title: River Song (Doctor Who)

text: River's characterisation has invited parallels with that of Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), a companion of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors introduced by Steven Moffat in 2005. According to Moffat in the "Doctor Who Confidential" episode accompanying "Forest of the Dead", River's blaster gun is the one previously owned by Jack in the 2005 series of "Doctor Who". Upon River's return in series five, Lyle Masaki of AfterElton felt that viewers had the chance to see the character "do her best to channel Captain Jack" by capturing the same "'charming rogue' vibe". In May 2012 Moffat stated that River, like Jack, is bisexual. Heather Hogan, a senior editor of AfterEllen felt that Moffat's ability to create "fascinating, complicated characters like... River Song" is a direct consequence of him abiding by "Captain Jack's label-eschewing motto": "You people and your quaint little categories". James Cornish of WhatCulture subsequently cited River's characterisation in a rebuke against claims of misogyny and homophobia in Moffat's writing. He described her as "a more sexual, trigger happy version of the Doctor" and "the strongest female character seen on "Doctor Who" for a quite a while".


title: River Song (Doctor Who)

text: An article published in "Metro", entitled "Doctor Who fans love River Song...", noted how praise from fans on Twitter after the airing of "Day of the Moon" focused heavily on Song. In 2011, Laura Pledger of "Radio Times" listed Kingston as the fourth best "Doctor Who" guest star, writing, "For my money we’ve seen rather too much of River in the last two series, but there’s no denying Kingston has created a memorable character in Melody Pond." Keith Phipps for The A.V. Club compared the Doctor and River's romantic storyline to "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button", based on the F. Scott Fitzgerald short story, "if a bit more elegantly, for my money—it echoes the plight of anyone who's watched a loved one fade into the shadowlands of dementia. This is not a story that ends well for River and she knows it, whatever flirtatious high spirits being around The Doctor stirs in her." Emily Nussbaum of "The New Yorker" felt the character to be the Doctor's "soul mate" and described Alex Kingston as "badass".


title: River Song (Doctor Who)

text: Neela Debnath of "The Independent" praised Nina Toussaint-White in her role as Mels, saying she was "every bit as sassy and vivacious as her later incarnation... it was a shame that she regenerated so early on because she brought a different energy to the character". However, Neil McCormick in "The Daily Telegraph" thought that her sudden introduction as Rory and Amy's childhood friend showed that Moffat was making it up as he went along. Charlie Jane Anders of io9 felt that River Song was at her "high point" in some of the early Matt Smith episodes, where she was "generally badass and mysterious". However, with "The Wedding of River Song", Anders felt she had lost her mystery and independence, and her love for the Doctor was unrealistic.


title: River Song (Doctor Who)

text: Whilst critical of the typical characterisation of British female science fiction characters, "The Guardian"s Krystina Nellis singles out River Song alongside "Torchwood"s Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) as positive depictions of strong female characters, stating: "It'd be difficult to find two superwomen in less need of a man to save them." For her role as River Song in the 2011 series of "Doctor Who", Alex Kingston won the Best Actress prize at the 2012 "SFX" magazine Awards. In a 2012 poll conducted by "SFX" magazine to find the 100 sexiest female characters in science fiction and fantasy, River was voted number 22. She was also included in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters, at number 44. Character Options have also released official toys based on River Song as part of their "Doctor Who" range. Upon being notified of her own action figure, Kingston stated she did not "quite believe it" as "you don't get that on "ER"."


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( , from Low German "Brunswiek" , Braunschweig dialect: "Bronswiek") is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704.


title: Braunschweig

text: A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1269–1432, 1754–1807, and 1813–1814), the Duchy of Brunswick (1814–1918), and the Free State of Brunswick (1918–1946).


title: Braunschweig

text: Today, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research and development.


title: Braunschweig

text: The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by Brun(o), a Saxon count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary Count Dankward, after whom Dankwarderode Castle ("Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.


title: Braunschweig

text: The town's original name of "Brunswik" is a combination of the name Bruno and Low German "wik" (related to the Latin "vicus"), a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, indicates an ideal resting place, as it lay by a ford across the Oker River. Another explanation of the city's name is that it comes from "Brand", or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning. The city was first mentioned in documents from the St. Magni Church from 1031, which give the city's name as "Brunesguik".


title: Braunschweig

text: Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of the Brunonids, then, through marriage, it fell to the House of Welf. In 1142, Henry the Lion of the House of Welf became duke of Saxony and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included the Duchy of Bavaria). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts of Brunswick, into his own "Pfalz" and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, the Cathedral of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. The lion subsequently became the city's landmark.


title: Braunschweig

text: Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to King Henry II of England's daughter Matilda, sister of Richard the Lionheart. However, his son Otto, who could regain influence and was eventually crowned Holy Roman Emperor, continued to foster the city's development.


title: Braunschweig

text: During the Middle Ages, Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century. By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany. Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire, Brunswick was "de facto" ruled independently by a powerful class of patricians and the guilds throughout much of the Late Middle Ages and the Early modern period. Because of the growing power of Brunswick's burghers, the Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their "Residenz" out of the city and to the nearby town of Wolfenbüttel in 1432. The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel didn't regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, took the city by siege.


title: Braunschweig

text: In the 18th century Brunswick was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment, dukes like Anthony Ulrich and Charles I became patrons of the arts and sciences. In 1745, Charles I founded the "Collegium Carolinum", predecessor of the Brunswick University of Technology, and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Brunswick. With this he attracted poets and thinkers such as Lessing, Leisewitz, and Jakob Mauvillon to his court and the city. "Emilia Galotti" by Lessing and Goethe's "Faust" were performed for the first time in Brunswick.


title: Braunschweig

text: In 1806, the city was captured by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and became part of the short-lived Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807. The exiled Duke Frederick William raised a volunteer corps, the Black Brunswickers, who fought the French in several battles.


title: Braunschweig

text: After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent Duchy of Brunswick, later a constituent state of the German Empire from 1871. In the aftermath of the July Revolution in 1830, in Brunswick duke Charles II was forced to abdicate. His absolutist governing style had previously alienated the nobility and bourgeoisie, while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the ducal palace in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely. Charles was succeeded by his brother William VIII. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.


title: Braunschweig

text: During the 19th century, industrialisation caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval fortifications and the River Oker. On 1 December 1838, the first section of the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway.


title: Braunschweig

text: On 8 November 1918, at the end of World War I, a socialist workers' council forced Duke Ernest Augustus to abdicate. On 10 November, the council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Brunswick under one-party government by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD); however, the subsequent Landtag election on 22 December 1918 was won by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), and the USPD and MSPD formed a coalition government. An uprising in Braunschweig in 1919, led by the communist Spartacus League, was defeated when "Freikorps" troops under Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker took over the city on order of the German Minister of Defence, Gustav Noske. An SPD-led government was subsequently established; in December 1921, a new constitution was approved for the Free State of Brunswick, now a parliamentary republic within the Weimar Republic, again with Braunschweig as its capital.


title: Braunschweig

text: After the Landtag election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where the Nazis participated in government, when the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties. With the support of Dietrich Klagges, Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a large SA rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured. On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick granted Adolf Hitler German citizenship to allow him to run in the 1932 German presidential election. In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.


title: Braunschweig

text: After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the "Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt" in Völkenrode, the Hitler Youth Academy for Youth Leadership, and the SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig. With the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter and the Stadt des KdF-Wagens, as well as several factories in the city itself (including Büssing and the Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German arms industry.


title: Braunschweig

text: During the Second World War, Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters of Wehrkreis XI (one of Germany's military districts), and was the garrison city of the 31st Infantry Division that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia. In this period, thousands of Eastern workers were brought to the city as forced labor, and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in the "Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen" ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").


title: Braunschweig

text: In 1944, a subcamp of the concentration camp Neuengamme was established in Braunschweig. Hundreds of prisoners, mostly Jews, lived in brutal conditions and hundreds died from hunger, disease, and overwork. Piera Sonnino (1922-1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in that camp in her book, "This Has Happened", published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.


title: Braunschweig

text: The Allied air raid on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and the "Altstadt" (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany.


title: Braunschweig

text: The city's cathedral, which had been converted to a "Nationale Weihestätte" (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.


title: Braunschweig

text: Small sections of the city survived Allied bombing, so remain to represent its distinctive architecture. The cathedral was restored to its function as a Protestant church.


title: Braunschweig

text: Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the Allied occupying authorities, Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of Lower Saxony.


title: Braunschweig

text: During the Cold War, Braunschweig, then part of West Germany, suffered economically due to its proximity to the Iron Curtain. The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was then East Germany; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.


title: Braunschweig

text: On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, the rural district of Braunschweig, which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.


title: Braunschweig

text: In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid. The façade of the "Braunschweiger Schloss" was rebuilt, and buildings such as the "Alte Waage" (originally built in 1534) now stand again.


title: Braunschweig

text: Today, Braunschweig is among the twenty German cities found to be most attractive to young people between the ages of 25 and 34, leading to an influx of younger residents.


title: Braunschweig

text: In 2015, 91,785 people or 36.3% of the population were Protestant and 34,604 (13.7%) people were Roman Catholic; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.


title: Braunschweig

text: A total of 64,737 of Braunschweig's residents, including German citizens, had an immigrant background in 2015 (25.6% of the total population). Among those, 25,676 were non-German citizens (10.2%); the following table lists up the largest minority groups:


title: Braunschweig

text: Parks and gardens in the city include the botanical garden "Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig", founded in 1840 by Johann Heinrich Blasius, the "Bürgerpark", the "Löwenwall" with an obelisk from 1825, the "Prinz-Albrecht-Park", and the "Inselwallpark". Other parks and recreation areas are "Stadtpark", "Westpark", "Theaterpark", "Museumpark", "Heidbergsee", "Südsee", "Ölpersee", the zoological garden "Arche Noah Zoo Braunschweig" and the nearby Essehof Zoo.


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig is made up of 19 boroughs (German: "Stadtbezirke"), which themselves may consist of several quarters (German: "Stadtteile") each. The 19 boroughs, with their official numbers, are:


title: Braunschweig

text: The current mayor of Braunschweig is Thorsten Kornblum of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2021. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 September 2021, with a runoff held on 26 September, and the results were as follows:


title: Braunschweig

text: The Braunschweig city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows:


title: Braunschweig

text: Two main autobahns serve Braunschweig, the A2 (Berlin—Hanover—Dortmund) and the A39 (Salzgitter—Wolfsburg). City roads are generally wide, built after World War II to support the anticipated use of the car. There are several car parks in the city.


title: Braunschweig

text: Many residents travel around town by bicycle using an extensive system of bicycle-only lanes. The main train station includes a bicycle parking area.


title: Braunschweig

text: The city is on the main rail line between Frankfurt and Berlin. Deutsche Bahn (German Railways) serves the city with local, inter-city and high-speed InterCityExpress (ICE) trains, with frequent stops at Braunschweig Central Station (German: "Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof").


title: Braunschweig

text: The Braunschweig tramway network is an inexpensive and extensive long electric tramway system. First opened in 1897, it has been modernized, including a extension in 2007. The network has an gauge, unique for a European railway or tramway network. However, it is being supplemented in stages by a third rail, to allow future joint working with the main railway network.


title: Braunschweig

text: The municipally owned Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG currently operates five tram lines and several bus lines. The tram lines are:


title: Braunschweig

text: Many other geographical locations around the world are named Brunswick, after the historical English name of Braunschweig. Between 1714 and 1837, the House of Hanover ruled Great Britain in personal union with the Electorate of Hanover. The House of Hanover was formally known as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line. As a result, many places in the British colonies were named after Brunswick, such as the province of New Brunswick in Canada.


title: Braunschweig

text: Ironically, the city of Braunschweig was not ruled by the Hanoverians while its name was being given to other Brunswicks around the world. Starting in 1269, the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg underwent a series of divisions and mergers, with parts of the territory being transferred between various branches of the family. The city of Braunschweig went to the senior branch of the house, the Wolfenbüttel line, while Lüneburg eventually ended up with the Hanover line. Although the territory had been split, all branches of the family continued to style themselves as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1884, the senior branch of the House of Welf became extinct. The Hanover line, being the last surviving line of the family, subsequently held the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick from November 1913 until November 1918.


title: Braunschweig

text: The offices of the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA, "Federal Aviation Office") and the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU) are located in Braunschweig.


title: Braunschweig

text: Today it is known for its University and research institutes, mainly the "Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute", the "Julius Kühn-Institut", and the "Institute for Animal Food" of the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, until the end of 2007 all part of the Federal Agricultural Research Centre, the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The PTB Braunschweig maintains the atomic clock responsible for the DCF77 time signal and the official German time. In 2006 the region of Braunschweig was the most R&D-intensive area in the whole European Economic Area investing 7.1% of its GDP for research & technology. In 2014, the figure had risen to 7.7%, making Braunschweig retain its ranking as the most R&D-intensive region in Germany. Braunschweig was named Germany's "City of Science 2007" ().


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig University of Technology (German: "Technische Universität Braunschweig") was founded in 1745 and is the oldest member of TU9, an incorporated society of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest universities focusing on engineering and technology in Germany. With approximately 18,000 students, Braunschweig University of Technology is the third largest university in Lower Saxony.


title: Braunschweig

text: Also located in Braunschweig is the , a secondary school founded in 1415. It had such famous pupils as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Richard Dedekind and Louis Spohr. Since 2004, Braunschweig also has an "International School". Other notable secondary schools include the Gymnasium Neue Oberschule, Gymnasium Gaussschule, , , , and .


title: Braunschweig

text: Lower Saxony's only university of art, founded in 1963, can be found in Braunschweig, the "Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig" (Braunschweig College of Fine Arts). The HBK is an institution of higher artistic and scientific education and offers the opportunity to study for interdisciplinary artistic and scientific qualifications. Additionally, one of the campuses of the Eastphalia University of Applied Sciences (German: "Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften", formerly "Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel") was located in the city until 2010.


title: Braunschweig

text: In 2015, the German weekly business news magazine "Wirtschaftswoche" ranked Braunschweig as one of the most dynamic economic spaces in all of Germany.


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig was one of the centres of the industrialization in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century the canning and railroad industries and the sugar production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy, but eventually other branches such as the automotive industry became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II. The defunct truck and bus manufacturer Büssing was headquartered in Braunschweig. Current factories in the city include Volkswagen, Siemens, Bombardier Transportation, and Bosch.


title: Braunschweig

text: The fashion label NewYorker, the publishing house Westermann Verlag, Nordzucker, Volkswagen Financial Services and Volkswagen Bank have their headquarters in the city as well as the Volkswagen utility vehicle holding. Also two major optical companies were headquartered in Braunschweig: Voigtländer and Rollei.


title: Braunschweig

text: During the 1980s and early 1990s the computer companies Atari and Commodore International both had branches for development and production within the city.


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig is the home of two piano companies, both known worldwide for the high quality of their instruments: Schimmel and Grotrian-Steinweg. Both companies were founded in the 19th century. Additionally is based in Braunschweig.


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig is famous for "Till Eulenspiegel", a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens.


title: Braunschweig

text: It also had many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind of beer is made called "Mumme", first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world. Two major breweries still produce in Braunschweig, the , founded in 1627, and the former brewery, founded in 1871, now operated by Oettinger Beer.


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweiger Mettwurst, a soft, spreadable smoked pork sausage, is named after the city. Other traditional local dishes include white asparagus, "Braunschweiger Lebkuchen", "Braunkohl" (a variant of kale served with Bregenwurst), and "Uhlen un Apen" (Low German for "Owls and Guenons", a pastry).


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig's major local newspaper is the "Braunschweiger Zeitung", first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include the "Braunschweigische Anzeigen"/"Braunschweigische Staatszeitung" (1745–1934), the "Braunschweigische Landeszeitung" (1880–1936) and the "Braunschweiger Stadtanzeiger"/"Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger" (1886–1941), and the social-democratic "" (1871–1933).


title: Braunschweig

text: Near Braunschweig at Cremlingen-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter, which transmits the program of "Deutschlandfunk" on 756 kHz, the Cremlingen transmitter.


title: Braunschweig

text: "", a medieval Northern German form of carnival was celebrated in Braunschweig as early as the 13th century. Since 1979 an annual Rosenmontag parade is held in Braunschweig, the largest in Northern Germany, which is named Schoduvel in honour of the medieval custom.


title: Braunschweig

text: An annual "Weihnachtsmarkt" (Christmas market) is held in late November and December on the Burgplatz in the centre of Braunschweig. In 2008 the market had 900,000 visitors.


title: Braunschweig

text: The city's most important museum is the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, a well known art museum and the oldest public museum in Germany, founded in 1754. It houses a collection of masters of Western art, including Dürer, Giorgione, Cranach, Holbein, Van Dyck, Vermeer, Rubens, and Rembrandt.


title: Braunschweig

text: The State Museum of Brunswick ("Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum"), founded in 1891, houses a permanent collection documenting the history of the Brunswick area ranging from its early history to the present.


title: Braunschweig

text: The Municipal Museum of Brunswick ("Städtisches Museum Braunschweig"), founded in 1861, is a museum for art and cultural history, documenting the history of the city of Braunschweig.


title: Braunschweig

text: Other museums in the city include the Museum of Photography ("Museum für Photographie"), the Jewish Museum ("Jüdisches Museum"), the Museum for Agricultural Technology "Gut Steinhof", and the Gerstäcker-Museum. Frequent exhibitions of contemporary art are also held by the Art Society of Braunschweig (German: "Kunstverein Braunschweig"), housed in the "Villa Salve Hospes", a classicist villa built between 1805 and 1808.


title: Braunschweig

text: The "Braunschweig Classix Festival" was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals in Lower Saxony.


title: Braunschweig

text: From 2001 to 2009, and again since 2013, the annual finals of the international breakdance competition Battle of the Year have been held at the Volkswagen Halle in Braunschweig.


title: Braunschweig

text: "Braunschweiger TSC" is among the leading competitive formation dance teams in the world and has won multiple World and European championship titles.


title: Braunschweig

text: Braunschweig's major local football team is Eintracht Braunschweig. Founded in 1895, Eintracht Braunschweig can look back on a long and chequered history. Eintracht Braunschweig won the German football championship in 1967, and currently plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, and attracts a large number of supporters. Braunschweig was also arguably the city in which the first ever game of football in Germany took place. The game had been brought to Germany by the local school teacher Konrad Koch, also the first to write down a German version of the rules of football, who organized the first match between pupils from his school "Martino-Katharineum" in 1874. The 2011 German drama film Lessons of a Dream is based on Koch.


title: Braunschweig

text: Eintracht Braunschweig also fields a successful women's field hockey team that claimed nine national championship titles between 1965 and 1978. In the past, the club also had first or second-tier teams in the sports of ice hockey, field handball, and water polo.


title: Braunschweig

text: The New Yorker Lions (formerly Braunschweig Lions) are the city's American football team, winning a record number of 12 German Bowl titles, as well as five Eurobowls (a shared record).


title: Braunschweig

text: The city's professional basketball team, the Basketball Löwen Braunschweig, plays in the Basketball Bundesliga, the highest level in Germany. The Löwen's predecessor SG Braunschweig had previously played in the Bundesliga as well. Eintracht Braunschweig's women's basketball team plays in the , the second tier of women's basketball in Germany.


title: Braunschweig

text: In handball, MTV Braunschweig, the city's oldest sports club (founded in 1847), plays in the semi-professional .


title: Braunschweig

text: Other sports clubs from Braunschweig that play or have played at the Bundesliga or 2nd Bundesliga level include (baseball), (field hockey), (handball), Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig (rugby union), and (volleyball).


title: Braunschweig

text: Annual sporting events held in Braunschweig include the international equestrian tournament "Löwen Classics", "Rund um den Elm", Germany's oldest road bicycle race, and the professional tennis tournament "Sparkassen Open".


title: Bizzy Bone

text: Bryon Anthony McCane II (born September 12, 1976), better known by his stage name Bizzy Bone, is an American rapper, singer and the youngest member of the Cleveland rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: Bryon Anthony McCane II was born in Columbus, Ohio. In 1980, 4-year-old Bryon and his two sisters were abducted by their mother’s boyfriend while their mother was at work and held captive for over 2 years. Bryon recalls that at first, he did not know he had been kidnapped and was made to believe that his mother and grandmother were dead. During the time they was abducted, he and his sisters lived in many homes, apartments, cars, and motels, all in northern Oklahoma. He and his sisters were often beaten, tortured, and sexually assaulted. In 1983, the "family" had been living on the Kaw Indian Reservation in Kaw, Oklahoma, for about a year and a half. A babysitter saw his photo at the end of the made-for-TV film "Adam" about the producer and creator of "America's Most Wanted", John Walsh's son's abduction, and called the police, resulting in his and his sisters return to their family.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: When he was 13, Bryon began living with his oldest sister at her home near Cleveland, Ohio. During this period, he met Layzie Bone, Krayzie Bone, Wish Bone and Flesh-n-Bone. Bizzy Bone started in hip-hop as a founding member of the group Bone Enterpri$e, which was formed in 1992. The group was noticed by one of the founders of the rap group N.W.A, Eazy-E, who modified the group's name to Bone-Thugs-n-Harmony.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: In 2002, McCane appeared on the FOX series "America's Most Wanted" (hosted by John Walsh, Adam's father) and he revealed his abusive childhood and molestation. Bryon also wrote and performed a song, "A.M.W.", on the show in which he thanks Walsh and encourages abused children to come forward.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: Bizzy Bone began his solo career in 1998. He is best known for his style of combining rapid-fire raps, double harmony choruses, with a soft-spoken and high-pitched delivery. His solo debut, "Heaven'z Movie," was critically acclaimed and certified Gold by the RIAA.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: "The Gift", released on April 7, 2001, peaked at #2 on the US Billboard Independent Albums chart. Many of the songs on the album dealt with his personal life and childhood.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: In 2004, Bizzy released "Alpha and Omega" which showed a change in his musical and lyrical content. Fans and critics responded positively to the album. Bizzy followed up with the limited-edition leaked album "The Beginning and the End". Next, he released "Speaking In Tongues" on September 27, 2005. The title references an incident in which Bizzy Bone went on a spiritual rant during an interview on Houston radio station KPFT-FM (Party 93.3), speaking in tongues. It was met with positive reviews from critics, praising its gritty, lo-fi recording quality and Bizzy's spiritually unhinged lyricism. He released four studio albums in 2006. Two of them, "The Story" and "Midwest Cowboy", performed well on the charts, garnering further positive reviews from music critics.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: In 2008, Bizzy Bone reunited with Layzie Bone to re-form Bone Brothers and release two new studio albums, "Bone Brothers III" and "Still Creepin' On Ah Come Up" (released and credited solely as "Bone Thugs"). That year, Bizzy also released two new solo albums. The first, an independent release "Ruthless", features guest appearances from Rick Ross and Pitbull. The other album was his major label release for After Platinum Records distributed through Virgin Records, "A Song For You", which featured appearances from DMX, Joel Madden of Good Charlotte, Jim Jones, and Twista. "A Song For You" was heralded by music critics as Bizzy's best album in years, if not the best of his entire solo career.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: In 2010, Bizzy Bone was one of the ensemble of featured artists for the new re-recording of "We Are The World 25 for Haiti" after the country was devastated, left in ruins by a massive earthquake. The song was critically panned by music critics. The year 2010 would soon see the release of Bizzy Bone's first rap rock album titled "Crossroads 2010" on Sumerian Records. The album received positive feedback from fans and critics alike.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: On September 12, 2019, Bizzy released his first album in five years, "Carbon Monoxide". Its title track is a direct response to the Migos for their disrespect towards Bone Thugs-N-Harmony and other artists from their era, claiming they (Migos), were the "Greatest Group of All-Time." Bizzy's fellow group member Layzie Bone publicly challenged these claims and also released a diss track towards Migos and 21 Savage after the latter came to the defense of Migos, while in the process dissing Layzie Bone calling him "old, broke" and that he could have sex with Layzie's wife. Bizzy reacted apparently intoxicated live on Instagram, threatening to kill Migos and 21 Savage for their disrespect with a double barrel shotgun, which ended abruptly with the police coming to his home in response. The video soon went viral, in the event of the gun resembling Elmer Fudd, the "Looney Tunes" cartoon character. This resulted in several memes, parody videos and commentary from other artists. "Carbon Monoxide" debuted at #3 on the iTunes album chart. He released his follow-up album "The Mantra", exactly a year later on his 44th birthday in 2020, debuting at #4 on the iTunes chart. Bizzy released his album "War of Roses" on September 12, 2021, which was on his 45th birthday, making it the third year in a row an album has been released on his birthday.


title: Bizzy Bone

text: On February 1, 2020, Bryon married Jessica Nancy Cassidy also known as JCass. JCass is a singer, songwriter and model in Houston, Texas. They began dating in late 2016 and announced their engagement on November 26, 2017. Together they have one child, a son, by the name of Jesse Anthony McCane also known as JAM. He was born March 7, 2018 in Houston, Texas. The three share a YouTube channel called JAM tv, which showcases their family life and careers. Bizzy also has nine other children from previous relationships.


title: Tekken 5

text: The game removes several major gameplay changes introduced in "Tekken 4", such as uneven stage terrain, in favor of a faster gameplay akin to the older games in the series. It is also the first game in the series to feature the ability to customize characters with accessories, clothing, and other aesthetic items purchased with in-game currency. There are up to 32 characters to choose from, including seven new fighters, as well as Jin's alter-ego Devil Jin. The home version includes a mode known as Devil Within, a variant of Tekken Force introduced in "Tekken 3".


title: Tekken 5

text: The game was upgraded to "Tekken 5.1", which had mostly balance changes to the gameplay, and later the update "" which was released in 2005 and later ported to the PlayStation Portable and the PlayStation 3 as "Tekken: Dark Resurrection". "Tekken 5" was a critical and commercial success, selling over 8.2 million copies including expansion. Critics praised the return of classic gameplay features and the large amount of replay value provided by the PlayStation 2 port though the final boss was criticized for being too powerful while Jin's story mode was felt boring in comparison to the fighting game part. A sequel titled "Tekken 6" was released in 2007.


title: Tekken 5

text: New to "Tekken 5" is the "crush system" which affects the vulnerability of character while they attack. For example, a move with jumping properties, such as a hopkick, will be completely invulnerable during most of its animation time to all of an opponent's low attacks. It also retains its wall juggling concept from "Tekken 4", but the element is effectively more difficult to abuse and easier to defend against. The home version is a collector's edition of sorts, as it includes the arcade versions of "Tekken", "Tekken 2", "Tekken 3", and "StarBlade". "Tekken 5" also allows players to customize their fighter for the first time, allowing them to change the colors of their outfits, buy additional costumes, and equip them with items by using money gained from playing the Story, Survival, Time Attack, the side-story "Devil Within", and Arcade Battle modes.


title: Tekken 5

text: The raised and lowered sections of floors featured in the "Tekken 4" levels were removed for the fifth installment. This change made gameplay throughout each stage generally similar, aside from wall placements. In addition to removing the uneven nature of the "Tekken 4" styled stages, the design team returned to the style of stages from previous games by having some stages without barriers by allowing them to be infinitely scrolling. For walled stages, the fights take place in fairly symmetrical boxes without any uneven walls. Floors could also crack after one of the characters hit it hard enough. Only one part of a stage can be cracked at a time, however.


title: Tekken 5

text: Other changes over the "Tekken 4" design included the removal of the positional change techniques, bringing back traditional air combat and using a juggle system more akin to "Tekken 3" as opposed to the 4th game's less juggle-friendly gameplay. The fighters were also forced to remain stationary prior to the round beginning.


title: Tekken 5

text: The game also includes Devil Within mode. This is the fourth installment in the Tekken Force series (the first two instalments can be found in "Tekken 3" and "Tekken 4" respectively. Similar to "Death by Degrees", 'Devil Within' focuses solely on one playable character, Jin Kazama, who can also transform into Devil Jin. This is a traditional platform game in which players must guide Jin through a series of labyrinth style levels and entire enemy armies. This mode features bosses, such as True Ogre from "Tekken 3", who is not playable in "Tekken 5".


title: Tekken 5

text: Set moments after "Tekken 4"s ending, Jin Kazama's departure from the Hon-Maru dojo, G Corporation helicopters approach and begin deploying Jack-4 machines pods into the building. Heihachi Mishima and his son, Kazuya, battle the Jacks together until Kazuya leaves Heihachi for dead while escaping. The Jacks hold down Heihachi while one activates its detonator, creating a huge explosion that seemingly kills Heihachi. The only witness to the event is Raven, a mysterious ninja clad in black, who relays Heihachi's death to his superiors. Heihachi's death is declared all over the world with everyone foreseeing the end of the Mishima Zaibatsu. However, somebody else takes over the company from the shadows and business continues.


title: Tekken 5

text: Two months later, the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 is announced. The secret sponsor of the tournament and owner of the Mishima Zaibatsu is finally revealed to be Jinpachi Mishima, Heihachi's father who was confined below Hon-Maru by Heihachi after a coup forty years ago. However, he was possessed by a vengeful spirit who granted him insurmountable power, after which he broke out of Hon-Maru during the Jacks' attacks. Hwoarang defeated Jin Kazama in the later stages of the tournament. While Jin was lying on the ground, he suddenly regains his devil form to attack Hwoarang, knocking him unconscious, presumably because Hwoarang could not continue, Jin was allowed to continue in his place, and progressed through the tournament. Ultimately, as revealed in the next game, Jin manages to defeat Jinpachi, who dissolves into dust and disappears shortly after, with his wish being fulfilled. With this victory, Jin becomes the new head of the Mishima Zaibatsu, setting in motion the events of "Tekken 6".


title: Tekken 5

text: The game also offers an alternative storyline in the mode "Devil Within" where Jin hears that his missing mother, Jun, might be alive and goes to G Corporation to find her. During the mode, Jin awakens his devil persona which also provokes the resurrection of his nemesis, Ogre. Jin defeats Ogre and its stronger persona True Ogre which awakens the stronger Monstrous Ogre. The mode ends with Jin defeating Monstrous Ogre but fails to find Jun.


title: Tekken 5

text: The game features a total of 32 playable characters, consisting of 26 returning and 6 new ones. Unlike previous games, the home version adds no new playable character, and the game's unplayable final boss from the arcades, Jinpachi Mishima, remains unplayable in the console version. The home version also has two uncontrollable enemies fought during the Devil Within minigame: Gun Jack and True Ogre.


title: Tekken 5

text: After the release of "Tekken 4", series director Katsuhiro Harada left Namco due to pressure with such game. Harada's boss insisted him to keep producing more titles as he was capable of pleasing people with his work. After a year away, Harada went back to the company explaining it was due to his passion with fighting games. Namco first announced "Tekken 5" in E3 2004 during May. Harada aimed to make it the best game in the entire franchise to celebrate its 10th anniversary. He aimed to amplify the action elements of the games and make them more over-the-top. In regards to the handling of the game following the negative backlash of "Tekken 4", Harada claims Namco used this response to develop the game. Namco also aimed to make the game fitting for newcomers. The early success of the arcade led the team to research for more content to add in future installments. Based on the company's revolutionary Dynamic Motion Synthesis technology, endorphin was chosen to implement an AI and dynamics simulation to create 3D character animation in real-time, thus dramatically accelerating 3D animation pipelines in games and visual effect studios. Shinichiro Yoda of Namco was optimisitic with this decision. Torsten Reil, CEO of NaturalMotion, said thaty were delighted by Namco as they had already put it in test for its first trailer. The arcade cabinet of the game was notable for allowing players to use their PlayStation 2 controlls over the regular arcade system. The team felt that for the first time in years, the franchise made a notable progress thanks to "Tekken 5".


title: Tekken 5

text: The game was developed to be different from its predecessor. This was mostly due to negative feedback "Tekken 4" received to the point of being considered the worst installment within the series. In contrast to "Tekken Tag Tournament", "5" runs on a System 256, a stronger arcade, allowing the team to produce more detailed backgrounds and characters. This was done thanks to the new engine provided by Namco. Early in development, Namco promised gamers there would be a minigame on action adventure style mode similar to the one provided by "Tekken 3".


title: Tekken 5

text: Harada wanted the game to be enjoyable to newcomers as a result of multiple playable characters that might be difficult to master. A blur effect was added to the visuals while several stages were given flames. Early in the production, "Tekken 5" was meant to have 20 playable characters, with the selected returning ones being the most popular ones. New movements were added to the returning cast. 600 items were also made for the idea of customization. Among the newcomers, Asuka Kazama stands as a replacement from the missing Jun Kazama who only appeared in "Tekken 2" and "Tag Tournament". Despite promotion from "Tekken 5" claiming that the character has died in the intro, Namco Bandai denied this statement in interviews. "Tekken 5" also makes every character to use their own native language during cutscenes, introductions to battles and victory scenes. Producer Takai Homma was in charge of this part of the game. Homma recalls having fun in giving the characters their respective lines as well subtitles. This also led to animal characters having their own lines which have to be read. The goal of Homma was surpassing the two previous "Tekken" games.


title: Tekken 5

text: The game features a large cast of music composers, including Akitaka Tohyama, Yoshihito Yano, Yuu Miyake, Junichi Nakatsuru, Satoru Kōsaki, Rio Hamamoto, Ryuichi Takada, and Hiroshi Okubo. The cast returned for the PS2 version, with the addition of Tetsukazu Nakanishi, Keiichi Okabe, Kohta Takahashi, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Keiki Kobayashi, Nobuyoshi Sano, and Katsuro Tajima. The opening song for the PS2 version, "SPARKING", features vocals by Tom Leonard and Jeff Pescetto. The music encompasses many genres, including techno, rock and nu metal. Victor Entertainment released the soundtrack. Namco was already associated with Digital Frontier during development "Tekken 5" and they had helped with making the CGI scenes the game.


title: Tekken 5

text: The PlayStation 2 port was made in order to contain everything from the original arcade alongside new content. This originated from fan response who often requested Namco that. Harada gave Kei Kudo the task of compressing the port version of the game properly. In October 2005, the game was re-released under the "Greatest Hits" label in Japan. The games was re-released as "Tekken 5.1", a free upgrade to the arcade version of "Tekken 5". It includes changes to the character life bars and character select screen, and some changes in character moves to improve game balance. For example, Steve Fox's infinite was removed, and a few other strong moves were toned down. The Devil Within was created as something only the port could carry.


title: Tekken 5

text: Available in the version for the arcades, the PSP and the PlayStation 3 (via the PlayStation Network), "Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection" is an update of "Tekken 5". It was officially announced at the 2005 JAMMA AM Show but news of it leaked slightly beforehand. The update "Dark Resurrection" would further add additional characters, more features, and customizations in addition to gameplay rebalancing. It was directed by Haruki Suzaki who aimed to turn Jinpachi into a playable character. The Japanese version took about two and a half months. The PlayStation 3 port proved difficult to port as a result of its different engine.


title: Tekken 5

text: "Tekken 5" was met with mainly positive critical response, resulting in a score of 88 out of 100 at Metacritic. Several writers found its mechanics superior to its predecessor, "Tekken 4", due to the return of classic mechanics and the importance of each stage as well as faster combat. The fact that "Tekken 5" removed the exclusive features from its prequel was also a subject of praise. The new mechanics to customize the characters were praised and compared with the ones from "Virtua Fighter 4". The new characters were also the subject of positive response due to the variety they provide. Addditionally, the PlayStation 2 port was heavily praised for the inclusion of the first three "Tekken" to play, which expanded the replay value.


title: Tekken 5

text: Negative comments focused the Devil Within beat-em up due to poorly executed mechanics despite giving the player the possibility of using Devil Jin for the first time, with "GameAxis Unwired" calling it derivative of the Tekken Force mini-game from previous installment while GameRevolution compared it to the poorly received spin-off "Death By Degrees". The final boss Jinpachi Mishima has often been criticized for how overpowered he can be to the point of often being rated as one of the worst bosses in gaming.


title: Tekken 5

text: The presentation was the subject of positive response. The visuals were praised both for the improvement to the fights as well as the new CGI endings over real time cutsenes coupled with interludes and narration in the story mode, as well as improvements to bodies' textures to the point GameZone and GameSpot found it as a more faithful sequel to "Tekken 3" than "4". The idea of having the characters speaking their native languages over English was well receieved. "VideoGamer.com" enjoyed the large amount of content player can unlock in the gallery mode too.


title: Tekken 5

text: "Tekken 5" was also awarded "Best Fighting Game of 2005" by GameSpot, and "Best PlayStation 2 Fighting Game" by IGN.


title: Tekken 5

text: "Tekken 5" was ranked by "Complex" as the sixth best PlayStation 2 game. SNK staff member Falcoon said "Tekken 5" was one of his favorite games in 2005 although he did not consider himself an expert in the game. Game designer Tomonobu Itagaki heavily panned the console port of the game for lacking innovative features after several installments from the franchise. Similarly, "The Rough Guide to Videogames" felt the story was convoluted and that the Devil Within was poorly done. "PC Mag" listed Paul Phoenix's and Lee Chaolan's endings as two of the "craziest" moments in the franchise.


title: Tekken 5

text: The game's critical praise was matched with commercial success. As of July 2009, it has sold around 6 million copies. In retrospective, Harada believes "Tekken 5", and "Tekken 6", managed to attract a new group of fans, something "Tekken 4" failed to do. A sequel, "Tekken 6", was released in 2007. The first CGI scene from the game also influenced the developers to create a film titled "" (2011) which uses this type of animation.


title: Bogan

text: Bogan ( ) is Australian slang for a person whose speech, clothing, attitude and behaviour are considered unrefined or unsophisticated. Depending on the context, the term can be pejorative or self-deprecating. The prevalence of the term bogan has also been associated with changing social attitudes towards social class in Australia.


title: Bogan

text: Since the 1980s, the bogan has become a very well-recognised subculture, often as an example of bad taste. It has antecedents in the Australian larrikin and ocker, and various localised names exist that describe the same or very similar people to the bogan.


title: Bogan

text: The origin of the term "bogan" is unclear; both the "Macquarie Dictionary" and the "Australian Oxford Dictionary" cite the origin as unknown. Some Sydney residents' recollection is that the term is based on the concept that residents of the western suburbs (stereotyped as "Westies") displayed what are now termed "bogan" characteristics and that an individual who displayed these characteristics to a strong extent was as "west" as the Bogan River in western New South Wales. According to another anecdote, the term emerged in Melbourne's outer-western and outer-eastern suburbs in the late 1970s and early 1980s.


title: Bogan

text: The term became widely known in the late 1980s when the teenage character Kylie Mole (played by Mary-Anne Fahey), in the Australian sketch comedy television series "The Comedy Company", frequently used the term to disparage anyone she disliked. The same program included a sketch about a magazine called "Bogue" (a parody of "Vogue"), which featured traditional bogans.


title: Bogan

text: The Australian National Dictionary Centre (ANDC) included the word in its Australian dictionary project in 1991 and said the earliest use they found was in the September 1985 issue of surfing magazine "Tracks": "So what if I have a Mohawk and wear Dr. Martens (boots for all you uninformed bogans)?"


title: Bogan

text: In 2019, Bruce Moore of the Australian National University published a piece in "The Conversation", in which he suggested an earlier usage or origin of the word, discovered by historian Helen Doyle: an article in a student magazine published at Melbourne's Xavier College in 1984, which describes a fictional toy—the "bogan doll"—which possesses many characteristics of the bogan stereotype.


title: Bogan

text: There are places in western New South Wales that contain "bogan" in their name—for example Bogan Shire, the Bogan River and the rural village of Bogan Gate. Bogan Gate, for example, is derived from the local Aboriginal word meaning "the birthplace of a notable headman of the local tribe". Residents of streets such as Bogan Place and Bogan Road have been moved to action by the negative connotations of their street names and lobbied to rename them, prompting Ku-ring-gai mayor Nick Ebbeck to joke that he was a bit of a bogan himself. The 1902 poem "City of Dreadful Thirst" by Australian poet Banjo Paterson makes reference to a "Bogan shower" as a term meaning "three raindrops and some dust", although this is likely a reference to the dry area around the Bogan River. Makeshift gates in a rural fence in northwest NSW were known as "bogan gates" at least as early as the 1960s.


title: Bogan

text: Some features regularly associated with the bogan stereotype include residing in the outer working class suburbs of larger cities, having teeth that have not had dental care due to cost, having an anti-authoritarian or jingoistic stance, as well as being interested in classic rock music, hoon-driving and excessive alcohol consumption.


title: Bogan

text: Certain types of clothing are stereotypically associated with bogans, including flannelette shirts, blue singlets, Stubbie shorts, fluoro (abbreviated from "fluorescent") workwear, ugg boots, jeans and black leggings.


title: Bogan

text: Vehicles, such as earlier Holdens from FJ to HQ, Toranas, some Commodores, (more so sports variants, especially Peter Brock Commodores), SS models, HSV, and Ford Falcon right up to AU models, particularly modified or poorly-maintained examples, also have similar associations.


title: Bogan

text: A person described as a bogan may refuse to conform to middle-class standards of taste, dietary habits, leisure activities, styles of dress and ways of speaking, and might be looked down upon by some groups due to preconceived perceptions and biases which can often exacerbate the hardships faced by disadvantaged people.


title: Bogan

text: Mel Campbell argued in a 2006 article in "The Sydney Morning Herald" that bogan (including "cashed-up bogan") is a nebulous, personal concept that is frequently used in a process by which "we use the idea of the bogan to quarantine ideas of Australianness that alarm or discomfort us. It's a way of erecting imaginary cultural barriers between 'us' and 'them'." Campbell argues that though many people believe they know exactly what a bogan is and what their characteristics might be, there is no defined set of characteristics of a bogan: the speaker imagines the denoted person to be different from, and less cultured than, themselves. Campbell considered "cashed-up bogan" to be a "stupid term". A similar argument is made by David Nichols, author of "The Bogan Delusion" (2011), who says that people have "created this creature that is a lesser human being to express their interclass hatred".


title: Bogan

text: In 2002, Michelle Griffin discussed the fact that "bogan" is no longer just being used as an insult, but is in fact a way to identify with the "Aussie" culture that many Anglo‐Saxon Australian citizens are proud of. In the past, bogan was a term of disdain, but nowadays it has become "cool" to be a bogan.


title: Bogan

text: Radio station Triple J held a "National Bogan Day" on 28 June 2002, which they commemorated by playing music by rock bands such as Cold Chisel, Midnight Oil, Rose Tattoo and AC/DC.


title: Bogan

text: In a 2011 study, linguistics students at the University of Auckland found that the term was likely to be thought of as positive by people under the age of 30, compared with over-30s who generally felt it was more of a negative term.


title: Bogan

text: The typical bogan has been portrayed on television in shows such as "Outrageous Fortune", "Bogan Hunters", "Pizza", "Housos", "Bogan Pride", "Kath & Kim", and "Upper Middle Bogan".


title: Bogan

text: Peter (pronounced 'Poi-da') was a recurring bogan character played by Eric Bana on 1990s sketch comedy show "Full Frontal".


title: Bogan

text: In the 2016 film "Suicide Squad", DC Comics villain Captain Boomerang—a classically Australian character—is depicted as having a bogan-esque personality.


title: Bogan

text: The popular website (and 2010 bestselling book) "Things Bogans Like" contains 250 articles on various things that bogans are claimed to like, and suggests that a "bogan today defies income, class, race, creed, gender and logic".


title: Bogan

text: In 2007 Microsoft deemed "bogan" to be one of twenty colloquialisms most relevant to Australian users when the word was added to the dictionary of Microsoft Office 2007. The word entered the "Oxford English Dictionary" in June 2012.


title: Bogan

text: The word "bogan" attracts negative attention online towards Anglo-Australians, and consequently boganbroadcast is actively campaigning to reclaim the term in a positive way.


title: Bogan

text: An app known as "The Bogan Test" has been created to examine a person's likelihood to fall within the boundaries of the bogan category.


title: Bogan

text: Melbourne band This Is Serious Mum (TISM) sing about discrimination from coming from "the Western Suburbs" in "The History of Western Civilization" on the 'Hot Dogma' album released in 1990.


title: Bogan

text: Australian ska-punk band Area-7 achieved one of their biggest hits with the song "Nobody Likes A Bogan", released in 2002.


title: Bogan

text: Ben Folds included the lyric "Now I see the Bogans at the motor race" in his song "Adelaide" from his 'Super D' EP, released in 2004.


title: Bogan

text: "CUB" or "cashed up bogan" was used by social analyst David Chalke in 2006 to describe people of a blue collar background now earning a high salary and spending their earnings on expensive consumer items as a matter of conspicuous consumption. The media have cited tennis player Lleyton Hewitt and his actress wife, Bec Cartwright, as examples. Subsequently, the Kaesler Winery, in the Barossa Valley, released a Shiraz wine under the name Bogan.


title: Bogan

text: "The Courier-Mail" described "bogan" as peerless, and that it warrants acceptance as an Australian keyword. It also wrote "There are plenty of other words purporting to describe the same social and cultural subset or behaviour, but 'bogan' really does stand alone".


title: Bogan

text: Although the term "bogan" is understood across Australia and New Zealand, certain regions have their own slang terms for the same group of people. These terms include:


title: Bogan

text: "Westie" or "westy" is not synonymous with bogan, although westies are often stereotyped as being bogans. "Westie" predates bogan, originating in Sydney in the 1970s to refer to people from that city's western suburbs. As Sydney's western suburbs are predominantly working class blue collar areas, the term connotes a predominantly working class blue collar person – someone with little education, little taste, and very limited horizons. "Westie" is now in wide use in many cities and towns across both Australia and New Zealand, where it especially refers to the denizens of West Auckland.


title: Mock the Week

text: Mock the Week is a British topical satirical celebrity panel show, created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson. It was produced by Angst Productions for BBC Two, and was broadcast from 5 June 2005 to 4 November 2022. The programme was presented by Dara Ó Briain and featured regular appearances by comedian Hugh Dennis, as well as guest appearances by a variety of stand-up comedians, some of whom had regular appearances in several series.


title: Mock the Week

text: The format of the programme saw six comedians divided into two teams and performing on a faux game show, in which the quiz aspect of answering questions relating to major and regional news items, all taken from the week before each episode's filming, is sidelined to focus on satirical, topical discussions on news items, stand-up routines, and the use of improvisational comedy. Every series also included a compilation episode featuring notable scenes, out-takes and additional footage cut out after filming, with repeats of episodes being frequently shown on the channel Dave, with high viewing figures.


title: Mock the Week

text: "Mock the Week" focused on six panellists, all comedians, split into two teams, in which they compete over four rounds, presided over by host Dara Ó Briain. Although the programme maintained a quiz aspect to the format, which featured questions on news items taken from those made during the week before an episode's filming, it was largely sidelined completely with a focus on comedy derived from topical, satirical discussions on the subject of each question, as well as from rounds featuring either stand-up routines by certain panellists, or improvisation comedy. Unlike "Have I Got News for You", a similar topical, satirical programme that maintains a similar format but without the stand-up routines and improvisational comedy, "Mock the Week"s format did not use team captains or maintain a proper scoring system – teams generally win a round depending on who Dara, the host, deemed won it, including the episode.


title: Mock the Week

text: Each episode was edited to feature about four rounds from those filmed and edited by production staff, to fit a 30-minute timeslot. Some content not used was often retained for use in a compilation episode, which also included outtakes and highlights from the series. Although the first two series featured a multitude of different rounds for use, most of these were later abolished, leaving the programme to primarily use the following rounds in each episode:


title: Mock the Week

text: On occasion the programme includes an additional round, which has mainly been shown during a compilation or special episode of the programme:


title: Mock the Week

text: The panellists were primarily comedians, including stand-up comedians, many of whom made multiple appearances. Hugh Dennis appeared in all episodes since the show's premiere in 2005, except for a special episode broadcast as part of David Walliams' 24 Hour Panel People. Alongside Dennis and Ó Briain, others appeared as regular panellists, including Rory Bremner (Series 1 and 2), Frankie Boyle (Series 1 to 7), Andy Parsons (Series 3 to 14), Russell Howard (Series 4 to 9), Chris Addison (Series 10 to 12) and Angela Barnes (Series 21).


title: Mock the Week

text: On several occasions, "Mock the Week" has been the source of complaints, due to some risqué comments made by the panellists and the show's extreme use of profanity (particularly during Frankie Boyle's tenure). In the first episode of Series 4, during a segment called "What The Queen Didn't Say in Her Christmas Message", Boyle made the comment: "I am now so old that my pussy is haunted." This led to the BBC's director general Mark Thompson being challenged about the comments on "Newsnight". Boyle later quipped "That was three years ago. If it wasn't haunted then it certainly is now." In 2008, a larger controversy arose following another comment made by Boyle regarding swimmer Rebecca Adlington. Boyle stated that "she looks like someone who's looking at themselves in the back of a spoon". The BBC ruled that the jokes were indeed "humiliating" and "risked offending the audience", while also calling Boyle "a brilliant member of the team". Despite this, Adlington's agent said that simply admitting mistakes was not enough, saying: "By giving Frankie Boyle a rebuke they fail to discourage others from doing the same."


title: Mock the Week

text: After leaving the show, Boyle criticised both the show's production team and the BBC Trust. He claims that the show did not cover enough major news stories and was too restrictive on his risqué comedy act, as the producers and the BBC Trust were afraid of "frightening the horses".


title: Mock the Week

text: The lack of female guests on the programme has been the subject of complaints in the letters page of the "Radio Times". Jo Brand, while criticising the male-dominated genre of comedy panel shows, said in 2009, "I don't do "Mock the Week" anymore and neither do some male stand-ups I know who have tried it once. We just don’t like the prospect of having to bite someone’s foot off before they let us say something."


title: Mock the Week

text: In 2013, former panelist Rory Bremner stated his reasons for leaving the show, saying: "I felt that there was a new and highly competitive and quite aggressive tendency there and felt uncomfortable. But I've since found out that very few people have felt comfortable doing Mock the Week." He also criticised the way comedians like Linda Smith were treated by new comedians, who "are like prize fighters".


title: Mock the Week

text: A DVD, "Mock the Week: Too Hot for TV" was released on 26 November 2007. It contains almost three hours of material, including three extended episodes from series five, containing scenes that were considered too rude for broadcast. The three extended episodes are entitled, 'Putin, Henman & Konnie Huq', 'Nuts, Pies and Nim Nim Nim' and 'Money, Sex and The Lib Dems'.


title: Mock the Week

text: "Mock the Week: Too Hot for TV 2" was released on 9 November 2009. Again, the DVD contains the main 'Too Hot For TV' feature with a compilation of unseen footage, plus three extended episodes from the series archives titled, 'The Anal Lube Show', 'The Leg Show' and 'The Hedgehog Show'. The extended episodes have a total of more than 40 minutes of unseen material. Audio CD versions of both DVDs are available.


title: Mock the Week

text: "Mock the Week: Too Hot for TV 3" was released on 8 November 2010. Like the previous two, this DVD features an hour-long "smut reel" and three extended episodes titled 'The Elves and Testicles Show', 'The Prisons and Other Dodgy Stuff Show', and 'The Johnny Blowjob and Bird Flu Show'.


title: Mock the Week

text: Boxtree published seven original tie-in books between 2008 and 2014, plus one which compiled the best of the first two books.


title: Mock the Week

text: "Mock the Week: 1001 Jokes" (January 2010, collected the best of the first two books, later published in paperback as "Mock the Week: 1001 Scenes We'd Like to See")


title: Flemish Region

text: The Flemish Region (, ), usually simply referred to as Flanders ( ) is one of the three regions of Belgium—alongside the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region. Covering the northern portion of the country, the Flemish Region is primarily Flemish-speaking. With an area of , it accounts for only 45% of Belgium's territory, but 57% of its population. It is one of the most densely populated regions of Europe with around .


title: Flemish Region

text: The Flemish Region is distinct from the Flemish Community: the latter encompasses both the inhabitants of the Flemish Region and the Dutch-speaking minority living in the Brussels-Capital Region.


title: Flemish Region

text: Immediately after its establishment in 1980, the region transferred all its constitutional competencies to the Flemish Community. Thus, the current Flemish authorities (Flemish Parliament and Flemish Government) represent all the Flemish people, including those living in the Brussels-Capital Region. Hence, the Flemish Region is governed by the Flemish Community institutions. However, members of the Flemish Community parliament elected in the Brussels-Capital Region have no right to vote on Flemish regional affairs.


title: Flemish Region

text: The Flemish Region comprises five provinces, each consisting of administrative arrondissements that, in turn, contain municipalities (in total 300 municipalities in Flanders).


title: Flemish Region

text: The seat of the Flemish parliament is located in Brussels, which is an enclave withinbut not part ofthe Flemish region, being specified that the Brussels-Capital Region is established as an administrative region of Belgium in its own right. In contrast, the Walloon parliament has established its parliament in the territory of Wallonia, specifically in the city of Namur, Namur Province.


title: Flemish Region

text: Flanders is home to a diversified modern economy, with emphasis put on research and development. Many enterprises work closely with local knowledge and research centres to develop new products and services. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 270 billion € in 2018, accounting for 59% of Belgium's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 36,300 € or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year.


title: Flemish Region

text: "De Lijn" serves as the main public transport company, run by the Flemish government. It consists of buses and trams. TEC is the equivalent company in Wallonia, and MIVB-STIB in Brussels. The railway network run by the NMBS, however, is a federal responsibility.


title: Flemish Region

text: The Flemish government is also responsible for about 500 kilometers of regional roads (Dutch: "gewestwegen") and about 900 kilometers of highways in the territory of the Flemish Region. Other types of roads are provincial roads and municipal roads.


title: Flemish Region

text: The Flemish Diamond (Dutch: "Vlaamse Ruit") is the name of the central, populous area in Flanders and consists of several of these cities, such as Antwerp, Ghent, Leuven and Mechelen. Approximately 5,500,000 people live in the area.


title: Flemish Region

text: The official language of the Flemish Region is Dutch. The dialect cluster spoken in the region is sometimes colloquially referred to as Flemish ("Vlaams"), Flemish Dutch ("Vlaams-Nederlands"), Belgian Dutch ("Belgisch-Nederlands"), or Southern Dutch ("Zuid-Nederlands"). Spelling and grammar are regulated by a single authority, the Dutch Language Union ("Nederlandse Taalunie"), comprising a committee of ministers of the Flemish and Dutch governments, their advisory council of appointed experts, a controlling commission of 22 parliamentarians, and a secretariat. The term Flemish can be applied to the Dutch spoken in Flanders; it shows many regional and local variations. The main dialect groups include West Flemish, East Flemish, Brabantian and Limburgish.


title: Flemish Region

text: French (specifically Belgian French) may also be used in the Flemish Region for certain administrative purposes in a limited number of the so-called "municipalities with language facilities" around the Brussels-Capital Region and on the border with Wallonia. These "rim municipalities" around Brussels are Drogenbos, Kraainem, Linkebeek, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Wemmel and Wezembeek-Oppem. Brussels was originally a Dutch-speaking city (Brabantian dialect to be exact), but it was francised in the 19th and 20th centuries and is now officially bilingual in French and Dutch (although largely French-speaking in practice). Municipalities with language facilities on the border with Wallonia are Bever (French: "Biévène"), Herstappe, Mesen (French: "Messines"), Ronse (French: "Renaix"), Spiere-Helkijn (French: "Espierres-Helchin"), and Voeren (French: "Fourons").


title: Flemish Region

text: According to a 2016 survey by the Free University of Brussels, 68% of Flemish citizens are Roman Catholic, 2% are Protestant, 26% are irreligious, while 2% have other religions.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret (film)

text: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret is an upcoming American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Kelly Fremon Craig, based on the 1970 novel of the same name by Judy Blume. It stars Abby Ryder Fortson as the title character of Margaret Simon and Rachel McAdams as her mother Barbara. The film is scheduled to be theatrically released on April 28, 2023, by Lionsgate.


text: Sixth-grader Margaret Simon and her family move from New York City to the suburbs of New Jersey. Since one of her parents is Christian while the other is Jewish, she goes on a quest to discover her religious identity.


text: After rejecting several offers to adapt her book in the 49 years since its publication, author Judy Blume sold the film rights to James L. Brooks and Kelly Fremon Craig, who worked together on "The Edge of Seventeen", with Craig set to write and direct. A studio bidding war over the distribution rights was won by Lionsgate.


text: In February 2021, it was announced that Abby Ryder Fortson would star as the titular Margaret, with Rachel McAdams cast as her mother. Kathy Bates was added to the cast in March. In April, Benny Safdie joined the cast.


text: Filming began on April 1, 2021, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Filming also took place in Concord, North Carolina late in May. On July 1, 2021, "Deadline" reported that Lionsgate had wrapped production. Hans Zimmer is set to score the film.


text: The film is scheduled for release on April 28, 2023 by Lionsgate. It was originally scheduled to be released on September 16, 2022.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: The original Japanese edition was released in three parts, which make up the three "books" of the single volume English language version.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: In English translation, two chapters were originally published in "The New Yorker" under the titles "The Zoo Attack" on July 31, 1995, and "Another Way to Die" on January 20, 1997. A slightly different version of the first chapter translated by Alfred Birnbaum was published in the collection "The Elephant Vanishes" under the title "The Wind-up Bird and Tuesday's Women". In addition, the character name Noboru Wataya appears in the short story "Family Affair" in "The Elephant Vanishes". While having a similar personality and background, the character is not related to the one in "The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle" of the same name. Noboru Wataya is also used in Jay Rubin's translation of the title short story in "The Elephant Vanishes".


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: In May 2010, Harvill Secker published the Limited Centenary Edition of "The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle" to celebrate the publisher's hundredth year of operation. It was limited to 2,500 copies.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: The first part, "The Thieving Magpie", begins with the narrator, Toru Okada, a low-key and unemployed lawyer's assistant, being tasked by his wife, Kumiko, to find their missing cat. Kumiko suggests looking in the alley, a closed-off strip of land behind their house. After Toru stays there for a while with no luck, May Kasahara, a teenager who had been watching him camping out in the alley for some time, questions him. She invites him over to her house in order to sit on the patio and look over an abandoned house that she says is a popular hangout for stray cats. The abandoned house is revealed to possibly contain some strange omen, as it had brought bad luck to all of its prior tenants. It also contains an empty well, which Toru uses later to crawl into and think. Toru receives sexual phone calls from a woman who says she knows him. He also receives a phone call from Malta Kano who asks to meet with him.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Kumiko calls Toru to explain that he should meet with the clairvoyant Malta Kano, who will help with finding the cat. Malta Kano had come recommended by Kumiko's brother, Noboru Wataya, which is also the name given to the cat. Kumiko's family believes in fortune-telling and had previously stipulated that the couple meet with an elderly man, Mr. Honda, for consultations on a regular basis, which they did for some time. (Instead of giving advice, he spends most of their sessions retelling the same story of his experience in the Kwantung Army in the lost tank battle with the Russians at Nomonhan on the Manchukuo-Russian border during World War II.) Toru meets the mysterious Malta Kano at a busy hotel restaurant, and she tasks her sister Creta Kano to further the work. Both sisters wear unusual clothing: Malta a large red hat and Creta unstylish 1960's clothing. Creta meets Toru at his home and begins to tell him the story of her past, involving being raped by Noboru, but abruptly leaves. Toru notices Kumiko is wearing perfume that has been gifted to her by some unknown person. The cat remains missing. Toru is contacted by Lieutenant Mamiya, who informs Toru that Mamiya's old war friend corporal Honda has died and that Mamiya wishes to visit Toru to drop off an item that Honda had bequeathed to him. The first section ends with Lieutenant Mamiya arriving and telling Toru a long tale about his eerie and mystical wartime experiences in Manchukuo in the Kwantung Army, where he sees a man skinned alive. Mamiya was also left to die in a deep well before being saved by corporal Honda. The gift from Honda is an empty box.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Kumiko is revealed to be missing at the start of the second part, "Bird as Prophet". Shortly after, Toru finds out through a meeting with Noboru and Malta that Kumiko has apparently been spending time with another man and wants to end her relationship with Toru. Confused, Toru tries several things to calm himself and think through the situation: talking and taking up work with May Kasahara, hiding at the bottom of the well, and loitering around the city looking at people. Work with May involves tallying up people with some degree of baldness at a subway line for a wig company. While at the bottom of the well (of the abandoned house), Toru reminisces about earlier times with Kumiko, including their first date to an aquarium where they looked at jellyfish. He also experiences a dreamlike sequence where he enters a hotel room and speaks with a woman, and notices a strange blue mark on his cheek after he leaves the well. While loitering in the city, he spends most of the day sitting outside a donut shop and people-watching. Through this activity, Toru encounters a well-dressed woman and also a singer he recognizes from his past, whom he follows and beats with a bat after getting ambushed by him.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: "The Birdcatcher", the third, final, and lengthiest part, ties up most loose ends while introducing a few new characters. The well-dressed woman Toru met while people-watching is revealed to be Nutmeg, whom he sees again when he reverts to people-watching. She hires him to relieve clients, middle-aged or older women, of some kind of inner turmoil that develops inside of them. The blue mark is involved in this somehow, though its power is never fully explained. In return, Toru receives pay and partial possession of the abandoned house that had been purchased to resell by some property agency. Cinnamon, Nutmeg's son, maintains the house and refits the well with a ladder and pulley to open and close the well cap from the bottom. Toru periodically goes to the bottom of the well to think and attempt to revisit the hotel room. The cat, who has been hardly mentioned following Kumiko's disappearance, shows up at Toru's home after nearly a year of being missing. Toru discusses Kumiko's disappearance with Noboru directly and indirectly (through his agent Ushikawa) and eventually arranges for a talk with her through the Internet, using her recollection of the jellyfish date as a means to verify her identity. Finally, Toru is able to travel to the hotel room from the well and confronts the woman, realizing that she is Kumiko and breaking the spell. It is revealed in this reality that Noboru has been beaten into a coma by a bat, with the assailant described to look just like Toru. An unknown man enters the hotel room and attacks Toru, the intruder, with a knife. Toru fights back with the bat and kills the man, before escaping back to the well. In the well, bruised and unable to move, Toru passes out after the well fills with water. Cinnamon saves him, and some days later Nutmeg notifies him that in this reality Noboru had a stroke and is now in a coma. Kumiko sends him a message on the computer to let him know she is alright but intends to kill Noboru by pulling the plug on the life support. She reveals that she did not cheat on Toru with just one man, but in fact there were several. Noboru's obsession with their middle sister, continued with Kumiko, triggered sex addiction in her until Noboru stepped in. Subsequently, in a discussion between Toru and May, Toru says Kumiko was successful in killing Noboru and is now serving time in jail after admitting the deed — time of her own volition, because she is waiting for the media circus to end so neither she nor Toru are targeted. Toru says that he will wait for her, and bids May goodbye.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Some chapters and paragraphs of the Japanese paperback edition were not included in the English translation. Translator Jay Rubin cut about 61 of 1,379 pages, including three chapters (Book 2 Chapters


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: 15, 18, and part of 17; and Book 3 Chapter 26). Combining the original three-volumes (Japanese) would have been too long, and so the publisher requested that ~25,000 words be cut for the English translation.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: These chapters contain plot elements not found elsewhere in the book. For example, the two missing chapters from the second volume of the original three-volume elaborate on the relationship between Toru Okada and Creta Kano, and a "hearing" of the wind-up bird as Toru burns a box of Kumiko's belongings (Book 2 Chapter 15). In the third volume, the computer conversation between Toru and Noboru Wataya (Book 3 Chapter 26) and Toru's encounter with Ushikawa at the train station are also omitted.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: In addition to reducing the word count, some chapters were moved ahead of others, taking them out of the context of the original order. At the start of Book 3 the chapters have been rearranged. Rubin combined two chapters


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Book 2 chapter 15 summary: In chapter 15 Toru awakens to Creta Kano who mysteriously appeared in his bed the night before. She tells him that she has lost her name and asks if he would like to flee Japan with her. To this request he agrees and leaves behind memorabilia of his old life with his wife. While Toru is in town gathering supplies for his flee he reads an article about Noboru Wataya, the article explains that Noboru is now trying to become a politician.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Chapter 17 is not completely removed, instead the excerpt where Toru takes passport photos is removed and the very lengthy conversation Toru has with his uncle about buying real estate is condensed into one English paragraph.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Book 2 Chapter 18 summary: Creta Kano returns to Japan and Toru tells her that he will not be fleeing with her. After this he meets with May Kasahara and they watch the demolition of the Miyawaki house. Later in the chapter Toru is swimming at the ward pool where he dreams in the pool about floating at the bottom of the well, presented in earlier chapters, and hearing horses dying during an eclipse. This leads him to the realization that the mysterious woman on the phone was actually his wife. Ending book 2 with this cliff hanger.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: The English translation of the novel was carried out by Jay Rubin. In addition to notable differences between the Japanese and English versions, there are also differences between the original Japanese hardcover and paperback editions.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Further differences exist between the American and British editions, but these are much more superficial.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: The German translation by Giovanni and Ditte Bandini is based on the English translation, not on the Japanese original.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Nearly 20 years after the first translation Ursula Gräfe translated the book from the Japanese original, including also the missing chapters. 'Die Chroniken des Aufziehvogels'.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: The Dutch translation by Jacques Westerhoven was translated directly from the Japanese original, therefore includes the missing parts and chapters, and follows the same order as the Japanese version.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: Many regard "The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle" as Murakami's masterpiece, and it appeared in "The Telegraph"'s 2014 list of the 10 all-time greatest Asian novels.


title: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle

text: An adaptation of the novel was created by Stephen Earnhart, a live production of it premiered in 2011 at the Edinburgh International Festival.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory (Hawaiian: "Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi") was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding Palmyra Island, was admitted to the United States as the 50th U.S. state, the State of Hawaii. The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include Palmyra Island, the Midway Islands, Kingman Reef, and Johnston Atoll, which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the U.S. annexation of the Republic of Hawaii, and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a U.S. territory. In April 1900 Congress approved the Hawaiian Organic Act which organized the territory. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the Apology Resolution), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum".


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during World War II, when the islands were placed under martial law. Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Upon the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani in January 1893, the Committee of Safety established the Provisional Government of Hawaii and set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States. A commission, led by Lorrin A. Thurston, was sent to Washington D.C. to negotiate an annexation treaty with President Benjamin Harrison. A delegation led by Princess Victoria Kaiulani also went to Washington to protest the overthrow and to lobby against annexation.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Harrison and the commission signed a treaty of annexation, which was sent to the U.S. Senate for approval. In March 1893, before the Senate could ratify it, Grover Cleveland took office. The new president was an anti-imperialist and strongly opposed to annexation. He withdrew the treaty from consideration, ordered a congressional investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, and, after receiving the committee's first report, recommended the restoration of Liliuokalani as queen. This did not go over well from even his own party. Eventually a bi-partisan vote called for a "hands off" policy in regards to internal events in Hawaii. Further investigation by Congress led to the Morgan Report, which established that the actions of U.S. troops stationed in Hawaii during the coup had been completely neutral, and exonerated the U.S. military from any accusations of complicity with the overthrow.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: The provisional government convened a constitutional convention to establish the Republic of Hawaii. Thurston was urged to become the nation's first president but he was worried his brazen personality would damage the cause of annexation. The more conservative Sanford B. Dole, former Supreme Court Justice and friend of Queen Liliuokalani, was elected as the first and only president of the new regime.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Hawaii's strategic location to support the Spanish–American War in the Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan. This and fears that the Empire of Japan would seize control of the islands provided momentum for the proponents of annexation. On July 4, 1898, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution to provide for annexing of Hawaii to the United States. The resolution, commonly known as the Newlands Resolution (named after Congressman Francis Newlands), was signed into law three days later by President McKinley and came into effect on August 12, 1898. The Newlands Resolution states,


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: A formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian state sovereignty to the United States was held on August 12 on the steps of the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu where the Hawaiian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: The Resolution also provided for the establishment of a five-member commission to study what new laws were needed regarding the management and disposition of public lands in Hawaii, and to develop a frame of government for the islands. It was composed of: Sanford B. Dole (who, under the terms of the Resolution, retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii), Walter F. Frear (who likewise remained Judge of the Supreme Court of Hawaii), along with U.S. senators Shelby M. Cullom (R-Illinois) and John T. Morgan (D-Alabama), and representative Robert R. Hitt (R-Illinois). The commission's final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year. Many Southern congressmen and senators raised objections to establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii, as doing so would open a pathway for the admission of a state with a "non-white" majority population at a time when strict "Jim Crow laws" mandating racial segregation in all public facilities were in force throughout the American South.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: In early 1900 Congress passed an Act To provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii, which was signed into law by President William McKinley on April 30, 1900. This organic act established the office of governor of Hawaii. Territorial governors were appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. They served for four years, unless removed sooner by the president.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: The organic act also created a bicameral Hawaii Territorial Legislature, consisting of a lower chamber House of Representatives and the upper chamber, the Senate, with its members elected by popular vote.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Hawaii's tourism industry began in 1882 when Matson Navigation Company, founded by William Matson, began sailing vessels between San Francisco and Hawaii carrying goods. His transports encouraged him to purchase passenger steamships that would carry tourists hoping to vacation in Hawaii from the United States mainland.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Matson's fleet included the SS "Wilhelmina", rivaling the best passenger ships serving traditional Atlantic routes. With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by America's wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the SS "Mariposa", SS "Monterey" and SS "Lurline" (one of many Lurlines) to the fleet.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Matson Navigation Company operated two resort hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds. The first (and for a time the only) hotel on Waikīkī was the Moana Hotel which opened in 1901. As the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the "First Lady of Waikīkī." The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, stayed as a guest.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: In 1927, the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel, informally called the "Pink Palace of the Pacific," opened for business. It was the preferred Hawaii residence of President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he visited Hawaii during World War II.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset. McKinley and his successor U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today. By 1906, the entire island of Oahu was being fortified at the coastlines with the construction of a "Ring of Steel," a series of gun batteries mounted on steel coastal walls. One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, Battery Randolph, is today the site of the U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: As a territory of the United States, sugarcane plantations gained a new infusion of investment. By getting rid of tariffs imposed on sugarcane sent to the continental United States, planters had more money to spend on equipment, land and labor. Increased capital resulted in increased production. Five kingdom-era corporations benefited from annexation, becoming multimillion-dollar conglomerations: Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C. Brewer & Co., American Factors (later Amfac), Theo H. Davies & Co. Together, the five companies dominated the Hawaiian economy as the "Big Five."


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: James Dole, also known as the Pineapple King, arrived in Hawaii in 1899. He purchased land in Wahiawa and established the first pineapple plantation in Hawaii. Confident that canned pineapples could become a popular food export, Dole built a cannery near his first plantation in 1901. Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later renamed Dole Food Company, was born. With his profits soaring, Dole expanded and built a larger cannery in Iwilei near Honolulu Harbor in 1907. The Iwilei location made his main operations more accessible to labor. The cannery at Iwilei was in operation until 1991. Dole found himself in the midst of an economic boom industry. In response to growing pineapple demand in 1922, Dole purchased the entire island of Lanai and transformed the Hawaiian tropical low shrublands into the largest pineapple plantation in the world. For a long stretch of time, Lanai would produce 75% of the world's pineapple and become immortalized as the "Pineapple Island."


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: By the 1930s, Hawaii became the pineapple capital of the world and pineapple production became its second largest industry. After World War II, there were a total of eight pineapple companies in Hawaii. Today pineapples are imported from Thailand and elsewhere; few are commercially grown in Hawaii.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: One of the most prominent challenges territorial Hawaii had to face was race relations. Intermarriage was tolerated and even sought after. Many native women married immigrant men and joined their community. By 1898, most of Hawaii's population was made up of plantation workers from China, Japan, the Philippines and Portugal. Their plantation experiences molded Hawaii to become a plantation culture. The Hawaiian Pidgin language was developed on the plantations so they all could understand each other. Buddhism and Shintoism grew to become large religions. Catholicism became Hawaii's largest Christian denomination.


title: Territory of Hawaii

text: Race relations in Hawaii took to the national spotlight on September 12, 1931 when Thalia Massie, a United States Navy officer's wife, got drunk and alleged that she was beaten and raped. That same night, the Honolulu Police Department stopped a car and detained five men, all plantation workers. Officers took the men to Massie's hospital bedroom where she identified them. Although evidence could not prove that the men were directly involved, national newspapers quickly ran stories about the brute locals on the prowl for white women in Hawaii. The jury in the initial trial failed to reach a verdict. One of the accused was afterwards severely beaten, while another, Joseph Kahahawai, was murdered. Police caught the Kahahawai killers: Massie's husband Thomas, mother Grace Fortescue, and two sailors. Famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow defended them. A jury of locals found them guilty and sentenced to hard labor for ten years. Outraged by the court's punishment, the territory's white leaders as well as 103 members of Congress signed a letter threatening to impose martial law over the territory. This pressured Governor Lawrence M. Judd to commute the sentences to an hour each in his executive chambers. Hawaii residents were shocked and all of America reconsidered what they thought of Hawaii's racial diversity. The term "local" (Hawaii's non-Caucasian population) was galvanized through the Massie trial