title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: Since then, attention to details, adapting the game to an improved version of the Source engine, and completely reworking the oft-derided final chapters of "Half-Life" (known as Xen) had lengthened the development efforts of the remake. Due to its long development time, the modification became notable for its delays on the status of its completion. Major changes include reskinned collection of textures, models and NPCs, a longer runtime, improved level and puzzle design along with challenging enemy artificial intelligence, and additional dialogue and story elements.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The early-access version of "Black Mesa" received positive reviews and gained more positive reviews as it was updated and improved. Reviewers praised the gameplay and attention to detail, comparing it to that of an official Valve release, and the improvements to the Xen chapters.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: "Black Mesa" is a first-person shooter that requires the player to perform combat tasks and solve various puzzles to advance through the game. From a design standpoint, the core gameplay remains largely unchanged from the original base "Half-Life" game; the player can carry a number of weapons that they find through the course of the game, though they must also locate and monitor ammunition for most weapons. The player's character is protected by a hazard suit that monitors the player's health and can be charged as a shield, absorbing a limited amount of damage. Health and battery packs can be found scattered through the game, as well as stations that can recharge either health or suit charge.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: However, unlike "", which merely featured the original game's assets and geometry ported to the Source engine, "Black Mesa" has been purpose-built from the ground up to take full advantage of the newest versions of "Source", not just for its graphical capabilities, but for its myriad updates to the game's physics engine, puzzle complexity, and platforming capability. The artificial intelligence of the enemy characters has also been improved over "Half-Life" to provide more of a challenge, with some of the combat spaces redefined to provide more options to the player. In addition, several narrative and design changes have been made to account for the numerous story threads presented via retcon in "Half-Life 2". While most of the general design and progress through the game levels remains the same as "Half-Life", the largest change in "Black Mesa" is the reworking of the game's final chapter, Xen, which was generally considered the weakest part of the original game.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: "Black Mesa" also includes support for the individual and team deathmatch multiplayer modes from "Half-Life" on similarly-updated maps.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The plot of "Black Mesa" is almost identical to "Half-Life"s storyline. Like in the original game, the player controls Gordon Freeman, a theoretical physicist working at the Black Mesa Research Facility. He is tasked to place a sample of anomalous material into an Anti-Mass Spectrometer for analysis, using the Mark IV Hazardous Environment Suit (HEV Suit) to do so safely. However, the sample causes a "resonance cascade", devastating the facility and creating an interdimensional rift to an alien dimension called Xen, bringing its alien creatures to Earth. Freeman survives the incident, finds other survivors, and is tasked to make his way to the surface to call for help. Upon reaching the surface, however, he finds that the facility is being cleansed of any living thing - human or alien - by the military. Freeman learns from the surviving scientists the only way to stop the alien invasion is to cross over to Xen and destroy the entity keeping the rift open.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: With the release of "Half-Life 2" in 2004, Valve re-released several of its previous titles, ported to their new Source game engine, including the critically acclaimed 1998 game "Half-Life" as "Half-Life: Source". The Source engine is graphically more advanced than the GoldSrc engine used for the original games. "Half-Life: Source" features the Havok physics engine and improved effects for water and lighting. The level architecture, textures, and models of the game, however, remained unchanged. "Half-Life: Source" was met with mixed reviews. IGN liked the new user interface and other technical features, but noted that it did not receive as many improvements as Valve's other Source engine ports. GameSpy said that while it was a "fun little bonus", it was "certainly not the major graphical upgrade some people thought it might be". Valve's managing director Gabe Newell is quoted as saying that a complete Source remake of "Half-Life" by its fans was "not only possible…but inevitable".


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: "Black Mesa" began as the combination of two independent volunteer projects, each aiming to completely recreate "Half-Life" using Source. The "Leakfree" modification was announced in September 2004. The "Half-Life: Source Overhaul Project" was announced one month later. After realizing their similar goals, project leaders for both teams decided to combine their efforts; they formed a new 13-person team under the name "Black Mesa: Source". The "Source" in the project's title was later dropped when Valve asked the team to remove it in order to "stem confusion over whether or not [it was] an endorsed or official product", which at the time it was not. Eventually, the team rebranded itself as the Crowbar Collective. Most of the team was distributed across the world and used online collaboration to work remotely, with some limited in-person meetings.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: Originally based on the version of Source released with "" in 2004, the project switched to a more recent version released with Valve's "The Orange Box" in 2007. This new version included more advanced particle effects, hardware-accelerated facial animation, and support for multi-core processor rendering, amongst other improvements. The team had expected this to be a relatively fast project, with trailers released in 2005 and 2008, and an initial release estimate of late 2009, but by mid-2009, had backed off that date, and changed their expected release date to "when it's done". "Wired" included the game on their "Vaporware of the Year" lists in 2009 and 2010. In the lead-up to the 2012 release, team member Carlos Montero said that in 2009 that they thought they were going to be able to make that date, but "ended up busting our asses to make that a reality, and we went against a lot of our core values in the process. We found ourselves rushing things, cutting things, making quality sacrifices we did not want to make." Montero said then they decided to re-evaluate the state of the project, set higher bars for the quality of work they wanted to produce, and started to back through what they had already done to improve upon that, at which point they were not sure when the project would be completed.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The first standalone version of "Black Mesa" was released as a free download on September 14, 2012. This contained remakes of all "Half-Life" chapters except the final chapter set on the alien world Xen, which the team intended to rework for inclusion in a future release, as Xen in the original "Half-Life" was often considered its weakest part. The development team estimated that the initial release of "Black Mesa" gave players eight to ten hours of content to complete. "Black Mesa" initial release coincided with the launch of Valve's Steam Greenlight program which allowed users to vote for games to be put onto the Steam storefront. "Black Mesa" became one of the first ten titles to be voted on by fans and approved by Valve to be included on Steam through Greenlight.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: A new version of the Source engine had been introduced by 2013 that, in addition to new engine features, included support for OS X and Linux platforms. However, developers had to pay to gain access to the full feature set of this engine. According to Adam Engels, the project lead at the completion of "Black Mesa", Valve approached their team around this time and suggested making "Black Mesa" a commercial release and, thus, getting a license to the Source engine. The team considered this option, and, since access to the full Source engine would help make "Black Mesa" the best game they could, opted to go the commercial route to be able to pay for that license, not having originally intended to profit from the game. By November, 2013, the team had affirmed that they had gotten Valve's permission to sell the game. Some of the team were later invited to Valve's offices in Bellevue, Washington in 2015.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: At this point in 2013, the team cautioned that a final version was still some distance away, as they were still dealing with the updated Source engine, and they had not yet done much with Xen. Crowbar Collective continued to offer the free version of "Black Mesa", based on the earlier Source engine, on their website. With the new Source engine, the team started to look more closely at how Valve had used Source in "Half-Life 2", compared to what they had done in the original "Half-Life", and developed changes for "Black Mesa" that reflected what they believed were Valve's design principles in "Half-Life 2". One of those was the idea that when introducing a new mechanic, the level was designed to teach the new mechanic without potential harm to the player-character, followed by then testing that mechanic in a more harmful situation to the character. The team also included a brief mention to the long-fall boots from Aperture Science from the "Portal" series; "Portal" had come out after "Half-Life 2" but loosely tied narratively to the "Half-Life" universe, and the team felt it appropriate to show the competing lab's technology within the Black Mesa facility from this connection.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: Once the team had gotten all but the Xen levels completed in the new Source engine they were content with, they released these on Steam's early access on May 5, 2015, to get feedback and bug testing, stating that the Xen sections were still a work in progress. This version also included the deathmatch multiplayer modes with some of "Half-Life" remade maps. Early access also brought Crowbar Collective additional support from developers and artists to help with finalizing the project.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The release of the Xen part of the game had been the most difficult, since the team wanted to redesign the levels to overcome the poor perception that they had in "Half-Life"s original release. The team said, "We want our version of Xen to feel like it really belongs with the rest of the game in terms of mechanics, cohesion and progression," while at the same time, they wanted "to push the boundaries and explore this unique and varied setting; to build an experience that feels both fresh and familiar to players from all walks of "Half-Life" veterancy." Developing their new version of Xen was a chicken-or-the-egg dilemma, as without level design it was difficult to develop art assets, and without art assets it was hard to come up with cohesive level designs. They also wanted to give more story elements there, such as why human scientists were studying the world of Xen in the first place, trying to capture the same type of world-building by level design that Valve had been able to with the first parts of "Half-Life". They also significantly reworked the boss battles to be more challenging and representative of the area they had in mind. Ultimately, the team expanded out Xen from about a one-hour experience in the original "Half-Life" to four hours in "Black Mesa".


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: In addition to reworking Xen from scratch, as the team members got closer to release, they recognized they saw the game more as an entry for new players into the "Half-Life" series, and worked to introduce designs and features that would be more appropriate a decade since "Half-Life"s release. They made combat more interesting by improving the enemy's artificial intelligence while creating combat areas with more cover and options for the player. Because of their expansion of Xen, they also wanted to make sure players were not slowed down in the earlier parts of the game, and make redesigns in some of these levels.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The release of Xen in the early access version of "Black Mesa" had been pushed off a few times; initially planned for a December 2017 release, a beta version of a segment of the remade Xen was released in June 2019 for stress-testing by players The full beta was released on December 6, 2019. Additional Xen levels were added over time, and by December 24, 2019, the full Xen chapter was released as part of the game's early access.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The finished "Black Mesa" was released for Windows on March 6, 2020. By chance, this release was about two weeks before Valve's official return to the "Half-Life" universe after 13 years with the virtual reality game "". "Black Mesa" project lead Adam Engels said this was not intentional as they had planned to have "Black Mesa" out earlier, but the attention to "Alyx" had helped to boost interest in "Black Mesa". In addition to ongoing support for the game before moving onto other projects, the Crowbar Collective has stated they have been contacted by other teams, such as the "Sven Co-op" team, to help integrate their work into the final "Black Mesa" product. The team also wants to incorporate support for the Steam Workshop so that other players can add their own mods to the game.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: In addition to the modification itself, the game's thematic score, produced by sound designer Joel Nielsen, was independently released as a soundtrack in 2012. Nielsen released the score for the Xen levels in 2019.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: Following the first release of "Black Mesa", the team announced work on a "Definitive Edition", or "Black Mesa 1.5", revamping non-Xen levels from the original Valve design to make them more challenging, as well as to take advantage of new lighting features available in the custom Source engine branch the game uses. This free update was released on November 25, 2020.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: As "Black Mesa" is built on the Source engine, it itself is also moddable with support for Steam Workshop, and several projects have been started to create versions of "Half-Life" mods and expansions within "Black Mesa".


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The Crowbar Collective released an expansion in April 2021 called "Xen Museum" that presents a virtual museum that documents the team's past five years of effort in creating "Black Mesa" and mostly their work in recreating Xen from the original "Half-Life".


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: In 2012, mapper Michael "Hezus" Jansen created the mod "Black Mesa: Uplink", a remake of "Half-Life"'s demo level, "Uplink". Jansen worked on the mod for three years before release, saying "I've recreated something people played 13 years ago, that means it's intertwined with nostalgic feelings." With the transition from mod to game in 2015, Jansen returned to the idea and started work on recreating it for the Steam version that featured new content and updated graphics called "Black Mesa: Uplink Redux". However, in 2019, Jansen halted the production of the mod due to health issues.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: In "Surface Tension Uncut", the "Surface Tension" chapter was expanded to include certain areas of the original game that were not released along with the remake, as the developer had left before his work was finished. The developer, Chon Kemp, known on the "Black Mesa: Community Forums" by the pseudonym TextFAMGUY1, also modified the "On a Rail" chapter to include the areas cut from "Black Mesa" to make gameplay less tedious. Kemp was later hired by Crowbar Collective to remake "Surface Tension Uncut" for the Steam release, while the uncut version of "On a Rail" was published on Steam Workshop.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: On December 29, 2015, PSR Digital released "Black Mesa: Hazard Course", a remake of "Half-Life"'s tutorial level of the same name. The mod had been in development from 2012 to 2015 for the original mod version of "Black Mesa" as Crowbar Collective had not implemented a training level in the game, citing its obsolete use due to the tutorial HUD. The mod includes an intro tram ride and brief meeting with scientists reminiscent of the PlayStation 2 version of the level.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: In 2016, PSR Digital released an announcement that the mod had become broken due to differences between the mod version and the Steam version of "Black Mesa". With fixes through the next years, the team re-released the mod for the Steam version of "Black Mesa" on December 29, 2020, the 5th anniversary of the mod's release.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: In 2018, the HECU Collective announced that they would be remaking the "Half-Life 1" mod "Azure Sheep", originally released in 2001. A demo of the mod was made available for download on November 18, 2018, with Part One being released in 2019. In 2021, the mod's next parts were postponed as the HECU Collective focused to work on "Black Mesa: Blue Shift".


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: On February 16, 2021, the HECU Collective announced that they would be taking a break from their mod "Black Mesa: Azure Sheep" and were now focusing on a remake of "". Unlike another remake in progress, "Guard Duty" by Tripmine Studios, the mod utilizes assets from "Black Mesa" instead of creating it from scratch and is released in chapters. The mod began development after a previous attempt at a "Blue Shift" remake, "Insecurity", was abandoned. Half of the members working on the mod while the other half worked on "Azure Sheep". The first of the game's eight chapters was released on March 16, 2021, and as of December 2022, the first four chapters have been released.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: During its development, "Black Mesa" has received attention from several video game publications. It has been featured in articles from "Computer Gaming World", "PC PowerPlay", and "PC Gamer UK" magazines. Valve published a news update about the modification on their Steam digital distribution platform in 2007 saying that "We're as eager to play ["Black Mesa"] here as everyone else."


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The project was awarded "Top Unreleased Mod" by video game modification website Mod DB in 2005 and 2006. Mod DB gave the project an honorable mention in their choice of "Top Unreleased Mod" in 2007.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: After receiving a development version of "Black Mesa" in December 2009, "PC PowerPlay" magazine said that the game's setting "looks, sounds, [and] plays better than ever before". The "subtle" changes from the original "Half-Life" were said to have a "substantial" overall impact. They also noted the project's "frustrating" then-five-year development time, and current lack of release date, but added that the developers were making progress.


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: After the first major release in 2012, early impressions of the game were very positive, receiving a score of 86/100 on Metacritic, based on nine reviews. The game was praised for its high polish, with many critics comparing its quality to that of an official Valve game. "Destructoid" praised the game for the improvements it made over the original "Half-Life", saying it was "something that felt very familiar, [but also] very fresh."


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: "Black Mesa" won ModDB's Mod of the Year Award for 2012. In 2014, "Black Mesa" was named by PC Gamer among the "Ten top fan remade classics you can play for free right now".


title: Black Mesa (video game)

text: The remake's final release in 2020 was similarly praised by reviewers. On review aggregate "OpenCritic", "Black Mesa" had an average 86/100 review score with 100% approval rating based on 14 reviews. Writing for the UK "PC Gamer", Andy Kelly said the project felt like a professional work. He found that while the original "Half-Life" structure hampered some of "Black Mesa", the redesigns worked well, particularly the new Xen sections, which he felt provided more closure than the original. "Eurogamer" said that "Black Mesa" felt more like an evolution than a remake of "Half-Life", with the designs of the Crowbar Collective to trim down certain levels while adding other features helped to enhance the overall product, making the overall title more of a survival horror than a first-person shooter. Dario Casali, a designer at Valve who has worked on all "Half-Life" games, remarked in an interview that during development on "Half-Life: Alyx" he attempted to play the entirety of the original "Half-Life" again for research, but after five hours decided to play "Black Mesa" instead, reasoning it was a much more enjoyable product.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war for 2022. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found in Casualties of the Syrian civil war.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 1 January, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), a monitor based in the United Kingdom, reported that its activists had documented several Russian and government airstrikes in Northwest Syria. They said three civilians were killed in a Russian airstrike on a building north of Jisr al-Shughur, west of Idlib in Northwestern Syria, in an area controlled by rebels, as part of the on-going Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war, and that the Al-Fath Al-Mubin rebel faction counterattacked with rocket fire on government positions in Jorin area of Hama countryside and around Maarat al-Numan in the southern Idlib countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day in territories controlled by the government and the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in Northeastern Syria, according to SOHR, at least 10 Russian airstrikes targeted positions of Islamic State (ISIL) cells in the Al-Rusafa desert, north-east of Raqqa city. A Syrian government military convoy comprising at least 100 soldiers of the Liwa al-Quds militia and the Syrian Army's 5th Corps, reportedly under orders from Russia and accompanied by Russian helicopters, arrived in Palmyra from Deir ez-Zor with tanks and armored vehicles to combat ISIS cells in the Palmyra desert. SOHR said these operations were part of a new Russian large-scale military campaign to respond to increased ISIL activity.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 January, as part of this increased ISIL activity in Northeast Syria, five Syrian government soldiers were killed and 20 others were injured after ISIL operatives launched a rocket and artillery attack on a government military vehicle in the eastern part of the Syrian Desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also on 2 January, according to SOHR, Turkish forces shelled Fatima village in the Ain Issa countryside in the Tell Abyad District of Raqqa Governorate, an area controlled by the Kurdish-led Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), injuring an SDF fighter who died three days later.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 4 January, according to SOHR, a commander of Ahrar al-Sham and his nephew were killed on a bridge near Jindires in the Afrin District of the Aleppo Governorate in Northwestern Syria, in territory controlled by the Turkey-backed Syrian National Army (SNA), by other Ahrar al-Sham members after their car was stopped at a checkpoint, which led to a gunfight between the militants.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 5 January, as part of an uptick in the on-going 2019-2022 Persian Gulf crisis, the U.S "Green Village" military base, near the town of Mayadin in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate was attacked by Iranian-backed militias, who fired eight rockets at the military base (which houses SDF and Coalition fighters), causing minor damage. Several suspected launch sites were destroyed by U.S forces shortly after the attack. The attack came shortly after the 2nd anniversary of the U.S assassination of an Iranian General in 2020.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: The same day, continuing on-going Israeli airstrikes on Iranian and government targets in Southern Syria, Israeli tanks fired at Syrian army positions in the town of Quneitra near the Golan Heights, in the Daraa Governorate, setting fire to a building.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, as part of the upsurge since 2019 of the on-going Daraa insurgency in Southern Syria, a Syrian soldier of the 4th Division, a member of a "reconciled" rebel militia (i.e. an opposition fighting group absorbed into the government forces) accused of drug trafficking, was shot dead by gunmen in the village of Saham al-Jawlan in the western Daraa countryside, according to SOHR.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 6 January, in the continuing Russian-ISIL conflict in Northeastern Syria, SOHR reported that three Syrian soldiers were killed and 2 others were wounded in an ISIS ambush in the Al-Rusafa desert northeast of Raqqa city. In response, the Russian airforce launched several airstrikes on ISIS positions, causing an unknown number of casualties.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 8 January, three Turkish soldiers were killed after an IED was detonated under their vehicle on the Syrian-Turkish border near the town of Tell Abyad in Raqqa Governorate. Turkish officials announced the IED was "planted by terrorists", likely referring to Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) forces.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 10 January, as the Daraa insurgency intensified, SOHR reported that two soldiers of the Syrian Army's Military Security were shot dead by gunmen in the outskirts of Al-Sanamayn city, in Daraa Governorate in southern Syria. On the same day in the Northeast, ISIL claimed to have abducted and then executed a "spy" who was working with SDF forces in the town of Hajin.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 11 January, two civilians were executed by Islamist rebels Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) in the town of Kafrsajna in Maarrat al-Nu'man District, Idlib, in a part of Northwestern Syria controlled by the HTS-dominated Syrian Salvation Government, after reportedly confessing to collaborating with Syrian government forces. On the same day in Northeastern Syria, ISIL operatives assassinated a doctor in the town of Al-Tayyana for allegedly working with Kurdish forces.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 12 January, ISIL militants, under cover of foggy weather, launched a minor offensive on Syrian army positions in the town of Al-Kashma, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, killing three Syrian soldiers and wounding seven others.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 13 January, Anwar Raslan, a government intelligence officer, was found guilty by a German court after a 108 day trial to have overseen the murder of at least 27 people, torture of at least 4,000, two cases of rape and various other crimes at the Branch 251 prison in Damascus. He was tried under the legal principle of universal jurisdiction and sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also on 13 January, SOHR reported that ISIL operatives attacked positions of pro-government militias in the desert near the city of Abu Kamal, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, killing five National Defence Forces (NDF) militiamen and wounding 14 others. Eleven ISIL militants were reportedly also killed in government and Russian airstrikes on ISIL positions in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, an SNA fighter was killed in a car bomb explosion in the SNA-controlled city of Azaz in Aleppo, northwestern Syria. A suicide bombing also took place in the city of Afrin near a opposition military base, wounding several people. Three Syrian government soldiers were killed by opposition forces during an infiltration attempt on the rebel-held village of Sfuhen, Idlib, according to SOHR.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 January, according to SOHR, 20 ex-ISIL families, totalling 217 people, were repatriated out of the Al-Hawl camp to several villages in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate in Northeastern Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, according to SOHR, a military commander of the Syrian 4th Armoured Division was killed in an IED blast in Daraa city, as part of the on-going insurrection.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 17 January, the SOHR reported that forces of the SDF and US-led Coalition raided an ISIL hideout in the Hawy Al-Hawayej area in the eastern Deir ez-zor countryside, killing an ISIL commander and confiscating weapons.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 18 January in Northeastern Syria, Russian jets launched a series of airstrikes on ISIL positions in the eastern Homs desert, Maadan desert in the Raqqah countryside, and Deir Ezzor desert, killing several ISIL fighters and destroying several vehicles, according to SOHR. On 19 January, SOHR reported that eight ISIL operatives were killed in a series of Russian airstrikes on IS-held caves and hideouts in the Deir Ez-zor and Al-Raqqa deserts.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 19 January, the trial of Alaa Mousa began in Germany. He is a Syrian medical doctor accused of torturing detainees for the government in Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 20 January, SOHR reported a civilian killed after SDF forces launched a rocket attack on the SNA-held village of Maryamayn, in the Afrin countryside. Rockets were also fired from Kurdish-held territories targeting the SNA-held city of Afrin, reportedly killing three civilians and wounding 15 others. A Turkish drone targeted SDF forces in AANES-controlled Tell Jemaah killing an SDF fighter and wounding 2 others.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later that day, as part of ISIL resurgence on the Syria/Iraq border, the 3rd Battle of al-Hasakah began, after ISIS forces launched a large-scale attack aimed at freeing incarcerated ISIL fighters from a Gweiran prison, also known as al-Sinaa prison, in the city of Al-Hasakah. The siege lasted six days. Australian teenager Yusuf Zahab was among those killed.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 21 January, SOHR reported that two fighters of the Tell Tamer Military Council (which is allied to AANES and the SDF) were killed after a Turkish drone strike on their positions on a road near Twina village north of Al-Hasakah city.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 22 January, two fighters of the SNA were killed in an infiltration attempt on the SDF-controlled Al-Mushayrifah and Jahbal villages near the town of Ayn Issa. On the same day, SOHR reported, Russian or Syrian warplanes killed 73 civilians in a series of airstrikes on the settlements of Khisham, Tabiyah, Jazirah and Al-Bulil, in opposition-controlled parts of Deir Ezzor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 24 January, according to SOHR, two Iranian-backed militiamen were killed in a landmine explosion near the town of Nebl in the northern Aleppo countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 26 January, the SOHR reported that a commander of HTS was blown up and killed whilst attempting to plant a landmine on the frontlines near the town of Darat Izza. On the same day, IS claimed responsibility for abducting and beheading an SDF fighter south of Raqqa city.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 27 January, forces of the Jordanian army uncovered a drug-smuggling operation from Syria to Jordan, started after a Jordanian army officer was killed by drug smugglers from Syria earlier in January. Clashes broke out between the drug smugglers and the Jordanian army after the operation was thwarted. 27 drug smugglers were killed by the Jordanian army.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 28 January, SOHR reported that two fighters of the pro-Assad Al-Qatarji militia were found dead along the bank of the Euphrates River after being killed by unknown gunmen in al-Bolil village, where they were stationed.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 29 January, unknown gunmen, suspected to by ISIL operatives, killed four Syrian government soldiers as they slept at their outpost in the settlement of Bakras Tahtani in the Deir ez-Zor countryside. This was after a similar attack was carried out in neighbouring Iraq.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 30 January, as tensions were growing between SNA factions in Northwestern Syria, SOHR reported that a commander of the Turkish-backed Al-Hamza Division was shot dead by unknown gunmen in the city of Al-Bab.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: During the early hours of 31 January, Israeli warplanes carried out several airstrikes against alleged Hezbollah targets near the Syrian capital, Damascus, causing material damage only.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 31 January, the SDF said that the Gweiran prison overrun by ISIL was now fully back under its control.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 1 February, three fighters of the Liwa al-Quds militia were killed and two others were wounded after ISIL militants attacked their positions in the al-Masrib desert in the western Deir ez-Zor countryside. The wounded fighters were taken to a Syrian military hospital in Deir ez-Zor city for treatment. On the same day, a reconciled rebel was shot dead by unknown gunmen in the town of Muzayrib, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 February, SOHR reported that a Turkish drone bombed a power station in the city of Al-Malikiyah killing 4 people. On the same day, 8 civilians were killed and 29 others were wounded after several rockets were fired targeting the Turkish-held city of al-Bab. Later in the day, a Turkish soldier was killed after SDF forces fired artillery at Turkish army positions on the Syrian-Turkish border. Furthermore, 3 Syrian soldiers were killed after Turkish forces bombarded several Syrian army positions on the western Aleppo frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 3 February, United States President Joe Biden announced that U.S. military forces successfully undertook a counterterrorism operation in Atme, northwest Syria, resulting in the death of Islamic State leader Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi. A senior White House official stated to Reuters that al-Qurashi had exploded a bomb which killed himself and 12 more people, including members of his family, during the Joint Special Operations Command operation. According to the US, their forces came under fire from Hayat Tahrir al-Sham fighters and returned fire killing two, although this account was contested by analysts and local activists who said that only one was killed.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, three fighters of the Kurdish Women's Protection Units (YPJ) militia were killed after a Turkish drone bombed their positions in the village of Kharza, near Al-Darbasiyah. Furthermore, 3 commanders of the Liwa al-Shamal brigade were killed in an IED explosion in Beir Maghar village near Jarablus city.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 5 February, SOHR reported that an SDF fighter was killed and another was wounded after an IED exploded targeting an SDF military base in the Jarn Aswad village west of Tell Abyad.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 7 February, a draft agreement between Russia and Belarus revealed that 200 Belarusian troops were to be deployed to Syria alongside Russian troops, under Russian operational command. The document, which was endorsed by Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, said the Belarusian troops were to supplement Russian soldiers in providing "humanitarian assistance" to populations outside combat zones. Also on 7 February, SOHR reported that two Syrian government soldiers were killed by fighters of Al-Fatah al-Mubin during a sniping operation conducted on the Idlib frontlines.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: In the early morning of February 9, Israeli warplanes launched airstrikes, targeting radar and anti-aircraft batteries near Damascus. The attack killed a Syrian army lieutenant and wounded 5 others.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later in the day, SOHR reported that Syrian forces destroyed a SNA technical with a rocket at the Abu Al-Zandin crossing, east of al-Bab city, killing one SNA fighter.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also on February 9, ISIL fighters attacked an SDF military post Al-Shuhail desert, east of Deir Ezzor, killing 5 fighters of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council. IS militants also infiltrated an SDF military post in Jazra Al-Bushms under the cover of a dust storm, killing 4 SDF fighters with silenced weapons. One IS fighter was also killed in the attack. This kind of sneak attack is the 3rd such attack committed by IS in Iraq and Syria since early January.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 10 February, dozens of people in the mainly Druze city of As-Suwayda in southern Syria took to the streets protesting against corruption and worsening living standard under slogans including "We want to live with dignity" and "There is nothing left for the poor", with some protestors carrying the Druze community flag, following a week of sporadic demonstrations in the surrounding countryside. On Friday 11 February, the protests had grown to the hundreds, with hundreds of government security forces entering the city in response.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also on 10 February, ISIL operatives ambushed a Syrian military convoy in the eastern Homs desert, killing three Syrian soldiers including a major general. In response to the attack, Russian warplanes launched several airstrikes targeting positions and hideouts of ISIL cells in the Syrian desert, reportedly killing nine ISIL fighters. SOHR reported that the airstrikes continued the following day, with a total of seven ISIL fighters were killed after Russian warplanes launched three airstrike attacks on their hideouts in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 12 February, six civilians were killed after Syrian government artillery targeted the rebel-held village of Maaret Elnaasan, in the Idlib countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 13 February, SOHR reported that two fighters of the SDF was killed and one was wounded after Turkish forces launched a rocket attack on the village of Maaliq, near the town Ain Issa. On the same day, the SOHR reported that as part of a crackdown on Al-Qaeda linked militants in the Idlib Governorate, HTS had arrested at least 250 militants of Hurras ad-Din, some of whom were reportedly of non-Syrian nationalities.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 15 February, an IED explosion took place, targeting a Syrian military convoy in the Syrian capital of Damascus near Umayyad Square, killing one Syrian soldier and wounding 11 others. On the same day, at least three civilians were blown up and killed in a rocket attack on the city of Azaz. The same day, Russian news agency Interfax reported that, as part of a surge in Russian military activity due to the intensification of the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, Russia deployed MiG-31K fighter jets with hypersonic Kinzhal missiles and long-range Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bombers to its Hmeimim air base on Syria'a Mediterranean coast.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, two Syrian soldiers were killed and 9 others were wounded after opposition factions shelled several villages in the Idlib governorate. A civilian was also injured in the shelling.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 February, a Pro-Assad, Iranian-backed militiaman was killed by an ISIL-planted landmine in the Uqayribat desert in the eastern Hama countryside, as reported by the SOHR. On the same day, the town of Al-Dana, Idlib, was bombed by Syrian army artillery, killing 3 civilians.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, following increasing Russian airstrikes on positions of IS, the SOHR confirmed that 6 IS fighters had been killed in Russian airstrikes in the desert areas of the Aleppo-Hama-Al-Raqqah triangle.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 17 February, following Syrian army shelling on opposition-held town of Al-Dana the day prior, skirmishes broke out between opposition and Syrian government forces on the nearby Idlib frontline, near the town of Darat Izza, leaving one opposition fighter and one Syrian soldier dead. On the same day, a Car bomb exploded in the city of al-Bab, killing one civilian.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, a Syrian Arab Air Force helicopter was forced to make an emergency landing due to technical failures. The helicopter crashed in a mountainous area of Latakia, killing two of the crew and injuring 4 others.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 18 February, another car bomb explosion took place in the city of al-Bab, killing a commander of Suqour al-Sham, as reported by the SOHR. On the same day, it was also reported that an execution of an Imam took place in Darkush, Idlib, by HTS for allegedly working with the Syrian government.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 19 February, as part of the ongoing Daraa insurgency, the SOHR documented the deaths of 2 Syrian soldiers after being shot dead by unknown gunmen near the roundabout in the city of Al-Shaykh Maskin. On the same day, a fighter of Liwa al-Shamal was shot dead by unknown gunmen in the village of Tokhar, Aleppo. Also, the village of Hezwan, near al-Bab, was shelled by Syrian forces, causing material damage.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 20 February, the SOHR documented an ISIL attack on a Syrian army post in the Deir ez-Zor desert that resulted in the deaths of 2 Syrian soldiers. On the same day, 3 Syrian soldiers were killed after a landmine, planted by suspected ISIL operatives, exploded underneath their vehicle in the village of Jabal al-Omar.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: The SOHR also reported that a Syrian soldier was killed by opposition factions on the Miznaz frontline, in the western Aleppo countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 21 February, the SOHR documented that 5 militiamen of the Pro-Assad Baqir Brigade were killed after their bus drove over a landmine planted by suspected IS operatives in the Itheriya desert near the city of Raqqa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 22 February, one person was killed after a car bomb exploded in the opposition-held city of Azaz, northern Syria. On the same day, it was documented by the SOHR that a fighter of the Al-Mubin operations room was killed on the Kurd Mountains frontline by Syrian army shelling.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 23 February, Israeli forces launched missiles targeting Syrian positions in Quneitra, causing material damage only.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a former commander of ISIS, by the name of Kamal Hamid al-Jaouni, was shot dead by unknown gunmen near the town of Al-Shajara.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 24 February, 6 Syrian soldiers were killed after Israel launched airstrikes targeting Syrian army positions near Damascus.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 27 February, the SOHR documented the deaths of 2 people and the injury of two others after Syrian artillery targeted the village of Afs, in Idlib.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 3 March, the first 30 Syrian Arab Army officers arrived in Russia to fight in its invasion of Ukraine.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: The Islamic State (ISIL) insurgency continued in Northeastern Syria. On 3 March, an Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) fighter was shot dead by ISIL operatives in the town of Abu Hamam, in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, the SOHR reported. On 4 March, SOHR reported three government soldiers were killed after suspected IS gunmen opened fire on their military vehicle in the area of Sabkha Al-Malah district east of Palmyra. On the same day, the Jordanian army announced they had killed a suspected smuggler on the Syria-Jordan border.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 6 March, 13 more government soldiers were killed and 18 others were wounded after a military bus was targeted by IS militants in the Syrian desert, near Palmyra.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 7 March, two Syrian civilians were killed by an Israeli missile attack on a Syrian military position near Damascus according to the Syrian Ministry of Defense. Iran later announced that two IRGC colonels, Ehsan Karbalaipour and Morteza Saeednejad, had been killed in the attack and that "Undoubtedly, the Zionist regime will pay for this crime". The same day, the US alleged that Russia was attempting to recruit Syrians to fight for it in its invasion of Ukraine.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 10 March, five government-allied Liwa al-Quds militiamen were killed and 7 others were injured in a landmine explosion in the Jabal al-Amour area in the Palmyra desert, according to SOHR. The same day, ISIL named its new leader, Abu Hassan al-Hashimi al-Qurayshi.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 11 March, Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would accept volunteers from the Middle East, including Syria, to fight on behalf of Russia in Ukraine. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy called the Syrian volunteers "Murderers". It was also reported that some Syrian soldiers of the Syrian army's Tiger Forces were in the process of joining the Wagner Group to fight alongside Russia in the war. Russian military personnel in Syria had had accepted over 22,000 candidacies from Syrian fighters as of March 15. Russian adverts on the Facebook page of the SAA's Fourth armoured division offered mercenaries $3,000 over six months, while the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that Syrian fighters would receive a salary of 1,000 Euros per month, and on 15 March echoed Syrian government clams that 40,000 Syrians had signed up to go to Ukraine, although the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace later reported that this figure was uncorroborated and unlikely.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 15 March, two Syrian soldiers of the General Intelligence Directorate were killed and others were wounded in a skirmish with gunmen in the town of Jasim, in the Daraa countryside as the Daraa insurgency continued. Three other soldiers later died of their wounds. On 17 March, the head of the Jasim town council was shot dead by unknown gunmen just outside the town of Jasim, in the Daraa countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 19 March, an SDF fighter was found dead in the village of Swidan Jazira, in the Deir ez-zour countryside, after being kidnapped by suspected IS militants the day before.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: As part of the on-going normalisation of relations between Syria and other Arab states (see Foreign relations of Syria), Bashar al-Assad was hosted for a state visit by the United Arab Emirates, the first such visit since the start of the war, meeting Sheikh Mohamed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, vice-president and prime minister of the UAE and ruler of Dubai.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 21 March, a fighter of the Al-Hamza Division was shot dead in the village of Aziziyah, near Ras al-Ayn, during an internal dispute over smuggling.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 24 March, a fighter of Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) was killed and another was injured after Syrian army artillery targeted their positions in the town of Taqad in the western Aleppo countryside. On the same day, the mayor of Al-Sanamayn municipality was shot dead by unknown gunmen in the northern Daraa countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 26 March, a fighter of Al-Fatah al-Mubin was killed by a Syrian army sniper on the Kafr Ama frontline, in the western Aleppo countryside. On the same day, a fighter of the Syrian National Army was also shot dead by a Kurdish sniper in the village of Ablah, near Azaz. On 27 March, a Syrian soldier was shot and killed by opposition forces in the village of Dara al-Kabira on the southern Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: A 26 March report of an investigation by the "Daily Telegraph" and others stated that 3,000 Syrians had been cleared to fight in Ukraine, many recruited by the Al-Sayyad Company, a private military company funded by Moscow with links to the Wagner Group of mercenaries (which had opened its recruitment on 12 March), and that some were coerced into fighting.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 28 March, SDF forces, backed up by Coalition helicopters, raided a house in the Al-Litwah neighbourhood in the town of Diban, killing a suspected ISIL militant who refused to surrender to SDF forces. The house was destroyed by SDF forces after the raid. On the same day, a fighter of the Levant Front was killed in an IED explosion in the village of Ranin, near Suluk.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 29 March, two SDF fighters were found dead two days after being abducted by suspected ISIS militants from a military checkpoint at the Al-Safafnna water station, in the eastern Deir ez-Zor countryside. On the same day, a military doctor of the Syrian Army's 8th Brigade was blown up and killed in an IED explosion in the town of Mahajjah, Daraa. On the same day, 4 people including an ISIS fighter were killed after a small clash took place between suspected ISIS gunmen and SDF forces at the Al-Hawl refugee camp. The SOHR documented that throughout the month of March, at least nine ISIS militants had been killed in Russian airstrikes on IS-held positions in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 30 March, two Syrian government soldiers were killed and another 2 were wounded after being shot by unknown gunmen on the Da'il-Daraa highway in the Daraa countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 1 April, two fighters of Ahrar al-Sham and a fighter of the Levant Front were killed during internal clashes in the village of Awlan, near al-Bab. On the same day, a member of the Kurdish Self-Defense Forces was killed and 2 others were injured after a Turkish drone destroyed their vehicle near Al-Qahtaniyah.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 April, a fighter of HTS was killed and 3 others were wounded after a skirmish broke out with Syrian Arab Army (SAA) forces on al-Fatera village frontline, in the southern Idlib countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 3 April, as part of the continuing ISIL insurgency, two Iranian-backed pro-government militiamen were killed and 8 others were injured after Islamic State fighters attacked the militiamen at a fuel station on the eastern outskirts of Al-Sukhnah, in the eastern part of the Homs Governorate.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 4 April, as part of the Daraa insurgency, a soldier of the Syrian Army's 10th Division was shot dead and another was injured by unknown gunmen in the town of Abtaa, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 5 April, one SDF operative was killed and two others were wounded after suspected ISIS gunmen opened fire on SDF forces in the city of Hajin, but then escaped on a motorcycle. On the same day, a Syrian soldier was shot dead and another was injured by unknown gunmen in the city of Al-Quriyah, in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 6 April, in the early hours of the morning, seven fighters of the Levant Front, including a commander, were killed in an attack by unidentified gunmen on a military checkpoint on the road between Azaz and the Bab Al-Salama border crossing with Turkey. One of the unidentified gunmen was also killed in the clash. On the same day, a Pro-Assad militiaman was killed and 3 others were wounded after ISIL insurgents attacked a military outpost near the Al-Kharata oil field in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 7 April, four US service members at the Green Village Coalition base in SDF territory near the Iraqi border were injured in an explosive attack. Investigations later revealed the attack may have been carried out by a US service member.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: The same day, a Syrian government soldier was shot dead by unknown gunmen the Al-Jiza- Al-Kahil road, east of Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 8 April, a member of the pro-government National Defence Forces (NDF) militia was killed in an internal dispute in the city of Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 8 April, the Association of Detainees and the Missing in Sednaya Prison (ADMSP) reported that more than $1.5bn in personal property, including cars, olive groves, shops, houses, electronics and jewellery, had been seized by the government from citizens accused of joining opposition protests in the previous decade.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 9 April, two Syrian government soldiers, including a captain, were killed in the village of Dadikh on the Idlib frontline, after HTS forces launched a sniping operation in the area. On the same day, a fighter of the SDF was killed and two others were injured after a Turkish drone targeted an SDF checkpoint in Tel Kabz village near Al-Dirbasiyah on the Syria-Turkey border.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 12 April, an ex-Asayish member was burnt alive in a car after being kidnapped by ISIS operatives in the town of al-Sabhah, east of Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 13 April, a soldier of the Syrian Army's Internal Security Division was shot dead by unknown gunmen in al-Masifra town in the Daraa countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 14 April, a fighter of the Sham Legion was killed and another was wounded after Kurdish forces fired a missile at a military vehicle on the Merimin frontline near Azaz.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, 17 ISIS militants were killed in several Russian airstrikes targeting ISIS hideouts and positions in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 15 April, during the early hours of the morning, Israeli jets carried out airstrikes on several buildings near Damascus, causing material damage only. On the same day, a militant of Ansar al-Islam blew himself up in a suicide attack aimed at destroying Syrian army positions near the village of Sirmaniyah, Hama. One Syrian soldier was killed and 4 others were wounded in the attack.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 April, two SDF fighters were shot dead in the al-Jasym countryside, north of Deir ez-Zor, by ISIS gunmen who were riding a motorbike.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 17 April, Islamic State spokesman, Abu Umar al-Mujahid, announced the beginning of the "Vengeance for two Sheikhs" campaign against enemy combatants in Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: ISIS insurgents ambushed a Syrian military vehicle near Al-Ghanem Al-Ola village east of Al-Raqqa, killing one Syrian soldier and injuring another. On the same day, Turkish forces shelled the village of Tell Shinan, near Tell Tamer, killing one SDF fighter.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 18 April, the head of the Syrian Turkmen "Ahfad Al-Qarah Kaji" organisation, backed by the Government of Turkey, was killed in an IED explosion in the town of Qabasin. On the same day, a SNA fighter was killed after SDF forces shelled an area on the Euphrates river near Jarablus.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 19 April, three Syrian soldiers were killed and three others were injured after a landmine, planted by ISIL militants, exploded near Jabal al-Bilas, in the Syrian desert. On the same day, a Syrian soldier was shot dead by insurgents in the town of Inkhil, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 20 April, two Syrian soldiers were killed after a remnant ISIS landmine exploded after their military vehicle drove over it in the Al-Masrab desert in the Raqqa countryside. On the same day, 3 SDF fighters were killed after a Turkish drone bombed a military vehicle of the SDF on the Aidiq-Takhtak road near Kobanî.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 21 April, two SDF fighters were killed after ISIL militants attacked an SDF checkpoint near the village of Al-Sajr, north of Deir ez-Zor. On the same day, a Syrian Army lieutenant was killed by an opposition sniper on the al-kabinah frontline in the Latakia countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 22 April, six opposition fighters and two civilians were killed and ten others were injured in internal clashes in the city of Ras al-Ayn. On the same day, a Turkish soldier was killed after a Turkish military vehicle was shelled in the city of Mare', north of Aleppo.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, two Syrian soldiers were killed and 6 others were injured after ISIS gunmen attacked a Syrian army post in the Bir Rahum area, in the Raqqa desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 23 April, two Asayish fighters were shot dead by suspected ISIS militants in the village of al-Shahabat, Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 24 April, suspected ISIS militants attacked an SDF checkpoint in the village of Hariza, near Al-Busayrah, killing one SDF fighter and injuring another.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 25 April, two Syrian army soldiers were killed and ten others were injured after ISIS militants attacked Syrian army and militia positions near the al-Kharatah oil field in the western Deir ez-Zor desert. The attack came after Russian warplanes targeted ISIS positions in the nearby deserts. On the same day, an ex-SDF officer was found dead after being shot by suspected ISIS militants in the Haraqat area near Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later on the same day, three Syrian soldiers were killed in clashes with ISIS fighters near Jebel Bishri in the Syrian desert. In response, Russian warplanes reportedly conducted at least 20 airstrikes against ISIS positions, causing an unknown number of casualties.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 26 April, an SNA fighter was killed after being shot by a Kurdish sniper in the village of al-Tuways, north of Aleppo.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 27 April, in the early hours of the morning, Israeli warplanes carried out airstrikes against an ammunition depot near Damascus, killing 9 people, including 5 Syrian soldiers.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later the same day, 7 people were shot dead and 4 others were injured after ISIS militants conducted a massacre in the house of the chief of the relations office of Deir ez-Zor Civil Council in the town of Abu Khashab.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 30 April, four militiamen of Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada were killed and six others were injured after ISIS militants ambushed their patrol near Ark village, on the highway between Palmyra and Deir ez-Zor in the Syrian desert. Furthermore, an SDF fighter of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council was shot dead by ISIS gunmen who attacked an SDF checkpoint on a motorcycle near Al-Tikihi village, east of Deir ez-Zor. On the Aleppo frontline, near the village of Kaimar, three fighters of the Al-Hamza Division were killed in an infiltration attempt by Kurdish "Tahrir Afrin" fighters.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 1 May, a civilian was shot dead by Levant Front militants in the village of Arab Wiran, near Afrin. On the same day, the head of the Turkish-backed "Rawdat Al-Rayyana" organisation and former fighter of Ahrar al-Sham was killed in an IED explosion in the city of Jarablus.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 May, as part of the ongoing Daraa insurgency, a Syrian soldier died of his wounds after he was shot by unidentified gunmen earlier that day on a highroad near Jasim, Daraa. On the same day, a civilian was shot dead by opposition Suqour al-Sham militants in Qazal Basha village in the countryside near Afrin.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 4 May, a fighter of Ahrar al-Sharqiya was killed in an internal clash in the village of Al-Raqiya, west of Ras al-Ayn. On the same day, Turkish soldier was killed in the village of Kimar after Kurdish forces shelled a Turkish military vehicle in the area.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 5 May, a soldier of the Syrian Army's Military Intelligence Directorate was shot dead by gunmen in his house in Saida, Daraa. A soldier of the Syrian Army's 15th Division was shot dead on the Nahj-Kharab al shahm road west of Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 6 May, ISIS militants attacked a Syrian Military post in the Syrian desert, close to the border with Jordan and Iraq. Eight people were killed in the attack.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 7 May, two Syrian soldiers were killed after Turkish and Turkish-backed fighters shelled the villages of Ziyarah and Deir Jmal, in the Aleppo Governorate. On the same day, a man associated with the Syrian Army's Intelligence Directorate was shot dead by unidentified gunmen in the village of Al-Zaafaraniyah, Homs.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, seven people, including a child, were killed in internal clashes between Pro-Assad Iranian-backed militiamen in Sayyidah Zaynab, Rif Dimashq Governorate.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 8 May, six fighters of the National Front for Liberation were killed after Syrian Army forces fired a guided missile at opposition positions in Cairo village on the Al-Ghab frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 9 May, a fighter of the Levant Front was killed after clashes broke out between rebel and Kurdish forces on the frontline at the village of Inab, Aleppo. On the same day, three Syrian soldiers were killed by a remnant landmine, planted by ISIS, near Hamimah village in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, it was reported that ISIS militants in cars and on motorbikes were openly patrolling desert areas and roads near Wady Al-Abyad north of Palmyra.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On May 11, a civilian was killed after his car was targeted by a Turkish drone strike on a road near Kobanî. On the same day a Levant Front fighter was killed on the frontlines at the city of Mare', after clashes broke out between opposition and Kurdish forces.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, an SDF fighter was killed by tribal forces after an SDF patrol attempted to confiscate motorcycles from the tribesmen.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, a Syrian soldier of the 4th Armoured Division was shot dead by insurgents in the village of Al-Yadudah, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On May 12, three Syrian soldiers were killed and two others were wounded by a remnant ISIS landmine near Salamiyah town in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On May 13, at least 10 Pro-Assad Shia militiamen were killed after opposition forces fired a guided missile at a Syrian military bus on the Qabtan Al-Jabal frontlines in the western Aleppo countryside. Opposition forces later shelled the town of Nubl, Aleppo, killing a child and injuring another. Also, a fighter of the Turkish-backed Glory Corps was found shot dead in the village of Mamily in the Afrin countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: In the evening, Israeli warplanes conducted airstrikes on a Syrian military site in the city of Masyaf, Hama Governorate. Six Syrian soldiers and a civilian were killed in the attack and several others were injured.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 14 May, two SDF fighters were killed in clashes with suspected ISIS fighters after SDF forces conducting raiding operations in the villages of Tawamiya, Harizah and Barshim in Deir Ezzor countryside, in search of weapons and wanted individuals. On the same day a Syrian army officer was shot dead by ISIS cells in an attack on a Syrian army checkpoint at the al-Shahmy junction in the eastern Homs desert. ISIS cells also assassinated a Kurdish administrative official in the village of al-Hariji, north of Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, a fighter of Ahrar al-Sharqiya was shot dead by suspected ISIS militants in the town of Ras al-Ayn.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 15 May, two SNA fighters were killed after SDF forces fired a heat-seeker missile at their military vehicle in the northern al-Hasakah countryside. On the same day, a Syrian soldier was killed after forces of Al-Fatah al-Mubin shelled Syrian army positions in the town of Kafr Nabl, Idlib.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, two associates of the Syrian army's military security were shot dead by gunmen in the town of Tafas, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 May, two militiamen of the Ba'ath militia were killed in a double IED explosion in the village of Deir Khabiyah, Rif Dimashq.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 18 May, two Syrian soldiers were killed and several others were injured after ISIS militants ambushed them near the Wadi Al-Zakara area of the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 20 May, three separate assassinations were conducted by insurgents in Daraa Governorate, leaving a civilian, an ex-Syrian army soldier and an associate of the Syrian military security branch dead. On the same day, a Jihadist suicide bomber blew himself up after infiltrating a Syrian army position on the Jabal al-Akrad frontline, killing two Syrian soldiers.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: In the evening, Israel launched a missile attack on a Syrian military position near Damascus International Airport, killing three Syrian soldiers.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On May 21, an insurgent was shot dead in a firefight with Syrian military forces in Daraa, after he was caught trying to plant an IED near a Syrian Government compound. Furthermore, a soldier of the Syrian Army's 4th Division was also shot dead by gunmen near the city of Jasim, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, the Jordanian Army killed four drug-smugglers on the border with Syria's As-Suwayda Governorate.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 23 May, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, announced that Turkish military forces were aiming to resume the creation of a 30km safe-zone on Turkey's southern border with Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 24 May, ISIS militants executed a civilian from the town of Al-Zer, Dier ez-Zor, allegedly for "carrying out robberies". On the same day, two civilians were shot dead by insurgents near the city of Jasim, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 25 May, three tribal members of the Syrian National Army were killed in internal tribal clashes in the town of Ras al-Ayn. On the same day, two soldiers of the Syrian Army's 5th Division were shot dead by insurgents in Kiheel, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 27 May, a Syrian army officer was killed and one of his escorts was injured after an IED exploded targeting their vehicle near Al-Shaykh Saad, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 29 May, two commanders of the Mu'tasim Division were killed after an IED exploded targeting their military vehicle south of Ras al-Ayn.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, following Turkish threats to launch a new military operation in Syria, Syrian National Army Captain, Abdul Salam Abdul Razak, announced that SNA officers had been ordered to "take an offensive stance" and that "There are thousands of fighters ready to participate alongside the Turkish military."


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 30 May, three reconciled rebels were shot dead in an ambush by insurgents on a road near Jasim, Daraa. On the same day, two people were killed and three others were injured in a Turkish drone strike in the Sikirka area, east of Qamishli city.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, it was reported that in the month of May, at least eight ISIS fighters had been killed and thirteen others had been injured in Russian airstrikes in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 1 June, at least three civilians were killed after Kurdish forces allegedly launched a rocket attack on the Turkish-held town of Tell Abyad.The SDF afterwards issued a statement denying its fighters had fired any rockets.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 June, a fighter of the Manbij Military Council was killed repelling an infiltration attempt by SNA forces near the village of Mahsanli, east of Aleppo. On the same day, a fighter of Ahrar al-Sham was killed by SAA rocket fire on the Jabal al-Akrad frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, at least four people were killed and at least twenty others were injured after Islamic State militants attacked a bus travelling in the Al-Shawla desert, south of Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 3 June, two SDF fighters and a smuggler were killed after SDF forces launched an anti-smuggling operation in Abu Hamam, Deir ez-Zor. On the same day, two militants of Jaysh Usud al-Sharqiya were killed by protestors in the town of Jindires, northern Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On June 5, 2022, the leader of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), Mazloum Abdi, said that Kurdish forces were willing to work with Syrian government forces to defend against Turkey, saying “Damascus should use its air defense systems against Turkish planes." Abdi said that Kurdish groups would be able to cooperate with the Syrian government, and still retain their autonomy.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 8 June, a Syrian Army officer was blown up and killed by a remnant landmine near Al-Taim oil field in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later the same day, the Syrian National Army assigned recently formed military councils of the cities of Tel Rifaat and Manbij, to "liberate them from Kurdish separatists". This comes after the Syrian Army sent just under five-hundred soldiers, several tanks and heavy weapons to the countryside near Manbij.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 9 June, a man was killed in a airdrop raid by SDF and Coalition forces in the village of al-Atallah, south of Al-Hasakah.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, a large amount of ISIL fighters was reportedly openly gathering in a valley near Al-Qaryah Al-Namozajyah" in the Jabal Al-Amor area of the Syrian desert. This comes amid ISIL militants openly patrolling certain areas of the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, Pro-Assad militiaman was killed and another was injured in an IED explosion in the town of Tell Shihab, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 10 June, eleven farmworkers were killed after a landmine exploded underneath their car in the village of Deir al-Adas, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, amid high tensions between Turkey and Syria, it was reported that the Syrian Army had deployed a further two-thousand soldiers to the Manbij countryside in preparation for a possible Turkish offensive.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a Syrian Army engineer was killed whilst trying to dismantle an IED near Beit Jinn, Rif Dimashq.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 13 June, 4 Syrian soldiers, including an officer, were killed in an attack by unidentified gunmen on a Syrian Army checkpoint near the town of Talbiseh.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a Syrian soldier was shot dead by unidentified gunmen on the highway between Qorkas and Al-Qosaiba, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 14 June, two Asayish fighters were killed in clashes with smugglers in the village of Qarmagh, near Kobanî.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day three members of the Al-Amshat division, operating as part of the SNA, along with another tribal SNA member, were killed in internal clashes in the Mount Simeon area, near Aleppo.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 15 June, three fighters of the Sham Legion and a fighter of HTS were killed after Syrian forces shelled their positions on the Saraqib area of the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a commander of the Syrian Army's security branch was shot dead by unknown gunmen in the town of Al-Jiza, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 June, at least 3 Syrian soldiers were killed and six others were injured after ISIS militants ambushed a Syrian military bus in the Syrian desert, close to the Al-Tanf area.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a fighter of HTS was shot dead by forces of the Syrian Army on the Ftireh area of the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 17 June, 5 Liwa al-Quds militiamen were killed after ISIS militants ambushed their military vehicle near Ark village, in the Al-Sukhnah desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 18 June, 4 Turkish-backed opposition fighters and three civilians were killed in internal clashes in the western Aleppo countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 4 Syrian soldiers, including an officer, were killed after militants of Jaysh al-Nasr launched an attack on Syrian Army positions in Al-Fatatrah in the Al-Ghab Plain area of the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 19 June, an opposition fighter was shot dead by a Syrian army sniper in the Al-Tuffahiyah area of the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 20 June, 11 Syrian soldiers and two bus drivers were killed in an ambush by ISIS militants, targeting Syrian Army buses transporting soldiers on the highway in the Al-Jira area, between the cities of Homs and Raqqa. Further clashes continued in this area in the days after.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 21 June, two Syrian government soldiers were blown up and killed in an IED explosion near the village of Jamla and four pro-government fighters were killed and four others wounded in an ambush by ISIL fighters east of the Al-Dumayr Military Airport; some of the casualties were from the National Defence Forces militia.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, according to SOHR, an SDF fighter was shot dead by suspected ISIS insurgents at Al-Asadiyah farm, north of Raqqa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 22 June, a government convoy was attacked by machine-gun fire near the town of Dumayr, northeast of Damascus, and a militant of Al-Fatah al-Mubin was reportedly blown up and killed by a landmine in the village of Tell Afis on the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 23 June, SOHR reported that nine pro-government fighters and seven ISIL fighters were killed in the on-going clashes in Northeastern Syria, meaning a total of thirty pro-government fighters were killed in the four days.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 24 June, six tribesmen were killed in internal tribal clashes in the village of Ghazila, south of Al-Qahtaniyah.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 26 June, SOHR reported two SDF operatives were killed and five others were injured after suspected ISIS militants opened fire on an SDF military vehicle near the village of Ali Agha near Al-Yaarubiyah.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, SOHR reported a civilian was shot dead by insurgents in the city of As-Suwayda, southern Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 27 June, SOHR reported five people, including a former secretary of the Ba'ath Party, were killed after gunmen raided a house in the city of Al-Sanamayn, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 28 June, SOHR reported three government soldiers were killed after being shot by insurgents on a road near Jasim, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 29 June, SOHR reported nine fighters of the Sham Legion were killed after Syrian Army forces fired a heat seeker missile at their position on the Basfoun frontline, west of Aleppo, on the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 July, 4 SDF fighters, including a commander, were killed in an IED explosion whilst travelling between military checkpoints between Ayn Issa and Tel Al-Samen.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a civilian was killed by Turkish shelling in the village of Jarad near Manbij, northern Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 3 July, a Syrian government soldier was killed and 3 others were abducted by gunmen during an armed attack on Syrian military checkpoint near As-Suwayda, southern Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, 2 soldiers of the Syrian Army's Military Security branch were shot dead by gunmen in the town of Abtaa, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 4 July, 2 ISIL affiliates were killed in an SDF-backed Coalition airdrop operation on a house in the village of al-Zer, Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 2 Syrian soldiers were killed and 8 others were injured after NFL forces fired a rocket targeting a Syrian Army truck on the Anjara frontline, west of Aleppo.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, a civilian was killed and three others were injured after Turkish artillery bombarded the village of Al-Houshan, west of Ayn Issa. A civilian was also killed and 2 others were injured by Syrian Army bombardment in the village of Maaret Elnaasan, Idlib.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 5 July, soldiers of the Syrian Army's 8th Brigade were targeted by gunmen on the Al-Ghariyah Al-Sharqiyyah-Al-Misifrah road, Daraa. The attack left one Syrian soldier killed and 3 others wounded.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 6 July, 2 Syrian soldiers were killed and 2 others were wounded after an IED exploded on a road near the town of Da'el, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 4 civilians of the same family, including 2 children, were shot dead by unknown gunmen in their house in Nasib, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, due to Turkish threats to invade Kurdish-held territories in northern Syria, Rojava declared a state of emergency.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, an opposition fighter was killed and 4 others were injured in a landmine explosion in Kansafra.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later in the day, a soldier of the Iranian IRGC was killed and 3 others were injured after a landmine, likely planted by ISIS cells, exploded under their military vehicle near the town of Mahin.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 7 July, a member of the Manbij Military Council was killed in a Turkish drone attack in the Al-A’rimah area near Manbij.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a Lebanese Hezbollah officer was killed in an Israeli drone attack in the countryside north of Quneitra.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 9 July, a Syrian soldier was shot dead by gunmen on a road on the outskirts of Al-Jabiliyah village in Quenitra countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 10 July, a tribesman was killed and 2 others were wounded in tribal infighting in Sajo village, in the Azaz countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, an SDF fighter was shot dead and another was injured after suspected ISIS members opened fire on an SDF military vehicle in Himar Al-Ali, near Al-Kasrah.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 11 July, a militant Al-Fateh al-Mubin was killed and 2 others were wounded after Syrian Army forces shelled Kafr Ammah on the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 12 July, Maher al-Agal - one of the top five ISIL commanders - and his escort were killed in an American drone-launched airstrike on their motorcycle in Ghaltan village, near Jindires.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, a footballer was shot dead by suspected ISIS insurgents after they broke into a football stadium in the village of Al-Hawayej, Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 14 July, 3 NDF militiamen were blown up and killed in a landmine explosion whilst patrolling farmland near the town of Al-Huwaiz, Hama.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 15 July, a commander of Suqour al-Sham was shot dead by gunmen near the town of Kamrouk in the Afrin countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 2 civilians were killed and another was severely injured by a landmine explosion in the village of Khirbat Al-Manasir in the south Aleppo countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 July, two militants of Ahrar al-Sharqiya were shot dead by unidentified gunmen in the village of Baruza, north of Aleppo. A Syrian government soldier was killed by a landmine explosion in Halfaya, Hama. A child died of injuries he sustained a day prior following the explosion of a remnant landmine in the village of Qurtal, near Kobanî.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: After negotiations at the UN, Russia used its Security Council veto to reduce the planned delivery of aid to opposition areas of Syria from a year to six months.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 17 July, the wife of a former opposition commander was killed and 6 of his family were wounded after an IED exploded at his house in Tafs, Daraa. An SDF fighter was shot dead by ISIS gunmen in Al-Hajjah village in the northern Deir Ezzor countryside. A fighter of Jaysh al-Izza was killed by a landmine planted by Syrian Army forces on the Bara area of the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a drug dealer was shot and killed by Syrian Army forces after they raided a house in Maaraba, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, 2 Syrian soldiers were killed by an IED explosion whilst conducting combing operations in southern Deir ez-Zor desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 20 July, the leaders of Turkey, Russia and Iran met in Tehran. Erdoğan asked his peers to back Turkey’s anti-SDF incursion in Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: The same day, a fighter of the Iraqi Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba was killed and several others were injured after ISIS militants attacked their military vehicle near Al-Kom and Al-Tabiya villages in eastern Homs countryside. And a Syrian government soldier was killed in an infiltration attempt by opposition forces in the village of Al-Mahsanly, in the Manbij countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 21 July, 3 Syrian soldiers, including 2 officers, of the Ministry of the Interior were killed in an ambush by insurgents in the Gharz area, east of Daraa. An IED was also detonated when Syrian military reinforcements arrived, resulting in the injury of 2 other soldiers.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: At midnight on 22 July, three government soldiers were killed and seven wounded in an Israeli missile attack on the outskirts of Damascus.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 7 civilians, including 4 children, were killed in a Russian airstrike on the village of al-Jadidah near the city of Jisr ash-Shughur, Idlib.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later in the day, an opposition insurgent was killed in a shootout after Syrian Army forces raided a house in Al-Yadudah, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, 3 fighters of the YPJ were killed in a Turkish drone strike on their vehicle Qamishli and Al-Malkiyah in the Al-Hasakah Governorate.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, 2 militants of Ansar al-Tawhid were killed by Syrian Army bombardment on the Al-Fatera frontline in southern Idlib.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 24 July, a civilian was killed and 3 others were injured after a rocket was fired from Kurdish-held areas on the village of Kuwait Al-Rahma in the Afrin countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 2 children were killed after a remnant landmine exploded at the Masraba Bridge in Damascus.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 25 July, 2 fighters of the Hajin Military Council died of wounds they sustained after a shootout with suspected smugglers in the town of Diban, Dier ez-Zzor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a captain of the Syrian Army's 5th Division was killed in an IED explosion in the city of Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 26 July, 2 SDF fighters were killed in separate Turkish drone strikes in the northern countryside of Raqqa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 2 Turkish soldiers were killed by Syrian Army or Kurdish shelling on Kaljibrin town in Aleppo countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Between late 26 July and 27 July, at least 17 gunmen were killed and over 40 were wounded in clashes between local militias in As-Suwayda Governorate in southern Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also on 27 July, a civilian was killed by Syrian Army artillery in the crossfire between Syrian forces and insurgents in the plains near Tafas, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 28 July, 4 Asayish fighters were killed in a Turkish drone strike on their vehicle near Tel Al-Samn village in the northern countryside of Raqqa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 1 August, an opposition fighter was killed by Syrian Army artillery fire on the village of Deir Sunbul on the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day an SDF fighter was killed and 3 others were wounded during clashes with smugglers at a river crossing in Abu Hamam, Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 August, a Syrian soldier was shot dead by Al-Fatah al-Mubin militants on the Kafr Nabl frontline in Idlib.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a civilian was blown up and killed by a remnant landmine in the Al-Maydan area of the Syrian Desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 3 August, a militant of Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) was killed and 5 others were injured after Syrian Army forces fired a AGTM at their vehicle on the Basufan frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 2 SDF fighters were killed after insurgents opened fire on an SDF military vehicle and then fled on a motorbike in the village of Abriha, near Al-Busayrah, Deir ez-Zor. ISIS later claimed responsibility.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, a member of the Tel Tamr military council was blown up in a Turkish drone strike in the village of Tel Jumah in the Al-Hasakah countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 4 August, 4 Syrian soldiers were killed after ISIS militants attacked their positions in the Al-Mahr area near Jahar area in the Syrian desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, a civilian was shot dead by Turkish Border Guards whilst working on his land in Qoran village, in the Ayn al-Arab District.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 5, 2 civilians and a member of Syrian security forces were killed in clashes following a grenade attack in the Al-Maydan area of Aleppo.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, a Syrian soldier was killed and a smuggler was injured in clashes on the Syria-Lebanon border near the Lebanese village of Al-Mashirfa, in the Qalamoun Mountains.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 6, 2 'Cadres' and 2 children were killed in a Turkish drone strike in the Al-Sina'a area of Qamishli city.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 7, 3 Ansar al-Turkestan militants were killed after Syrian Army forces fired an AGTM at a militants' vehicle on the Al-Hakourah area in the Al-Ghab Plain on the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Later in the day, an SDF fighter was shot dead by ISIS insurgents in the town of Al-Shuhayl, Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 8, 3 Uzbek jihadis were killed after carrying out an attack on Syrian Army positions in the town of Jobas, near Saraqib on the Idlib frontline.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: In Daraa, a man was shot dead by insurgents in the town of Tell Shihab. In the town of Elmah, Daraa, 3 people were killed, including a Syrian soldier and a woman, after IED blast destroyed a house.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, a female Asayish fighter was shot dead by suspected ISIS militants after they opened fire on an Asayish checkpoint in the city of Al-Thawrah, west of Raqqa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 9, 3 non-Syrian Iranian-backed Pro-Assad militiamen were killed and 4 others were injured after ISIS militants attacked their military checkpoint on the outskirts of Al-Sukhnah in the Homs desert.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, 4 people were killed in two Turkish drone strikes near a UN COVID-19 hospital in the vicinity of Qamishli. A child was also killed and several other people were injured in large scale Turkish artillery bombardments on several settlements in the Qamishli countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Also, an Iraqi commander of ISIS by the name of Abu Salem al-Iraqi was reported to have blown himself up after he was besieged by Syrian government forces in the village of Adwan, Daraa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 10, 2 SDF fighters were killed and 3 others were injured after ISIS cells opened fire on an SDF military vehicle in Al-Zer village, Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the same day, two SDF fighters, including a commander, and a civilian were killed in a Turkish drone strike in the village of Mala Sobat in the Qamishli countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 11, an NDF militiaman was found shot dead on the banks of the Euphrates River in the village of Al-Masrab, Deir ez-Zor.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Furthermore, two SNA fighters were killed in internal clashes in the city of Ras al-Ayn, in the Hasakah countryside.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On August 12, two fighters of the Syriac Military Council were killed by Turkish shelling in the town of Tell Tamer, north of Hasakah city.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 August, two Turkish soldiers were killed by rocket fire originating from Syria. Later 25 people, including at least government fighters, were killed in a series of Turkish artillery and airstrike attacks on military targets in the Kobanî area of northern Syria. In retaliation, on August 19, at least 14 civilians, including 5 children, were killed and 28 others are injured by a government rocket attack on a market in Al-Bab, Aleppo Governorate, Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: In late August, Turkey announced a thawing of relations with the Assad government, in a series of comments by the president on 20-21 August and foreign minister on 23 August, in the wake of anti-refugee sentiment in Turkey.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: In late August, there was a series of skirmishes between Iranian-backed militias and US forces in Deir al-Zor, starting on 23 August. On 23 August, U.S. President Joe Biden ordered airstrikes against Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Russia-linked groups in Syria in response to a rocket attack on 15 August near the U.S. military base in al-Tanf, Syria, which houses the Maghaweir al-Thowra rebel group, and an airstrike by the Russian military in an area held by the Syrian opposition. The U.S. strikes, which occurred in the early hours of the following day, used F-15 and F-16 jets and targeted eleven bunkers in Deir ez-Zor used to store weapons, according to the United States Central Command. Iran denied having any link to the sites. In the evening of 24 August, pro-Iranian militias executed a missile attack on the Conoco site and Green Village near al-Omar oil field which had injured three U.S. military service members. In retaliation, on 25 August, the United States conducted airstrikes with AC-130 gunships and Apache attack helicopters against Iranian-backed militia groups in Mayadin, Syria, killing at least three. This violence occurred in the context of tense negotiations between the US and Iran over Iran's nuclear programme.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On the tenth anniversary of the Daraya massacre on 26 August, the Syrian British Consortium released a report detailing the government's responsibility for 700 killings in the town.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 28 August, the SDF launched an operation targeting ISIL sleeper cells in al-Hol detention camp, where violence had reached record levels.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 1 September, it was reported that a Canadian intelligence informant had been responsible for smuggling ISIL fighters, including Shamima Begum, from Turkey into Syria in 2015. Begum still remained stateless in an SDF detention camp in Syria.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 2 September, diplomatic and intelligence sources told Reuters that Israel has intensified strikes on Syrian airports to disrupt Iran's increasing use of them to deliver arms to allies in the region.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: In NW Syria, the government and its Russian allies continued their operations against rebel Idlib and Aleppo. On 8 September, seven civilians were killed and 15 others were injured by a Russian airstrike on a stone quarry near the village of Hafsarja in Idlib.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: Fighting continued between ISIL and the Syrian Democratic Forces and its pro-government allies in NE Syria. On 11 September, ISIL released footage of their fighters lining up six abducted SDF fighters against a wall and then executing them by shooting them near the village of Ruwaished, north of Deir ez-Zor. On 13 September, four pro-Assad militiamen were killed and several others were injured in clashed with ISIS fighters in the desert near Palmyra.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 16 September, five people, including three SDF police officers, were killed in a Turkish drone strike near a Syrian Army base in Ayn Issa.


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)

text: On 17 September, five government soldiers were killed by an Israeli airstrike on the Damascus International Airport.