title: Double-barrelled name

text: In Germany, a double surname () is generally joined with a single hyphen. Other types of double surnames are not accepted by German name law. However, exceptions are made for immigrants and for marriages where the double surname already was the official name of one partner before marriage. A 1993 law forbids surnames with more than two components. Prior to this, it was permitted for adults (e.g., Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm and formerly Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann-Maier-Leibniz) but their children would not inherit the name. The 1993 ban was upheld by the Constitutional Court in 2009. The crew members of the famous First World War light cruiser were allowed to add the name "Emden" with a hyphen to their surname as a special honour after World War I. There is the possibility that one partner can combine both names by a hyphen. Thus, one of them then bears a double name (Doppelname). (Herr Schmidt and Frau Meyer-Schmidt (or Frau Schmidt-Meyer); the children have to be called Schmidt). Only one partner can take this option, making it impossible for both partners to have Doppelnamen (thus, there would be no Herr Meyer-Schmidt and Frau Meyer-Schmidt). Until the late twentieth century it was only possible for a woman to add her maiden name onto that of her husband’s, not the other way round, therefore Ms. Schmidt would become Mrs. Meyer-Schmidt. This tradition has continued for the most part.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In Switzerland, double surnames are traditionally written with a hyphen and combine the surnames of a married couple with the husband's surname in first place and the wife's second. This double name is called "alliance name" (). The first name as such, however, is the official family name, which will be inherited by their legitimate children. So, for example, if Werner Stauffacher is married to Gertrud Baumgarten, both can use the name Stauffacher-Baumgarten. Their children Heinrich and Verena, however, bear only the surname Stauffacher. Prominent bearers of an alliance name are Micheline Calmy-Rey (former Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (former Federal Minister for Finance), and Johann Schneider-Ammann (Federal Minister for the Economy). Lately, based on feminist pressure, wives have been permitted by law to place their original/birth name before the family name. This double name is written without a hyphen and is borne by the wife only. So, in the example above, the wife's name is Gertrud Baumgarten Stauffacher, while her husband's is Werner Stauffacher. Again, the children's names remain Heinrich and Verena Stauffacher.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Doubling of surnames is also practised by the Dutch. An example is the name of Dutch footballer Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink. According to "The Guardian", his name derives from "the 17th century, when two farming families in the Enschede area of the Netherlands intermarried. Both the Vennegoor and Hesselink names carried equal social weight, and so – rather than choose between them – they chose to use both. 'Of' in Dutch translates to 'or', which means that a strict translation of his name reads Jan Vennegoor or Hesselink." Some of these Dutch surnames also survive in South Africa, for example, the rugby player Rohan Janse van Rensburg's surname is Janse van Rensburg, not only van Rensburg (which is itself an existing surname). In addition, it was common for wives to be known by their husband's surname (first) and her original/birth name (second) hyphenated. Nowadays, couples can choose any combination of surnames for official use (although their legal name will remain unchanged). Most prevalent remains for the wife to either use a hyphenated surname or use her original/birth name. Few husbands use a hyphenated surname. All children of a couple need to go by the same surname (either their father's or their mother's); and won't normally have a hyphenated surname.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Denmark has a tradition of double surnames originating in the 19th century. This was a result of two naming acts obliging commoners to adopt heritable surnames, passed first for the Duchy of Schleswig in 1771, and then for Denmark proper in 1828. Most people chose their patronymic as their heritable surname, resulting in an overwhelming dominance of a few surnames.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: To reduce the risk of mistaken identity, many Danes started using their mothers' original/birth names as a heritable middle name (similar to the Russian or Hispanic system), rather than as a second given name (as in the Anglo-Saxon system). One example is three successive prime ministers of Denmark all sharing the same last name, Rasmussen, so they are usually referred to by their middle name: Nyrup, Fogh and Løkke, respectively.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Currently, the Danish order of names invariably places the patronymic "-sen" at the end, regardless of whether that name has been passed down by the father or mother, or adopted through marriage. Unlike the Russian or Hispanic systems, this surname-style middle name is not considered a proper last name in official documents, unless hyphenated into one compound name.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In Poland, a double surname (, "complex surname") is generally joined with a hyphen. Polish surnames (, singular), like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal, i.e., passed from the father on to his children. A married woman usually adopts her husband's name. However, other combinations are legally possible. The wife may keep her original/birth name (, literally: "maiden surname") or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating a double name ("nazwisko złożone"). A married man can also adopt his wife's surname, or add it to his. Polish triple-barreled surnames are known to exist; an example is the one borne by Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski, a university professor and writer, living in Canada.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In Russia, double-barreled surnames are somewhat uncommon, but normal and accepted practice, often associated with some families of note wishing to preserve both of their lineages. Federal law #143-FZ "On Civil State Acts" explicitly allows double-barreled names in its Article 18, but limits such compound surnames to two parts only.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: 1. При государственной регистрации рождения фамилия ребенка записывается по фамилии его родителей. При разных фамилиях родителей по соглашению родителей ребенку присваивается фамилия отца, фамилия матери или двойная фамилия, образованная посредством присоединения фамилий отца и матери друг к другу в любой последовательности, если иное не предусмотрено законами субъектов Российской Федерации. Не допускается изменение последовательности присоединения фамилий отца и матери друг к другу при образовании двойных фамилий у полнородных братьев и сестер. Двойная фамилия ребенка может состоять не более чем из двух слов, соединенных при написании дефисом.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Turkish tradition offers options to couples after the marriage for the naming conventions. Renewing the national identity card to reflect the changes has two options, one is to use the man's surname for the newly formed family's surname, the second is to use two surnames for the family noting that one is the bride's original/birth name, the latter is the groom's surname. This highlights the equal importance of men and women in Turkish history since 2008, by giving legal opportunity to use whichever is preferable for partners.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Until the late 19th century, some families had a "nom-dit" tradition. This was a family nickname (literally a "said name"). The origins of the noms-dits were various. Some noms-dits were the war-name of the first settler, while he was a soldier: Hébert dit Jolicœur ("Pretty Heart, "cf. "Braveheart"), Thomas dit Tranchemontagne ("mountain chopper"). Some denoted the place of origin of the first settler: Langevin ("Anjou"), Barbeau dit Poitevin ("Poitou"). Others denoted a characteristic of the person or of his dwelling: Lacourse, Lépine, Larivière.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Since the late 20th century, increasingly permissive legislation on the inheritance of surnames in Western countries has led to the emergence of non-traditional or "ad hoc" combined surnames.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: For example, Hispanic American politician Antonio Villar and his wife Corina Raigosa adopted the "blended" surname "Villaraigosa" upon their marriage in 1987.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In Belgium and Germany, member states of the European Union, courts have refused to register children under the surname given according to a foreign naming tradition.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In France, a practice abolished in 2010 was to use two consecutive hyphens (<nowiki>--</nowiki>) (not the same as a "long hyphen" or dash, or with a double hyphen) to distinguish between recently formed double surnames and ancient hyphenated family names (). The use of double surnames is legal but not customary. Children traditionally take on their father's surname (or, more recently, optionally their mother's).


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In Canada, especially Quebec, it is common for children born since the 1970s to bear both parents' surnames, with no established rules as to whether the father's or mother's name should come first. (In Quebec, under the provisions of the Civil Code enacted in 1980, both spouses must retain their original surnames upon marriage.) This situation was frequent enough that naming laws had to be amended in the early 1990s when those with double surnames began to marry, and wished themselves to give their children double surnames. In such cases, any combination involving at most two elements of the father's or the mother's surname is permitted.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Finland liberalised their name law in 2017, allowing double surnames in some cases, either hyphenated or as such. A double name can be formed when marrying or getting children, combining the surnames of the spouses or the parents, respectively. Double names can be combined by taking one part of each. Either spouse or both can take a double name. Based on a family's foreign name tradition, children can get surnames also based on a grandparent's surname. The former law, from 1985, allowed either taking their spouse's surname and optionally continuing using their own surname as a hyphen-joined prefix, but formally they did not get a double surname and their children got the spouse's surname.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: With the rise of same-sex marriage, many same-sex couples have hyphenated each other's names upon marriage. For instance, American attorney and former chair of the Libertarian National Committee Joe Bishop-Henchman changed his surname from Henchman upon marriage to his husband Ethan Bishop, who also changed his surname to Bishop-Henchman at that time.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: Most Chinese surnames are a single character. However, in modern times, some families are now combining the surnames of the parents to create new names. Some examples of notable double-barrelled surnames include the Changchien clan in Taiwan. This practice is different from having a Chinese compound surname, where more than one character is used in a surname.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In 2007, PRC officials suggested that parents should be encouraged to create two-syllable (two-character) surnames for their children by combining their parents' (one-syllable) surnames; this could make people's names more unique, and "could help solve the problem of widely recurring names".


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In India, double surnames are comparatively common, especially in Bengal, examples including Roy Chaudhury (sometimes written as Chowdhury), Ghosh Dastidar and Das Gupta. In recent years, a few notable married women have been keeping their original/birth surnames resulting in a double-barrelled name such as Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar, Padmaja Phenany Joglekar.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In Nigeria, a double barrelled surname is adopted when an aristocratic woman marries a lower ranked man. It also occurs when a ruling family adopts the forename of their patriarch as part of their surname to distinguish themselves from others that might share their surname. An example of the former is that of the Vaughan-Richards family, a branch of the family of the Nigerian royal-turned-American emancipated slave Prince Scipio Vaughan, who maintain their mother's last name as well as their father's. An example of the latter is that of the royal family of King Adeniji Adele of Lagos, who are distinguished from their numerous Adele cousins by the use of the double barrelled name "Adeniji-Adele".


title: Double-barrelled name

text: The Filipino naming tradition is derived from the Hispanic system but was influenced by the American (Anglo-Saxon) naming tradition when the Philippines became a United States colony in 1901.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: A child will customarily carry the mother's original/birth name as their middle name and carry the father's surname. When a woman marries, she keeps her original/birth surname and adds the husband's surname, but does not typically hyphenate it. So, when Maria Santos Aguon marries José Lujan Castro, her name becomes Maria Aguon Castro and their children will typically carry the middle name Aguon, and the surname Castro.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: For Filipinos, the middle name is usually the maternal surname, which is the original/birth surname of a person's mother. The use of the maternal surname as middle name is from American influence, where Filipinos adopted English naming customs, when they once used Spanish naming customs, that used two surnames (paternal and maternal) joined with the particle "y" (or "e" before ), which remains in use but became restricted to very formal purposes, police records and legal proceedings. In the original Spanish naming system, the middle name corresponds to the paternal surname, not the maternal surname as used in the Philippines today. For Filipinos, this middle name (or the maternal surname) is usually being abbreviated in less formal communications to a middle initial. Thus, a person with the full name "Juan Santos Macaraig", with "Santos" the middle name in the present order, may become "Juan S. Macaraig" with the middle name abbreviated, and "Juan Macaraig y Santos" in the Spanish system, such as those used in names on police records, especially those seen on name placards held by a convicted person on official mug shots. The Philippine system, using "given name-middle name-surname" order (or "Christian name-mother's surname-father's surname") coincidentally follows the Portuguese naming system that uses two surnames, the first being maternal and the second being paternal.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: But, the maternal surname may not be the middle name at some cases. It may be a second given name, like what the term really means, as in "Jose P. Laurel", where "P." (a middle initial) corresponds to "Paciano".


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In illegitimate children, the middle name is the original/birth surname of the father, and the middle name (maternal surname) of the mother as surname. But the surname becomes of the father's surname upon legal and administrative acknowledgment by his/her father. The child of a single father takes no middle name, even when the mother's identity is known.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: To illustrate that, the daughter of an unmarried couple named "Ana Cristina dela Cruz Manansala" and "Jose Maria Panganiban Lozada", named '"Maria Cristina'", will be named "Maria Cristina Manansala dela Cruz" (or "Ma. Cristina M. dela Cruz"), with Ana Cristina's middle name, "dela Cruz", as surname. But once Jose Maria wants to acknowledge her as his child legally and administratively, Maria Cristina will take the surname "Lozada", but keep the maternal surname "Manansala" as middle name, thus, "Maria Cristina Manansala Lozada" (or "Ma. Cristina M. Lozada"). As the daughter of only Jose Maria, Maria Cristina will be rather called "Maria Cristina Lozada" or "Ma. Cristina Lozada", even when the mother is known.


title: Double-barrelled name

text: In married women, the middle name usually corresponds to the original/birth surname, but on professional society, women usually add the husband's surname after their original/birth name, keeping the maternal surname. A married woman may decline taking the husband's surname and keep her original/birth name as no Philippine law compels women to take her husband's surname. Thus, a woman named "Maria Concepcion Perez Limchauco" (or "Ma. Concepcion P. Limchauco"), once marrying "Juan Pablo Sanchez Marasigan" (or "Juan Pablo S. Marasigan") may take the name "Maria Concepcion Perez Limchauco-Marasigan" (or "Ma. Concepcion P. Limchauco-Marasigan"), maintaining the maternal surname "Perez", "Maria Concepcion Limchauco Marasigan" (or "Ma. Concepcion L. Marasigan"), taking the original/birth surname "Limchauco" as middle name and "Marasigan" as married surname, or keep her original/birth names, remaining "Maria Concepcion Perez Limchauco".


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: A professional kickboxer since 2012, Nasukawa is the former RISE Bantamweight (55 kg) and RISE World Featherweight (57.5 kg) champion. He was also the ISKA Unified Rules Featherweight (57 kg) and Oriental Rules Bantamweight (55 kg) champion, as well as the 2017 Rizin Flyweight (57 kg) Kickboxing Tournament winner. At the end of his professional kickboxing career, in July 2022, Nasukawa was ranked as the best kickboxer under 58 kg and the best pound for pound kickboxer in the world by Combat Press.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: It is said that he initially started learning Kyokushin Karate at age 5 as his father who worried about his timidity forced him to enter a karate dojo. He won the Kaminarimon championship in Kyokushin Junior World Championship when he was a fifth grader in elementary school. After that, he became more drawn to kickboxing and began to train it.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: "I practiced karate until I was in sixth grade. I was winning competitions at a national level,” he told Bleacher Report. "I wanted to participate on that big stage. There was no specific individual that inspired me. I was attracted to the stage."


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa's kickboxing style is influenced by Boxing, Muay Thai and his Kyokushin Karate background. Nasukawa fights out of the southpaw stance, and is primarily a counter puncher, staying on the outer perimeter of the ring and landing as his opponents try to move in to land strikes. He is well known for his tendency to mix in acrobatic techniques like spinning kicks, rolling kicks, and jumping knees with high precision and success.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: “I don't even want to imagine what kind of fighter he will turn out to be in five years,” one of Nasukawa's opponents, MMA fighter Yusaku Nakamura said in praise. Nasukawa defeated Nakamura in a kickboxing bout by technical knock out after Nasukawa dropped Nakamura three times. In the fight Nasukawa landed a counter spinning drop kick to Nakamura's face, breaking his nose.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Tenshin amassed an amateur record of 105-5-1 by the age of 15 before he turned professional in kickboxing.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa made his highly anticipated professional kickboxing debut at the centennial RISE event on July 12, 2014. He was booked to face Tomo Arimatsu. Nasukawa won the fight by a first-round knockout, needing just 58 seconds to stop Arimatsu with a head kick. Nasukawa next faced Aleksandro Hideo at Rise 101 on September 28, 2014. He first knocked Hideo down with a left body kick in the second minute of the opening round, which he followed by a second knockdown with a step-in left knee which left his opponent unable to rise from the canvas.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the 20-fight veteran Makoto Kushima at Rise 102 on November 16, 2014, in his third fight with the promotion. He won the fight by unanimous decision, the first decision victory of his professional career. Two of the judges scored the bout 30–28 for Nasukawa, while the third judge scored the bout 30–27 in his favor.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa was expected to face the BigBang super bantamweight champion Taisuke Degai at the inaugural BLADE event on December 29, 2014. Degai withdrew from the bout on November 29, for undisclosed reasons, and was replaced by Kim Jin Min. Nasukawa won the fight by a first-round knockout, needing just 100 seconds to stop Min with a well place knee strike to the body.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa, at the time the #4 ranked RISE bantamweight contender, was booked to face the former Shootboxing Japan super bantamweight champion Masahiro Fujimoto at Rise 104 on March 21, 2015. He knocked Fujimoto twice by the 2:06 minute mark of the first round, first time with a flurry of punches and knees and the second time with a left straight. The second knockdown left his opponent sprawled on the canvas and unable to rise, which forced the referee to wave the fight off. Following this victory, Nasukawa was named the eFight "Fighter of the Month" for the month of March. As Nasukawa took no damage in the fight, on March 30th it was announced that Nasukawa would face every RISE KAMINARIMON amateur champion in exhibition bouts on April 5.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: After making quick work of Fujimoto, and amassing a 6–0 professional record, Nasukawa was given the chance to challenge the reigning RISE Bantamweight champion Yuta Murakoshi. The fight was scheduled as the main event of Rise 105, which took place on May 31, 2015. Murakoshi entered the bout riding a nine-fight winning streak, although this was his first title defense. After a relatively even first round, Nasukawa was able to force a standing count with a combination of a left knee and a left hook. He quickly followed this up with a combination of punches which prompted the referee to step in and stop the fight. He became the youngest titlist in RISE history, having captured the title at the age of 16 years and 10 months. This victory earned him the eFight "Fighter of the Month" award for May.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On June 9, a week after he had captured the RISE title, it was announced that Nasukawa would be one of eight participants in the BLADE 2 super bantamweight tournament. Event promoter Genki Yamaguchi saw him as the favorite to win, stating: "Nasukawa is the perfect candidate for the championship. The question is, who can stop him?". The one-day tournament took place at the Ota City General Gymnasium in Ōta, Tokyo on August 1, 2015.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the DEEP KICK super bantamweight champion Masahiko Suzuki in the tournament quarterfinals. He knocked Suzuki down twice inside of the first two minutes of the opening round, with a counter left straight and a left hook, which resulted in an automatic technical knockout victory for him under the tournament rules. Nasukawa faced Yukinori Ogasawara in the penultimate bout of the contest. He won the fight by a third-round knockout, flooring Ogasawara with a left hook. Nasukawa advanced to the finals, where he faced the incumbent Shootboxing Japan 55 kg champion Taiki Naito. He knocked Naito down thrice by the 1:41 minute mark of the first round, which resulted in a technical knockout victory for him. Aside from the tournament title, Nasukawa was awarded a ¥3,000,000 yen cash prize as well. He was awarded the eFight August "Fighter of the Month", his third such award of the year.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On September 9, 2015, it was announced that Nasukawa would fight at Rise 108 on November 8, 2015. His opponent was revealed nine days later. Nasukawa was expected to fight a non-title bout with the former WBC Muaythai World Featherweight champion Hakim Hamech. Hamech later withdrew for undisclosed reasons and was replaced by Mike Alamos (26–6). Nasukawa won the fight by a first-round knockout. He first knocked Alamos down with a left straight, before stopping him with a left knee to the body, which left his opponent unable to beat the eight-count.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced Manolis Kalistis in the co-main event of Rise 109 on January 31, 2016. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with two scorecards of 30–26 and one scorecard of 30–25. Nasukawa knocked Kalistis down twice: first time with a left hook to the body and the second time with a flurry of punches to which the Greek fighter failed to respond. Nasukawa was shown a yellow card in the first round for throwing knee strikes while holding Kalistis' head with both hands.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the reigning WBC Muay Thai International Super Bantamweight titlist Keisuke Miyamoto in a non-title bout at No Kick, No Life 2016 on March 12, 2016. It was the first time that he was scheduled to fight in a five round bout, with all his previous bouts being three minute three round bouts. Miyamoto was originally expected to participate in the 2015 Blade Japan Cup, which Nasukawa eventually won, but withdrew with a fist injury. Nasukawa won the fight by a second-round knockout. He first staggered Miyamoto with a left straight, before knocking him out with a left knee to the body.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the undefeated Portuguese kickboxer Frederico Cordeiro for the vacant ISKA Oriental Rules Bantamweight (55 kg) title. The title bout was scheduled as the main event of Rise 110, which took place on March 26, 2016, just two weeks after his previous fight. He was highly complimentary of Cordeiro during the pre-fight press conference, stating: "Of all the opponents I've had so far, he's one of the strongest". Nasukawa captured his third professional title by unanimous decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 49–45 in his favor, while the third judge awarded him a 48–46 scorecard. The contest was briefly stopped in the fourth round, due to an inadvertent clash of heads, which made it difficult for Nasukawa to see out of his right eye.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the Italian national featherweight champion Tarik Totts (14–3–1) in a non-title bout in the main event of Rise 111 on May 29, 2016. He won the fight by a second-round knockout. He knocked Totts down once in the first round, with a left hook, and stopped him with a body kick at the 1:49 minute mark of the next round. Nasukawa was next booked to face Lin Bin in the co-main event of Kunlun Fight 49 / Rebels 45, a cross-promotional event organized by the Japan-based REBELS and China-based Kunlun Fight. It took place at the Ota City General Gymnasium in Ōta, Tokyo on August 7, 2016. The bout was contested at a 55.5 kg catchweight. Nasukawa won the fight by knockout, 110 seconds into the opening round.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa made his first RISE Bantamweight (55 kg) Championship defense against the number one ranked RISE bantamweight contender Yuta Murakoshi. The fight headlined Rise 113, which took place at the Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan on September 25, 2016. The pair previously met on May 31, 2015, with Nasukawa beating Murakoshi and taking his bantamweight title by a second-round technical knockout. Nasukawa won the rematch by a majority decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 50–47 and 50–45 in his favor, while the third judge scored it as an even 50–50 draw. He was dissatisfied with his performance, saying in the post-fight interview: "I fought a fight that wasn't worth this belt... I was too cautious and my opponent didn't come forward like I expected".


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On September 15, 2016, it was revealed that Nasukawa would fight at the inaugural KNOCK OUT event, which was expected to take place on December 5, 2016. On November 4, it was announced that he would face the two-weight Lumpinee Stadium and two-weight Channel 7 Stadium champion Wanchalong PK.Saenchai. Aside from Murakoshi, it was the highest profile fight of his career up to that point. A day later, Nasukawa transferred from TARGET gym to the newly opened TEAM TEPPEN, which was founded by his father and head trainer Hiroyuki Nasukawa. On fight night, Nasukawa won by a first-round knockout, needing just 38 seconds to floor Wanchalong with a spinning back-fist. Combat Press later named it their 2016 "Knockout of the Year", while eFight named Nasukawa their December 2016 "Fighter of the Month".


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa was booked to face the five-time defending IBF flyweight champion Amnat Ruenroeng on the next KNOCK OUT event, Knock Out Vol. 1, which took place on February 12, 2017. In front of a capacity crowd of 3,200 people, Nasukawa won the fight by a fourth-round knockout. He slowly built into the fight, before knocking Amnat out with a left hook to the body in the final minute of the penultimate round. Viewers voted Nasukawa the "Best Fighter" of the event, while the fight was voted the "Best Bout" of the event. Following this loss, Amnat announced his retirement from all professional competition.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa made his first ISKA Oriental Rules Bantamweight (55 kg) World Championship defense against the ISKA Muay Thai European Bantamweight titleholder Ryan Sheehan in the main event of RISE 117 on May 20, 2017. Nasukawa defeated Sheehan by a body shot knockout in the first round, after just 72 seconds. After the fight, K-1 World MAX veteran Kizaemon Saiga entered the ring and asked for a fight with Nasukawa, either under kickboxing or mixed martial arts rules.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced Kizaemon Saiga on the undercard of on July 30, 2017, in what was Nasukawa's kickboxing debut with Rizin. The fight was scheduled as a mixed rules bout: first round was five minutes of kickboxing, and the second round was slated to be a five-minute round under mixed martial arts rules. In front of an audience of 17,730, Nasukawa won the fight by a first-round knockout, stopping the veteran with a left cross.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: At a press conference held by KNOCK OUT on June 20, 2022, it was announced that Nasukawa would appear at their next event, against an opponent which would be announced at a later date. His opponent, the former Lumpinee Stadium flyweight and bantamweight champion Visanlek Meibukai, was announced a month later. The fight was scheduled as the main event of Knock Out Vol. 4, which took place at the Ota City General Gymnasium on August 20, 2017. Nasukawa won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. The contest was stopped on the advice of the ringside physician, due to a cut above Visanlek's eye which was caused by a knee strike.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the multiple-time World Kickboxing Network champion Ignacio Capllonch in the co-main event of Rise 121 on November 23, 2017. The bout was initially expected to be the second RISE Bantamweight title defense for Nasukawa, but was changed to a catchweight non-title bout, after Capllonch missed weight. Capllonch weighed-in at 55.8 kg, which was 0.8 kg over the championship limit. He was deducted a point before the start of the contest and had to wear the larger 10 oz gloves, instead of the usual 8 oz gloves. Nasukawa won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. He knocked his opponent twice before the stoppage, both times with a left hook to the body.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa participated in the 2017 Rizin FF Flyweight (57 kg) tournament, which was held at on December 31, 2017. The other three participants of the one-day tournament were Yuta Hamamoto, Yamato Fujita and Mitsuhisa Sunabe, with Nasukawa being booked to face Hamamoto in the semifinals. He won the fight by a flying knee knockout, stopping Hamamoto with two seconds left in the second round. Advancing to the finals, Nasukawa faced Yamato Fujita. He needed just 97 seconds to knock Fujita down thrice, which resulted in a technical knockout victory for him under the Rizin kickboxing rules.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa fought in two non-title bouts, before his next RISE title bout. He first faced the three-weight Lumpinee Boxing Stadium champion Suakim Sit Sor Thor Taew at Knock Out First Impact on February 12, 2018. Nasukawa won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 50–48, 49–47 and 49–47. Nasukawa next faced Yusaku Nakamura at Rizin 10 - Fukuoka on May 6, 2018. He won the fight by a second-round technical knockout.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the two-time Rajadamnern Stadium "Fight of the Year" winner Rodtang Jitmuangnon for the inaugural RISE Featherweight (57.5 kg) World Championship. The title bout headlined Rise 125, which took place at the Makuhari Messe Event Hall in Chiba on June 17, 2018. The fight went was ruled a split decision draw after the first five rounds were contested, and accordingly went into an extra round, after which Nasukawa was awarded a unanimous decision decision. Tenshin's behavior during the fight was controversial, as he was able to call his own time-outs, stalled for time, as well as telling the referee to stop the bout for groin shots which, in review, never occurred. The fight results were considered controversial by some. Analyst Jack Slack later wrote: "Tenshin Nasukawa was awarded the decision, keeping his undefeated record, but it was a hard sell and it came at the expense of the judges’ credibility." Similarly, K-1 founder Kazuyoshi Ishii commented on his Twitter account: "I'm sorry for Tenshin's fans, but Rodtang was the winner". Not all media outlets agreed with such statements; for example, eFight named Nasukawa their June "Fighter of the Month" following this victory. Former two-time Glory Featherweight champion Gabriel Varga likewise scored the fight for Nasukawa after reviewing the bout, stating: "Kickboxing rules - Tenshin won... if it was muay thai or you were scoring throws very effectively, it would be a different conversation".


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: It was announced on August 24, 2018, that Nasukawa would face the Rizin FF bantamweight champion Kyoji Horiguchi under Kickboxing rules at Rizin FF 13. The bout took place at the Saitama Super Arena on September 30, 2018. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Nasukawa faced Taiki Naito at RISE 129 on November 17, 2018. The two previously fought three years prior, on August 1, 2015, with Nasukawa winning their first meeting by a first-round technical knockout. He won the rematch in the same manner, knocking Naito down three times before two minutes of the bout had elapsed.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On January 22, 2019, RISE announced they would be holding a World Series tournament at 58 kg. Aside from the tournament title, a prize of ¥10,000,000 would be awarded to the eventual winner, while the runner-up would earn a prize of ¥2,000,000. The tournament was expected to take place at three separate event, with Nasukawa being booked to face the World Kickboxing Network Oriental and Thai Boxing champion Federico Roma in the quarterfinals, which were held at the Ota City General Gymnasium in Ōta, Tokyo on March 10, 2019. He won the fight by a third-round knockout. Nasukawa knocked Roma down early in the third round with a left straight, which left a cut above his right eye. The ringside physician was called in to check on the cut, but he allowed the bout to go on. Soon after the action resumed, Nasukawa was able to floor his opponent with a cartwheel kick, which left him unable to rise from the canvas in time.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa then made two appearances under the Rizin banner. He was first booked to face Fritz Biagtan at Rizin 15 - Yokohama on April 29, 2019, whom he beat by a third-round technical knockout. Nasukawa next faced Martin Blanco at Rizin 16 - Kobe on June 2, 2019, for the vacant ISKA Featherweight (57 kg) World Championship. He captured his fifth professional title by a second-round technical knockout.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: After notching back-to-back victories in Rizin, Nasukawa returned to RISE in order to face the three-weight Lumpinee Boxing Stadium champion Suakim PK Saenchaimuaythaigym in the semifinals of the World Series, which were held on July 21, 2019. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. The bout was stopped on the advice of the ringside doctor, due to a cut caused by Nasukawa's rolling thunder.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa advanced to the tournament finals, which were held on September 16, 2019, where he faced Shirō. He won the fight by unanimous decision. After capturing the World Series title, Nasukawa was named the September "Fighter of the Month" by eFight.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the KNOCK OUT Super Bantamweight champion Rui Ebata at Rizin 20 - Saitama on December 31, 2019. He knocked Ebata down three times by the 2:40 minute mark of the opening round to earn a first-round technical victory.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the once-defeated Yuki Kasahara at Rise on Abema on July 12, 2020. The non-title bout was broadcast by Abema and was held in front of an empty arena, due to measures implemented to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Nasukawa won the fight by a first-round technical knockout, knocking Kasahara down three times by the midway point of the round.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the K-1 veteran Kouzi at Rizin 24 – Saitama, which took place at the Saitama Super Arena on September 27, 2020. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Nasuawa next faced the RISE veteran Yuki, in what was Yuki's retirement fight, at RISE DEAD OR ALIVE 2020 Osaka on November 1, 2020. Nasukawa dominated the fight, knocking Yuki down once in the first round, and three times in the second fight before the referee was forced to stop the bout. Nasuawa was booked to face the WBC Muay Thai World champion Kumandoi Petcharoenvit, in his fourth and final fight of the year, at Rizin 26 – Saitama on December 31, 2020. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced Shiro at RISE Eldorado 2021 on February 28, 2021, who he had previously beaten by unanimous decision in the finals of the 2019 RISE World Series Featherweight tournament. Shiro had earned the right to fight Nasukawa once again by winning the 2020 RISE Dead or Alive tournament, during which he beat Seiki Ueyama and the RISE bantamweight champion Masahiko Suzuki. Nasukawa won the rematch by unanimous decision, with all three judges scoring the fight 30–28 in his favor. During the post-fight interview, Nasukawa announced that he was in the final year of his contract with RISE (which was set to expire 2022) and planned to fight twice more under their banner.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the RISE Bantamweight champion Masahiko Suzuki at RISE World Series 2021 on September 23, 2021, in his penultimate bout with RISE. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced the 2021 RISE World Series -53 kg tournament winner Kazane Nagai in his final fight with the promotion. The fight took place at RISE ELDORADO 2022 on April 2, 2022. As Kazane likewise trained at TEAM TEPPEN, Nasukawa chose the leave the gym prior to the fight. He prepared for the fight at Team Target, while Kazane was trained by Nasukawa's father and former head trainer Hiroyuki Nasukawa. Nasukawa won the fight by majority decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 30–29 for Nasukawa, while the third judge scored the fight an even 29–29.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa has been calling out Three-division K-1 champion Takeru Segawa since June 8, 2015. But due to contractual obligations, both fighters were not able to meet in the ring. At that time, K-1 and Rise were in a "Kickboxing Cold War" since 2010. On August 5, 2015, Takeru told the media that he was interested in fighting Nasukawa if K-1 can organize it. K-1 Japan group producer, Mitsuru Miyata, demanded that Nasukawa sign an exclusive contract with K-1 to be able to make the fight happen. Nasukawa's trainer and RISE president, Takashi Ito, told combat sports magazine Fight & Life, that he will agree to let Nasukawa fight in a K-1 event but he's not willing to give up Nasukawa to an exclusive contract with K-1.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: In 2015, K-1 officially made a partnership with the new MMA promotion, Rizin Fighting Federation. Rizin president, Nobuyuki Sakakibara, announced that Rizin is willing to make partnerships with every fighting organization so RISE began to work with Rizin as well. This deal made it more possible for a Nasukawa–Segawa matchup. November 8, 2015, Nasukawa had a knockout victory over French Muay Thai fighter Mike Alamos. After the match in the ring, Nasukawa announced that he wanted to fight in Rizin.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On November 21, 2015, Takeru made his first defense of his K-1 55 kg world title against Charles Bongiovanni, he won the fight by TKO. After the match, during the in-ring interview, Takeru announced his desire to fight in Rizin, 2 weeks after Nasukawa announced the same. When Takeru returned backstage, Nasukawa approached him and demanded the fight. The fight can happen in Rizin even with the Rise and K-1 cold war. During the press conference, Takeru mentioned that he did not recognize Nasukawa and could not understand what he was saying due to the crowd noise and thought he was just a fan. Takeru confirmed that he is willing to accept the fight if offered. After this event, Nasukawa tweeted that Takeru agreed to fight him on New Year's Eve.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On December 8, 2015, Rizin announced a fight between Takeru and Chinese fighter, Yang Ming, for their event. At the press conference, Rizin president, Sakakibara, acknowledged requests to make a Nasukawa vs. Takeru fight, however, he said there wasn't enough time to promote the fight and promised to try to make it happen in 2016. On June 18, 2017, after Takeru knocked out Buvaisar Paskhaev, K-1 commentator, Masato, expressed his desire to see Takeru fight Nasukawa but the 2 other commentators ignored his comments. 2 days later, K-1's official YouTube channel uploaded the full fight video of Takeru and Paskhaev but a few hours later it was deleted and re-uploaded without Masato's comments.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On August 29, 2017, Rizin executive Nobuhiko Takada said on Twitter, "Two of the biggest superstars of kickboxing, Takeru vs Tenshin Nasukawa should be made right now! If this super-fight will not happen due to the (sic) cold war, it is heinous crime! Let's make this! Make miracle!" A few hours later a K-1 broadcaster trolled Takada on Twitter. A few days later, Takada apologized and promised to never talk about a fighter from another organization and deleted every tweet about Nasukawa vs Takeru.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On December 31, 2017, Nasukawa won Rizin's Kickboxing 57 kg tournament. In an attempt to quash the cold war and influence K-1 and Rise to make the Takeru fight, Nasukawa made sure the show was being broadcast live so Rizin would not be able to cut any of his comments. Post-fight, in the ring, Nasukawa engaged the crowd by asking who they want him to fight next and the crowd screamed Takeru's name.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: In February 2018, M-1 Sports Media, which operates K-1, filed a lawsuit against Tenshin, his father Hiroyuki, Rise president Takashi Ito and Rizin president Sakakibara. According to the lawsuit, it all started three years ago when Nasukawa called out Takeru to fight. More recently during Rizin's New Year's Eve event when Nasukawa asked the audience who they want him to fight next. They claim that it's an unfair business practice to involve another fighter's name from a different organization. And, they claim that many people has negative image about Takeru run away from Nasukawa, and they lost 6 sponsors. And, they file a damage suit 137,000,000 yen. But, 1 of 6 sponsors told Japanese weekly magazine Shukan Shincho "Our contract of K-1, we distribute Bento 3 times only. We can't understand why K-1 demands too expensive money".


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On March 16, 2018, Rise president Takashi Ito, former K-1 fighter Hiroya and his lawyer, accused K-1 Japan Group's exclusive contract, illegal based on the competition law. Hiroya's lawyer told the media, that the way K-1's contract work makes you not fight for a year for your contract to expire. Every fight you make with the organization, extends your contract for another year from your last fight and the only way to get out of the contract is not get paid for a year. Hiroya cites this as the reason why Segawa could not fight Nasukawa as he knows Segawa as a friend and will not back down to a fight.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Rizin FF president Nobuyuki Sakakibara announced at a press conference, held on December 24, 2021, that the Takeru fight would be held at a neutral venue some time in June, in collaboration with both K-1 and RISE. Both fighters would have to weigh in at 58 kg at the official weigh-ins and no more than 62 kg at a second weigh-in held on fight day. At the time of the fight's scheduling, Takeru and Nasukawa were considered as the two best kickboxer in the world, after Superbon Banchamek. The official date and venue were announced at a second press conference, held on April 1, 2022. It took place on June 19, 2022 at the Tokyo Dome, marking the return of a kickboxing headlined event to the venue for the first time since 2006. The rules for the bout were announced six days later: it was to be contested across three three-minute rounds, under the RISE ruleset, with one additional round in case of a draw. he entire event was broadcast by Abema TV as a pay per view. It was initially expected that the two-hour portion containing the main event would also be broadcast by Fuji TV, who later back out after allegations surfaced connecting RIZIN president Sakakibara with the yakuza.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: In front of a sold-out audience of 56,399 at the Tokyo Dome, Nasukawa won the long awaited fight by unanimous decision. Nasukawa knocked Takeru down with a left hook counter to his right straight in the very first round of the three-round affair, which proved the pivotal moment, as it edged the fight in his favor on all five of the judges' scorecards. The total scores were total scores of 29–28, 30–28, 30–28, 30–28 and 30–27. The event sold around 500,000 PPVs. At the post-fight press conference, Nasukawa confirmed his retirement from the sport of kickboxing and his transition to boxing.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: After his Muay Thai debut on December 5, 2016, Japanese MMA promotion Rizin Fighting Federation offered to make his MMA debut on their December 29 event. Nasukawa accepted the short notice offer, and began to train MMA for the first time. He won his first fight by TKO in the first round. After the fight, he announced his desire to fight in Rizin's New Year's Eve event 2 days later. Rizin president Nobuyuki Sakakibara granted his wish and he won the fight against Dylan Kawika Oligo by guillotine choke in the second round.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: In 2017, MMA agent Shu Hirata, who manages UFC fighters Francis Ngannou and Takeya Mizugaki, told the media that the UFC offered Nasukawa a $60,000 (salary: $30,000,win bonus: $30,000) contract.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: In January 2018, Nasukawa told Japanese sports magazine Sports Graphic, he wants kickboxing as his main sport until he becomes 22 or 23 years old, and after that, he would consider a shift in MMA or pro boxing.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Founder, Chairman, and CEO of both Evolve MMA and ONE Championship, Chatri Sityodtong, stated that he is interested in signing Nasukawa after his contract expires.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: International Boxing Hall of Fame and World Boxing Hall of Famer, professional boxing promoter Akihiko Honda of Teiken Promotions Inc., have offered Nasukawa a move to boxing since he was 12 years old.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: When Nasukawa was a 14-year-old junior high school student, Teiken Promotions offered Nasukawa a contract including a signing bonus of more than $100,000, but Nasukawa turned down the job due to his love for kickboxing. Teiken Promotions still continues to offer him a boxing contract. One of Teiken Gym trainer Yūichi Kasai, who made 4 world boxing champions such as Takashi Miura and Toshiaki Nishioka became Nasukawa's part-time boxing coach.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa wants to fight both kickboxing and boxing. However, the Japan Boxing Commission doesn't permit Japanese professional boxers to fight in other professional combat sports. In September 2018, Nasukawa told AbemaTV, that he wants to fight boxing in other countries and stay as a kickboxer in Japan.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Three-division boxing world champion Naoya Inoue's trainer and promoter, former two-time boxing world champion Hideyuki Ohashi said "Nasukawa can win a boxing world title before his 2nd professional match, and the break world record of Vasyl Lomachenko and Saensak Muangsurin'". He is interested in a future bout between Naoya Inoue vs Tenshin Nasukawa in Tokyo Dome.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa was offered to fight at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He showed interest in fighting at the Olympics, but he doesn't want to fight his friend and former teammate at Team Teppen, AIBA Youth 2016 World Champion, Hayato Tsutsumi.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: On November 5, 2018, it was announced that Nasukawa was expected to face the undefeated boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. at Rizin 14 on December 31, 2018. The supposed rules for this bout were not determined. However, on 7 November, Mayweather stated that the fight had been announced in error due to a misunderstanding (claiming that he had never even heard of Nasukawa until the press conference), and that he had been booked for an exhibition fight for "a small group of wealthy spectators" that was not meant to be televised. On November 16, 2018, Mayweather announced that the fight is back on. It was to be a 3-round exhibition boxing match. “There was a penalty clause in the contract of an undisclosed amount if he is to use any moves of an MMA nature.” In other words, if Tenshin had the urge to throw a kick, he would be heavily fined. Nasukawa landed the first punch of the fight, but Mayweather Jr retaliated with a left hook behind Nasukawa's ear that immediately sent him to the canvas. "This blew my mind. He hit me behind the ear. I was surprised. Right on the button." Nasukawa later said. Within 140 seconds of the one-sided fight, Nasukawa was knocked down 3 times in the first round and his corner subsequently threw in the towel.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa faced Takanori Gomi in a two-round exhibition boxing match at Rizin 33 - Saitama on December 31, 2021. The bout ended in a no decision due to time expiring with no stoppage.


title: Tenshin Nasukawa

text: Nasukawa is a southpaw and his style is a combination of kickboxing and full contact karate, both of which he has learned and competed at a very young age. Nasukawa is primarily a counter puncher, staying on the outer perimeter of the ring and landing as his opponents try to move in to land strikes. He is well known for his tendency to mix in seemingly flashy techniques like spinning kicks, rolling kicks, and jumping knees with high precision and success.


title: S/PDIF

text: S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface) is a type of digital audio interface used in consumer audio equipment to output audio over relatively short distances. The signal is transmitted over either a coaxial cable (using RCA or BNC connectors) or a fiber optic cable with TOSLINK connectors. S/PDIF interconnects components in home theaters and other digital high-fidelity systems.


title: S/PDIF

text: S/PDIF is based on the AES3 interconnect standard. S/PDIF can carry two channels of uncompressed PCM audio or compressed 5.1 surround sound (such as DTS audio codec or Dolby Digital codec); it cannot support lossless surround formats that require greater bandwidth.


title: S/PDIF

text: S/PDIF is a data link layer protocol as well as a set of physical layer specifications for carrying digital audio signals over either optical or electrical cable. The name stands for Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format but is also known as Sony/Philips Digital Interface. Sony and Philips were the primary designers of S/PDIF. S/PDIF is standardized in IEC 60958 as IEC 60958 type II (IEC 958 before 1998).


title: S/PDIF

text: A common use is to carry two channels of uncompressed digital audio from a CD player to an amplifying receiver.


title: S/PDIF

text: The S/PDIF interface is also used to carry compressed digital audio for surround sound as defined by the IEC 61937 standard. This mode is used to connect the output of a Blu-ray, DVD player or computer, via optical or coax, to a home theatre amplifying receiver that supports Dolby Digital or DTS decoding.


title: S/PDIF

text: S/PDIF was developed at the same time as the main standard, AES3, used to interconnect professional audio equipment in the professional audio field. This resulted from the desire of the various stakeholders to have at least sufficient similarities between the two interfaces to allow the use of the same, or very similar, designs for interfacing ICs. S/PDIF is nearly identical at the protocol level, but uses either coaxial cable (with RCA connectors) or optical fibre (TOSLINK; i.e., F05 or EIAJ optical), both of which cost less than the XLR connection used by AES3. The RCA connectors are typically colour-coded orange to differentiate from other RCA connector uses such as composite video. S/PDIF uses 75 Ω coaxial cable while AES3 uses 110 Ω balanced twisted pair.


title: S/PDIF

text: Signals transmitted over consumer-grade TOSLINK connections are identical in content to those transmitted over coaxial connectors, though TOSLINK S/PDIF commonly exhibits higher jitter.


title: S/PDIF

text: S/PDIF is used to transmit digital signals in a number of formats, the most common being the 48 kHz sample rate format (used in Digital Audio Tape) and the 44.1 kHz format, used in CD audio. In order to support both systems, as well as others that might be needed, the format has no defined bit rate. Instead, the data is sent using biphase mark code, which has either one or two transitions for every bit, allowing the original word clock to be extracted from the signal itself.


title: S/PDIF

text: S/PDIF is meant to be used for transmitting 20-bit audio data streams plus other related information. To transmit sources with less than 20 bits of sample accuracy, the superfluous bits will be set to zero. S/PDIF can also transport 24-bit samples by way of four extra bits; however, not all equipment supports this, and these extra bits may be ignored.


title: S/PDIF

text: S/PDIF protocol differs AES3 only in the channel status bits. Both protocols group 192 samples into an audio block, and transmit one channel status bit per sample, providing one 192-bit "channel status word" per channel per audio block. For S/PDIF, the 192-bit status word is identical between the two channels and is divided into 12 words of 16 bits each, with the first 16 bits being a control code.


title: S/PDIF

text: The receiver does not control the data rate, so it must avoid bit slip by synchronizing its reception with the source clock. Many S/PDIF implementations cannot fully decouple the final signal from influence of the source or the interconnect. Specifically, the process of clock recovery used to synchronize reception may produce jitter. If the DAC does not have a stable clock reference then noise will be introduced into the resulting analog signal. However, receivers can implement various strategies that limit this influence.


title: Gabriel Slonina

text: Gabriel Pawel "Gaga" Slonina (born May 15, 2004) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club Chicago Fire, on loan from Premier League club Chelsea.


title: Gabriel Slonina

text: Born in Addison, Illinois, Slonina joined the youth academy of Major League Soccer club Chicago Fire in 2013. On March 8, 2019, Slonina signed a professional homegrown player contract with the club. At the age of 14, Slonina became the second youngest signing in Major League Soccer history and the youngest signing ever for the Chicago Fire.


title: Gabriel Slonina

text: On August 4, 2021, Slonina made his professional debut for the Chicago Fire against New York City FC, becoming the youngest starting goalkeeper in league history at 17 years, 81 days. Slonina made four saves for the Fire as the match ended in a 0–0 draw which made him the youngest goalkeeper to record a clean sheet in Major League Soccer history.


title: Gabriel Slonina

text: On August 2, 2022, Slonina signed for Premier League club Chelsea for a transfer fee of $10 million, potentially rising to $15 million with add-ons.


title: Gabriel Slonina

text: Slonina will remain with the Chicago Fire on loan to complete the remainder of the MLS season, before joining Chelsea on January 1, 2023.


title: Gabriel Slonina

text: Slonina has represented the United States at the under-15, under-16, under-17, and under-20 levels. Slonina was called into camp for the United States senior team in December 2021 but did not feature in a match. On January 21, 2022, Slonina was called into a World Cup Qualifying camp with the United States senior team but again did not feature in a match. On May 17, he was called up to the Polish senior team by coach Czesław Michniewicz for their upcoming Nations League fixtures against Wales, Belgium and the Netherlands. Three days later, Slonina rejected the call-up and declared his wish to represent United States on international level.


title: Gabriel Slonina

text: Born in the United States, he is of Polish descent and is eligible to represent the United States or Poland internationally.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: Dorian Gray is a fictional character and the protagonist of Oscar Wilde's 1890 novel "The Picture of Dorian Gray". He is an aristocratic Victorian man.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: Dorian is the grandson of the late Lord Kelso. Dorian's mother, Lady Margaret Devereux, was portrayed as a beautiful aristocrat who married below her class without the consent of her father. Lord Kelso then paid a man to provoke Dorian's father, a junior military officer, into a duel, leading to the death of Dorian's father. Margaret then returned to Kelso's home, but died soon after. It is revealed that Lord Kelso raised Dorian until Kelso's death, but that the two had a mutual dislike for each other.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: The novel's plot varies among the published versions. The summary below deals with the longest version, the 1891 novel. However, certain episodes describe in particular Dorian's encounter with (and subsequent murder of) James Vane. This does not appear in the version originally submitted by Wilde for publishing.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: "The Picture of Dorian Gray" begins on a summer day in Victorian England, where Lord Henry Wotton, an opinionated man, is observing the sensitive artist Basil Hallward painting a portrait of Dorian Gray, a handsome young man, who is Basil's ultimate muse. While posing for the painting, Dorian listens to Lord Henry espousing his hedonistic worldview and begins to think that pursuits of pleasure are the only things in life worth pursuing. This prompts Dorian to wish that his painted image would age instead of himself.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: Under the hedonistic influence of Lord Henry, Dorian fully explores his sensuality. He discovers the actress Sibyl Vane, who performs Shakespeare in a dingy working-class theatre. Dorian approaches and courts her and soon proposes marriage. The enamored Sibyl calls him "Prince Charming" and swoons with elation at the prospect of true love. However, her protective brother James warns that if "Prince Charming" harms her, he will murder him.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: Dorian invites Basil and Lord Henry to see Sibyl perform, but she is too enamored with Dorian to act and performs poorly. This causes both Basil and Lord Henry to think that Dorian has fallen in love with Sibyl because of her beauty instead of her acting talent. Embarrassed, Dorian rejects Sibyl, telling her that acting was her beauty and without that, she no longer interests him. On returning home, Dorian notices that the portrait has changed; his wish has come true, and the man in the portrait bears a subtle sneer of cruelty.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: Conscience-stricken and lonely, Dorian resolves to reconcile with Sibyl, but he is too late as Lord Henry informs him that Sibyl has committed suicide by swallowing prussic acid. Dorian then understands that, where his life is headed, lust and good looks will serve him well. He locks the portrait up, and over the following eighteen years, he experiments with every vice possible, influenced by a morally poisonous French novel that Lord Henry Wotton gave him. The narrative does not reveal the title of the French novel, but, at trial, Wilde said that the novel referred to in "Dorian Gray" was "À rebours" ("Against Nature", 1884) by Joris-Karl Huysmans, but then denied that the book is the one to which he referred.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: One night, before leaving for Paris, Basil visits Dorian's house to ask him about various rumors regarding his vulgar self-indulgence. Dorian does not deny his debauchery and takes Basil to see the portrait. The portrait has become so hideous that Basil is only able to identify it as his work by the signature that he affixes to all his portraits. Basil is horrified and beseeches Dorian to pray for salvation. In anger, Dorian blames his fate on Basil and stabs him to death. Dorian then calmly blackmails an old friend, the scientist Alan Campbell, into using his knowledge of chemistry to destroy the body. Alan later takes his own life as a result of the shameful collaboration.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: To escape the guilt of his crime, Dorian goes to an opium den, where James Vane is unknowingly present. James had been seeking vengeance upon Dorian ever since Sibyl killed herself, but he had no leads to pursue; the only thing he knew about Dorian was the name Sibyl called him, "Prince Charming". In the opium den, however, he hears someone refer to Dorian as "Prince Charming", and he accosts Dorian. Dorian deceives James into believing he is too young to have known Sibyl, who killed herself eighteen years earlier, as his face is still that of a young man. James relents and releases Dorian, but is then approached by a woman from the opium den who reproaches James for not killing him. She confirms the man was Dorian Gray and explains that he has not aged in eighteen years. James runs after Dorian, but he has left.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: James then begins to stalk Dorian, causing him to fear for his life. However, during a shooting party, one of its members accidentally kills James Vane, who was lurking in a thicket. On returning to London, Dorian tells Lord Henry that he will live righteously from then on. His new probity begins with a resolution not to break the heart of the naïve Hetty Merton, his current romantic interest. Dorian wonders if his new-found goodness has reverted the corruption in the picture, but when he looks, he sees only an even uglier image of himself. From that, Dorian understands that his true motives for moral reformation were, in fact, immoral, due to their being merely a means to a selfish end.


title: Dorian Gray (character)

text: Deciding that only full confession will absolve him of his wrongdoing, Dorian decides to destroy the only piece of evidence remaining of his crimes – the picture. In a rage, he takes the knife with which he murdered Basil and stabs the picture. The servants of the house awaken on hearing a cry from the locked room; on the street, a passerby who also heard the cry calls the police. On entering the locked room, the servants find an unknown old man, stabbed in the heart, his face and figure withered and decrepit. The servants identify the disfigured corpse as Dorian by the rings on its fingers; beside him is the picture of Dorian Gray, restored to its original beauty.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Warren Hastings (6 December 1732 – 22 August 1818) was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1772–1785. He and Robert Clive are credited with laying the foundation of the British Empire in India. He was an energetic organizer and reformer. In 1779–1784 he led forces of the East India Company against a coalition of native states and the French. Finally, the well-organized British side held its own, while France lost influence in India. In 1787, he was accused of corruption and impeached, but after a long trial acquitted in 1795. He was made a Privy Councillor in 1814.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Hastings was born in Churchill, Oxfordshire, in 1732 to a poor gentleman father, Penystoe Hastings, and a mother, Hester Hastings, who died soon after he was born. Despite Penystone Hastings's lack of wealth, the family had been lords of the manor and patrons of the living of Daylesford in direct line from 1281 until 1715. It was relinquished after there had been a considerable loss of family wealth due to support given to Charles I. Warren Hastings attended Westminster School, where he coincided with the future Prime Ministers Lord Shelburne and the Duke of Portland and with the poet William Cowper. He joined the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk and sailed out to India, reaching Calcutta in August 1750. There he built up a reputation for diligence and spent his free time learning about India and mastering Urdu and Persian. His work won him promotion in 1752 when he was sent to Kasimbazar, a major trading post in Bengal, where he worked for William Watts. While there he gained further experience in the politics of East India.


title: Warren Hastings

text: British traders still relied on the whims of local rulers, so that the political turmoil in Bengal was unsettling. The elderly moderate Nawab Alivardi Khan was likely to be succeeded by his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah, but there were several other claimants. This made British trading posts throughout Bengal increasingly insecure, as Siraj ud-Daulah was known to harbour anti-European views and be likely to launch an attack once he took power. When Alivardi Khan died in April 1756, the British traders and a small garrison at Kasimbazar were left vulnerable. On 3 June, after being surrounded by a much larger force, the British were persuaded to surrender to prevent a massacre. Hastings was imprisoned with others in the Bengali capital, Murshidabad, while the Nawab's forces marched on Calcutta and captured it. The garrison and civilians were then locked up under appalling conditions in the Black Hole of Calcutta.


title: Warren Hastings

text: For a while Hastings remained in Murshidabad and was even used by the Nawab as an intermediary, but fearing for his life, he escaped to the island of Fulta, where a number of refugees from Calcutta had taken shelter. While there, he met and married Mary Buchanan, the widow of one of the victims of the Black Hole. Shortly afterwards a British expedition from Madras under Robert Clive arrived to rescue them. Hastings served as a volunteer in Clive's forces as they retook Calcutta in January 1757. After this swift defeat, the Nawab urgently sought peace and the war came to an end. Clive was impressed with Hastings when he met him, and arranged for his return to Kasimbazar to resume his pre-war activities. Later in 1757 fighting resumed, leading to the Battle of Plassey, where Clive won a decisive victory over the Nawab. Siraj ud-Daulah was overthrown and replaced by his commander-in-chief Mir Jafar, who initiated policies favourable to the East India Company traders, before falling out with them and being overthrown.


title: Warren Hastings

text: In 1758 Hastings became the British Resident in the Bengali capital of Murshidabad – a major step forward in his career – at the instigation of Clive. His role in the city was ostensibly that of an ambassador but as Bengal came increasingly under the dominance of the East India Company he was often given the task of issuing orders to the new Nawab on behalf of Clive and the Calcutta authorities. Hastings personally sympathised with Mir Jafar and regarded many of the demands placed on him by the company as excessive. Hastings had already developed a philosophy that was grounded in trying to establish a more understanding relationship with India's inhabitants and their rulers, and he often tried to mediate between the two sides.


title: Warren Hastings

text: During Mir Jafar's reign the East India Company exerted an increasingly large role in the running of the region, and effectively took over the defence of Bengal against external invaders when Bengal's troops proved insufficient for the task. As he grew older, Mir Jafar became gradually less effective in ruling the state, and in 1760 EIC troops ousted him from power and replaced him with Mir Qasim. Hastings expressed his doubts to Calcutta over the move, believing they were honour-bound to support Mir Jafar, but his opinions were overruled. Hastings established a good relationship with the new Nawab and again had misgivings about the demands he relayed from his superiors. In 1761 he was recalled and appointed to the Calcutta council.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Hastings was personally angered when investigating trading abuses in Bengal. He alleged that some European and British-allied Indian merchants were taking advantage of the situation to enrich themselves personally. Persons travelling under the unauthorised protection of the British flag engaged in widespread fraud and illegal trading, knowing that local customs officials would be cowed into not interfering with them. Hastings felt this was bringing shame on Britain's reputation and urged the authorities in Calcutta to put an end to it. The Council considered his report but ultimately rejected Hastings' proposals. He was fiercely criticised by other members, many of whom had themselves profited from the trade.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Ultimately, little was done to stem the abuses, and Hastings began to consider quitting his post and returning to Britain. His resignation was only delayed by the outbreak of fresh fighting in Bengal. Once on the throne Qasim proved increasingly independent in his actions, and he rebuilt Bengal's army by hiring European instructors and mercenaries who greatly improved the standard of his forces. He felt gradually more confident and in 1764 when a dispute broke out in the settlement of Patna he captured its British garrison and threatened to execute them if the East India Company responded militarily. When Calcutta dispatched troops anyway, Mir Qasim executed the hostages. British forces then went on the attack and won a series of battles culminating in the decisive Battle of Buxar in October 1764. After this Mir Qasim fled into exile in Delhi, where he died in 1777. The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) gave the East India Company the right to collect taxes in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal Emperor.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Hastings resigned in December 1764 and sailed for Britain the following month. He left deeply saddened by the failure of the more moderate strategy that he had supported, but which had been rejected by the hawkish members of the Calcutta Council. Once he arrived in London Hastings began spending far beyond his means. He stayed in fashionable addresses and had his picture painted by Joshua Reynolds in spite of the fact that, unlike many of his contemporaries, he had not amassed a fortune while in India. Eventually, having run up enormous debts, Hastings realised he needed to return to India to restore his finances, and applied to the East India Company for employment. His application was initially rejected as he had made many political enemies, including the powerful director Laurence Sulivan. Eventually an appeal to Sulivan's rival Robert Clive secured Hastings the position of deputy ruler at the city of Madras. He sailed from Dover in March 1769. On the voyage he met the German Baroness Marian von Imhoff (1749–1837) and her husband. He fell in love with the Baroness and they began an affair, seemingly with her husband's consent. Hastings' first wife, Mary, had died in 1759, and he planned to marry the Baroness once she had obtained a divorce from her husband. The process took a long time and it was not until 1777 when news of divorce came from Germany that Hastings was finally able to marry her.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Hastings arrived in Madras shortly after the First Anglo-Mysore War of 1767–1769, when the forces of Hyder Ali had threatened the capture of the city. The Treaty of Madras (4 April 1769) ended the war but failed to settle the dispute and three further Anglo-Mysore Wars followed (1780–1799). During his time at Madras Hastings initiated reforms of trading practices which cut out the use of middlemen and benefited both the Company and the Indian labourers, but otherwise the period was relatively uneventful for him.


title: Warren Hastings

text: By this stage Hastings shared Clive's view that the three major British Presidencies (settlements) – Madras, Bombay and Calcutta – should be brought under single rule rather than being governed separately as they currently were. In 1771 he was appointed to be Governor of Calcutta, the most important of the Presidencies. In Britain moves were underway to reform the divided system of government and establish single rule across all of British-ruled India with its capital in Kolkata (Calcutta). Hastings became the first Governor General.


title: Warren Hastings

text: While Governor, Hastings launched a major crackdown on bandits operating in Bengal, which proved largely successful. He also faced the severe Bengal Famine, which resulted in between two and ten million deaths.


title: Warren Hastings

text: The Regulating Act of 1773 brought the presidencies of Madras and Bombay under Bengal's control. It raised Hastings from Governor to the new post of Governor-General, but limited his power by making the Governor-General one member of a five-man Supreme Council. This was so confusingly structured that it was difficult to tell what constitutional position Hastings actually held.


title: Warren Hastings

text: In 1777 during the American War of Independence (1775–1783), the Americans had captured a British field army at the Battle of Saratoga during the Saratoga campaign. This emboldened the French to sign a military alliance with the new United States of America, and declare war on Great Britain. The French concentrated in the Caribbean islands, and on India. Meanwhile, the presidencies of Madras and Bombay became involved in serious quarrels with the greatest of the native states. Madras with the formidable Hyder Ali of Mysore and with the Nizam of Hyderabad, and Bombay with the Marathas. France sent a fleet under Admiral Pierre André de Suffren. The combination meant Hastings faced a formidable challenge, with only Oudh as an ally. In six years of intense and confused fighting, 1779–1784. Hastings sent one army marching across India to help Bombay, and another to Madras. His greatest achievement was in breaking up the hostile coalition. By 1782 he made peace with the Marathas. The French fleet had been repeatedly delayed. Suffren finally arrived in 1782 to discover that the Indian coalition had fallen apart, that Hastings had captured all the French ports, and Suffren could achieve nothing. When the wars ended in 1784, British rule in India had not changed, but the French position was now much weaker. The East India Company now had an efficient system in operation. However, Hastings's multiple wartime operations needed large sums of money and London sent nothing. His methods of using the local treasuries later became the main line of attack in the impeachment brought against him.


title: Warren Hastings

text: In 1773, Hastings responded to an appeal for help from the Raja of the princely state of Cooch Behar to the north of Bengal, whose territory had been invaded by Zhidar, the Druk Desi of Bhutan the previous year. Hastings agreed to help on the condition that Cooch Behar recognise British sovereignty. The Raja agreed and with the help of British troops they pushed the Bhutanese out of the Duars and into the foothills in 1773.


title: Warren Hastings

text: The Druk Desi returned to face civil war at home. His opponent Jigme Senge, the regent for the seven-year-old Shabdrung (the Bhutanese equivalent of the Dalai Lama), had supported popular discontent. Zhidar was unpopular for his corvee tax (he sought unreasonably to rebuild a major dzong in one year), as well as for his overtures to the Manchu Emperors which threatened Bhutanese independence. Zhidar was soon overthrown and forced to flee to Tibet, where he was imprisoned and a new Druk Desi, Kunga Rinchen, installed in his place. Meanwhile, the Sixth Panchen Lama, who had imprisoned Zhidar, interceded on behalf of the Bhutanese with a letter to Hastings, imploring him to cease hostilities in return for friendship. Hastings saw the opportunity to establish relations with both the Tibetans and the Bhutanese and wrote a letter to the Panchen Lama proposing "a general treaty of amity and commerce between Tibet and Bengal".


title: Warren Hastings

text: In February 1782, news reached the headquarters of the EIC in Calcutta of the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama. Hastings proposed sending a mission to Tibet with a message of congratulation, designed to strengthen amicable relations established by Bogle on his earlier visit. With the assent of the EIC Court of Directors, Samuel Turner was appointed chief of the Tibet mission on 9 January 1783 with fellow EIC employee Samuel Davis as "Draftsman & Surveyor". Turner returned to the Governor-General's camp at Patna in 1784 where he reported he had been unable to visit the Tibetan capital at Lhasa, but received a promise that merchants sent there from India would be encouraged.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Turner was instructed to obtain a pair of yaks on his travels, which he duly did. They were transported to Hasting's menagerie in Calcutta and on the Governor-General's return to England, the yaks went too, although only the male survived the difficult sea voyage. Noted artist George Stubbs subsequently painted the animal's portrait as "The Yak of Tartary" and in 1854 it went on to appear, albeit stuffed, at The Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace in London.


title: Warren Hastings

text: In 1785, after 10 years of service, during which he helped extend and regularise the nascent Raj created by Clive of India, Hastings resigned. He was replaced by General Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, the Earl Cornwallis; Cornwallis served as Commander-in-Chief of British India and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William, also known as the Bengal Presidency.


title: Warren Hastings

text: On return to England, Hastings was impeached in the House of Commons for alleged crimes in India, notably embezzlement, extortion and coercion, and an alleged judicial killing of Maharaja Nandakumar. At first thought unlikely to succeed, the prosecution was managed by MPs including Edmund Burke, encouraged by Sir Philip Francis, whom Hastings had wounded during a duel in India, Charles James Fox and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. When the charges of the indictment were read, the 20 counts took Edmund Burke two full days to read. According to historian Mithi Mukherjee, the trial instituted debate between two radically opposed visions of empire – one based on ideas of power and conquest in pursuit of the exclusive national interests of the colonizer, and one represented by Burke, of sovereignty based on a recognition of the rights of the colonized.


title: Warren Hastings

text: The House sat for 148 days over a period of seven years during the investigation. The investigation was pursued at great cost to Hastings personally: he complained constantly that the cost of defending himself from the prosecution was bankrupting him. He is rumoured once to have said that the punishment would have been less extreme had he pleaded guilty. The House of Lords acquitted him of all charges on 24 April 1795. The Company subsequently compensated him with £4,000 annually, retroactive to the date he returned to England, but did not reimburse his legal fees, which he claimed to have been £70,000. He collected the stipend for nearly 29 years. Throughout the years of the trial, Hastings lived in considerable style at his leased town house, Somerset House, Park Lane. He subsequently sold the lease at auction for £9,450.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Among many who supported him in print was the pamphleteer Ralph Broome. Others disturbed by the perceived injustice of the proceedings included Frances Burney.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Letters and journals of Jane Austen and her family, who knew Hastings, show they followed the trial closely.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Hastings's supporters from the Edinburgh East India Club and a number of other gentlemen from India, gave a reportedly "elegant entertainment" for Hastings when he visited Edinburgh. A toast on the occasion went to the "Prosperity to our settlements in India" and wished that "the virtue and talents which preserved them be ever remembered with gratitude."


title: Warren Hastings

text: In 1788 Hastings bought for £54,000 an estate at Daylesford, Gloucestershire, including the site of the Hastings family's medieval seat. Thereafter he remodelled the house to designs by Samuel Pepys Cockerell with classical and Indian decoration and gardens landscaped by John Davenport. He rebuilt the Norman church in 1816, where he was buried two years later. In 1801 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.


title: Warren Hastings

text: In spite of substantial compensation from the East India Company, Hastings was technically insolvent on his death.


title: Warren Hastings

text: In the last quarter of the 18th century, many senior administrators realised that to govern Indian society it was essential to learn its various religious, social, and legal customs and precedents. The importance of such knowledge to the colonial government was in Hastings's mind when he remarked in 1784:


title: Warren Hastings

text: Under Hastings's term as governor-general, much administrative precedent set profoundly shaped later attitudes towards the government of British India. Hastings had great respect for the ancient scripture of Hinduism and set the British position on governance as one of looking back to the earliest precedents possible. This allowed Brahmin advisors to mould the law, as no Briton thoroughly understood Sanskrit until Sir William Jones, and even then, a literal translation was of little use – it needed to be elucidated by religious commentators well-versed in the lore and its application. This approach accentuated the Hindu caste system and to an extent the frameworks of other religions, which had at least in recent centuries been somewhat more flexibly applied. So British influence on the fluid social structure of India can largely be seen as a solidification of the privileges of the Hindu caste system through the influence of exclusively high-caste Hindu scholars advising the British on their laws. In short, under Hastings there was a codification of Hindu laws, and a digest of Muslim law books. Where British translators or interpreters read in the Artha Shastra a "caste system" in India, the actual wording speaks of "varna" and "jati": skin-colour and birth, i. e. clan, and it speaks of the four societal classes, not castes: from upper-class Brahmin to lower-class Shudra.


title: Warren Hastings

text: In 1781, Hastings founded Madrasa 'Aliya at Calcutta (transformed in 2007 into Aliah University by the Government of West Bengal). In 1784, he supported the foundation of the Bengal Asiatic Society, now the Asiatic Society of Bengal, by the oriental scholar Sir William Jones. This became a storehouse for information on the subcontinent and has remained in various institutional guises to the present day. Hastings's legacy as an administrator has been somewhat dualistic: he was able to institute reforms during the time he spent as governor that would change the path India followed in subsequent years, but he retained the distinction of being also the "architect of British India and the one ruler of British India to whom the creation of such an entity was anathema."


title: Warren Hastings

text: The city of Hastings, and the Melbourne outer suburb of Hastings, Victoria, Australia were named after him. There is also a road and the neighbourhood of Hastings, Kolkata in India named after him.


title: Warren Hastings

text: "Hastings" is the name of one of the four school houses in La Martiniere Calcutta (Kolkata). It is represented by the colour red. "Hastings" is also the name of one of the four school houses in Bishop Westcott Girls' School, Ranchi, again represented by the colour red. "Hastings" is a senior wing house at St Paul's School, Darjeeling, India, where all the senior wing houses are named after Anglo-Indian colonial figures.


title: Warren Hastings

text: RIMS "Warren Hastings" was a Royal Indian Marine troopship built by the Barrow Shipbuilding Co. and launched on 18 April 1893. The ship struck a rock and was wrecked off the coast of Réunion on the night of 14 January 1897.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Warren Hastings took an interest in seeing the "Bhagavad Gita" turned into English. His efforts led to a first translation by Charles Wilkins appearing in 1785. He wrote the introduction to it which appeared on 4 October 1784 in Benares.


title: Warren Hastings

text: "Warren Hastings and His Bull", a short story by the Indian writer Uday Prakash, was adapted for stage under the same title by the director Arvind Gaur. It presents Hastings's interaction with traditional India in a work of socio-economic political satire.


title: Warren Hastings

text: A short story by the Hindi author Shivprasad Singh 'Rudra' Kashikeya called "Bahti Ganga" features Chait Singh, then Raja of Banaras, in conflict with Hastings, who is imprisoned by the Raja, but escapes, though ordinary people of the city make fun of him.


title: Warren Hastings

text: The Hastings career is much discussed in the historical mystery novel, "Secrets in the Stones", by Tessa Harris.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Hastings is named in Book 5 of George Eliot's novel Middlemarch, where his greed for Daylesford is compared to the character Joshua Rigg's greed for money.


title: Warren Hastings

text: Hastings was rumoured to be the biological father of Eliza de Feuillide, the daughter of Philadelphia Austen Hancock and a cousin of Jane Austen. Some scholars have seen parallels between Hastings and Colonel Brandon in Austen's "Sense and Sensibility": both left for India at age 17; both may have had illegitimate daughters named Eliza; both participated in a duel. Linda Robinson Walker argues that Hastings "haunts "Sense and Sensibility" in the character of Colonel Brandon."


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Plaxico Antonio Burress (born August 12, 1977) is a former American football wide receiver who played 12 seasons in the National Football League. He played college football at Michigan State, and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers eighth overall in the 2000 NFL Draft. He also played for the New York Giants and the New York Jets, and caught the game-winning touchdown in Super Bowl XLII as the Giants beat the then-undefeated New England Patriots.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Plaxico Burress was born to Vicki Burress in Norfolk, Virginia. He was named after his uncle, has two brothers, and has been married to Tiffany Glenn since July 2005. They have one son, Elijah and a daughter, Giovanna, born November 2009. Burress graduated from Green Run High School in Virginia Beach, Virginia in 1996 and spent a post-graduate year at Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia. He lives in Totowa, New Jersey.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Burress set a Big Ten Conference single-season record by catching 65 passes in his first season at Michigan State, and also excelled on the special-teams coverage units, using his leaping ability as a kick blocker.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: He ranks third in career touchdown catches (20), third in receptions (131), and fourth in receiving yards (2,155) in just two seasons at Michigan State University. He was an All-American second-team selection by SportsPage.com and an All-Big Ten Conference first-team pick in 1999. Burress broke the school season-record he set in 1998 (65 catches) with 66 receptions for 1,142 yards (17.3 avg) and 12 touchdowns. He set a Spartans' single-season-record 12 touchdown receptions, eclipsing the previous record of eight Burress shared (1998) with Andre Rison (1988) and Bob Carey (1949). He forced two fumbles, recovered another, and registered seven tackles (five solos) on special teams.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Burress set a school record with 255 yards receiving on ten catches against the University of Michigan. He ended his career with a school-record 13 receptions for 185 yards and three touchdowns against the University of Florida in the 2000 Citrus Bowl.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: He also broke the single-game record of 12 receptions set by tight end Mitch Lyons in 1992. In 1996, he caught 33 passes for 807 yards (24.5 avg.) and 12 touchdowns. Burress was an All-Big Ten Conference first-team selection in 1998 by The Sports Network, and he earned second-team accolades from the league's media. He shared Spartan Outstanding Underclass Back Award honors with tailback Sedrick Irvin and wide receiver Gari Scott. Also, he started All Year at split end and set a school season-record with 65 receptions, topping the previous mark of 60 catches by Courtney Hawkins in 1989. He had more than 100 yards receiving in four games and was ranked third in the conference with an average of 84.4 yards per game and fifth in the conference with an average of 5.4 catches per game. He recorded six solo tackles and forced a fumble on special teams.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: After being drafted eighth overall in the 2000 NFL Draft, Burress went on to play five years with the Pittsburgh Steelers, amassing 261 receptions for 4,164 yards, 22 touchdowns, and six fumbles over the span of 71 games. Burress was featured on the MTV show "True Life", documenting his rookie season. His rookie season saw him on the wrong end on one of the NFL's most infamous gaffes.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: In , Burress caught a 19-yard reception, with his momentum causing him to fall to his knees. The rookie Burress then spiked the ball, believing the play was dead (since that is the rule in the NCAA but not the NFL) but, since he was not touched while he was on the ground, the ball was still live—allowing the Jaguars' Danny Clark to recover the fumble and run 44 yards with it.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: He first broke the 1,000-yard mark in his second season, gaining 1,008 yards on 66 receptions. Burress's best season with the Steelers came in 2002, when he set his career highs for receptions (78) and yards (1,325), to go along with seven touchdowns. Also in 2002, Burress played in his first career playoff game, accumulating six receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown. In three subsequent playoff games with the Steelers, Burress totaled only seven receptions, 123 yards, and one touchdown.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Burress's 1,008-yard season in 2001, combined with Hines Ward's 1,003 receiving yards, gave the Steelers their first pair of 1,000-yard receivers. The two would combine to accomplish the same feat in 2002. On November 10, 2002, Burress took advantage of an extra 15 minutes of play to set a Steelers' franchise record with 253 receiving yards in a 34–34 tie against the Atlanta Falcons. He caught nine passes and scored two touchdowns in the game, and nearly won it but was stopped at the 1-yard line as time expired.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: On January 23, 2005, after a playoff defeat, Burress announced his intentions to leave the Steelers. On March 17, he signed a six-year, $25 million contract with the New York Giants.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: In his first season with the Giants, Burress caught 76 passes for 1,214 yards, helping the team earn an 11–5 record and first place in the NFC East as well as the NFC's fourth seed. However, they were shut out 23–0 by the Carolina Panthers in the opening round of the 2005–06 NFL playoffs.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: In the 2006 season, Burress managed a career-high ten touchdowns but fell short of the 1,000-yard mark, appearing in only 15 games and struggling with a groin injury for much of the year. The Giants lost six of their last eight games and fell in the NFC Wild Card playoffs to the NFC East champion Philadelphia Eagles 23–20. Burress had a touchdown catch on the opening drive and finished the game with five receptions for 89 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: In 2007, Burress was the Giants' top receiver with 70 receptions for 1,025 yards, despite not practicing all season because of his ailing ankle. He also set a franchise playoff record in the NFC title game in Green Bay with 11 receptions for 154 yards as the Giants advanced to Super Bowl XLII.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: In Super Bowl XLII, Burress caught the game-winning touchdown pass that made the score 17–14 in the Giants' favor over the undefeated (18–0) New England Patriots. He gained a measure of "Super Bowl legend" by predicting the Patriots would lose by the score 23–17.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Before their May mini-camp, Burress and his teammates were invited by then-President George W. Bush to the White House on April 30, 2008 to honor their victory in Super Bowl XLII.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Just before the start of the Giants' mandatory May mini-camp, Burress had said that he would not participate in the camp because he was upset with his contract. He attended the camp to avoid paying a fine but refused to practice with the team. Although he was slated to receive $3.25 million for 2008, Burress felt underpaid compared to other star receivers. After indicating that he might hold out training camp as well, he joined, but practiced very little, claiming his ankle was injured.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: In September 2008, Burress did not show up for work on a Monday and could not be reached by phone for two days. On September 24, 2008, the team announced that Burress would be suspended for the game on October 5 for a violation of team rules.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: This was not the first time that Burress had been temporarily suspended by an NFL team—in May 2004, he was suspended by the Pittsburgh Steelers for failing to show up for a Monday team practice. On October 24 he was issued four fines totaling $60,000 for the following reasons:


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Burress signed a five-year, $35 million contract extension prior to the season. However, it was an incentive-laced deal, with $11.5 million in non-guaranteed base salaries in the contract, non-guaranteed roster bonuses of $3.5 million, non-guaranteed escalators of $5 million based on performance and $1.3 million in non-guaranteed workout bonuses among other things. According to various reports, the Giants would be able to cut or trade Burress after the season and get $23 million taken off their books.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: On November 2, in the second quarter of the Giants' ninth regular-season game against the Dallas Cowboys, Burress caught his 500th career reception. On November 23, 2008, Burress started the game against the Arizona Cardinals in Arizona after being considered questionable with a hamstring injury. The first play of the game he had a 4-yard reception but it was called back on a penalty. Burress left the game and did not return in what would be his final appearance with the Giants.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Burress was released by the Giants on April 3, 2009, when it was apparent his accidental shooting court case would take longer than expected to resolve.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Burress agreed to a one-year contract worth approximately $3.017 million guaranteed with the New York Jets on July 31, 2011, after turning down a two-year deal from the Pittsburgh Steelers that was rumored to be valued at a little more than the Jets offer but without as much guaranteed money. In his first game back in New York at MetLife Stadium in a pre-season matchup against the Cincinnati Bengals, Burress caught a pass from Mark Sanchez on the first play of the Jets' first drive, and in the second quarter caught a touchdown pass. On October 23, 2011, in a game against the San Diego Chargers Burress caught three touchdown passes from Sanchez, tying a game career high.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: Burress re-signed with the Steelers on November 20, 2012, after injuries sustained by Jerricho Cotchery and Antonio Brown. On December 30, 2012, Burress caught a 12-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Ben Roethlisberger. Burress had not caught a touchdown from Roethlisberger since 2004. On March 12, 2013, Burress signed a one-year deal to stay with the Steelers. He suffered a torn rotator cuff during a practice on August 8; on August 13, Burress was placed on the injured reserve list by the Steelers.


title: Plaxico Burress

text: In August and September 2008, Totowa police responded to two domestic disturbance calls at the Burress residence. At both times temporary restraining orders were issued that were later dismissed by the New Jersey state court.