richard Levinson and William Link, and developed by executive producer Bruce Geller. The title character, Joe Mannix, is a private investigator played by actor Mike Connors.


title: Mannix

text: During the first season of the series, Joe Mannix works for a large Los Angeles detective agency called Intertect, which was the planned original title of the show. His superior is Lew Wickersham, played by Joseph Campanella. Intertect uses computers to help solve crimes.


title: Mannix

text: As opposed to the other employees, Mannix belonged to the classic American detective archetype, thus he usually ignores the computers' solutions, disobeys his boss's orders, and sets out to do things his own way. He wears plaid sport coats and has his own office that he keeps sloppy between his assignments. Lew has cameras in all the rooms of the Intertect offices monitoring the performance of his employees and providing instant feedback through intercoms in the room. Unlike the other Intertect operatives, Mannix attempts to block the camera with a coat rack and questions Lew, comparing him to Big Brother.


title: Mannix

text: To improve the ratings of the show, Desilu head Lucille Ball and producer Bruce Geller made some changes, making the show similar to other private-eye shows. Ball thought the computers were too high-tech and beyond the comprehension of the average viewer of the time, and had them removed. In the first episode of season two, Mannix explains that he had quit Intertect.


title: Mannix

text: From the second season on, Mannix works on his own with the assistance of his loyal secretary Peggy Fair, a police officer's widow played by Gail Fisher – one of the first black actresses to have a regular series role. He also has a working relationship with the Los Angeles Police Department, as he often exchanges information with his contacts. The first of these to have a featured role was Lieutenant George Kramer, portrayed by Larry Linville, who had been partnered with Peggy's late husband. Over the course of the series, Mannix's most frequently used contact is Lieutenant Art Malcolm, played by Ward Wood. Another semiregular guest, although not as frequent, was Robert Reed, whose appearances as Lieutenant Adam Tobias coincided with his tenure on "The Brady Bunch", which also was produced by Paramount Television. Jack Ging played another Mannix contact, Lieutenant Dan Ives, who made several appearances later in the series.


title: Mannix

text: Yet another LAPD contact was Lieutenant Dave Angstrom, played by Frank Campanella (real-life brother of Joseph Campanella).


title: Mannix

text: In the 1969 season, he also employs the services of a competitive private investigator, Albie Loos (performed by Joe Mantell), as a sort of investigative gofer. In the 1972 season, Albie returns, played by a different actor (Milton Selzer).


title: Mannix

text: While "Mannix" was not generally known as a show that explored socially relevant topics, several episodes had topical themes. Season two had episodes featuring compulsive gambling, deaf and blind characters who were instrumental in solving cases in spite of their physical limitations, and episodes that focused on racism against Blacks and Hispanics. Season six had an episode focusing on the effects that the Vietnam War had on returning veterans, including the effects of PTSD.


title: Mannix

text: Joseph R. "Joe" Mannix is a regular guy, without pretense, who has a store of proverbs on which to rely in conversation. What demons he has mostly come from having fought in the U.S. Army during the Korean War, where, as a Lieutenant, he was initially listed as MIA while he was a prisoner of war in a brutal POW camp until he escaped. Over the length of the series, a sizable percentage of his old Army comrades turn out to have homicidal impulses against him, as does his fellow running back from his college football days. (The episode that introduced police Lieutenant Art Malcolm portrayed him as a Korean War buddy of Mannix's, but that connection was generally ignored thereafter.)


title: Mannix

text: During the series, Mannix is also revealed to have worked as a mercenary in Latin America. Like the actor Mike Connors who played the title role, Mannix is of Armenian descent, and speaks fluent Armenian from time to time during the series, as well as conversational Spanish.


title: Mannix

text: Mannix is notable for the high level of physical punishment he withstands. During the course of the series, he is shot and wounded over a dozen separate times, and knocked unconscious around 55 times. He frequently takes brutal beatings to the abdomen; some of these went on quite a long time, particularly by the television standards of the era. Whenever he gets into one of his convertibles (in season one, Mannix drove a customized Oldsmobile Toronado, replete with a panoramic rear-view mirror; in seasons 2–6, he drove a Dodge Challenger or Plymouth Barracuda; in the final season. he drove a Chevrolet Camaro), he can expect to be shot at or run off the road by another car or find his vehicle sabotaged. Nevertheless, he keeps his cool and perseveres until his antagonists are brought down.


title: Mannix

text: While making the television pilot "The Name Is Mannix", Connors dislocated his shoulder running away during a "From Russia with Love"–type helicopter pursuit, and broke his left wrist punching a stuntman who happened to be wearing a steel plate on his back. This character aspect was lampooned multiple times by radio comedians Bob and Ray, with "Blimmix" beginning as being portrayed as dim-witted, and ending with Blimmix being soundly beaten by his adversary. These parodies retained the theme song composed by Lalo Schifrin at the beginning and conclusion.


title: Mannix

text: Starting in season two, Mannix lives and works in West Los Angeles in a mixed-use development called Paseo Verde; his home at 17 Paseo Verde has an attached office from which he runs his agency. The design for the 17 Paseo Verde set is based on a Santa Barbara, California, building that still exists.


title: Mannix

text: Mannix grew up in a town called Summer Grove, where he was a star football and basketball player. Summer Grove had a thriving Armenian immigrant community. As of 1969, Mannix's mother had died 10 years earlier, and Mannix had not been back to the town since the funeral. Mannix's estranged father, Stefan (played by Victor Jory), was still living in Summer Grove, and Mannix and his father started a reconciliation. When Mannix returns to Summer Grove for a case three years later, he and his father are on good terms.


title: Mannix

text: Following military service in the Korean War, Mannix attended Western Pacific University on the GI Bill, graduated in 1955, and obtained his private investigator's license in 1956. He has a black belt in karate. Throughout the series, he appears proficient in a variety of athletic pursuits, including sailing, horseback riding, and skiing. He is an accomplished pool player and golfs regularly, and is also a skilled airplane pilot. In the first season, he carries a Walther PP semiautomatic pistol. From the second season on, Mannix carries a Colt Detective Special snubnosed revolver in .38 Special caliber.


title: Mannix

text: In 1971, Connors guest-starred on an episode of "Here's Lucy" entitled "Lucy and Mannix Are Held Hostage".


title: Mannix

text: In 1997, Connors reprised the role of Mannix in an episode of "" titled "Hard-Boiled Murder", which served as a sequel to the 1973 "Mannix" episode "Little Girl Lost". Several other actors from the old "Mannix" episode also reprised their roles. In a comic reference to Mannix's famous history of serious injuries, the show portrayed the main character of "Diagnosis: Murder", Dr. Mark Sloan (Dick van Dyke), as Mannix's longtime physician.


title: Mannix

text: "Mannix" was referred to several times in "Mystery Science Theater 3000" episodes when a foot chase or a fight occurred.


title: Mannix

text: Gary Morton, Lucille Ball's second husband and head of Desilu Studios, noticed a 1937 Bentley convertible being driven by Mike Connors. A car enthusiast, Morton began talking about cars to Connors, when he remembered a Desilu detective show coming up in which he thought Connors would do well.


title: Mannix

text: "Mannix" was initially a production of Desilu Productions, which had been purchased by Gulf + Western earlier in 1967. During the first season, Gulf + Western integrated Desilu's operations into its Paramount Pictures subsidiary, and the company became Paramount Television. The series featured a dynamic split-screen opening credits sequence set to theme music from noted composer Lalo Schifrin. Unusual for a private detective series, the "Mannix" theme is in triple time, the same signature used for waltzes.


title: Mannix

text: The show's title card, opening credits, and closing credits roll are set in variations of the City typeface, a squared-off, split-serif face that was long used by IBM Corporation as part of their corporate design and still appears in their logo. This refers to the computers used by Intertect in the first season. The dot over the "i" in Mannix had the appearance of a computer tape reel. This was removed after the first season.


title: Mannix

text: Over the life of the series, several famous entertainers were featured in one-time roles, including Neil Diamond and Buffalo Springfield as themselves and Lou Rawls as a club singer, Rich Little as an impressionist, and Milton Berle as a stand-up comedian. Essay humorist Art Buchwald also had a cameo role unrelated to journalism, and in another episode, Rona Barrett played herself.


title: Mannix

text: "Mannix" finished its eighth season in the top 20 in the Nielsen ratings and plans were made for a ninth season. Mike Connors said that he had been told at a CBS network party the week before the network was to release its 1975 fall schedule that the show was a certain pickup. However, something out of Connors' control left him without a job shortly thereafter.


title: Mannix

text: The incident did not involve primetime programming at CBS, but instead involved the late-night network offerings of the other two major networks at the time. "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" was the overwhelming ratings leader in the period for NBC. ABC had been a distant third in the battle during the 1970s after replacing "The Dick Cavett Show" with a wheel series referred to as "Wide World of Entertainment". Looking to improve its ratings against Carson and "The CBS Late Movie", which CBS was airing at the time, ABC began contacting production companies in an attempt to purchase rebroadcast rights for various series.


title: Mannix

text: At the time, ABC and Paramount had a fairly successful relationship that was starting to build. ABC took advantage of that and approached Paramount with an offer to purchase the rights to rebroadcast older episodes of "Mannix" as part of their late-night lineup, which they agreed to do.


title: Mannix

text: CBS was unhappy with the move, as Paramount had not informed them of what they were planning to do. The idea of having one of their series airing on a competing network, even if it was only in reruns, turned the tide of opinion against "Mannix", as CBS felt viewers would stay away from the newer episodes airing on their network since they could watch the series on a competitor. Thus, when CBS released its schedule a few days later, "Mannix" was not a part of it. Connors found out about the cancellation through a phone call, with a reporter contacting him asking for comment. Connors said in a later interview, "I felt so lost when it was over."


title: Mannix

text: The automobile was a focus of Mannix's professional life, and he had several of them as his personal vehicle in the eight-year run of the series. Those were:


title: Mannix

text: Though a 1969 Dart was built by Barris to replicate this car in the show's 1969 season, the 1968 Dart was regularly seen during the 1969 season. (In the 1969 episode "A Penny for the Peep Show", both the 1968 and 1969 Darts are used in the same shot, to elude a police tail on Mannix, but no explanation in the episode was given for why or how two identically customized green Dart convertibles show up together.)


title: Mannix

text: In further tracing the car's history, the 1968 Dart was reportedly sold to a secretary at Paramount Studios and then was lost for decades until being discovered near a ranger station in the Southern California mountains. It has since been restored to its original Mannix/Barris condition and was featured in Hemmings "Muscle Machines", December 2009 issue.


title: Mannix

text: The 1968 "Mannix" Dart and its intriguing history were also featured on the TV show "Drive" on Discovery HD Theater in 2010. The TV show reunited the car with Mike Connors for the first time in over 40 years.


title: Mannix

text: The car is currently owned by C. Van Tune, former editor-in-chief of "Motor Trend" magazine, who conducted the TV interview with Mike Connors and who also wrote an article on the "Mannix" Dart for the summer 2011 issue of "Motor Trend Classic" magazine. In that article, the Dart is reunited with Mike Connors, George Barris, and" Mannix "stuntman Dick Ziker.


title: Mannix

text: Another article on the famous Dart was published in the October 2011 issue of "Mopar Action" magazine. An article in the "New York Times" (July 22, 2012) included information on the 1968 "Mannix" Dart and a recent photo of Mike Connors with the car. The "Mannix" Dart was also mentioned on Sirius/XM Radio's "60s on 6" channel by disc jockey Mike Kelly.


title: Mannix

text: In October 2016, the car magazine "Power & Performance News" published an article on the 1968 "Mannix" Dart, written by C. Van Tune.


title: Mannix

text: Peggy Fair's cars were less prominent, but in seasons two through eight, they included a Simca 1000, Simca 1204 hatchback, Dodge Colt hardtop, and finally a Chevrolet Vega hatchback.


title: Mannix

text: For his work on "Mannix", Mike Connors was nominated for six Golden Globe Awards, winning once, and for four Emmy Awards. Gail Fisher was nominated for four Emmy Awards, winning once, and for three Golden Globe Awards, winning twice.


title: Mannix

text: The series was twice nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Dramatic Series, and four times for the Golden Globe Award, winning once. In 1972, writer Mann Rubin won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the episode "A Step in Time".


title: Mannix

text: Lalo Schifrin composed the music for the series. The theme "Mannix", with the B-side "End Game", was released as a single in 1969.


title: Mannix

text: In May 2011, Connors filed suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Paramount and CBS Television Studios, claiming that he was never paid royalties from the "Mannix" series. With the release of the series on DVD, the case was later settled out of court in November of that year.


title: Mannix

text: CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) has released all eight seasons of "Mannix" on DVD in Region 1.


title: Mannix

text: CBS Television Distribution holds the distribution rights for "Mannix", but only distributes a package of 130 episodes to local stations. The first and eighth seasons are not part of the package, nor are several episodes from season seven.


title: Mannix

text: The program currently airs on MeTV as part of its late-night lineup and has also aired on its sister network H&I; all 194 episodes of "Mannix" have aired on both networks.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Alejandro Darío Gómez (; born 15 February 1988), known as Papu, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward, winger or attacking midfielder for Spanish club Sevilla and the Argentina national team.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Gómez started his club career in his home country with Arsenal de Sarandí in 2005, before joining San Lorenzo in 2009. The following year, he was signed by Italian club Catania. In 2013, he joined Ukrainian side Metalist Kharkiv, where he remained for a single season, before returning to Italy to play for Atalanta. In 2019–20, Gómez set the Serie A record for most assists in a single season with sixteen, and was named to the Serie A Team of the Year.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Although he was born in Argentina, Gómez is a dual citizen of Argentina and Italy, having gained Italian citizenship on 14 May 2016, as his wife is an Italian citizen. He made his senior international debut for Argentina in a friendly against Singapore in 2017, during which he also scored his first international goal. He later took part in Argentina's victorious 2021 Copa América and 2022 FIFA World Cup campaigns.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Gómez began his career playing with the youth squad of Argentine side Arsenal de Sarandí, debuting for the team in 2003. Two years later, he was officially called up to the first team, but did not feature as a regular with the side until the 2006 Torneo Apertura, during which he scored 2 goals in 15 appearances, as Arsenal finished the season in 5th place.


title: Papu Gómez

text: On 30 November 2007, Gómez scored the 2 most important goals up to that point of his career in the first leg of the Copa Sudamericana Finals, away against favourites Club América of Liga MX, giving Arsenal a valuable 3–2 lead going into the second leg. On 5 December, Arsenal lost the return leg 2–1, but won their first international title on the away goals rule.


title: Papu Gómez

text: The 2008–09 season was his breakout season, as he scored 8 goals in 18 appearances and got into the top scoring charts with braces against Independiente and Velez Sarsfield.


title: Papu Gómez

text: San Lorenzo de Almagro signed Gómez for a 2 million dollar transfer fee, half of his estimated market value, in time for the 2009 Clausura tournament. His impressive play, including netting 8 times in 48 appearances for "Los Santos", attracted the attention of several high-profile scouts. This led to his transfer to Italian Serie A Catania in July 2010, for €3 million.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Catania officially welcomed their new 22-year-old signing on 21 July 2010, and he made his first appearance with the club 9 days later in a 1–0 friendly win against Greek side Iraklis. Gómez was immediately inserted into the starting XI and soon became integral to his club's record-breaking renaissance over the next 3 seasons.


title: Papu Gómez

text: "El Papu" contributed 4 goals and 5 assists in each of his first 2 seasons. His breakthrough campaign came during the 2012–13 season, when his playmaking and offensive prowess became the main catalyst of the team, propelling his side to club record highs for home and overall victories, and, for their 5th successive year, points. The "Rossazzurri" clinched an eighth-place finish in Serie A, equaling their historic best placement in the league for the first time since the 1964–65 season, but 5 points shy of earning their inaugural appearance in the UEFA Europa League. The side that managed to achieve these record-breaking achievements was described as the best Catania side in the club's history. Gómez finished the year with a career high 8 goals in 36 appearances, making him the second highest on the team behind Gonzalo Bergessio, as well as 7 assists, making him the club's joint highest assist provider, and the tenth best provider in Serie A.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Catania, for reasons that were never clarified, sold Gómez during the summer and replaced him with the injury-prone and inconsistent Sebastián Leto, whom they acquired on a free transfer from Panathinaikos. Despite having four of their top six offensive players return, and later five of their six when Francesco Lodi was reacquired on loan from Genoa in January, Catania's performances declined heavily, which saw them fall to 18th position in the league, and as a result, they were ultimately relegated.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Rebuffing offers from several big clubs, including Atletico Madrid, Fiorentina, and Inter Milan, Gómez himself requested a transfer to little-known Metalist Kharkiv of the Ukrainian Premier League, citing the Club's commitment to growth and the opportunity to play in the upcoming UEFA Champions League as his reasons. On 2 August 2013, he signed four-year contract with the club, which included a €12 million release clause, following a €7 million transfer fee. However, things did not go well for him with the side from the beginning.


title: Papu Gómez

text: UEFA upheld Metalist's ban from the Champions League two weeks later because of the club's involvement in match fixing in 2008. By the December winter break, failing to settle into his new surroundings due to a combination of the league's lack of visibility and quality, which he believed made playing in it a waste of time, as well as adverse environmental and linguistic issues in Ukraine itself, which he saw as insurmountable, Gómez wanted out of his contract. He therefore requested a transfer back to Serie A as soon as possible, preferably to Fiorentina, and by January 2014, offered to accept a salary reduction in order to have this accomplished. This request went unfilled, however, and he ultimately played in 23 games, scoring 3 goals and setting up 4 others, helping the "Hor'ky" finish 3rd overall.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Gómez refused to return to Ukraine the following season because of the volatile and violent political climate that emerged during his time there. He stated "It's an anguished situation, very unstable, as we are all sad and living in a state of panic...I have no intention of coming back...I will stay in Buenos Aires...Until there can be guarantees of safety, I cannot expose my family to these dangers." Many players, especially foreign ones, also left the league for this same reason, including three of Gomez's teammates, and six from reigning league Champions Shakhtar Donetsk. As a result, the Ukrainian League saw its foreign player total reduced from 170 to 60 over the next two years.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Following Giacomo Bonaventura's departure to Milan on 1 September 2014, Atalanta acquired Gómez on the same day, signing him on a three-year deal in the last hours of the summer transfer window in Italy. Gómez had a decent first season, contributing 3 goals and 2 assists in 24 appearances to a poor, offensively-challenged "Nerazzurri" squad that struggled and narrowly avoided relegation, finishing fourth from the bottom, 3 points ahead of Serie B-bound Cagliari.


title: Papu Gómez

text: The following season, Gómez lead his club in both goals and assists, with 7 and 6 respectively, as he rekindled the form he had shown in his final season at Catania, and, despite the continued lack of attacking support, steered Atalanta to a respectable 13th-place finish in the league. His performances spurred the interest of several big clubs, which pushed the Bergamese side to extend his contract until June 2020, on 4 February 2016.


title: Papu Gómez

text: During the 2016–17 season, Gómez managed to score an unprecedented total of 16 goals as his team finished in the fourth place contrary to the lower pre-season expectations. In 2017, following the departure and retirement of Cristian Raimondi, he became the team's captain.


title: Papu Gómez

text: As captain, Gómez helped lead Atalanta to a historic third-place finish in the 2018–19 Serie A season, earning a spot in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, as well as reaching the 2019 Coppa Italia Final.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Gómez scored his first Champions League goal on 26 November 2019 with a brilliant piece of individual ability in a 2–0 home win against Dinamo Zagreb. During the 2019–20 season, Gómez set the Serie A record for most assists in a single season with 16 assists.


title: Papu Gómez

text: During half time of Atalanta's Champions League group stage match against FC Midtjylland on 1 December 2020, there was a heated exchange between Gómez and manager Gian Piero Gasperini over his positioning on the pitch. Gómez did not re-enter the pitch at the start of the second half. After starting in Atalanta's final group stage match against Ajax, the relationship between Gómez and Gasperini completely broke down. Despite amending his relationship with the president, Gómez stated that his relationship with Gasperini could not be fixed; he made his last appearance for the club in a Serie A match against Juventus on 16 December. Gómez requested a transfer in the January transfer window, to which Atalanta agreed, stating however that they would not sell him to a Serie A rival.


title: Papu Gómez

text: On 26 January 2021, La Liga club Sevilla announced the signing of Gómez on a deal running until June 2024. He made his debut for the club on 2 February, playing 60 minutes of Sevilla's 1–0 victory against Almería in the Copa del Rey. Four days later, he scored his first Sevilla goal in a 3–0 win over Getafe.


title: Papu Gómez

text: In 2007 Gómez was picked to represent the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2007 South American Youth Championship in Paraguay. Later that year he was part of the Argentina squad that won the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Having only played internationally for Argentina at youth level, dual citizenship was widely believed to have qualified him for selection to the senior Italian national team, for whom he had expressed interest in playing. FIFA has since ruled him ineligible to switch his football nationality, however, because he did not have a dual passport when he first represented Argentina at that level, and does not have Italian lineage, which would have allowed him to override this requirement.


title: Papu Gómez

text: On 19 May 2017, Gómez received his first senior call-up by newly appointed coach Jorge Sampaoli for Argentina's friendlies against Brazil and Singapore in June. He made his senior international debut in the match against Singapore on 13 June, helping Argentina to a 6–0 away win, and also marked his debut by scoring his first international goal, while also setting up a goal for Federico Fazio during the same match. He went to make three more international appearances that year.


title: Papu Gómez

text: In June 2021, Gómez was included in Argentina's squad for the 2021 Copa América in Brazil. On 21 June, he scored the only goal of the match in Argentina's third group match against Paraguay; the result allowed his side to progress to the quarter-finals. A week later, he scored again in a 4–1 win against Bolivia in his team's final group stage match, also helping to win a penalty, which was converted by Lionel Messi.


title: Papu Gómez

text: He was included in Argentina's final 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, starting his nations's opening game as they went all the way to win a third world title after defeating France on penalties in the final.


title: Papu Gómez

text: A talented, diminutive player, with quick feet, explosive acceleration, and a low centre of gravity, Gómez is a creative, technically gifted, and dynamic footballer, who is renowned for his pace, dribbling skills, and high work-rate.


title: Papu Gómez

text: Possessing good movement and a powerful and accurate long range shot with either foot, he is known for his eye for goal from midfield, although he is also capable of creating goalscoring opportunities for teammates. A versatile attacker, he is capable of playing in several offensive positions, and has even been deployed as a main striker on occasion, or as a false 9, although he usually plays as a second striker, in a central playmaking role as an attacking midfielder, or as a winger, usually on the left flank, a position which enables him to take on defenders in one on one situations, cut into the centre onto his stronger right foot, and attempt a curling shot at goal, although he was often used on the right wing earlier in his career. Due to his stamina and work-ethic, he has also been deployed in a box-to-box role on occasion. In recent seasons, he has often operated in a free attacking role in the centre, behind another striker, which enables him to link-up with his teammates, roam the pitch at will, change positions with other forwards, lose his markers by dropping off onto the flanks, or find space in the box with his runs and finish off chances; Gómez has described this role as a "false second striker". He is also an accurate free kick taker, and often takes penalties for his team. In addition to his playing ability, Gómez is also known for his leadership qualities, having served as Atalanta's captain.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Amitav Ghosh (born 11 July 1956) is an Indian writer. He won the 54th Jnanpith award in 2018, India's highest literary honor. Ghosh's ambitious novels use complex narrative strategies to probe the nature of national and personal identity, particularly of the people of India and South Asia. He has written historical fiction and also written non-fiction works discussing topics such as colonialism and climate change.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh studied at The Doon School, Dehradun, and earned a doctorate in social anthropology at the University of Oxford. He worked at the "Indian Express" newspaper in New Delhi and several academic institutions. His first novel "The Circle of Reason" was published in 1986, which he followed with later fictional works including "The Shadow Lines" and "The Glass Palace." Between 2004 and 2015, he worked on the "Ibis" trilogy, which revolves around the build-up and implications of the First Opium War. His non-fiction work includes "In an Antique Land" and "".


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh holds two Lifetime Achievement awards and four honorary doctorates. In 2007 he was awarded the Padma Shri, one of India's highest honours, by the President of India. In 2010 he was a joint winner, along with Margaret Atwood of a Dan David prize, and 2011 he was awarded the Grand Prix of the Blue Metropolis festival in Montreal. He was the first English-language writer to receive the award. In 2019 "Foreign Policy" magazine named him one of the most important global thinkers of the preceding decade.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh was born in Calcutta on 11 July 1956 and was educated at the all-boys boarding school The Doon School in Dehradun. He grew up in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. His contemporaries at Doon included author Vikram Seth and historian Ram Guha. While at school, he regularly contributed fiction and poetry to "The Doon School Weekly" (then edited by Seth) and founded the magazine "History Times" along with Guha. After Doon, he received degrees from St Stephen's College, Delhi University, and Delhi School of Economics.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: He then won the Inlaks Foundation scholarship to complete a D. Phil. in social anthropology at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, under the supervision of British social anthropologist Peter Lienhardt. The thesis, undertaken in the Faculty of Anthropology and Geography, was entitled "Kinship in relation to economic and social organization in an Egyptian village community" and submitted in 1982.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: In 2009, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. In 2015 Ghosh was named a Ford Foundation Art of Change Fellow.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh returned to India to begin working on the "Ibis" trilogy which includes "Sea of Poppies (2008)", "River of Smoke (2011)", and "Flood of Fire" ("2015").


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh lives in New York with his wife, Deborah Baker, author of the Laura Riding biography "In Extremis: The Life of Laura Riding" (1993) and a senior editor at Little, Brown and Company. They have two children, Lila and Nayan.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh is the author of "The Circle of Reason" (his 1986 debut novel), "The Shadow Lines" (1988), "The Calcutta Chromosome" (1995), "The Glass Palace" (2000) and "The Hungry Tide" (2004).


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh began working on what became The "Ibis" trilogy in 2004. Set in the 1830s, its story follows the build-up of the First Opium War across China and the Indian Ocean region. Its first instalment "Sea of Poppies" (2008) was shortlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize. This was followed by "River of Smoke" (2011) and the third, "Flood of Fire" (2015) completed the trilogy.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: "The Shadow Lines" that won him the Sahitya Akademi Award "throws light on the phenomenon of communal violence and the way its roots have spread deeply and widely in the collective psyche of the Indian subcontinent". Most of his work deals with historical settings, especially in the Indian Ocean periphery. In an interview with Mahmood Kooria, he said: "It was not intentional, but sometimes things are intentional without being intentional. Though it was never part of a planned venture and did not begin as a conscious project, I realise in hindsight that this is really what always interested me most: the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the connections and the cross-connections between these regions."


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh's "Gun Island", published in 2019 and which deals with climate change and human migration, drew praise from critics. "The Guardian" however, noted Ghosh's tendency to go on tangents, calling it "a shaggy dog story" that "can take a very roundabout path towards reality, but it will get there in the end."


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: In 2021, Ghosh published his first book in verse, "Jungle Nama," which explores the Sundarbans legend of Bon Bibi.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh's notable non-fiction writings are "In an Antique Land" (1992), "Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma" (1998), "Countdown" (1999), and "The Imam and the Indian" (2002, a collection of essays on themes such as fundamentalism, the history of the novel, Egyptian culture, and literature. His writings appear in newspapers and magazines in India and abroad. In "" (2016), Ghosh discussed modern literature and art as failing to adequately address climate change.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: In 2021, "" was published. In it, Ghosh discussed the journey of nutmeg from its native Banda Islands to many other parts of the world, taking this as a lens through which to understand the historical influence of colonialism upon attitudes towards Indigenous cultures and environmental change.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: "The Circle of Reason" won the Prix Médicis étranger, one of France's top literary awards. "The Shadow Lines" won the Sahitya Akademi Award and the Ananda Puraskar. "The Calcutta Chromosome" won the Arthur C. Clarke Award for 1997. "Sea of Poppies" was shortlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize. It was the co-winner of the Vodafone Crossword Book Award in 2009, as well as co-winner of the 2010 Dan David Prize. "River of Smoke" was shortlisted for the Man Asian Literary Prize 2011. The government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri in 2007. He also received – together with Margaret Atwood – the Israeli Dan David Prize.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh famously withdrew his novel "The Glass Palace" from consideration for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, where it was awarded the best novel in the Eurasian section, citing his objections to the term "commonwealth" and the unfairness of the English language requirement specified in the rules.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: Ghosh received the lifetime achievement award at Tata Literature Live, the Mumbai LitFest on 20 November 2016.


title: Amitav Ghosh

text: He was conferred the 54th Jnanpith award in December 2018 and is the first Indian writer in English to have been chosen for this honour.


title: Juice Robinson

text: Joseph Ryan Robinson (born April 10, 1989), better known by his ring name Juice Robinson, is an American professional wrestler, currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Robinson is also a member of the Bullet Club stable and also wrestles in New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW).


title: Juice Robinson

text: From 2011 through 2015, he worked for WWE, where he wrestled in their developmental territories Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) and later NXT under the ring name CJ Parker. He won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship twice, with Jason Jordan and Donny Marlow respectively.


title: Juice Robinson

text: After departing WWE, Robinson started his NJPW career as young lion before becoming a full-time roster member. Since then, he has become a record three-time IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion and a one-time IWGP Tag Team Champion (with David Finlay). He was also the winner of the 2019 World Tag League with Finlay. In 2019, he joined Ring of Honor (ROH) as the leader of the Lifeblood stable, but departed the promotion later that year.


title: Juice Robinson

text: Robinson was trained at Truth Martini's House of Truth wrestling school. In 2008, he made his debut for Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA) under the ring name Juice Robinson, in a losing effort against Jason Dukes. He competed in an IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship number one contender Seven Team Royal Rumble, losing to Devon Moore and Nick Gage. His last match for IWA Mid-South was a loss in a three-way to Shane Hollister. Robinson then wrestled for a variety of promotions, including AAW Wrestling, where he unsuccessfully competed for the AAW Tag Team Championship twice (once with Mike Sydal as his partner and once with Kyle O'Reilly), Border City Wrestling (BCW), and DreamWave Wrestling, where he unsuccessfully challenged for both the DreamWave World and DreamWave Tag Team Championships. His last match for DreamWave was a victory against Colt Cabana. Robinson made his National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) debut with a win against Doctor X. His last match in NWA was a win against Dom Vitalli.


title: Juice Robinson

text: In 2011, Robinson signed a developmental contract with WWE and was sent to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). On July 7, he made his debut under the ring name CJ Parker and was defeated by Leo Kruger. He then formed a tag team with Donny Marlow. At the FCW taping on July 21, Parker and Donny Marlow defeated Calvin Raines and Big E Langston to win the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship. At the FCW taping on September 22, Parker and Marlow successfully defended their titles against Calvin Raines and James Bronson. They lost the championships on November 3 to the team of Brad Maddox and Briley Pierce. After losing the titles, Parker and Marlow disbanded as a team and transitioned to singles competition. On January 26, 2012, Parker was defeated by Dean Ambrose. He then competed mostly in tag team matches with a variety of partners for the rest of his tenure in FCW, teaming with the likes of Jason Jordan and Mike Dalton until FCW was closed and replaced by NXT in August 2012. Shortly before the promotion's closure Parker won the Florida Tag Team Championship for a second time, winning the title with Jason Jordan at a live event.


title: Juice Robinson

text: On the July 4 episode of "NXT", Parker teamed with Nick Rogers in a losing effort against Corey Graves and Jake Carter. He was then initially used as a jobber on NXT and was defeated by the likes of Roman Reigns and in a tag team match with Mike Dalton against The Ascension, before suffering an injury that kept him out of action for several months. Parker returned to NXT in July 2013 with a new hippie character, beginning a feud with Tyler Breeze that saw the two trading wins over several months. Although intended to be a fan favorite, Parker's hippie gimmick was largely unpopular and he was turned heel as a result on the February 12, 2014 edition of NXT, berating the fans for not getting behind him, calling them "Sheeple", and blaming them for the growing issues with the environment. He would tweak his character to that of an eco-warrior who berated fans for damaging the environment. Parker beat Tye Dillinger in January 2014 but was then largely unsuccessful, losing to main roster stars like Antonio Cesaro, The Miz and The Great Khali, as well as a defeat by Mojo Rawley at NXT Arrival.


title: Juice Robinson

text: Parker began a feud with Xavier Woods, defeating Woods twice on "NXT" before resuming his losing streak against Adrian Neville. At , Parker was squashed by Baron Corbin in Corbin's official debut, and he then suffered further losses to Corbin and Breeze in the following weeks before losing to the debuting Kevin Owens at . During the match, Parker legitimately broke Owens' nose with a palm strike, himself suffering a deep gash to the hand. On the February 18 episode of "NXT", Parker attempted a protest due to him not appearing at . However, he was attacked by the debuting Solomon Crowe. His final televised appearance was in a losing effort to Hideo Itami on the taped in advance April 22 episode of "NXT".


title: Juice Robinson

text: On March 31, 2015, it was reported that Parker had left WWE after requesting his release from the company. WWE later announced that he officially confirmed his release on April 3, 2015.


title: Juice Robinson

text: It was announced that Parker would be wrestling at Combat Zone Wrestling's CZW Best of the Best XIV on April 11, 2015, under the ring name CJP. He made it to the semi finals before being defeated by Mike Bailey. In July 2015, Robinson competed for All Star Wrestling on the holiday camp circuit including shows at Butlins and forming a tag team with Sam Adonis. He also wrestled for other European indy groups including (IPW:UK). Robinson retired the CJP persona at the end of August 2015, returning to the ring name Juice Robinson.


title: Juice Robinson

text: In 2016, Robinson worked in Japan for the first time. On March 27, he appeared on a show promoted by Minoru Suzuki, called We Are Suzuki-gun 2, in a special six man match between wrestlers of Pro Wrestling Noah and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). Representing NJPW, he teamed with Tencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima) in a defeat to Katsuhiko Nakajima, Maybach Taniguchi and Mitsuhiro Kitamiya. On October 22, he appeared on Noah's Autumn Navigation tour, where he teamed with Katsuyori Shibata, defeating Taniguchi and Go Shiozaki.


title: Juice Robinson

text: On June 21, 2017, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) announced that Robinson as a participant in the 2017 International Gran Prix. On August 18, 2017, Robinson with Marco Corleone and Matt Taven defeated Diamante Azul, Valiente and Volador Jr. in Arena México. On August 26, Robinson defeated Shocker in Arena Coliseo. On September 1, Robinson was eliminated from the International Gran Prix "torneo cibernetico" by Volador Jr. Robinson's Mexican tour concluded the following day.


title: Juice Robinson

text: On August 24, 2015, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) announced that Robinson would be working the following month's Destruction tour under his Juice Robinson ring name. He made his debut on September 4 in a six-man tag team match, where he, Kota Ibushi and Tetsuya Naito were defeated by Katsuyori Shibata, Tiger Mask and Togi Makabe. On October 11, NJPW announced that Robinson had signed a contract with the promotion, becoming a full-time member of its roster. Robinson spent the rest of 2015 working as a Young Lion and in multiman tag matches, on December 16 he had his first singles match in New Japan facing fellow Young Lion Jay White, whom he defeated. Robinson participated in "Fantastica Mania 2016". On February 25, 2016, Robinson took part in the first of New Japan's Lion's Gate show, where he was defeated by Katsuhiko Nakajima. On March 20, Robinson received his first title shot in NJPW, when he, Hiroshi Tanahashi and Michael Elgin unsuccessfully challenged The Elite (Kenny Omega, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship. At King of Pro-Wrestling, Robinson wrestled Tiger Mask W as Red Death Mask, a character based in the anime series "Tiger Mask W". In late 2016, Robinson took part in the 2016 World Tag League, teaming with Hiroshi Tanahashi. The two finished the tournament with a record of three wins and four losses.


title: Juice Robinson

text: On January 5, 2017, Robinson scored a major win over NEVER Openweight Champion Hirooki Goto in a ten-man tag team match and afterwards indicated he wanted a shot at his title. Robinson received his title shot on February 5 at The New Beginning in Sapporo, but was defeated by Goto. On April 9 at Sakura Genesis 2017, Robinson picked up the biggest win of his career, pinning former IWGP Heavyweight Champion Tetsuya Naito in an eight-man tag team match and afterwards challenging him to a match for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. Robinson received his title shot on April 29 at Wrestling Toyonokuni 2017, but was defeated by Naito. In early 2017, Robinson became part of the Taguchi Japan stable, as part of which he unsuccessfully challenged for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship, first on June 11 at Dominion 6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall and again on June 20 at Kizuna Road 2017. On July 1 at G1 Special in USA, Robinson took part in a tournament to determine the inaugural IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion, but was eliminated in his first round match by Zack Sabre Jr. Later that month, Robinson entered his first G1 Climax tournament. On August 5, Robinson picked up a major win over the winner of the 2016 G1 Climax and reigning IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion Kenny Omega. Robinson went on to finish in the bottom half of his block with a record of four wins and five losses. On September 24 at Destruction in Kobe, Robinson unsuccessfully challenged Omega for the United States Heavyweight Championship. At the end of the year, Robinson formed a tag team named "Death Juice" with the debuting Sami Callihan in the 2017 World Tag League. The team finished second in their block with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals.


title: Juice Robinson

text: At the G1 Special in San Francisco, Robinson defeated Jay White to win the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship, his first championship in NJPW. He also became the first American to hold the championship. Robinson entered the 2018 G1 Climax as part of the A block, finishing with 6 points. After an attack by Cody, Robinson was scheduled to face him at Fighting Spirit Unleashed, where he lost his IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship. Robinson then teamed with David Finlay, calling themselves FinJuice, in the 2018 World Tag League and finished with 16 points, missing the tournament final. At Wrestle Kingdom 13, he defeated Cody to reclaim the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship, becoming the first wrestler to have held the championship more than once. He made his debut in the New Japan Cup in 2019, losing in the first round to Chase Owens. Owens then began challenging Robinson to a title match, while repeatedly assaulting Robinson, leading to a title defense at the New Japan Cup Finale. On March 24, in the semi-main event of the night, Robinson successfully defended the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship against Owens. On May 27, after weeks of New Japan Pro-Wrestling airing videos of a mystery man targeting Robinson, Jon Moxley was revealed as the culprit. The match was made official for 2019 Best Of The Super Juniors finals at Ryōgoku Sumo Hall on June 5, where Robinson lost the championship to Moxley, ending his reign at 152 days and three successful title defenses. During this time, Robinson would shed his signature dreadlocks for a shorter hairstyle. Robinson would next compete in the 2019 G1 Climax in the B block, which he failed to win, ending with 8 points. In the B block finals, Robinson defeated Moxley to eliminate him from the competition. This would lead to Moxley issuing a challenge for Robinson to face him in a No Disqualification match for the IWGP United States Championship at King of Pro-Wrestling. However, Moxley was unable to defend his championship due to travel issues and was subsequently stripped of the title. Instead, Robinson faced Lance Archer at the event for the vacant title, but lost. After a post match attack from Archer, former tag team partner David Finlay made his return from injury to save Robinson.


title: Juice Robinson

text: Finlay and Robinson went on to reform FinJuice and competed in the 2019 World Tag League. On the last night of the tournament, FinJuice defeated "Los Ingobernables de Japón" (Evil and Sanada) in the finals to win the World Tag League, entitling them to a match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship at Wrestle Kingdom 14. During the first night of Wrestle Kingdom 14 on January 4, 2020, FinJuice defeated the Guerrillas of Destiny (Tanga Loa and Tama Tonga) to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. On night 2 of Wrestle Kingdom, Robinson faced Moxley for the United States Championship, but lost. FinJuice lost the championship back to the Guerrillas of Destiny at The New Beginning in USA on February 1, ending the team's reign at 28 days.


title: Juice Robinson

text: On May 1, Robinson returned to NJPW during Wrestling Dontaku 2022 wearing a Bullet Club vest, attacked Hiroshi Tanahashi, and stated his intentions to win back Tanahashi's newly won IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship, turning heel in the process. At NJPW's Capital Collision event, he pinned Will Ospreay in a Four-way match to win the title for a record-tying third time. Robinson was scheduled to defend the title in a Triple threat match against Sanada and Ospreay at Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall but was stripped of the title and pulled from the match due to suffering from appendicitis, ending his reign at 28 days; however, he refused to return the physical belt, despite Ospreay beating Sanada for the vacant title, and claimed he was never beaten for it and therefore would refuse to relinquish it. On June 12th during Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall, Robinson was announced as a participant in the G1 Climax 32 tournament starting in July, as apart of the D block. Before the start of the tournament, Robinson appeared at , taunting Ospreay with the IWGP United States Championship belt from a luxury box, after Ospreay's successful defense against Orange Cassidy. In the G1 tournament, Robinson scored 4 points in his block, finishing last in his block and failing to advance to the semi-finals, while also losing the physical IWGP U.S. belt to Ospreay.


title: Juice Robinson

text: Robinson and Finlay appeared at the Ring of Honor (ROH) television tapings at Center Stage in Atlanta, Georgia and they had Tenille Dashwood, Mark Haskins, Tracy "Hot Sauce" Williams and Bandido by their side. Robinson announced that the group would be named Lifeblood, and their goal was to restore honor back to ROH. ROH World Champion Jay Lethal would come out to confront the new group and Robinson challenged Lethal to get four teammates and compete with Lifeblood in a 10-man tag team match. However in June, he left the promotion to prioritise his career in New Japan.


title: Juice Robinson

text: On February 13, 2021 at No Surrender, a video package aired FinJuice arriving to Impact Wrestling as part of a partnership between Impact and New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Three days later, on the following week's "Impact!", they made their debut and defeated Reno Scum. Afterwards, they would have a feud with The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson), defeating them at Sacrifice to win the Impact World Tag Team Championship. FinJuice would lose the titles two months later on the May 17, 2021 episode of "Impact!" to Violent By Design.


title: Juice Robinson

text: Robinson made his debut for All Elite Wrestling on the September 28th edition of "AEW Dynamite", where he faced Jon Moxley in an AEW World Championship Eliminator match, in a losing effort. On December 2, it was reported Robinson officially signed with AEW. Robinson returned to Ring of Honor, now AEW's sister promotion through AEW Owner Tony Khan's purchase, at the Final Battle PPV on December 10, facing champion Samoa Joe for his ROH Television Championship, which he failed to win.


title: Juice Robinson

text: Robinson is good friends with David Finlay and acted as groomsman at his wedding in May 2018. In June 2020, it was revealed that Robinson was dating fellow professional wrestler Toni Storm. The couple got engaged on September 30, 2021. The two later married in 2022.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County is the most populous county in the state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 1,062,061, increasing by 9.3% from 2010. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville, although the census-designated place of Germantown is the most populous place within the county. Montgomery County, which adjoins Washington, D.C., is part of the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV metropolitan statistical area, which in turn forms part of the Baltimore–Washington combined statistical area. Most of the county's residents live in unincorporated locales, of which the most urban are Silver Spring and Bethesda, although the incorporated cities of Rockville and Gaithersburg are also large population centers, as are many smaller but significant places.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The average household income in Montgomery County is among the highest in the United States. It has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate degrees. Like other inner-suburban Washington, D.C. counties, Montgomery County contains many major U.S. government offices, scientific research and learning centers, and business campuses.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Maryland state legislature named Montgomery County after Richard Montgomery; the county was created from lands that had at one point or another been part of Frederick County. On September 6, 1776, Thomas Sprigg Wootton from Rockville, Maryland, introduced legislation, while serving at the Maryland Constitutional Convention, to create lower Frederick County as Montgomery County. The name, Montgomery County, along with the founding of Washington County, Maryland, after George Washington, was the first time in American history that counties and provinces in the thirteen colonies were not named after British referents. The name use of Montgomery and Washington County were seen as further defiance to Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. The county's nickname of "MoCo" is derived from "Montgomery County".


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The county's motto, adopted in 1976, is "Gardez Bien", a phrase meaning "Watch Well". The county's motto is also the motto of its namesake's family.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Prior to 1688, the first tract of land in what is now Montgomery County was granted by Charles I in a charter to the first Lord Baltimore (head of the Calvert family). Much later, the creation of Montegomery county became the goal of colonist, Thomas S. Wootton when, on August 31, 1776, he introduced a measure to form a new county from Frederick County, Maryland to aid area residents in simplifying their business affairs. The measure passed, thus creating the new political entity of Montgomery County in the Maryland Colony.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (3.1%) is water. Montgomery County lies entirely inside the Piedmont plateau. The topography is generally rolling. Elevations range from a low of near sea level along the Potomac River to about 875 feet in the northernmost portion of the county north of Damascus. Relief between valley bottoms and hilltops is several hundred feet.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: When Montgomery County was created in 1776, its boundaries were defined as "beginning at the east side of the mouth of Rock Creek on Potowmac river [sic], and running with the said river to the mouth of Monocacy, then with a straight line to Par's spring, from thence with the lines of the county to the beginning".


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The county's boundary forms a sliver of land at the far northern tip of the county that is several miles long and averages less than 200 yards wide. In fact, a single house on Lakeview Drive and its yard is sectioned by this sliver into three portions, each separately contained within Montgomery, Frederick and Howard Counties. These jurisdictions and Carroll County meet at a single point at Parr's Spring on Parr's Ridge.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County lies within the northern portions of the humid subtropical climate. It has four distinct seasons, including hot, humid summers and cool winters.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with an average of of rainfall. Thunderstorms are common during the summer months, and account for the majority of the average 35 days with thunder per year. Heavy precipitation is most common in summer thunderstorms, but drought periods are more likely during these months because summer precipitation is more variable than winter.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The mean annual temperature is . The average summer (June–July–August) afternoon maximum is about while the morning minimums average . In winter (December–January–February), these averages are and . Extreme heat waves can raise readings to around and slightly above , and arctic blasts can drop lows to to . For Rockville, the record high is in 1954, while the record low is .


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Lower elevations in the south, such as Silver Spring, receive an average of of snowfall per year. Higher elevations in the north, such as Damascus, receive an average of of snowfall per year. During a particularly snowy winter, Damascus received during the 2009–2010 season.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Since the 1970s, the county has had in place a Moderately Priced Dwelling Unit (MPDU) zoning plan that requires developers to include affordable housing in any new residential developments that they construct in the county. The goal is to create socioeconomically mixed neighborhoods and schools so the rich and poor are not isolated in separate parts of the county. Developers who provide for more than the minimum amount of MPDUs are rewarded with permission to increase the density of their developments, which allows them to build more housing and generate more revenue. Montgomery County was one of the first counties in the U.S. to adopt such a plan, but many other areas have since followed suit.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County is by far one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse counties in the United States; four of the ten most culturally diverse cities and towns in the U.S. are in Montgomery County: Gaithersburg, ranking second; Germantown, ranking third; Silver Spring, ranking fourth; and Rockville, ranking ninth. Gaithersburg, Germantown, and Silver Spring all rank as more culturally diverse than New York City, San Jose, and Oakland. Maryland overall is one of six minority-majority states, and the only minority-majority state on the East Coast.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: As of the 2010 United States census, there were 971,777 people, 357,086 households, and 244,898 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 375,905 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 57.5% White, 17.2% Black or African American, 13.9% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 7.0% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 17.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 10.7% were German, 9.6% were Irish, 7.9% were English, 4.9% were Italian, 3.5% were Russian, 3.1% were Polish, 2.9% were American and 2% were French. People of Central American descent made up 8.1% of Montgomery County, with Salvadoran Americans constituting 5.4% of the county's population. Over 52,000 people of Salvadoran descent lived in Montgomery County, with Salvadoran Americans comprising approximately 32% of the county's Hispanic and Latino population. People of South American descent make up 3.8% of the county, with Peruvian Americans being the largest South American community, constituting 1.2% of the county's population.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Of the 357,086 households, 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.4% were non-families, and 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.22. The median age was 38.5 years.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The median income for a household in the county was $93,373 and the median income for a family was $111,737. Males had a median income of $71,841 versus $55,431 for females. The per capita income for the county was $47,310. About 4.0% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: As of the 2000 United States census, there were 873,058 people living in the county. The racial makeup of the county was 65.0% white, 15.1% Black or African American, 11.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 5.0% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 11.5% of the population.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: There were 324,565 households, of which 35% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. Of all households, 24.4% were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.19.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: 25.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County has the tenth-highest median household income in the United States, and the second highest in the state after Howard County as of 2011. The median household income in 2007 was $89,284 and the median family income was $106,093. Males had a median income of $66,415 versus $52,134 for females. The per capita income for the county was $43,073. About 3.3% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The United States Census Bureau estimated the county's population was 1,030,447 as of 2014. If it were a city, it would be the tenth-most-populous city in the U.S. after San Jose, California and Austin, Texas.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: People who were born on continent of Africa are 6% of the county's total residents. The plurality of these were born in Ethiopia. People from China are the fastest-growing immigrant population in the county; people from Ethiopia are the county's second-fastest-growing immigrant population.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The race and Hispanic original of the county's residents was estimated to be the following as of 2016:


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: As of July 1, 2018 The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of the county to be 1,052,567 residents.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Of Montgomery County's residents, 14% are Catholic, 5% are Baptist, 3% are Methodist, 1% are Presbyterian, 1% are Episcopalian, 1% are part of the Latter Day Saint movement, 1% are Lutheran, 6% are of another Christian faith, 3% are Jewish, 1% follows Islam, and 1% are of an eastern faith. Overall, 41% of the county's residents are affiliated with a religion.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County has the largest Jewish population in the state of Maryland, accounting for 45% of Maryland Jews. According to the Berman Jewish DataBank, Montgomery County has a Jewish population of 105,400 people, around 10% of the county's population. The Washington metropolitan area, with 295,500 Jews, has become the third-largest Jewish population in the United States.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County is an important business and research center. It is the epicenter for biotechnology in the Mid-Atlantic region. Montgomery County, as third largest biotechnology cluster in the U.S., holds a large cluster and companies of large corporate size within the state. Biomedical research is carried out by institutions including Johns Hopkins University's Montgomery County Campus (JHU MCC), and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). Federal government agencies in Montgomery County engaged in related work include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Many large firms are based in the county, including Coventry Health Care, Lockheed Martin, Marriott International, Host Hotels & Resorts, Travel Channel, Ritz-Carlton, Robert Louis Johnson Companies (RLJ Companies), Choice Hotels, MedImmune, TV One, BAE Systems Inc., Hughes Network Systems and GEICO.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Other U.S. federal government agencies based in the county include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Downtown Bethesda and Silver Spring are the largest urban business hubs in the county; combined, they rival many major city cores.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: According to the county's comprehensive annual financial reports, the top employers by number of employees in the county are the following. "NR" indicates the employer was not ranked among the top ten employers that year.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The present County Executive/County Council form of government of Montgomery County dates to November 1968 when the voters changed the form of government from a County Commission/County Manager system, as provided in the original 1948 home rule Charter.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Montgomery County government had a surplus of $654million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The office of the county executive was established in 1970. The first executive was James P. Gleason. The current executive is Marc Elrich, who was sworn in for his first term on December 3, 2018.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The County Council is the legislative branch of Montgomery County. It has nine members who serve four-year terms. All are elected at the same time by the voters of Montgomery County. As of June 2018, all nine members on the council are Democrats. The council meets weekly at the county seat of Rockville—the 6th Floor of the Stella B. Werner Council Office Building.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The most recent Republican serving on the Montgomery County Council, Howard A. Denis of District 1 (Potomac/Bethesda), lost re-election in 2006. Since then, all Council members have been Democrats.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Montgomery County Police Department (MCPD) provides the full spectrum of policing services to the entire county. It was founded in 1922 and is headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland. It consists of around 1,300 sworn officers and 650 support personnel, split into 6 districts throughout the county. The department also provides assistance to other nearby departments, such as the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia and the Prince George's County Police Department, if requested.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Montgomery County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) is a nationally accredited U.S. law enforcement agency and acts as the enforcement arm of the courts in the county. All of its deputy sheriffs are fully certified law enforcement officials with full authority of arrest. The office was created in July 1777 and is the oldest law enforcement agency in Montgomery County. It is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland. It was nationally accredited in 1995, the first county sheriff's office in Maryland to be so. The MCSO has authorized over 165 employees consisting of sworn law enforcement officers and civilian support staff. The office is headed by the sheriff, who has been elected every four years since the 1920s.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Several cities including Rockville and Gaithersburg maintain their own police departments to complement MCPD. Maryland State Police patrol the Beltway and I-270, and they assist county and city police in investigation of some major crimes.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County has a budget of $2.3 billion. Approximately $1.48 billion are invested in Montgomery County Public Schools and $128 million in Montgomery College.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery and Prince George's counties share a bi-county planning and parks agency in the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC) and a public bi-county water and sewer utility in the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC).


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: In October 2020, the Montgomery County Council unanimously passed an ordinance that implemented a LGBTIQ+ bill of rights.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County is an alcoholic beverage control county. Beer and wine may also be sold in private stores.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Until 1964, only three restaurants in the county had liquor licenses to serve liquor by the drink. The county stopped issuing liquor licenses to all other restaurants under a law that had existed since Prohibition.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Following a voter referendum, restaurants and bars could apply for county permits to sell liquor by the drink. The dry towns of Kensington, Poolesville, and Takoma Park were allowed to keep their own bans in place.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: James A. Bonifant is the Administrative Judge of the Circuit Court. Karen A. Bushell is the Clerk of the Circuit Court. Joseph M. Griffin is the Register of Wills. Maxwell C. Uy is the Sheriff. John McCarthy is the State's Attorney.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: In the 116th Congress, Montgomery is represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by John Sarbanes of the 3rd district, David Trone of the 6th district, and Jamie Raskin of the 8th district.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Mongomery County is one of the most consistently Democratic counties in Maryland. Before 1928, the County never voted Republican. In total, it has only voted Republican 8 times. The Democratic presidential candidate has won Montgomery County in every presidential election since 1988. In 2020, Donald Trump turned in the worst showing for a Republican in 152 years, not even managing to reach 20% of the vote.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Poor transportation was a hindrance for Montgomery County's farmers who wanted to transport their crops to market in the early 18th century. Montgomery County's first roads, often barely adequate, were built by the 18th century.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: One early road connected Frederick and Georgetown. There was a road that connected Georgetown and the mouth of the Monocacy River. Plans to continue the road to Cumberland did not come to fruition. Another road connected the Montgomery County Courthouse with Sandy Spring and Baltimore, and one other road connected the courthouse with Bladensburg and Annapolis.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The county's first turnpike was chartered in 1806, but its construction began in 1817. In 1828, the turnpike was completed, running from Georgetown to Rockville. It was the first paved road in Montgomery County.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: In 1849, the Seventh Street Turnpike (now called Georgia Avenue) was extended from Washington to Brookeville. The Colesville–Ashton Turnpike was built in 1870 (now parts of Colesville Road, Columbia Pike, and New Hampshire Avenue).


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The United States Army Corps of Engineers built the Washington Aqueduct between 1853 and 1864, to supply water from Great Falls to Washington. The aqueduct was covered in 1875, and it became known as Conduit Road. The Union Arch Bridge, which carries the aqueduct across Cabin John Creek, was the longest single-arch bridge in the world at the time it was completed in 1864. The road is now named MacArthur Boulevard.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County operates its own bus public transit system, known as Ride On. Major routes closer to its rail service area are also covered by WMATA's Metrobus service.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The county began building a bus rapid transit (BRT) system along US 29 in 2018. The system has been providing service between Silver Spring and Burtonsville since 2020; more routes are planned.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Corridor Cities Transitway is a proposed BRT line that would provide an extension of the Red Line corridor from Gaithersburg to Germantown, and eventually to Frederick County.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates its "Capitol Limited" to Rockville, between Washington Union Station and Chicago Union Station.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Brunswick line of the MARC commuter rail system makes stops at Silver Spring, Kensington, Garrett Park, Rockville, Washington Grove, Gaithersburg, Metropolitan Grove, Germantown, Boyds, Barnesville, and Dickerson, where the line splits into its Frederick and Martinsburg branches.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Both suburban arms of the Red Line of the Washington Metro serve Montgomery County. It follows the CSX right of way to the west, roughly paralleling Route 355 from Friendship Heights to Shady Grove. The eastern side runs between the two tracks of the CSX right of way from Washington Union Station to Silver Spring, and roughly parallels Georgia Avenue, from Silver Spring to Glenmont.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Purple Line, a light rail system, is currently under construction and is scheduled to open in 2026. The line will run in a generally east-west direction, connecting Montgomery and Prince George's Counties near the Beltway, with 21 stations. The Purple Line will connect directly with four Metro stations, MARC trains and Amtrak.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Montgomery County Airpark (FAA GAI, ICAO KGAI), a general aviation facility in Gaithersburg, is the major airport in the county. Davis Airport (FAA Identifier W50), a privately owned airstrip, is located in Laytonsville on Hawkins Creamery Road. Commercial air service is provided at the nearby Ronald Reagan Washington National, Washington Dulles International, and BWI Airports.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Education in the county is provided by Montgomery County Public Schools, Montgomery College and other institutions.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Elementary and secondary public schools are operated by the Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS). The county public school system is the largest school district in Maryland, serving about 162,000 students with 13,000 teachers and 10,000 support staff. The public school system operating budget for Fiscal Year 2019 is $2.6 billion.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: MCPS conducted its first 'data deletion week' in 2019, purging its databases of unnecessary student information. Parents said they hoped to shield children from being held accountable in adulthood for youthful mistakes, as well as to guard them from exploitation by what one parent termed "the student data surveillance industrial complex".The district also requires tech companies to annually delete data they collect on schoolchildren. In December 2019 it said GoGuardian had sent formal certification that it had deleted its data, but the district was still waiting for confirmation from Google.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The county is also served by Montgomery College, a public, open access community college that has a budget of US$315 million for FY2020. The county has no public university of its own, but the state university system does operate a facility called Universities at Shady Grove in Rockville that provides access to baccalaureate and Master's level programs from several of the state's public universities.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Montgomery County Public Libraries (MCPL) system includes 23 individual libraries, and had a budget $38 million for 2015.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County is religiously diverse. Of Montgomery County's population, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives, in 2010, 13% was Catholic, 5% was Baptist, 4% was Evangelical Protestant, 3% was Jewish, 3% was Methodist/Pietist, 2% was Adventist, 2% was Presbyterian, 1% was Episcopalian/Anglican, 1% was Mormon, 1% was Muslim, 1% was Lutheran, 1% was Eastern Orthodox, 1% was Pentecostal, 1% was Buddhist, and 1% was Hindu.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County is the most religiously diverse county in the US outside of New York City. A 2020 census by the Public Religion Research Institute (unconnected to the official US census) calculates a religious diversity score of 0.880 for Montgomery County, where 1 represents complete diversity (each religious group of equal size) and 0 a total lack of diversity. Only two other counties in the US have higher diversity scores than Montgomery County, both in urban New York.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Seventh-day Adventist Church maintains its General Conference headquarters in Silver Spring in Montgomery County.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The county is home to the National Women's Soccer League team Washington Spirit, a professional soccer team that played its home games at the Maryland SoccerPlex sports complex in Boyds. In 2021, the Spirit will play its seven home games at Audi Field, in Washington, D.C. and five home games at Segra Field in Leesburg, Virginia. Starting in 2022, the team will work to maximize the number of games played at Audi Field.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Bethesda's Congressional Country Club has hosted four Major Championships, including three playings of the U.S. Open, most recently in 2011 which was won by Rory McIlroy. The Club also hosts the Quicken Loans National, an annual event on the PGA Tour which benefits the Tiger Woods Foundation. Previously, neighboring TPC at Avenel hosted the Booz Allen Classic.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The Bethesda Big Train, Rockville Express, and Silver Spring–Takoma Thunderbolts all play college level wooden bat baseball in the Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Montgomery County is home of the Montgomery County Swim League, a youth (ages 4–18) competitive swimming league composed of ninety teams based at community pools throughout the county.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: The King Farm Park in Rockville, open and accessible 24/7 without cost, provides a first-class 16-station Bankshot Playcourt, the Home Court for the Rockville based Bankshot Sports Organization advocating "Total-mix diversity based on Universal Design." Hundreds of communities provide Bankshot Playcourts mainstreaming differently-able participants in community sports. Bankshot basketball Playcourts are also at Montrose park, the JCC among other locations.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Since 1949 the Montgomery County Agricultural Fair, the largest in the state, showcases farm life in the county. The week long event offers family events, carnival rides, live animals, entertainment and food. Visitors can also view entries of canned and baked goods, clothing, quilts and produce from local county farmers.


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Occupying a middle ground between incorporated and unincorporated areas are Special Tax Districts, quasi-municipal unincorporated areas created by legislation passed by either the Maryland General Assembly or the county. The Special Tax Districts generally have limited purposes, such as providing some municipal services or improvements to drainage or street lighting. Special Tax Districts lack home rule authority and must petition their cognizant governmental entity for changes affecting the authority of the district. The four incorporated villages of Montgomery County and the town of Chevy Chase View were originally established as Special Tax Districts. Four Special Tax Districts remain in the county:


title: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Unincorporated areas are also considered as towns by many people and listed in many collections of towns, but they lack local government. Various organizations, such as the United States Census Bureau, the United States Postal Service, and local chambers of commerce, define the communities they wish to recognize differently, and since they are not incorporated, their boundaries have no official status outside the organizations in question. The Census Bureau recognizes the following census-designated places in the county:


title: Víðarr

text: In Norse mythology, Víðarr (Old Norse: , possibly "wide ruler", sometimes anglicized as Vidar , Vithar, Vidarr, and Vitharr) is a god among the Æsir associated with vengeance. Víðarr is described as the son of Odin and the jötunn Gríðr and is foretold to avenge his father's death by killing the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarök, a conflict he is described as surviving. Víðarr is attested in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and is interpreted as depicted with Fenrir on the Gosforth Cross. A number of theories surround the figure, including theories around potential ritual silence and a Proto-Indo-European basis.


title: Víðarr

text: In the "Poetic Edda", Víðarr is mentioned in the poems "Völuspá", "Vafthrúdnismál", "Grímnismál", and "Lokasenna".


title: Víðarr

text: In stanzas 54 and 55 of the poem "Völuspá", a völva tells Odin that his son Víðarr will avenge Odin's death at Ragnarök by stabbing Fenrir in the heart:


title: Víðarr

text: In stanzas 51 and 53 of "Vafthrúdnismál", Vafþrúðnir states that Víðarr and his brother Váli will both live in the "temples of the gods" after Surtr's fire has ceded and that Víðarr will avenge the death of his father, Odin, by sundering the cold jaws of Fenrir in battle:


title: Víðarr

text: In stanza 17 of "Grímnismál", during Odin's visions of various dwelling places of the gods, he describes Víðarr's (anglicized as "Vidar") residence:


title: Víðarr

text: According to "Lokasenna", Loki rebukes the gods at the start of the poem for not properly welcoming him to the feast at Ægir's hall. In stanza 10, Odin finally relents to the rules of hospitality, urging Víðarr to stand and pour a drink for the quarrelsome guest. Víðarr follows his orders. Loki toasts the Æsir before beginning his flyting.


title: Víðarr

text: Víðarr is referenced in the book "Gylfaginning" in chapters 29, 51, and 53. In chapter 29, Víðarr is introduced by the enthroned figure of High as "the silent god" with a thick shoe, that he is nearly as strong as the god Thor, and that the gods rely on him in times of immense difficulties.


title: Víðarr

text: In chapter 51, High foretells that, during Ragnarök, the wolf Fenrir will devour Odin, and Víðarr will avenge him by stepping down with one foot on the lower jaw of the monster, grabbing his upper jaw in one hand and tearing his mouth apart, killing him. Víðarr's "thick shoe" is described as consisting of all the extra leather pieces that people have cut from their own shoes at the toe and heel, collected by the god throughout all time. Therefore, anyone who is concerned enough to give assistance to the gods should throw these pieces away.


title: Víðarr

text: In chapter 54, following Ragnarök and the rebirth of the world, it is told that Víðarr along with his brother Váli will have survived both the swelling of the sea and the fiery conflagration unleashed by Surtr, completely unharmed, and shall thereafter dwell on the field Iðavöllr, "where the city of Asgard had previously been".


title: Víðarr

text: According to "Skáldskaparmál", Víðarr was one of the twelve presiding male gods seated in their thrones at a banquet for the visiting Ægir. At a point in dialogue between the skaldic god Bragi and Ægir, Snorri himself begins speaking of the myths in euhemeristic terms and states that the historical equivalent of Víðarr was the Trojan hero Aeneas who survived the Trojan War and went on to achieve "great deeds".


title: Víðarr

text: Later in the book, various kennings are given for Víðarr, including again the "silent As", "possessor of the iron shoe", "enemy and slayer of Fenrisulf", "the gods' avenging As", "father's homestead-inhabiting As", "son of Odin", and "brother of the Æsir". In the tale of the god Thor's visit to the hall of the jötunn Geirröd, Gríðr is stated as the mother of "Víðarr the Silent" who assists Thor in his journey. In chapter 33, after returning from Asgard and feasting with the gods, Ægir invites the gods to come to his hall in three months. Fourteen gods make the trip to attend the feast, including Víðarr. In chapter 75, Víðarr's name appears twice in a list of Æsir.


title: Víðarr

text: The mid-11th century Gosforth Cross, located in Cumbria, England, has been described as depicting a combination of scenes from the Christian Judgement Day and the pagan Ragnarök. The cross features various figures depicted in Borre style, including a man with a spear facing a monstrous head, one of whose feet is thrust into the beast's forked tongue and on its lower jaw, while a hand is placed against its upper jaw, a scene interpreted as Víðarr fighting Fenrir. The depiction has also been theorized as a metaphor for Jesus's defeat of Satan.


title: Víðarr

text: Theories have been proposed that Víðarr's silence may derive from a ritual silence or other abstentions which often accompany acts of vengeance, as for example in "Völuspá" and "Baldrs draumar" when Váli, conceived for the sole purpose of avenging Baldr's death, abstains from washing his hands and combing his hair "until he brought Baldr's adversary to the funeral pyre". Parallels have been drawn between chapter 31 of Tacitus' 1st century CE work "Germania" where Tacitus describes that members of the Chatti, a Germanic tribe, may not shave or groom before having first slain an enemy.


title: Víðarr

text: Georges Dumézil theorized that Víðarr represents a cosmic figure from an archetype derived from the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Dumézil stated that he was aligned with both vertical space, due to his placement of his foot on the wolf's lower jaw and his hand on the wolf's upper jaw, and horizontal space, due to his wide step and strong shoe, and that, by killing the wolf, Víðarr keeps the wolf from destroying the cosmos, and the cosmos can thereafter be restored after the destruction resulting from Ragnarök.


title: Víðarr

text: Dumézil thus conceives of Víðarr as a spatial god. Dumézil substantiates his claim with the text of the "Lokasenna", in which Víðarr, trying to mediate the dispute with Loki, urges the other Aesir to "grant Loki his space" at the feasting table. Dumézil argues that this play on Víðarr's spatiality would have been understood by an audience familiar with the god, an interpretation further warranted by his reading of the Lokasenna as being in significant part a book of puns and word plays about the different Aesir.


title: Víðarr

text: Dumézil also suggests that Víðarr's spatiality is seen in the Vishnu of the Vedic traditions, both etymologically (the "Vi"- root) and mythologically, citing the story of Bali and Vishnu. In this legend, Vishnu (in the form of Vamana) tricks the malevolent king Bali, who has secured dominion over the whole Earth, by making Bali promise to grant Vamana all the land he can cover in three paces. Vamana turns himself into a giant and strides across all of heaven and Earth, taking Bali's head and granting him immortality in lieu of taking the last pace.


title: Víðarr

text: Dumézil theorizes that these myths of Fenrir vs. Víðarr and Bali vs. Vishnu may have a common origin in an Indo-European god of spatiality, similar but distinct from the hypothetical framing or entry / exit god that spawned Janus and Heimdallr.


title: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten

text: The wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten took place on Thursday 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey in London, United Kingdom. The bride was the elder daughter of King George VI and heir presumptive to the British throne. The groom was born a Greek and Danish prince; he abandoned these titles on his adoption of British nationality four months before the announcement of their marriage and was made Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich on the morning of the wedding.


text: Elizabeth and Philip were second cousins once removed (by descent from Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel) and third cousins (by descent from Queen Victoria and Prince Albert). Princess Elizabeth met Prince Philip in 1934, at the wedding of Philip's cousin Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark to Prince George, Duke of Kent, paternal uncle of Elizabeth, and again in 1937. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters. An entry in Chips Channon's diary made reference to the future marriage of Elizabeth and Philip as early as 1941, "He is to be our Prince Consort, and that is why he is serving in our Navy." The couple became secretly engaged in 1946, when Philip asked King George VI for his daughter's hand in marriage. The King granted his request providing any formal engagement was delayed until Elizabeth's 21st birthday the following April. Their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947. Philip proposed to Elizabeth with a 3-carat round diamond ring consisting of "a centre stone flanked by 10 smaller pave diamonds." The diamonds were taken from a tiara that belonged to Philip's mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg, and were also used to create a quatrefoil bracelet for Elizabeth.


text: The King gave his formal consent to the marriage in his British Privy Council, in accordance with the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The same was done in Canada at a meeting of the King's Canadian Privy Council, with the chief justice of Canada, Thibaudeau Rinfret, standing in as deputy to the King's representative, the governor general of Canada.


text: Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten married at 11:30 GMT on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. Elizabeth became the tenth member of the royal family to be married at the Abbey.


text: Princess Elizabeth was attended by eight bridesmaids: Princess Margaret (her younger sister), Princess Alexandra of Kent (her first cousin), Lady Caroline Montagu-Douglas-Scott (daughter of the Duke of Buccleuch), Lady Mary Cambridge (her second cousin), Lady Elizabeth Lambart (daughter of the Earl of Cavan), Lady Pamela Mountbatten (Philip's first cousin), Margaret Elphinstone (her first cousin), and Diana Bowes-Lyon (her first cousin). Her cousins Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Michael of Kent served as page boys. The bridesmaids wore wreaths "in their hair of miniature white sheaves, Lilies and London Pride, modelled in white satin and silver lame", while the pages wore Royal Stewart tartan kilts.


text: The best man was the Marquess of Milford Haven, the groom's maternal first cousin. The Marquess was a grandson of Prince Louis of Battenberg and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine; and a great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria.


text: For her wedding dress, Elizabeth still required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, designed by Norman Hartnell. The dress was "a duchesse satin bridal gown with motifs of star lilies and orange blossoms." Elizabeth's wedding shoes were made out of satin and were trimmed with silver and seed pearl. Elizabeth did her own makeup for the wedding. Her wedding bouquet was prepared by the florist M. H. Longman, and consisted of "white orchids with a sprig of myrtle". The myrtle was taken from "the bush grown from the original myrtle in Queen Victoria's wedding bouquet". The bouquet was returned to the abbey the day after the service to be laid on the tomb of the Unknown Warrior, following a tradition started by Elizabeth's mother at her wedding in 1923.