title: Sour cream

text: Sour cream is not fully fermented, and like many dairy products, must be refrigerated unopened and after use. Additionally, in Canadian regulations, a milk-coagulating enzyme derived from "Rhizomucor miehei" (Cooney and Emerson) from "Mucor pusillus Lindt" by pure culture fermentation process or from Aspergillus oryzae RET-1 (pBoel777) can also be added into sour cream production process, in an amount consistent with good manufacturing practice. Sour cream is sold with an expiration date stamped on the container, though whether this is a "sell by", a "best by" or a "use by" date varies with local regulation. Refrigerated unopened sour cream can last for 1–2 weeks beyond its "sell by date". Once it has been opened, refrigerated sour cream generally lasts for 7–10 days.


title: Sour cream

text: Processed sour cream can include any of the following additives and preservatives: grade A whey, modified food starch, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, guar gum, carrageenan, calcium sulfate, potassium sorbate, and locust bean gum.


title: Sour cream

text: The manufacturing of sour cream begins with the standardization of fat content; this step is to ensure that the desired or legal amount of milk fat is present. As previously mentioned the minimum amount of milk fat that must be present in sour cream is 18%. During this step in the manufacturing process other dry ingredients are added to the cream; additional grade A whey for example would be added at this time. Another additive used during this processing step are a series of ingredients known as stabilizers. The common stabilizers that are added to sour cream are polysaccharides and gelatin, including modified food starch, guar gum, and carrageenans. The reasoning behind the addition of stabilizers to fermented dairy products is to provide smoothness in the body and texture of the product. The stabilizers also assist in the gel structure of the product and reduce whey syneresis. The formation of these gel structures, leaves less free water for whey syneresis, thereby extending the shelf life. Whey syneresis is the loss of moisture by the expulsion of whey. This expulsion of whey can occur during the transportation of containers holding the sour cream, due to the susceptibility to motion and agitation. The next step in the manufacturing process is the acidification of the cream. Organic acids such as citric acid or sodium citrate are added to the cream prior to homogenization in order to increase the metabolic activity of the starter culture. To prepare the mixture for homogenization, it is heated for a short period of time.


title: Sour cream

text: Homogenization is a processing method that is utilized to improve the quality of the sour cream in regards to the color, consistency, creaming stability, and creaminess of the cultured cream. During homogenization larger fat globules within the cream are broken down into smaller sized globules to allow an even suspension within the system. At this point in the processing the milk fat globules and the casein proteins are not interacting with each other, there is repulsion occurring. The mixture is homogenized, under high pressure homogenization above 130 bar (unit) and at a high temperature of 60 °C. The formation of the small globules (below 2 microns in size) previously mentioned allows for reducing a cream layer formation and increases the viscosity of the product. There is also a reduction in the separation of whey, enhancing the white color of the sour cream.


title: Sour cream

text: After homogenization of the cream, the mixture must undergo pasteurization. Pasteurization is a mild heat treatment of the cream, with the purpose of killing any harmful bacteria in the cream. The homogenized cream undergoes high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization method. In this type of pasteurization the cream is heated to the high temperature of 85 °C for thirty minutes. This processing step allows for a sterile medium for when it is time to introduce the starter bacteria.


title: Sour cream

text: After the process of pasteurization, there is a cooling process where the mixture is cooled down to a temperature of 20˚C. The reason that the mixture was cooled down to the temperature of 20˚C is due to the fact that this is an ideal temperature for mesophilic inoculation. After the homogenized cream has been cooled to 20˚C, it is inoculated with 1-2% active starter culture. The type of starter culture utilized is essential for the production of sour cream. The starter culture is responsible for initiating the fermentation process by enabling the homogenized cream to reach the pH of 4.5 to 4.8. Lactic acid bacteria (hereto known as LAB) ferment lactose to lactic acid, they are mesophilic, Gram-positive facultative anaerobes. The strains of LAB that are utilized to allow the fermentation of sour cream production are Lactococcus lactis subsp latic or Lactococcus lactis subsp cremoris they are lactic acid bacteria associated with producing the acid. The LAB that are known for producing the aromas in sour cream are Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar diacetyllactis. Together these bacteria produce compounds that will lower the pH of the mixture, and produce flavor compounds such as diacetyl.


title: Sour cream

text: After the inoculation of starter culture, the cream is portioned in packages. For 18 hours a fermentation process takes place in which the pH is lowered from 6.5 to 4.6. After fermentation, one more cooling process takes place. After this cooling process, the sour cream is packaged into their final containers and sent to the market.


title: Sour cream

text: During the pasteurization process, temperatures are raised past the point where all the particles in the system are stable. When cream is heated to temperatures above 70 °C, there is denaturation of whey proteins. To avoid phase separation brought on by the increased surface area, the fat globules readily bind with the denatured β-lactoglobulin. The adsorption of the denatured whey proteins (and whey proteins that bound with casein micelles) increases the number of structural components in the product; the texture of sour cream can be partly attributed to this. The denaturation of whey proteins is also known for increasing the strength of the cross-linking within the cream system, due to the formation of whey protein polymers.


title: Sour cream

text: When the cream is inoculated with starter bacteria and the bacteria begins converting lactose to lactic acid, the pH begins a slow decrease. When this decrease begins, dissolution of calcium phosphate occurs, and causes a rapid drop in the pH. During the processing step, fermentation the pH was dropped from 6.5 to 4.6, this drop in pH brings on a physicochemical change to the casein micelles. Recall the casein proteins are heat stable, but they are not stable in certain acidic conditions. The colloidal particles are stable at the normal pH of milk which is 6.5-6.7, the micelles will precipitate at the isoelectric point (pI) of milk which is a pH of 4.6. At a pH of 6.5 the casein micelles repulse each other due to the electronegativity of the outer layer of the micelle. During this drop in pH there is a reduction in zeta potential, from the highly net negative charges in cream to no net charge when approaching the pI. formula_1 The formula shown is the Henry's equation, where z: zeta potential, Ue: electrophoretic mobility, ε: dielectric constant, η: viscosity, and f(ka): Henry's function. This equation is used to find the zeta potential, which is calculated to find the electrokinetic potential in colloidal dispersions. Through electrostatic interactions the casein molecules begin approaching and aggregating together. The casein proteins enter a more ordered system, attributing to a strong gel structure formation. The whey proteins that were denatured in the heating steps of processing, are insoluble at this acidic pH and are precipitated with casein.


title: Sour cream

text: The interactions involved in gelation and aggregation of casein micelles are hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attractions and van der Waals attractions These interactions are highly dependent on pH, temperature and time. At the isoelectric point, the net surface charge of casein micelle is zero and a minimum of electrostatic repulsion can be expected. Furthermore, aggregation is taking place due to dominating hydrophobic interactions. Differences in the zeta potential of milk can be caused by differences in ionic strength differences, which in turn depend on the amount of calcium present in the milk. The stability of milk is largely due to the electrostatic repulsion of casein micelles. These casein micelles aggregated and precipitated when they approach the absolute zeta potential values at pH 4.0 – 4.5. When the heat treated and denatured, whey protein is covering the casein micelle, isoelectric point of the micelle elevated to the isoelectric point of β lactoglobulin (approximately pH 5.3).


title: Sour cream

text: Sour cream exhibits time-dependent thixotropic behaviors. Thixotropic fluids reduce in viscosity as work is applied, and when the product is no longer under stress, the fluid returns to its previous viscosity. The viscosity of sour cream at room temperature is 100,000 cP, (for comparison: water has a viscosity of 1 cP at 20 °C). The thixotropic properties exhibited by sour cream are what make it such a versatile product in the food industry.


title: Sour cream

text: Sour cream is commonly used as a condiment on foods, or combined with other ingredients to form a dipping sauce. It can be added to soups and sauces to help thicken and make them creamy, or in baking to help increase the moisture level over and above using milk.


title: Sour cream

text: In Tex-Mex cuisine, it is often used as a substitute for crema in nachos, tacos, burritos, and taquitos.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: SM Mall of Asia, also abbreviated as SM MoA, or simply Mall of Asia or MoA, is a large shopping mall in the Philippines, located at Bay City, Pasay, Philippines, within the SM Central Business Park, a reclaimed area within Manila Bay, and the southern end of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA).


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Owned and developed by SM Prime Holdings, the largest mall chain owner and developer in the Philippines, it has a land area of , a gross floor area of approximately , and offers of floor area space for conventions and social functions. The area attracts a daily average foot traffic of about 200,000 people.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall is currently the largest shopping mall in the Philippines and the third in the world. When it opened in 2006, it was the largest shopping mall in the Philippines until SM North EDSA was redeveloped in 2008, and was relegated to third place by the expansion of SM Megamall from 2011 to 2015 when SM Seaside opened to the public before returning to this spot in 2017. It later became the largest shopping mall in the Philippines starting 2021, following the opening of IKEA Pasay City at the mall's complex.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Following the mall's opening in 2006, it caused several smaller shopping malls nearby to close, such as the Pearl Plaza and the Uniwide Coastal Mall, both located in Tambo, Parañaque. However, this is changing with the rise of other malls and similar structures such as the Ayala Malls Manila Bay and W Mall.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Plans for SM Mall of Asia began in 1995, with construction originally slated to begin in January 1996; it was marketed to become the largest shopping mall in the world upon completion.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall is the centerpiece project of SM Prime Holdings at the SM Central Business Park, where five one-story buildings serve as the company's corporate offices, while the sixth building is being occupied by TeleTech Holdings, Inc. as their flagship site in the country.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The SM Mall of Asia's design team includes Arquitectonica as the projects design architect and Architect Robert Carag Ong, Architect of Record, and GHT Services as the complex's project managers. SM tapped two separate construction firms for the construction of the mall: Hilmarc's Construction Corp. for the South Parking Building, Main Mall, and Entertainment Mall; and Monolith Construction Development Corp. for the North Parking Building. The mall would have opened before Christmas Day of 2005 but had been delayed due to hitches in the delivery of construction materials. Frequent rains in the last quarter of 2005 also delayed the turnover of mall space to tenants. Due to these circumstances, SM Prime decided to move the opening date to March 3, 2006.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: On February 27, 2006, local newspaper "Manila Standard Today" reported that a team of Pasay city engineers found huge cracks underneath the structure, which was causing the structure to vibrate. When questioned about the inspection, the Pasay city engineering department denied making any statement regarding defects in the Mall of Asia. Engineer Edwin Javaluyas, Pasay city engineering officer, in his letter to SM Prime Holdings Inc., said he never stated that the city hall's engineering department inspected the Mall of Asia on February 23, 2006.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: SM Prime, however, decided to move the opening to May 21 of that year. Jeffrey Lim, corporate information officer of SM Prime Holdings, emphasized that a rescheduling of the mall's opening was made to give the company an opportunity to allow more tenants to open shops and denied that the change was due to structural defects.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall was officially inaugurated by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo with a special screening of "Everest" at the San Miguel Coca-Cola IMAX Theater. The movie was shown three days after Philippine tri-athlete Leo Oracion reached the summit of the world's highest mountain.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Mall of Asia consists of four buildings interconnected by walkways and elevated pathways: the Main Mall, the Entertainment Mall, and the North and South Wing Parking Buildings.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Main Mall includes numerous shopping and dining establishments and the food court. The Entertainment Mall is a two-story complex, most of which is open-air, and also features some shopping and dining businesses. The Entertainment Mall also hosts the Music Hall, an events hall (formerly open-air, now airconditioned) facing Manila Bay. As of late 2021, majority of the area has been renovated with addition of air-conditioning. Due to the mall's size, all buildings have concierge desks, assisting local information within the area.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall's 5,000 parking spaces are divided across two, six-story parking buildings conveniently designated the North and South Parking Buildings, which have been covered with a solar rooftop. The South Parking Building houses the mall's official The SM Store, while the mall's supermarket, the SM Hypermarket is located at the North Parking Building. Since 2016, these parking buildings are equipped with elevators and escalators, which allow fast access to parking levels.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Since its opening in 2006, visitors to the mall have been welcomed by large steel framed globe on a roundabout at the southern tip of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), known as the MoA Globe. In 2009, the globe was turned into Globamaze, an LED display.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall includes branches of all of the standard anchor stores found in most of the SM Supermalls. The first-ever branch of Taste Asia, one of the SM Supermalls' food court brands, is located right outside the mall's supermarket, the sprawling SM Hypermarket.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall's open-air Music Hall directly facing the Manila Bay has also held numerous events, contests, and concerts since the mall's opening in 2006.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall also provides office space. Dell International Services, a subsidiary of Dell, Inc. once occupied a area at the second floor of the North Parking Building of the mall. Eventually, in 2015, Teleperformance took over that space until 2019, as the company moved its operations to the MOA Annex Building. Currently, the site has been replaced by the mall anchor Cyberzone for IT-related shops, one of the biggest Cyberzones in the country since the opening of SM City North EDSA.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Opened on February 12, 2020, the new Food Hall is located in the 3rd Level, adjacent across SM Skating at the main mall. The new Food Hall replaced the former SM Food Court, located at the second floor, features budget to upscale dining choices.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall features a total of 16 cinemas with 11 regular cinemas (including Center Stage Cinema), three Director's Club Cinemas, one Event Cinema, and one IMAX Theater. It originally featured a total of 10 cinemas, with six regular cinemas, Director's Club Cinema for intimate screenings (30 La-Z-Boy seats), Premier Cinema, CenterStage which can use for live musical concerts and theatrical performances, and an IMAX theater.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: One of the mall's main attractions is the first ever and the largest IMAX theater in the Philippines. Originally with the naming rights of San Miguel-Coca-Cola, IMAX Theatre is one of the world's biggest IMAX screens in 3D including 2D screenings. It was originally a traditional film projector that uses its 15/70 mm film format, IMAX GT (Grand Theatre). The IMAX Theater was closed on October 11, 2013, for digital conversion, and re-opened on October 30, 2013, along with the release of "". On November 6, 2014, the old traditional 70mm IMAX projector was used for Christopher Nolan's "Interstellar". In July 2017, the main lobby was temporarily closed for renovation (where the XD Cinema is going to be demolished), and its lobby was temporarily moved at the second floor in front of Cinemas 7 and 8, the main lobby re-opened on December 11, 2018, upon the launch of Event Cinema and the Asian premiere screening of "Aquaman" where its star Jason Momoa has arrived in the country; however, its temporary lobby is closed being used as offices for cinema personnel and as an emergency fire exit. On August 18, 2019, the IMAX Theater was closed for renovation and re-opened on October 29, 2019, with updated interiors and high-end spectator seats with comfortable Paragon 918 chairs from world-class spectator seats manufacturer Ferco Seating. The IMAX re-opened on May 4, 2022, along with the release of "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness".


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Additional cinemas were opened in the mall since 2016. Two digital theaters (C7 and C8) were opened at the north side of the entertainment mall in December 2016. The Event Cinema was opened on December 12, 2018, and located at the newly renovated IMAX theater lobby, which can be used for birthday parties, corporate events, and seminars, and it can house up to 45 people.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Half of the original cinema area (including Cinemas 4–6, Director's Club and Premier Cinema) was closed on August 22, 2018, after the celebration of the 2nd Pista ng Pelikulang Pilipino and were demolished for renovation as part of the mall expansion, New Cinemas 1-5 re-opened on soft opening in December 2019 along with the limited-early release of "", while the other remaining cinemas, the three Director's Club Cinemas equipped with Dolby Atmos and laser projector were re-opened on its grand re-launch on January 22, 2020, at the former space of Premier Cinema. Cinemas 9–11, which are former Cinemas 1-3 remained in temporary operations after the re-opening of the renovated theaters. The former space of the Director's Club Cinema is now occupied by Surplus Shop.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: As part of the mall's continuing expansion in the North Wing, the original cinemas including the centerstage were temporarily closed.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The SM Mall of Asia is undergoing a expansion project since 2014, featuring new expansion areas for retail establishments and new indoor and outdoor amenities, including a football field and the installation of roof solar panels at the mall.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: A new two-level expansion will be built at the top of the main mall which is now currently undergoing construction and is expected to be fully complete by 2023. The expansion wings will connect to the mall carpark buildings.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The new expansion will feature a football pitch with grandstand, botanical gardens, and parks at the mall's 4th level roofdeck plus all-new shops and restaurants at the mall's third, and fourth levels. It will be built in phases. The first phase will feature the new Olympic-sized Ice Skating Rink and a Food Hall (replacing the old Foodcourt) on the 3rd Floor along with more new shops and restaurants. Both of the new features, the mall's ice skating rink and most recently, the MoA Food Hall, were completed in 2017 and February 2020 respectively. As of 2022, half of the expanded Main Atrium has been completed, which will soon connect to the rest of the mall. Works for the remaining untouched parts of the mall especially in the North Wing are currently on-going.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: A new wing connecting The Galeon Museum and the north side of Entertainment Mall was opened which features restaurants in the ground floor and the new Cinemas 7 and 8 in the 2nd floor.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall features the Philippines' first Olympic-sized ice skating rink which is located on the third level of the mall's main building. It covers an area of and has a spectators area which can seat up to 200 people and accommodate up to 300 people.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: An older ice skating rink was one of the main features of the SM Mall of Asia at the time of its inauguration in 2006, which was situated at the ground level of the mall's main building. Its opening followed the closure of the old skating rink at the SM Megamall which was built in 1992. On 2015, the skating rink made a comeback and eventually opened at the SM Megamall, and during the mall's renovation works, the skating rink was temporarily moved from 2015–2017 to the open area lot between the SMX Convention Center and the MOA Arena, which is currently occupied by MOA Square, which notably houses IKEA Pasay City. The new skating rink, located at the 3rd floor, was opened in 2017.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Several ice skating competitions have been held at the mall's ice skating rink such as the Skate Asia 2007, the first time an international competition at that scale was held in the Philippines. The ice hockey competition of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games was also held in the venue.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Galeón is a dome-shaped museum that will feature the history of the Galleon Trade, which in 250 years, the Philippines and Mexico played major roles during the period. The main attraction will be the Galleon ship which is used for trading.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The grand opening has been delayed for some time and the entrance to the museum is occupied by various restaurants.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Exploreum was a science and technology museum within the main SM Mall of Asia shopping mall complex. A joint venture between SM Prime Holdings and United-States-based Leisure Entertainment Consultancy (LEC), it opened in 2007 as the SM Science Discovery Center. It featured a digital planetarium and a wide range of technology and science-themed exhibits. At the time of its opening, the two-level science center covered an area of . It also featured the Digistar Planetarium housed within a tall dome which was designed by Evans & Sutherland.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: In 2009, it was renamed into Nido Fortified Science Discovery Center as SM Prime Holdings partnered with Nido Fortified, a milk brand of Nestlé.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: In 2014, Nido Fortified Science Discovery Center was rebranded to The Exploreum, Which features 118 new interactive exhibits and over 100 non-interactive exhibits in eight major interactive galleries namely the Natural World, Human Adventure, Zoom, Connect, Cyberville, Space Camp, the Living Earth, and Science Park.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The XD Cinema was a 4D theater located at the IMAX lobby at the ground floor, opened on November 25, 2014, on soft opening equipped with strategically located 48 pneumatic controlled seats that highlight the immersive nature of the theater while maintaining an exclusive ambiance to delight the audience, it has enormous in-theatre effects including snow, wind, water, scent, fog, and strobe/lightings. It also has leg tickler, motion seats, seat vibrators, and seat impactors to add a breathtaking fourth dimension experience. The first local film to be shown in this theater is "Feng Shui 2" starring Kris Aquino and Coco Martin.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The XD Cinema was closed in April 2017 for ongoing renovation works of the IMAX lobby. It has since been permanently closed, with no plans for its return.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Premier Cinema was closed on August 22, 2018, for renovation works and was now occupied by three Director's Club Cinemas.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The SM Central Business Park is a mixed-use area located within the surrounding areas of SM Mall of Asia, and is owned and developed by SM Prime Holdings. The complex serves as one of Henry Sy's vision to build a landmark within Metro Manila, and currently features events venues, mixed-use buildings, office towers, hotels, residential condominiums, and transport hubs.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The SM Mall of Asia Arena is an indoor arena within the SM Mall of Asia complex which has a seating capacity of 16,000 and a full house capacity of 20,000, which opened to the public on June 16, 2012. The arena is the alternative venue of the Philippine Basketball Association and the main venue of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Mall of Asia concert grounds, also called the Mall of Asia parking grounds when there is no event, are public spaces located west of the E-com Center buildings that are used to hold mass gatherings, primarily concerts. When there is no event, the venue is used as a parking lot to accommodate employees of the E-com Center buildings, as well as mall guests. The concert grounds comprise two complex blocks: one that can accommodate about 30,000 persons, and another that will bring the capacity to about 80,000.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines which led cinemas to be closed since March 2020, SM Cinema opened up a drive-in cinema at this venue on September 9, 2020. It is the second drive-in-cinema in the country after SM City Pampanga.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The SMX Convention Center Manila (formerly Maitrade Expo and Convention Center) (Project Name: MAITrade) is the Philippines' largest privately run exhibition and convention center.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The groundbreaking was held on March 23, 2006. The project was completed and inaugurated on November 5, 2007. It is used as an alternate with the nearby state-run Philippine International Convention Center and World Trade Center Metro Manila located in the CCP Complex. featuring large exhibition areas and function rooms. The convention center can fit approximately 6,000 people.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The building is composed of three floors and a basement parking with a total leasable area of . The Architect, Arch. Jose Siao Ling, designed the structure maximizing the use of space, giving exhibitors flexibility, and options in terms of their specific area requirements. The exhibition area at the ground level has a floor area of , which can be divided into four halls. Commercial shops are located along the perimeter. Bridgeways on the second level connect SMX Convention Center to the mall's south parking building, S Maison, MOA Square and National University MOA, respectively. The third level has a total floor area of , which can be divided into six halls for functions and conventions, along with nine meeting rooms.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: An esplanade was constructed at the back of the mall where it served as the observation center for the First World Pyro Olympics in December 2005. The second World Pyro Olympics were held at the SM Mall of Asia's boardwalk area in early January, 2007.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Esplanade was also the venue for Lovapalooza 2, wherein more than 5,300 couples kissed for 10 seconds on February 10, 2007, breaking Hungary's 4,445 in the Guinness World Records. Also, an events venue named One Esplanade was constructed here. One Esplanade is usually used for product launches, parties, and other events.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: SM by the Bay Amusement Park is an amusement park situated along Manila Bay that opened to the public in 2011. The park currently has over 17 rides including the Mall of Asia Eye, which is also known as The Eye Of Asia, a tall ferris wheel which opened on December 18, 2011. It has 36 air-conditioned gondolas, each able to carry up to six persons, giving a maximum capacity of 216 passengers. The Area also houses food stalls and offers a direct view to the Manila Bay.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Archdiocesan Shrine of Jesus The Way, The Truth, and The Life is a Roman Catholic Church belonging to the Archdiocese of Manila located along Coral Way. It features a romanesque architecture. Dedicated to Jesus, it was envisioned by Pope John Paul II when he visited the Philippines in 1995 for the World Youth Day. The land and the church were donated and built by Henry Sy and his wife Felicidad Sy. It was consecrated and dedicated on July 9, 1999, by Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin with Apostolic Nuncio of the Philippines Archbishop Antonio Franco, Cebu Archbishop Ricardo Cardinal Vidal, and the archbishops and bishops of the Philippines.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Casa Ibarra MOA is an events venue located along Coral Way and the Coral Way Parking Lot. The building is owned by Ibarra's Party Venues, an events venues owner and a catering services company.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The LUXE Duty Free Mall of Asia is a duty-free shop located along J. W. Diokno Boulevard and across the planned Six E-com Center. The shopping complex was formerly the SMDC Showroom Building, which was completed in 2011 before renovation works began in late 2016. The mall is currently operated by Duty Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC) and opened its doors in late 2018, which were graced by Tourism Secretary Bernadette Romulo-Puyat, SMDC Chairman and CEO Henry Sy Jr., and other high-ranking officials. The upscale shopping complex a total floor area of , and features high-end foreign retail brands in cosmetics, confectioneries, fashion, fragrance, and wines, such as Bally, Bobbi Brown Cosmetics, Coach New York, Chanel, Clarins, Dior, Estée Lauder, Kate Spade New York, Lancôme, Laneige, Michael Kors, MAC Cosmetics, MCM Worldwide, Tom Ford, Shiseido and other luxury brands.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Mall of Asia Annex (MAAX) Building is a 12-storey office building, located across the Mall of Asia Arena. The 12-floor building has 6-level multi parking spaces capable of storing 1,400 cars, shops, restaurants, and SM Supermarket, which opened on March 24, 2019, and is located at the ground floor. The building also houses The Food Village, a food court complex featuring Filipino and international dining areas. The building's office tenants within the building's 3 upper floors are SM Prime, the Philippine Skating Union, and Teleperformance.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: MoA Square is an expansion building to SM Mall of Asia that houses IKEA Pasay City, unique home living stores and concepts, in-house contact center, an e-commerce facility, a cafe, a warehouse, and additional parking spaces. Costing , it is located between the SMX Convention Center and Mall of Asia Arena and is interconnected with the mall's South Parking Building. The construction for the building began in September 2018 and topped off in 2020. It opened on November 24, 2021.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: First in the Philippines, IKEA Pasay City has a floor space of , making it IKEA's largest store in the world, beating the company's Seoul branch in South Korea, near the KTX Gwangmyeong station with of floor space, and serves as the complex's biggest tenant since the mall's opening in 2006. The branch was expected to open in 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The branch opened on November 25, 2021. The opening of IKEA made SM Mall of Asia the largest mall in the Philippines once again; the last time was from 2006 to 2008.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The National University Mall of Asia, also known as NU MOA or NUMA, is the satellite campus of the Manila-based university, also owned mostly by SM Investments, located along Coral Way. The campus occupies the Mall of Asia Arena Annex (MAAX) Building 2, a 7-storey building located beside Microtel by Windham Mall of Asia and is directly connected to the SMX Convention Center Manila. The campus also features various shops within the ground floor, a 3-level parking facility that can accommodate approximately 720 cars and a gross leasable area of . The building opened on September 17, 2019, hosting the NU Senior High School, NU College of Optometry, and the NU College of Dentistry (extension to the Manila campus), which offers courses such as the Doctor of Dental Medicine, Dental Hygiene and Dental Laboratory Technology. The campus also offers courses, ranging from Bachelor of Business Administration majoring in Financial and Entrepreneurial Management, Bachelor of Science in both Medical and Information Technology, and Bachelor of Science in psychology.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Oceanaire Luxurious Residences is a 15-storey two tower development owned by Zhongfa Development, Inc. located along Sunrise Drive, which was completed during the 4th quarter of 2015. The condominium is also occupied by the Golden Phoenix Hotel Manila, a 281-room 4-star hotel, making the complex the second hotel to open in the area, and features a bar and a spa, located within the amenity area of the building.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Microtel by Windham Mall of Asia is a 150-room hotel located along Coral Way, and beside Conrad Manila. The hotel opened in 2010 and serves as the first hotel in the complex, before the opening of the Conrad Manila in June 2016, and features the Millie's All-day dining restaurant, a function room with a maximum capacity of up to 200 persons, and a roofdeck swimming pool.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Mall of Asia Complex also host the Conrad Manila, a 347-room hotel located between the SMX Convention Center and the Esplanade. The hotel serves as the complex's premier class hotel. Its podium houses the S Maison, a 2-storey retail area and the Dessert Museum, a candy-themed art exhibition. The S Maison is considered by SM Prime Holdings a separate mall from the main SM Mall of Asia shopping mall complex as the mall targets the upper income levels, and is designated as the 62nd SM Supermall in the Philippines.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Hotel 101 Manila is a 518-room 3-star hotel located within EDSA Extension. Groundbreaking began in June 2012, and was opened in July 2016. The opening of the hotel was graced by then Secretary of Tourism Wanda Tulfo Teo and other officials. The hotel is owned by Hotel of Asia, Inc., a subsidiary of the DoubleDragon Properties and serves as Hotel 101's first and flagship hotel in the country, featuring a swimming pool and Jacuzzi, located at the 2nd floor.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Tryp Manila, owned by Windham, is located beside The Esplanade, and across the Three Ecom Center. The hotel is completed in 2018 serves as the third hotel located in the complex owned by SM Prime Holdings, after Conrad Manila and Microtel by Windham Mall of Asia, but offers lower rates and features 191 rooms and 3 restaurants, namely the Milagritos, the Encaramada pool bar, and the Beberitos lobby lounge.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Lanson Place Mall of Asia is a hotel and service suite building located across the Galeon complex and the One Ecom Center, and sits on the westernmost area of the Concert Grounds. It serves as the first Lanson Place in the country and features 250 hotel rooms and 150 serviced suites units, featuring a sleek and contemporary architectural style. The building serves as the fourth hotel owned by SM in the complex and also features a rooftop swimming pool, an al-fresco center on the ground floor, a fitness center, an all-day dining restaurant, and a ballroom that can accommodate 800 people. The building is currently topped off in August 2021, and is expected to be completed and open its doors in 2022.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The SM Mall of Asia complex hosts the SM Corporate Offices, the NexGen Tower, the Philflex Bay Center, the SM Retail HQ tower, and the E-com Center, an office building complex which houses mainly business process outsourcing, cruising companies, and shipping firms. The buildings are designed by international firm Arquitectonica and Architect Felix Lim. It is divided into five smaller, different towers, namely: One E-Com Center, Two E-Com Center, Three E-Com Center, Four E-Com Center, and Five E-Com Center. The sixth tower, the Six E-com Center, is currently being planned, located in an open parking lot between the SM Mall of Asia North Wing Building and the Five Ecom Center. The buildings are connected to the main mall via elevated pedestrian bridgeway on the second level, and all buildings also features an open-air podium with dining areas located in the fourth floor of each building.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The groundbreaking for the first building, the One E-Com Center began in March 2006. The building was completed in the first week of October 2007. Its first occupant, Fitness First opened its doors on October 12, 2007, other occupants include APL, Charlex International Corporation, CMA CGM, Conduent, Damco Philippines Inc., EXL Service, Highlands Prime Inc., and MegaLink, Inc..


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Two E-com Center is a 15-storey twin tower complex with prism-like building designs. Completed in 2011, The building primarily houses SM Development Corporation, Anscor Swire Ship Management Corporation, Belle Corporation, Ben Line Agencies Philippines, Inc., Concentrix, Klaveness Maritime Agency Incorporated, MicroSourcing, OOCL, TTEC, and other outsourcing and shipping companies.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: In 2018, the Three E-Com Center was launched and opened. The Three E-Com Center consists of two 15-storey semi-circular towers while the Four E-Com Center consists of three 15-storey towers with a crystal-like architectural designs. Occupants of the Three E-com Center includes Bangkok Bank, Prime Metro BMD Corporation, Alorica, and Amazon. Alorica by the Bay and Amazon occupies multiple floors within the towers. The Four E-Com Center began construction 2016 was topped-off in 2019, and was initially planned to open in 2020, however, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country, the building's opening was delayed and expected to be completed within 2021.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Five E-Com Center opened in 2015 and features a stacked building design. The tower houses contact centers and non-contact center tenants such as Altisource Business Solutions, Grieg Philippines Inc., Harte Hanks Philippines, Inc., Kuehne + Nagel, Inc., Pernod Ricard Philippines, Inc., Telstra, Tupperware Brands, PTT Petroleum, Royal Caribbean Group, Vestas, VXI, Xiamen Airlines and TeleTech.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The Mall of Asia has four residential condominium properties owned by SM Development Corporation (SMDC), SM Prime's residential development subsidiary, which include the Sea Residences, a six-tower complex; the Shell Residences, a four-tower complex; the Shore Residences, which has 3 separate residential condominium complexes, named Shore with 3 towers, Shore 2 with another 3 towers, and Shore 3 with 6 towers; the S Residences, a three-tower complex; and the Sail Residences, a four-tower development. The buildings were based on modern resort-themed architectural designs. In August 2021, SMDC unveiled a new residential project within the complex, the ICE Tower, an 844 unit residential-office (RESO) development, located across the EDSA Extension. The new residential development is expected to be completed within 2023–2024.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: The mall features a 20-seater tram service providing connectivity within the mall complex, and also features a transport terminal, providing transportation services to nearby areas in Metro Manila, and nearby Cavite and Batangas provinces. A bus stop is also located at the Globe Rotunda, fronting the Main Mall where city buses stop.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Adjacent to the convention center is the MetroStar Ferry Terminal ferry service to Cavite City. The terminal also serves as a passenger port to SM's tourism estate, the Hamilo Coast, in Nasugbu, Batangas.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: In 2007, Philippine Export-Import Credit Agency (PhilEXIM) inaugurated the ferry project between Cavite City and SM Mall of Asia. PhilEXIM President Virgilio R. Angelo stated that it guaranteed the loan of Metrostar Ferry, Inc. (Metrostar) for the government's Manila Bay Transport Project. Angelo stated that the ferry service would also open in the Cavite City-Luneta Boardwalk-Del Pan Bridge waterway. A ferry service is also inaugurated connecting SM Mall of Asia to the Bataan province.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: A ferry service which will bring passengers to and from the upcoming Sangley Airport is being proposed.


title: SM Mall of Asia

text: Proposed Monorail in MOA. The SM Group and the Department of Transportation (DOTr) already have a contract in place for the construction of an integrated monorail system in Pasay City. This initiative by SM Prime would not only increase the complex's accessibility but will also benefit all parties involved—businesses, employees, locals, guests, and even tourists—by adding value.


title: Dav Pilkey

text: David "Dav" Murray Pilkey Jr. (; born March 4, 1966) is an American cartoonist, author, and illustrator of children's literature. He is best known as the author and illustrator of the children's book series, "Captain Underpants", and the children's graphic novel series, "Dog Man".


title: Dav Pilkey

text: Pilkey was born in Cleveland, Ohio on March 4, 1966 to the Reverend David Pilkey, Sr. and Barbara who was the church organist. He has one older sister. Pilkey was brought up in a conservative


title: Dav Pilkey

text: Pilkey was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia as a child. In elementary school in Elyria, Ohio, Pilkey was frequently reprimanded for his behavior in class and thus usually sat at a desk in the school hallway, where he created the "Captain Underpants" character. Pilkey entered his first book, "World War Won", an allegorical fable inspired by the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, in a national competition for student authors and won in his age category. The book's publication in 1987 was included in the award.


title: Dav Pilkey

text: The atypical spelling of his first name came when the "e" in "Dave" was left off his name tag while working at a Pizza Hut.


title: Dav Pilkey

text: "The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby" was published in 2002 and was Pilkey's first full complete graphic novel. It appeared at No. 6 on the "USA Today" bestseller list for all books, both adult and children's, and was also a "New York Times" bestselling book for Children's Middle Grade. The first "Super Diaper Baby" graphic novel was published with Scholastic years before Scholastic created the Graphix imprint.


title: Dav Pilkey

text: Pilkey took a break from writing for a few years to care for his terminally ill father (who died on November 13, 2008), but in 2009 agreed with Scholastic to publish four new books. The first two are graphic novels: "", released on August 10, 2010; and "", released on June 28, 2011. "Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers" was released on August 28, 2012, and "Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers" was released in January 2013.


title: Dav Pilkey

text: On March 25, 2021, Dav Pilkey announced on his YouTube channel that he and Scholastic will cease further publication of the book "The Adventures of Ook and Gluk," and will remove it from retailers and libraries due to some stereotyping of the characters in the book. Pilkey stated that he intended to showcase diversity, equality, and non-violent conflict resolution. He also stated that even unintentional and passive stereotypes are harmful to everyone. Pilkey will donate his entire advance, past, and future royalties from the book to organizations promoting diversity that are designed to stop violence against Asians.


title: Dav Pilkey

text: The Dragon series was originally published with Orchard Books. Scholastic then reprinted the series in 2019.


title: Dav Pilkey

text: Pilkey authored the Super Diaper Baby books and Ook and Gluk under the pseudonyms George Beard and Harold Hutchins.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Demography of the Philippines records the human population, including its population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects. The Philippines annualized population growth rate between the years 2015–2020 was 1.63%. According to the 2020 census, the population of the Philippines is 109,035,343. The first census in the Philippines was held in the year 1591 which counted 667,612 people.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The majority of Filipinos are lowland Austronesians, while the Aetas (Negritos), as well as other highland groups form a minority. The indigenous population is related to the indigenous populations of the Malay Archipelago. Some ethnic groups that have been in the Philippines for centuries before Spanish and American colonial rule have assimilated or intermixed. 600,000 people from the United States live in the Philippines. They represent 0.56% of the total population. The ethnic groups include Arabs, Japanese, Han Chinese and Indians which form parts of the population.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The most commonly spoken indigenous languages are Tagalog and Cebuano, with 23.8 million (45 million speakers as Filipino) and 16 million speakers, respectively. Another 11 indigenous languages have at least one million native speakers: Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray, various Bikol languages, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Maranao, Maguindanao, Kinaray-a, Zamboangueño and Tausug. One or more of these are spoken as a mother tongue by more than 93% of the population. Filipino and English are the official languages but there are between 120 and 170 distinct indigenous Philippine languages (depending on expert classifications).


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The first census in the Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish-Philippines as 667,612 people. 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, at different times: around 15,600 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually, 3,000 were Japanese residents, and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe. There was a large but unknown number of South Asian Filipinos, as the majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal and Southern India, adding Dravidian speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bengalis into the ethnic mix.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The rest were Malays and Negritos. With 667,612 people, during this era, the Philippines was among the most sparsely populated lands in Asia. In contrast, Japan during that era (the 1500s) had a population of 8 Million or Mexico had a population of 4 million, which was huge compared to the Philippine's 600,000. In 1600, the method of population counting was revamped by the Spanish officials, who then based the counting of the population through church records.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: In 1798, the population of Luzon or Luconia was estimated to be around 600,000 with the other islands, unknown. 200,000 of the 600,000 population were of mixed-raced descent of either Spanish, Chinese or Latin-American admixture. 5,000 enlisted soldiers on that year, were of South American descent, while 2,500 were pure Spanish officers. There were 20,000 new Chinese immigrants. The book, "Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park" citing "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" gave a higher number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000 immigrants in the 1700s.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: In 1799, Friar Manuel Buzeta estimated the population of all the Philippine islands as 1,502,574. Despite the number of Mixed Spanish-Filipino descent being the lowest, they may be more common than expected as many Spaniards often had Filipino concubines and mistresses and they frequently produced children out of wedlock. The first official census was in 1878, when the population as of midnight on December 31, 1877, was counted. This was followed by the 1887 census, with the 1898 census not completed. The 1887 census yielded a count of 5,984,727 excluding non-Christians.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and the pure Chinese were as high as 9.9% but quantitative data are lacking. The Spanish-Filipino and Chinese-Filipino mestizo populations may have fluctuated. Eventually, everybody belonging to these non-native categories diminished because they were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as pure Filipinos. Since during the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included anybody born in the Philippines coming from any race. That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: In 1903 the population of the Philippines was recounted by American authorities to fulfill Act 467. The survey yielded 7,635,426 people, including 56,138 who were foreign-born.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: According to the 1920 United States Census, there were 10,314,310 people in the Philippines. 99 percent were Filipino; 51,751 were either Chinese or Japanese; 34,563 were of mixed race; 12,577 were Caucasian; and 7,523 were African.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The 1939 census was undertaken in conformity with Section 1 of Commonwealth Act 170. The Philippine population figure was 16,000,303.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: In 1941 the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000. Manila's population was 684,000.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: By then, some 27% of the population could speak English as a second language, while the number of Spanish speakers as first language had further fallen to 3% from 10 to 14% at the beginning of the century. In 1936, Tagalog was selected to be the basis for a national language. In 1987, the Filipino language, a standard language based on Tagalog, was imposed as the national language and as one of the two official languages alongside English.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: In 1960, the government of the Philippines conducted a survey on both population, and housing. The population was pegged at 27,087,685. Successive surveys were again conducted in 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1990, which gave the population as 36,684,948, 42,070,660, 48,098,460, and 60,703,206 respectively. In 1995, the POPCEN was launched, undertaken at the month of September, The data provided the bases for the Internal Revenue Allocation to local government units, and for the creation of new legislative areas. The count was made official by then President Fidel Ramos by Proclamation No, 849 on August 14, 1995, The population was 68,616,536.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: More than half of the children born every year in the Philippines are illegitimate, and the percentage of illegitimate children is rising by 2% per year. First time single mothers normally consist of girls in the 17 to 19 years old age bracket. Some females become prostitutes in the Philippines after they become unwed single mothers from teenage pregnancy. More than half of women do not want anymore children but the access to contraceptive methods have declined, and especially in case of Philippines the people are hesitant to use modern scientific contraceptives due to opposition by the Catholic Church. The reasons for the high illegitimate birthrate and single motherhood include the unpopularity of artificial contraception in the Philippines inadequate sex education, delays in implementing birth control legislation and a machismo attitude among many Filipino males. There are three million household heads without a spouse, two million of whom were female (2015 PSA estimates).


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Between 2010 and 2014, 54% of all pregnancies in the Philippines (1.9 million pregnancies) were unintended. Consequently, 9% of women between 15 and 19 years of age have begun childbearing, and every year there are 610 000 unsafe abortions. In 2017, modern contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) in "the Philippines was 40% among married women of reproductive age and 17% among unmarried sexually active women" and "Forty-six percent of married women used no contraceptive method in 2017 and 14% a traditional method." The "unmet need for family planning' which is the lack of access of contraceptives to women do not want to have more children or wish to delay having children was 17% among married women and 49% among unmarried and among unmarried only 22% women were able to access modern contraceptive methods. "As a consequence of the low contraceptive met need, 68% of unintended pregnancies occur in women not using any method and 24% in those using traditional methods" and the rest had to resort to unsafe traditional methods.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The Catholic Church in Philippines opposes sex before or outside marriage, and the use of modern contraceptive and the passing of laws allowing for divorce. It continues to mix religion with politics since the time of Spanish friar, while Catholic priests continue to have scandals by having affairs and by fathering offsprings with women amidst of allegation of child sexual abuse by the Catholic Church clergy. The Catholic religion that was introduced by Spanish colonial era Catholic friars was adapted through a process of enculturation. Hence, there is a gap between the [relatively more orthodox] scriptural Catholic religion and the version practiced by Filipinos in daily life. 84% Filipinos are Catholic, and what Filipinos actually do in practice is different from what they believe in, i.e. Filipinos practice a liberal cultural attitude towards sexual relationships while also contrastingly practicing orthodox Catholic religious belief which opposes the modern scientific contraceptives and laws based on the modern values, resulting in lack of access to family planning methods, stigmatization of medical abortions, a high number of unwanted pregnancies, lack of access to safe modern medical abortions, high and still rising trend of illegitimate newborn birth rate.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The law of the Philippines continues to differentiate and discriminate between filiation (recognition of the biological relationship between father and child) and legitimacy (legally considered a legitimate child), national law still continues to label the "nonmarital births" as "illegitimate", which has been criticized by the social and legal activists for the constitutional stigmatization and denial of equal legal rights.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The following table, based on the annual official data sourced from Philippine Statistics Authority, shows the growing annual trend of illegitimate child births by percentages:


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The majority of the people in the Philippines are related to Malay people, or more broadly the Austronesian peoples. The largest of these groups are the Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Bicolanos, Moros, Kapampangans, Pangasinenses, and the Zamboangueños. The indigenous peoples of the Philippines form a minority of the population. Other large ethnic groups include Filipinos of Japanese, Indian, Chinese, Spanish, and American descent. There are more than 175 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines, its own culture, identity, literature, tradition, music, dances, foods, beliefs, and history, which are all part of Filipino culture. The latest censuses did not take account of ethnicity, and the only census that included questions on ethnicity is of the 2000 census. Nevertheless, a 2019 Anthropology Study by Matthew Go, published in the Journal of Human Biology, using physical anthropology, estimated that, 72.7% of Filipinos are Asian, 12.7% of Filipinos can be classified as Hispanic (Latin-American Mestizos or Malay-Spanish Mestizos), 7.3% as Indigenous American, African at 4.5% and European at 2.7%.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The total number of immigrants and expats in Philippines as of the 2010 censuses is 177,365. By country:


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, there are 135 ethnic languages in the Philippine archipelago, each spoken by the respective ethno-linguistic group, except for the national Filipino language which is spoken by all 134 ethno-linguistic groups in the country. Most of the languages have several varieties (dialects), totaling over 300 across the archipelago. In the 1930s, the government promoted the use of the Tagalog language as the national language, and called the new Tagalog-based language as the national Filipino language, becoming the 135th ethnic language of the country. Visayan languages (Cebuano, Waray, Hiligaynon, etc.) are widely spoken throughout the Visayas and in most parts of Mindanao. Ilokano is the lingua franca of Northern Luzon excluding Pangasinan. Zamboangueño Chavacano is the official language of Zamboanga City and lingua franca of Basilan.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Filipino and English are the official languages of the country for purposes of communication and instruction. Consequently, English is widely spoken and understood, although fluency has decreased as the prevalence of Tagalog in primary and secondary educational institutions has increased.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: The Philippine Statistics Authority in October 2015 reported that % of the total Filipino population were Roman Catholics, 10.8% were Protestant and % were Islamic. Although the 2012 International Religious Freedom (IRF) reports that an estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) in 2011 stated that there were then 10.3 million Muslims, or about 10 percent of the total population however this is yet to be proven officially. In 2000, according to the "World Values Survey", 1.8% were Protestant Christians and 10.9% were then irreligious. Other Christian denominations include the Iglesia ni Cristo (one of a number of separate Churches of Christ generally not affiliated with one another), Aglipayan Church, Members Church of God International, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Minority religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Roman Catholics and Protestants were converted during the four centuries of Western influence by Spain, and the United States. Under Spanish rule, much of the population was converted to Christianity.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Orthodox Christians also live in Philippines. The Orthodoxy was brought over by Russian and Greek immigrants to the Philippines. Protestant Christianity arrived in the Philippines during the 20th century, introduced by American missionaries.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Other religions include Judaism, Mahayana Buddhism, often mixed with Taoist beliefs, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Indigenous Philippine folk religions.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Education in the Philippines has been influenced by foreign models, particularly the United States, and Spain. Philippine students enter public school at about age four, starting from nursery school up to kindergarten. At about seven years of age, students enter elementary school (6 to 7 years). This is followed by junior high school (4 years) and senior high school (2 years). Students then take the college entrance examinations (CEE), after which they enter university (3 to 5 years). Other types of schools include private school, preparatory school, international school, laboratory high school, and science high school. School year in the Philippines starts from June, and ends in March with a two-month summer break from April to May, one week of semestral break in October, and a week or two during Christmas and New Year holidays.


title: Demographics of the Philippines

text: Starting in SY 2011–2012 there has been a phased implementation of a new program. The K to 12 Program covers kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school [SHS]).


title: Dolores Hart

text: Dolores Hart, O.S.B. (born Dolores Hicks; October 20, 1938) is an American Roman Catholic Benedictine nun who was a prominent actress. Following her movie debut with Elvis Presley in "Loving You" (1957), she made ten films in five years, including "Wild Is the Wind" (1957), "King Creole" (1958), and "Where the Boys Are" (1960).


title: Dolores Hart

text: By the early 1960s an established leading lady, she "stunned Hollywood" by announcing that she would forgo her life as an actress, leaving behind her career to enter the Abbey of Regina Laudis monastery in Connecticut.


title: Dolores Hart

text: Born Dolores Hicks, she was the only child of actor Bert Hicks and Harriett Hicks, who separated when she was three years old, and ultimately divorced. She stated, "As a child I was precocious. My parents married when they were 16 and 17 and both were beautiful people. Moss Hart offered my mother, Harriett, a contract but by then they had me and my father, Bert Hicks, a bit player, definitely a Clark Gable type, had movie offers so he moved from Chicago to Hollywood, I was a Hollywood brat. He lived in Beverly Hills and I used to visit the lots with him. He had a bit part in "Forever Amber". I always wanted to be part of that life."


title: Dolores Hart

text: Hicks was also related by marriage, through an aunt, to singer Mario Lanza. She lived in Chicago with her grandparents, who sent her to a parochial school, St. Gregory Catholic School, not for its religious education but because it was closest to home and she stated, "My grandparents didn't want me to get run over by streetcars." It was actually her grandfather, a movie theater projectionist to whom she turned for comfort in light of her parents' marital problems, whose enthusiasm for films influenced her decision to pursue an acting career. She would watch the films, but without sound so as not to disturb his naps in the booth, and her job was to wake him at the end of each reel.


title: Dolores Hart

text: Hicks converted to Roman Catholicism when she was 10. By age 11, she was living again in Beverly Hills with her mother, a restaurant greeter, who married owner Al Gordon. After high school, she studied at Marymount College near Los Angeles. Using the stage name of 'Dolores Hart' in 1956 she was signed to play a supporting role as the love interest to Elvis Presley in the 1957 release "Loving You". After this appearance, Hart found herself in frequent demand, and she made two more films before appearing with Presley again in 1958's "King Creole". She has denied ever having had an 'intimate' relationship with Presley off-screen. In interviews during her movie career she was often asked, "What is it like kissing Elvis?" She chuckled a bit at the memory, "I think the limit for a screen kiss back then was something like 15 seconds. That one has lasted 40 years." Hart then made her debut on Broadway, winning a 1959 Theatre World Award as well as a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress for her role in "The Pleasure of His Company".


title: Dolores Hart

text: In 1960, Hart starred in "Where the Boys Are", a teenage comedy about college students on spring break, which developed a near cult-like following. In the film Hart plays a co-ed who struggles to define herself when confronted with her newly discovered sexuality and popularity with the opposite sex. Hart starred in the film "Francis of Assisi" in 1961, in which she played Saint Clare of Assisi. She also made a sketch of a St. Francis statue, arms outstretched, while working on the movie.


title: Dolores Hart

text: She went on to star in four more films, including the lead role of Lisa in "The Inspector", which was based on a novel by Jan de Hartog, and nominated for a Golden Globe for "Best Picture – Drama".


title: Dolores Hart

text: In 1963 Hart appeared as Kathy Maywood on "The Virginian" in the episode "The Mountain of the Sun". Hart played a Catholic missionary, who against all warnings risks her life to honor both her vows to God and her desire to continue her dead husband's work to help a community of poor and sick embattled Indian tribes. It was perhaps a foreshadowing of her soon-to-be religious life. It was her last released acting role (April 17, 1963), a month after Hart's last film role in "Come Fly with Me" with Hugh O'Brian. At this point she had made up her mind to leave the film industry. The 24-year-old actress became a Roman Catholic nun at the Benedictine Abbey of Regina Laudis in Bethlehem, Connecticut. On a 1963 New York promotional stop for "Come Fly with Me", she took a one-way car ride to the abbey in 1963 (but not in a limousine as reported).


title: Dolores Hart

text: It was during the filming of "Come Fly With Me" that she became close friends with Karl Malden, who also starred in the picture. Malden wrote in his autobiography "When Do I Start?" that when he and his wife Mona wanted to go out, Dolores would spend time babysitting their kids. She adored the Maldens' children and quickly became like a member of the family. It was shortly after the picture that Dolores got engaged and she actually asked Malden's daughters Mila and Carla to be her bridesmaids. It was after they had a couple of fittings on their dresses that Dolores appeared at the Maldens’ and announced she was calling off the wedding. A few days later she came over with what amounted to all her worldly possessions, jewelry, purses and knick-knacks, and told the girls to take what they wanted. She said she was moving away and that it was "an affair of the heart" (her exact words quoted by Malden). She not only left behind her fiancé, she left her acting career as well.


title: Dolores Hart

text: Even though she broke off her engagement to Los Angeles architect Don Robinson (April 16, 1933 – November 29, 2011), they remained close friends: she admitted she loved him—"Of course, Don, I love you." But Robinson said, "Every love doesn't have to wind up at the altar." He never married, and visited her every year at Christmas and Easter at the abbey in Connecticut until his death.


title: Dolores Hart

text: While Hart was making "Francis of Assisi" in Rome, she met Pope John XXIII, who was instrumental in her vocation. She told him "I am Dolores Hart, the actress playing Clare." The Pontiff replied, ""Tu sei Chiara!"" ("No, you "are" Clare!" in Italian).


title: Dolores Hart

text: As a novice, she told the abbey founder Lady Abbess Benedict Duss, "I will never have to worry again about being an actress because it was all over and behind me." But Lady Abbess replied, "I'm sorry, but you're completely wrong. Now you have to take up a role and really work at it." Hart submitted a rejoinder, "I was so mad when she said that because I really emptied my pockets, so to speak, and literally had given away everything that had meant anything to me." The Abbess said, "I'm sorry you did that because there's a lot of things you gave away that you're going to need here." She initially took the religious name Sister Judith, but she changed it to Sister Dolores for her final vows. "Hal Wallis wanted to call me Susan when I started my movie career, but I was under age and my mother would not hear of it. She wanted me to be Dolores." She took her final vows in 1970. She chants in Latin eight times a day.


title: Dolores Hart

text: Hart visited Hollywood again in 2006 after 43 years in the monastery to raise awareness for idiopathic peripheral neuropathy disorder, a neurological disorder that afflicts her and many Americans. In April 2006 she testified at a Washington congressional hearing on the need for research of the painful and crippling disease amid her ordeal.


title: Dolores Hart

text: Hart, who was compared to Grace Kelly, was instrumental in developing the Abbey of Regina Laudis's project of expansion of its community connection through the arts, using her fame. Paul Newman helped her with funding for a lighting grid, when she envisioned a year-round arts school and a better-equipped stage. Another friend, the Academy Award winning actress Patricia Neal, helped support the abbey's theater. Hart's vision was to meet the abbey's needs—development and expansion of its open-air theater and arts program for the Bethlehem community. Every summer, the abbey's 38 nuns on of rural land, help the community stage a musical, with the 2008 presentation of "West Side Story", after previous shows "Fiddler on the Roof", "The Music Man" and "My Fair Lady".


title: Dolores Hart

text: Hart was named prioress of the monastery in 2001, after the election of Mother David Serna as second abbess of Regina Laudis, and held that office until 2015. Hart remains a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, having in recent years become the only nun to be an Oscar-voting member.


title: Dolores Hart

text: Hart often appears in public wearing a beret on top of her habit. When asked about it by an interviewer she stated that early in her vocation, because nuns have to "cut your hair quite short in order to get your cap on, your wimple, your bandeau, and all of that," she told her superior that "my head is freezing even when I put the veil on!" When informed that she could "put another veil on top of it" she thought "oh, that’s pretty dull isn’t it? And someone gave me a little tam, so I asked if I could wear that". She was granted permission "and now a lot of the young ones [novices and other nuns] pick up the beret [because] they like it, but it’s not actually part of our habit. It’s part of our tradition that what helps a nun to be herself can certainly [be] a part of our system."


title: Dolores Hart

text: On October 4, 2008, "The Holy Trinity Apostolate", founded by Rev. John Hardon, S.J., sponsored a "Breakfast with Mother Dolores Hart". Held at Rochester, Michigan's Royal Park Hotel, Hart told her story: "He Led Me Out into an Open Space; He Saved Me Because He Loved Me: The Journey of Mother Dolores Hart to Regina Laudis". Since 1963, when she joined the Bethlehem abbey, she disciplined herself under the Rule of Saint Benedict. At the breakfast, several people spoke, including Patricia Neal and Maria Cooper Janis, the daughter of Hollywood leading man Gary Cooper.


title: Dolores Hart

text: A documentary film about Hart's life, "God Is the Bigger Elvis", was a nominee for the 2012 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) and was shown on HBO in April 2012. Hart attended the 2012 Academy Awards for the documentary; her last red-carpet Oscar event had been in 1959 as a Hollywood starlet.


title: Dolores Hart

text: In her autobiography, "The Ear of the Heart: An Actress’ Journey From Hollywood to Holy Vows" (Ignatius Press)—co-authored with lifelong friend Richard DeNeut and released May 7, 2013—Hart told her life story, from her birth in Chicago to becoming Catholic, from her Hollywood adventures to monastery life.


title: Dolores Hart

text: "The Seven Ages of Elvis" is a 90-minute UK feature documentary produced and directed by David Upshal, and broadcast by Sky Arts to mark the 40th anniversary of the death of Elvis Presley.


title: Death drive

text: In classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the death drive () is the drive toward death and destruction, often expressed through behaviors such as aggression, repetition compulsion, and self-destructiveness. It was originally proposed by Sabina Spielrein in her paper "Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being" ("Die Destruktion als Ursache des Werdens") in 1912, which was then taken up by Sigmund Freud in 1920 in "Beyond the Pleasure Principle." This concept has been translated as "opposition between the ego or death instincts and the sexual or life instincts". In "Pleasure Principle", Freud used the plural "death drives" ("Todestriebe") much more frequently than the singular.


title: Death drive

text: The death drive opposes Eros, the tendency toward survival, propagation, sex, and other creative, life-producing drives. The death drive is sometimes referred to as "Thanatos" in post-Freudian thought, complementing "Eros", although this term was not used in Freud's own work, being rather introduced by Wilhelm Stekel in 1909 and then by Paul Federn in the present context. Subsequent psychoanalysts such as Jacques Lacan and Melanie Klein have defended the concept.


title: Death drive

text: The standard edition of Freud's works in English confuses two terms that are different in German, "Instinkt" (instinct) and "Trieb" (drive), often translating both as "instinct"; for example, "the hypothesis of a "death instinct", the task of which is to lead organic life back into the inanimate state". "This equating of "Instinkt" and "Trieb" has created serious misunderstandings". Freud actually refers to the term "Instinkt" in explicit use elsewhere, and so while the concept of "instinct" can loosely be referred to as a "drive," any essentialist or naturalist connotations of the term should be put in abeyance. In a sense, the death drive is a force that is not essential to the life of an organism (unlike an "instinct") and tends to denature it or make it behave in ways that are sometimes counter-intuitive. In other words, the term death "instinct" is simply a false representation of death drive. The term is almost universally known in scholarly literature on Freud as the "death drive", and Lacanian psychoanalysts often shorten it to simply "drive" (although Freud posited the existence of other drives as well, and Lacan explicitly states in Seminar XI that all drives are partial to the death drive). The contemporary Penguin translations of Freud translate "Trieb" and "Instinkt" as "drive" and "instinct" respectively.


title: Death drive

text: It was a basic premise of Freud's that "the course taken by mental events is automatically regulated by the pleasure principle...[associated] with an avoidance of unpleasure or a production of pleasure". Three main types of conflictual evidence, difficult to explain satisfactorily in such terms, led Freud late in his career to look for another principle in mental life "beyond" the pleasure principle—a search that would ultimately lead him to the concept of the death drive.


title: Death drive

text: The first problem Freud encountered was the phenomenon of repetition in (war) trauma. When Freud worked with people with trauma (particularly the trauma experienced by soldiers returning from World War I), he observed that subjects often tended to repeat or re-enact these traumatic experiences: "dreams occurring in traumatic patients have the characteristic of repeatedly bringing the patient back into the situation of his accident", contrary to the expectations of the pleasure principle.


title: Death drive

text: A second problematic area was found by Freud in children's play (such as the "Fort/Da " Forth/here game played by Freud's grandson, who would stage and re-stage the disappearance of his mother and even himself). "How then does his repetition of this distressing experience as a game fit in with the pleasure principle?"


title: Death drive

text: The third problem came from clinical practice. Freud found his patients, dealing with painful experiences that had been repressed, regularly "obliged to "repeat" the repressed material as a contemporary experience instead of ... "remembering" it as something belonging to the past". Combined with what he called "the compulsion of destiny ... come across [in] people all of whose human relationships have the same outcome", such evidence led Freud "to justify the hypothesis of a compulsion to repeat—something that would seem more primitive, more elementary, more instinctual than the pleasure principle which it over-rides".


title: Death drive

text: He then set out to find an explanation of such a compulsion, an explanation that some scholars have labeled as "metaphysical biology". In Freud's own words, "What follows is speculation, often far-fetched speculation, which the reader will consider or dismiss according to his individual predilection". Seeking a new instinctual paradigm for such problematic repetition, he found it ultimately in ""an urge in organic life to restore an earlier state of things""—the inorganic state from which life originally emerged. From the conservative, restorative character of instinctual life, Freud derived his death drive, with its "pressure towards death", and the resulting "separation of the death instincts from the life instincts" seen in Eros. The death drive then manifested itself in the individual creature as a force "whose function is to assure that the organism shall follow its own path to death".


title: Death drive

text: Seeking further potential clinical support for the existence of such a self-destructive force, Freud found it through a reconsideration of his views of masochism—previously "regarded as sadism that has been turned round upon the subject's own ego"—so as to allow that "there "might" be such a thing as primary masochism—a possibility which I had contested" before. Even with such support, however, he remained very tentative to the book's close about the provisional nature of his theoretical construct: what he called "the whole of our artificial structure of hypotheses".


title: Death drive

text: Although Spielrein's paper was published in 1912, Freud initially resisted the concept as he considered it to be too Jungian. Nevertheless, Freud eventually adopted the concept, and in later years would build extensively upon the tentative foundations he had set out in "Beyond the Pleasure Principle". In "The Ego and the Id" (1923) he would develop his argument to state that "the death instinct would thus seem to express itself—though probably only in part—as an "instinct of destruction" directed against the external world". The following year he would spell out more clearly that the "libido has the task of making the destroying instinct innocuous, and it fulfils the task by diverting that instinct to a great extent outwards ... The instinct is then called the destructive instinct, the instinct for mastery, or the will to power", a perhaps much more recognisable set of manifestations.


title: Death drive

text: At the close of the decade, in "Civilization and Its Discontents" (1930), Freud acknowledged that "To begin with it was only tentatively that I put forward the views I have developed here, but in the course of time they have gained such a hold upon me that I can no longer think in any other way".


title: Death drive

text: From a philosophical perspective, the death drive may be viewed in relation to the work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. His philosophy, expounded in "The World as Will and Representation" (1818) postulates that all exists by a metaphysical "will" (more clearly, a "will to live"), and that pleasure affirms this will. Schopenhauer's pessimism led him to believe that the affirmation of the "will" was a negative and immoral thing, due to his belief of life producing more suffering than happiness. The death drive would seem to manifest as a natural and psychological negation of the "will".


title: Death drive

text: Freud was well aware of such possible linkages. In a letter of 1919, he wrote that regarding "the theme of death, [that I] have stumbled onto an odd idea via the drives and must now read all sorts of things that belong to it, for instance Schopenhauer". Ernest Jones (who like many analysts was not convinced of the need for the death drive, over and above an instinct of aggression) considered that "Freud seemed to have landed in the position of Schopenhauer, who taught that 'death is the goal of life'".


title: Death drive

text: However, as Freud put it to the imagined auditors of his "New Introductory Lectures" (1932), "You may perhaps shrug your shoulders and say: "That isn't natural science, it's Schopenhauer's philosophy!" But, ladies and gentlemen, why should not a bold thinker have guessed something that is afterwards confirmed by sober and painstaking detailed research?" He then went on to add that "what we are saying is not even genuine Schopenhauer...we are not overlooking the fact that there is life as well as death. We recognise two basic instincts and give each of them its own aim".


title: Death drive

text: Freud applied his new theoretical construct in "Civilization and Its Discontents" (1930) to the difficulties inherent in Western civilization—indeed, in civilization and in social life as a whole. In particular, given that "a portion of the [death] instinct is diverted towards the external world and comes to light as an instinct of aggressiveness', he saw 'the inclination to aggression ... [as] the greatest impediment to civilization". The need to overcome such aggression entailed the formation of the [cultural] superego: "We have even been guilty of the heresy of attributing the origin of conscience to this diversion inwards of aggressiveness". The presence thereafter in the individual of the superego and a related sense of guilt—"Civilization, therefore, obtains mastery over the individual's dangerous desire for aggression by ... setting up an agency within him to watch over it"—leaves an abiding sense of uneasiness inherent in civilized life, thereby providing a structural explanation for 'the suffering of civilized man'.


title: Death drive

text: Freud made a further connection between group life and innate aggression, where the former comes together more closely by directing aggression to other groups, an idea later picked up by group analysts like Wilfred Bion.


title: Death drive

text: In the closing decade of Freud's life, it has been suggested, his view of the death drive changed somewhat, with "the stress much more upon the death instinct's manifestations "outwards"". Given "the ubiquity of non-erotic aggressivity and destructiveness", he wrote in 1930, "I adopt the standpoint, therefore, that the inclination to aggression is an original, self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man".


title: Death drive

text: In 1933, he conceived of his original formulation of the death drive 'the improbability of our speculations. A queer instinct, indeed, directed to the destruction of its own organic home!'. He wrote moreover that "Our hypothesis is that there are two essentially different classes of instincts: the sexual instincts, understood in the widest sense—Eros, if you prefer that name—and the aggressive instincts, whose aim is destruction". In 1937, he went so far as to suggest privately that 'We should have a neat schematic picture if we supposed that originally, at the beginning of life, all libido was directed to the inside and all aggressiveness to the outside'. In his last writings, it was the contrast of "two basic instincts, "Eros" and "the destructive instinct" ... our two primal instincts, "Eros" and "destructiveness"", on which he laid stress. Nevertheless, his belief in "the death instinct ... [as] a return to an earlier state ... into an inorganic state" continued to the end.


title: Death drive

text: The terms "mortido" and "destrudo", formed analogously to libido, refer to the energy of the "death instinct". In the early 21st century, their use amongst Freudian psychoanalysists has been waning, but still designate destructive energy. The importance of integrating mortido into an individual's life, as opposed to splitting it off and disowning it, has been taken up by figures like Robert Bly in the men's movement.


title: Death drive

text: Paul Federn used the term "mortido" for the new energy source, and has generally been followed in that by other analytic writers. His disciple and collaborator Weiss, however, chose destrudo, which was later taken up by Charles Brenner.


title: Death drive

text: Whereas Freud himself never named the aggressive and destructive energy of the death drive (as he had done with the life drive, "libido"), the next generation of psychoanalysts vied to find suitable names for it.


title: Death drive

text: Literary criticism has been almost more prepared than psychoanalysis to make at least metaphorical use of the term 'Destrudo'. Artistic images were seen by Joseph Campbell in terms of "incestuous 'libido' and patricidal 'destrudo'"; while literary descriptions of the conflict between destrudo and libido are still fairly widespread in the 21st century.


title: Death drive

text: Mortido was introduced by Freud's pupil Paul Federn to cover the psychic energy of the death instinct, something left open by Freud himself: Providing what he saw as clinical proof of the reality of the death instinct in 1930, Federn reported on the self-destructive tendencies of severely melancholic patients as evidence of what he would later call inwardly-directed mortido.


title: Death drive

text: However, Freud himself favoured neither term – "mortido" or "destrudo". This worked against either of them gaining widespread popularity in the psychoanalytic literature.


title: Death drive

text: "Destrudo" is a term introduced by Italian psychoanalyst Edoardo Weiss in 1935 to denote the energy of the death instinct, on the analogy of libido—and thus to cover the energy of the destructive impulse in Freudian psychology.


title: Death drive

text: Destrudo is the opposite of libido—the urge to create, an energy that arises from the Eros (or "life") drive—and is the urge to destroy arising from Thanatos (death), and thus an aspect of what Sigmund Freud termed "the aggressive instincts, whose aim is destruction".


title: Death drive

text: Weiss related aggression/destrudo to secondary narcissism, something generally only described in terms of the libido turning towards the self.


title: Death drive

text: Eric Berne, who was a pupil of Federn's, made extensive use of the term "mortido" in his pre-transactional analysis study, "The Mind in Action" (1947). As he wrote in the foreword to the third edition of 1967, "the historical events of the last thirty years...become much clearer by introducing Paul Federn's concept of mortido".


title: Death drive

text: Berne saw mortido as activating such forces as hate and cruelty, blinding anger and social hostilities; and considered that inwardly directed mortido underlay the phenomena of guilt and self-punishment, as well as their clinical exacerbations in the form of depression or melancholia.


title: Death drive

text: Berne saw sexual acts as gratifying mortido at the same time as libido; and recognised that on occasion the former becomes more important sexually than the latter, as in sadomasochism and destructive emotional relationships.


title: Death drive

text: Berne's concern with the role of mortido in individuals and groups, social formations and nations, arguably continued throughout all his later writings.


title: Death drive

text: Jean Laplanche has explored repeatedly the question of mortido, and of how far a distinctive instinct of destruction can be identified in parallel to the forces of libido.


title: Death drive

text: As Freud wryly commented in 1930, "The assumption of the existence of an instinct of death or destruction has met with resistance even in analytic circles". Indeed, Ernest Jones would comment of "Beyond the Pleasure Principle" that the book not only "displayed a boldness of speculation that was unique in all his writings" but was "further noteworthy in being the only one of Freud's which has received little acceptance on the part of his followers".


title: Death drive

text: Otto Fenichel in his compendious survey of the first Freudian half-century concluded that "the facts on which Freud based his concept of a death instinct in no way necessitate the assumption ... of a genuine self-destructive instinct". Heinz Hartmann set the tone for ego psychology when he "chose to ... do without 'Freud's other, mainly biologically oriented set of hypotheses of the "life" and "death instincts"'". In the object relations theory, among the independent group 'the most common repudiation was the loathsome notion of the death instinct'. Indeed, "for most analysts Freud's idea of a primitive urge towards death, of a primary masochism, was ... bedevilled by problems".


title: Death drive

text: Nevertheless, the concept has been defended, extended, and carried forward by some analysts, generally those tangential to the psychoanalytic mainstream; while among the more orthodox, arguably of "those who, in contrast to most other analysts, take Freud's doctrine of the death drive seriously, K. R. Eissler has been the most persuasive—or least unpersuasive".


title: Death drive

text: Melanie Klein and her immediate followers considered that "the infant is exposed from birth to the anxiety stirred up by the inborn polarity of instincts—the immediate conflict between the life instinct and the death instinct"; and Kleinians indeed built much of their theory of early childhood around the outward deflection of the latter. "This deflection of the death instinct, described by Freud, in Melanie Klein's view consists partly of a projection, partly of the conversion of the death instinct into aggression".


title: Death drive

text: French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, for his part, castigated the "refusal to accept this culminating point of Freud's doctrine ... by those who conduct their analysis on the basis of a conception of the "ego" ... that death instinct whose enigma Freud propounded for us at the height of his experience". Characteristically, he stressed the linguistic aspects of the death drive: "the symbol is substituted for death in order to take possession of the first swelling of life ... There is therefore no further need to have recourse to the outworn notion of primordial masochism in order to understand the reason for the repetitive games in ... his "Fort!" and in his "Da!"."


title: Death drive

text: Eric Berne too would proudly proclaim that he, "besides having repeated and confirmed the conventional observations of Freud, also believes right down the line with him concerning the death instinct, and the pervasiveness of the repetition compulsion".


title: Death drive

text: For the twenty-first century, "the death drive today ... remains a highly controversial theory for many psychoanalysts ... [almost] as many opinions as there are psychoanalysts".


title: Death drive

text: Freud's conceptual opposition of death and eros drives in the human psyche was applied by Walter A. Davis in "Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative" and "Death's Dream Kingdom: The American Psyche since 9/11." Davis described social reactions to both Hiroshima and 9/11 from the Freudian viewpoint of the death force. Unless they consciously take responsibility for the damage of those reactions, Davis claims that Americans will repeat them.


title: Louis Hofmann

text: Louis Hofmann (born 3 June 1997) is a German actor. He first gained attention as the lead in the 2011 German film "" and won the Bodil Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as a teenage German prisoner of war in the 2015 Danish film "Land of Mine". He is also known for playing Jonas in the 2017 German Netflix Original series "Dark".


title: Louis Hofmann

text: Hofmann was born in the Bensberg district of Bergisch Gladbach and grew up in Cologne. His first experience in front of the camera was for "Servicezeit", an evening magazine programme on WDR Fernsehen television network. He appeared in a section of the programme, "Die Ausflieger", which tested family recreational activities. After two and a half years at "Servicezeit", he decided to become an actor and applied to an acting agency. He was subsequently represented by Agentur Schwarz.


title: Louis Hofmann

text: In 2009 Hofmann guest-starred in legal comedy-drama "Danni Lowinski" and television series "Der verlorene Vater". He also appeared in the television film "Tod in Istanbul". In 2010 he performed in "Wilsberg" and "Alarm for Cobra 11".


title: Louis Hofmann

text: Hofmann's first cinematic leading role was the titular Tom Sawyer in director Hermine Huntgeburth's 2011 German film adaptation of the classic Mark Twain novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". Along with Leon Seidel, who played the role of Huck Finn, he sang on the soundtrack of the film in the song, "Barfuß Gehen" ("Going Barefoot"). The sequel to "Tom Sawyer", "" (German: "Die Abenteuer des Huck Finn"), was released on 20 December 2012 in German cinemas. In 2013, Hofmann played a guest-starring role in an episode of the television series "Stolberg". Beginning on 24 October 2013 Hofmann appeared in the comedy "The Nearly Perfect Man" (German: "Der fast perfekte Mann").


title: Louis Hofmann

text: His role as Wolfgang in the 2015 film "Sanctuary" (German: "Freistatt") directed by Marc Brummund earned him the 2015 Bavarian Film Prize as Best Newcomer Actor and the 2016 German Actors Award (Deutscher Schauspielerpreis) in the newcomer category. His first international role as a German prisoner of war in the Danish-German co-production "Land of Mine" (Danish: "Under sandet") earned him the Best Supporting Actor prize at Denmark's Bodil Awards in 2016. At the 2016 German Film Awards, he received with the Special Prize Jaeger-LeCoultre Homage to German Cinema presented to honour the work of German actors in international films.


title: Louis Hofmann

text: In 2016 Hofmann played Phil in "Centre of My World" (German: "Die Mitte der Welt"), a coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Jakob M. Erwa, based on the 1998 bestselling novel "The Centre of the World" by Andreas Steinhöfel. He was presented with a European Shooting Stars Award at Berlinale 2017 by the European Film Promotion organisation.


title: Louis Hofmann

text: In 2016, Hofmann was cast as Jonas Kahnwald in "Dark", a science fiction thriller released on Netflix on 1 December 2017. His character is one of the leads and is the main love interest for the character of Martha Nielsen. A second season was released on 21 June 2019. A third and final season was released on 27 June 2020.


title: Primate city

text: A primate city is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. A "primate city distribution" is a rank-size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns, and no intermediate-sized urban centers: a king effect, visible as an outlier on an otherwise linear graph, when the rest of the data fit a power law or stretched exponential function.


title: Primate city

text: The "law of the primate city" was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939. He defines a primate city as being "at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant." Aside from size and population, a primate city will usually have precedence in all other aspects of its country's society such as economics, politics, culture, and education. Primate cities also serve as targets for the majority of a country or region's internal migration.


title: Primate city

text: In geography, the phenomenon of excessive concentration of population and development of the main city of a country or a region (often to the detriment of other areas) is called urban primacy or urban macrocephaly.


title: Primate city

text: Urban primacy can be measured as the share of a country's population that lives in the primate city. "Relative" primacy indicates the ratio of the primate city's population to that of the second largest in a country or region.


title: Primate city

text: Not all countries have primate cities. In those that do, there is debate as to whether the city serves a parasitic or generative function. The presence of a primate city in a country may indicate an imbalance in development—usually a progressive core and a lagging periphery—on which the city depends for labor and other resources. However, the urban structure is not directly dependent on a country's level of economic development.


title: Primate city

text: Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country's population. This can be due to a reduction in blue-collar population in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation. Simultaneously, the number of educated employees in white-collar endeavors such as politics, finance, media, and higher education rises. These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated.