text: The table below lists past bills that received a floor vote (a vote by the full chamber) in at least one chamber of the state's legislature. Bills that failed without a floor vote are not listed. The "EVs" column indicates the number of electoral votes the state had at the time of the latest vote on the bill. This number may have changed since then due to reapportionment after the 2010 and 2020 Census.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin, also known as leuprolide, is a manufactured version of a hormone used to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, as part of transgender hormone therapy, for early puberty, or to perform chemical castration of violent sex offenders. It is given by injection into a muscle or under the skin.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin is in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue family of medications. It works by decreasing gonadotropin and therefore decreasing testosterone and estradiol. Common side effects include hot flashes, unstable mood, trouble sleeping, headaches, and pain at the site of injection. Other side effects may include high blood sugar, allergic reactions, and problems with the pituitary gland. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1985. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is sold under the brand name Lupron among others.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. It may also be used for estrogen-dependent conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.


title: Leuprorelin

text: It may be used for precocious puberty in both males and females, and to prevent premature ovulation in cycles of controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF). This use is controversial since the Lupron label advises against using the drug when one is considering pregnancy, due to a risk of birth defects.


title: Leuprorelin

text: It may be used to reduce the risk of premature ovarian failure in women receiving cyclophosphamide for chemotherapy.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Along with triptorelin and goserelin, it has been used to delay puberty in transgender youth until they are old enough to begin hormone replacement therapy. Researchers have recommended puberty blockers after age 12, when the person has developed to Tanner stages 2–3, and then cross-sex hormones treatment at age 16. This use of the drug is off-label, however, not having been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and without data on long-term effects of this use.


title: Leuprorelin

text: They are also sometimes used as alternatives to antiandrogens like spironolactone and cyproterone acetate for suppressing testosterone production in transgender women. It also is used for suppressing estrogen production in transgender men.


title: Leuprorelin

text: It is considered a possible treatment for paraphilias. Leuprorelin has been tested as a treatment for reducing sexual urges in pedophiles and other cases of paraphilia.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Common side effects of leuprorelin injection include redness/burning/stinging/pain/bruising at the injection site, hot flashes (flushing), increased sweating, night sweats, tiredness, headache, upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, impotence, testicular shrinkage, constipation, stomach pain, breast swelling or tenderness, acne, joint/muscle aches or pain, trouble sleeping (insomnia), reduced sexual interest, vaginal discomfort/dryness/itching/discharge, vaginal bleeding, swelling of the ankles/feet, increased urination at night, dizziness, breakthrough bleeding in a female child during the first two months of leuprorelin treatment, weakness, chills, clammy skin, skin redness, itching, or scaling, testicle pain, impotence, depression, or memory problems. The rates of gynecomastia with leuprorelin have been found to range from 3 to 16%.


title: Leuprorelin

text: A cohort of women that were prescribed leuprorelin to delay precocious puberty as children has developed osteoporosis and brittle teeth at an unexpected rate; However, the FDA has not established that these conditions were caused by leuprorelin.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue acting as an agonist at pituitary GnRH receptors. Agonism of GnRH receptors initially results in the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion by the anterior pituitary ultimately leading to increased serum estradiol and testosterone levels via the normal physiology of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis); however, because propagation of the HPG axis is incumbent upon pulsatile hypothalamic GnRH secretion, pituitary GnRH receptors become desensitised after several weeks of continuous leuprorelin therapy. This protracted downregulation of GnRH receptor activity is the targeted objective of leuprorelin therapy and ultimately results in decreased LH and FSH secretion, leading to hypogonadism and thus a dramatic reduction in estradiol and testosterone levels regardless of sex.


title: Leuprorelin

text: In the treatment of prostate cancer, the initial increase in testosterone levels associated with the initiation of leuprorelin therapy is counterproductive to treatment goals. This effect is avoided with concurrent utilisation of 5α-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride, or flutamide which function to block the downstream effects of testosterone.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin was discovered and first patented in 1973 and was introduced for medical use in 1985. It was initially marketed only for daily injection, but a depot injection formulation was introduced in 1989.


title: Leuprorelin

text: On 24 March 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Camcevi, intended for the treatment of the cancer of the prostate in adult men when the cancer is "hormone-dependent", which means that it responds to treatments that reduce the levels of the hormone testosterone. The applicant for this medicinal product is Accord Healthcare S.L.U.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin is the generic name of the drug and its and , while leuprorelin acetate is its and , leuprolide acetate is its and , leuprorelina is its , and leuproréline is its . It is also known by its developmental code names A-43818, Abbott-43818, DC-2-269, and TAP-144.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin is marketed by Bayer AG under the brand name Viadur, by Tolmar under the brand names Eligard and Fensolvi, and by TAP Pharmaceuticals (1985–2008), by Varian Darou Pajooh under the brand name Leupromer and Abbott Laboratories (2008–present) under the brand name Lupron.


title: Leuprorelin

text: In October 2001, the US Department of Justice, states attorneys general, and TAP Pharmaceutical Products, a subsidiary of Abbott Laboratories, settled criminal and civil charges against TAP related to federal and state medicare fraud and illegal marketing of the drug leuprorelin. TAP paid a total of $875 million, which was a record high at the time. The $875 million settlement broke down to $290 million for violating the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, $559.5 million to settle federal fraud charges for overcharging Medicare, and $25.5 million reimbursement to 50 states and Washington, D.C., for filing false claims with the states' Medicaid programs. The case arose under the False Claims Act with claims filed by Douglas Durand, a former TAP vice president of sales, and Joseph Gerstein, a doctor at Tufts University's HMO practice. Durand, Gerstein, and Tufts shared $95 million of the settlement.


title: Leuprorelin

text: There have since been various suits concerning leuprorelin use, none successful. They either concern the oversubscription of the drug or undue warning about the side effects. Between 2010 and 2013, the FDA updated the Lupron drug label to include new safety information on the risk of thromboembolism, loss of bone density and convulsions. The FDA then asserted that the benefits of leuprorelin outweigh its risks when used according to its approved labeling. Since 2017, the FDA has been evaluating leuprorelin's connection to pain and discomfort in musculoskeletal and connective tissue.


title: Leuprorelin

text: A 2005 paper in the controversial and non-peer reviewed journal "Medical Hypotheses" suggested leuprorelin as a possible treatment for autism, the hypothetical method of action being the now defunct hypothesis that autism is caused by mercury, with the additional unfounded assumption that mercury binds irreversibly to testosterone and therefore leuprorelin can help cure autism by lowering the testosterone levels and thereby mercury levels. However, there is no scientifically valid or reliable research to show its effectiveness in treating autism. This use has been termed the "Lupron protocol" and Mark Geier, the proponent of the hypothesis, has frequently been barred from testifying in vaccine-autism related cases on the grounds of not being sufficiently expert in that particular issue and has had his medical license revoked. Medical experts have referred to Geier's claims as "junk science".


title: Leuprorelin

text: , leuprorelin was under investigation for possible use in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.


title: Leuprorelin

text: A by mouth formulation of leuprorelin is under development for the treatment of endometriosis. It was also under development for the treatment of precocious puberty, prostate cancer, and uterine fibroids, but development for these uses was discontinued. The formulation has the tentative brand name Ovarest. As of July 2018, it is in phase II clinical trials for endometriosis.


title: Leuprorelin

text: Leuprorelin is frequently used in ferrets for the treatment of adrenal disease. Its use has been reported in a ferret with concurrent primary hyperaldosteronism, and one with concurrent diabetes mellitus. It is also used to treat pet parrots with chronic egg laying behavior.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The Arts in the Philippines are all the arts in the Philippines, from the beginning of civilization to the present. They reflect a range of artistic influences on the country's culture, including indigenous art. Philippine art consists of two branches: traditional and non-traditional art. Each branch is divided into categories and subcategories.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the cultural agency of the Philippine government, has categorized Filipino arts as traditional and non-traditional. Each category has sub-categories.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Traditional arts in the Philippines include folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornaments, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture. Traditional artists or groups of artists receive the Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan Award (GAMABA) for their contributions to the country's intangible cultural heritage.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Ethnomedicine is one of the oldest traditional arts in the Philippines. Traditions (and objects associated with them) are performed by medical artisans and shamans. Practices, grounded on the physical elements, are an ancient science and art. Herbal remedies, complementing mental, emotional, and spiritual techniques, are also part of many traditions as well. The category was added to the GAMABA in 2020.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Folk architecture in the Philippines varies by ethnic group, and structures are made of bamboo, wood, rock, coral, rattan, grass, and other materials. They include the hut-style bahay kubo, highland houses (known as "bale") with four to eight sides, the coral houses of Batanes which protect from the area's harsh, sandy winds, the royal torogan (engraved with an intricate okir motif) and palaces such as the Darul Jambangan (Palace of Flowers), the residence of the sultan of Sulu before colonization. Folk architecture also includes religious buildings, generally called spirit houses, which are shrines to protective spirits or gods. Most are open-air, house-like buildings made of native materials. Some were originally pagoda-like (a style continued by natives who converted to Islam), and are now rare. Other buildings have indigenous and Hispanic motifs ("bahay na bato" architecture and its prototypes). Many "bahay na bato" buildings are in Vigan, a World Heritage Site. Folk structures range from simple, sacred stick stands to indigenous castles or fortresses (such as Batanes' ijangs and geological alterations such as the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (another World Heritage Site).


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Maritime transport includes boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions. These structures, traditionally made of wood chosen by elders and crafters, connected the islands. Although boats are believed to have been used in the archipelago for thousands of years, the earliest evidence of boat-making has been carbon-dated to 320 AD: the Butuan boats identified as large balangays. In addition to the balangay, indigenous boats include the two-masted double-outrigger fishing armadahan, the avang trading ship, the awang dugout canoes, the balación sailing outrigger boat, the bangka, the bangka anak-anak canoe, the "salambáw"-lifting basnigan, the bigiw double-outrigger sailboat, the birau dugout canoe, the buggoh dugout canoe, the casco barge, the single mast and pointed chinarem, the rough-sea open-deck chinedkeran, the djenging double-outrigger plank boat, the garay pirate ship, the guilalo sailing outrigger ship, the falua open-deck boat, the junkun canoe, the motorized junkung, the outrigger karakoa and lanong warships, the lepa houseboat, the ontang raft, the owong lake canoe, the open-deck fishing boat panineman, the double-outrigger paraw sailboat, the salisipan war canoe, the tataya fishing boat, the motorized tempel, the dinghy tiririt, and the outrigger vinta. From 1565 to 1815, Manila galleons were built by Filipino artisans.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Weaving is an ancient art form, and each ethnic group has a distinct weaving technique. The weaving arts include basket weaving, back-strap loom weaving, headgear weaving, and fishnet weaving.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Valuable textiles are made with back-strap looming. Fibers such as cotton, abaca, banana fiber, grass, and palm are used in Filipino weaving. There are a number of types of woven cloth. Pinilian is an Ilocano cotton cloth woven with a "pangablan", incorporating "binakul", "binetwagan", or "tinumballitan" styles. Bontoc weave revolves on the concept of centeredness, a key cultural motif among the Bontoc people. In its weave, the process starts with the sides called langkit until it journeys into the pa-ikid (side panels), fatawil (warp bands), and shukyong (arrows). Afterwards, the sinamaki weaving commences, where the tinagtakho (human figure), minatmata (diamond), and tinitiko (zigzag) are incorporated. The last is center, pa-khawa, which features the kan-ay (supplementary weft). Kalinga textiles are embedded into the geometry, where motifs include continuous lozenge pattern locally called inata-ata, and mother-of-pearl platelets called pawekan, among many others. The piña fabric is considered the finest indigenous Filipino-origin textile. Those made by the Aklanon are the most prized, and are utilized in the national costumes of the country, such as barong Tagalog. Hablon is the fine textiles of the Karay-a and Hiligaynon people, which have been known from the epics of the people. The textile is usually used for Visayan patadyong and panuelo. The saputangan tapestry weave of the Yakan people is a highly skilled weaving utilizing the bunga-sama supplementary weft weave, the siniluan warp-floating pattern, the inalaman supplementary-weft technique, and the pinantupan weft band pattern. Mabal tabih of the Blaan people depicts crocodiles and curls. Weavers of the art can only be women, as the art is dedicated and taught by Furalo, goddess of weaving. Bagobo inabal utilizes abaca into creating two tube skirts, namely sinukla and bandira. Dagmay is the weaving art of the Mandaya, who use the mud-dye technique in their craft. Meranaw textile is used for the creation of the malong, among many other Maranao clothing. These crafts are imbibed with okir designs including potiok (bud), dapal or raon (leaf), pako (fern), pako rabong (growing fern) and katorai (flower). The pis syabit weave of the Tausug utilizes the free imagination of the weaver, as having no preset pattern for the weave is the cultural standard for making the high art. T'nalak is a fine textile of the Tboli crafted by the dream-weavers who are provided the designs and patterns through dreams by Fu Dalu, the deity of the abaca used in weaving. The oldest known warp ikat textile in Southeast Asia is the Banton cloth of Banton, Romblon, dated at 13th to 14th century.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Unlike cloth weaving, mat weaving does not utilize a loom or similar equipment and instead relies on the craftsfolk's attention in hand-weaving. The difficult art form is known throughout the Philippines, with those made in Sulu, Basilan, and Samar being the most prized. In general traditions throughout the Philippines, mat-weaving is only done in shaded and cool placed as to preserve the integrity of the mats and their fibers. An example is the banig of Basey, where the weavers usually work inside a cave. Fibers used vary from banana, grass, palm, and many others.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The fine art of basket weaving in the Philippines has developed intricate designs, styles and forms directed for specific purposes such as harvesting, rice storage, travel package, sword case, and so on. The art is believed to have arrived in the archipelago due to human migration, where those at the north were the first to learn the art form. The finest vessel basket crafts made, however, comes from the ethnic groups of Palawan, in the southwest. The Batak of Palawan has utilized the craft into high art, as well as retaining their craft's status as functional art. Intricate basketry can also be found among the Mamanwa, various Negrito groups, Mangyans, Ivatan, and many others. Materials used in basketry differ per ethnic group. Some important materials include bamboo, rattan, pandan, cotton cloth tassel, nito, beeswax, abaca, buri, bark, and dyes. In the same manner, each ethnic group has their own basketry patterns, which include closed-crossed over under weave, closed bamboo double twill weave, spaced rattan pentagon pattern, and closed tetrahedron buri, among many others. A few of the many basketry products from the Philippines include the tupil (lunch box), bukug (basket), kabil (carrying basket), uppig (lunch basket), tagga-i (rice basket), bay'ung (basket-pouch), lig-o (winnowing tray), and binga (bag). The weaving traditions of basketry have also been influenced by modern demands.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Weaved headpieces are prevalent throughout the Philippines, wherein multiple cultures utilize a variety of fibers to connect mediums forming Filipino headgears such as the Ivatan's vakul, the head-cloth of the Manobo, and the snake headpiece of the Bontoc. The weaving traditions pertaining to fish traps and gears in the Philippines are expansive, of which the Ilocano people, possibly, possess the vastest array of fish gears among the archipelago's ethnic groups. Notable weaved fish traps include bubo, barekbek, and pamurakan. Another weaving tradition is broom weaving, wherein the most stylized in the Philippines is possibly the talagadaw brooms made under the saked process of the Kalinga people. Other weaved crafts include reed raincoats, slippers, and items used for harvesting, planting, hunting, fishing, house chores, traveling, and foraging.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The Philippines's archaeological has a findings of Buddhist artifacts. The style exhibits Vajrayāna influence, and most of them dated to the 9th century. The artifacts reflect the iconography of the Śrīvijayan empire's Vajrayāna and its influences on the Philippines's early states. The artifacts' distinct features point to their production in the islands, and they hint at the artisan's or goldsmith's knowledge of Buddhist culture and literature because the artisans have made these unique works of Buddhist art. They imply also the presence of Buddhist believers in the places where these artifacts turned up. These places extended from the Agusan-Surigao area in Mindanao island to Cebu, Palawan, and Luzon islands. Hence, Vajrayāna ritualism must have spread far and wide throughout the archipelago.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Indigenous woodcarving is one of the most notable traditional arts in the Philippines, with some crafts in various ethnic groups date back prior to Hispanic arrival with perhaps the oldest surviving today are fragments of a wooden boat dating to 320 AD. Many societies utilize a variety of woods into making wood crafts such as sacred bulul figures. These divine wooden statues, known in various groups through different generic names, abound throughout the Philippines from the northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. The art of okir on wood is another fine craft attributed to various ethnic groups in Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago. Wood crafts of specific objects, such as sword hilts, musical instruments, and other objects are also notable, where depictions of ancient mythical beings are usually carved. There are other indigenous wood crafts and techniques in the Philippines, some of which have been utilized in Hispanic woodcarvings after colonization, such as the woodcarving styles of Paete.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Religious Hispanic woodcarvings abounded in the Philippines with the introduction of Christianity. The techniques utilized infuse both indigenous and Hispanic styles, creating a fusion of Hispanic-Asian wood art. Paete, Laguna is among the most famous woodcarving places in the country, especially on religious Hispanic woodcarving. Various epicenters of woodcarving in the Hispanic tradition are also present in many municipalities, where majority of the crafts are attributed to the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary, where Marian traditions prevail.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Stone carving is a prized art form in the Philippines, even prior to the arrival of Western colonizers, as seen in the stone likha and larauan or tao-tao crafts of the natives. These items usually represent either an ancestor or a deity who aids the spirit of a loved one to go into the afterlife properly. Ancient carved burial urns have been found in many areas, notably in the Cotabato region. The Limestone tombs of Kamhantik are elaborate tombs in Quezon province, believed to initially possess rock covers signifying that they were sarcophagi. These tombs are believed to have been originally roofed, as evidenced by holes marked onto them, where beams have been placed. Stone grave marks are also notable, with the people of Tawi-Tawi, and other groups using the carved marks with okir motif to aid the dead. In many areas, sides of mountains are carved to form burial caves, especially in the highlands of northern Luzon. The Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves is a prime example. Marble carvings are also famous, especially in its epicenter in Romblon. Majority of the marble crafts are currently meant for export, mostly Buddhist statues and related works. With the arrival of Christianity, Christian stone carvings became widespread. Most of which were either parts of a church such as facades or interior statues, or statues and other crafts intended for personal altars. A notable stone carving on a church is the facade of Miagao Church.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Ivory carving is an art practiced in the Philippines for more than a thousand years, with the oldest known ivory artifact known is the Butuan Ivory Seal, dated 9th–12th century. The religious carvings of ivory, or garing as locally known, became widespread after the direct importation of ivory into the Philippines from mainland Asia, where carvings focused on Christian icons, such as Madonna with Child, the Christ Child, and the Sorrowful Mother. Many of the ivory carvings from the Philippines have gold and silver designs. The ivory trade in the Philippines boomed because of the demand for ivory carvings, and continued up to the 21st century. In recent years, the Philippine government has been cracking down on the illegal ivory trade. In 2013, the Philippines became the first country in the world to destroy its ivory stock, to show solidarity among like-minded nations against the ivory trade which has decimated the world's elephant and rhino populations. Horns of dead carabaos have been used as a substitute to ivory in the Philippines for centuries.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Folk dances, plays, and dramas constitute most of the folk performing arts in the Philippines. Like other Southeast Asian countries, each ethnic group in the Philippines possess their own heritage on folk performing arts, however, Filipino folk performing arts also includes Spanish and American influences due to the country's historical narratives. Some dances are also related to the dances from neighboring Austronesian and other Asian countries. Notable examples of folk performing arts include the banga, manmanok, ragragsakan, tarektek, uyaoy/uyauy, pangalay, asik, singkil, sagayan, kapa malong malong, binaylan, sugod uno, dugso, kinugsik kugsik, siring, pagdiwata, maglalatik, tinikling, subli, cariñosa, kuratsa, and pandanggo sa ilaw. Various folk dramas and plays are known in many epics of the people. Among non-Hispanic traditions, dramas over epics like Hinilawod and Ibalong are known, while among Hispanic groups, the Senakulo is a notable drama.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The arts under folk (oral) literature include the epics, songs, myths, and other oral literature of numerous ethnic groups in the Philippines.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The poetic arts in the Philippines has been attributed as high in form and full of metaphor. Tanaga poetry consists of 7777 syllable count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms to freestyle forms. Awit poetry consists of 12-syllable quatrains, following the pattern of rhyming stanzas of established epics such as Pasyon, which is chanted through the pabasa. A notable awit epic-poem is the 1838 Florante at Laura. Dalit poetry consists of four lines with eight syllables each. Ambahan poetry consists of seven syllable lines with rhythmic end-syllables, often chanted without a determined musical pitch or musical instrument accompaniment, meant to express in an allegorical way, liberally using poetic language, certain situations or certain characteristics referred to by the one reciting the poem. It cam also be written on bamboo. A notable poetry duel in the Philippines is Balagtasan, which is a debate done in verses. Some notable poems include A la juventud filipina, Ako'y may alaga, and Kay Selya.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Notable epic-poems include 17 cycled and 72,000 lined "Darangen" of the Maranao and the 29,000-versed "Hinilawod" of Panay. Other epic-poems from the Philippines include "Biag ni Lam-Ang" of the Ilocano, "Ibalon" of the Bicolano, "Hudhud" and "Alim" of the Ifugao, "Ulalim" cycle of the Kalinga, "Lumalindaw" of the Gaddang, "Kudaman" of Palawan, "Agyu Cycle" of the Manobo, "Tulelangan" of the Ilianon Manobos, "Gumao of Dumalinao", "Ag Tubig Nog Keboklagan", "Keg Sumba Neg Sandayo" of the Subanon, and "Tudbulul" of the Tboli people, among many others.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The oral literature have shaped the people's thinking and way of life, providing basis for values, traditions, and societal systems that aid communities in multiple facets of life. As diverse as Filipino folk literature is, many of the literary works continue to develop, with some being documented by scholars and inputted into manuscripts, tapes, video recordings, or other documentary forms.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The fields under folk graphic and plastic arts are tattooing, folk writing, and folk drawing and painting.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The Philippines has numerous indigenous scripts collectively called as suyat, each of which has their own forms and styles of calligraphy. Various ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century up to the independence era in the 21st century have used the scripts with various mediums. By the end of colonialism, only four of the suyat scripts survived and continue to be used by certain communities in everyday life. These four scripts are hanunó'o/hanunoo of the Hanuno'o Mangyan people, buhid/build of the Buhid Mangyan people, Tagbanwa script of the Tagbanwa people, and palaw'an/pala'wan (ibalnan) of the Palaw'an people. All four scripts were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme, under the name "Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, , Tagbanua and Pala’wan)", in 1999.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Due to dissent from colonialism, many artists and cultural experts have revived the usage of suyat scripts that went extinct due to Spanish persecution. These scripts being revived include the badlit script of various Visayan ethnic groups, the iniskaya script of the Eskaya people, the baybayin script of the Tagalog people, the sambali script of the Sambal people, the basahan script of the Bicolano people, the sulat pangasinan script of the Pangasinense people, and the kur-itan or kurdita script of the Ilocano people, among many others. Aside from the native suyat calligraphies of the Philippines, Spanish-derived calligraphy and Arabic calligraphy of jawi and kirim are also used by certain communities and art groups in the Philippines. In the last decade, calligraphy based on the suyat scripts has met popularity surges and revival. Philippine Braille is the script used by Filipinos with visual impairment.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Folk drawings have been known for thousands of years in the archipelago. The oldest folk drawing is the rock drawings and engravings which include the petroglyphs in Angono (Rizal), which was created during the Neolithic age of the Philippines, corresponding to 6000 BC to 2000 BC. The drawings have been interpreted as religious in nature, with infant drawings made to relieve the sickness of children. Another known petroglyph is in Alab (Bontoc), which is dated to be not later than 1500 BC, and represents symbols of fertility such as the pudenda. In contrast, ancient folk drawings as petrographs can be found in specific sites in the country as well. The petrographs of Peñablanca in Cagayan compose charcoal drawings. The petrographs of Singnapan in southern Palawan are also drawn with charcoal. The petrograhs in Anda (Bohol) comppose drawings made with red hematite. Recently discovered petrographs in Monreal (Ticao) include drawings of monkeys, human faces, worms or snakes, plants, dragonflies, and birds.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Folk paintings, like folk drawings, are works of art that usually include depictions of folk culture. Evidences suggest that the people of the archipelago have been painting and glazing their potteries for thousands of years. Pigments used in paintings range from gold, yellow, reddish purple, green, white, blue-green, to blue. Statues and other creations have also been painted on by various ethnic groups, using a variety of colors. Paintings on skin with elaborate designs is also a known folk art which continue to be practiced in the Philippines, especially among the Yakan people.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Tattooing was introduced by Austronesian ancestors thousands of years ago, where it developed into cultural symbols in a variety of ethnic groups. Although the practice has been in place for thousands of years, its documentation was first put on paper in the 16th century, where the bravest Pintados (people of central and eastern Visayas) were the most tattooed. Similar tattooed peoples were documented among the Bicolanos of Camarines and Tagalogs of Marinduque.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Ornament art includes a variety of fields, ranging from accessory-making, to ornamental metal crafts, and many others.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Glass art is an old art form in the Philippines, with many artifacts made of glass found in some sites such as Pinagbayanan. Stained glasses have been in place in many churches in the country since Spanish occupation. Initially, European craftfolks managed the production of stained glasses in the country, but later on, Filipino craftfolks also entered the scene, notably since the 20th century. An important set of stained glass creations is those from the Manila Cathedral, where the pot glass technique was used. The Marian theme is a vivid depiction throughout the glasses, with stern focus on Mary's life and saints in their Marian reverence. Major "Our Lady" images in the windows include the mother of Peace and Good Voyage, of Expectation, of Consolation, of Loreto, of the Pillar, of Remedies, of “La Naval,” of the Abandoned, of Carmel, of the Miraculous Medal, of the Rule, of Montserrat, of Lourdes, of Peñafrancia, of Perpetual Help, of Fatima, of Sorrows, and of Nasalambao. Some glass arts in the Philippines aside from stained glasses focus on chandeliers and sculptures, among others.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Hat-making is a fine art in many communities throughout the country, with the gourd-based tabungaw of Abra and Ilocos being one of the most prized. Indigenous Filipino hats were widely used in the daily lives of the people until the 20th century when they were replaced by Western-style hats. They are currently worn during certain occasions, such as festivals, rituals, or in theatre.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The art of mask creation is both an indigenous and imported tradition, as certain communities have mask-making practices prior to colonization, while some mask-making traditions were introduced through trade from parts of Asia and the West. Today, these masks are worn mostly during festivals, Moriones Festival, and MassKara Festival. A related art is puppet-making, which is notable for its products used in theater plays and festivals such as the Higantes Festival. Most indigenous masks are made of wood, where these works of art are almost always rudimentary as they represent beings outside basic human comprehension. Gold masks made specifically for the dead also abound in the country, specifically in the Visayas region. However, the practice of gold mask making ceased due to Spanish colonization. Masks made of bamboo and paper used in Lucban depict the proverbial Filipino farming family. Masks of Marinduque are used in pantomimic dramatization, while masks of Bacolod depict egalitarian values, showing ancient traditions of equality among the people, regardless of economic standards. In theater, various masks are notable among epics, especially those related to the Ramayana and Mahabharata.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Accessories in the Philippines are almost always worn with their respective combination of garments, with some being used as accessories for houses, altars, and other objects. Among the more than a hundred ethnic groups in the Philippines, the most accessorized is possibly the Kalinga people. The Gaddang people also exhibit a very accessorized culture. The most famous accessories utilized by numerous ethnic groups in the Philippines are omege-shaped fertility objects called a lingling-o, which are used from the northern islands of Batanes to the southern islands of Palawan. The oldest lingling-o currently known is dated at 500 BC and is made of nephrite jade. Shells have traditionally been used as fine mediums for accessories in the Philippines as well.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The art of gold craftsmanship is prevalent among Filipino ethnic groups, where the most known goldsmiths came from Butuan. Regalia, jewelries, ceremonial weapons, teeth ornamentation, and ritualistic and funerary objects made of high-quality gold have been excavated in many Filipino sites, attesting the archipelago's flourished gold culture between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. While certain gold craft techniques have been lost due to colonization, later techniques influenced by other cultures have also been adopted by Filipino goldsmiths.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Ornamental metal crafts are metal-based products that are specifically used to beautify something else, which may or may not be made of metal. They are prized in many communities in the Philippines, where possibly the most sought after are those made by the Maranao, specifically from Tugaya, Lanao del Sur. Metal crafts of the Moro people have been made to decorate a variety of objects, where all are imbibed with the traditional okir motif. Numerous metal crafts are also utilized to design and give emphasis to religious objects such as altars, Christian statues, and clothing, among many other things. Apalit, Pampanga is one of the major centers for the craft. Gold has been utilized in many ornamental crafts of the Philippines, where majority that have survived colonialism and looting are human accessories with elaborate ancient designs.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Textile or fiber art covers many artistic expressions, including the designs of textiles dominant in Filipino clothing


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The art of pottery, categorized into ceramic making, clay pot-making, and folk clay sculpture, has long been a part of various cultures in the Philippines, with evidence pointing to a pottery culture dating around 3,500 years ago. Important pottery artifacts from the Philippines include the Manunggul Jar (890–710 BCE) and the Maitum anthropomorphic pottery (5 BC-225 AD). High-fired potteries were first made around 1,000 years ago, which led to what scholars describe as the 'ceramic age' in the Philippines. The ceramic trade also became prevalent, where potteries and shards as far as the Arab world, possibly Egypt, and East Asia has been found in the Philippines according to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Specific jars were also traded directly to Japan. Prior to colonization, porcelain imported from foreign lands have already become popular among many communities in the archipelago as seen in the many archaeological porcelains found throughout the islands. While oral literature from Cebu have noted that porcelain were already being produced by the natives during the time of Cebu's early rulers, prior to the arrival of colonizers in the 16th century. Despite this, the earliest known porcelain made by natives of the Philippines is officially dated at 1900s, as porcelain found in Filipino archaeological sites were all branded by the time of their rediscovery as "imported", which has become a major debate today. The late 19th to early 20th century led to Filipinos working as porcelain artisans in Japan to fly back into the Philippines, re-introducing the process of making the craft. All but one porcelain from the era survived World War II. Notable folk clay art in the country include "The Triumph of Science over Death" (1890), and "Mother's Revenge" (1894), Popular potteries in the country include tapayan and palayok. The art of pottery has met media attention in recent years, as various techniques and designs are continually being crafted by Filipino artisans.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Various traditional arts are too distinct to be categorized into specific sections. Among these art forms include non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions, among many others.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Non-ornamental metal crafts are metal products that stand on their own. These crafts are usually already beautiful as they are, and seldom need ornamental metal crafts to further their indigenous aesthetics. Each ethnic group has their own terms for artisans specializing in metal works, with the Moro people being one of the foremost creators of quality metal works, which usually are decorated with the okir motif. Metal crafts are also notable among the craftsfolk of various craft epicenters of the country, such as Baguio in the north. Hispanic metal crafts are prevalent among lowlanders. These crafts usually include giant bells, where the largest in Asia is conserved at Panay Church. Deity crafts made of metals, notably gold, has been found in the Philippines as well, with the Agusan image being a notable example.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The art of sword making is an ancient tradition in the Philippines, where Filipino bladesmiths have been creating quality swords and other bladed weapons for centuries, with a diverse array of types influenced by the sheer diversity of ethnic groups in the archipelago. Many of the swords are specifically made for ceremonial functions and agricultural functions, while certain types are used specifically for offensive and defensive warfare. The most known Filipino sword is the kampilan, a well-defined sharp blade with an aesthetically protruding spikelet along the flat side of the tip and a pommel which depicts one of four sacred creatures, a "bakunawa" (dragon), a "buaya" (crocodile), a "kalaw" (hornbill), or a "kakatua" (cockatoo). Other Filipino bladed weapons include the balarao, balasiong, balisong, balisword, bangkung, banyal, barong, batangas, bolo, dahong palay, gunong, gayang, golok, kalis, karambit, panabas, pinutí, pirah, gunong, susuwat, tagan, utak. A variety of spears (sibat), axes, darts (bagakay), and arrows (pana/busog) are also utilized by all ethnic groups in the country.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Filipino martial arts vary from ethnic group to ethnic group due to the diversity of cultures within the archipelago. The most famous is Arnis (also called kali and eskrima), the national sport and martial art of the Philippines, which emphasize weapon-based fighting styles with sticks, knives, bladed weapons and various improvised weapons as well as open hand techniques. Arnis has met various cultural changes throughout history, where it was also known as "estoque", "estocada", and "garrote" during the Spanish occupation. Spanish recorderd first encountered the prevalent martial art as "paccalicali-t" to the Ibanags, "didya/kabaroan") to the Ilocanos, "sitbatan/kalirongan" to Pangasinenses, "sinawali" ("to weave") to the Kapampangans, "calis/pananandata" (use of weapons) to the Tagalogs, "pagaradman" to the Ilonggos, and "kaliradman" to the Cebuanos.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Unarmed martial techniques include Pangamot of the Bisaya, suntukan of the Tagalog, Rizal's sikaran of the Tagalog, dumog of the Karay-a, buno of the Igorot people, and yaw-yan. Some impact martial weapons include baston or olisi, bangkaw or tongat, dulo-dulo, and tameng. Edged martial weapons include daga/cuchillo which utilizes gunong, punyal and barung or barong, balisong, karambit which used blades similar to tiger claws, espada which utilizes kampilan, ginunting, pinuti and talibong, itak, kalis which uses poison-bladed daggers known as kris, golok, sibat, sundang, lagaraw, ginunting, and pinunting. Flexible martial weapons include latigo, buntot pagi, lubid, sarong, cadena or tanikala, tabak-toyok. Some projectile martial weapons include pana, sibat, sumpit, bagakay, tirador or pintik/saltik, kana, lantaka, and luthang. There are also martial arts practiced traditionally in the Philippines and neighboring Austronesian countries as related arts such as kuntaw and silat.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Filipino cuisine is composed of the cuisines of more than a hundred ethnolinguistic groups found within the Philippine archipelago. The majority of mainstream Filipino dishes that compose Filipino cuisine are from the cuisines of the Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Maranao, Pangasinan, Cebuano (or "Bisaya"), Tagalog, and Waray ethnolinguistic tribes. The style of cooking and the food associated with it have evolved over many centuries from their Austronesian origins to a mixed cuisine of Indian, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences, in line with the major waves of influence that had enriched the cultures of the archipelago, as well as others adapted to indigenous ingredients and the local palate. Dishes range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the complex paellas and "cocidos" created for fiestas of Spanish origin. Popular dishes include: "lechón" (whole roasted pig), "longganisa" (Philippine sausage), "tapa" (cured beef), "torta" (omelette), "adobo" (chicken or pork braised in garlic, vinegar, oil and soy sauce, or cooked until dry), "kaldereta" (meat in tomato sauce stew), "mechado" (larded beef in soy and tomato sauce), "puchero" (beef in bananas and tomato sauce), "afritada" (chicken or pork simmered in tomato sauce with vegetables), "kare-kare" (oxtail and vegetables cooked in peanut sauce), "pinakbet" (kabocha squash, eggplant, beans, okra, and tomato stew flavored with shrimp paste), "crispy pata" (deep-fried pig's leg), "hamonado" (pork sweetened in pineapple sauce), "sinigang" (meat or seafood in sour broth), "pancit" (noodles), and "lumpia" (fresh or fried spring rolls).


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Shell crafts are prevalent throughout the Philippines due to the vast array of mollusk shells available within the archipelago. The shell industry in the country prioritizes crafts made of capiz shells, which are seen in various products ranging from windows, statues, lamps, and many others. Lantern-making is also a traditional art form in the country. The art began after the introduction of Christianity, and many lanterns (locally called "parol") appear in Filipino streets and in front of houses, welcoming the Christmas season, which usually begins in September and ends in January in the Philippines, creating the longest Christmas season of any country in the world. A notable festival celebrating Christmas and lanterns is the Giant Lantern Festival, which exhibits gigantic lanterns crafted by Filipino artisans. The art of pyrotechnics is popular in the country during the New Year celebrations and the days before it during the Christmas season. Since 2010, the Philippines has been hosting the Philippine International Pyromusical Competition, the world's largest pyrotechnic competition, previously called the World Pyro Olympics.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Lacquerware is an introduced art form in the Philippines. Although prized, only a few Filipino artisans have ventured into the art form. Filipino researchers are recently studying the possibility of turning coconut oil in lacquer. Paper arts are prevalent in many communities in the Philippines. Some examples of paper art include the taka papier-mâché of Laguna and the pabalat craft of Bulacan. One form of leaf folding art in the country is the puni, which utilizes palm leaves to create various forms such as birds and insects.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Bamboo arts are widespread in the country, with various products being made of bamboo from kitchen utensils, toys, furniture, to musical instruments such as the Las Piñas Bamboo Organ, the world's oldest and only organ made of bamboo. A notable bamboo art is the bulakaykay, which bamboos are intentionally bristled to create elaborate and large arches. Floristry is a fine art that continues to be popular during certain occasions such as festivals, birthdays, and Undas. The art of leaf speech, including its language and its deciphering, is a notable art among the Dumagat people, who use a mixture of leaves to express themselves to others and to send secret messages.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The art of shamanism and its related arts such as medicinal and healing arts are found in all ethnic groups throughout the country, with each group having their own unique concepts of shamanism and healing practices. Philippine shamans are regarded as sacred by their respective ethnic groups. The introduction of Abrahamic religions, by way of Islam and Christianity, downgraded many shamanitic traditions, with Spanish and American colonizers demeaning the native faiths during the colonial era. Shamans and their practices continue in certain places in the country, although conversions to Abrahamic faiths continue to interfere with their indigenous life-ways. The art of constellation and cosmic reading and interpretation is a fundamental tradition among all Filipino ethnic groups, as the stars are used to interpret the world's standing for communities to conduct proper farming, fishing, festivities, and other important activities. A notable constellation with varying versions among Filipino ethnic groups include "Balatik" and "Moroporo". Another cosmic reading is the utilization of earthly monuments, such as the Gueday stone calendar of Besao, which the locals use to see the arrival of "kasilapet", which signals the end of the current agricultural season and the beginning of the next cycle.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The non-traditional arts in the Philippines encompass dance, music, theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, architecture and allied arts, and design. There are numerous Filipino specialists or experts on the various fields of non-traditional arts, with those garnering the highest distinctions declared as National Artist, equal to Gawad Manlilika ng Bayan (GAMABA).


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The art of dance under the non-traditional category covers dance choreography, dance direction, and dance performance. Philippine dance is influenced by the folk performing arts of the country, as well as its Hispanic traditions. Many styles also developed due to global influences. Dances of the Igorot dances, such as banga, Moro dances, such as pangalay and singkil, Lumad dances, such as kuntaw and kadal taho and lawin-lawin, Hispanic dances, such as maglalatik and subli, have been inputted into contemporary Filipino dances. Ballet has also become a popular dance form in the Philippines since the early 20th century. Pinoy hip hop music has influenced specific dances in the country, where many have adapted global standards in hip hop and break dances. Many choreographers in the Philippines focus on both traditional and Westernized dances, with certain dance companies focusing on Hispanic and traditional forms of dance.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Musical composition, musical direction, and musical performance are the core of the art of music under the non-traditional category. The basis of Filipino music is the vast musical tangible and intangible heritage of the many ethnic groups in the archipelago, where some of which have been influenced by other Asian and Western cultures, notably Hispanic and American music. Philippine folk music includes the chanting of epic poetry, such as the Darangen and Hudhud ni Aliguyon, and singing of folk music traditions through various means such as the Harana. Some Filipino music genre include Manila sound which brought hopeful themes amidst the decaying status of the country during the martial law years, Pinoy reggae which focuses on dancehall music faithful to the expressions of Jamaican reggae, Pinoy rock which encompasses rock music with Filipino cultural sensibilities, Pinoy pop which is one of the most popular genre in the country, Tagonggo which is music traditionally played by finely-dressed male musicians, Kapanirong which is a serenade genre, Kulintang which is a genre of an entire ensemble of musicians utilizing a diverse array of traditional musical instruments, Kundiman which is a traditional genre of Filipino love music, Bisrock which is a genre of Sebwano rock music, and Pinoy hip hop which is genre of hip hop adopted from American hip hop music.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Theater has a long history in the Philippines. The basis of which is the folk performing arts under the traditional arts. In the non-traditional category, theatrical direction, theatrical performance, theatrical production design, theatrical light and sound design, and theatrical playwriting are the focal arts. Theater in the Philippines is Austronesian in character, which is seen in rituals, mimetic dances, and mimetic customs of the people. Plays with Spanish influences have affected Filipino theater and drama, notably the komedya, the sinakulo, the playlets, the sarswela, and the Filipino drama. Puppetry, such as "carrillo", is also a notable theater art. In contrast, theater with Anglo-American influence have also mixed with various art forms such as bodabil and the plays in English. Modern and original plays by Filipinos have also influenced Philippine theater and drama with the usage of representational and presentational styles drawn from contemporary modern theater and revitalized traditional forms from within or outside the country.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The visual arts under the non-traditional arts include painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Folk painting has always been part of various cultures in the Philippines. Petroglyphs and petrographs are the earliest known folk drawings and paintings in the country, with the oldest made during the Neolithic age. Human figures, frogs, lizards, along with other designs have been depicted. They may have been mostly symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic magic.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The influences brought by other Asian and Western cultures artistically advanced the art of paintings. In the 16th century and throughout the colonization era, paintings of religious propaganda for the spread of Catholicism became rampant. Majority of these paintings are essentially part of church structures, such as ceilings and walls. At the same time, non-religious paintings were also known. Notable painting during the time include the image of "Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga" (1692) and paintings at Camarin de da Virgen (1720). In the 19th century, wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced more secular Filipino art, causing art in the Philippines to deviate from religious motifs. The use of watercolour paintings increased and the subject matter of paintings began to include landscapes, Filipino inhabitants, Philippine fashion, and government officials. Portrait paintings featured the painters themselves, Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. Landscape paintings portrayed scenes of average Filipinos partaking in their daily tasks. These paintings often showcased ornately painted artists' names. These paintings were done on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals. Notable watercolor paintings were done in the Tipos del País style or the Letras y figuras style.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Notable oil paintings of the 19th century include "Basi Revolt" paintings (1807), "Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol" (1852), "Spoliarium" (1884), "La Bulaqueña" (1895), and "The Parisian Life" (1892). In the American occupation, a notable Filipino painting was "The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines" (1953). After World War II, painting were heavily influenced by the effects of war. Common themes included battle scenes, destruction, and the suffering of the Filipino people. Nationalistic themes in painting continued amidst the war's effects. Prime examples include "International Rice Research Institute" (1962) and the Manila Mural (1968) Paintings of the 20th–21st century have showcased the native cultures of the Philippines, as part of the spread of nationalism. Notable paintings during the era include "Chickens" (1968) and "Sarimanok series" (late 20th century). Some works have also criticized the lingering colonial viewpoints in the country, such as discrimination against darker-skinned people and the negative effects of colonialism. Notable artistic pieces of this topic are "Filipina: A racial identity crisis" (1990s), and "The Brown Man's Burden" (2003).


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Numerous works of art have been made specifically as protest art against state authoritarian rule, human rights violations, and fascism.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Non-folk sculpture in the Philippines is a major art form, with many artists and students focusing on the subject. Notable non-folk sculptures include "Oblation", which reflects selfless dedication and service to the nation, Rizal Monument, depicting Filipino martyr and scholar José Rizal, Tandang Sora National Shrine, depicting the revolutionary mother of the Katipunan Melchora Aquino, Mactan Shrine, which depicts the classical-era hero Lapulapu who vanquished the colonizers during his lifetime, People Power Monument, which celebrates the power and activism of the people over its government, "Filipina Comfort Women", which immortalizes the suffering of and judicial need for Filipina comfort women during World War II, and the Bonifacio Monument, depicting the revolutionary hero Andres Bonifacio.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Printmaking began in the Philippines after the religious orders at the time, namely Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits, started printing prayer books and inexpensive prints of religious images, such as the Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ, or the saints, known as "estampas" or "estampitas", which were used to spread Roman Catholicism and to further colonize the islands. Maps were also printed through the art form, which includes the 1734 Velarde map. Printmaking has since diversified in the country, which has included woodblock printing and other forms. Photography started in the country in the 1840s, upon the introduction of the photographic equipment. Photos were used during the colonial era as mediums for news, tourism, instruments for anthropology and documentation, and as a means for the Spanish and Americans to assert their perceived social status onto the natives to support colonial propaganda. This later changed upon Philippine independence, where photography became widely used by the people for personal documentation and commercial usage. Other forms of visual arts in the Philippines are installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Poetry, fiction, essay, and literary/art criticism are the focal arts of literature under the non-traditional arts, which are usually based on or influenced by the traditional art of folk (oral) literature of the natives, which focuses greatly on works of art from epics, ethnic mythologies, and related stories and traditions. In some cultures, calligraphy on various mediums were utilized to create literary works. An example is the "ambahan" of the Hanunoo Mangyan. Literature under the colonial regime focused greatly on Spanish-language works under Spanish occupation, then adjusting to the English-language under American occupation. From 1593 to 1800, majority of literary arts made in the Philippines were Spanish-language religious works, with a noble book being "Doctrina Christiana" (1593) and a Tagalog rendition of the "Pasyon" (1704). There are also works in the colonial eras that are written in native languages, mostly religious and government scripts for the propagation of colonialism. Nevertheless, Filipino literary works without colonial propaganda were made by local authors as well. At the same time, certain folk (oral) literature were inputted into manuscripts by Filipino writers such as the 17th century manuscript of the ancient Ilocano epic "Biag ni Lam-ang". In 1869, the epic "Florante at Laura" was published, inputting fiction writing with Asian and European themes. In 1878 or 1894, the first modern play in any Philippine language, "Ang Babai nga Huaran", was written in Hiligaynon. By the 19th century, the formative years of Spanish literature in the country moved forward into what became the nationalist stage of 1883–1903. During this era, the first novel written by a Filipino, "Nínay", was published. Works of literary art critical of colonial rulers became known as well, such as the 1887 "Noli Me Tángere" and the 1891 "El filibusterismo". The first novel in Cebuano, "Maming", was published in 1900. The so-called golden age of Spanish-language literature in the Philippines began in 1903 to 1966, despite American occupation. During this era, works in native languages and in English started to boom as well. The go-to book of the working class, "Banaag at Sikat", was published in 1906, where the literary work dives into the concepts of socialism, capitalism, and the united laborers. The first Filipino book written in English, "The Child of Sorrow", was published in 1921. The early writing in English are characterized by melodrama, unreal language, and unsubtle emphasis on local color. The literary content later imbibed themes that express the search for Filipino identity, reconciling the centuries-old Spanish and American influence to the Philippines' archipelagic Asian heritage. From 1966 to 1967, fragments of "Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag" were published, and later in 1986, the fragments were inputted into a novel. During the martial law era, prominent literary works tackling the evident human rights violations of those in power were published, such as "Dekada '70" (1983) and "Luha ng Buwaya" (1983). Filipino literature in the 21st century dives into historical narratives in modernity, global outlooks, and concepts of equality and nationalism. Major works include "Smaller and Smaller Circles" (2002), "Ladlad" (2007), "Ilustrado" (2008), and "Insurrecto" (2018).


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Film and broadcast arts focuses on the arts of direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The origin of the cinematic arts in the Philippines officially began in 1897, upon the introduction of moving pictures into Manila. Filipinos aided foreign filmmakers in the Philippines for a time, until in 1919, when filmmaker José Nepomuceno made the first Filipino film, "Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden)". By the 1930s, the formative years of Filipino cinema began as interest in film genre as art began among the common folk. Theatre became an important influence to the boom of cinema in the Philippines. The 1940s created films that would point towards the reality of the people, due to the occupation years during World War II. More artistic and mature films sprang a decade later under the banner of quality films, as perceived at the time. The 1960s showed an era of commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action flicks, and western spin-offs, until the golden age of cinema met the turbulent years from the 1970s to 1980s due to the dictatorship. The films under the period were overseen by the government, with various filmmakers being arrested. A notable film made during the period is "Himala", which tackles the concept of religious fanaticism. The period after martial rule dealt with more serious topics, with independent films being made by many filmmakers. The 1990s saw the emergence of films related to Western films, along with the continued popularity of films focusing on the realities of poverty. Among the direst films at the time include "Manila in the Claws of Light", "The Flor Contemplacion Story", "Oro, Plata, Mata", and "Sa Pusod ng Dagat". Cinema in 21st century Philippines has met a revival of popular watchings, with films being produced by various fronts. Films regarding human equality, concepts of poverty, self-love, and historical narratives have met popular success. Key films during the era include "The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros", "Caregiver", "Kinatay", "Thy Womb", "That Thing Called Tadhana", "The Woman Who Left", and the film version of the book "Smaller and Smaller Circles".


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Architecture under the category of non-traditional arts focus on non-folk architecture and its allied arts such as interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The basis of Filipino non-folk architecture is the folk architecture of various ethnic groups within the Philippines. The diversity in vernacular architecture range from the bahay kubo, bahay na bato, torogan, idjang, payyo, and ethnic shrines and mosques. Upon the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, various Western architectures were introduced such as Baroque, which was used to establish the Manila Cathedral and Boljoon Church. However, due to the geologic nature of the islands, the Baroque architecture was later turned into a unique style now known as Earthquake Baroque, which was used into the building of Binondo Church, Daraga Church, and the World Heritage Sites of Paoay Church, Miagao Church, San Agustin Church, and Santa Maria Church. Throughout the colonial eras, from Spanish to American rule, various architecture styles were introduced. A notable Gothic Revival building is the San Sebastian Church, the only all-steel church in Asia. Beaux-Arts became popular among the wealthy classes. A notable example is the Lopez Heritage House. Art Deco continues to be a popular architecture in certain Filipino communities, with the city of Sariaya considered as the country's Art Deco capital. Italian and Italian-Spanish architecture can be seen on certain buildings such as Fort Santiago and The Ruins. Stick-style is notable among some wood buildings such as the Silliman Hall. Neoclassical is perhaps the most vividly depicted in the Philippines, as many government buildings follow the architecture. Examples include the Baguio Cathedral, Manila Central Post Office, and the National Museum of Fine Arts. Even after independence, architecture continued to evolve, with the usage of Brutalist architecture during the martial law era. After the restoration of democracy, a revival of indigenous architecture into neo-vernacular architecture occurred in the late 20th century and the 21st century. These buildings and structures have become iconic bases for Filipino nationalism and ethnic representation. Modern-style architecture is presently a popular style in the Philippines, with some examples include the Saint Andrew the Apostle Church and the Manila Hotel. In the present era, demolitions of culturally important buildings and structures have happened, despite the enactment of laws disallowing such acts. Many cultural workers and architects have made advances to stop the demolitions of certain buildings and structures.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The allied arts of architecture include interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design. Interior design in the Philippines has been influenced by indigenous Filipino interiors and cultures, Hispanic styles, American styles, Japanese styles, modern design, avant-garde, tropical design, neo-vernacular, international style, and sustainable design. As interior spaces are expressions of culture, values, and aspirations, they have been heavily researched on by Filipino scholars. Common interior design styles in the country for decades have been Tropical, Filipino, Japanese, Mediterranean, Chinese, Moorish, Victorian, and Baroque, while Avant Garde Industrial, Tech and Trendy, Metallic Glam, Rustic Luxe, Eclectic Elegance, Organic Opulence, Design Deconstructed, and Funk Art have recently become popular. Landscape architecture in the Philippines initially followed the client's opulence, however, in recent years, the emphasis has been on the ecosystem and sustainability. Urban planning is a key economic and cultural issue in the Philippines, notably due to the high population of the country, marked with problems on infrastructures such as transportation. Many urban planners have initiated proposals for the uplifting of urban areas, especially in congested and flood-prone Metro Manila.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The art of design is present in all forms of art, whether traditional or non-traditional, however, the design arts under the non-traditional arts usually emphasize industrial design and fashion design.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: has been a key factor in improving the Philippine economy. Many artistic creations in the country are made through research and development, which interplay with aesthetics that allures customers. Packaging of food and other products, as well as the main aesthetics of certain products such as gadgets, are prime examples of industrial design, along with the aesthetics of mass-produced vehicles, kitchen equipment and utensils, furniture, and many others. A major annual event in the Philippines which focuses on industrial design, among others, is Design Week held in the third week of March and October since 2011.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: The fashion arts are one of the oldest artistic crafts in the country, with each ethnic group having their own sense of fashion. Indigenous fashion inputs various materials created through the traditional arts, such as weaving and ornamental arts. Unlike industrial design, which is intended for objects and structures, fashion design is intended as a whole bodily package. Filipino fashion is founded on both the indigenous fashion aesthetics of the people, as well as aesthetics introduced by other Asian people and Western people, through trade and colonization. During the last years of the Hispanic era, "Ilustrado" fashion became prevalent, with majority of the population dressing in Hispanized outfits. This later slowly changed after the importation of American culture. In modern Filipino fashion, budget-friendly choices prevail, although expensive fashion statements are also available, notably for those in a so-called high society. Iconic outfits utilizing indigenous Filipino textiles, without culturally appropriating them, have recently become popular in the country.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Museums are important vessels for the protection and conservation of Philippine arts. A number of museums in the Philippines possess works of art that have been declared as National Treasures, notably the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila. Other notable museums include Ayala Museum, Negros Museum, Museo Sugbo, Lopez Museum, and Metropolitan Museum of Manila. University museums also hold a vast array of art. Libraries and archives are also important, among the most known are the National Library of the Philippines and the National Archives of the Philippines. Various organizations, groups, and universities have also conserved the arts, especially the performing and craft arts.


title: Arts in the Philippines

text: Many conservation measures have been undertaken by both private and public institutions and organizations in the country, in addressing the heritage management in the Philippines. The enactment of laws such as the National Cultural Heritage Act have aided in Filipino art conservation. The act also established the country's repository of all culturally-related heritage, the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property. The National Commission for Culture and the Arts is currently the official cultural arm of the Philippine government. There have been proposals to establish a Philippine Department of Culture.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: Maxx Robert Crosby (born August 22, 1997) is an American football defensive end for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Michigan and was drafted by the Raiders in the fourth round of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: The spelling of Maxx Crosby's first name comes from how large (11 pounds, 9 ounces) he was at birth. He attended Colleyville Heritage High School in Colleyville, Texas.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: Crosby played college football at Eastern Michigan from 2015 to 2018. Eastern Michigan was the only college football program to give Crosby an offer. Crosby was selected First-team All-MAC in 2017 and 2018.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: Crosby made his debut in week 1 against the Denver Broncos. In the game, Crosby made 6 tackles in the 24–16 win.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: In week 5 against the Chicago Bears, Crosby recorded his first career sack on Chase Daniel in the 24–21 win.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: In week 11 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Crosby sacked Ryan Finley four times, one of which was a strip sack that was recovered by teammate Maurice Hurst Jr. in the 17–10 win, earning AFC Defensive Player of the Week. Crosby's four sacks in a game was the most sacks made by a Raider in a single game since 2015, when Khalil Mack recorded five sacks in a game against the Denver Broncos. In week 17 against the Denver Broncos, Crosby sacked fellow rookie Drew Lock 1.5 times during the 15–16 loss.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: Crosby was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on August 6, 2020, and was activated nine days later.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: In Week 3 against the New England Patriots, Crosby recorded his first two sacks of the season on Cam Newton during the 36–20 loss.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: In Week 5 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Crosby recorded his first sack on reigning Super Bowl MVP Patrick Mahomes during the 40–32 win.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: In Week 17 against the Denver Broncos, Crosby sacked Drew Lock once and blocked two field goals during the 32–31 win.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: In Week 1, Crosby recorded six tackles, two sacks, and two tackles for loss in a 33–27 win over the Ravens, earning AFC Defensive Player of the Week. In Week 6, Crosby recorded six tackles, 12 pressures, and a season-high three sacks in a 34–24 win over the Denver Broncos. In week 18, Crosby again won AFC Defensive Player of the Week, registering two sacks, six tackles, three tackles for a loss, four quarterback hits, 11 pressures, and three passes defended against the Los Angeles Chargers.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: Crosby would set a number of personal bests in the 2021 season, including personal bests in passes defended (7) and quarterback hits (30), more than doubling his career totals up to that point in both statistics, and leading the Raiders in the latter statistic. Crosby also set personal bests for solo tackles, assisted tackles, and combined tackles. Crosby was named second-team All-Pro by the AP.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: On March 11, 2022, the two-year anniversary of becoming sober, Crosby signed a four-year, $98.98 million contract extension with the Raiders.


title: Maxx Crosby

text: In March 2020, Crosby checked into rehab for alcoholism. In February 2022, Crosby got engaged to Rachel Washburn, and they are expecting their first child in October 2022.


title: Mrs. Fletcher

text: Mrs. Fletcher is an American comedy miniseries based on the 2017 novel of the same name written by Tom Perrotta. The series stars Kathryn Hahn and was given a series order by HBO. The pilot was written by Perrotta and directed by Nicole Holofcener.


title: Mrs. Fletcher

text: On August 16, 2019, it was announced that the series would premiere on October 27, 2019. In advance of its broadcast premiere, several episodes of the series received a preview screening in the Primetime program of the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: Mrs. Fletcher

text: "Mrs. Fletcher" is a coming of age story of Mrs. Eve Fletcher (Hahn) and her son Brendan (White). Eve is a divorcée and is undergoing a mid-life crisis. She decides she no longer wants to be her old self when her son Brendan goes to college as a freshman. She experiences sexual reawakening and sexual fulfillment that eluded her in her younger years by bonding with a younger man and his friends. Brendan also undergoes his own sexual troubles as he navigates the complexities of college life.


title: Mrs. Fletcher

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 82% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 7.23/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Mrs. Fletcher" is an empathetic and poignant—if at times incomplete—character study that proves the perfect showcase for the luminous Kathryn Hahn." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Philip Marlowe () is a fictional character created by Raymond Chandler, who was characteristic of the hardboiled crime fiction genre. The hardboiled crime fiction genre originated in the 1920s, notably in "Black Mask" magazine, in which Dashiell Hammett's The Continental Op and Sam Spade first appeared. Marlowe first appeared under that name in "The Big Sleep", published in 1939. Chandler's early short stories, published in pulp magazines such as "Black Mask" and "Dime Detective", featured similar characters with names like "Carmady" and "John Dalmas", starting in 1933.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Some of those short stories were later combined and expanded into novels featuring Marlowe, a process Chandler called "cannibalizing", which is more commonly known in publishing as a fix-up. When the original stories were republished years later in the short-story collection "The Simple Art of Murder", Chandler did not change the names of the protagonists to Philip Marlowe. His first two stories, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot" and "Smart-Aleck Kill" (with a detective named Mallory), were never altered in print but did join the others as Marlowe cases for the television series "Philip Marlowe, Private Eye".


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Underneath the wisecracking, hard-drinking, tough private eye, Marlowe is quietly contemplative, philosophical and enjoys chess and poetry. While he is not afraid to risk physical harm, he does not dish out violence merely to settle scores. Morally upright, he is not fooled by the genre's usual "femmes fatales", such as Carmen Sternwood in "The Big Sleep". Chandler's treatment of the detective novel exhibits an effort to develop the form. His first full-length book, "The Big Sleep", was published when Chandler was 51; his last, "Playback" was published when he was 70. He created seven novels in the last two decades of his life. An eighth, "Poodle Springs", was completed posthumously by Robert B. Parker and published years later.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Explaining the origin of Marlowe's character, Chandler commented, "Marlowe just grew out of the pulps. He was no one person". When creating the character, Chandler had originally intended to call him Mallory; his stories for the "Black Mask" featured characters that are considered precursors to Marlowe. The emergence of Marlowe coincided with Chandler's transition from writing short stories to novels.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Philip Marlowe is a fictional character created by Raymond Chandler in a series of novels including "The Big Sleep", "Farewell, My Lovely", and "The Long Goodbye". Chandler is not consistent as to Marlowe's age. In "The Big Sleep", set in 1936, Marlowe's age is given as 33, while in "The Long Goodbye" (set 14 years later), Marlowe is 42. In a letter to D. J. Ibberson of April 19, 1951, Chandler noted among other things that Marlowe is 38 years old and was born in Santa Rosa, California. He had a couple of years at college and some experience as an investigator for an insurance company and the district attorney's office of Los Angeles County. He was fired from the DA's office for insubordination (or as Marlowe put it, "talking back"). The DA's chief investigator, Bernie Ohls, is a friend and former colleague and a source of information for Marlowe within law enforcement.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Marlowe stands tall. He weighs about . He is described as having dark hair and a medium heavy build ("Farewell, My Lovely"); dark brown hair with some grey and brown eyes ("The Long Good-bye"). Marlowe first lived at the Hobart Arms, on Franklin Avenue near North Kenmore Avenue (in "The Big Sleep") but then moved to the Bristol Hotel, where he stayed for about 10 years. By 1950 (in "The Long Good-bye") he has rented a house on Yucca Avenue in Laurel Canyon and continued at the same place in early 1952 in "Playback", Chandler's last full-length Marlowe novel.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: His office, originally on the seventh floor of an unnamed building in 1936, is at #615 on the sixth floor of the Cahuenga Building by March–April 1939 (the date of "Farewell, My Lovely"), which is on Hollywood Boulevard near Ivar. North Ivar Avenue is between North Cahuenga Boulevard to the west and Vine Street to the east. The office telephone number is GLenview 7537. Marlowe's office is modest and he does not have a secretary (unlike Sam Spade). He generally refuses to take divorce cases.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: He drinks whiskey or brandy frequently and in relatively large quantities. For example, in "The High Window", he gets out a bottle of Four Roses and pours glasses for him, Det. Lt. Breeze and Spangler. At other times, he is drinking Old Forester, a Kentucky bourbon, "I hung up and fed myself a slug of Old Forester to brace my nerves for the interview. As I was inhaling it I heard her steps tripping along the corridor". ("The Little Sister") However, in "Playback" he orders a double Gibson at a bar while tailing Betty Mayfield. Also, in "The Long Good-bye", Terry Lennox and he drink Gimlets; in the same novel he also orders a whiskey sour and drinks Cordon Rouge champagne with Linda Loring.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Marlowe is adept at using liquor to loosen peoples' tongues. An example is in "The High Window", when Marlowe finally persuades the detective-lieutenant, whose "solid old face was lined and grey with fatigue", to take a drink "Breeze looked at me very steadily. Then he sighed. Then he picked the glass up and tasted it and sighed again and shook his head sideways with a half smile; the way a man does when you give him a drink and he needs it very badly and it is just right and the first swallow is like a peek into a cleaner, sunnier, brighter world".


title: Philip Marlowe

text: He frequently drinks coffee. Eschewing the use of filters (see "Farewell, My Lovely"), he uses a vacuum coffee maker (see "The Long Good-bye", chapter 5). He smokes and prefers Camel cigarettes. At home, he sometimes smokes a pipe. A chess adept, he almost exclusively plays against himself or plays games from books.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Typical of classic private eyes, Marlowe is the eternal bachelor in the novels but in the opening paragraphs of "Poodle Springs" he has just married Linda Loring, the divorced daughter of press tycoon Harlan Potter. He knows her from "The Long Good-bye", where they spent one night together and from "Playback", where she, after one and a half years, surprisingly called him from Paris and proposed to him ("I'm asking you to marry me.").


title: Philip Marlowe

text: Marlowe has appeared on stage at least twice. An adaptation of "The Little Sister" in 1978 in Chicago starred Mike Genovese as Marlowe. In 1982, Richard Maher and Roger Michell wrote "Private Dick," in which Chandler has lost the manuscript for a novel, and calls in Marlowe to help find it. The production played in London, with Robert Powell as Marlowe.


title: Philip Marlowe

text: In 2018 an unauthorized original Philip Marlowe audio fiction, "A Man Named Marlowe" was produced by The WallBreakers. Set in 1935, the story predates "The Big Sleep" and tells of a Marlowe run-in with two supposedly dead gunmen from the old west: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.


title: Masonic lodge

text: A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. It is also commonly used as a term for a building in which such a unit meets. Every new lodge must be warranted or chartered by a Grand Lodge, but is subject to its direction only in enforcing the published constitution of the jurisdiction. By exception the three surviving lodges that formed the world's first known grand lodge in London (now merged into the United Grand Lodge of England) have the unique privilege to operate as "time immemorial", i.e., without such warrant; only one other lodge operates without a warrant – the Grand Stewards' Lodge in London, although it is not also entitled to the "time immemorial" title. A Freemason is generally entitled to visit any lodge in any jurisdiction (i.e., under any Grand Lodge) in amity with his own. In some jurisdictions this privilege is restricted to Master Masons (that is, Freemasons who have attained the Order's third degree). He is first usually required to check, and certify, the regularity of the relationship of the Lodge – and be able to satisfy that Lodge of his regularity of membership. Freemasons gather together as a Lodge to work the three basic Degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason.


title: Masonic lodge

text: Technically, Freemasons meet "as" a lodge, not "in" a lodge. In this context, the word "lodge" refers to a local chapter of Freemasons, meeting as a body. However, the term is often misused to refer to the buildings or rooms that Masons meet in. Masonic premises are also sometimes referred to as "temples" ("of Philosophy and the Arts"). In many countries "Masonic centre" or "Masonic hall" has now replaced these terms to avoid arousing prejudice and suspicion. Several different lodges, or other Masonic organizations, often use the same premises at different times.


title: Masonic lodge

text: "s", "craft lodges" or "ancient craft lodges" refer to the lodges that work the first three Masonic degrees, rather than the appendant Masonic orders such as York Rite and Scottish Rite. The term "craft lodge" is used in Great Britain. The "blue lodge" is said to refer to the traditional colour of regalia in lodges derived from English or Irish Freemasonry. Although the term was originally frowned upon, it has gained widespread and mainstream usage in America in recent times.


title: Masonic lodge

text: "Research lodges" have the purpose of furthering Masonic scholarship. Quatuor Coronati Lodge, in London, is an example of a research lodge; it has a strictly limited membership and receives visitors and papers from all over the world. Many jurisdictions have well-established research lodges, which usually meet less frequently than blue lodges and do not confer degrees.


title: Masonic lodge

text: In Great Britain, a lodge of instruction may be associated with a Lodge, but is not constituted separately. The lodge of instruction provides the officers and those who wish to become officers an opportunity to rehearse ritual under the guidance of an experienced brother; there may also be lectures around the ritual and the symbolism in the lodge within a Lodge of Instruction, in order to develop the knowledge and understanding of the membership.


title: Masonic lodge

text: In some jurisdictions in the United States, the lodge of instruction serves as a warranted lodge for candidate instruction in other aspects of Freemasonry besides ritual rehearsal, as well as hosting a speaker on topics both Masonic and non-Masonic.


title: Masonic lodge

text: In Great Britain, the term mother lodge is used to identify the particular Lodge where the individual was first "made a Mason" (i.e. received his Entered Apprentice degree). 'Mother lodge' may also refer to a lodge that sponsors the creation of a new lodge, the " daughter lodge", to be warranted under the jurisdiction of the same grand lodge; specific procedures pertaining to this vary throughout history and in different jurisdictions. Lodge Mother Kilwinning No 0 in the Grand Lodge of Scotland is known as the Mother Lodge of Scotland, having been referred to in the Schaw Statutes of 1598 and 1599, and having itself warranted other lodges at a time when it did not subscribe to a grand lodge.


title: Masonic lodge

text: The 21st century has seen the rise of internet virtual lodges that meet online rather than in person. Examples are the Internet Lodge No. 9659, Lodge Ireland, and Castle Island Virtual Lodge No. 190. The ability to hold remote lodge meetings allows those who are distant to continue to attend, whether they are military servicemen serving overseas or they inhabit a sparsely populated region.


title: Masonic lodge

text: Lodges are governed by national, state or provincial authorities, usually called Grand Lodges or Grand Orients, whose published constitutions define the structure of freemasonry under their authority, and which appoint Grand Officers from their senior masons. Provincial Grand Lodges (which in England generally correspond to historic counties) exercise an intermediate authority, and also appoint Provincial Grand Officers.


title: Masonic lodge

text: Different grand lodges and their regions show subtleties of tradition and variation in the degrees and practice; for example under the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the Mark Degree (which is unrecognised by the United Grand Lodge of England, but has a separate Mark Grand Lodge) is integrated into "The Craft" as a completion of the second degree. In any case, Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their member Lodges, and where there is no prescribed ritual Lodges may thus have considerable freedom of practice. Despite these minor differences, fraternal relations exist between Lodges of corresponding degrees under different Grand Lodges.


title: Masonic lodge

text: Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason (in a lodge following Anglo-American style), a candidate must:


title: Masonic lodge

text: After a Lodge elects or approves a candidate in accordance with the requirements of its Grand Lodge, it will decide whether to give the candidate each degree in order. Generally speaking those who have only received the Entered Apprentice degree are considered Freemasons, but hold limited privileges until they attain the Master Mason degree; under UGLE only a Master Mason will receive a Grand Lodge certificate, which may be demanded by any other Lodge he wishes to visit.


title: Masonic lodge

text: A Master Mason is considered a full lifetime member of the Lodge where he received his degrees. He can demit (resign) if he so desires but only if he is in good standing and his dues paid. A Mason might demit for personal reasons or to join another Lodge in those jurisdictions where multiple membership is not permitted. After demitting, he continues to be regarded as a Mason in absentia and may rejoin through a new application, but he and his family have no rights, privileges or claims on Freemasonry. Some sources (Mackey) claim that leaving the lodge does not exempt him from his obligations nor the wholesome control of the Order over his moral conduct. A Mason may be expelled from his Lodge and Freemasonry in general if convicted of particularly serious violations of Civil or Masonic law. Expulsion from all of Freemasonry can only occur from a Grand Lodge while lesser chapters can expel members from their specific lodges.


title: Masonic lodge

text: A Master Mason "in good standing" (i.e. whose dues are current and who is not subject to Masonic investigation or discipline) may join another regular Lodge; he need not take his degrees again, but may be expected to serve the new Lodge in office.


title: Masonic lodge

text: If a Master Mason is dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues, under most circumstances he may be immediately reinstated in good standing simply by paying his current dues as well as any back dues owed, although in many jurisdictions there is a requirement to ballot for re-admission.


title: Masonic lodge

text: Many Grand Lodges permit Master Masons to be "plural affiliates," or members of more than one Lodge simultaneously. In some jurisdictions plural affiliates are prohibited from serving as an elected officer of more than one Lodge at any given time.


title: Masonic lodge

text: These rules are different for Freemasons of the Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft Degrees. In some Grand Lodges an Entered Apprentice or Fellowcraft may not receive a demit, but may join another Lodge with the intent of earning the Master Mason Degree with the consent of his original Lodge.


title: Masonic lodge

text: The names, roles and numbers of Lodge officers vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most cases, there is an equivalent office in the Grand Lodge of the given jurisdiction, with the addition of the prefix 'Grand' to the title in question.


title: Masonic lodge

text: There are certain 'progressive' offices through which members move by a process of effective promotion, but also other more permanent offices, usually held by experienced members.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: Colette is a 2018 biographical drama film directed by Wash Westmoreland, from a screenplay by Westmoreland, Rebecca Lenkiewicz and Richard Glatzer, based upon the life of the French novelist Colette. It stars Keira Knightley, Dominic West, Eleanor Tomlinson, and Denise Gough.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018. It was released in the United States on September 21, 2018, by Bleecker Street and 30West. The film premiered in London at the BFI London Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on January 11, 2019, by Lionsgate.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette is a young woman from the rural Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye at the end of the 19th century, who begins an affair with Willy. Willy eventually brings Colette to Paris as his bride, with socialites expressing surprise a libertine like him would marry. Willy refers to himself as a "literary entrepreneur", employing a number of ghostwriters to write articles. However, he finds the limited output does not bring in enough revenue to cover his expenses, due to his expensive lifestyle entertaining socialites. He commissions one ghostwriter to work on a novel while Colette manages his correspondence. One day, Colette finds Willy with a prostitute, leading to a separation. He eventually persuades her to return, promising honesty.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: Colette also tells him of her days as a schoolgirl. With Willy increasingly unable to pay his writers, he asks Colette to write a novel based on her school stories. She completes a draft of "Claudine à l'école", which Willy rejects for lacking plot. Years later, some of Willy's furniture is repossessed, and he stumbles on the draft. He suggests revisions and the novel is submitted and published under Willy's byline. "Claudine à l'école" becomes a bestseller, particularly attracting a female readership. Faced with his first true hit, Willy tells his publisher a sequel is coming, purchases a country house, and locks Colette in a room there to force her to write. Initially objecting, Colette writes "Claudine à Paris", which becomes another bestseller.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: As Colette and Willy become an increasingly recognized couple, she attracts the notice of Georgie Raoul-Duval, a Louisiana debutante, and they begin an affair. Jealous, Willy also begins an affair with Georgie. Colette discovers this, and bases her next book, "Claudine en ménage", on the episode. Fearing scandal, Georgie's husband purchases and burns all copies of the book before sale, but does not purchase the copyright, allowing Willy to reprint and sell the book.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: The "Claudine" books enjoy continued success, including a stage adaptation, starring Polaire. Colette begins an affair with Missy, who presents as male. They begin dancing and develop an act at the Moulin Rouge that draws a morally outraged response when they kiss onstage. Willy cites the act as a financial disaster and sells all rights to the "Claudine" books for 5,000 francs without Colette's knowledge. Angered and feeling betrayed, Colette leaves Willy. Willy asks his employee Paul to burn the "Claudine" manuscripts; Paul returns them to Colette instead.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: Colette becomes recognized as a writer in her own right, beginning with "The Vagabond", published under her byline, about her music hall experience.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: It was first announced on February 1, 2016, that "Colette" would be directed by "Still Alice"s (2014) Wash Westmoreland, who co-wrote the script with his late "Still Alice" collaborator and husband Richard Glatzer. The film reunites the producing team behind "Carol", Number 9 Films and Killer Films. Bold Films financed and co-produced the film, marking the company's first foray into the UK. On the same day "Deadline" announced that Keira Knightley would star as Colette. On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Dominic West would join the cast as Colette's first husband. Chris Pratt, Josh Henderson and Sullivan Stapleton were also considered. "Deadline" announced on May 23, 2017 that Denise Gough, Fiona Shaw, Robert Pugh, and Rebecca Root had joined Knightley and West in the film. On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Eleanor Tomlinson and Aiysha Hart had joined the cast.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: It was announced by Gary Michael Walters that production would start filming in summer 2017. On May 26, 2017, the film's crew was spotted filming at Cogges Manor Farm, Witney in Oxfordshire.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: Cogges Manor Farm doubled as Collette's childhood home. Salcy Park in Northamptonshire was used as her country house. Most of the Paris scenes were not shot in Paris, but in Budapest, Hungary.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018. Shortly after, Bleecker Street, 30West and Lionsgate acquired US and UK distribution rights to the film, respectively. It was released in the United States on September 21, 2018 to "select theatres" and wide released on October 12, 2018. It was released in the United Kingdom on January 11, 2019.


title: Colette (2018 film)

text: "Colette" grossed $5.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $9.1 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $14.3 million.