title: Paycheck (film)

text: About the movie's reception, John Woo said: "I was fine with the sci-fi in "Paycheck" because there wasn't too much. I had intended to make an Alfred Hitchcock-style movie out of it, something more about suspense and thrills than guns and shooting, but unfortunately the script wasn't written that way. It didn't work well for the suspense, and it didn't come out the way I wanted it to be, not as Hitchcockian. But at least it was nice working with Ben Affleck."


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Ben Affleck won a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performance in "Paycheck" and two others: "Gigli" and "Daredevil". After asking why he did not get his trophy, he was presented the Razzie live on "Larry King Live" a week later, and promptly broke it. The broken trophy was sold on eBay for enough money to cover the hall rental for the following year's ceremonies. While hosting "Saturday Night Live", Ben Affleck joked that he would have walked out of the premiere and asked for his money back until he realized he was in the movie.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen has been divided into a number of spectral series, with wavelengths given by the Rydberg formula. These observed spectral lines are due to the electron making transitions between two energy levels in an atom. The classification of the series by the Rydberg formula was important in the development of quantum mechanics. The spectral series are important in astronomical spectroscopy for detecting the presence of hydrogen and calculating red shifts.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: A hydrogen atom consists of an electron orbiting its nucleus. The electromagnetic force between the electron and the nuclear proton leads to a set of quantum states for the electron, each with its own energy. These states were visualized by the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom as being distinct orbits around the nucleus. Each energy level, or electron shell, or orbit, is designated by an integer, as shown in the figure. The Bohr model was later replaced by quantum mechanics in which the electron occupies an atomic orbital rather than an orbit, but the allowed energy levels of the hydrogen atom remained the same as in the earlier theory.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: Spectral emission occurs when an electron transitions, or jumps, from a higher energy state to a lower energy state. To distinguish the two states, the lower energy state is commonly designated as , and the higher energy state is designated as . The energy of an emitted photon corresponds to the energy difference between the two states. Because the energy of each state is fixed, the energy difference between them is fixed, and the transition will always produce a photon with the same energy.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: The spectral lines are grouped into series according to . Lines are named sequentially starting from the longest wavelength/lowest frequency of the series, using Greek letters within each series. For example, the line is called "Lyman-alpha" (Ly-α), while the line is called "Paschen-delta” (Pa-δ).


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: There are emission lines from hydrogen that fall outside of these series, such as the 21 cm line. These emission lines correspond to much rarer atomic events such as hyperfine transitions. The fine structure also results in single spectral lines appearing as two or more closely grouped thinner lines, due to relativistic corrections.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: In quantum mechanical theory, the discrete spectrum of atomic emission was based on the Schrödinger equation, which is mainly devoted to the study of energy spectra of hydrogenlike atoms, whereas the time-dependent equivalent Heisenberg equation is convenient when studying an atom driven by an external electromagnetic wave.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: In the processes of absorption or emission of photons by an atom, the conservation laws hold for the whole isolated system, such as an atom plus a photon. Therefore the motion of the electron in the process of photon absorption or emission is always accompanied by motion of the nucleus, and, because the mass of the nucleus is always finite, the energy spectra of hydrogen-like atoms must depend on the nuclear mass.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: The energy differences between levels in the Bohr model, and hence the wavelengths of emitted or absorbed photons, is given by the Rydberg formula:


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: The wavelength will always be positive because is defined as the lower level and so is less than . This equation is valid for all hydrogen-like species, i.e. atoms having only a single electron, and the particular case of hydrogen spectral lines is given by Z=1.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: In the Bohr model, the Lyman series includes the lines emitted by transitions of the electron from an outer orbit of quantum number n > 1 to the 1st orbit of quantum number n' = 1.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: The series is named after its discoverer, Theodore Lyman, who discovered the spectral lines from 1906–1914. All the wavelengths in the Lyman series are in the ultraviolet band.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: The Balmer series includes the lines due to transitions from an outer orbit n > 2 to the orbit n' = 2.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: Named after Johann Balmer, who discovered the Balmer formula, an empirical equation to predict the Balmer series, in 1885. Balmer lines are historically referred to as "H-alpha", "H-beta", "H-gamma" and so on, where H is the element hydrogen. Four of the Balmer lines are in the technically "visible" part of the spectrum, with wavelengths longer than 400 nm and shorter than 700 nm. Parts of the Balmer series can be seen in the solar spectrum. H-alpha is an important line used in astronomy to detect the presence of hydrogen.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: Named after the German physicist Friedrich Paschen who first observed them in 1908. The Paschen lines all lie in the infrared band. This series overlaps with the next (Brackett) series, i.e. the shortest line in the Brackett series has a wavelength that falls among the Paschen series. All subsequent series overlap.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: Named after the American physicist Frederick Sumner Brackett who first observed the spectral lines in 1922. The spectral lines of Brackett series lie in far infrared band.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: Further series are unnamed, but follow the same pattern and equation as dictated by the Rydberg equation. Series are increasingly spread out and occur at increasing wavelengths. The lines are also increasingly faint, corresponding to increasingly rare atomic events. The seventh series of atomic hydrogen was first demonstrated experimentally at infrared wavelengths in 1972 by Peter Hansen and John Strong at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: The concepts of the Rydberg formula can be applied to any system with a single particle orbiting a nucleus, for example a He ion or a muonium exotic atom. The equation must be modified based on the system's Bohr radius; emissions will be of a similar character but at a different range of energies. The Pickering–Fowler series was originally attributed to an unknown form of hydrogen with half-integer transition levels by both Pickering and Fowler, but Bohr correctly recognised them as spectral lines arising from the He nucleus.


title: Hydrogen spectral series

text: All other atoms have at least two electrons in their neutral form and the interactions between these electrons makes analysis of the spectrum by such simple methods as described here impractical. The deduction of the Rydberg formula was a major step in physics, but it was long before an extension to the spectra of other elements could be accomplished.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Bruce Prichard (born March 7, 1963) is an American professional wrestling executive, booker, and producer and a former manager, commentator, and occasional professional wrestler. In addition to his corporate roles with WWE, Prichard has also appeared as an on-screen character under the ring name Brother Love. As Brother Love, Prichard was the original manager of The Undertaker, and hosted a talk show segment, "The Brother Love Show".


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Prichard has also previously worked for Houston Wrestling, the Global Wrestling Federation, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, and Major League Wrestling. Since 2016, Prichard has co-hosted the "Something to Wrestle with Bruce Prichard" podcast with Conrad Thompson.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Prichard began his career in 1973 working for Paul Boesch's Houston Wrestling promotion out of Houston, Texas. At 10 years old, he sold posters at the Sam Houston Coliseum with great success. At 12, he worked as assistant director of television. At 14, he acted as a ring announcer. Due to Boesch's working relationship with Bill Watts' Universal Wrestling Federation in the 1980s, Prichard would also act as ring announcer for some UWF shows. As Houston Wrestling became defunct in 1987, Prichard was hired by the World Wrestling Federation.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: After entering the World Wrestling Federation in 1987 shortly after WrestleMania III, he first occasionally worked as an announcer for the WWF's television programs alongside Mike McGuirk and "The Duke of Dorchester" Pete Doherty and occasionally Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, before creating the Brother Love character.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: In June 1988, Prichard debuted as "Brother Love", a red-faced, smarmy, dishonest, effusive and boisterous "preacher" character, dressed in a conspicuous white suit, tight red shirt and white tie, who claimed to preach not the word of God, but "the word of "love"." He was best known for his disingenuous catchphrase ""I love you"!", during which he would enunciate each word with exaggerated prolongations in a thick Southern accent. The character was inspired by controversial televangelists of the time, with Prichard specifically citing Robert Tilton as his most direct inspiration. However, shortly after the character debuted, similarities were also noted between Brother Love and controversial pastor Jimmy Swaggart's style of preaching. Though Prichard has credited Tilton as the main inspiration for the Brother Love character, he has also credited Swaggart, Jim Bakker and even Oral Roberts as inspirations for the character as well. months before Brother Love debuted, Swaggart and Bakker were involved in controversial scandals which tarnished their public images and resulted in networks cancelling their television shows. Introduced to the WWF by Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, Love hosted a segment on the World Wrestling Federation's syndicated and cable television programs called ""The Brother Love Show"", in which he would interview wrestlers. The segment debuted on the June 19, 1988 airing of "Wrestling Challenge", and would be "promoted" to the WWF's "A-show," "Superstars of Wrestling", first appearing on the October 8, 1988 edition.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: The segment was patterned largely after Piper's Pit, where Brother Love would berate face wrestlers (especially Hulk Hogan and the Ultimate Warrior) and openly support such heels as "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase and Bobby Heenan. It was explained that DiBiase was Brother Love's main "benefactor." More than once, a wrestling feud was set up because of what occurred on "The Brother Love Show" (including Hulk Hogan's feuds vs. Big Boss Man (1988–1989) and Earthquake (1990), and the Jake Roberts-Rick Martel feud from late 1990 to early 1991). The Brother Love Show was also the setting for the unveiling of Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Championship belt and Rick Martel's "Arrogance" cologne. Brother Love made his pay-per-view debut at the inaugural SummerSlam event in 1988 at Madison Square Garden when he interviewed face wrestler "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan. He later featured prominently in WrestleMania V in 1989 where Rowdy Roddy Piper in his first appearance in the WWF since his 'retirement" after WrestleMania III, "de-skirted" Brother Love of his "kilt" after taking over "Piper's Pit". A year later, Sgt. Slaughter bestowed a medal upon Brother Love during SummerSlam for being the "greatest American."


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Occasionally, Brother Love provided color commentary for the WWF's televised events; unlike during his early WWF run under his real name and using his natural voice (as Prichard), where he was pro-face, Brother Love was pro heel. His most famous assignment was alongside Sean Mooney for the WWF's televised event at Madison Square Garden on January 21, 1991, where he was roughed up by the Ultimate Warrior on his way to the ring to face "Macho Man" Randy Savage in a steel cage just two days after Savage had caused the Warrior to lose the WWF World Heavyweight Championship to Sgt. Slaughter at the Royal Rumble. In a 2016 podcast with Stone Cold Steve Austin, Prichard recalled that he had long been a fan of evangelist preachers, more for their theatrics than their religion. When Prichard first pitched the idea of Brother Love to WWF owner Vince McMahon, Vince generally liked the idea but did not believe that Prichard "had the face" for the role. Determined to get himself into the role that he had created, Prichard, dressed as Brother Love (minus the red face paint he would appear on television with), invaded a meeting at the WWF's headquarters between McMahon, the head of WWF International and the WWF's chief financial officer.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: While there, he gave an impromptu two minute sermon before quickly departing. When he arrived back at his office at the WWF's television studios five minutes later, he discovered that he had two missed calls from McMahon who he was relieved to find had liked what he had seen. However, Vince wanted to see how it worked on camera. Thus, the Brother Love character became a reality. Prichard also told that the bright red face make up was unknown to him the first time he appeared on television as Brother Love. As it was a television taping, Prichard thought it was just normal make up being applied and he did not look in the mirror, not knowing that Vince McMahon had ordered that he be given the red face.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: On November 19, 1990, Brother Love began managing The Undertaker (who at the time was known as "Kane the Undertaker," the add-on of "Kane" inspired by Prichard). The November 19 appearance was The Undertaker's debut into the company and later used as an episode of "WWF Superstars of Wrestling", which did not air on television until after his on-screen debut at the 1990 Survivor Series. On November 20, The Undertaker had another off-air match that would later air as part of an episode of "WWF Wrestling Challenge", also aired on television after his appearance live at the Survivor Series. At the Survivor Series, The Undertaker performed in a Survivor Series-style elimination tag match on a team led by Ted DiBiase against a team led by Dusty Rhodes. It was at this event that DiBiase would reveal his mystery partner as The Undertaker. This was the first time Brother Love appeared on television as The Undertaker's manager. Brother Love continued to manage The Undertaker until January 28, 1991 (shown on TV in February) when he sold his contract to Paul Bearer.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: The character of Brother Love was controversial by its design and nature, since it was introduced around the time of the late 1980s scandals involving televangelists including Jim Bakker and Jimmy Swaggart. In its antics bearing it was an artistic hyperbole and apparently played off of aforementioned figures. As such several of the segments on the "Brother Love Show" that was featured on WWF TV program were explicitly offensive and exploitative and bordered on the lines of bad taste. One such particular segment involved Brother Love playing the part of a charlatan "faith healer", where he induced an actor, pretending to be blind and crippled, to "see" and "walk" on command.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Prichard was released from the WWF in May 1991, shortly after the "I Can See!" segment aired. He was "offed" i.e., the on-screen demise of Brother Love was brought about when The Ultimate Warrior attacked him and beat him nearly unconscious, breaking his ribs, and destroyed The Brother Love Show set, slamming the lectern, tearing the curtains and knocking down a light.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Prichard's release, however, was actually due to personal and private issues that he had at the time and not because of the "I Can See" segment and he would eventually be re-hired and return to the WWF the following year (August 1992), albeit in a different capacity not reprising the Brother Love role.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: After his release from the WWF, Prichard moved home to Texas where he eventually joined the Dallas-based Global Wrestling Federation, where he worked as a manager and ringside interviewer between 1991 and 1992, using his real name. He began as a babyface color commentator, but eventually turned heel right in the middle of calling an ESPN televised match with GWF play-by-play announcer Craig Johnson. He managed Barry Horowitz in the GWF, and gave him the nickname "The Winner." Horowitz and Prichard feuded with GWF Light Heavyweight champion Chaz Taylor. Prichard said mockingly of Taylor, "He may be a lightweight but he's no champion!" After failing to win the title from Taylor, both Horowitz and Prichard left the GWF.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Prichard returned to the WWF in August 1992 and portrayed two short-lived characters. He first appeared as "The Wizard", a heel color commentator on "All-American Wrestling" (who never appeared on camera during the character's brief run), and then as "Reo Rodgers", a satire on Dusty Rhodes. Rodgers did commentary from time to time in his short stint, and his interview segment, "Reo's Roundup," lasted only two segments before the character was dropped. After this, he remained behind the scenes, working as Vince McMahon's "right-hand man" and also as a writer for some of WWE's shows. However, Prichard has reprised his Brother Love character on occasion. Brother Love returned to the WWF in November 1995. He hosted the Brother Love Show once again, this time on "Monday Night Raw". In what would prove to be a monumental moment in WWF history, Brother Love hosted Ted DiBiase introducing The Ringmaster into the World Wrestling Federation. The Ringmaster would eventually transform into Stone Cold Steve Austin. Brother Love then quietly disappeared from the WWF again soon after. Brother Love resurfaced once again for one night in January 1997, making a surprise appearance on the debut episode of "Shotgun Saturday Night", helping the Flying Nuns defeat The Godwinns. Love then named the team The Sisters of Love. The gimmick was quickly scrapped, with the team later finding success as The Headbangers.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Prichard (as himself) once again managed The Undertaker for a match in Michinoku Pro Wrestling (MPW) on October 10, 1997, where he defeated Jinsei Shinzaki. Through the remainder of the Attitude Era, Prichard was occasionally seen on-screen as himself, either cleaning up between matches at ringside, or as one of the people called in to break up a backstage fight. During the fall of 1998 and into early-1999, he provided colour-commentary on Shotgun Saturday Night. He was also the only backstage employee to have an interview segment on the "Raw is Owen" memorial broadcast. In 2001, Brother Love participated in the gimmick battle royal at WrestleMania X-Seven. He was eliminated by Sgt. Slaughter. On the February 6, 2003 airing of "SmackDown!", Brother Love confronted The Undertaker, then portraying a biker gimmick, in his feud against The Big Show. Brother Love pleaded with The Undertaker to forgive Big Show for his recent actions, but The Undertaker, however, wasn't pleased and gave Brother Love a chokeslam, followed up by a Tombstone Piledriver in the middle of the ring. Love later appeared in the Bar Room Brawl at Vengeance 2003, lasting all the way to the end before being knocked out by Bradshaw.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: "The Brother Love Show" made a short-term return on a couple of SmackDown! brand house shows in the summer of 2003 as a replacement for planned "Piper's Pit" segments (Roddy Piper had been released from his contract). These segments saw Love and Mr. McMahon attempt to humiliate Zach Gowen, only to get their comeuppance in the end. On December 1, 2008, Bruce Prichard was released from the WWE by Stephanie McMahon.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: It was reported on October 7, 2010, that Prichard had been hired by TNA to presumably reprise the role he had in WWE working as a backstage agent and producer. On October 6, 2011, Prichard took over the role of TNA head writer from Vince Russo. In May 2012, Prichard was promoted to Vice President of Talent Relations to replace Terry Taylor. On October 17, 2012, Prichard was promoted to Senior Vice President, Programming & Talent Relations. In this new role, Prichard oversaw talent relations, talent scouting and development as well as the creative direction of the company. In May 2013, Prichard began appearing as a judge alongside Al Snow and Taz in the monthly Gut Check segment on "TNA Impact". TNA released Prichard on July 17, 2013.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: In March 2017, it was announced that Prichard would be making his return to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Shortly after re-signing with the company, Prichard began appearing in an onscreen role for the recently renamed Impact Wrestling. Prichard left the company in August 2017. To explain Prichard's departure on screen, the story saw Jim Cornette brought in by Anthem, the parent company of Impact Wrestling, to fire him.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: On March 8, 2018, it was announced that Prichard had been hired as a senior producer by Major League Wrestling, a wrestling promotion founded by former WWE writer, Court Bauer, in 2002.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: On January 22, 2018, Prichard returned to the WWE for a one-off appearance as Brother Love on the "WWE Raw 25 Years" anniversary special. In April 2018, Prichard and podcast co-host Conrad Thompson began doing a video version of their podcast titled "Something Else to Wrestle", airing exclusively on the WWE Network. On February 23, 2019, it was reported that WWE had officially signed Prichard on to join their creative team. In March, it was reported that Prichard would be working as WWE's Senior Vice President. On October 15, 2019, it was announced that he would take over as Executive Director of "SmackDown", assuming the role from Eric Bischoff. On June 11, 2020, it was reported that after Paul Heyman had been removed from the executive director position of Raw, Prichard would lead both the Raw and Smackdown writing teams into one group as executive director of both shows. Prichard made a cameo appearance as Brother Love at the 2020 Money in the Bank pay-per-view, during the title ladder match.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: According to PWInsider.com, Prichard has been described as the most powerful person in WWE other than a McMahon family member. Creatively, everything flowed through Prichard and his word had been described as ‘very much the Gospel’ for Vince McMahon.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: In August 2016, Prichard and co-host Conrad Thompson began the internet podcast "Something to Wrestle with Bruce Prichard". Prichard and Thompson discuss a wide variety of subjects from Prichard's time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment and his time in TNA and the GWF have been topics as well. The show has spun-off into a companion video show, titled "Something Else to Wrestle with Bruce Prichard", which debuted on the WWE Network on April 18, 2018.


title: Bruce Prichard

text: Bruce Prichard is the brother of professional wrestler Tom Prichard and guitarist Chris Prichard. Bruce also has two other brothers, Jerry and Ken. Ken passed away in February 2022. He has a son, Kane, whom he named after the professional wrestler , and a daughter Amber.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Néstor Gastón Carbonell (; born December 1, 1967) is an American actor, director, and screenwriter. He came to prominence for his role as Luis Rivera in the NBC sitcom "Suddenly Susan". He is known for his roles as Richard Alpert in the ABC drama series "Lost", Sheriff Alex Romero in the A&E drama series "Bates Motel", and Yanko Flores in the Apple TV+ drama series "The Morning Show". Carbonell also starred as Mayor Anthony Garcia in Christopher Nolan's superhero films "The Dark Knight" (2008) and "The Dark Knight Rises" (2012).


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Carbonell was born in New York City to Cuban parents Néstor Tulio Carbonell Cortina and Rosa Ramírez de Arellano Cárdenas. His parents are of Spanish descent (his grandparents were of Catalan, Basque, Navarran, and Andalusian origins). Carbonell was raised a Roman Catholic.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Carbonell's father worked for PepsiCo, which required the family to live for periods of time in London, Mexico City, the Bahamas, and Caracas. His father is also active in the Cuban community, authoring the book "And The Russians Stayed: The Sovietization of Cuba". Carbonell has an older sister, Rosa Maria "Mia" Carbonell, a Senior Vice President of Corporate Communications at "Forbes". Former professional baseball player Rafael Palmeiro is his cousin. His paternal great-grandfather, José Manuel Cortina, was a noted Cuban orator and diplomat.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Carbonell was educated at The British School while living in Caracas. His family later moved back to the U.S., and he attended Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts with future "Lost" co-star Matthew Fox.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: In 1990, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from Harvard University (also the alma mater of his father and sister).


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Carbonell's first acting role was a guest starring part as Alberto Cordova in an episode of "As the World Turns". He then appeared in episodes of "Law & Order", "Melrose Place", "A Different World", "Reasonable Doubts", "Good Advice", "Brotherly Love", and "The John Larroquette Show". In 1995, he starred in a dual role, Roberto and one half of the Couple in Bar, in Stephen Sondheim and George Furth's play "Getting Away with Murder". That same year, he appeared as a main cast member on the short-lived The WB sitcom "Muscle". He subsequently portrayed the regular role of Luis Rivera on the Brooke Shields-led sitcom "Suddenly Susan" for four seasons (19962000).


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: For much of his early career, he played characters with thick Hispanic accents, and was so convincing that people thought it was how he actually sounded. One of his first obstacles in Hollywood was convincing them that in reality he didn't have an accent and that he is capable of doing broader roles. In 2000, Carbonell made his debut as a screenwriter with the comedy film "Attention Shoppers", in which he also starred as Enrique Suarez, the lead role. He has since had recurring roles on "Resurrection Blvd.", "The Tick", "Kim Possible" (as the voice of Señor Senior Jr.), "Century City", "Strong Medicine", and "Cold Case". He also guest starred on "Scrubs" (in the episode "My Moment of Un-Truth"), "House" (in the episode "Cursed"), "Monk" (in the episode "Mr. Monk Gets Married"), and "Day Break" (in the episode "What If He Can Change the Day?"). In 2006, he appeared alongside his future "Lost" co-star Matthew Fox, as assassin Pasquale Acosta, in the film "Smokin' Aces".


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Carbonell was cast as Richard Alpert on the third season of ABC's drama series "Lost". The mysteries surrounding his ageless character were heavily discussed among the fan community throughout his arc in the season. While producing the final episodes of the third season, Carbonell was cast in a starring role as Frank Duque on the CBS series "Cane". The writers of "Lost" modified their original story plan for the third season in anticipation for Carbonell's potential unavailability. Despite Carbonell's willingness to return to the ABC series, CBS president Nina Tassler ruled out another guest appearance. "Cane" was cancelled during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, freeing Carbonell from his contract with CBS. In 2008, "Lost" showrunner Carlton Cuse stated that Carbonell would reprise his role as Richard Alpert towards the end of the series' fourth season, as a result of "Cane" cancellation. Carbonell made appearances in the episodes "Cabin Fever" and "There's No Place Like Home". Cuse cited this as an unintended positive consequence of the strike. Carbonell appeared in nine episodes of the fifth season, and was upgraded to a main cast member of "Lost" for its sixth and final season.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: In 2008, he landed the role of Mayor Anthony Garcia in Christopher Nolan's "The Dark Knight". His wife, Shannon Kenny, was previously involved in a Batman project, voicing the character Inque in the "Batman Beyond" television series. In 2010, Carbonell joined the series "Psych" for two episodes playing Declan Rand, a criminal profiler. In 2011, Carbonell starred in the CW series "Ringer" as FBI agent Victor Machado. Also in 2011, he was announced to guest star in FX comedy series "Wilfred", a role which later turned into a recurring one. The following year, Carbonell briefly appeared in "The Dark Knight Rises", reprising his role as Mayor Anthony Garcia in the final installment of Christopher Nolan's "Dark Knight" trilogy.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: From 2013 to the series' ending in 2017, he portrayed Sheriff Alex Romero in the A&E "Psycho" prequel series "Bates Motel", opposite Vera Farmiga and Freddie Highmore. In the first season, he starred in a recurring capacity, but was upgraded to a main cast member starting with the second season. Carbonell also directed three episodes of the series. In 2014, he guest starred on the CBS drama series "Person of Interest" in the episode "Most Likely to...", and on the CBS political drama series "The Good Wife" in the episode "The Deep Web". That same year, he began recurring as Raymond Navaro in NBC's espionage thriller series "State of Affairs". In 2017, Carbonell directed the episode "Apple" of the ABC drama series "The Good Doctor", starring his "Bates Motel" co-star Highmore.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Carbonell has been married to Australian actress Shannon Kenny since January 3, 2001. They met while working together on the 1995 television series "Muscle" and went on to co-star in the 2000 film "Attention Shoppers", which Carbonell wrote. The couple have two sons, Rafael (born 2002) and Marco (born 2005). He is a practising Roman Catholic.


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: Carbonell's dark eyelashes have been a staple topic of discussion in interviews, and both Carbonell and the producers of "Lost" made it clear they are not enhanced by any form of makeup. A short skit during the "Lost" panel at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International featured Carbonell allegedly applying eyeliner before throwing a Christian Bale-esque rant upon receiving the wrong color makeup from an assistant. In a season 5 episode of "Lost", James "Sawyer" Ford refers to Carbonell's character as "your buddy out there with the eyeliner." In addition, in the "Psych" episode "Shawn 2.0", Shawn Spencer makes a comment about him having "impossibly dark eyelashes."


title: Néstor Carbonell

text: He is fluent in Spanish, a skill he put to use in the sixth-season episode of "Lost", "Ab Aeterno", in which numerous scenes contain dialogue mostly or solely in Spanish. He also starred in a Spanish-language Heineken commercial.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)" is an electronic dance novelty song and viral video by Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis. The top trending video of 2013 on YouTube, "The Fox" was posted on the platform on 3 September 2013, and has received over 1 billion views as of November 2022. "The Fox" peaked at the top of the Norwegian Singles Chart and was hugely successful in the United States, where it peaked at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks, and was, before the U.S. release of "Am I Wrong" by Nico & Vinz, the highest-ranked song by a Norwegian artist on the chart since A-ha's number-one song "Take On Me" in 1985.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Originally an "anti-hit" produced as a part of the duo's new season of Norwegian television talk show "I kveld med YLVIS" ("Tonight with Ylvis") and uploaded on YouTube as a teaser, "The Fox", "created to fail", went viral, becoming Ylvis' "breakout" song and drawing international attention to the group. In 2013, Ylvis stated there were no plans to release an album including the song or any sequel to it.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The brothers Vegard and Bård Ylvisåker, members of the Norwegian comedy group Ylvis, produced the song and music video "The Fox" to promote their upcoming third season of "I kveld med Ylvis" on TVNorge. In an interview with Norwegian newspaper "Aftenposten", the brothers stated that the idea of a song about a fox was originally conceived in 2012, but then shelved. Half a year later, in 2013, Bård and lyricist Christian Løchstøer began to play with the idea once again. Vegard was initially skeptical about making a song about a fox, but soon relented. In an interview on the Norwegian-Swedish talk show "Skavlan", the brothers mentioned that given the opportunity to collaborate with Stargate, they originally wanted to make a dance song about men who cannot dance or dread dancing and named it "The Dancing Stick", but felt that the idea was "too clever", and that they would appear to be trying to make a hit. The idea was therefore scrapped and "The Fox" got produced instead.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Bård described the writing process for "The Fox" in an interview with "Billboard" in the United States: "The way we work is we just sit around and talk about things and get ideas and take some notes. I guess we must have been talking about what sound a fox makes. And then we had a chance to work with Stargate, a Norwegian production company based in New York City... We actually did a favor for them and we asked them if they could produce a song for the new season in exchange". Tor Erik Hermansen of Stargate recalled in an interview with "Spin" that the favor was actually a mockumentary done by the Ylvisåker brothers to celebrate Mikkel Storleer Eriksen's 40th birthday, in which they pretended to be the Stargate duo. Australian producer M4SONIC was also involved in the production.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The video was released on 3 September 2013. It is performed in the style of a typical electronic dance pop song, and the lyrics are sung "with deadpan seriousness". The video was originally created to promote the brand-new season of Ylvis' talk show "I kveld med Ylvis" on TVNorge but after being released on the TVNorge YouTube channel went viral. The video was directed by Ole Martin Hafsmo with cinematography by Magnus Flåto. The choreography was done by Thea Bay. The video is produced by Fredrik Kvåle Dørum and Jørgen Thue (Concorde TV). The forest scenes were filmed in Nittedal municipality, from Oslo downtown.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The video begins with Bård singing at a costume party where other participants are dressed as different animals, whose appearances follow the progression of the lyrics. He gives a summary of animal sounds ("Dog goes woof/cat goes meow", etc.) that "could have been lifted straight from a preschool primer" and asks "what does the fox say?" The group then transitions into a synchronized dance scene in a forest with Bård in a bear costume and Vegard a squirrel costume (as they failed to find any fox costume in the Norwegian Film Institute the day before filming to make up for their melted spray-painted plastic costumes), complete with face-paint and giant, bushy tails.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: During each chorus, the song offers several increasingly absurd possibilities for the fox's sound such as "gering-ding-ding-ding-dingeringeding!" and in the second chorus where Vegard sings "fraka-kaka-kaka-kaka-kow!" Among the dancers, an elderly man (Bernhard Ramstad) is shown reading the lyrics from a book to a boy sitting on his lap. The song then describes the fox and the singer's admiration for it, and asks whether it would communicate with a horse using morse code. In the end, the singers float in the air, continuing to wonder what sound the fox makes, while failing to notice a computer-animated fox behind them, which stands on its hind legs and scat sings (voiced by Vegard), answering their question. Bård finishes the song with a melancholy falsetto and the fox leaves without being seen.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: With the chord progression of C♯m—B—F♯, the song is written in the key of C♯ dorian, with lead vocal range spanning from C♯3 to F♯5.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: In Norway, homeland of Ylvis, "The Fox" became the duo's first entry on the VG-lista and eventually topped the chart for four consecutive weeks from 20 September to 17 October 2013. In the U.S., "The Fox" debuted on 12 September 2013 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 29, and at number 3 on the Streaming Songs chart. It later reached the top spot on the Streaming Songs chart for the weeks ending 19 October and 2 November. The song in the following week also broke into the Hot Digital Songs top 10 at number 8 with 108,000 downloads during the week and debuted on the On-Demand Songs chart, when it sat in the top 10 of Hot 100 for the third week. The song had sold 1,367,000 copies in the US as of June 2014.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The music video's viral success and catchiness has also drawn comparison to that of PSY's "Gangnam Style". It took only 35 days to hit 100 million views, compared to 51 days by "Gangnam Style" to reach the mark. In the annual year-end lists of "Top 10 Everything" compiled by "Time" magazine, "The Fox" was ranked number two on the "Top 10 Viral Videos" of 2013 for being "one of the catchiest songs of the year", only after "Gentleman", PSY's follow-up to "Gangnam Style".


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Ylvis were surprised by the international success of the song, intending only to target their Norwegian audience. Vegard described the success of the song as "definitely very shocking", while Bård said he was "quite surprised" and that it was "supposed to entertain a few Norwegians for three minutes — and that's all". Three months after the release of "The Fox", he further commented that "[their] lives will forever be defined as before and after the song now". The duo were signed on by Warner Music: Vegard has stated that the "record deal was landed way before 'Fox' — in the spring sometime".


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Ylvis' first live performance of "The Fox" in the United States was on 20 September 2013 at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas. They also appeared on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on 20 September, "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" on 9 October and "The Today Show" on 11 October.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: After their appearance at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in Amsterdam on 10 November, they gave their first performance in the United Kingdom on the annual fundraising telethon "Children in Need" on 15 November and later "The Paul O'Grady Show" on 18 November. On 22 November, joined by K-pop and Western stars including Stevie Wonder, Icona Pop and Paris Hilton, the brothers participated in the biggest music festival in Asia, the Mnet Asian Music Awards ("MAMA") at Hong Kong AsiaWorld-Expo, in which they performed "The Fox", danced in a collaboration with South Korean girl group Crayon Pop to their song "Bar Bar Bar", and accepted the award for "International Favorite Artist".


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The duo later returned to North America to perform the viral hit in the season finale of "Dancing with the Stars" on 26 November, 2013 "Much Presents: The Big Jingle" organized by MuchMusic on 7 December in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and on "Live! with Kelly and Michael" on 12 December 2013.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The song was later performed live during concerts given in 2014–2015 in Norway and Sweden as a part of duo's The Expensive Jacket Tour.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Amidst the song's rising popularity in Japan after the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters used it as an in-between innings song, it was announced that a special game would be held on the 19th of September in 2022, dubbed "Fox Dance Day", against the Chiba Lotte Marines, where the duo would travel to Japan and perform the song before the game live, alongside cheerleading squad Fighters Girl, and mascots Frep the Fox and Polly Polaris.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The brothers signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to publish a children's book illustrated by Svein Nyhus based on the song which was released on 10 December 2013, called "The Fox". The brothers said that the book is not a spin-off because the idea was conceived before the song had become viral.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The children's book was an instant success, being the bestselling children's picture book for the week ending 29 December 2013 according to "The New York Times Book Review", and coming in twenty-third on "USA Today"s list of best-selling books for the week of 19 December 2013. The book was sold-out in a day on Amazon, and broke the record in children's publishing for selling more than 60,000 units in-store within one week, pushing for a sixth reprinting with 300,000 copies in print a week after its initial release.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Tris McCall of "The Star-Ledger" describes "The Fox" as "a parody of the excesses and absurdities of contemporary club music": the brothers "take turns singing preposterous lyrics about animal noises" over "typically vainglorious synthpop", with the proposed fox sounds "mimic[king] the car-alarm synthesizers of contemporary dubstep". He compares it to Ylvis' "Someone Like Me" which mocked the insertion of dubstep breaks into pop songs. Danielle Seamon of "The Lantern" acknowledges that while some may be "extremely perplexed by the attention stupidity and bizarreness collects in 2013" displayed by the song, it is in fact "meant to be a funny and almost satirical to pop music", and Ylvis has "pushed everybody's buttons by breaking and manipulating every rule of a Top 40 pop song". Evan Sawdey of PopMatters, who names "The Fox" one of the best songs of the year, calls it "a concept that's so stupid it's smart" by bending "the very fabric of pop culture in such a memorable, ridiculous way" with simple lines of "utter comic brilliance".


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Caitlin Carter of online music site "Music Times" echoes the comments above, adding that "The Fox" becoming the first song to get serious recognition "makes [the staff at Music Times] wonder", as the duo's other songs and videos prior to the release of "The Fox" "are just about as random and melodramatic", such as "from contemplating the meaning of Stonehenge" ('Stonehenge'), to scientifically examining the inner-workings of the female reproductive organ ('Work It'), to honoring a United Nations Human Rights hero ('Jan Egeland')." Jonathan Ore of CBC News, although calling "The Fox" a "catchy tune [...] paired with the most absurd lyrics this side of the theme song to "DuckTales"", also gives the comedy duo credit for "the arguably better" "Stonehenge".


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Both brothers have commented on the "absurdity" of "The Fox". Bård called the song "a stupid thing" and that "even though people find it interesting, it's still a stupid fox song, and when people start to get over this, it gets even worse, because it is so stupid". In response to the negative feedback of the song, Vegard has made the following remark:


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Speaking of the meaning of the song, Vegard characterizes it as coming from "a genuine wonder of what the fox says, because we didn't know". Although interpreted by some commentators as a reference to the furry fandom, the brothers have stated they did not know about its existence when producing "The Fox".


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Like many viral music videos, "The Fox" has become an Internet meme and has been extensively covered and adapted by others, with some of the most prominent being a cover by The Ohio University Marching 110 who had previously covered "Gangnam Style" and LMFAO's "Party Rock Anthem"; a cover by Tay Zonday of "Chocolate Rain"; an acoustic guitar cover of the first verse by Tyler Ward; an adaptation based on the popular video game "League of Legends" entitled "What Does Teemo Say?"; and an adaptation by Annoying Orange entitled "The Sock". The video was also featured twice by the Fine Brothers on their popular series "Elders React" and "Teens React", which show reactions of elderly people and teens to YouTube videos, respectively. A video showing actor Morgan Freeman reading the lyrics of "The Fox" aloud when being interviewed by online TV/movies review site "Screen Junkies" has also garnered media attention and millions of YouTube views. During an interview with 4Music, in response to the many parodies inspired by their song, the Ylvisåker brothers themselves have reviewed some of the more popular ones. The song has also been featured substantially in "YouTube Rewind: What Does 2013 Say?", a homage paid by YouTube to the year's top videos.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The song has been featured multiple times on television. It was used in an advertisement for the Fox Network featuring clips of FOX programs and actors singing the song. On 28 October, four contestants on the seventeenth season of "Dancing with the Stars" performed the song for the "Team Dance" week under the team name "Foxing Awesome", scoring a perfect 30. NBC's "Saturday Night Live" cast-member Jay Pharoah and host Kerry Washington appeared in a parody video of the song titled "My Girl" on 2 November 2013, featuring a boyfriend who got caught by his girlfriend for sexting with other girls. The song has also been performed by the "Glee" cast in the episode "Puppet Master" aired on Thanksgiving Day (28 November 2013).


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Due to the popularity of the song, TMZ reported on 18 October 2013 that two weeks away from Halloween, the sales of fox costumes had already risen by almost 40% at one costume outlet from 2012, according to the data from Spirit Halloween, BuyCostumes and Amazon. The song has also been synchronized with a "singing Halloween house" by the neighborhood in Edwards Landing, Leesburg, Virginia, who every Halloween creates an LED light show with a hit song.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: This song was also parodied by 442oons to celebrate Leicester City's title win in a song "What do the Foxes Say?" on YouTube.


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: This song was covered by comedian Brian Posehn with Corey Taylor from Slipknot and Stone Sour, and Michael Starr from Steel Panther on his 2020 album "Grandpa Metal".


title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: The song is currently used as a between innings dance for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters Japanese baseball team, which according to The Japan Times, "has the internet asking again, 'What does the fox say?'" One video on their official YouTube channel featuring mascot and Fighters infielder Kenshi Sugiya is currently their 3rd most viewed video, with over 3.1 million views. It became so popular that it inspired a TikTok trend, and also made NPB streaming service Pacific League TV upload videos of opposing team's players, mascots, and managers dancing along to the song.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Anneliese Louise van der Pol (born September 23, 1984) is a Dutch-born American actress and singer. She is known for her theatre work, and for starring as Chelsea Daniels on the Disney Channel series "That's So Raven" (2003–2007) and its spin-off "Raven's Home" (2017–2021, 2023). Her films include the musical comedy film "Bratz" (2007), the spoof film "Vampires Suck" (2010), and the international-production "5 Weddings" (2017). Van der Pol has recorded several songs for The Walt Disney Company, including "Over It" for the "Stuck in the Suburbs" soundtrack, which debuted on August 7, 2004, at number 182 on the Billboard 200.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Van der Pol was born in Naaldwijk, South Holland, to Willem van der Pol, who is Dutch and the director of the Physical Plant at the California State University in Fullerton, California, and Dyan Ross, an American from Brooklyn, New York. Van der Pol's mother named her after Anne Frank after visiting the house where Frank hid (van der Pol's mother is Jewish). Anneliese has two older sisters, Rachel and Sarah. Van der Pol's family moved to the United States when she was three years old, and she retains dual American and Dutch citizenship.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Van der Pol attended School in Bellflower, California, where she began acting in third grade at Washington Elementary School. She attended Bellflower Middle School and High School, then transferred and subsequently graduated from the acclaimed Orange County High School of the Arts in Santa Ana, California.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: In 1999, Van der Pol played Sandy Dumbrowsky in the Huntington Beach Playhouse revival of "Grease", which earned her a Bobbi Award for "Best Actress in a Musical." She played Eva Perón in the Buena Park Civic Theatre production of "Evita" in 1999 and received positive reviews from the "Los Angeles Times". At the age of fifteen, she is also the youngest actress in theatrical history to play the role in a professional production. Van der Pol subsequently starred as "Laurey" in an Austin, Texas, musical theatre production of "Oklahoma!" from 2000 to 2001. Her performance earned her both an Austin Critics Table Award nomination for "Best Actress in a Musical" and a B. Iden Payne Nomination for "Best Featured Actress in a Musical". Van der Pol graduated from the Orange County High School of the Arts in 2002.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: In 2001, she was cast as Chelsea Daniels, the best friend of the title character played by Raven-Symoné on Disney Channel's "That's So Raven", a role which she portrayed all throughout the show's run. Just as the first season of "That's So Raven" began, she went back to Austin Musical Theatre to perform in "Celebrate: AMT," a performance highlighting all the shows the company had done up to then. She was a featured soloist. In 2006, Van der Pol also appeared on the very first instalment of the "Disney Channel Games" as a member of the Red Team; her teammates were Zac Efron, Kay Panabaker, Dylan Sprouse, Shin Koyamada, and Moises Arias. She also played Heather in a guest starring role on "Kim Possible" in the episode "And the Mole-Rat Will Be CGI."


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: As the popularity of "That's So Raven" grew, Disney showcased van der Pol's musical talents by signing her for several music compilations. She even performed a solo in one episode, "Alone in the Hallways." In 2004, she recorded the song "Over It" for the Disney Channel Original Movie "Stuck in the Suburbs" which became the soundtrack's lead single. Her second solo recording, called "A Day in the Sun," a cover originally sung by Hilary Duff, appeared on the album "That's So Raven Too!". Van der Pol has been associated with several other Disney music projects, including the Elton John song "Circle of Life" for a special edition of "The Lion King" DVD, "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" for the "Cinderella: Special Edition DVD", and "Candle on the Water" from "Pete's Dragon" on "DisneyMania 4".


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Van der Pol was arrested for DUI in Los Angeles on July 10, 2006. She had a blood-alcohol level of 0.19, more than twice the legal limit in California. Police said she swerved and hit a parked car, which caused the parked car to hit two others. Van der Pol later pleaded no contest to two misdemeanors. She was sentenced in 2007 and was ordered to go on probation for 36 months, as well as pay fines and assessments, and attend an alcohol education program. The probation ended in 2010.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Anneliese also had a supporting role in "Bratz: The Movie" as Avery, a mean popular girl and best friend to the main antagonist.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Van der Pol would be making her Broadway debut as Belle, in "Beauty and the Beast". Van der Pol was the musical's 17th (and final) Belle. She played the role from April 3, 2007, to July 29, 2007, as the show reached its 5,464th (and final) performance. During her run as Belle, Van der Pol also performed at Bryant Park's Broadway in Bryant Park on July 12, 2007, along "Beauty and the Beast" co-stars Chris Hoch and Jeanne Lehmann, performing songs from the show. Prior to "Beauty"'s final show, van der Pol appeared on "Live with Regis and Kelly" for a small interview discussing her Broadway debut and experiences with the show. She also discussed the origins of her name, and performed "Beauty"s "A Change in Me."


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: In May 2008, it was revealed that Van der Pol would play the role of Kathy in the new musical, "". She originated the role of Kathy during the musical's Broadway previews in Pasadena, California from August 22, 2008, to September 28, 2008. Originally, the musical was scheduled to begin performances on Broadway February 2, 2009, at the Lyceum Theatre with an official opening on February 26, 2009, but the show's Broadway run was postponed due to the economic turmoil in the US and to focus on the future of the musical. The show then made its New York City debut Off-Broadway at the Second Stage Theatre on July 2, 2009, in previews, and officially opened on July 16, 2009. Performances continued through August 9, 2009. On August 21, 2009, she started recording the Original Cast Album for the musical alongside Lauren Kennedy and Sarah Stiles. The album was later released with Sh-k-Boom Records on December 15, 2009.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: As of July 2009, she stated she had received her fourth call-back for the role of Glinda in "Wicked" on Broadway. Van der Pol appeared in a twelve part Jewish miniseries revival of "Shalom Sesame" (the Jewish version of "Sesame Street"). The series premiered during the Hanukkah holiday in December 2010.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: In September 2009, Van der Pol starred as Esther Smith in the Theatre Under The Stars production of "Meet Me in St. Louis" that had a limited run from September 29 to October 11, 2009. In December 2009, Van der Pol made a guest appearance on "The Battery's Down", as Rhonda Busby Smith. The episode premiered on December 1, 2009, on YouTube, where the web-series ran for two seasons.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Van der Pol starred in Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer's spoof film, "Vampires Suck", based on the "Twilight series". Van der Pol plays the role of Jennifer, Becca's new best friend. The film's trailer exclusively premiered on Break.com on July 7, 2010, featuring Anneliese's character introducing the cast of "Jersey Shore". To promote the film, Van der Pol made appearances during New York Comic Con weekend for meet-and-greets with fans and to join a live discussion panel for "Vampires Suck", along with co-star Matt Lanter. She also participated in a fashion pictorial tribute to teen films for "Zooey Magazine". The pictorial was shot by David Nguyen and paid tribute to "Pretty Woman", "Romy and Michele's High School Reunion", "10 Things I Hate About You", "The Princess Diaries", and "Legally Blonde".


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Van der Pol appeared in the thriller film, "Cats Dancing on Jupiter", alongside Amanda Righetti and Jonathan Bennett. Van der Pol returned to television as a guest star in NBC's television series, "Friends with Benefits". Van der Pol also returned to the Disney Channel in a guest starring role on "Shake It Up", as Ronnie, a former dancer of "Shake It Up Chicago!" The episode, "Reunion It Up!" premiered on April 10, 2011.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Van der Pol had been cast as "Fiona MacLeod" in Arthur Kopit and Anton Dudley's "A Dram of Drummhicit", a Scottish play presented by La Jolla Playhouse. The Scottish play started previews May 17, 2011, in San Diego. On April 24, Van der Pol announced that she would not be continuing with the production, due to artistic differences between herself and the play's director.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: In September 2011, Van der Pol was cast to perform in "For the Record: Tarantino in Concert", conceived and directed by Shane Scheel and Christopher Lloyd Bratten. The show featured songs and scenes from the films of Quentin Tarantino, including "Pulp Fiction" and "Inglourious Basterds", and ran from September 29 to November 12. Van der Pol continued to be part of the 'For the Record' series throughout 2012 with "For the Record: John Hughes", "For the Record: Baz Luhrmann" and again in "For the Record: Tarantino in Concert". She went on to record the production's first cast recording, "For the Record: Tarantino" which was released through LML Music on November 13, 2012.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: From April to May 2012, she starred as Marian Almond in the Pasadena Playhouse production of "The Heiress".


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: She played the lead role in the Arizona Theatre Company's production of Paul Gordon's new musical, "Emma", which ran from December 1, 2012, to January 20, 2013. She returned to the Arizona Theatre Company in Stephen Wrentmore's production of "The Importance of Being Earnest" as Gwendolyn Fairfax. The show ran in Tucson from September 14, 2013, through October 5, 2013, and in Phoenix from October 10, 2013, through October 27, 2013.


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: Van der Pol appeared in an industry reading for the highly anticipated "Ghostlight, A New Musical", as the central role of Olive Thomas, in New York. Van der Pol was joined by Robert Cuccioli, Rachel Bay Jones, Jennifer Hope Wills, Trevor McQueen, and Kimberly Faye Greenberg. In July 2014, she played Millie Dillmount in the Will Rogers Memorial Center production of "Thoroughly Modern Millie".


title: Anneliese van der Pol

text: On November 14, 2016, it was reported that Van der Pol would reprise her role as Chelsea Daniels for the second "That's So Raven" spin-off series "Raven's Home", which premiered on July 21, 2017. She was a main cast member for the first four seasons.


title: Gustaf V

text: Gustaf V (Oscar Gustaf Adolf; 16 June 1858 – 29 October 1950) was King of Sweden from 8 December 1907 until his death in 1950. He was the eldest son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Sophia of Nassau, a half-sister of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Reigning from the death of his father Oscar II in 1907 to his own death nearly 43 years later, he holds the record of being the oldest monarch of Sweden and the third-longest rule, after Magnus IV (1319–1364) and Carl XVI Gustaf (1973–present). He was also the last Swedish monarch to exercise his royal prerogatives, which largely died with him, although they were formally abolished only with the remaking of the Swedish constitution in 1974. He was the first Swedish king since the High Middle Ages not to have a coronation and so never wore the king's crown, a practice that has continued ever since.


title: Gustaf V

text: Gustaf's early reign saw the rise of parliamentary rule in Sweden although the leadup to World War I induced his dismissal of Liberal Prime Minister Karl Staaff in 1914, replacing him with his own figurehead, Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, the father of Dag Hammarskjöld, for most of the war. However, after the Liberals and Social Democrats secured a parliamentary majority under Staaff's successor, Nils Edén, he allowed Edén to form a new government which "de facto" stripped the monarchy of virtually all powers and enacted universal and equal suffrage, including for women, by 1919. Bowing to the principles of parliamentary democracy, he remained a popular figurehead for the remaining 31 years of his rule, although not completely without influence. Gustaf V had pro-German and anti-Communist stances which were outwardly expressed during World War I and the Russian Civil War. During World War II, he allegedly urged Per Albin Hansson's coalition government to accept requests from Nazi Germany for logistics support, arguing that refusing might provoke an invasion. His intervention remains controversial.


title: Gustaf V

text: An avid hunter and sportsman, Gustaf presided over the 1912 Olympic Games and chaired the Swedish Association of Sports from 1897 to 1907. Most notably, he represented Sweden (under the alias of "Mr G.") as a competitive tennis player, keeping up competitive tennis until his 80s, when his eyesight deteriorated rapidly. He was succeeded by his son, Gustaf VI Adolf.


title: Gustaf V

text: Gustaf V was born in Drottningholm Palace in Ekerö, Stockholm County, the son of Prince Oscar and Princess Sofia of Nassau. At birth Gustaf was created Duke of Värmland. Upon his father's accession to the throne in 1872, Gustaf became crown prince of both Sweden and Norway. On 8 December 1907, he succeeded his father on the Swedish throne.


title: Gustaf V

text: When he ascended the throne, Gustaf V was, at least on paper, a near-autocrat. The 1809 Instrument of Government made the king both head of state and head of government, and ministers were solely responsible to him. However, his father had been forced to accept a government chosen by the majority in Parliament in 1905. Since then, prime ministers had been "de facto" required to have the confidence of the Riksdag to stay in office.


title: Gustaf V

text: Early in his reign, in 1910, Gustaf V refused to grant clemency to the convicted murderer Johan Alfred Ander, who thus became the last person to be executed in Sweden.


title: Gustaf V

text: At first, Gustaf V seemed to be willing to accept parliamentary rule. After the Liberals won a massive landslide in 1911, Gustaf appointed Liberal leader Karl Staaff as Prime Minister. However, during the runup to World War I, the elites objected to Staaff's defence policy. In February 1914, a large crowd of farmers gathered at the royal palace and demanded that the country's defences be strengthened. In his reply, the so-called Courtyard Speech—which was actually written by explorer Sven Hedin, an ardent conservative—Gustaf promised to strengthen the country's defences. Staaff was outraged, telling the king that parliamentary rule called for the Crown to stay out of partisan politics. He was also angered that he had not been consulted in advance of the speech. However, Gustaf retorted that he still had the right to "communicate freely with the Swedish people." The Staaff government resigned in protest, and Gustaf appointed a government of civil servants headed by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (father of future UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld) in its place.


title: Gustaf V

text: The 1917 elections showed a heavy gain for the Liberals and Social Democrats, who between them held a decisive majority. Despite this, Gustaf initially tried to appoint a Conservative government headed by Johan Widén. However, Widén was unable to attract enough support for a coalition. It was now apparent that Gustaf could no longer appoint a government entirely of his own choosing, nor could he keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. With no choice but to appoint a Liberal as prime minister, he appointed a Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government headed by Staaff's successor as Liberal leader, Nils Edén. The Edén government promptly arrogated most of the king's political powers to itself and enacted numerous reforms, most notably the institution of complete (male and female) universal suffrage in 1918–1919. While Gustaf still formally appointed the ministers, they now had to have the confidence of Parliament. He was now also bound to act on the ministers' advice. Although the provision in the Instrument of Government stating that "the King alone shall govern the realm" remained unchanged, the king was now bound by convention to exercise his powers through the ministers. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the ministers did the actual governing. While ministers were already legally responsible to the Riksdag under the Instrument of government, it was now understood that they were politically responsible to the Riksdag as well. Gustaf accepted his reduced role, and reigned for the rest of his life as a model limited constitutional monarch. Parliamentarianism had become a "de facto" reality in Sweden, even if it would not be formalized until 1974, when a new Instrument of Government stripped the monarchy of even nominal political power.


title: Gustaf V

text: Gustaf V was considered to have German sympathies during World War I. His political stance during the war was highly influenced by his wife, who felt a strong connection to her German homeland. On 18 December 1914, he sponsored a meeting in Malmö with the other two kings of Scandinavia to demonstrate unity. Another of Gustaf V's objectives was to dispel suspicions that he wanted to bring Sweden into the war on Germany's side.


title: Gustaf V

text: Although effectively stripped of political power, Gustaf was not completely without influence. In 1938, for instance, he personally summoned the German ambassador to Sweden and told him that if Hitler attacked Czechoslovakia over its refusal to give up the Sudetenland, it would trigger a world war that Germany would almost certainly lose. Additionally, his long reign gave him great moral authority as a symbol of the nation's unity.


title: Gustaf V

text: Both the King and his grandson Prince Gustav Adolf socialized with Nazi leaders before World War II, though arguably for diplomatic purposes. Gustaf V attempted to convince Hitler during a visit to Berlin to soften his persecution of the Jews, according to historian Jörgen Weibull. He was also noted for appealing to the leader of Hungary to save its Jews "in the name of humanity."


title: Gustaf V

text: When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Gustaf V tried to write a private letter to Hitler thanking him for taking care of the "Bolshevik pest" and congratulating him on his "already achieved victories". He was stopped from doing so by Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson.


title: Gustaf V

text: During the war, Gustav invited Swedish Nazi leader Sven Olov Lindholm to Stockholm Palace. The Swedish king had friends in Lindholm's movement.


title: Gustaf V

text: According to Prime Minister Hansson, during the Midsummer crisis, the King in a private conversation had threatened to abdicate if the government did not approve a German request to transfer a fighting infantry division, the so-called Engelbrecht Division, through Swedish territory from southern Norway to northern Finland in June 1941, around Midsummer. The accuracy of the claim is debated, and the King's intention, if he really made that threat, is sometimes alleged to be his desire to avoid conflict with Germany. The event has received considerable attention from Swedish historians and is known as "midsommarkrisen", the Midsummer Crisis.


title: Gustaf V

text: Confirmation of the King's action is contained in German Foreign Policy documents captured at the end of the war. On 25 June 1941, the German Minister in Stockholm sent a "Most Urgent-Top Secret" message to Berlin in which he stated that the King had just informed him that the transit of German troops would be allowed. He added: The King's words conveyed the joyful emotion he felt. He had lived through anxious days and had gone far in giving his personal support to the matter. He added confidentially that he had found it necessary to go so far as to mention his abdication.


title: Gustaf V

text: Gustaf V was thin, and known for his height. He wore pince-nez eyeglasses and sported a pointed mustache for most of his teen years.


title: Gustaf V

text: Gustaf V was a devoted tennis player, appearing under the pseudonym "Mr G". As a player and promoter of the sport, he was elected into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1980. The King learned the sport during a visit in Britain in 1876 and founded Sweden's first tennis club on his return home. In 1936 he founded the King's Club. During his reign, Gustaf was often seen playing on the Riviera. On a visit to Berlin, Gustaf went straight from a meeting with Hitler to a tennis match with the Jewish player Daniel Prenn. During World War II, he interceded to obtain better treatment for Davis Cup stars Jean Borotra of France and his personal trainer and friend Baron Gottfried von Cramm of Germany, who had been imprisoned by the Nazi Government on the charge of a homosexual relationship with a Jew.


title: Gustaf V

text: Allegations of a love affair between Gustav and Kurt Haijby led to the court paying 170,000 kronor under the threat of the blackmailing Haijby. That led to the so-called Haijby affair and several controversial trials and convictions against Haijby, which spawned considerable controversy about Gustav's alleged homosexuality.


title: Gustaf V

text: In 2021 the alleged events surrounding the Haijby affair were adapted into a fictional miniseries for Sveriges Television called "En Kunglig Affär (A Royal Secret)", directed by Lisa James Larsson and written by Bengt Braskered.


title: Gustaf V

text: After a reign of nearly 43 years, King Gustaf V died in Stockholm of flu complications on 29 October 1950. His 67-year-old son Gustav succeeded him as Gustav VI Adolf.


title: Gustaf V

text: Upon his creation as Duke of Värmland, Gustaf V was granted a coat of arms with the Arms of Värmland in base. Upon his accession to the throne, he assumed the Arms of Dominion of Sweden.


title: Gustaf V

text: Swedish author Anders Lundebeck (1900–1976) allegedly was an extramarital son of King Gustaf V, an allegation purported by Lundebeck himself and to some extent supported by existing facts.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The Quaternary glaciation, also known as the Pleistocene glaciation, is an alternating series of glacial and interglacial periods during the Quaternary period that began 2.58 Ma (million years ago) and is ongoing. Although geologists describe this entire period up to the present as an "ice age", in popular culture this term usually refers to the most recent glacial period, or to the Pleistocene epoch in general. Since Earth still has polar ice sheets, geologists consider the Quaternary glaciation to be ongoing, though currently in an interglacial period.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: During the Quaternary glaciation, ice sheets appeared, expanding during glacial periods and contracting during interglacial periods. Since the end of the last glacial period, only the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets have survived, with other sheets formed during glacial periods, such as the Laurentide Ice Sheet, having completely melted.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The major effects of the Quaternary glaciation have been the continental erosion of land and the deposition of material; the modification of river systems; the creation of millions of lakes, including the development of pluvial lakes far from the ice margins; changes in sea level; the isostatic adjustment of the Earth's crust; flooding; and abnormal winds. The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the ratio of solar radiant energy reflected from Earth back into space) created significant feedback to further cool the climate. These effects have shaped land and ocean environments and biological communities.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Long before the Quaternary glaciation, land-based ice appeared and then disappeared during at least four other ice ages.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Evidence for the quaternary glaciation was first understood in the 18th and 19th centuries as part of the scientific revolution.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Over the last century, extensive field observations have provided evidence that continental glaciers covered large parts of Europe, North America, and Siberia. Maps of glacial features were compiled after many years of fieldwork by hundreds of geologists who mapped the location and orientation of drumlins, eskers, moraines, striations, and glacial stream channels to reveal the extent of the ice sheets, the direction of their flow, and the systems of meltwater channels. They also allowed scientists to decipher a history of multiple advances and retreats of the ice. Even before the theory of worldwide glaciation was generally accepted, many observers recognized that more than a single advance and retreat of the ice had occurred.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: To geologists, an ice age is defined by the presence of large amounts of land-based ice. Prior to the Quaternary glaciation, land-based ice formed during at least four earlier geologic periods: the Karoo (360–260 Ma), Andean-Saharan (450–420 Ma), Cryogenian (720–635 Ma) and Huronian (2,400–2,100 Ma).


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Within the Quaternary ice age, there were also periodic fluctuations of the total volume of land ice, the sea level, and global temperatures. During the colder episodes (referred to as glacial periods or glacials) large ice sheets at least thick at their maximum covered parts of Europe, North America, and Siberia. The shorter warm intervals between glacials, when continental glaciers retreated, are referred to as interglacials. These are evidenced by buried soil profiles, peat beds, and lake and stream deposits separating the unsorted, unstratified deposits of glacial debris.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Initially the glacial/interglacial cycle length was about 41,000 years, but following the Mid-Pleistocene Transition about 1 Ma, it slowed to about 100,000 years, as evidenced most clearly by ice cores for the past 800,000 years and marine sediment cores for the earlier period. Over the past 740,000 years there have been eight glacial cycles.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The entire Quaternary Period, starting 2.58 Ma, is referred to as an ice age because at least one permanent large ice sheet—the Antarctic ice sheet—has existed continuously. There is uncertainty over how much of Greenland was covered by ice during each interglacial.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Currently, Earth is in an interglacial period, the Holocene epoch beginning 15,000 to 10,000 years ago; this caused the ice sheets from the last glacial period to slowly melt. The remaining glaciers, now occupying about 10% of the world's land surface, cover Greenland, Antarctica and some mountainous regions.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: During the glacial periods, the present (i.e. interglacial) hydrologic system was completely interrupted throughout large areas of the world and was considerably modified in others. Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about lower than present.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Earth's history of glaciation is a product of the "internal variability" of Earth's climate system (e.g., ocean currents, carbon cycle), interacting with "external forcing" by phenomena outside the climate system (e.g., changes in earth's orbit, volcanism, and changes in solar output).


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The role of Earth's orbital changes in controlling climate was first advanced by James Croll in the late 19th century. Later, the Serbian geophysicist Milutin Milanković elaborated on the theory and calculated that these irregularities in Earth's orbit could cause the climatic cycles now known as Milankovitch cycles. They are the result of the additive behavior of several types of cyclical changes in Earth's orbital properties.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Firstly, changes in the orbital eccentricity of Earth occur on a cycle of about 100,000 years. Secondly, the inclination or tilt of Earth's axis varies between 22° and 24.5° in a cycle 41,000 years long. The tilt of Earth's axis is responsible for the seasons; the greater the tilt, the greater the contrast between summer and winter temperatures. Thirdly, precession of the equinoxes, or wobbles in the Earth's rotation axis, have a periodicity of 26,000 years. According to the Milankovitch theory, these factors cause a periodic cooling of Earth, with the coldest part in the cycle occurring about every 40,000 years. The main effect of the Milankovitch cycles is to change the contrast between the seasons, not the annual amount of solar heat Earth receives. The result is less ice melting than accumulating, and glaciers build up.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Milankovitch worked out the ideas of climatic cycles in the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not until the 1970s that a sufficiently long and detailed chronology of the Quaternary temperature changes was worked out to test the theory adequately. Studies of deep-sea cores and their fossils indicate that the fluctuation of climate during the last few hundred thousand years is remarkably close to that predicted by Milankovitch.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: A problem with the theory is that these astronomical cycles have occurred for many millions of years, but glaciation is a rare occurrence . Astronomical cycles correlate with glacial and interglacial periods "within" a long-term ice age, but do not initiate ice ages .


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: One theory holds that decreases in atmospheric , an important greenhouse gas, started the long-term cooling trend that eventually led to the formation of continental ice sheets in the Arctic. Geological evidence indicates a decrease of more than 90% in atmospheric since the middle of the Mesozoic Era. An analysis of reconstructions from alkenone records shows that in the atmosphere declined before and during Antarctic glaciation, and supports a substantial decrease as the primary cause of Antarctic glaciation.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: An important component in the development of long-term ice ages is the positions of the continents. These can control the circulation of the oceans and the atmosphere, affecting how ocean currents carry heat to high latitudes. Throughout most of geologic time, the North Pole appears to have been in a broad, open ocean that allowed major ocean currents to move unabated. Equatorial waters flowed into the polar regions, warming them. This produced mild, uniform climates that persisted throughout most of geologic time.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: But during the Cenozoic Era, the large North American and South American continental plates drifted westward from the Eurasian plate. This interlocked with the development of the Atlantic Ocean, running north–south, with the North Pole in the small, nearly landlocked basin of the Arctic Ocean. The Drake passage opened 33.9 million years ago (the Eocene-Oligocene transition), severing Antarctica from South America. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current could then flow through it, isolating Antarctica from warm waters and triggering the formation of its huge ice sheets. The weakening of the North Atlantic Current around 3.65 to 3.5 million years ago resulted in cooling and freshening of the Arctic Ocean, nurturing the development of Arctic sea ice and preconditioning the formation of continental glaciers later in the Pliocene. The Isthmus of Panama developed at a convergent plate margin about 2.6 million years ago, and further separated oceanic circulation, closing the last strait, outside the polar regions, that had connected the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This increased poleward salt and heat transport, strengthening the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, which supplied enough moisture to arctic latitudes to create the northern glaciation.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The elevation of continental surface, often as mountain formation, is thought to have contributed to cause the Quaternary glaciation. The gradual movement of the bulk of Earth's landmasses away from the tropics in addition to increased mountain formation in the Late Cenozoic meant more land at high altitude and high latitude, favouring the formation of glaciers. For example, the Greenland Ice Sheet formed in connection to the uplift of the West Greenland and East Greenland uplands in two phases, 10 and 5 million years ago in the Miocene epoch. These mountains constitute passive continental margins. Computer models show that the uplift would have enabled glaciation through increased orographic precipitation and cooling of surface temperatures. For the Andes it is known that the Principal Cordillera had risen to heights that allowed for the development of valley glaciers about 1 million years ago.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The presence of so much ice upon the continents had a profound effect upon almost every aspect of Earth's hydrologic system. Most obvious are the spectacular mountain scenery and other continental landscapes fashioned both by glacial erosion and deposition instead of running water. Entirely new landscapes covering millions of square kilometers were formed in a relatively short period of geologic time. In addition, the vast bodies of glacial ice affected Earth well beyond the glacier margins. Directly or indirectly, the effects of glaciation were felt in every part of the world.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The Quaternary glaciation created more lakes than all other geologic processes combined. The reason is that a continental glacier completely disrupts the preglacial drainage system. The surface over which the glacier moved was scoured and eroded by the ice, leaving many closed, undrained depressions in the bedrock. These depressions filled with water and became lakes.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Very large lakes were created along the glacial margins. The ice on both North America and Europe was about thick near the centers of maximum accumulation, but it tapered toward the glacier margins. Ice weight caused crustal subsidence, which was greatest beneath the thickest accumulation of ice. As the ice melted, rebound of the crust lagged behind, producing a regional slope toward the ice. This slope formed basins that have lasted for thousands of years. These basins became lakes or were invaded by the ocean. The Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes of North America were formed primarily in this way.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The numerous lakes of the Canadian Shield, Sweden, and Finland are thought to have originated at least partly from glaciers' selective erosion of weathered bedrock.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The climatic conditions that cause glaciation had an indirect effect on arid and semiarid regions far removed from the large ice sheets. The increased precipitation that fed the glaciers also increased the runoff of major rivers and intermittent streams, resulting in the growth and development of large pluvial lakes. Most pluvial lakes developed in relatively arid regions where there typically was insufficient rain to establish a drainage system leading to the sea. Instead, stream runoff flowed into closed basins and formed playa lakes. With increased rainfall, the playa lakes enlarged and overflowed. Pluvial lakes were most extensive during glacial periods. During interglacial stages, with less rain, the pluvial lakes shrank to form small salt flats.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Major isostatic adjustments of the lithosphere during the Quaternary glaciation were caused by the weight of the ice, which depressed the continents. In Canada, a large area around Hudson Bay was depressed below (modern) sea level, as was the area in Europe around the Baltic Sea. The land has been rebounding from these depressions since the ice melted. Some of these isostatic movements triggered large earthquakes in Scandinavia about 9,000 years ago. These earthquakes are unique in that they are not associated with plate tectonics.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Studies have shown that the uplift has taken place in two distinct stages. The initial uplift following deglaciation was rapid (called "elastic"), and took place as the ice was being unloaded. After this "elastic" phase, uplift proceed by "slow viscous flow" so the rate decreased exponentially after that. Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm per year or less, except in areas of North America, especially Alaska, where the rate of uplift is 2.54 cm per year (1 inch or more). In northern Europe, this is clearly shown by the GPS data obtained by the BIFROST GPS network. Studies suggest that rebound will continue for about at least another 10,000 years. The total uplift from the end of deglaciation depends on the local ice load and could be several hundred meters near the center of rebound.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The presence of ice over so much of the continents greatly modified patterns of atmospheric circulation. Winds near the glacial margins were strong and persistent because of the abundance of dense, cold air coming off the glacier fields. These winds picked up and transported large quantities of loose, fine-grained sediment brought down by the glaciers. This dust accumulated as loess (wind-blown silt), forming irregular blankets over much of the Missouri River valley, central Europe, and northern China.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Sand dunes were much more widespread and active in many areas during the early Quaternary period. A good example is the Sand Hills region in Nebraska, USA, which covers an area of about . This region was a large, active dune field during the Pleistocene epoch, but today is largely stabilized by grass cover.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Thick glaciers were heavy enough to reach the sea bottom in several important areas, which blocked the passage of ocean water and affected ocean currents. In addition to these direct effects, it also caused feedback effects, as ocean currents contribute to global heat transfer.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Moraines and till deposited by Quaternary glaciers have contributed to the formation of valuable placer deposits of gold. This is the case of southernmost Chile where reworking of Quaternary moraines have concentrated gold offshore.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Glaciation has been a rare event in Earth's history, but there is evidence of widespread glaciation during the late Paleozoic Era (300 to 200 Ma) and the late Precambrian (i.e. the Neoproterozoic Era, 800 to 600 Ma). Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time. This climatic history is implied by the types of fossil plants and animals and by the characteristics of sediments preserved in the stratigraphic record. There are, however, widespread glacial deposits, recording several major periods of ancient glaciation in various parts of the geologic record. Such evidence suggests major periods of glaciation prior to the current Quaternary glaciation.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: One of the best documented records of pre-Quaternary glaciation, called the Karoo Ice Age, is found in the late Paleozoic rocks in South Africa, India, South America, Antarctica, and Australia. Exposures of ancient glacial deposits are numerous in these areas. Deposits of even older glacial sediment exist on every continent except South America. These indicate that two other periods of widespread glaciation occurred during the late Precambrian, producing the Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian Period.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The warming trend following the Last Glacial Maximum, since about 20,000 years ago, has resulted in a sea level rise by about .


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: This warming trend subsided about 6,000 years ago, and sea level has been comparatively stable since the Neolithic.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: The present interglacial period (the Holocene climatic optimum) has been stable and warm compared to the preceding ones, which were interrupted by numerous cold spells lasting hundreds of years. This stability might have allowed the Neolithic Revolution and by extension human civilization.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Slight changes in the Earth's orbital parameters may, however, indicate that, even without any human contribution, there will not be another glacial period for the next 50,000 years.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: It is possible that the current cooling trend might be interrupted by an interstadial phase (a warmer period) in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Based on past estimates for interglacial durations of about 10,000 years, in the 1970s there was some concern that the next glacial period would be imminent. However, slight changes in the eccentricity of Earth's orbit around the Sun suggest a lengthy interglacial period lasting about another 50,000 years.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Additionally, human impact is now seen as possibly extending what would already be an unusually long warm period.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Projection of the timeline for the next glacial maximum depend crucially on the amount of in the atmosphere.


title: Quaternary glaciation

text: Models assuming increased levels at 750 parts per million (ppm; current levels are at 417 ppm) have estimated the persistence of the current interglacial period for another 50,000 years. However, more recent studies concluded that the amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next glacial (ice age), which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: The Last Thing He Wanted is a 2020 political thriller film directed by Dee Rees, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Joan Didion, from a screenplay by Rees and Marco Villalobos. The film stars Anne Hathaway, Ben Affleck, Rosie Perez, Edi Gathegi, Mel Rodriguez, Toby Jones, and Willem Dafoe.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: "The Last Thing He Wanted" had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2020, and was released on February 21, 2020, by Netflix. The film received negative reviews from critics, who criticized the writing.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: In 1982, fiercely dedicated journalist with the "Atlantic Post" Elena McMahon barely escaped El Salvador with photojournalist and colleague Alma Guerrero.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Two years later, she pushes her editors to focus back on Central America, but there is no budget, the U.S. government denies involvement and the 1984 U.S. Presidential election race is heating up. Having survived breast cancer, fire fights in Central America, a bad divorce, and constant verbal sparring with U.S. government officials, Elena is passionate but ignored by her WASP editors.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Elena becomes increasingly divided when her absentee father reappears. Dick is stylishly dressed, foul-mouthed, and secretive (she suspects he sells contraband)- until he needs her help. She stops covering the election to care for him, as he's increasingly ill, showing early signs of dementia. Dick asks a favor: meet a guy in Florida to talk about the “merchandise,” drop it off and collect payment. It pays $1 million, and Dick owes half that.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: With that agreement, Elena becomes an arms dealer in Dick's place for Central America, pulled into an increasingly escalating situation she is thoroughly unprepared for. Despite all her years reporting in Latin America and her knowledge of the shifting political dynamics of the region, and knowing her father is into some shady stuff, Elena struggles to find her way out of his mess.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Elena arrives in Costa Rica, where she runs into an array of characters whom she doesn't know who to trust. The buyer happily takes the arms, not offering the traveler’s checks she was expecting but cocaine. The pilot, insisting he knows nothing, gives her two minutes to reboard.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: The plane leaves without her, Elena is driven by Jones, a sarcastic, surly person who avoids questions. On the way, as he is subtly threatening, getting his gun she forces him out. On her own, she gets to San José, buys clothes, calls Alma and gets a room.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: In the U.S., Alma interviews ambassador Treat Morrison, asking what he knows of weapon supplies for the Contras. Meanwhile, at the airport to board her flight, Elena sees that the flight and her passport read Elise Meyer. Her taxi driver runs up to her with a bag, full of cocaine, but luckily it’s marked with her dad’s name, so she makes it through the control point.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: In Florida, Alma can’t find Elena’s dad, and the hospital won’t give her the info. Meanwhile, Elena has flown to Antigua, and she reads an article that her dad died. Soon after, she goes to the embassy, hoping to get a new passport, but being July 4 it’s closed.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Dejected, Elena has a big meal in the hotel and Morrison, who she has clashed with before, mysteriously appears. Jokingly asking if it’s her last meal, then he tells how he’s been keeping tabs on her since Costa Rica. Afterwards on a walk, inexplicably she tells Morrison her whole story, then sleeps with him. In bed, Morrison seemingly confides in Elena, talking of his deceased wife’s mastectomy scars. She tells him she thought he had been sent to kill her. He says they’ll leave together the next day.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: A gun fight erupts the next morning, and Jones appears out of nowhere to whisk her away. She phones Alma, who tells her about Dick disappearing and later dying, then her daughter, telling her to move with her dad to Florida when he comes. Feeling there is something fishy with Jones, she lets Morrison hide her until he can get them safe passage.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Paul, a wealthy American, provides cover for Elena, taking her in as a type of housekeeper, but also clearly has an ulterior motive. Bob Weir, who Dick called Epperson (his partner), shows up. The realization makes her run and find Morrison. He tells her to meet him at six so she can give him her intel before her flight home.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Back to Paul’s, the house has been ransacked, he shot in the head. Again there is a shoot out, again Jones is part of it. Once the shooting stops, Elena walks away. We next see her turn to Morrison’s voice, and he guns her down. In a press conference, Morrison claims he shot her in self-defense after she shot him first in the shoulder.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Jones debriefs in French, speaking of the various times French intelligence had tried to keep her safe, but she wasn’t sure who to trust. Alma breaks the story of the U.S. involvement in arming the contras, as promised to Elena, the Iran–Contra affair.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: In September 2017, it was announced Dee Rees would direct, based upon the novel of the same name by Joan Didion, from a screenplay by Marco Villalobos. Cassian Elwes would produce the film, under his Elevated Films banner. In February 2018, Anne Hathaway joined the cast of the film. In June 2018, Willem Dafoe joined the cast of the film. In July 2018, Ben Affleck, Toby Jones, Rosie Perez, Edi Gathegi, Mel Rodriguez and Carlos Leal joined the cast of the film.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: In May 2018, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film. It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2020.


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: On review aggregator website "Rotten Tomatoes", the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average of . The site's critics consensus reads: "It'll be the last thing most viewers want, too." On "Metacritic", the film holds a weighted average rating of 35 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: The Last Thing He Wanted (film)

text: Nick Allen, a critic for "RogerEbert.com", called the film "incomprehensible to an almost impressive degree [...] A true Netflix Original Film paradox – not even a pause and rewind button at the ready will help it make much sense." Benjamin Lee of "The Guardian" called the movie "a two-hour film packed with too much and somehow not enough, "The Last Thing He Wanted" is a thing that no one wanted."


title: Interstellar travel

text: Interstellar travel is the hypothetical travel of spacecraft from one star system, solitary star, or planetary system to another. Interstellar travel is expected to prove much more difficult than interplanetary spaceflight due to the vast difference in the scale of the involved distances. Whereas the distance between any two planets in the Solar System is less than 30 astronomical units (AU), stars are typically separated by hundreds of thousands of AU, causing these distances to typically be expressed instead in light-years. Because of the vastness of these distances, non-generational interstellar travel based on known physics would need to occur at a high percentage of the speed of light; even so, travel times would be long, at least decades and perhaps millennia or longer.