title: Paul Greengrass

text: In 2007, he co-founded Directors UK, a professional association for British directors. He served as founding president until July 2014.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: Greengrass's "Green Zone" stars Matt Damon as the head of a U.S. military team on an unsuccessful hunt for weapons of mass destruction in post-war Iraq. It was filmed in Spain and Morocco and released in 2010. The film was first announced as based on the bestselling, award-winning, non-fiction book "Imperial Life in the Emerald City", by Rajiv Chandrasekaran, the "Washington Post"s Baghdad bureau chief. But the final film is a largely fictionalised action thriller only loosely inspired by events in the book.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: "Captain Phillips", Greengrass's film about the Maersk Alabama hijacking in 2009, was based on the book "A Captain's Duty." It starred Tom Hanks, Barkhad Abdi, and Faysal Ahmed. It was shot in 2012 in Massachusetts and Virginia in the United States, and Malta. It was released in 2013.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: In September 2014, it was announced Greengrass would return to direct the fifth Jason Bourne film, "Jason Bourne", with Damon starring again. The film was released on 29 July 2016.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: In 2017, Greengrass began filming "22 July", a docudrama film following the 2011 Norway attacks perpetrated by Anders Behring Breivik and their aftermath, on location in Norway. The film was released on Netflix and in select theaters on 10 October 2018.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: In February 2019, Greengrass signed on to direct the film adaptation of the Paulette Jiles novel "News of the World" for Fox 2000 Pictures, reuniting him with actor Tom Hanks. The film was eventually released in the United States by Universal Pictures on 25 December 2020 and released internationally by Netflix in 2021.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: In May 2022, it was announced that Greengrass would write and direct medieval action film "The Hood", starring Benedict Cumberbatch and based on the story of the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. On September 15, it was announced Greengrass would write and direct an adaptation of the Stephen King novel "Fairy Tale" after King, a fan of Greengrass's films, sold him the option to adapt the film; Greengrass will also produce alongside Gregory Goodman.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to the arts.


title: Paul Greengrass

text: Greengrass has said that he professes irreligion but has "great respect for the spiritual way". Greengrass is married to talent agent Joanna Kaye, with whom he has three children, and is the father of two more children from an earlier marriage.


title: Girls Like You

text: "Girls Like You" is a song recorded by American band Maroon 5 from their sixth studio album "Red Pill Blues" (2017). The track was written by lead singer Adam Levine, Starrah, Gian Stone, Cirkut, and Jason Evigan, with the latter two serving as producers. A second version featuring and co-written by American rapper Cardi B, was released on May 30, 2018, as the album's fifth and final single. The single version was included on the re-release edition of the album.


title: Girls Like You

text: The song's accompanying music video was directed by David Dobkin, which features the band and Levine performing the song in the center of a room and a number of women making their appearances. The single achieved commercial success, spending seven weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, making it Maroon 5's fourth and Cardi B's third chart-topper, who extended her record for most number-ones among female rappers. It also spent 33 weeks in the top 10, tying both Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" and Post Malone and Swae Lee's "Sunflower" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives at the time and a record-setting 36 weeks at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart. Additionally, it reached number one in eleven other countries, including Canada and New Zealand.


title: Girls Like You

text: The song was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2021 for selling more than 10 million units, with Cardi B becoming the first female rapper to achieve two Diamond certifications. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) it was the fifth-best selling song of 2018, with equivalent sales of 11.9 million units globally. "Girls Like You" ranked at number five on the "Billboard" decade-end chart for the 2010s, with Cardi B being the only female rapper on the top 40. Its music video has surpassed 3 billion views on YouTube. "Girls Like You" has won multiple awards, including at the 2019 "Billboard" Music Awards for Top Hot 100 Song, and received a nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 61st Grammy Awards. It was ranked at 30 on "Billboard"s Greatest Hot 100 Hits of All Time, published in November 2021.


title: Girls Like You

text: "Girls Like You" was released as the ninth track on "Red Pill Blues" via Apple Music. On May 30, 2018, Maroon 5 announced a new version of the song with rapper Cardi B, as the fifth and final single from the album, following the song "Wait", which was later released on iTunes on that day. The band released four remix versions of "Girls Like You" on August 2, 2018, featuring St. Vincent, Tokimonsta, Cray and WondaGurl. In an interview with "Variety", Levine stated he told Cardi before she wrote her verse, "I want you to put something down that shows your fierceness as a woman and say it however you want."


title: Girls Like You

text: "Girls Like You" is a pop and pop rock song. It has a length of three minutes and 35 seconds in the original version, while the extended single version is 20 seconds longer. It was written by Adam Levine, Cirkut, Cardi B, Starrah, Jason Evigan and Gian Stone and was produced by Cirkut and Evigan.


title: Girls Like You

text: The song is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 125 beats per minute. It moves in common time, with Levine's vocals spanning from C to C.


title: Girls Like You

text: “Girls Like You” received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Shaad D'Souza of "Vice" wrote, "Maroon 5, please don't ruin Cardi B," described the song as an example of "God awful, horrid, weird, marshmallow-soft songs sung by dudes pining after a ‘good girl’ who will finally fix all of their problems through the power of love", and deemed Cardi B's verse the best and only interesting part of the song, which considered "basically the antithesis of Adam Levine's whole weird muscular robot thing."


title: Girls Like You

text: "Time" staff called it "more headache than hit" but acknowledged "Cardi B's verse as the only saving grace" of the song.


title: Girls Like You

text: "Spin" staff described it as "profoundly shallow" as well as a "snoozefest, which trafficks in sentimental and borderline meaningless platitudes" and stated "[the song] dominated the charts thanks in no small part to walking charisma factory Cardi B."


title: Girls Like You

text: "Girls Like You" debuted at number 94 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and ascended to number four following its first full week of tracking after the music video's arrival. The single made the fourth-biggest jump (90 positions) in the Hot 100's history, and became Maroon 5's 14th and Cardi B's sixth top-ten single overall. After spending six weeks at number two behind Drake's "In My Feelings", the single reached number one on its 17th charting week, becoming Maroon 5's fourth chart topper–their first since 2012's "One More Night"–and Cardi B's third. Cardi extended her record for most number ones among female rappers. Maroon 5 became the duo or group with the most Hot 100 number ones in the 21st century.


title: Girls Like You

text: "Girls Like You" became the first pop song to lead the chart after the record run of 34 consecutive weeks that rap songs had ruled the Hot 100, from January to September 2018. The single spent seven weeks atop the Hot 100, making Cardi the female rapper with the most cumulative weeks atop the chart, with eleven weeks. With 33 weeks in the top 10, it tied Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" for the longest top 10 run in the chart's archives. Also tied by Post Malone and Swae Lee's "Sunflower" in 2019, with the record was later broken by Malone's "Circles" in 2020, and The Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" in 2021. "Girls Like You" also spent 36 consecutive weeks at number one on the Adult Contemporary, breaking the previous record on the chart was Uncle Kracker's 2003 version of "Drift Away" for 28 weeks.


title: Girls Like You

text: With "Girls Like You" following "I Like It" at the top of Radio Songs, Cardi B became the first female rapper to ever replace herself at number one on that chart. With 16 weeks on top, it tied Mariah Carey's "We Belong Together" and No Doubt's "Don't Speak" for the second longest-leading number one on the Radio Songs chart, while matching Carey for the longest leading this century. With the single, the band scored its record-extending 13th number one on the Adult Top 40 radio airplay chart.


title: Girls Like You

text: The music video premiered on YouTube, on May 31, 2018, at midnight 12AM (EDT) and was directed by David Dobkin. It follows Adam Levine, alone with a microphone in the center of a room, where the band playing instruments in the background, then a rotating assortment of women doing lip-syncing and dancing to the song around with Levine. The video featured appearances from Maroon 5's band members: guitarist James Valentine, keyboardist and rhythm guitarist Jesse Carmichael, bassist Mickey Madden, drummer Matt Flynn, keyboardist PJ Morton and multi-instrumentalist Sam Farrar, with the song's featured artist Cardi B.


title: Girls Like You

text: In order of appearance, the video includes a number of women ranging from athletes, activists, actresses, models and singers who are making their cameos: Camila Cabello, Phoebe Robinson, Aly Raisman, Sarah Silverman, Gal Gadot, Lilly Singh, Amani al-Khatahtbeh, Trace Lysette, Tiffany Haddish, Angy Rivera, Franchesca Ramsey, Millie Bobby Brown, Ellen DeGeneres, Jennifer Lopez, Chloe Kim, Alex Morgan, Mary J. Blige, Beanie Feldstein, Jackie Fielder, Danica Patrick, Ilhan Omar, Elizabeth Banks, Ashley Graham and Rita Ora, with Levine's wife Behati Prinsloo and their daughter Dusty Rose.


title: Girls Like You

text: The clothing worn by the guests of the music video features several messages that represent various social justice and identity movements. Immigrant rights activist Angy Rivera of New York State Youth Leadership Council wears her organization's T-shirt with the phrase "Undocumented Unafraid Unapologetic". Olympic gymnast Aly Raisman wore a T-shirt with the phrase "Always Speak Your Truth". Jackie Fielder, founder of indigenous-led San Francisco Defund DAPL Coalition, wore a T-shirt with the words "Divest, Water is Life".


title: Girls Like You

text: "Girls Like You" topped YouTube's "2018 Songs of the Summer" list globally, and ranked third in the United States. It is also Vevo's most viewed video of 2018. The video was named the 23rd-most iconic pop music video of the 2010s by PopSugar.


title: Girls Like You

text: Two alternate versions of the video were released, both directed by Dobkin. The first version is a vertical video which was released exclusively on Spotify, on August 27, 2018. Similar to the original video, it focuses on the same women singing and dancing in rotation, with the exception of Cabello. The second version, simply titled "Volume 2", was released on October 16, 2018, on YouTube. This version includes additional footage and Cabello. The video ends with the voice of Dobkin saying "cut" and the sound of people clapping. In the second half of "Volume 2", Levine briefly wears a t-shirt with the words "Liberation Not Deportation", created by the organization, NYSYLC.


title: Girls Like You

text: The band released a lyric video of the original song on February 14, 2019 (Valentine's Day). The animated video follows Adam Levine's journey growing up, becoming a musician, forming the band now known as Maroon 5 and performing a sold-out concert. Levine is shown driving with various women in his car then spending time alone and focusing on his music. Finally, he meets and falls in love with Behati Prinsloo. They date, get married, and start a family at the end.


title: Girls Like You

text: On May 30, 2018, Maroon 5 performed "Girls Like You" for the first time in Tacoma, Washington from the Red Pill Blues Tour, where they also performed a cover version of "Forever Young" by Alphaville, as a tribute to their late manager Jordan Feldstein. On February 3, 2019, the band performed this song and featured the Georgia State University Marching Band for the Super Bowl LIII halftime show in Atlanta, Georgia, while Cardi B also performed a solo version of the song for "Bud Light Super Bowl Music Fest", the night before.


title: Girls Like You

text: In March 2019, Maroon 5 playing it for the Indian couple Akash Ambani and Shloka Mehta from their wedding ceremony at the Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai, India. On June 8, 2019, they also performed for the music festival concert, Capital's Summertime Ball at Wembley Stadium, London.


title: Girls Like You

text: On October 25, the band performed "Girls Like You" for a live concert at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Hollywood, Florida.


title: Freight forwarder

text: A freight forwarder, or forwarding agent, is a person or company who, for a fee organizes shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. Forwarders contract with a carrier or often multiple carriers to move the goods from one country to another.


title: Freight forwarder

text: A forwarder does not move the goods but acts as an expert in the logistics network. The carriers can use a variety of shipping modes, including ships, airplanes, trucks, and railroads, and often use multiple modes for a single shipment. For example, the freight forwarder may arrange to have cargo moved from a plant to an airport by truck, flown to the destination city and then moved from the airport to a customer's building by another truck.


title: Freight forwarder

text: International freight forwarders typically handle international shipments and have additional expertise in preparing and processing customs documentation and performing activities pertaining to international shipments.


title: Freight forwarder

text: Information typically reviewed by a freight forwarder includes the commercial invoice, shipper's export declaration, bill of lading and other documents required by the carrier or country of export, import, and/or transshipment.


title: Freight forwarder

text: The FIATA shorthand description of the freight forwarder as the "Architect of Transport" illustrates the commercial position of the forwarder relative to its client. In Europe, some forwarders specialize in "niche" areas such as rail-freight, and collection and deliveries around a large port. Modern freight forwarders offer an end-to-end process i.e. shipping the goods from the place of origin to the final destination. Together with Freight Tracking Technology, freight forwarding agents can view real time freight information.


title: Freight forwarder

text: One of the earliest freight forwarders was Thomas Meadows and Company Limited of London, England, established in 1835


title: Freight forwarder

text: . According to "Understanding the Freight Business," written and published by the executive staff of Thomas Meadows and Company in 1972, the advent of reliable rail transport and steamships created demand for the fledgling freight forwarding industry. Trade developed between Europe and North America, creating additional demand. The first international freight forwarders were innkeepers in London who held and re-forwarded the personal effects of their hotel guests.


title: Freight forwarder

text: The original function of the forwarder was to arrange for carriage by contracting with various carriers. Forwarder responsibilities included advice on documentation and customs requirements in the country of destination. His correspondent agent overseas looked after his customers' goods and kept him informed about matters that would affect the movement of goods.


title: Freight forwarder

text: In modern times, the forwarder accepts the same responsibilities. It operates either as a domestic carrier or otherwise with a corresponding agent overseas or with his own branch-office. In a single transaction, the forwarder may be acting as a carrier (principal) or as an agent for his customer or both.


title: Freight forwarder

text: International freight forwarders, Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carriers (NVOCCs), and customs brokers often charge for transferring documents to another transportation company at the destination. This fee is a part of the ocean freight charges, being paid by the importer at the port of discharge in the International Commercial Term (incoterm) FOB (free on board), and by the exporter at the origin in the incoterms CFR (cost and freight), CIF (cost, insurance and freight) and DDP (Transportation cost from factory to delivery port, custom clearance at delivery port, freight, custom clearance at discharge port, transportation from discharge port to importer factory). This fee is separate from documentation fees charged by carriers and NVOCCs as part of the freight charges on a bill of lading and is separate from other fees for document preparation or for the release of cargo.


title: Freight forwarder

text: In Australia most licensed Customs Clearance Agents (commonly referred to as Customs Brokers) operate under a freight forwarder.


title: Freight forwarder

text: UAE freight forwarders are well-versed in the complexities of shipping to and from the Emirates, and can provide a valuable resource for businesses looking to move goods in and out of the country. They can help to navigate the often-complex customs regulations in the UAE, and can also offer advice on the best shipping routes and carriers to use.


title: Freight forwarder

text: Transport Canada is the federal department responsible for implementing and enforcing transportation policies and programs. The Canada Border Services Agency is responsible for enforcing most regulations that affect international freight forwarders. International security measures are the dominant concern.


title: Freight forwarder

text: The Canadian International Freight Forwarders Association (CIFFA) was established in 1948 to support and protect the character, status, and interest of foreign freight forwarders by establishing uniform trade practice and regulations. CIFFA also plays an educational role by providing certificate and advanced certificate programs.


title: Freight forwarder

text: International merchandise trade is worth €148 billion to the Irish economy. 82% of manufactured products are exported, further highlighting the importance of freight forwarders to the national economy. Associations including the Irish International Freight Association and FIATA help maintain the professionalism of this industry through educational and representative roles. FIATA offers a Diploma in Freight Forwarding.


title: Freight forwarder

text: In Kenya and Tanzania freight forwarders are commonly referred to as clearing and forwarding agents. A license is required, which can be acquired from Kenya Revenue Authority and Tanzania Revenue Authority respectively. Freight forwarders in Kenya and Tanzania are responsible for clearing consignments through Kenya and Tanzania customs, arranging transportation and forwarding the consignment to the consignee. Both exports and imports must clear customs in Kenya/ Tanzania.


title: Freight forwarder

text: Freight-forwarding in Nigeria has been in place since the exporting of groundnut as a cash crop beginning in 1914, though not initially as freight forwarding but as the means of transportation of goods and services from one country to another. Following the method of their British forebears, agents were used to facilitating the transport of goods and services.


title: Freight forwarder

text: Pakistan International Freight Forwarders Association PIFFA has more than 500 freight forwarding companies as members. The association is the local representative of FIATA and member association for Pakistan.


title: Freight forwarder

text: In the U.K., freight forwarders are not licensed, but many are members of BIFA (The British International Freight Association). BIFA is the trade association for UK-registered companies engaged in the international movement of freight by all modes of transport, air, road, rail, and sea. BIFA has around 1500 corporate members, known generally as freight forwarders, who offer a wide range of services within these various modes.


title: Freight forwarder

text: Companies handling domestic US freight by road must be registered with the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Such forwarders are "carriers" who accept freight for transport and are liable for delivering the freight under their own bill of lading.


title: Freight forwarder

text: International ocean freight forwarders arranging for shipments to and from the US must be licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission as "Ocean Transportation Intermediaries". An Ocean Transportation Intermediary is either an "ocean freight forwarder" or a "non-vessel-operating common carrier" (NVOCC). An "ocean freight forwarder" is "an individual or company in the United States that dispatches shipments from the United States via common carriers and books or otherwise arranges space for those shipments on behalf of shippers; ocean freight forwarders prepare and process documentation and perform related activities pertaining to shipments." An "NVOCC" is "a common carrier that holds itself out to the public to provide ocean transportation, issues its own bills of lading or equivalent documents, but does not operate the vessels that transport cargo"; or, "a shipper in its relationship with the vessel-operating common carrier involved in the movement of cargo."


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Jesse Thomas Lacey (born July 10, 1978) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and record producer who is best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the American alternative rock band Brand New. He is known for his enigmatic and private nature, rarely giving interviews and describing himself as a perfectionist.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Lacey was the founding bassist of fellow Long Island rock band Taking Back Sunday but left the band after a personal incident involving guitarist John Nolan. Along with members of the Rookie Lot, Lacey formed Brand New in 2000. With Brand New, Lacey earned a number-one album in the United States due to the commercial success of 2017's "Science Fiction".


title: Jesse Lacey

text: As well as fronting Brand New, Lacey has performed as a solo artist since 2004, although has not yet released any solo material, and instead performs material by Brand New, as well as covering other bands. Lacey has produced and co-produced a number of records, including those Brand New, as well as Kevin Devine's "Bubblegum" and a track by Cymbals Eat Guitars.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Lacey was raised in a Christian family on Long Island and regularly attended church, although Lacey has said Christianity was never forced upon him. His parents listened to bands such as the Beatles, Steely Dan, Simon and Garfunkel and Bruce Springsteen, which Lacey has stated contributed towards both his interest and taste in music, commenting that "there was always a record playing, and good music, too". Albums by Billy Joel, Weird Al and "The Big Picture" by Michael W. Smith were amongst some of the first that Lacey owned.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Lacey attended General Douglas MacArthur High School in Levittown, New York along with John Nolan. After Nolan convinced Lacey to learn the bass guitar, the two friends would go on to form a number of bands during their high school years, one of which was named Gudmunder Bjornsen. He also learned how to play the trombone while participating in the church choir. In 1998, Lacey, along with Garrett Tierney, Brian Lane and Brandon Reilly formed the Rookie Lot, who would self-release a split EP as well as a demo tape.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: In November 1999, Lacey formed Taking Back Sunday with guitarist Eddie Reyes; after adding Nolan to the band, Lacey moved to bass guitar. He contributed bass guitar and backing vocals to their first EP in 2001, but left the band during the recording sessions after Nolan slept with Lacey's girlfriend. Prior to becoming a full-time musician, Lacey had a number of different jobs, including working for the clothing retailer Gap Inc., a skate and bike shop, and also spending two days working at McDonald's, before quitting after being told "sexual harassment is going to happen, so get used to it".


title: Jesse Lacey

text: After the Rookie Lot broke up, its former members, with the exception of Reilly (who formed the Movielife), would form Brand New, recruiting Vincent Accardi as an additional guitarist. After recording and releasing a number of demos, the band released their debut album "Your Favorite Weapon" in 2001. Lacey provided lead vocals and guitar for the album, as well as writing lyrics for all of the songs.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: The band toured heavily up until work began on their second album in February 2003. Influenced by his time on the road, Lacey wrote much of the album on acoustic guitar in his bedroom. The album's success led the band to be engulfed in a bidding war between labels.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: After finishing the extensive touring and promotional cycle for their album "Deja Entendu", Lacey had become unsure as to whether he even wanted to release another record. In an interview, Lacey stated that he had the realization that he no longer wished to be associated with many of the people and bands he'd met over the past years with Brand New, and he also felt as though he had no friends. After writing and recording sessions in late 2004, the band became inactive. In spring 2005, Lacey became sick and subsequently underwent surgery for a number of problems.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: After the loss of a number of his friends and family members, Lacey and his bandmates purposely immersed themselves in their grief, channeling it into the songwriting with the hope of expelling it. Having previously become disillusioned and uninterested in the bands and people they were previously around, Lacey found friendship in bands such as Thrice, mewithoutYou, Manchester Orchestra and Kevin Devine, remarking that they had "created a small community". In later interviews, Lacey stated that the writing and recording of their third album, the critically acclaimed "The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me", saved the band. In 2008, Lacey along with his Brand New bandmates cofounded the record label Procrastinate! Music Traitors.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: One of Lacey's first solo shows was on April 27, 2004, at The Downtown in Farmingdale, New York, performing a mixture of covers and songs by his band, Brand New. In July 2007, Lacey and Kevin Devine did an acoustic tour in the United States with Grace Read, with Lacey once again performing material from Brand New, as well as performing various tracks with Devine.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: In 2008 Lacey toured with Kevin Devine and Brooklyn native Brian Bonz, later stating in an interview how at this point he wished only to occasionally tour and perform Brand New material solo, believing that "the songs lack meaning" without his bandmates beside him. After performing solo with Devine on December 12, 2015, Lacey was soon-after revealed to be part of Devine's "Devinyl splits" series, with his single, a cover of R.E.M.'s "Bad Day", seeing release early in 2016.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Outside of Brand New, Lacey has frequently collaborated with Kevin Devine, both in the studio and live. In 2005, Lacey was featured Kevin Devine's album "Split the Country, Split the Street", providing vocals on the songs "Cotton Crush", "Afterparty", and "No One Else's Problem". In 2009, he would again contribute to the album "Brother's Blood", singing on "Tomorrow's Just Too Late".


title: Jesse Lacey

text: In 2013, Lacey produced the album "Bubblegum". Lacey was initially nervous, as it was the first album he had produced outside of Brand New. Along with Kevin Devine, Lacey frequently appeared onstage and on tour with Manchester Orchestra.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Other appearances by Lacey include contributing bass guitar to the track "Rocket" on the Intramural 2007 album "This Is a Landslide", as well as providing bass and guitar on Grace Read's song "Cloak and Dagger", from her EP "Young Guns". At various Brand New shows in 2014 and 2015, Lacey joined support band Dinosaur Pile-Up on stage, performing their track "Nature Nurture".


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Lacey and his wife Andrea released a cover of "In Spite of Ourselves", originally by John Prine in February 2015. In 2015, Lacey, along with Mike Sapone, co-produced the track "Aerobed" for the band Cymbals Eat Guitars, as part of the "Devinyl Splits" series, curated by Kevin Devine.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: American singer Halsey, a publicized Brand New fan, referred to Lacey as "largely responsible for why I write with such detail." Lacey and the rest of the band earned songwriting credits on Halsey's 2020 album "Manic" as a result of her sampling the "(Fork and Knife)" demo on her song "Alanis' Interlude". Brand New was thanked in the liner notes of "Manic".


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Early on in his career as a musician, Lacey cited bands such as Lifetime, the Foo Fighters, the Cars and Pearl Jam as influences for himself and Brand New. He later taped the words "Hi Moz", a reference to the Smiths frontman Morrissey, to his guitar during their performance of "The Quiet Things That No One Ever Knows" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" in 2003.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Towards the release of "The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me", Lacey expressed his fandom of the Stone Roses and Ride. During the "Daisy" era, Lacey cited Polvo, Archers of Loaf, Fugazi and Modest Mouse as influences. He named Sonic Youth and My Bloody Valentine as the influences for the album's guitar sound.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Religious imagery and themes such as faith, the afterlife, the supernatural as well as moral issues are often explored in Lacey's songwriting. Lacey, however, has made it clear his songs are not, and never will be about Christianity, remarking that the band Brand New do not share the same beliefs, so to try to label the band with any one religion would be "absolutely ridiculous". Film, television and literature have also influenced his songwriting.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: In Brand New, Lacey and his bandmates compose material separately from one another, rarely rehearsing or practicing together. Instead Lacey will often write material on an acoustic guitar, before bringing it to the rest of the band.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: During the writing and recording of the 2006 album "The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me", Lacey was particularly influenced by bands such as U2 and Radiohead to try writing using instruments other than the guitar. During the sessions, Lacey and Devine's friendship would play a major influence on his songwriting, with him looking to write more about current events.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Lacey has been described by the media as being both enigmatic and reserved. He has no public social media accounts and only occasionally gives interviews, stating in one interview that although he enjoys talking to people, he and his Brand New bandmates feel more comfortable not having to worry about interviews, photo shoots and music videos, and that "those peripheral things had nothing to do with the project we were working on".


title: Jesse Lacey

text: His discomfort with interviews stems from American media outlets' tendency to misrepresent facts. "Most people don’t want you to look how you want to look. They want you to look how they want you to look," he said. "Writers have to make it interesting. The headline would end up being something stupid like 'We hate My Chemical Romance"'.""


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Following the success of "Deja Entendu", Lacey was described by "Kerrang!" as a "heartthrob", an image which he disliked. "I don't want anyone listening to our music because they think I'm cute," he said. "We're hoping for things to go in a Radiohead way instead of a Justin Timberlake way. We want to be known for our music."


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Lacey is the second oldest of seven siblings, one of whom is a teacher. Another one of his siblings, Cody Lacey, is in the United States Navy. His brother, Jamey Lacey plays in the band Coasta. His father is a nurse.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Prior to forming Brand New, Lacey attended Nassau Community College on Long Island for three years, studying child psychology and elementary education. Attending school with fellow musician John Nolan, the two friends had a brief, highly publicized falling out. This would lead Lacey to write "Seventy Times 7", which appeared on Brand New's 2001 album "Your Favorite Weapon", while Nolan would later write about the dispute from his perspective in the Taking Back Sunday track "There's No I in Team". Later, Lacey and his Brand New bandmates stated that the "situation cleaned itself up a lot sooner than most people thought it did", and that the situation had been blown out of proportion by fans and the media. Lacey has described fellow musician Kevin Devine as one of his best friends, as well as citing him as a musical influence.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: Lacey has an interest in photography and graphic design, and has had a part in designing and composing artwork for a number of releases by Brand New.


title: Jesse Lacey

text: In late 2017, Lacey was accused of sexual misconduct by two women, who alleged the events occurred 15 years prior while they were underage and Lacey was in his early 20s. Lacey apologized publicly on Brand New's Facebook page and admitted to having a sex addiction in his past, which he had sought treatment for over a decade before the allegations were brought public.


title: Aaron Maté

text: Aaron Maté is a Canadian writer and journalist. He hosts the show "Pushback with Aaron Maté" on "The Grayzone" and, as of January 2022, he fills in as a host on the Useful Idiots podcast.


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté works as reporter for "The Grayzone", a fringe far-left news website and blog known for sympathetic coverage of the Russian and Syrian governments. He has also contributed to "The Nation", and appeared several times on Fox News on Tucker Carlson Tonight.


title: Aaron Maté

text: He became well known for challenging the conclusions of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, which Maté described as "Russiagate." Maté earned an Izzy Award in April 2019 for this work.


title: Aaron Maté

text: The Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees, an organization supportive of Bashar al-Assad, awarded Maté and "The Grayzone" its Serena Shim Award. With regard to Maté's reporting on the Syrian Civil War, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue stated that, among the 28 social media accounts, individuals, outlets and organisations which it studied, Maté was the most prolific spreader of disinformation on topics related to the war, including use of chemical weapons. In 2022, Maté was disinvited from the Web Summit conference at the insistence of the first lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska, who was the keynote speaker at the Web Summit launch. Maté had been accused of publishing anti-Ukrainian and pro-Russian tropes related to the war in Ukraine. Paddy Cosgrave, the Web Summit's chief executive, said he received "a large backlash from journalists" in response to the cancellation of Maté's invitation.


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté was born in Vancouver to Rae Maté, a visual artist and an illustrator of children's books, and Gabor Maté, a Hungarian physician, author, and columnist.


title: Aaron Maté

text: While a student, Maté was vice president of the pro-Palestinian student union at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and he was among the main subjects featured in the National Film Board of Canada documentary "Discordia". The film depicts Maté's struggle with his Jewish identity on campus while condemning Israel's treatment of the Palestinians. Maté was arrested during the Concordia University Netanyahu riot on 9 September 2002, after stepping between protesters and police, for which he faced expulsion.


title: Aaron Maté

text: From 2003 to 2005 Maté worked as a primary researcher for Naomi Klein, who wrote that he showed himself to be "a great intellect and terrific journalist".


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté has worked as a reporter and producer for "Democracy Now!", Vice, The Real News, and Al Jazeera.


title: Aaron Maté

text: Using the term "Russiagate" in much of his reporting for "The Nation, "Maté criticized the mainstream media coverage of the Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and improper links between Trump associates and Russian officials.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In October 2017, Maté discussed the media coverage of the investigation in "The Nation", stating that "unverified claims are reported with little to no scepticism ... developments are cherry-picked and overhyped, while countervailing ones are minimised or ignored. Front-page headlines advertise explosive and incriminating developments, only to often be undermined by the article's content, or retracted entirely." Maté said use of social media by Russia had no effect on the election: "To suggest 200 [Twitter] accounts out of 328 million could have had an impact is as much an insult to common sense as it is to basic math". "A $100,000 Facebook ad purchase seems unlikely to have had much impact in a $6.8 billion election". In a July 2018 article in "The Nation" following the 2018 Russia–United States summit in Helsinki between President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin, he defended Trump against the statements made against him, such as the claim the summit had triggered an American "national security crisis". In May 2017, Bob Cesca wrote on the "Salon" website: "Both Maté and [Zack] Beauchamp go to great lengths to characterize speculation about the Trump-Russia connection, which I would describe as small-C conspiracy theories, as being on a similar level as Alex Jones' loony big-C conspiracy mongering."


title: Aaron Maté

text: In December 2017, Maté interviewed Luke Harding on The Real News about Harding's just published book about the Russian interference to help Trump, "Collusion: Secret Meetings, Dirty Money, and How Russia Helped Donald Trump Win". "Vanity Fair" described Maté as "a polite but dogged skeptic who administered a memorable vivisection" to Harding during the interview.


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté earned an Izzy Award in April 2019 for his work challenging press coverage of special prosecutor Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In November 2019, Maté suggested John Brennan, former director of the CIA, had suspicious reasons for the investigation into Russian links in a November 2019 article for Real Clear Investigations. According to the "Washington Monthly" Brennan (and Maté) had been open in a Congressional hearing in May 2017, which the Senate Intelligence Committee shared.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In May 2020, Maté stated: "All of the available evidence showed just how baseless [Russiagate] was". He said those who resisted Trump's administration were distracted by the "conspiracy theory that he conspired with or was blackmailed by Russia".


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté has written about the claims made by two Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) inspectors that the OPCW "doctored a report" on the Douma chemical attack in order to place blame on the Syrian government and to justify missile strikes against Syrian government forces by the US, UK, and France.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In September 2020, Maté testified at the United Nations at an Arria meeting hosted by the Russian Federation and China, about the alleged cover-up by the OPCW.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In May 2021, he accompanied Paul Larudee and other members of the Syria Solidarity Movement to observe the 2021 Syrian presidential election. Bellingcat wrote that the Syria Solidarity Movement supports the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), which it described as "a rabidly anti-Semitic, fascist organization that advocates for a "Greater Syria," incorporating Lebanon and Palestine".


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté and "The Grayzone", for which he reports, have been recipients of the Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees's Serena Shim Award, a cash prize administered by Paul Larudee and frequently given to supporters of the Syrian government, and individuals who promote conspiracy theories in support of Syria's president Assad.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In June 2022, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) published an analysis of social media accounts, individuals, outlets and organisations who disseminated disinformation about the Syrian conflict. Maté was named as the most prolific spreader of disinformation about the Syrian conflict since 2020 among the 28 conspiracy theorists analysed. In a footnote added to a London "Observer" article on 10 July (published the previous month), Maté was quoted as saying "neither the study or the Observer offer any evidence" for the assertion he is a spreader of disinformation and that the Institute for Strategic Dialogue "does not even attempt to refute a single claim of mine". Maté also alleged a conflict of interest because the ISD’s funders included some western governments involved in the Syrian conflict.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In November 2020, Maté said that the appointment of Antony Blinken as Secretary of State and the possible nomination of Michèle Flournoy as Defense Secretary, showed that President-elect Joe Biden was "continuing with the hawkish playbook" he had followed throughout his career.


title: Aaron Maté

text: In February 2021, Maté was the first to report that Amnesty International had removed Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny's status as a prisoner of conscience "given the fact that he advocated violence and discrimination and has not yet retracted such statements". Oliver Carroll wrote in "The Independent" that "The Grayzone" had "amplified" criticism of Navalny and "appears to have been privy to lobbying around the Amnesty decision". Amnesty reversed its decision in May.


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté was critical of President Biden's response to Israel's attack on Gaza in May 2021. Maté said Biden's telephone call to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in which Biden expressed his "unwavering support" for Israel's "right to defend itself", was "a green light for Netanyahu to continue massacring Palestinian civilians".


title: Aaron Maté

text: Katrina vanden Heuvel wrote that the US had “tentatively been opening the door to negotiations” with Russia during its 2022 invasion of Ukraine and Maté has “carefully detailed” the way in which the Biden administration "had orchestrated leaks to the media".


title: Aaron Maté

text: Maté says the Ukrainian Government, which came to power after the Maidan revolution, was a "fascist-infused coup". Regarding the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, he said that the US is funding "proxy warfare" against Russia and preventing any prospect of peace for its own ends.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sarah Elizabeth Huckabee Sanders (born August 13, 1982) is an American former political spokesperson and the governor-elect of Arkansas. She was the 31st White House press secretary, serving under President Donald Trump from 2017 to 2019. She was the third woman to hold the position. She previously worked on the election campaigns of her father, Arkansas governor and presidential candidate Mike Huckabee, and later served as a senior advisor on Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. After working for Trump, Sanders became the Republican nominee in the 2022 Arkansas gubernatorial election and won.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: As press secretary, Sanders was the spokesperson for the Trump administration's policy decisions, and had a confrontational relationship with the White House Press Corps. When interviewed by investigators as part of the Mueller probe, she admitted making false statements in her role. Sanders hosted fewer press conferences than any of the 13 previous White House press secretaries.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In June 2019, Trump tweeted that Sanders would be leaving her role as press secretary. On January 25, 2021, she announced her candidacy for governor of Arkansas; Trump endorsed her. She secured the Republican nomination in May 2022; her general election opponents were the Democratic nominee, Chris Jones, and the Libertarian nominee, Ricky Dale Harrington. She will be the first woman to hold the office, the first woman to be governor of a state of which her father was also governor, and the youngest current governor.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sarah Elizabeth Huckabee was born on August 13, 1982, in Hope, Arkansas. She is the youngest child and only daughter of Mike Huckabee and Janet Huckabee ("née" McCain), both politicians. She has two brothers, John Mark Huckabee and David Huckabee. After graduating from Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, Huckabee attended Ouachita Baptist University (her father's alma mater) in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. She was elected student body president of the university and was active in Republican organizations. In 2004, she graduated from the university with a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in political science and minoring in mass communications.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sanders was involved in her father's first campaign for the United States Senate in 1992. Describing the unsuccessful bid in an interview for "The Hill", she said: "He didn't really have much of a staff, so our family has been very engaged and very supportive of my dad. I was stuffing envelopes, I was knocking on doors, I was putting up yard signs." Her father said of her childhood, "I always say that when most kids are seven or eight years old out jumping rope, she was sitting at the kitchen table listening to political commentators analyze poll results." Huckabee said that he and his wife spoiled Sarah at times. He called her "doggone tough" and "fearless" due to having grown up with two brothers.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sanders was a field coordinator for her father's 2002 reelection campaign for governor of Arkansas. She was a regional liaison for congressional affairs at the U.S. Department of Education under President George W. Bush, and worked as a field coordinator for Bush's reelection campaign in Ohio in 2004.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sanders is a founding partner of Second Street Strategies in Little Rock, a general consulting services provider for Republican campaigns. She worked on national political campaigns and on campaigns for federal office in Arkansas. Sanders was also vice president of Tsamoutales Strategies. She was national political director for her father's 2008 presidential campaign. She was also a senior adviser to Tim Pawlenty in his 2012 presidential run. She was involved in the campaigns of both U.S. senators from Arkansas, managing John Boozman's 2010 campaign and serving as an adviser to Tom Cotton's 2014 election. After her father's 2008 campaign, she worked as executive director of Huck PAC, a political action committee. She was the national campaign manager for the ONE Campaign, an international organization aimed at ending global poverty and preventable diseases.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In 2016, after managing her father's presidential campaign, she signed on as a senior adviser for Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign and ran its communications for coalitions.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: After Trump was elected, Sanders was named to the position of deputy White House press secretary in his new administration. On May 5, 2017, she held her first White House press briefing, standing in for Press Secretary Sean Spicer, who was serving on Naval Reserve duty. She continued to cover for Spicer until his return to the podium on May 12. She stood in for Spicer during the dismissal of James Comey and the controversy following it. Her defense of the Trump administration's actions led to some speculation that Trump was considering promoting her to replace Spicer. This was denied at the time by her father. But on May 26, "The Wall Street Journal" again suggested that Sanders was being considered as a possible replacement for Spicer, in the context of wider staff changes and the investigation into alleged communications with Russia. She continued to fill in for Spicer occasionally.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: After Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey in May 2017, Sanders said that she "heard from countless members of the FBI that are grateful and thankful for the President's decision" to fire him. Emails show that several FBI heads of regional field offices and high-ranking FBI members reacted with dismay to Comey's firing. After Trump sought to discredit Comey and the FBI, Sanders was questioned on a tweet she had sent during the 2016 presidential election that "when you're attacking FBI agents because you're under criminal investigation, you're losing". After Comey accused Trump of lying about the circumstances in which he was dismissed, Sanders defended Trump: "I can definitively say the president is not a liar, and I think it's frankly insulting that question would be asked."


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On June 27, 2017, during a press briefing, Sanders criticized the media, accusing them of spreading "fake news" about Trump. Sanders cited a video created by James O'Keefe. Although unsure of the video's accuracy, she said, "I would encourage everyone in this room and, frankly, everybody across the country to take a look at it." The video features CNN's health and medical producer, John Bonifield, saying that CNN's coverage of the Trump campaign's alleged links to Russia are "mostly bullshit" and driven by ratings.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On June 29, 2017, Sanders said during a press briefing that the "president in no way, form or fashion has ever promoted or encouraged violence." In February 2016, Trump had said during a campaign speech: "So if you see somebody getting ready to throw a tomato, knock the crap out of them, would you?... I promise you, I will pay for the legal fees. I promise." Politifact also "found at least seven other examples in which Trump offered public musings that showed a tolerance for, and sometimes even a favorable disposition towards physical violence."


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On July 21, 2017, after Spicer announced that he was going to resign, newly appointed White House Communications Director Anthony Scaramucci announced that Sanders would take the role of White House press secretary. Sanders is the third woman to hold the role of White House Press Secretary after Dee Dee Myers in 1993 and Dana Perino in 2007.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In August 2017, Sanders said Trump "certainly didn’t dictate" a statement released by Donald Trump Jr. about the 2016 Trump Tower meeting with Russians. She also said that Trump "weighed in, offered suggestion like any father would do." In January 2018, Trump's lawyers wrote to the special counsel investigation that "the President dictated" the statement Donald Trump Jr. released. In June 2018, the media asked Sanders to explain the discrepancy in the statements, but she repeatedly refused to answer, saying: "I’m not going to respond to a letter from the president’s outside counsel ... We’ve purposefully walled off, and I would refer you to them for comment", and "I'm an honest person".


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In October 2017, CBS News's Jacqueline Alemany asked Sanders whether the official White House position was that all 16 women who accused Trump of sexual harassment were lying. Sanders responded, "Yeah, we've been clear on that since the beginning, and the President has spoken on it", without elaborating.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In November 2017, Trump retweeted three unverified anti-Muslim videos by Britain First, a far-right British group with a history of posting misleading videos. Sanders commented, "Whether it’s a real video, the threat is real and that is what the president is talking about, that’s what the president is focused on, is dealing with those real threats, and those are real no matter how you’re looking at it." British Prime Minister Theresa May was among those to criticize Trump's actions.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In February 2018, after Rob Porter left the White House over domestic abuse allegations, Sanders said that Porter's background check was "ongoing, and the White House had not received any specific papers regarding the completion of that background check". After FBI director Christopher Wray testified that the FBI had finished and submitted its security-clearance investigation on Porter to the White House earlier in July 2017, Sanders instead claimed that it was instead the White House's personnel security office's investigation that was ongoing, which contradicted her earlier statement that the clearance process "doesn't operate within the White House". She said that Porter had made a "personal decision" to leave the White House, while White House deputy press secretary Raj Shah said that Porter was "terminated".


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In March 2018, Sanders said of the Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal, "there was no knowledge of any payments from the president" to Daniels. In May 2018, Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani said that Trump had repaid his lawyer Michael Cohen $130,000 after Cohen paid Daniels. In response to questions about the discrepancy, Sanders claimed that she did not know of this development and that her earlier statement was based on the "best information" she had at the time.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In mid-June 2018, when questioned on the Trump administration's family separation policy, which resulted in the separation of migrant children from their parents at the Mexico–United States border, Sanders falsely blamed Democrats for the policy and said "it is very biblical" to implement the policy. Christian leaders such as Daniel DiNardo and Franklin Graham strongly disagreed with the policy, calling it "immoral" or "disgraceful", while Bible scholar and professor Matthew Schlimm said that the Bible was being misused just as slave traders and Nazis had done.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In July 2018, Sanders said the Trump White House would discuss allowing Russian agents to interrogate former US Ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul. The Russian government had harassed and intimidated McFaul for years, without specifying what criminal allegations they would interrogate him about. US State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said that she could not answer on the White House's behalf, but that the State Department considered the Russian allegations against McFaul "absolutely absurd". Several current and former diplomats condemned the White House's willingness to entertain Russian interrogation of a former U.S. ambassador.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In an August 2018 press conference, Sanders was repeatedly asked to say that the media was not the "enemy of the people", and she did not do so. That same month, "The Washington Post" reported that Sanders and her deputy Bill Shine strategized optimal times to release announcements that the security clearances of various Trump critics and officials involved in the probe into Russian interference in the 2016 election had been revoked. The announcements were intended to be released to distract from news cycles that were unfavorable to the White House.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: The morning after publication of the September 5, 2018, "New York Times" op-ed "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration", Sanders used her official government Twitter account to tweet that the anonymous writer was a "gutless loser" and to charge that those in the newspaper's opinion department are "the only ones complicit in this deceitful act". Her September 6 tweet gave the telephone number of the newspaper's opinion desk, and two former White House ethics chiefs declared that her tweet had violated federal law in an abuse of power, similar to her June 23, 2018, tweet specifically naming the restaurant that had refused her service in the Red Hen restaurant controversy.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In early November, CNN's Jim Acosta engaged in a verbal argument with Trump. While Acosta was asking Trump a question, an intern, at Trump's direction, tried to take away Acosta's microphone. Later in the day, Acosta's White House credentials were suspended, a move was widely criticized as unprecedented. The next day, to justify the White House's actions, Sanders released a video of the moment the intern tried to grab the microphone from Acosta's hand. The video originated from conspiracy theorist Paul Joseph Watson of the far-right website Infowars, and was allegedly altered to make Acosta seem aggressive and excluded him saying, "Pardon me, ma'am", to the intern. Watson denied that the video was doctored in any way.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: CNN Communications Executive called Sanders's sharing of the video "shameful" and the White House News Photographers Association said it was "appalled" by her actions, called video manipulation "deceptive, dangerous and unethical", and said that what Sanders did was "equally problematic".


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: During the 2018–2019 federal government shutdown caused by Congress's refusal to fulfill Trump's demand for $5.7 billion in federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border wall, Sanders argued that the wall was necessary, claiming that the CBP stopped nearly 4,000 known or suspected terrorists when they crossed the Mexico border in 2018. Data obtained by NBC News contradicted Sanders's assertion, showing that from October 1, 2017, to March 31, 2018, only six immigrants on the No Fly List (also known as the terror watch list) were encountered at the ports of entry on the Mexico border. In an interview with Chris Wallace on Fox News, Wallace countered her claim of nearly 4,000 terrorists, saying, "I know the statistic. I didn’t know if you were going to use it, but I studied up on this. Do you know where those 4,000 people come—where they are captured? Airports."


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In January 2019 Sanders said on the Christian Broadcasting Network that she thinks "God calls all of us to fill different roles at different times, and I think that he wanted Donald Trump to become president".


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On June 13, 2019, Trump tweeted that Sanders would be leave her role as press secretary on June 30. Under Sanders, the White House set at least three records for the most days between formal press briefings. The White House had a 41-day streak that ended in January 2019, then a 42-day streak that ended in March 2019, followed by 94 days and counting without a formal press briefing when Sanders's departure was announced.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On August 22, 2019, Fox News announced that Sanders would become a Fox News contributor, effective September 6. During the December 2019 Democratic presidential debate, Sanders mocked Joe Biden's stutter on Twitter. She apologized the following day.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Following the January 6 United States Capitol attack, the editor of "Forbes" warned corporations against hiring Sanders and other Trump "propagandists", stating that ""Forbes" will assume that everything your company or firm talks about is a lie."


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On January 25, 2021, Sanders announced her candidacy for governor of Arkansas, an office her father, Mike Huckabee, held from 1996 to 2007. A day later, Trump endorsed Sanders, calling her "a warrior". On July 16, 2021, Sanders broke the Arkansas gubernatorial fundraising record by raising over $9 million. Running during the COVID-19 pandemic, she pledged not to implement any mask mandates or vaccine mandates. She also supported restrictions on abortion, saying that she would not support exceptions for rape and incest in anti-abortion legislation.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: In October 2021, the Arkansas Law Notes published an article that called into question whether Sanders was even eligible to run for governor. The article centers on whether Sanders meets the State Constitution's residency requirement of seven years.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sanders handily won the Republican primary and defeated Democratic nominee Chris Jones in the general election.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On November 9, 2022, it was announced that Sanders had won the race and would become Arkansas's first female governor, and the first woman to be governor of a state her father was governor of.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On April 18, 2019, the first volume of Mueller Report, the Special Counsel Investigation report compiled by Robert Mueller, revealed that Sanders admitted that she had lied during a press conference when she described various things regarding James Comey, the former FBI director. This included lying about the firing of former attorney general Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein's connection to Comey's firing, and when she claimed that "countless" FBI agents had lost faith in him. She repeatedly told the press that "countless members" of the FBI had contacted her to complain about Comey, but admitted to investigators that her claims were "a slip of the tongue" and "not founded on anything". When a redacted version of the special counsel's report was publicly revealed, Sanders defended herself, saying that her comments about the FBI agents were made in "the heat of the moment" and unscripted.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sanders also had lied about Trump's being in charge of a statement regarding the Trump Tower meeting. He worked on said statement with his advisor Hope Hicks, and when the emails about that statement were made public, it was reported that he had helped with it himself. According to the report, Sanders also made false statements about when Trump decided to fire Comey, as well as lying about Sessions's and Rosenstein's involvement in Comey's firing. "The New York Times" said The revelation of false statements showed a "culture of dishonesty" at the White House. Of Sanders defending her comments on FBI agents, "The New York Times" wrote: "It has been a hallmark of the Trump White House never to admit a mistake, never to apologize and never to cede a point. This case was no different."


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sanders's rhetoric about the report was found to be misleading or false. In March 2019, after Attorney General William Barr released a summary of Mueller's report on Russian interference in the 2016 election, Sanders falsely claimed that the investigation's findings were "a total and complete exoneration". The summary of the report stated it "does not exonerate him." Sanders repeated her suggestion that the report exonerated Trump in May 2019, and falsely claimed that Mueller had "closed the case." The Associated Press noted, "Mueller did not fully exonerate Trump or declare that a possible case against Trump to be 'closed.' Mueller announced his work was finished specifically leaving it open for Congress to decide on possible charges of wrongdoing.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Like several of her White House colleagues, she has been satirized on "Saturday Night Live", where she was portrayed by Aidy Bryant.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Huckabee met Bryan Sanders during her father's 2008 presidential campaign. She was the campaign's field director, and Sanders was hired as a media consultant. The couple married in 2010. They have three children.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: On June 22, 2018, a co-owner of a 26-seat restaurant in Lexington, Virginia, from Washington, D.C., asked Sanders to leave the restaurant because she worked for the Trump administration, giving rise to the Red Hen restaurant controversy.


title: Sarah Huckabee Sanders

text: Sanders was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer in September 2022. She had surgery to remove her thyroid and the surrounding lymph nodes.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The Focke-Wulf Ta 152 is a World War II German high-altitude fighter-interceptor designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The Ta 152 was a development of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft. It was intended to be made in at least three versions—the Ta 152H "Höhenjäger" ("high-altitude fighter"); the Ta 152C designed for medium-altitude operations and ground-attack, using a Daimler-Benz DB 603 and smaller wings; and the Ta 152E fighter-reconnaissance aircraft with the engine of the H model and the wing of the C model.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The first Ta 152H entered service with the Luftwaffe in January 1945. The Ta 152 was produced too late and in insufficient numbers to have a significant role in the war.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The Fw 190's BMW 801 engine was originally designed for bomber and transport aircraft flying at medium altitudes in the range. In keeping with this role it used a relatively simple single-stage supercharger that lacked performance above altitude. This presented a problem for fighter use, where high-altitude performance was desirable. Through careful tuning, the Fw 190 instead emerged as a powerful medium altitude design. Several experimental models of the 190 with different engines were tested with improved high altitude performance, but these were not high priority projects.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: Allied heavy bombers and escort fighters began flying operations at higher altitudes, around . At these altitudes, the 190 found itself at a disadvantage, becoming acute in early 1944 when the long range P-51 Mustang arrived in quantity. This led to the introduction of the Fw 190D-9, mounting the Junkers Jumo 213E engine. This engine had a two-stage supercharger and much better altitude performance. However, the rest of the aircraft's design, especially the relatively short wings, made it difficult to fly at high altitudes. While the D-9 upgrade was expedient, it was not ideal.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: Rumours of the B-29, which would cruise at altitudes at which no German aircraft could comfortably operate, added impetus for a dedicated high-altitude design. The "Reichsluftfahrtministerium" (German Air Ministry, or "RLM") requested proposals from both Focke-Wulf and Messerschmitt for a high-altitude interceptor. Messerschmitt answered with the Bf 109H, and Focke-Wulf entered a range of designs; the Fw 190 "Raffat-1" (Ra-1) fighter would replace the existing 190D series, the Ra-2 was a dedicated high altitude fighter, and the Ra-3 was a ground-attack aircraft.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: These designs developed into the Fw 190 V20 (Ta 152A), V21 (Ta 152B) and V30 (Ta 152H) prototypes, all based on the 190D-9 but with varying degrees of improvement. The V20 used the same Jumo 213E engine as the Fw 190D-9, while the V21 used the DB 603E. Neither of these offered any significant improvement over the 190D-9, and further development of the Ta 152A and B was cancelled. The V21 airframe, however, was further modified as the V21/U1 and became the prototype for the Ta 152C.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The IJAAF acquired, in April 1945, the licence, schemes and technical drawings for manufacturing the Ta 152 in Japan. During the last stages of the conflict in Germany, with the plight of the Japanese armed forces growing ever bleaker, a large volume of the latest aviation technology Germany had to offer was given to or bought by both the Japanese army and naval air arms in the hopes that it would stem the tide of defeats and ever increasing pressure by the superior Allied air forces.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: Kurt Tank originally designed the Ta 152 using the 44.52 litre displacement Daimler-Benz DB 603 engine as it offered better high-altitude performance and also a greater developmental potential. The DB 603 had been used in the Fw 190C prototypes but had many problems and was considered too difficult to fit in the Ta 152 by RLM officials. With this in mind, Tank focused his efforts on the 213E as the Ta 152H engine. He insisted that the DB 603 be retained for the Ta 152C versions and as an option for later versions of the Ta 152H.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: In 1944, the (German Air Ministry) decided that new fighter aircraft designations must include the chief designer's name. The aircraft design was therefore given the prefix Ta.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The Ta 152's fuselage was an extended version of the Fw 190D-9 fuselage with wider-chord fixed vertical tail surfaces (especially the top half), and hydraulic rather than electrically controlled undercarriage and flaps. Due to the changes in the center of gravity and overall balance, the nose was also lengthened. The D-9 retained the wingspan of the original pre-war Fw 190 models, but this was slightly extended for the C model to , and greatly extended for the H model to , which gave it much better control at high altitudes at the cost of speed at lower altitudes.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: Due to the war's impact on aluminium availability, the wing was built around two steel spars, the front extending from just past the landing gear attachment points, and the rear spar spanning the entire wing. The wing itself was designed with 3° of washout, from the root to the flap-aileron junction, to prevent the ailerons from stalling before the centre section of the wing.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The Ta 152 also featured the FuG 16ZY and FuG 25a radio equipment (some aircraft were issued with FuG 125 Hermine D/F for navigation and blind landing, LGW-Siemens K 23 autopilot, and a heated armoured glass windscreen for bad-weather operations).


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: To reach higher altitudes, a pressurized cockpit was added to the H models. The canopy was sealed by a circular tube filled with rubber foam which was inflated by a compressed air bottle, while the engine compartment was also sealed from the cockpit with a rubber foam ring. A Knorr 300/10 air compressor provided the pressure, maintaining the cockpit at 0.37 Bar (5.29 psi) above 8,000 m (26,250 ft). To prevent fogging, the windscreen was of a double-glazed style with a 6 mm (.236 in) thick outer pane and a 3 mm (.118 in) inner pane with a 6 mm (.236 in) gap. The gap was fitted with several silica gel capsules to absorb any moisture forming between the panes. The cockpit was not pressurized in the C models.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The H model had heavy armament to allow it to deal quickly with enemy aircraft. It had three weapons: one 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 "Motorkanone" cannon centered within the propeller hub and two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, synchronised to fire through the propeller, located in the wing roots. The C model was designed to operate at lower altitudes than the H-model with the same armament plus two more MG 151/20 cannon synchronised as the additional autocannon for the C-model were mounted just ahead of the windscreen, and above the engine's upper rear crankcase. The Ta 152C could destroy the heaviest enemy bombers with a short burst but the added weight decreased speed and rate of turn.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The Ta 152H-1 was among the fastest piston-engined fighters of the war, with a top speed comparable to the twin-engined Dornier Do 335. It was capable of at using the GM-1 nitrous oxide boost and at sea level using the MW 50 methanol-water boost. It used the MW 50 system mainly for altitudes up to about and the GM-1 system for higher altitudes, although both systems could be engaged at the same time. Kurt Tank was flying an unarmed Ta 152H in late 1944 to a meeting at the Focke-Wulf plant in Cottbus when ground controllers warned him of two P-51 Mustangs. The enemy aircraft appeared behind Tank, but he escaped by applying full power and engaging the MW 50 boost "until they were no more than two dots on the horizon".


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: By October 1944, the war was going poorly for Germany. RLM realised the urgency pushing Focke-Wulf to quickly have the Ta 152 into production. As a result, several Ta 152 prototypes crashed early into the test program. It was found that critical systems were lacking sufficient quality control. Problems arose with superchargers, pressurised cockpits leaked, the engine cooling system was unreliable at best due in part to unreliable oil temperature monitoring, and in several instances the landing gear failed to properly retract. A total of up to 20 pre-production Ta 152 H-0s were delivered from November 1944 to "Erprobungskommando" Ta 152 to service test the aircraft. It was reported that test pilots were able to conduct a mere 31 hours of flight tests before full production started. By the end of January 1945, only 50 hours or so had been completed.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: III./"Jagdgeschwader" 301, initially a Luftwaffe "Wilde Sau" unit, was ordered to convert to the type in January 1945, which it did (and flew them operationally for a short time). In the end, Ta 152s were pooled in a special JG 301, first based at Alteno Air Base near Luckau, then at Neustadt-Glewe in Mecklenburg. The never had more than 15 Ta 152Hs available, both H-0s and H-1s. Since the usual transfer system had broken down, replacement parts became nearly impossible to obtain.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: An early Ta 152 combat occurred on 14 April 1945 when Willi Reschke tried to intercept a De Havilland Mosquito over Stendal but failed to catch up due to engine trouble. On the evening of that same day, Reschke was to demonstrate that the Ta 152H could be used as a low altitude fighter. A section of four Hawker Tempest Vs of 486 (NZ) Squadron were out on patrol. After attacking a train near Ludwigslust, the section split up into pairs; Wing Commander Brooker ordered the Tempests flown by Flying Officer S. J. Short and Warrant Officer Owen J. Mitchell to make their own way back to base. On the way back, this pair, which was strafing targets along the railway tracks near Ludwigslust, was spotted by lookouts posted at Neustadt-Glewe. Three Ta 152s – flown by Reschke, Aufhammer and Sepp Sattler – were scrambled, catching the Tempests by surprise. Reschke recalled:


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: It is assumed that Sattler was shot down either by Sid Short or Bill Shaw of 486 Sqn, who claimed a Bf 109 E in the same area. Operational missions were flown in April 1945 from Neustadt, mostly escorting close support aircraft to the Battle of Berlin. Reschke claimed two Yakovlev Yak-9s near Berlin on 24 April, while Obfw. Walter Loos, claimed four air victories on 24, 25 and 30 April.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The Ta 152 score at the end of the war was probably seven victories and four losses in air combat, although a degree of uncertainty about those numbers exists. Four victories were achieved by Josef Keil, from 1 March 1945 to 21 April 1945, and at least three victories were achieved by Willi Reschke. The Ta 152 was delivered to JG 301 on 27 January 1945 and the first Ta 152 mission against American bombers took place on 2 March 1945. There was no contact with the Americans because the 12 Ta 152s were forced to fend off repeated attacks by the Bf 109s of another German unit, as the shape of the Ta-152 was virtually unknown to other . There were no losses, as the climbing ability and manoeuvrability of the Ta 152s enabled them to evade these attacks.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The four losses in air combat were: Hptm. Hermann Stahl, killed on 11 April 1945; Obfw. Sepp Sattler, killed on 14 April 1945; two unknown JG11 pilots, downed by Spitfires in the last days of April 1945 during transfer from Neustadt-Glewe to Leck airfield.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: By February 1945, all Ta 152 production had ceased. According to Peter Rodeike, 44 Ta 152 H-0/V and 25 Ta 152 H-1 were built; total Ta 152 production is unknown.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: There is only one surviving Ta 152, a 152 H-0 variant flown by III./ 301, a Luftwaffe unit. The aircraft is housed at the National Air and Space Museum Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland, United States, where it is expected to be restored.


title: Focke-Wulf Ta 152

text: The aircraft is believed to be Werk-Nummer (serial number) 150020, which was a pre-production H-0 model transitioning to full production Ta 152H-1 series aircraft. It was probably built at Focke-Wulf's production facility at Cottbus, Germany, in December 1944, and delivered to Erprobungskommando Ta 152 at Rechlin, Germany, for service testing.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to southern Siberia and South Asia.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: While R1a originated c. 22,000 to 25,000 years ago, its subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified c. 5,800 years ago. The place of origin of the subclade plays a role in the debate about the origins of Proto-Indo-Europeans.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: The SNP mutation R-M420 was discovered after R-M17 (R1a1a), which resulted in a reorganization of the lineage in particular establishing a new paragroup (designated R-M420*) for the relatively rare lineages which are not in the R-SRY10831.2 (R1a1) branch leading to R-M17.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: The split of R1a (M420) is computed to c. 22,000 or 25,000 years ago, which is the time of the last glacial maximum. A 2014 study by Peter A. Underhill et al., using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was "a compelling case for the Middle East, possibly near present-day Iran, as the geographic origin of hg R1a". The ancient DNA record has shown the first R1a during the Mesolithic in Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (from Eastern Europe), and the earliest case of R* among Upper Paleolithic Ancient North Eurasians, from which the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers predominantly derive their ancestry.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: According to , the downstream R1a-M417 subclade diversified into Z282 and Z93 circa 5,800 years ago "in the vicinity of Iran and Eastern Turkey". Even though R1a occurs as a Y-chromosome haplogroup among various languages such as Slavic and Indo-Iranian, the question of the origins of R1a1a is relevant to the ongoing debate concerning the of the Proto-Indo-European people, and may also be relevant to the origins of the Indus Valley civilization. R1a shows a strong correlation with Indo-European languages of Southern and Western Asia, Central and Eastern Europe and to some extent Scandinavia being most prevalent in Eastern Europe, West Asia, and South Asia. In Europe, Z282 is prevalent particularly while in Asia Z93 dominates. The connection between Y-DNA R-M17 and the spread of Indo-European languages was first noted by T. Zerjal and colleagues in 1999.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: proposed Ukrainian origins, and a postglacial spread of the R1a1 haplogroup during the Late Glacial Maximum, subsequently magnified by the expansion of the Kurgan culture into Europe and eastward. Spencer Wells proposes Central Asian origins, suggesting that the distribution and age of R1a1 points to an ancient migration corresponding to the spread by the Kurgan people in their expansion from the Eurasian steppe. According to , R1a1a diversified in the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region:


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the Pontic–Caspian steppes, along with the Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: Kivisild et al. (2003) have proposed either South or West Asia, while see support for both South and Central Asia. Sharma et al.(2009) showcased the existence of R1a in India beyond 18,000 years to possibly 44,000 years in origin.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: South Asian populations have the highest STR diversity within R1a1a, and subsequent older TMRCA datings, and R1a1a is present among both higher (Brahmin) castes and lower castes, although the frequency is higher among Brahmin castes. Nevertheless, the oldest TMRCA datings of the R1a haplogroup occur in the Saharia tribe, a scheduled caste of the Bundelkhand region. From these findings some researchers have concluded that R1a1a originated in South Asia, excluding a more recent, yet minor, genetic influx from Indo-European migrants in northwestern regions such as Afghanistan, Balochistan, Punjab, and Kashmir.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: However, this diversity, and the subsequent older TMRCA-datings, can also be explained by the historically high population numbers, which increases the likelihood of diversification and microsatellite variation. According to Sengupta et al. (2006), "[R1a1 and R2] could have actually arrived in southern India from a southwestern Asian source region multiple times." However, Sengupta also described in this article:


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: This suggests that the origins of paternal haplogroup R1a point to the Indian subcontinent and not Central Asia.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: David Anthony considers the Yamnaya culture to be the Indo-European Urheimat. According to , a massive migration from the Yamnaya culture northwards took place c. 2,500 BCE, accounting for 75% of the genetic ancestry of the Corded Ware culture, noting that R1a and R1b may have "spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BCE". Yet, all their seven Yamnaya samples belonged to the R1b-M269 subclade, but no R1a1a has been found in their Yamnaya samples. This raises the question where the R1a1a in the Corded Ware culture came from, if it was not from the Yamnaya culture.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: According to Marc Haber, the absence of haplogroup R1a-M458 in Afghanistan does not support a Pontic-Caspian steppe origin for the R1a lineages in modern Central Asian populations. According to Leo Klejn, the absence of haplogroup R1a in Yamnaya remains (despite its presence in Eneolithic Samara and Eastern Hunter Gatherer populations) makes it unlikely that Europeans inherited haplogroup R1a from Yamnaya. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe has said that the absence of haplogroup R1a in Yamnaya specimens is a major weakness in Haak's proposal that R1a has a Yamnaya origin.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: found that part of the Yamnaya ancestry derived from the Middle East and that neolithic techniques probably arrived at the Yamnaya culture from the Balkans. The Rössen culture (4,600–4,300 BC), which was situated on Germany and predates the Corded Ware culture, an old subclade of R1a, namely L664, can still be found.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: Part of the South Asian genetic ancestry derives from west Eurasian populations, and some researchers have implied that Z93 may have come to India via Iran and expanded there during the Indus Valley civilization.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: According to the diversification of Z93 and the "early urbanization within the Indus Valley ... occurred at [5,600 years ago] and the geographic distribution of R1a-M780 (Figure 3d) may reflect this." note that "striking expansions" occurred within R1a-Z93 at c. 4,500–4,000 years ago, which "predates by a few centuries the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation."


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: The R1a family tree now has three major levels of branching, with the largest number of defined subclades within the dominant and best known branch, R1a1a (which will be found with various names such as "R1a1" in relatively recent but not the latest literature).


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: The topology of R1a is as follows (codes [in brackets] non-isogg codes): Tatiana et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q."


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R1a is distinguished by several unique markers, including the M420 mutation. It is a subclade of Haplogroup R-M173 (previously called R1). R1a has the sister-subclades Haplogroup R1b-M343, and the paragroup R-M173*.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R-M420, defined by the mutation M420, has two branches: R-SRY1532.2, defined by the mutation SRY1532.2, which makes up the vast majority; and R-M420*, the paragroup, defined as M420 positive but SRY1532.2 negative. (In the 2002 scheme, this SRY1532.2 negative minority was one part of the relatively rare group classified as the paragroup R1*.) Mutations understood to be equivalent to M420 include M449, M511, M513, L62, and L63.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: Only isolated samples of the new paragroup R-M420* were found by Underhill 2009, mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus: 1/121 Omanis, 2/150 Iranians, 1/164 in the United Arab Emirates, and 3/612 in Turkey. Testing of 7224 more males in 73 other Eurasian populations showed no sign of this category.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: This paragroup is now known as R1a2 (R-YP4141). It then has two branches R1a2a (R-YP5018) and R1a2b (R-YP4132).


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R1a1 is defined by SRY1532.2 or SRY10831.2 (understood to always include SRY10831.2, M448, L122, M459, and M516). This family of lineages is dominated by M17 and M198. In contrast, paragroup R-SRY1532.2* lacks either the M17 or M198 markers.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: The R-SRY1532.2* paragroup is apparently less rare than R1*, but still relatively unusual, though it has been tested in more than one survey. Underhill et al. (2009) reported 1/51 in Norway, 3/305 in Sweden, 1/57 Greek Macedonians, 1/150 Iranians, 2/734 ethnic Armenians, and 1/141 Kabardians. reported R-SRY1532.2* for 1/15 Himachal Pradesh Rajput samples.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R1a1a1 (R-M417) is the most widely found subclade, in two variations which are found respectively in Europe (R1a1a1b1 (R-Z282) ([R1a1a1a*] (R-Z282) (Underhill 2014)) and Central and South Asia (R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) ([R1a1a2*] (R-Z93) Underhill 2014)).


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R-M458 is a mainly Slavic SNP, characterized by its own mutation, and was first called "cluster N." Underhill et al. (2009) found it to be present in modern European populations roughly between the Rhine catchment and the Ural Mountains and traced it to "a founder effect that ... falls into the early Holocene period, 7.9±2.6 KYA." M458 was found in one skeleton from a 14th-century grave field in Usedom, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The paper by Underhill et al. (2009) also reports a surprisingly high frequency of M458 in some Northern Caucasian populations (for example 27.5% among Karachays and 23.5% among Balkars, 7.8% among Karanogays and 3.4% among Abazas).


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R1a1a1b1a1a (R-L260), commonly referred to as West Slavic or Polish, is a subclade of the larger parent group R-M458, and was first identified as an STR cluster by . In 2010 it was verified to be a haplogroup identified by its own mutation (SNP). It apparently accounts for about 8% of Polish men, making it the most common subclade in Poland. Outside of Poland it is less common. In addition to Poland, it is mainly found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and is considered "clearly West Slavic". The founding ancestor of R-L260 is estimated to have lived between 2000 and 3000 years ago, i.e. during the Iron Age, with significant population expansion less than 1,500 years ago.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R-M334 ([R1a1a1g1], a subclade of [R1a1a1g] (M458) c.q. R1a1a1b1a1 (M458)) was found by Underhill et al. (2009) only in one Estonian man and may define a very recently founded and small clade.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R1a1a1b1a2b3* (M417+, Z645+, Z283+, Z282+, Z280+, CTS1211+, CTS3402, Y33+, CTS3318+, Y2613+) (Gwozdz's Cluster K) is a STR based group that is R-M17(xM458). This cluster is common in Poland but not exclusive to Poland.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Asia, being related to Indo-European migrations (including Scythians, Indo-Aryan migrations and so on).


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: In Mesolithic Europe, R1a is characteristic of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs). A male EHG of the Veretye culture buried at Peschanitsa near Lake Lacha in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia c. 10,700 BCE was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup R1a5-YP1301 and the maternal haplogroup U4a. A Mesolithic male from Karelia c. 8,800 BCE to 7950 BCE has been found to be carrying haplogroup R1a. A Mesolithic male buried at Deriivka c. 7000 BCE to 6700 BCE carried the paternal haplogroup R1a and the maternal U5a2a. Another male from Karelia from c. 5,500 to 5,000 BC, who was considered an EHG, carried haplogroup R1a. A male from the Comb Ceramic culture in Kudruküla c. 5,900 BCE to 3,800 BCE has been determined to be a carrier of R1a and the maternal U2e1. According to archaeologist David Anthony, the paternal R1a-Z93 was found at Alexandria, Ukraine c. 4000 BCE, Sredny Stog culture, "the earliest known sample to show the genetic adaptation to lactase persistence (13910-T)." R1a has been found in the Corded Ware culture, in which it is predominant. Examined males of the Bronze Age Fatyanovo culture belong entirely to R1a, specifically subclade R1a-Z93.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: Haplogroup R1a has later been found in ancient fossils associated with the Urnfield culture; as well as the burial of the remains of the Sintashta, Andronovo, the Pazyryk, Tagar, Tashtyk, and Srubnaya cultures, the inhabitants of ancient Tanais, in the Tarim mummies, and the aristocracy of Xiongnu. The skeletal remains of a father and his two sons, from an archaeological site discovered in 2005 near Eulau (in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) and dated to about 2600 BCE, tested positive for the Y-SNP marker SRY10831.2. The Ysearch number for the Eulau remains is 2C46S. The ancestral clade was thus present in Europe at least 4600 years ago, in association with one site of the widespread Corded Ware culture.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: In Europe, the R1a1 sub-clade is found at highest levels among peoples of Central and Eastern European descent, with results ranging from 35% to 65% among Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, western Ukrainians (particularly Rusyns), Belarusians, Moldovans, and Russians. In the Baltics, R1a1a frequencies decrease from Lithuania (45%) to Estonia (around 30%).


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: There is a significant presence in peoples of Scandinavian descent, with highest levels in Norway and Iceland, where between 20 and 30% of men are in R1a1a. Vikings and Normans may have also carried the R1a1a lineage further out, accounting for at least part of the small presence in the British Isles, the Canary Islands, and Sicily. In East Germany, Haplogroup R1a1a averages between 20 and 30%, with a peak in Rostock at 31.3%, it.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: In Southern Europe R1a1a is not common, but significant levels have been found in pockets, such as in the Pas Valley in Northern Spain, areas of Venice, and Calabria in Italy. The Balkans shows wide variation between areas with significant levels of R1a1a, for example 36–39% in Slovenia, 27–34% in Croatia, and over 30% in Greek Macedonia, but less than 10% in Albania, Kosovo and parts of Greece south of Olympus gorge.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R1a is virtually composed only of the Z284 subclade in Scandinavia. In Slovenia, the main subclade is Z282 (Z280 and M458), although the Z284 subclade was found in one sample of a Slovenian. There is a negligible representation of Z93 in each region other than Turkey. West Slavs and Hungarians are characterized by a high frequency of the subclade M458 and a low Z92, a subclade of Z280. Hundreds of Slovenian samples and Czechs lack the Z92 subclade of Z280, while Poles, Slovaks, Croats and Hungarians only show a very low frequency of Z92. The Balts, East Slavs, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians and Romanians demonstrate a ratio Z280>M458 and a high, up to a prevailing share of Z92. Balts and East Slavs have the same subclades and similar frequencies in a more detailed phylogeny of the subclades. The Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky speculated that there is a predominance of the assimilated pre-Slavic substrate in the genetics of East and West Slavic populations, according to him the common genetic structure which contrasts East Slavs and Balts from other populations may suggest the explanation that the pre-Slavic substrate of the East Slavs consisted most significantly of Baltic-speakers, which at one point predated the Slavs in the cultures of the Eurasian steppe according to archaeological and toponymic references.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: found R1a1a in 64% of a sample of the Tajiks of Tajikistan and 63% of a sample of the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: In India, high frequencies of this haplogroup is observed in West Bengal Brahmins (72%) to the east, Gujarat Lohanas (60%) to the west, Khatris (67%) in the north and Iyengar Brahmins (31%) in the south. It has also been found in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking Adivasis including the Chenchu (26%) and the Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh, Kota (22.58%) and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that R1a1a is widespread in Tribal Southern Indians.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: Besides these, studies show high percentages in regionally diverse groups such as Manipuris (50%) to the extreme North East and among Punjabis (47%) to the extreme North West.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: In Pakistan it is found at 71% among the Mohanna tribe in Sindh province to the south and 46% among the Baltis of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north. Among the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka, 23% were found to be R1a1a (R-SRY1532) positive. Hindus of Chitwan District in the Terai region Nepal show it at 69%.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: The frequency of R1a1a is comparatively low among some Turkic-speaking groups like Yakuts, yet levels are higher (19 to 28%) in certain Turkic or Mongolic-speaking groups of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghurs.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: A Chinese paper published in 2018 found R1a-Z94 in 38.5% (15/39) of a sample of Keriyalik Uyghurs from Darya Boyi / Darya Boye Village, Yutian County, Xinjiang (于田县达里雅布依乡), R1a-Z93 in 28.9% (22/76) of a sample of Dolan Uyghurs from Horiqol township, Awat County, Xinjiang (阿瓦提县乌鲁却勒镇), and R1a-Z93 in 6.3% (4/64) of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Karquga / Qarchugha Village, Yuli County, Xinjiang (尉犁县喀尔曲尕乡). R1a(xZ93) was observed only in one of 76 Dolan Uyghurs. Note that Darya Boyi Village is located in a remote oasis formed by the Keriya River in the Taklamakan Desert. A 2011 Y-DNA study found Y-dna R1a1 in 10% of a sample of southern Hui people from Yunnan, 1.6% of a sample of Tibetan people from Xizang (Tibet Autonomous Region), 1.6% of a sample of Xibe people from Xinjiang, 3.2% of a sample of northern Hui from Ningxia, 9.4% of a sample of Hazak (Kazakhs) from Xinjiang, and rates of 24.0%, 22.2%, 35.2%, 29.2% in 4 different samples of Uyghurs from Xinjiang, 9.1% in a sample of Mongols from Inner Mongolia, 10% of a sample of Northern Han Chinese from Gansu and 8.9% of a sample of Northern Han from western Henan. A different subclade of R1 was also found in 1.5% of a sample of northern Hui from Ningxia. in the same study there were no cases of R1a detected at all in 6 samples of Han Chinese in Yunnan, 1 sample of Han in Guangxi, 5 samples of Han in Guizhou, 2 samples of Han in Guangdong, 2 samples of Han in Fujian, 2 samples of Han in Zhejiang, 1 sample of Han in Shanghai, 1 samples of Han in Jiangxi, 2 samples of Han in Hunan, 1 sample of Han in Hubei, 2 samples of Han in Sichuan, 1 sample of Han in Chongqing, 3 samples of Han in Shandong, 5 samples of Han in Gansu, 3 samples of Han in Jilin and 2 samples of Han in Heilongjiang. In a 2014 paper, R1a1a has been detected in 1.8% (2/110) of Chinese samples. These two samples (R-M17, R-M198, R-M434, R-M458 for both) belonged to Han individuals from Fujian and Shanxi provinces. 40% of Salars, 45.2% of Tajiks of Xinjiang, 54.3% of Dongxiang, 60.6% of Tatars and 68.9% of Kyrgyz in Xinjiang in northwestern China tested in one sample had R1a1-M17. Bao'an (Bonan) had the most haplogroup diversity of 0.8946±0.0305 while the other ethnic minorities in northwestern China had a high haplogroup diversity like Central Asians, of 0.7602±0.0546.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: In Eastern Siberia, R1a1a is found among certain indigenous ethnic groups including Kamchatkans and Chukotkans, and peaking in Itel'man at 22%.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: R1a1a has been found in various forms, in most parts of Western Asia, in widely varying concentrations, from almost no presence in areas such as Jordan, to much higher levels in parts of Kuwait and Iran. The Shimar (Shammar) Bedouin tribe in Kuwait show the highest frequency in the Middle East at 43%.


title: Haplogroup R1a

text: , noted that in the western part of the country, Iranians show low R1a1a levels, while males of eastern parts of Iran carried up to 35% R1a1a. found R1a1a in approximately 20% of Iranian males from the cities of Tehran and Isfahan. in a study of Iran, noted much higher frequencies in the south than the north.