title: Poaching

text: Poaching was dispassionately reported for England in "Pleas of the Forest", transgressions of the rigid Anglo-Norman forest law. William the Conqueror, who was a great lover of hunting, established and enforced a system of forest law. That operated outside the common law and served to protect game animals and their forest habitat from hunting by the common people of England and reserved hunting rights for the new French-speaking Anglo-Norman aristocracy. Henceforth, hunting of game in royal forests by commoners, or in other words poaching, was invariably punishable by death by hanging. In 1087, the poem "The Rime of King William", contained in the Peterborough Chronicle, expressed English indignation at the severe new laws. Poaching was romanticised in literature from the time of the ballads of Robin Hood, as an aspect of the "greenwood" of Merry England. In one tale, Robin Hood is depicted as offering King Richard the Lion Heart venison from deer that was illegally hunted in the Sherwood Forest, the King overlooking the fact that this hunting was a capital offence. The widespread acceptance of the common criminal activity is encapsulated in the observation "Non est inquirendum, unde venit venison" ("It is not to be inquired, whence comes the venison") that was made by Guillaume Budé in his "Traitte de la vénerie". However, the English nobility and land owners were in the long term extremely successful in enforcing the modern concept of property, such as expressed in the enclosures of common land and later in the Highland Clearances, both of which were forced displacement of people from traditional land tenancies and erstwhile-common land. The 19th century saw the rise of acts of legislation, such as the Night Poaching Act 1828 and the Game Act 1831 in the United Kingdom, and various laws elsewhere.


title: Poaching

text: In North America, the blatant defiance of the laws by poachers escalated to armed conflicts with law authorities, including the Oyster Wars of the Chesapeake Bay and the joint US-British Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations of 1891 over the hunting of seals.


title: Poaching

text: Violations of hunting laws and regulations concerning wildlife management, local or international wildlife conservation schemes constitute wildlife crimes that are typically punishable. The following violations and offenses are considered acts of poaching in the US:


title: Poaching

text: Stephen Corry, the director of the human rights group Survival International, has argued that the term "poaching" has at times been used to criminalize the traditional subsistence techniques of indigenous peoples and to bar them from hunting on their ancestral lands when they are declared as wildlife-only zones. Corry argues that parks such as the Central Kalahari Game Reserve are managed for the benefit of foreign tourists and safari groups at the expense of the livelihoods of tribal peoples such as the Kalahari bushmen.


title: Poaching

text: Sociological and criminological research on poaching indicates that in North America people poach for commercial gain, home consumption, trophies, pleasure, and thrill in killing wildlife or because they disagree with certain hunting regulations, claim a traditional right to hunt, or have negative dispositions toward legal authority. In rural areas of the United States, the key motives for poaching are poverty. Interviews conducted with 41 poachers in the Atchafalaya River basin in Louisiana revealed that 37 of them hunt to provide food for themselves and their families; 11 stated that poaching is part of their personal or cultural history; nine earn money from the sale of poached game to support their families; and eight feel exhilarated and thrilled by outsmarting game wardens.


title: Poaching

text: In rural areas in Africa, the key motives for poaching are the lack of employment opportunities and a limited potential for agriculture and livestock production. Poor people rely on natural resources for their survival and generate cash income through the sale of bushmeat, which attracts high prices in urban centres. Body parts of wildlife are also in demand for traditional medicine and ceremonies.


title: Poaching

text: The existence of an international market for poached wildlife implies that well-organised gangs of professional poachers enter vulnerable areas to hunt, and crime syndicates organise the trafficking of wildlife body parts through a complex interlinking network to markets outside the respective countries of origin. Armed conflict in Africa has been linked to intensified poaching and wildlife declines within protected areas, likely reflecting the disruption of traditional livelihoods, which causes people to seek alternative food sources.


title: Poaching

text: Results of an interview survey conducted in several villages in Tanzania indicate that one of the major reasons of poaching is for consumption and sale of bushmeat. Usually, bushmeat is considered a subset of poaching because of the hunting of animals regardless of the laws that conserve certain species of animals. Many families consume more bushmeat if there are no alternative sources of protein available such as fish. The further the families were from the reserve, the less likely they were to illegally hunt wildlife for bushmeat. They were more likely to hunt for bushmeat right before the harvest season and during heavy rains, as before the harvest season, there is not much agricultural work, and heavy rainfall obscures human tracks and makes it easier for poachers to get away with their crimes.


title: Poaching

text: Poverty seems to be a large impetus to cause people to poach, something that affects both residents in Africa and Asia. For example, in Thailand, there are anecdotal accounts of the desire for a better life for children, which drive rural poachers to take the risk of poaching even though they dislike exploiting the wildlife.


title: Poaching

text: Another major cause of poaching is the cultural high demand of wildlife products, such as ivory, which are seen as symbols of status and wealth in China. According to Joseph Vandegrift, China saw an unusual spike in demand for ivory in the 21st century because the economic boom allowed more middle-class Chinese to have a higher purchasing power, which incentivized them to show off their newfound wealth by using ivory, which has been a rare commodity since the Han dynasty.


title: Poaching

text: In China, there are problems with wildlife conservation, specifically relating to tigers. Several authors collaborated on the piece "Public attitude toward tiger farming and tiger conservation in Beijing, China", and explored the option of whether it would be a better policy to raise tigers on a farm or put them in a wildlife conservation habitat to preserve the species. Conducting a survey on 1,058 residents of Beijing, China, with 381 being university students and the other 677 being regular citizens, they tried to gauge public opinion about tigers and conservation efforts for them. They were asked questions regarding the value of tigers in relations to ecology, science, education, aestheticism, and culture. However, one reason emerged as to why tigers are still highly demanded in illegal trading: culturally, they are still status symbols of wealth for the upper class, and they are still thought to have mysterious medicinal and healthcare effects.


title: Poaching

text: The body parts of many animals, such as tigers and rhinoceroses, are traditionally believed in some cultures to have certain positive effects on the human body, including increasing virility and curing cancer. These parts are sold in areas where these beliefs are practiced – mostly Asian countries particularly Vietnam and China – on the black market. Such alternative medicial beliefs are pseudoscientific and are not supported by evidence-based medicine.


title: Poaching

text: Traditional Chinese medicine often incorporates ingredients from all parts of plants, the leaf, stem, flower, root, and also ingredients from animals and minerals. The use of parts of endangered species (such as seahorses, rhinoceros horns, binturong, pangolin scales and tiger bones and claws) has created controversy and resulted in a black market of poachers. Deep-seated cultural beliefs in the potency of tiger parts are so prevalent across China and other east Asian countries that laws protecting even critically endangered species such as the Sumatran tiger fail to stop the display and sale of these items in open markets, according to a 2008 report from TRAFFIC. Popular "medicinal" tiger parts from poached animals include tiger genitals, believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes.


title: Poaching

text: Rhino populations face extinction because of demand in Asia (for traditional medicine and as a luxury item) and in the Middle East (where horns are used for decoration). A sharp surge in demand for rhino horn in Vietnam was attributed to rumors that the horn cured cancer, though this has no basis in science. In 2012, one kilogram of crushed rhino horn has sold for as much as $60,000, more expensive than a kilogram of gold. Vietnam is the only nation which mass-produces bowls made for grinding rhino horn.


title: Poaching

text: Ivory, which is a natural material of several animals, plays a large part in the trade of illegal animal materials and poaching. Ivory is a material used in creating art objects and jewelry where the ivory is carved with designs. China is a consumer of the ivory trade and accounts for a significant amount of ivory sales. In 2012, "The New York Times" reported on a large upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% of all illegal ivory flowing to China.


title: Poaching

text: Fur is also a natural material which is sought after by poachers. A Gamsbart, literally "chamois beard", a tuft of hair traditionally worn as a decoration on trachten-hats in the alpine regions of Austria and Bavaria formerly was worn as a hunting (and poaching) trophy. In the past, it was made exclusively from hair from the chamois' lower neck.


title: Poaching

text: TRAFFIC brings to light many of the poaching areas and trafficking routes and helps to clamp down on the smuggling routes the poachers use to get the ivory to areas of high demand, predominantly Asia.


title: Poaching

text: As many as 35,000 African elephants are slaughtered yearly to feed the demand for their ivory tusks. This ivory then goes on to be used in jewelry, musical instruments, and other trinkets.


title: Poaching

text: Members of the Rhino Rescue Project have implemented a technique to combat rhino poaching in South Africa by injecting a mixture of indelible dye and a parasiticide into the animals' horns, which enables tracking of the horns and deters consumption of the horn by purchasers. Since rhino horn is made of keratin, advocates say the procedure is painless for the animal.


title: Poaching

text: Another strategy being used to counter rhino poachers in Africa is called RhODIS, which is a database that compiles rhino DNA from confiscated horns and other goods that were being illegally traded, as well as DNA recovered from poaching sites. RhODIS cross-references the DNA as it searches for matches; if a match is found, it is used to track down the poachers.


title: Poaching

text: Africa's Wildlife Trust seeks to protect African elephant populations from poaching activities in Tanzania. Hunting for ivory was banned in 1989, but poaching of elephants continues in many parts of Africa stricken by economic decline. The International Anti-Poaching Foundation has a structured military-like approach to conservation, employing tactics and technology generally reserved for the battlefield. Founder Damien Mander is an advocate of the use of military equipment and tactics, including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, for military-style anti-poaching operations. Such military-style approaches have been criticised for failing to resolve the underlying reasons for poaching, but to neither tackle "the role of global trading networks" nor the continued demand for animal products. Instead, they "result in coercive, unjust and counterproductive approaches to wildlife conservation".


title: Poaching

text: Chengeta Wildlife is an organization that works to equip and train wildlife protection teams and lobbies African governments to adopt anti-poaching campaigns.


title: Poaching

text: In 2013, the Tanzanian Minister of Natural Resources and Tourism urged that poachers be shot on sight in an effort to stop the mass killing of elephants.


title: Poaching

text: Since December 2016, anti-poaching police units in Namibia are permitted to return fire on poachers if fired upon.


title: Poaching

text: The government of Botswana adopted a shoot-to-kill policy against poachers in 2013 as a "legitimate conservation strategy" and "a necessary evil", which has reduced poaching to the point it is thought to be "virtually non-existent" in the country, and that neighbouring countries like South Africa should also adopt similar measures in order to save wildlife from extinction.


title: Poaching

text: In May 2018, the Kenyan government announced that poachers will face the death penalty, as fines and life imprisonment have "not been deterrence enough to curb poaching, hence the proposed stiffer sentence". Human rights organizations oppose the move, but wildlife advocates support it. Save the Rhino, a UK-based wildlife advocacy organization notes that in Kenya, 23 rhinos and 156 elephants were killed by poachers between 2016 and 2017. As of March 2019, the measure is being put on the fast track to implementation by Kenyan lawmakers.


title: Poaching

text: Large quantities of ivory are sometimes destroyed as a statement against poaching, a.k.a. "ivory crush". In 2013 the Philippines were the first country to destroy their national seized ivory stock. In 2014, China followed suit and crushed six tons of ivory as a symbolic statement against poaching.


title: Poaching

text: There are two main solutions according to Frederick Chen that would attack the supply side of this poaching problem to reduce its effects: enforcing and enacting more policies and laws for conservation and by encouraging local communities to protect the wildlife around them by giving them more land rights.


title: Poaching

text: Nonetheless, Frederick Chen wrote about two types of effects stemming from demand-side economics: the bandwagon and snob effect. The former deals with people desiring a product due to many other people buying it, while the latter is similar but with one distinct difference: people will clamour to buy something if it denotes wealth that only a few elites could possibly afford. Therefore, the snob effect would offset some of the gains made by anti-poaching laws, regulations, or practices: if a portion of the supply is cut off, the rarity and price of the object would increase, and only a select few would have the desire and purchasing power for it. While approaches to dilute mitigate poaching from a supply-side may not be the best option as people can become more willing to purchase rarer items, especially in countries gaining more wealth and therefore higher demand for illicit goods—Frederick Chen still advocates that we should also focus on exploring ways to reduce the demand for these goods to better stop the problem of poaching. Indeed, there is some evidence that interventions to reduce consumer demand may be more effective for combatting poaching than continually increased policing to catch poachers. However, almost no groups deploying interventions that attempt to reduce consumer demand evaluate the impact of their actions.


title: Poaching

text: Another solution to alleviate poaching proposed in "Tigers of the World" was about how to implement a multi-lateral strategy that targets different parties to conserve wild tiger populations in general. This multi-lateral approach include working with different agencies to fight and prevent poaching since organized crime syndicates benefit from tiger poaching and trafficking; therefore, there is a need to raise social awareness and implement more protection and investigative techniques. For example, conservation groups raised more awareness amongst park rangers and the local communities to understand the impact of tiger poaching—they achieved this through targeted advertising that would impact the main audience. Targeting advertising using more violent imagery to show the disparity between tigers in nature and as a commodity made a great impact on the general population to combat poaching and indifference towards this problem. The use of spokespeople such as Jackie Chan and other famous Asian actors and models who advocated against poaching also helped the conservation movement for tigers too.


title: Poaching

text: In July 2019, rhino horns encased in plaster were seized in Vietnam that were being trafficked from the United Arab Emirates. Despite the ban on trade since the 1970s, poaching level of rhino horns has risen over the last decade, leading the rhino population into crisis.


title: Poaching

text: Poaching has many causes in both Africa and China. The issue of poaching is not a simple one to solve as traditional methods to counter poaching have not taken into the account the poverty levels that drive some poachers and the lucrative profits made by organized crime syndicates who deal in illegal wildlife trafficking. Conservationists hope the new emerging multi-lateral approach, which would include the public, conservation groups, and the police, will be successful for the future of these animals.


title: Poaching

text: Some game wardens have made use of robotic decoy animals placed in high visibility areas to draw out poachers for arrest after the decoys are shot. Decoys with robotics to mimic natural movements are also in use by law enforcement. The Marine Monitor radar system watches sensitive marine areas for illicit vessel movement.


title: Great Exhibition

text: The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, also known as the Great Exhibition or the Crystal Palace Exhibition (in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held), was an international exhibition which took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October, 1851. It was the first in a series of World's Fairs, exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century. The event was organised by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom.


title: Great Exhibition

text: Famous people of the time attended the Great Exhibition, including Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Michael Faraday (who assisted with the planning and judging of exhibits), Samuel Colt, members of the Orléanist Royal Family and the writers Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carroll, George Eliot, Alfred Tennyson and William Makepeace Thackeray. The opening music, under the superintendence of William Sterndale Bennett, was directed by Sir George Smart. The world's first soft drink, Schweppes, was the official sponsor of the event.


title: Great Exhibition

text: The Great Exhibition of Products of French Industry organised in Paris, France, from 1798 to 1849 were precursors to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London.


title: Great Exhibition

text: The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Henry, George Wallis, Charles Dilke and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce as a celebration of modern industrial technology and design. It was arguably a response to the highly effective French Industrial Exposition of 1844: indeed, its prime motive was for Britain to make "clear to the world its role as industrial leader". Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, was an enthusiastic promoter of the self-financing exhibition; the government was persuaded to form the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 to establish the viability of hosting such an exhibition. Queen Victoria and her family visited three times, the queen visited 34 times. Although the Great Exhibition was a platform on which countries from around the world could display their achievements, Britain sought to prove its own superiority. The British exhibits at the Great Exhibition "held the lead in almost every field where strength, durability, utility and quality were concerned, whether in iron and steel, machinery or textiles." Britain also sought to provide the world with the hope of a better future. Europe had just struggled through "two difficult decades of political and social upheaval," and now Britain hoped to show that technology, particularly its own, was the key to a better future.


title: Great Exhibition

text: Sophie Forgan says of the Exhibition that "Large, piled-up 'trophy' exhibits in the central avenue revealed the organisers' priorities; they generally put art or colonial raw materials in the most prestigious place. Technology and moving machinery were popular, especially working exhibits." She also notes that visitors "could watch the entire process of cotton production from spinning to finished cloth. Scientific instruments were found in class X, and included electric telegraphs, microscopes, air pumps and barometers, as well as musical, horological and surgical instruments."


title: Great Exhibition

text: A special building, or "The Great Shalimar", was built to house the show. It was designed by Joseph Paxton with support from structural engineer Charles Fox, the committee overseeing its construction including Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and went from its organisation to the grand opening in just nine months. The building was architecturally adventurous, drawing on Paxton's experience designing greenhouses for the sixth Duke of Devonshire. It took the form of a massive glass house, 1848 feet long by 454 feet wide (about 563 metres by 138 metres) and was constructed from cast iron-frame components and glass made almost exclusively in Birmingham and Smethwick. From the interior, the building's large size was emphasized with trees and statues; this served, not only to add beauty to the spectacle, but also to demonstrate man's triumph over nature. The Crystal Palace was an enormous success, considered an architectural marvel, but also an engineering triumph that showed the importance of the Exhibition itself. The building was later moved and re-erected in 1854 in enlarged form at Sydenham Hill in south London, an area that was renamed Crystal Palace. It was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936.


title: Great Exhibition

text: Six million people — equivalent to a third of the entire population of Britain at the time—visited the Great Exhibition. The average daily attendance was 42,831 with a peak of 109,915 on 7 October. Thomas Cook arranged travel to the event for 150,000 people and it was important in his company's development. The event made a surplus of £186,000 (£ in ), which was used to found the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum and the Natural History Museum. They were all built in the area to the south of the exhibition, nicknamed Albertopolis, alongside the Imperial Institute. The remaining surplus was used to set up an educational trust to provide grants and scholarships for industrial research; it continues to do so today.


title: Great Exhibition

text: The Exhibition caused controversy as its opening approached. Some conservatives feared that the mass of visitors might become a revolutionary mob. The English-born King Ernest Augustus I of Hanover, shortly before his death, wrote to Lord Strangford about it:


title: Great Exhibition

text: The folly and absurdity of the Queen in allowing this trumpery must strike every sensible and well-thinking mind, and I am astonished the ministers themselves do not insist on her at least going to Osborne during the Exhibition, as no human being can possibly answer for what may occur on the occasion. The idea ... must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman. But it seems everything is conspiring to lower us in the eyes of Europe.


title: Great Exhibition

text: In modern times, the Great Exhibition is a symbol of the Victorian Age, and its thick catalogue, illustrated with steel engravings, is a primary source for High Victorian design. A memorial to the exhibition, crowned with a statue of Prince Albert, is located behind the Royal Albert Hall. It is inscribed with statistics from the exhibition, including the number of visitors and exhibitors (British and foreign), and the profit made.


title: Great Exhibition

text: The official descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the event lists exhibitors not only from throughout Britain but also from its "Colonies and Dependencies' and 44 "Foreign States". Numbering 13,000 in total, the exhibits included a Jacquard loom, an envelope machine, kitchen appliances, steel-making displays and a reaping machine that was sent from the United States.


title: Great Exhibition

text: Admission prices to the Crystal Palace varied according to the date of visit, with ticket prices decreasing as the parliamentary season drew to an end and London traditionally emptied of wealthy individuals. Prices varied from two guineas (£ in 2015) (three guineas for a man) for a season ticket, or £1 per day (for the first two days only), then reducing to five shillings per day (until 22 May). The admission price was then further reduced to one shilling (£ in 2015), per day – except on Fridays, when it was set at two shillings and six pence and on Saturdays when it remained at five shillings. The one-shilling ticket proved most successful amongst the industrial classes, with four and a half million shillings (£ in 2015) being taken from attendees in this manner. Two thousand five hundred tickets were printed for the opening day, all of which were bought.


title: Great Exhibition

text: To attract future customers from the working classes, the newly expanding railways offered highly discounted tickets for people to travel from distant parts of the country and special rates were offered to parties, often led by the local vicar. Those too poor to travel lined up by the rail tracks to watch the long trains of open carriages steaming past.


title: Great Exhibition

text: The Great Exhibition of 1851 encouraged the production of souvenirs. Several manufacturers produced stereoscope cards which provided a three-dimensional view of the Exhibition. These paper souvenirs were printed lithographic cards which were hand-coloured and held together by cloth to give a three-dimensional view of the event. They offered a miniature view of the Crystal Palace when one viewed the cards through the peep holes on the front cover. Visitors purchased these souvenirs so that they could relive the experience of attending.


Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms is a 2021 American direct-to-video adult animated martial arts film, directed by Ethan Spaulding from a screenplay by Jeremy Adams, based on the "Mortal Kombat" franchise created by Ed Boon and John Tobias, it is the second installment in the "Legends" series and a direct sequel to "" (2020). Produced by Warner Bros. Animation and animated by Studio Mir, Boon returned from the predecessor as creative consultant.


title: Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms

text: It borrows source materials from "Mortal Kombat II", "Mortal Kombat 3", "" and "Mortal Kombat X", the movie revolves around the otherworldly Mortal Kombat tournament set in Outworld. Liu Kang is chosen to fulfill his destiny as a tournament champion while Scorpion sets out to prevent the Kamidogu artifact from falling into the hands of Shinnok as he comes into conflict with the younger Sub-Zero.


text: The movie was released on August 31, 2021 on Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray as well as digitally. A sequel, "", was released on October 11, 2022 on Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD, and Digital.


text: A couple attempts to protect their infant son, Liu Kang, from pursuing Tarkatans, who are sent to prevent the infant from fulfilling his destiny of defeating Shao Kahn. The Tarkatans tear the father apart and mortally wound the mother, and then prepare to devour Kang, but are stopped by Lord Raiden, who kills them all. The dying mother asks Raiden to tell their son that his parents loved him before passing on, and Raiden leaves with Kang to train him for his purpose.


text: Following the events of the , Shao Kahn declares war on Earthrealm in retaliation for Shang Tsung 's defeat through a new Mortal Kombat tournament set in Outworld. Princess Kitana, Kintaro, General Reiko, and Jade lead the Emperor's first wave invasion force of Outworld, laying siege against the Wuxi monastery, but are repelled by Kung Lao and Special Forces cybernetically enhanced Jackson Briggs and NYPD officer Kurtis Stryker. At the onset of their assault, the Outworld commanders are confronted by movie star Johnny Cage and Jax's partner Sonya Blade.


text: When Johnny and Sonya are soon joined by Liu Kang and Raiden as negotiations fail, Shao Kahn appears himself, petitioning Raiden to participate in a final Mortal Kombat tournament to decide the fate of their world once and for all. The thunder god agrees, and he and Shao Kahn venture to the realm of the Elder Gods to propose this ultimate contest.


text: Meanwhile, Scorpion reawakens back in the Netherrealm after having died a second time upon Shang Tsung's island. He is confronted by the maddened Elder God Shinnok over the death of his favored servant Quan Chi. Shinnok engineers Scorpion's entrance into Earthrealm in hopes of utilizing the key embedded in his body by hiring the Lin Kuei clan. Back in Earthrealm, Lin Kuei members Kuai Liang and Smoke are summoned by the grandmaster to hunt down Scorpion. They are horrified to witness their missing peers having undergone neural cybernetic biomodifications as a means to strengthen the clan, with the juniors expected to do the same. In response, Liang and Smoke rebel, with Liang being the only one to flee successfully. He then takes up the mantle of his deceased brother Bi-Han, the previous Sub-Zero.


text: Back at the Wu Shi Temple, Raiden returns to his troops after arranging to hold and participate in the tournament while relinquishing his immortality. Once the Earthrealm warriors head for Outworld, Scorpion makes his presence known to Raiden. He mentions the key to Shinnok's prison has bonded to his soul and came to Raiden for advice about its purpose. Raiden informs him that it is a key to untold power known as the Kamidogu, a supreme magical relic from a bygone era that could doom all the realms.


text: At the start of the tournament, Cage is defeated by Kytinn warrior D'Vorah; Sonya defeats D'Vorah and Li Mei; Kang defeats Jade; Stryker defeats Baraka; Jax defeats Kintaro by ripping his arms out of their sockets.


text: Back on Earth, Scorpion is being pursued by the now cybernetic Cyrax and Sektor in a dockside shipping yard. The trio are soon interrupted by Sub-Zero, but even he is outmatched by their superior enhancements and the arrival of the cybernetic Smoke. With their enemies overwhelmed, the three cyber Lin Kuei apprehend their Hellspawn prey and make off to the Temple of Elements. At their destination, they force Hanzo to open a portal leading to their victory. As they prepare to eliminate him upon accessing its gateway, they are interrupted again by a vengeful Sub-Zero. Scorpion tries and fails to console Kuai Liang over mistakenly murdering his brother but agrees to a temporary alliance against the Lin Kuei. The two are still no match for their robotic assailants and are left for dead upon their acquisition of the artifact as the mountainous hall collapses on them.


text: As the second half of the final tournament is underway, Lao and Stryker are killed by Shao Kahn and Shang Tsung, respectively. Kitana rebels against her stepfather instead of fighting against Raiden, only to be beaten into submission. Kang defeats Shang Tsung regardless of a setback and spares him.


text: In the Netherrealm, the Lin Kuei realize too late that their employer was Shinnok and learn of his plan to revive the One Being and bring an end to all of creation. Subsequently, they are betrayed and killed for their services.


text: During the tournament's final stage, Raiden loses his battle against Shao Kahn and dies in the process, enraging Kang to defeat the emperor and win the tournament. However, celebrations are cut short as Shinnok finally succeeds in resurrecting the One Being and immediately absorbs its power to become corrupted Shinnok. With the aid of the Elder Gods, Sub-Zero, and Scorpion, Liu Kang engages in kombat with Shinnok while Johnny, Jax, Kitana, and Sonya protect civilians from Kahn's remaining army.


text: In the aftermath of the battle, Kang manages to absorb the One Being's power and disseminate it back into separating the realms into their original state, including Edenia. Sonya and Johnny share a kiss while Liu and Kitana hold hands in hard-earned peace. However, they are unaware that Raiden is revived with his godhood, watching them from afar and leaving with lightning in the skies.


text: Following the release of "Scorpion's Revenge" in April 2020, screenwriter Jeremy Adams expressed interest in doing a sequel. In June 2021, a sequel was announced, with most of the cast and crew from the previous film now set to return. On the day before the film's release, a Warner Bros. Animation logo variant featuring Shaggy Rogers from "Scooby-Doo" strangling Scorpion was uploaded onto the internet, inspired by the "Ultra Instinct Shaggy" internet meme, as a follow up to the previous film's logo variant featuring Scorpion strangling Daffy Duck in place of Porky Pig.


text: Matthew Mercer reprises his role as Kurtis Stryker from the 2011 video game. Dave B. Mitchell reprises his role as Sektor from "Mortal Kombat 11", and Matthew Yang King, who voiced both Liu Kang and Fujin in "Mortal Kombat 11", now voices Kung Lao.


text: "Battle of the Realms" holds a 50% rating with six reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, and has received mixed to negative critical reception. Mitchell Saltzman of IGN rated the film a five out of ten, calling it "a swing and a whiff" in that it "feels all over the place, attempting to tell too many stories at once and not doing any of them justice." Luke Y. Thompson of "SuperHeroHype" called the plot "wildly inconsistent" and that it "mostly serves as the thinnest of devices to get to the next fight." "Den of Geek" called the film "a narrative mess ... an incredibly busy movie that has too much going on to the point that there are two completely separate storylines happening at the same time that only briefly connect but ultimately converge in a bonkers and completely tacked on finale." However, Tanner Dedmon of ComicBook.com wrote that the film "wastes no time getting to the action" and "doubles down on things like x-rayed blows and key catchphrases that honor the source material and give characters their big moments without being too distracting."


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: Ronin is an alias used by multiple characters in the . It was first adopted by Maya Lopez in "New Avengers" #11 (November 2005) by Brian Michael Bendis and Joe Quesada. Following this, the Ronin mantle has been taken up by characters such as Clint Barton, Alexei Shostakov, Eric Brooks, and Bullseye.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: The Clint Barton incarnation of Ronin appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "" (2019) and the Disney+ series "Hawkeye" (2021), portrayed by Jeremy Renner.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: The persona of Ronin was created by Brian Michael Bendis and Joe Quesada. Bendis stated that the original intention was Matt Murdock as the true identity of Ronin but could not do so due to a conflict with plans in the "Daredevil" comic book title.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: The original iteration of Ronin first appeared in "New Avengers" #11 (November 2005) (although the character appeared on the covers of several earlier issues). Maya Lopez was the first person to take on the Ronin identity.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: The second iteration of Ronin first appeared in "New Avengers" #27 (April 2007). Clinton "Clint" Barton is the second person to have used the Ronin identity.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: Writer Jim McCann revealed "We're going to learn that there is far more to the Ronin identity than anyone knew, pre-dating [the first two versions] before [the third iteration]. Why does Ronin exist? That's a central mystery we will tackle." A Life Model Decoy of Alexei Shostakov is the third individual who dons the Ronin identity.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: A character (whose identity is initially kept from the reader) is introduced in the "Mighty Avengers" and dons the Halloween-type Spider Hero costume during the "Infinity" storyline, and is supplied with the Ronin costume from a "big box of Clint Barton's old stuff" during the "Inhumanity" storyline. Before being revealed in canon, a leaked script revealed the fourth iteration's true identity to be Eric Brooks.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: In the "Hawkeye: Freefall" storyline, Clint becomes Ronin once more to launch an attack on the Hood's criminal empire. The Hood eventually hires Bullseye to find out Ronin's true identity. After learning that Clint is Ronin through his associates, the Hood then orders Bullseye to commit crimes dressed in the Ronin costume to ruin Clint's reputation.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: The Ultimate Marvel equivalent of Ronin is an alternate personality of Marc Spector. In order to infiltrate the Kingpin's forces, Ronin proves himself by luring Spider-Man into a fight. The two engage in a brutal battle while Ronin and Moon Knight fight a concurrent battle in Spector's mind. Ronin knocks Spider-Man unconscious and apparently "kills" Moon Knight before taking the youth to the Kingpin for interrogation. However, the Kingpin attacks Ronin, revealing knowledge of Ronin's secret identity. Two of the Kingpin's henchmen take Ronin to a river and execute him. However, Ronin survives his near fatal injuries and goes to the police to provide evidence about the Kingpin's attempt to murder him. He is forced to reveal his identity, but the Kingpin is arrested and the media refer to Spector as a hero.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: In the "Heroes Reborn" miniseries, T'Challa briefly uses the Ronin identity to break into the Squadron Supreme's headquarters and steal files, only to be driven off by Nighthawk.


title: Ronin (Marvel Comics)

text: An original character named Nozomu Akatsuki operates as Ronin in "", voiced by Hideyuki Hori in the Japanese version and Keith Silverstein in the English dub. The father of Akira and Hikaru Akatsuki, Nozomu is the co-developer of the DISKS (Digital Identity Securement Kit) before becoming Ronin.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Child's Play 3 is a 1991 American slasher film and the third installment in the "Child's Play" film series. The film is written by Don Mancini and directed by Jack Bender. Brad Dourif once again reprised his role as Chucky from the previous films while new cast members include Justin Whalin, Perrey Reeves and Jeremy Sylvers. Although released only nine months after "Child's Play 2", the story takes place eight years following the events of that film, and one month before the events of "Bride of Chucky" (which was made seven years later). It was executive-produced by David Kirschner, who produced the first two "Child's Play" films.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Released on August 30, 1991, in the United States by Universal Pictures, "Child's Play 3" received generally negative reviews from critics and disappointed at the box office, grossing only $20.5 million worldwide against a budget of $13 million.


title: Child's Play 3

text: The film became notorious in the United Kingdom when it was suggested it might have inspired the real-life murders of British children James Bulger and Suzanne Capper, suggestions rejected by officers investigating both cases.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Eight years after Chucky's second demise, the Play Pals company resumes manufacturing Good Guy dolls and re-opens the abandoned factory. A splash of blood from Chucky's corpse is inadvertently mixed in with the plastic being used to produce the dolls, reviving him in a new body. Chucky is given to Play Pals CEO Mr. Sullivan, whom he kills by using the toys of the company, before strangling him to death, and then uses computer records to locate Andy Barclay.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Now 16, Andy has been sent to Kent Military School, a military academy, after he failed to cope in several foster homes. Colonel Cochrane, the school's commandant, advises Andy to forget his "fantasies" about the doll. Andy befriends cadets Harold Aubrey Whitehurst; Ronald Tyler, an 8-year-old cadet; and Kristin da Silva, for whom he develops romantic feelings. He also meets Brett C. Shelton, a sadistic lieutenant colonel who routinely bullies the cadets.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Tyler is asked to deliver a package to Andy's room. Tyler realizes that the package contains a Good Guy doll and takes it to the cellar to open it. Chucky bursts from the package and is incensed to find Tyler instead of Andy, but remembering he can possess the first person who learns his true identity, tells Tyler his secret. Before Chucky can enact the ritual, Cochrane interrupts them and confiscates the doll, throwing it into a garbage truck. Chucky escapes by luring the driver into the truck's compactor and crushing him.


title: Child's Play 3

text: That night, Chucky attacks Andy and tells him his plans for taking over Tyler's body. Before Andy can fight back, Shelton comes in and takes the doll from him. Andy then sneaks into Shelton's room to recover it but Shelton awakens to confront him, only to find that Chucky has vanished. Suspecting the doll was stolen, Shelton forces all the cadets to do exercises as punishment. Chucky attempts to possess Tyler again, but they are interrupted by da Silva and fellow cadet Ivers. Later, a knife-wielding Chucky surprises Cochrane, unintentionally shocking him into a fatal heart attack. The next morning, Andy tries to convince Tyler that Chucky is evil, but Tyler refuses to believe him. Meanwhile, Chucky kills the camp barber Sergeant Botnick by slashing his throat with a straight razor. Whitehurst witnesses this and flees.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Despite Cochrane's death, the school's annual war games are ordered to proceed as planned, with cadets divided between a "Red Team" and "Blue Team". Andy and Shelton are both on the Blue Team. Chucky secretly replaces the paint bullets of the Red team with live ammunition. When the simulation begins, Chucky gets Tyler away from his team. Finally realizing that Chucky is evil, Tyler stabs him with a pocket knife and flees to find Andy. Chucky then attacks da Silva and holds her hostage. Chucky forces Andy to exchange Tyler for da Silva. The Blue team and Red team arrive on the scene and open fire; Shelton is killed by one of the bullets fired by the Red Team. Tyler escapes in the chaos. Chucky tosses a grenade at the quarrelling cadets. Whitehurst leaps on top of the grenade, sacrificing himself to save the others.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Chucky kills a security guard and kidnaps Tyler. Andy and da Silva pursue Chucky and Tyler into a haunted house themed roller-coaster at a nearby carnival called "The Devil's Lair". Chucky shoots da Silva in the leg, she tells Andy to go and face him alone. Andy manages to shoot off Chucky's left arm and in the chest which stops him from finishing the voodoo chant to possess Tyler. Before Tyler and Andy can leave, Chucky attacks Andy, but Tyler gives Andy his pocket knife, which he uses to cut off Chucky's right hand. Andy then throws Chucky down into a massive metal fan that is part of the attraction, shredding him to pieces and finally killing him, as Tyler and Andy watch from above. Later, Andy is taken away by the police for questioning while da Silva is rushed to the hospital as the carnival closes down while being unknown as to whatever happened to Tyler.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Universal Studios had Don Mancini begin writing the third installment for the series before "Child's Play 2" was released, causing pressure to him to draft a storyline on such a tight schedule"." The film was formally greenlit after the successful release of its predecessor with a release date nine months away.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Mancini initially wanted to introduce the concept of "multiple Chuckys" in the movie, but due to budget constraints the idea was eventually scrapped. Mancini later used this concept for the 2017 sequel "Cult of Chucky". It also was intended to open with a scene of a security guard portrayed by John Ritter frightening off a group of trespassing children at the Good Guys factory by telling them scary stories about Chucky. After Mancini decided to make Andy Barclay 16 years old, he considered recasting the role with Jonathan Brandis before hiring Justin Whalin. Before Jack Bender became director, Mancini wanted to hire Peter Jackson.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Principal photography began on February 4, 1991, at the Kemper Military School in Boonville, Missouri. Further filming took place in California at Los Angeles and the Universal Studios Lot in Universal City. The carnival scenes were filmed in Valencia, California. The puppeteers made the doll speak using computer technology to control its mouth movements to align with Dourif's prerecorded dialogue. N. Brock Winkless IV returned to work as one of Chucky's puppeteers, as did Van Snowden.


title: Child's Play 3

text: A tie-in novel was later written by Matthew J. Costello. Just like "Child's Play 2", this novel had some of the author's own parts. In the beginning (unlike the film's), in the Play Pals factory, a rat scours for food and chews on Chucky's remains. Blood then leaks out of the remains and somehow leaks into another doll. Chucky's death in this book is also different. In the novel, Andy shoots Chucky in the chest and causes his body to fall to the floor, and watches his head shatter to blood, metal and plastic.


title: Child's Play 3

text: "Child's Play 3" opened in second place behind "Dead Again" to $5.7 million over the 4-day 1991 Labor Day weekend, which the "Los Angeles Times" called "slow numbers". It finished its theatrical run with $15 million in the US, and a total of $20.5 million worldwide.


title: Child's Play 3

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 23% based on reviews from 13 critics, and an average rating is 4.50/10, making it the poorest reviewed film in the series on the site. On Metacritic it has a score of 27% based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Child's Play 3

text: Chris Hicks of the "Deseret News" called it "perverse" and criticized the film's plot. Caryn James of "The New York Times" called the Chucky doll "an impressive technological achievement" but said the film "misses the sharpness and dark humor" of the original film. "Variety" called it a "noisy, mindless sequel" with good acting. Richard Harrington of "The Washington Post" wrote, "Chucky himself is an animatronic delight, but one suspects the film's energies and budget have all been devoted to what is essentially a one-trick pony." Stephen Wigle of "The Baltimore Sun" called it "fun for any fan of the slasher genre".


title: Child's Play 3

text: Series creator Don Mancini said that this was his least favorite entry in the series, adding that he ran out of ideas after the second film. He elaborated further in 2013 stating that he was not pleased with the casting, feeling Jeremy Sylvers was too old for the role of Tyler and Dakin Matthews was not the "R. Lee Ermey" archetype he was looking for in Colonel Cochrane.


title: Child's Play 3

text: Mancini would not make another entry in the "Chucky" series until seven years later, with "Bride of Chucky". In a 2017 interview, director Jack Bender also dismissed the film by calling it "kinda silly".


title: Child's Play 3

text: and Justin Whalin was nominated as Best Performance by a Younger Actor for his performance in this film.


title: Child's Play 3

text: "Child's Play 3" was originally released on home video in North America on March 12, 1992 and on DVD on October 7, 2003. It was also released in multiple collections, including "The Chucky Collection" (alongside "Child's Play 2" and "Bride of Chucky"), released on October 7, 2003; "Chucky – The Killer DVD Collection" (alongside "Child's Play 2", "Bride" and "Seed of Chucky"), released on September 19, 2006; "Chucky: The Complete Collection" (alongside "Child's Play 1" and "2", "Bride", "Seed" and "Curse of Chucky"), released on October 8, 2013; and "Chucky: Complete 7-Movie Collection" (alongside "Child's Play 1" and "2", "Bride", "Seed", "Curse" and "Cult of Chucky"), released on October 3, 2017.


title: Child's Play 3

text: "Child's Play 3" was released on 4K Ultra HD by Scream! Factory on August 16, 2022. This release included a new 4K scan from the original camera negative, a new Dolby Atmos track and several interviews recorded in 2022 with creator Don Mancini, actress Perry Reeves, executive producer David Kirschner, executive producer Robert Latham Brown, actor Michael Chieffo, makeup artist Craig Reardon and production designer Richard Sawyer.


title: Child's Play 3

text: A suggested link with the film was made after the murder of James Bulger. The killers, who were ten years old at the time, were said to have imitated a scene in which one of Chucky's victims is splashed with blue paint. Although these allegations against the film have never been proven, the case led to some new legislation for video films. Psychologist Guy Cumberbatch stated, "The link with a video was that the father of one of the boys – Jon Venables – had rented "Child's Play 3" some months earlier." However, the police officer who directed the investigation, Albert Kirby, found that the son, Jon, was not living with his father at the time and was unlikely to have seen the film. Moreover, the boy disliked horror films—a point later confirmed by psychiatric reports. Thus the police investigation, which had specifically looked for a video link, concluded there was none. Despite this, the film remained controversial in Europe, and both Sky Television in the United Kingdom and Canal+ in Spain refused to broadcast the film as regular programming.


title: Child's Play 3

text: The film was followed by "Bride of Chucky" in 1998, "Seed of Chucky" in 2004, "Curse of Chucky" in 2013, "Cult of Chucky" in 2017, and the TV series "Chucky" in 2021.


title: Child's Play 3

text: In 2009, the climax of "Child's Play 3" received its own maze at Universal Studios "Halloween Horror Nights", entitled "Chucky's Fun House".


title: Child's Play 3

text: This is not the first time Chucky has been featured in "Halloween Horror Nights". Since 1992, Chucky has starred in his own shows, "Chucky's In-Your-Face Insults" and "Chucky's Insult Emporium". "Curse of Chucky" also received its own scarezone in the 2013 lineup.


title: Malik Yoba

text: Abdul-Malik Kashie Yoba (born September 17, 1967) is an American actor. He is known for his starring role as NYPD Detective J. C. Williams on the Fox police drama "New York Undercover" and as Yul Brenner in the film "Cool Runnings". He appeared as former FBI Special Agent Bill Harken on the Syfy drama series "Alphas," as Jim Hudson in "Revolution", and as Vernon Turner in "Empire". He also starred in the role of FBI Deputy Director Jason Atwood in the ABC political drama "Designated Survivor". In 2018, he joined the Netflix drama "Seven Seconds" as a member of a support group for parents who had lost their children. He also appeared in Jordan Peele’s TBS comedy "The Last OG" with Tracy Morgan.


title: Malik Yoba

text: The fourth of six children, Yoba was born in the Bronx, New York to Mahmoudah Young (née Lanier) and Abdullah Yoba.


title: Malik Yoba

text: In 1994, Yoba began his role on the popular FOX police drama series New York Undercover, opposite Michael DeLorenzo. Yoba and DeLorenzo made television history, as the series was the first police drama on American television to feature two people of color in the starring roles. Yoba's work on New York Undercover earned him three consecutive NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series (in 1996, 1997, and 1998).


title: Malik Yoba

text: An accomplished singer and stage actor, Yoba's talents were showcased in "His Woman His Wife", in which he had the lead role.


title: Malik Yoba

text: Yoba has also appeared in films such as "Cool Runnings" and "Criminal". He has made appearances on the FOX television series "Arrested Development" as Ice, a bounty hunter whose real love is party planning. Yoba had a recurring role as Brock Harris on the UPN sitcom "Girlfriends". He also appeared in the FX Network's crime drama "Thief" and the NBC crime drama "Raines". He appeared as Gavin in the 2007 Tyler Perry film "Why Did I Get Married?" and its 2010 sequel "Why Did I Get Married Too?" In 2009, he co-starred as astronaut Ted Shaw on the futuristic ABC drama "Defying Gravity". In 2010, he announced his plans to bring back New York Undercover to the small screen in a modern TV series adaptation of the original series. "Law & Order" writer Courtney Parker penned a spec script for networks to bid on.


title: Malik Yoba

text: From 2011 to 2012, Yoba appeared as former FBI Special Agent Bill Harken on "Alphas", a science fiction drama series about a team of people with special abilities who belong to a secret department attached to the DOD. In 2013, Yoba joined the cast of "Revolution" as Jim Hudson, a former captain of the Monroe Republic. In 2015, he joined the cast of Lee Daniels’ "Empire" as Vernon Turner, Lucious Lyon's business partner and chairman of Empire Entertainment, playing the character through the first season. In 2019, Yoba premiered his one-man stage play, "Harlem to Hollywood", at New York’s Apollo Theater. The autobiographical show features Yoba performing original music and playing twenty different characters.


title: Malik Yoba

text: In 2017, Yoba established his company Yoba Development, hoping to provide young people of color with access to the real estate industry. Yoba Development currently has active real estate projects in Baltimore and New York City. In 2019, he served as executive producer and director for "The Real Estate Mixtape: Volume 1, I Build NY", a docu-series which follows Yoba as he navigates his first commercial real estate deal in NYC.


title: Malik Yoba

text: In 2019, Yoba took to social media to announce he would be a participant in the National Trans Visibility March in Washington, D.C., and publicly revealed he is attracted to pre-operative trans women, though he considers himself to be heterosexual. It has since been alleged by trans activist Mariah Lopez Ebony that Yoba engaged in inappropriate paid sexual activity with her when she was a minor. Though Yoba denies the allegation, as a result of the media storm regarding the controversial accusation, Yoba was removed from his position as spokesman for Phi Beta Sigma, which is focused on providing mentorship to "pre-teen and teen-aged males" through social, cultural and educational enrichment.


title: Malik Yoba

text: In the summer of 2021, Yoba underwent quadruple by-pass surgery as a result of hereditary heart disease. He is an advocate of plant-based nutrition and walking as medicine. In 2022, Yoba received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina. He currently works on his autobiography, From Harlem to Hollywood.


title: Malik Yoba

text: A working actor since he made his debut, Yoba's film credits include: "Cop Land", "'Til Death Do Us Part", "Smoke", "Blue in the Face", "Soul Food", "Ride", "Bad Dad Rehab", and "Betty & Coretta" where he says he had the “great honor” of portraying Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., opposite Angela Bassett. International productions include the Danish film, "Oh Happy Day", the BBC film "Turks & Caico" directed by David Hare and "Take Point", a Korean action film for CJ Entertainment which was released worldwide in 2018.


title: Malik Yoba

text: Yoba has been a guest on numerous talk shows, including "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "Inside the Actors Studio", "The Wendy Williams Show", and "Charlie Rose". He hosted TV One’s documentary crime series "Justice By Any Means". Other series include "Trinity" and "Kingpin". He has also had recurring roles on shows such as "Single Ladies". Yoba has appeared in numerous guest-starring roles on "Justified", "Blue Bloods", "Limitless", "The Good Wife", "Person of Interest", "Law & Order" and "Nikita". He also appeared in "God Friended Me" on CBS and "The First Wives Club" on BET.


title: Colostomy

text: A colostomy is an opening (stoma) in the large intestine (colon), or the surgical procedure that creates one. The opening is formed by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place. This opening, often in conjunction with an attached ostomy system, provides an alternative channel for feces to leave the body. Thus if the natural anus is unavailable for that function (for example, in cases where it has been removed in the fight against colorectal cancer or ulcerative colitis), an artificial anus takes over. It may be reversible or irreversible, depending on the circumstances.


title: Colostomy

text: Colostomy surgery that is planned usually has a higher rate of long-term success than surgery performed in an emergency situation.


title: Colostomy

text: Colostomy or ileostomy is now rarely performed for rectal cancer, with surgeons usually preferring primary resection and internal anastomosis, e.g. an ileo-anal pouch. In place of an external appliance, an internal ileo-anal pouch is constructed using a portion of the patient's lower intestine, to act as a new rectum to replace the removed original.


title: Colostomy

text: Placement of the stoma on the abdomen can occur at any location along the colon, but the most common placement is on the lower left side near the sigmoid where a majority of colon cancers occur. Other locations include the ascending, transverse, and descending sections of the colon.


title: Colostomy

text: Pouches and the stick-on appliances to which they attach must be changed regularly. Sometimes an odor neutralizer and lubricant is squirted into a new pouch before it is attached. Two types of pouches are available: one disposable and one drainable. Most pouches are opaque and filter out air through a charcoal filter. The recommended practice is to empty such pouches when one-third full. Appliances, in contrast with pouches, are usually replaced every three to seven days except in cases where their seals have broken contact with the skin, when they should be replaced immediately.


title: Colostomy

text: Even as long ago as the 1940s, surgeons conducting a review at the Cleveland Clinic (Jones and Kehm, 1946) could summarize the routine care of the permanent colostomy as usually quite satisfactory, stating that after patients recover from the initial worry prompted by the need for a colostomy, most of them learn to manage their colostomy quite well. "These patients come from all walks of life and carry on their daily work as usual. One patient stated that he could see no advantage of the normal anus over a colostomy. While this may be somewhat overstated, it is true that most people with a permanent colostomy can live a useful, happy life." They found that, just as in anyone else, dietary indiscretion was the usual factor in occasional bowel habit disruption. This historical experience has been borne out, as today the conclusion still stands that most patients can successfully manage a colostomy as part of their activities of daily living.


title: Colostomy

text: Jones and Kehm preferred tissue paper as a colostomy cover (held in place with a band or garment) rather than a colostomy bag. They found that irrigation of the colostomy varied with each patient's bowel habit but that most patients developed a routine of every-other-day irrigation, whereas a few needed no irrigation.


title: Colostomy

text: People with colostomies must wear an ostomy pouching system to collect intestinal waste. Ordinarily, the pouch must be emptied or changed a couple of times a day depending on the frequency of activity; in general the further from the anus (i.e., the further 'up' the intestinal tract) the ostomy is located the greater the output and more frequent the need to empty or change the pouch.


title: Colostomy

text: People with colostomies who have ostomies of the sigmoid colon or descending colon may have the option of irrigation, which allows for the person to not wear a pouch, but rather just a gauze cap over the stoma, and to schedule irrigation for times that are convenient. To irrigate, a catheter is placed inside the stoma, and flushed with water, which allows the feces to come out of the body into an irrigation sleeve. Most colostomates irrigate once a day or every other day, though this depends on the person, their food intake, and their health.


title: Colostomy

text: Parastomal hernia (PH) is the most common late complication of stomata through the abdominal wall, occurring in 10-25% of the patients. Prolapse of bowel wall through the stoma occasionally happens and can require reoperation to repair.


title: Colostomy

text: Other common complications of colostomy are high output, skin irritation, prolapse, retraction, and ischemia.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: Roger Andrew Taylor (born 26 April 1960) is an English musician, best known as the drummer of the new wave band Duran Duran from their inception until 1985, and again from 2001 onwards. Duran Duran have sold over 100 million records worldwide. Taylor was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in November 2022 as a member of Duran Duran.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: Roger Andrew Taylor was born into a modest family and was brought up in the Shard End area of Birmingham until the age of 11, and then a small suburban house in Castle Bromwich (15 Hawthorne Road). His father worked in the car industry. He began drumming at around the age of 12, teaching himself by playing along with his favourite records. His first ambition was to be a goalkeeper for English football club Aston Villa, and as a child he was taken to every home match by his father. He would eventually "play" at Villa Park but as Duran Duran's drummer for their 1983 charity concert there. Taylor has cited drummers Paul Thompson of Roxy Music, Charlie Watts of The Rolling Stones and Tony Thompson of Chic as his key musical influences growing up.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: Before joining Duran Duran, Taylor performed with several school (Park Hall School in Castle Bromwich, Warwickshire) and local club bands. After being inspired by the punk bands playing at Barbarellas club in Birmingham, he formed the new wave/punk outfit Scent Organs, who became regional finalists in the "Melody Maker" young band of the year in 1978, and was briefly a member of post-punk band Cult Figures. After Scent Organs split in 1979, he joined Duran Duran. He became known as 'the quiet one' and has said that he has always preferred to speak through his drums.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: Taylor became an international star with the other members of Duran Duran as they rose to fame in the early 1980s. The video for the debut single "Planet Earth" opens with a shot of a reclining, bare-chested Taylor looking slowly up to the sky. He played drums on the band's first three studio albums ("Duran Duran", "Rio", and "Seven and the Ragged Tiger") and the live album "Arena". In 1985, the band recorded the theme to the James Bond film "A View to a Kill", which became their second US No. 1 hit and the only Bond theme to date to reach No. 1 there. However, the intense schedule of recording and touring, coupled with the pressures of fame, left Taylor unhappy with being in the band. His final performance with the original line-up of Duran Duran was in July 1985 at the Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia, which reached a global audience of 2 billion people. Taylor and the band had each picked up two Grammy awards during this period.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: Prior to leaving the band, he worked with Duran Duran bandmates Simon Le Bon and Nick Rhodes on the album "So Red The Rose" for their side project Arcadia in 1985. The album featured Sting, David Gilmour, Herbie Hancock and Grace Jones. Taylor also contributed percussion to the other Duran Duran splinter group Power Station's song "Some Like It Hot" from their self-titled album. He then purchased a remote farm estate in the hills of Gloucestershire to live a quiet life away from the music world. "The Sun" newspaper tracked him down and devoted a whole page to his departure, dubbing him 'the hermit of pop'. Initially his hiatus was expected to be for a year, but in 1986 the remaining members of the band issued a statement saying that he was leaving Duran Duran.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: In 1994, while visiting a friend in Paris, he temporarily joined Duran Duran to play drums on three tracks for the covers album "Thank You" (although only two ended up on the album), later appearing in the video for "Perfect Day" and on the band's "Top of the Pops" performance of the song.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: In 1997, Taylor regained his appetite for the music industry. He briefly formed the electro/dance band Freebass, which produced a single, "Love Is Like Oxygen", (a cover of a song by Sweet) on underground dance label Cleveland City Records. The record reached the top ten of the Music Week UK Dance Chart. Taylor also produced electro house tracks with Freebass member Jake Roberts under the name Funk Face. "Lost This Feeling" and "Shine" were released on Taylor's own label, Rt Music.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: He rejoined Duran Duran in 2001, as all five of the "Rio"-era members reunited to record new material and perform as a quintet again. This culminated in five sold-out nights at Wembley Arena, playing Madison Square Garden again, and signing with Epic Records in New York. The band delivered a hit single '(Reach Up for The) Sunrise' and a hit album "Astronaut".


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: The 'Astronaut' tour lasted for more than two years, with shows all around the world. The band picked up several prestigious 'achievement' awards from "Q" magazine and MTV, and a Brit award.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: He began a long-running DJ residency at London's Met Bar in 2003, playing a mix of house and hip-hop, and has gone on to become a renowned DJ over recent years, performing sets at Cielo New York and Pacha Ibiza.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: The "All You Need Is Now" album was released on 21 December 2010 to worldwide critical acclaim. It immediately reached the number 1 spot on the iTunes pop chart in 15 countries. Duran Duran commenced a supporting tour running well into 2012 reaching far and wide across the world. The band also played to an audience of 70,000 people in Hyde Park to coincide with the opening of the 2012 London Olympic Games. Taylor then began working with his bandmates on the 14th Duran Duran album with producers Mark Ronson, Ben Hudson and Nile Rodgers; "Paper Gods" was released in 2015.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: In January 2016, Peace Tracks, a charitable organization that aims to bridge different cultures and countries through music, released a number of songs that featured Taylor in collaboration with members of ABBA, Philip Glass, Angélique Kidjo, and Anoushka Shankar.


title: Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)

text: Taylor has three children with his first wife Giovanna Cantone, whom he later divorced. In 2004, he was named Britain's fifth most eligible bachelor in the UK high society magazine "Tatler", alongside Prince William and Hugh Grant. In 2007, Taylor married Peruvian national Gisella Bernales on the Caribbean island of St Lucia. She gave birth to their first child on 9 July 2011.


title: Warwick Davis filmography

text: Warwick Davis (born 1970) is an English actor. He made his acting debut as Wicket W. Warrick in the "Star Wars" film "Return of the Jedi" (1983). He reprised the role in two television spin-offs: "" (1984) and "" (1985). He has since appeared in several Star Wars films, portraying numerous different characters, usually in cameos. He appeared in the cult-classic "Labyrinth" (1986). He then played the protagonist in the Ron Howard-directed "Willow" (1988). In 1993, he portrayed the villainous Lubdan in "Leprechaun". He returned to the role in "Leprechaun 2" (1994), "Leprechaun 3" (1995), "" (1996), "Leprechaun in the Hood" (2000), and "" (2003).


title: Michele Hicks

text: Michele Hicks (born June 4, 1973) is an American screen actress and former fashion model who has worked in both film and television.


title: Michele Hicks

text: Her television appearances include "", "", "", "Cold Case", "The Shield" and "Heist". She also appeared in the music video for the song "Letting the Cables Sleep" by Bush.


title: Childs Play (website)

text: Childs Play ["sic"] was a darknet child pornography website that operated from April 2016 to September 2017, which at its peak was the largest of its class. The site was concealed by being run as a hidden service on the Tor network. After running the site for the first six months, owner Benjamin Faulkner of Guelph, Ontario, Canada was captured by the United States Department of Homeland Security. For the remaining eleven months the website was owned and operated by the Australian Queensland Police Service's Task Force Argos, as part of "Operation Artemis".


title: Childs Play (website)

text: The website was run by Australian police for 11 months, and involved impersonation of the forum owner "WarHead" (Faulkner's alias) which required police to regularly post child abuse images, in order to convince users that the site was not compromised. Ivar Stokkereit, a legal adviser to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Norway, stated this was "a clear violation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, even though the police’s intention is to prevent new offenses in the long run". Amnesty International also criticized the actions as "unacceptable under human rights law". ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) supported the proactive approach taken by Task Force Argos.


title: Childs Play (website)

text: James Sheptycki, professor in criminology at York University, criticized the transfer of the website from its original server in Europe to Australia as "jurisdiction shopping", being done due to the favourable legal framework in Australia that would allow the website to continue running in this way.


title: Childs Play (website)

text: The capture of the site, and its subsequent use to gather information, has led to arrests and convictions:


title: Childs Play (website)

text: In November 2019 the Canadian network CBC in collaboration with Norwegian VG (Verdens Gang) published a six-part podcast called "Hunting Warhead", chronicling the investigation by VG journalist Håkon Høydal and a Norwegian computer security expert of child sexual abuse networks on the dark web. In the course of the six episodes, CBC journalist Daemon Fairless examines the background of Benjamin Faulkner and the course of events that led to his capture.


title: Anarkali

text: Anarkali () was a legendary woman said to be loved by the 16th-century Mughal Prince Salim, who later became Emperor Jahangir. According to some accounts, Anarkali was the nickname of the courtesan Nadira Begum or Sharf-un-Nisa, though scholars hold varying opinions.


title: Anarkali

text: According to speculative and fictional accounts, Anarkali had an illicit relationship with Salim, whose father, Mughal Emperor Akbar, had her executed by immurement. The character often appears in movies, books and historical fiction and is depicted in the 1960 Bollywood film "Mughal-e-Azam" in which she is portrayed by Madhubala.


title: Anarkali

text: Anarkali was first mentioned in the journal of English tourist and trader William Finch, who visited the Mughal Empire on 24 August 1608.


title: Anarkali

text: The earliest Western accounts about the sexual relationship between Salim and Anarkali were written by British travellers William Finch and Edward Terry. Finch reached Lahore in February 1611, 11 years after the supposed death of Anarkali, to sell indigo he had purchased at Bayana on behalf of the East India Company. His account, which was written in early 17th-century English, gives the following information.


title: Anarkali

text: ... is a faire monument for Don Sha his mother, one of the Acbar his wives, with whom it is said Sha Selim had to do ( her name was Immaeque Kelle, or Pomgranate kernell); upon notice of which the King [Akabar] caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where shee dyed, and the King [Jahangir], in token of his love commands a sumptuous tombe to be built of stone in the midst of foure square garden richly walled, with a gate and divers roomes over it. The convexity of the tombe he hath willed to be wrought in workes of gold with a large faire jounter with roomes over—head... (sic) ~ William Finch.


title: Anarkali

text: Anarkali had a sexual relationship with Prince Salim (Jahangir). Upon notice of the relationship, King Akbar ordered her to be enclosed within a wall of his palace, where she died. Jahangir, as a token of his love, ordered a stone tomb to be built in the centre of a walled, four-square garden surrounded by a gate. As per description given by Finch, Jahangir ordered the dome of the tomb to be wrought in works of gold.


title: Anarkali

text: Edward Terry, who visited a few years after William Finch, wrote Akbar had threatened to disinherit Jahangir for his relationship with Anarkali, the emperor's most-beloved wife, but on his death-bed he repealed the threat.


title: Anarkali

text: According to Lisa Balabanlilar, the majority of legends present maid Anarkali of Akbar's harem as a spouse, a concubine or a servant."" As per Muni Lal, Anarkali was a maidservant in the household of Salim's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. A common thread in multiple accounts is after realizing the likelihood of amour between his son Salim and Anarkali, suspicious Akbar got incensed and ordered to "ensepulchre" Anarkali "alive in a wall. This brutality to Anarkali by Akbar caused enraged Salim to rebel against his father." Balabanlilar says though these captivating romantic legends are widely believed seem unverifiable and not likely to have happened.""


title: Anarkali

text: According to Andrew Topsfield, in his book "Paintings from Mughal India", (p. 171 n. 18) Robert Skelton has identified these verses as being from the 13th-century poet Saʿdī.


title: Anarkali

text: According to Ebba Koch, Jahangir perceived himself as a Majnun prince king, who is almost mad in his love for his beloved ones. Ebba Koch have his name inscribed as Majnun on the Anarkali's sarcophagus and had pictorials of himself painted as Majnun king; as late as 1618, he reared a pair of Sarus cranes, which are considered in Indian culture to be love birds named Layla and Majnun. Koch observed their breeding and wrote about them with keen interest. According to art historian Ram Nath the Salim Anarkali love legend can not be entirely fabricated myth since nobody would have had courage to inscribe his name in public as a Majnun (passionate lover) without his own approval. Nath says, Jahangir held his father Akbar in very high regard in his autobiography, still in 1599 he seems to have rebelled against Akbar and one most possible reason could be his tender romance with Anarkali was probably frustrated by the later (i.e. by Akbar).


title: Anarkali

text: According to Haroon Khalid, irrespective of incestuous relationship in popular imagination, it is very unlikely that an emperor's concubine would have fallen in love with his rebellious son. Khalid says the pomegranate garden is mentioned by Dara Shikoh, the grandson of Jahangir, in his work "Sakinat al-Auliya" as a location where the saint Mian Mir used to sit. According to Subhash Parihar, Dara also mentions the existence of a tomb in the garden but does not give it a name. According to Muhammed Baqir, the author of "Lahore Past and Present", Anarkali was originally just the name of the garden in which the tomb of Sahib-i-Jamal, one of the wife of Jahangir, was situated. The tomb later came to be named as that of Anarkali.


title: Anarkali

text: According to Muhammed Baqir, the tomb of Anarkali belonged to a woman named Sahib-i Jamal, another wife of Salim; the mother of the prince's second son Sultan Parvez and a daughter of the noble Zain Khan Koka. The daughter of Zain Khan was married to Salim on 18 June 1596.


title: Anarkali

text: According to Akbar Nama, Jahangir "became violently enamoured of the daughter of Zain Khan Koka. Akbar was displeased at the impropriety, but he saw that his heart was immoderately affected, he, of necessity, gave his consent" The translator of Akbar Nama, H. Beveridge, said Akbar objected to the marriage because the Prince was already married "to Zain Khan's niece" (actually the daughter of paternal uncle of Zain Khan, and hence Zain Khan's cousin). Akbar objected to marrying near relations.


title: Anarkali

text: According to Aniruddha Ray, inscribed year 1599 and name Salim are important since if it would have been built after he became emperor his alias name Jahangir would have been written. Ray says according to historians Akbar left Lahore on 1598 November 6, so it would be difficult to assume Akbar giving order of entombment in 1599. Ray says Jahangir's wife Sahib-i Jamal died in 1599 so tomb may of hers.


title: Anarkali

text: According to Haroon Khalid, a chronicler named Noor Ahmad Chishti in his Tehqiqat–i–Chishti first published in 1849 notes Anarkali or Sharf–un–Nissa as emperor Akbar's favorite concubine. According to Tehqiqat–i–Chishti Anarkali expired when Akbar was on Deccan campaign. Khalid says while Chishti's book does not speak about any love affair with Jahangir, but those were same times when Jahangir rebelled against his father Akbar. Khalid says one possibility is Akbar might have built mausoleum after his return from Deccan campaign.


title: Anarkali

text: Khalid says popular narrative remains to be that of Anarkali was Akbar's concubine who crossed the red line and fell in love with Jahangir the Akbar's son. Khalid says many historians too use the same narrative. Khalid says, according to Tareekh"-"e"-"Lahore, a 1892 book by Sayed Abdul Latif, Anarkali's original name was Sharf-un-Nissa. According to Ellison Banks Findly Anarkali's another name was Nadira Begum. Findly reminds that according to European traveler Finch she was mother of Daniyal. Findly quotes Latif to have described Anarkali just as concubine and as legend given by him, Akbar observed Anarkali's return a smile to Jahangir in a mirror and he suspected worst and buried the lady alive in a wall, the same too had been mentioned by Finch ".. upon notice of which the King [Akabar] caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where shee dyed, .." According to Lisa Balabanlilar, usually it is considered that Jahangir married at least 20 times. Findly says if assumed dating of death of Anarkali to be correct then already several marriages of Jahangir were taken place, he had three sons by then and married later too, then in that case, it should have been out of character for Jahangir to have been madly in love in an incestuous relationship but still the legend of Jahangir and Anarkali persists. Khalid says same narrative as of Latif was developed by later fiction writers beginning with Imtiaj Ali Taj's 1922 play 'Anarkali'.


title: Anarkali

text: Basing his analysis on the above two accounts, Abraham Eraly, the author of "The Last Spring: The Lives and Times of the Great Mughals", wrote there "seems to have been an oedipal conflict between Akbar and Salim". He also considers it probable that Anarkali was the mother of Prince Daniyal Mirza.


title: Anarkali

text: Eraly supports his hypothesis by quoting an incident recorded by Abul Fazl, Akbar's court historian, according to whom, Salim was assaulted one evening by guards of Akbar's royal harem. A mad man wandered into Akbar's harem because of the carelessness of the guards. According to Abul Fazl, Salim caught the man but was himself mistaken for the intruder. The emperor arrived and was about to strike with his sword when he recognised Salim. It is likely the intruder was Prince Salim and that the story of the mad man was concocted to hide the prince's indecency.


title: Anarkali

text: According to Subhash Parihar, the accounts of the British travellers, and consequently the presumption of Eraly, is unlikely because Prince Daniyal's mother died in 1596, which does not match the dates inscribed on the sarcophagus.


title: Anarkali

text: A good deal of fiction has been written about Nur Jahan, obscuring her personality and social and political roles. Her first husband Sher Afghan died in a skirmish with Jahangir's foster brother Qutbuddin Koka in 1607. Jahangir fell in love with Nur Jahan and married her on 25 May 1611. According to Masudul Hasan and also Lisa Balabanlilar, a popular legend exists that Jahangir had seen Nur Jahan in childhood and attracted to her but Akbar had not given the permission to marry with her, when Jahangir ascended the throne he got her husband killed and married her. Art historian Ram Nath gives credence to this theory saying for unknown reasons Nur Jahan's first marriage to Sher Afghan took place in 1599 when she was almost 22 in a way age wise too delayed marriage of girls of historical times. Nath says it is quite possible that Jahangir might have seen her, shown interest but his father Akbar denied permission taking political considerations into account. Nath says while modern biographers like Beniprasad do not put faith in this legend, but to say no contemporary traveler mentioned this legend is incorrect. Nath points out that De Laet mentions his another contemporary traveler Pelsaert saying Jahangir loved Nur Jahan even before her marriage to Sher Afghan but Akbar intervened otherwise. According to Nath it is not impossible for Jahangir to have engineered murder of Nur Jahan's first husband (1607) and suppressed the real cause of the conflict of his love interest.


title: Anarkali

text: Hasan and also Balabanlilarsay say this legend is historically proved to be false and he got attracted to her and married with her when Nur Jahan was already widowed and she was in her 30s and Jahangir in his 40s. According to Archana Garodia Gupta the legend of prior love with Nur Jahan is unlikely because after Nur Jahan's first marriage with Sher Afgan, Jahangir had accompanied with him on campaign Mewar and also awarded a title on Shera Afgan.


title: Anarkali

text: According to other accounts, after Akbar's death, Salim (Jahangir) recalled Anarkali and they married. She was given a new name, Nur Jahan.


title: Anarkali

text: Nur Jahan's father went to the sub-continent during the reign of Akbar and entered into his service, and was quickly promoted through the ranks on merit. In 1607, Nur Jahan was taken to the court as a royal ward. She was beautiful and intelligent, and attracted Jahangir's attention.


title: Anarkali

text: Nur Jehan, died in 1645, 16 years after Jahangir's death and was buried near the tomb of Jahangir in tomb at Shahdara, Lahore.


title: Anarkali

text: Art historian R. Nath said Jahangir had no wife on record bearing the name or title Anarkali, to whom the emperor could have built a tomb and dedicated a couplet with a suffix "Majnun". He writes: [it is] absolutely improbable that the grand Mughal emperor would address his married wife as "yar", designate himself as "majnun" and aspire to see her face once again. Had he not seen her enough? Obviously she was not his married wife but only his beloved, to whom he would take the liberty to be romantic and a little poetic too, and it appears to be a case of an unsuccessful romance of a disappointed lover... The prince could not save her, though it is on record that he was so unhappy with his father in this year 1599 that he defied his orders and revolted. It may be recalled that Mehrunissa (later Nurjahan Begum) was also married to Sher Afgan the same year and the young Prince was so dejected and disturbed on the failure of his two romances and annihilation of his tender feelings of love that he went as far as to defy Akbar.


title: Anarkali

text: Anarkali has been the subject of a number of Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani books, plays and films. The earliest, most-celebrated historical play about her, "Anarkali", was written by Imtiaz Ali Taj in Urdu and performed in 1922. The play was made into a film "Loves of a Mughal Prince", which was released in India in 1928 and stars Taj as Akbar. Another Indian silent film about the courtesan, "Anarkali", was released in 1928 by R.S. Choudhury, who remade it in Hindi with the same title in 1935. Bina Rai portrayed Anarkali in "Anarkali", a 1953 Indian film. In 1955, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Anjali Devi starred in "Anarkali". Kunchacko directed "Anarkali", an Indian Tamil-language film, in 1966.


title: Anarkali

text: In 1960, K. Asif's landmark film "Mughal-e-Azam" was released in India with Madhubala in the role of Anarkali and Dilip Kumar as Prince Salim. According to Katherine Butler Schofield, while as per rumor peddled by European travelers", the emperor Akbar ensepulchred Anarkali alive, the movie Mughal‐e‐Azam gives the historical legend a twist wherein Akbar himself lets Anarkali run away clandestinely". Schofield says in this case film producer seemingly twists the plot finding it difficult to reconcile idealized national hero of modern times had been "legendarily cruel to entomb a woman alive." In 1979, Telugu superstar N. T. Rama Rao directed and acted in the film "Akbar Salim Anarkali", featuring himself as Akbar, Nandamuri Balakrishna as Salim and Deepa as Anarkali.


title: Anarkali

text: In Pakistan, "Anarkali" was released in 1958 with Noor Jehan in the titular role, based on the Imtiaz Ali Taj play/script as adapted by Hakim Ahmad Shuja for his son Anwar Kamal Pasha's direction. Iman Ali portrayed Anarkali in Shoaib Mansoor's short music video series on the theme "Ishq" (love) in 2003.


title: Anarkali

text: In the 2013 Ekta Kapoor's television series "Jodha Akbar", she was portrayed by Heena Parmar while Saniya Touqeer played young Anarkali. A daily soap titled "Dastan-e-Mohabbat...Salim Anarkali" in which Prince Salim is played by Shaheer Sheikh and his beloved Anarkali by Sonarika Bhadoria, was aired on Colors TV.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is an inorganic compound with the formula . Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, . The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Sodium thiosulfate is used in gold mining, water treatment, analytical chemistry, the development of silver-based photographic film and prints, and medicine. The medical uses of sodium thiosulfate include treatment of cyanide poisoning and pityriasis. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Sodium thiosulfate is used predominantly in industry. For example, it is used to convert dyes to their soluble colorless forms, which are called leuco. It is also used to bleach "wool, cotton, silk, ...soaps, glues, clay, sand, bauxite, and... edible oils, edible fats, and gelatin."


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Sodium thiosulfate is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Other uses include topical treatment of ringworm and tinea versicolor, and treating some side effects of hemodialysis and chemotherapy.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Silver halides, e.g., AgBr, typical components of photographic emulsions, dissolve upon treatment with aqueous thiosulfate.This application as a photographic fixer was discovered by John Herschel. It is used for both film and photographic paper processing; the sodium thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer, and is often referred to as 'hypo', from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda. Ammonium thiosulfate is typically preferred to sodium thiosulfate for this application.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: It is used to dechlorinate tap water including lowering chlorine levels for use in aquariums, swimming pools, and spas (e.g., following superchlorination) and within water treatment plants to treat settled backwash water prior to release into rivers. The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (the active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. The complete reaction is:


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Similarly, sodium thiosulfate reacts with bromine, removing the free bromine from the solution. Solutions of sodium thiosulfate are commonly used as a precaution in chemistry laboratories when working with bromine and for the safe disposal of bromine, iodine, or other strong oxidizers.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Two polymorphs are known as pentahydrate. The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs. In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion. The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur holds a significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: In the laboratory, this salt can be prepared by heating an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite with sulfur or by boiling aqueous sodium hydroxide and sulfur according to this equation:


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids. Initial protonation occurs at sulfur. When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained. It is a somewhat strong acid with p"K"s of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Under normal conditions, acidification of solutions of this salt excess with even dilute acids results in complete decomposition to sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and water:


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Thiosulfate is a potent ligand for soft metal ions. A typical complex is , which features a pair of S-bonded thiosulfate ligands. Sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate have been proposed as alternative lixiviants to cyanide for extraction of gold. The advantages of this approach are that (i) thiosulfate is far less toxic than cyanide and (ii) that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate. Some problems with this alternative process include the high consumption of thiosulfate, and the lack of a suitable recovery technique, since does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes because the thiosulfate anion reacts stoichiometrically with iodine in aqueous solution, reducing it to iodide as the thiosulfate is oxidized to tetrathionate:


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Due to the quantitative nature of this reaction, as well as because has an excellent shelf-life, it is used as a titrant in iodometry. is also a component of iodine clock experiments.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions in the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen. It is also used in estimating volumetrically the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance) and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Sodium thiosulfate is used in analytical chemistry. It can, when heated with a sample containing aluminium cations, produce a white precipitate:


title: Sodium thiosulfate

text: Alkylation of sodium thiosulfate gives "S"-alkylthiosulfates, which are called Bunte salts. The alkylthiosulfates are susceptible to hydrolysis, affording the thiol. This reaction is illustrated by one synthesis of thioglycolic acid:


title: Subversion

text: Subversion () refers to a process by which the values and principles of a system in place are contradicted or reversed in an attempt to transform the established social order and its structures of power, authority, hierarchy, and social norms. Subversion can be described as an attack on the public morale and, "the will to resist intervention are the products of combined political and social or class loyalties which are usually attached to national symbols. Following penetration, and parallel with the forced disintegration of political and social institutions of the state, these tendencies may be detached and transferred to the political or ideological cause of the aggressor". Subversion is used as a tool to achieve political goals because it generally carries less risk, cost, and difficulty as opposed to open belligerency. Furthermore, it is a relatively cheap form of warfare that does not require large amounts of training. A subversive is something or someone carrying the potential for some degree of subversion. In this context, a "subversive" is sometimes called a "traitor" with respect to (and usually by) the government in power.


title: Subversion

text: Subversion, however, is also often a goal of comedians, artists and people in those careers. In this case, being subversive can mean questioning, poking fun at, and undermining the established order in general.


title: Subversion

text: Terrorist groups generally do not employ subversion as a tool to achieve their goals. Subversion is a manpower-intensive strategy and many groups lack the manpower and political and social connections to carry out subversive activities. However, actions taken by terrorists may have a subversive effect on society. Subversion can imply the use of insidious, dishonest, monetary, or violent methods to bring about such change. This is in contrast to protest, a coup d'état, or working through traditional means in a political system to bring about change. Furthermore, external subversion is where, "the aggressor state attempts to recruit and assist indigenous political and military actors to overthrow their government by coup d’état". If subversion fails in its goal of bringing about a coup it is possible that the actors and actions of the subversive group could transition to insurrection, insurgency, and/or guerilla warfare.


title: Subversion

text: The word is present in all languages of Latin origin, originally applying to such events as the military defeat of a city. As early as the 14th century, it was being used in the English language with reference to laws, and in the 15th century came to be used with respect to the realm. The term has taken over from 'sedition' as the name for illicit rebellion, though the connotations of the two words are rather different; sedition suggesting overt attacks on institutions, subversion something much more surreptitious, such as eroding the basis of belief in the status quo or setting people against each other.


title: Subversion

text: The problem with defining the term subversion is that there is not a single definition that is universally accepted. Charles Townshend described subversion as a term "so elastic as to be virtually devoid of meaning, and its use does little more than convey the enlarged sense of the vulnerability of modern systems to all kinds of covert assaults." What follows are some of the many attempts to define the term:


title: Subversion

text: "Subversion is the undermining or detachment of the loyalties of significant political and social groups within the victimized state, and their transference, under ideal conditions, to the symbols and institutions of the aggressor."


title: Subversion

text: "Subversion — Actions designed to undermine the military, economic, psychological, or political strength or morale of a governing authority."


title: Subversion

text: "Subversive Activity — Anyone lending aid, comfort, and moral support to individuals, groups, or organizations that advocate the overthrow of incumbent governments by force and violence is subversive and is engaged in subversive activity. All willful acts that are intended to be detrimental to the best interests of the government and that do not fall into the categories of treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage will be placed in the category of subversive activity."


title: Subversion

text: "Subversive Political Action — A planned series of activities designed to accomplish political objectives by influencing, dominating, or displacing individuals or groups who are so placed as to affect the decisions and actions of another government."


title: Subversion

text: Subversion — "A destructive, aggressive activity aimed to destroy the country, nation, or geographical area of your enemy... [by demoralizing the cultural values and changing the population's perception of reality].


title: Subversion

text: Subversion — Roger Trinquier defined subversion as a term that could be lumped together under the name modern warfare, "as being interlocking systems of actions, political, economic, psychological and military that aims at the overthrow of established authority in a country."