title: Present perfect

text: In many other European languages, the equivalent of "to have" (e.g. German "haben", French "avoir", Italian "avere") is used to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for most or all verbs. However, the equivalent of "to be" (e.g. German "sein", French "être", Italian "essere") serves as the auxiliary for other verbs in some languages, such as German, Dutch, Danish (but not Swedish or Norwegian), French, and Italian (but not Spanish or Portuguese). Generally, the verbs that take "to be" as an auxiliary are intransitive verbs denoting motion or change of state (e.g. "to arrive, to go, to fall").


title: Present perfect

text: The present perfect in English is used chiefly for completed past actions or events when it is understood that it is the present result of the events that is focused upon, rather than the moment of completion. No particular past time frame is specified for the action/event. When a past time frame (a point of time in the past, or period of time which ended in the past) is specified for the event, explicitly or implicitly, the simple past is used rather than the present perfect.


title: Present perfect

text: The tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It always implies a strong connection with the present and is used chiefly in conversations, letters, newspapers and TV and radio reports.


title: Present perfect

text: It can also be used for ongoing or habitual situations continuing up to the present time (generally not completed, but the present time may be the moment of completion). That usage describes for how long or since when something has been the case, normally based on time expressions with "for" or "since" (such as for two years, since 1995). Then, the present perfect continuous form is often used, if a continuing action is being described.


title: Present perfect

text: For examples, see as well as the sections of that article relating to the simple past, present perfect continuous, and other perfect forms.


title: Present perfect

text: Modern German has lost its perfect aspect in the present tense. The present perfect form implies the perfective aspect and colloquially usually replaces the simple past (except in the verb "sein" "to be"), but the simple past still is frequently used in non-colloquial and/or narrative registers.


title: Present perfect

text: The present perfect form is often called in German the "conversational past" while the simple past is often called the "narrative past".


title: Present perfect

text: In Standard German, the "sein"-vs-"haben" distinction includes the intransitive-+-motion idea for "sein" ("to be") usage but is independent of the reflexive-voice difference when forming the "Perfekt".


title: Present perfect

text: French has no present perfect aspect. However, it has a grammatical form that is constructed in the same way as is the present perfect in English, Spanish, and Portuguese by using a conjugated form of (usually) "avoir" "to have" plus a past participle. The term "passé composé" (literally "compound past") is the standard name for this form, which has perfective aspect rather than perfect aspect. The French simple past form, which also conveys perfective aspect, is analogous to the German simple past in that it has been largely displaced by the compound past and relegated to narrative usage.


title: Present perfect

text: In standard French, a verb that is used reflexively takes "être" ("to be") rather than "avoir" ("to have") as auxiliary in compound past tenses (passé composé, plus-que-parfait, passé antérieur, futur antérieur). In addition, a small set of about 20 non-reflexive verbs also use "être" as auxiliary (some students memorize these using the acrostic mnemonic "DR & MRS VAN DER TRAMP").


title: Present perfect

text: The Spanish present perfect form conveys a true perfect aspect. Standard Spanish is like modern English in that "haber" is always the auxiliary regardless of the reflexive voice and regardless of the verb in question:


title: Present perfect

text: Spanish differs from French, German, and English in that its "have" word, "haber", serves only as auxiliary in the modern language; it does not denote possession, which is handled by the verb "tener".


title: Present perfect

text: In some forms of Spanish, such as the Rio Platense Spanish spoken in Argentina and Uruguay, the present perfect is rarely used: the simple past replaces it. In Castilian Spanish, however, the present perfect is normal when talking about events that occur "today".


title: Present perfect

text: For example, to refer to "this morning", in Spain one would say, "[Yo] me he levantado tarde y [eso] no me ha dado tiempo de desayunar" (I have woken up late and it has given me not time to-eat-breakfast), instead of "[Yo] me levanté tarde y [eso] no me dio tiempo de desayunar" (I woke up late and it gave me not time to-eat-breakfast). With no context, listeners from Spain would assume that the latter occurred yesterday or a long time ago. For the same reason, speakers of Castilian Spanish use the present perfect to talk about the immediate past (events having occurred only a few moments ago), such as "¿Qué has dicho? No te he podido oír" rather than "¿Qué dijiste? No te pude oír." (What did you say? I couldn't hear you.)


title: Present perfect

text: The Portuguese present perfect form conveys a true perfect aspect. Modern Portuguese differs from Spanish in that the auxiliary used is normally "ter" (Spanish "tener") rather than "haver" (Spanish "haber"). Furthermore, the meaning of the present perfect is different from that in Spanish in that it implies an iterative aspect. "Eu tenho comido" translates "I have been eating" rather than "I have eaten". (However, other tenses are still as in Spanish: "eu tinha comido" means "I had eaten" in modern Portuguese, like Spanish "yo había comido".)


title: Present perfect

text: The perfect aspect may be indicated lexically by using the simple past form of the verb, preceded by "já" (already): "Eu já comi" (Lit: "I already ate") connotes "I have already eaten".


title: Present perfect

text: E.g.: Ele já foi, como sabem, duas vezes candidato ao Prémio Sakharov, que é atribuído anualmente por este Parlamento.


title: Present perfect

text: "He has, as you know, already been nominated twice for the Sakharov Prize, which this Parliament awards each year."


title: Present perfect

text: The word "perfect" in the name comes from a Latin root referring to completion, rather than to perfection in the sense of "having no flaws". (In fact this "flawless" sense of "perfect" evolved by extension from the former sense, because something being created is finished when it no longer has any flaws.) Perfect tenses are named thus because they refer to actions that are finished with respect to the present (or some other time under consideration); for example, "I have eaten all the bread" refers to an action which is, as of now, completed. However, as seen above, not all uses of present perfect constructions involve an idea of completion.


title: Present perfect

text: In the grammar of languages such as Latin and Ancient Greek, the form most closely corresponding to the English "present perfect" is known simply as the "perfect". For more information see the article Perfect (grammar).


title: Wahlburgers

text: Wahlburgers Franchising LLC, doing business as Wahlburgers (stylized as wahlburgers), is a casual dining burger restaurant and bar chain. It is owned by chef Paul Wahlberg and his brothers, actors Donnie and Mark. , there are 49 Wahlburgers locations in the United States, two in Canada and one in Germany. As of 17 February 2022 they opened one store in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The company has plans to expand to New York, and previously had a restaurant in London. The company also operates a few food trucks in the US.


title: Wahlburgers

text: The chain was the subject of the television series "Wahlburgers", which debuted on A&E in 2014 and aired for 10 seasons over five years.


title: Wahlburgers

text: In 2011, an equity group that includes Paul Wahlberg, Donnie Wahlberg, and Mark Wahlberg licensed the name "Wahlburger" from Tom Wahl's for use in their own restaurant. The family also owns and operates another restaurant named Alma Nove, which opened prior to Wahlburgers. Its name is derived from the name of the brothers' mother and the fact that she had nine children ("nove" being Italian for nine). The first Wahlburgers opened in Hingham, Massachusetts, near Alma Nove, the pre-existing restaurant operated by Paul Wahlberg.


title: Wahlburgers

text: Because of the success of the restaurant, a reality television series "Wahlburgers" was launched on January 22, 2014 on A&E. In 2014, "Wahlburgers" received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program. The show concluded in 2019 after 10 seasons.


title: Wahlburgers

text: A second location opened in Toronto, Ontario on November 15, 2014 after a soft launch earlier in the month.


title: Wahlburgers

text: On February 18, 2016, an Orlando, Florida, location held its red carpet grand opening. Chef Paul and Mark were in attendance. Wahlburgers announced its first South Carolina location in 2016, at Myrtle Beach's Broadway at the Beach with three more Carolinas locations planned owned by franchiser Greg Pranzo. The Raleigh location opened in May 2018 and closed seven months later with the sheriff padlocking the doors and referring inquiries to the landlord with reports of bounced paychecks. Work on a planned location in South Charlotte had stopped as of early December 2018 according to media reports.


title: Wahlburgers

text: In January 2017, Wahlburgers announced a joint venture with the Cachet Hospitality Group and businessman Farooq Arjomand to expand the Wahlburgers chain into Asia. The expansion plan was to open 100 restaurants in China and the surrounding region over the following five years. The deal later fell through.


title: Wahlburgers

text: In December 2017, Wahlburgers and superstore chain Meijer announced a partnership to bring Wahlburgers restaurants to Meijer stores in Michigan and Ohio.


title: Wahlburgers

text: Wahlburgers opened their first location in the Upper East Side of Manhattan with a franchisee in May 2017. In October 2018, the restaurant was closed by the New York City Department of Health for failing to comply with health code regulations. The restaurant was permanently closed the next month. Another franchise location planned for Times Square never opened after two years of renting a location, and a third location at Coney Island has operated only seasonally in 2017 and 2018, staying open only for the busiest summer season. In December 2017, two Wahlburgers restaurants opened in Los Angeles. Prior to the opening, part owner Mark Wahlberg applied to have assault crimes on his record pardoned; in his application he stated that his primary reason for seeking the pardon was to pursue a concessionaire's license in California as part of his effort to bring Wahlburgers to the state. He later dropped the application.


title: Wahlburgers

text: Prior on May 22, 2018, Wahlburgers opened a location in the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, the first of 26 restaurants planned as part of a franchising deal with grocery chain Hy-Vee that will also bring Wahlburgers entrées and drinks to some Hy-Vee in-store restaurants. On September 25, 2018, Wahlburgers opened in Olathe, Kansas to a large crowd with a surprise visit from Paul Wahlberg.


title: Wahlburgers

text: In April 2018, Wahlburgers agreed to market their fresh Angus brisket, chuck, and short rib blend hamburger patties in supermarkets. ARKK Food will distribute the burgers in more than 1,300 stores, including Shaw's. In June 2018, the company announced CEO Rick Vanzura would be leaving the chain. He was succeeded by John Fuller who was previously CEO at Johnny Rockets and the Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf.


title: Wahlburgers

text: In May 2019, Wahlburgers opened a restaurant in Covent Garden, London, its first location in the United Kingdom. The company was planning to open 15 restaurants over five years in London and other cities. In mid-2020, the company permanently closed the Covent Garden restaurant, citing the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the store's location as the reasons for the closure. In January 2020, the first Wahlburgers in Germany opened at Ramstein Air Base. On 17 February 2022 Wahlburgers opened their first store in Australia in Sydney.


title: Wahlburgers

text: Wahlburgers announced a location on historic Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee, but problems with utilities and required approvals of requested changes by the historical commission have delayed the more than half million dollar project for more than a year. As of March 2019, the location is not on Wahlburgers' website. Intentions for a second Tennessee location in Nashville was announced in September 2017 by joint owners singer Chris Kirkpatrick and Pranzo but no leases have been signed nor is the city listed on the Wahlburgers website. In January 2019, it was announced that it will open the first Wahlburgers restaurant franchise in Wisconsin. The franchise will be located at The Corners of Brookfield on Bluemound Road in Brookfield, Wisconsin. The location was officially opened in October 2019 to large crowds. In June 2018, the city of St. Charles, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago, approved a Wahlburgers franchise. The groundbreaking for the St. Charles location happened in March 2019, with Donnie Wahlburg in attendance. Construction on the location officially began in August 2019. In July 2018, Bass Pro Shops spokesman Jack Wlezien confirmed that the Springfield-based outdoor retailer is "planning a partnership with Wahlburgers and are exploring potential locations at Bass Pro Shops and Cabela's stores." In August 2018, Mark Wahlberg talked about bringing Wahlburgers to Columbus, Ohio. On August 23, 2018, it was announced that Wahlburgers will open up a location in Springfield, Massachusetts at the MGM Springfield. It was expected to open in summer 2020. In Summer 2019, it was announced that a Wahlburgers would be opening in April 2021 in Carmel.


title: Wahlburgers

text: In December 2020, Wahlburgers signed a partnership deal with United Cinemas to open Wahlburgers locations in Australia and New Zealand, as of February 2022 Wahlburgers has opened in Australia and is yet to open in New Zealand. The chain plans to open both restaurant within United Cinemas and stand-alone restaurants.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: The Baby-Sitters Club (also known as BSC) is a series of novels written by Ann M. Martin and published by Scholastic between 1986 and 2000, that sold 176 million copies. Martin wrote the first 35 novels in the series, but the subsequent novels were written by ghostwriters, such as Peter Lerangis. "The Baby-Sitters Club" is about a group of friends who live in the fictional, suburban town of Stoneybrook, Connecticut. These friends run a local babysitting service called "The Baby-Sitters Club". The original four members were Kristy Thomas (founder and president), Mary Anne Spier (secretary), Claudia Kishi (vice-president), and Stacey McGill (treasurer), but the number of members varies throughout the series. The novels are told in first-person narrative and deal with issues such as illness, moving, and divorce.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: As the series progressed, Dawn Schafer (Alternate Officer), Mallory Pike and Jessi Ramsey (Junior Officers), Logan Bruno (Associate Member), Shannon Kilbourne (second Alternate Officer), and Abby Stevenson (replacement Alternate Officer for Dawn) joined the club.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: The idea for "The Baby-Sitters Club" series originated with Jean Feiwel, an editor at Scholastic who saw the popularity of a novel called "Katie's Babysitting Job" and realized there was a market for novels about babysitting. She contacted Ann M. Martin, who took the general idea of a babysitter's club, and created the characters, plots, and settings for the series. It was initially planned as a four-book series, but after the first four novels were moderately successful, Scholastic ordered two more, followed by twelve more as the series grew in popularity. By the time the sixth novel was published, the first printing was up to 100,000 copies. When publishing ceased in 2000, there had been 213 novels published in the series. Of these, Martin estimates she wrote from 60 to 80.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: With the exception of Super Specials and Super Mysteries, the novels are written and narrated from one character's point of view. The novels generally follow this format:


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Kristy is known for her great ideas as well as her bossiness and big mouth that can occasionally get her in trouble. She hates it when she isn't in charge, and the idea for "The Baby-Sitters Club" came to Kristy when her mother was having trouble finding a babysitter for her younger brother, David Michael. She felt sorry for David Michael, as well as her mother. In a flash, as she calls it, Kristy had her "great idea" to form The Baby-Sitters Club. Kristy formed the club with herself, her old friend and neighbor Claudia, her best friend Mary Anne, and the new girl Stacey as founding members. Kristy usually wears jeans and a T-shirt (in the winter, a turtleneck and, if needed, a sweater), sneakers, and sometimes a baseball cap with a collie on it, in memory of the family dog, Louie, who was put down in "Kristy and the Snobs". She is athletic and loves sports. She coaches a softball team for small children called Kristy's Krushers, which includes many of the club's sitting charges. Kristy comes from a large family, composed of her mother, Elizabeth, her stepfather, Watson (her biological father walked out of her family when Kristy was six years old), her two older brothers, Charlie and Sam, her younger brother, David Michael, her stepsister, Karen, her stepbrother, Andrew, her grandmother, Nannie, and her sister adopted from Vietnam, Emily Michelle, who is two years old. Her mother and her stepfather got married in the book "Kristy's Big Day". The family's pets include Shannon (a puppy), Boo-Boo (a cat), and two goldfish. After Boo-Boo was put down, they get a cat and named it Pumpkin. Pumpkin was named after Kristy's favorite Halloween tradition, and she also looked like a pumpkin. Kristy is called a "Tomboy" since she isn't that girly and doesn't really care about fashion or new styles like most girls. Kristy's best friend is Mary Anne Spier. Kristy is played by Avriel Hillman in the HBO series, Sophie Grace in the Netflix series, and Schuyler Fisk in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Claudia is Japanese American. She is extremely creative in both her artwork and wardrobe. She is the vice president because she has her own phone in her room, and she takes after-hours calls. She always has snacks, junk food, and candy hidden around her room for the meetings. She is described as creative, talented, sophisticated, and trendy. Claudia loves to draw, paint, sculpt, make jewelry, and sketch. She loves to read "Nancy Drew" mystery books. Claudia hides her Nancy Drew mysteries and her candy around her room because her parents do not approve of them. Despite her diet, she maintains a good figure and clear skin. Claudia's mother is the head librarian at Stoneybrook Public Library and her father is a banker. Her older sister Janine is a real-life genius with an IQ of 196. In "Claudia and Mean Janine", Mimi had a serious stroke which causes Claudia to take better care of her and be around her more often. Claudia has an aunt Peaches (her real name is Miyoshi), whose husband is named Russ, and a cousin named Lynn. Claudia feels that no one in her family understands her, except for her beloved grandmother, Mimi, who died in "Claudia and the Sad Goodbye". Claudia is played by Jeni F. Winslow in the HBO series, Momona Tamada in the Netflix series, and Tricia Joe in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Mary Anne is the secretary of the club due to her exceptional organizational skills and neat handwriting. Her hobbies include sewing, knitting, watching classic movies, and reading. She and her best friend, Kristy, initially looked similar (but had very different personalities) until Mary Anne cut her hair and began wearing a little makeup in "Mary Anne's Makeover". She also vowed never to get her ears pierced due to being traumatized by almost having her ears pierced by a fellow camper at Camp Mohawk. Mary Anne and Kristy have been best friends since childhood and were neighbors until Kristy's mother married Watson Brewer and Kristy had to move to Watson's new neighborhood. Mary Anne's mother died from cancer when she was a baby, and her father Richard (who is a lawyer) was very overprotective until he married Sharon Schafer and loosened up. She is very sensitive, and shy, is a good listener, and does not like being the center of attention. In "Logan Likes Mary Anne!" Mary Anne starts going out with Logan Bruno, and she is the first member who has a steady boyfriend. Mary Anne has a stepsister named Dawn, a stepbrother named Jeff, and a kitten named Tigger. In "Mary Anne and the Secret in the Attic" it is revealed that she lived with her grandparents before her father raised her on his own. Mary Anne is played by Meghan Lahey in the HBO series, Malia Baker in the Netflix series, and Rachael Leigh Cook in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: A native New Yorker, Stacey moved to Stoneybrook in the seventh grade when she got type 1 diabetes. She quickly became friends with Claudia because of their shared love for both fashion and boys. They are considered to be the best-dressed students in Stoneybrook Middle School (Stacey is the more sophisticated dresser, while Claudia is more creative and original). Stacey has Type 1 diabetes and has been hospitalized several times as a result; in "Kristy's Great Idea", she tried to hide this from the others since her classmates in New York teased her because of it, but she eventually told them. Because she excels in math, she is the club's treasurer. Her talent in math inspired her to join the Stoneybrook Middle School Mathlete Club. Stacey leaves Stoneybrook when her father is transferred back to New York City but returns after her parents' divorce. She later leaves the club for a short time after she starts dating Robert Brewster and chooses him over the club. However, she later returns to the club after she has an unpleasant experience with some girls who pretended to be her friends; this makes her realize who her real friends are. Stacey is played by Jessica Prunell in the HBO series, Shay Rudolph in the Netflix series, and Bre Blair in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Dawn grew up in California, until her parents' divorce. Dawn moved with her younger brother Jeff and her mother across the country to Stoneybrook, Connecticut, where her mother, Sharon, grew up. Jeff had a lot of trouble adjusting to the move and soon returned to California to live with their father. Dawn is a vegetarian, addicted to healthy food (she can't stand sugary snacks), likes ghost stories, and is also into environmentalism. She joins Stoneybrook Middle School in the middle of the seventh grade when the club members were having a fight. She met Mary Anne, and they instantly bonded. Her mother and Mary Anne's father married; they dated while they were in high school and once they reunited they discovered that they still loved each other. Dawn and Mary Anne became stepsisters as a result. Kristy, Mary Anne's best friend, is initially jealous, but gets over it and invites Dawn to become the fifth member of the club once the fight between the club members ends. Dawn temporarily moves back to California in "Dawn's Big Move", but returns to Stoneybrook in "Kristy and Mr. Mom". However, in "Farewell, Dawn", she moves back to California permanently. Dawn is played by Melissa Chasse in the HBO series, Xochitl Gomez (season 1) and Kyndra Sanchez (season 2) in the Netflix series, and Larisa Oleynik in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Mallory's first appearance was in "Mary Anne Saves the Day" as a sitting charge. The members used to babysit Mallory along with her seven younger siblings. However, when she became 11, she joined the club as an Honorary Member after Stacey's departure.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Mallory feels that her parents treat her like a baby, and although she was allowed to get her ears pierced in "Mallory and the Trouble with Twins", she still feels self-conscious about her glasses and braces. She loves drawing, writing, and reading; her dream is to become a children's book author and illustrator. Her family has a pet hamster named Frodo; they later adopt Pow, who was the Barretts' dog. Mallory was given the opportunity to teach eighth-grade students as part of a school event. However, after she accidentally broke a piece of chalk, the eighth-grade students began calling her "Spaz Girl" and so did the other students from other grades in the school. This resulted in Mallory transferring to a boarding school, where she stayed until the end of the series. Mallory is played by Meghan Andrews in the HBO series, Vivian Watson in the Netflix series, and Stacey Linn Ramsower in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Jessi moved to Stoneybrook from Oakley, New Jersey at the beginning of the sixth grade; her family moved into Stacey's old house. She has an eight-year-old sister Rebecca, called "Becca", and a baby brother named John Phillip Ramsey Jr., whose nickname is "Squirt". When Jessi and her family first moved to Stoneybrook, some people were racist toward them because they were Black, but this improved later. In "Hello, Mallory", Mallory meets Jessi, and they instantly bond and form their own babysitting club, "Kids Incorporated", before joining The Baby-Sitters Club. In "Jessi's Baby-sitter", Jessi's Aunt Cecelia moves into Jessi's house. Jessi calls her "Aunt Dictator" and at first Jessi hates her, but at the end of the novel they become friends, and she is part of the household for the rest of the series. Jessi learns American Sign Language in "Jessi's Secret Language" when she babysits for Haley and Matt Braddock because Matt is a deaf child. Jessi is a talented ballerina and has leading roles in several ballets, and she takes ballet classes at Stamford Ballet School with Madame Noelle, her ballet teacher. Jessi's best friend is Mallory Pike, as they are both junior officers. Jessi is played by Nicole Leach in the HBO series, Anais Lee in the Netflix series, and Zelda Harris in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Abby first appeared in "Kristy and the Dirty Diapers". Shortly after Dawn moved back to California to live with her father, Abby moved to Stoneybrook from Long Island with her mother and twin sister, Anna. Her father died in a car accident when she was nine years old, which was part of the reason for the move. Abby still misses him and does not like to talk about him. Abby and her family moved into a house on McLelland Road and spent the first night in the neighborhood sleeping over at Kristy's. Abby is Jewish. She has asthma and carries inhalers. She is allergic to shellfish, kitty litter, dust, pollen, milk, tomatoes, and eggs. Abby is described as wild, funny, and athletic. Abby and Kristy have similar competitive personalities and sometimes clash. Anna is quieter than Abby. Anna is a serious violinist who practices four hours a day, and she hates sports. The Baby-Sitters Club invited both Abby and Anna to join the club. Anna declined because of her music studies, but Abby takes Dawn's place as an alternate officer.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Logan moved from Louisville, Kentucky, before eighth grade. He first appeared in "Logan Likes Mary Anne!" He has a southern accent, participates in many sports, and works as a busboy at the Rosebud Café, and the library. He is an associate member of the club, which is a member who is not required to come to meetings, which he takes because he feels uncomfortable with girls, but takes jobs when no regular member is available. Logan lives with his parents, younger sister Kerry, and younger brother Hunter. He is also Mary Anne's boyfriend, although they temporarily split up, but eventually got back together. However, in "The Baby-Sitters Club Friends Forever: Mary Anne's Big Breakup", they break up for good. Logan is played by Eric Lawton in the HBO series, Rian McCririck in the Netflix series, and Austin O'Brien in the film adaptation.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Shannon is an overachiever who is involved in many extracurricular activities, and is the only member who doesn't attend Stoneybrook Middle School; she instead goes to Stoneybrook Day School, which is a private school. She first appears in "Kristy and the Snobs". She lives in Watson's neighborhood. She has two younger sisters, Tiffany and Maria, and is Kristy's first friend in her new neighborhood, although initially, Kristy thought she was a snob. She is an associate member, which she took because she was too busy to come to meetings. However, when Dawn temporarily left the club, she filled Dawn's place as an alternate officer. Once Dawn returned, she went back to the position of associate member. After the death of Kristy's beloved collie, Louie, Shannon gave Kristy one of Astrid's (a Bernese Mountain Dog) puppies, which David Michael named after Shannon.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Stoneybrook is a fictional suburban town in the state of Connecticut. It is the hometown of many of the characters in both "The Baby-Sitters Club" series and the "Baby-Sitters Little Sister" series as well.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: The town is near Stamford, Connecticut. Several adults in the town commute to Stamford and Jessi Ramsey takes her ballet classes there.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Stoneybrook's known public schools include Stoneybrook Elementary, Stoneybrook Middle School, and Stoneybrook High School; as well as Kelsey Elementary School, Kelsey Middle School, and Kelsey High School. Private schools include Stoneybrook Academy (which Karen Brewer and several other charges attended) and Stoneybrook Day School, which is where associate member Shannon Kilbourne attends.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Karen Brewer's father and Kristy Thomas's stepfather, Watson Brewer, owns a mansion in an upscale subdivision of Stoneybrook. The families of Hannie Papadakis; Amanda and Max Delaney; and Shannon Kilbourne; among others, also live there.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Karen Brewer's mother, Lisa, and stepfather, Seth Engle, reside in a regular middle-class neighborhood, in which the family of Nancy Dawes also resides. The majority of the members of The Baby-Sitters Club also live in a middle-class neighborhood. When Stacey returned in Stoneybrook she moved into the house behind Mallory Pike's so whenever she came outside, her backyard would face Mallory's house. Bradford Court, where Claudia Kishi lives (and at the beginning of the series Mary Anne Spier and Kristy Thomas lived there as well) is within walking distance of almost all of their houses and of Stonybrook Middle School. After Mary Anne's father, Richard, marries Dawn Schafer's mother, Sharon, they move into Sharon and Dawn's house, which is on Burnt Hill Road.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: The "Baby-Sitters Little Sister" novels were a series of novels for younger readers. It centered on Karen Brewer, the seven-year-old stepsister of Kristy Thomas. One hundred and twenty-two "Baby-Sitters Little Sister" novels and six "Baby-Sitters Little Sister" Super Special novels were published. The series ran from 1988 to 2000.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: "The Kids in Ms. Colman's Class" series was a spin-off of the "Baby-Sitters Little Sister" series and covered Karen Brewer's second grade classmates at Stoneybrook Academy, and their adventures in Ms. Colman's classroom. Twelve novels were published. The series ran from 1995 to 1998. The titles are "Teacher's Pet", "Author Day", "Class Play", "Second Grade Baby", "The Snow War", "Twin Trouble", "Science Fair", "Summer School", "Halloween Parade", "Holiday Time", "Spelling Bee", and "Baby Animal Zoo".


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: The "California Diaries" series centered on Dawn Schafer and her friends after her return to California, and targeted a slightly older audience, with a darker feel. Fifteen novels were published focusing on the characters Dawn, Ducky McCrae, Amalia Vargas, Maggie Blume, and Sunny Winslow. Examples of subjects dealt with are anorexia, sexual orientation, and racism, along with the characters' personal problems and family disputes.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: In 2006, Graphix, a division of Scholastic, released a graphic novel version of the first novel, "Kristy's Great Idea". The novel is a contemporary yet faithful adaptation illustrated by Raina Telgemeier, an Eisner Awards-winning author and illustrator. The series continued with the release of "The Truth About Stacey", "Mary Anne Saves the Day", and concluded with "Claudia and Mean Janine".


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Since then, four more graphic novels for "The Baby-Sitters Club" were released; they were adapted and illustrated by Gale Galligan. "Dawn and the Impossible Three" was published in 2017, "Kristy’s Big Day" was published in 2018, "Boy-Crazy Stacey" was published in 2019. and "Logan Likes Mary Anne" was published in 2020.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Starting in 2021, six more graphic novels are set to be published, two per year. Cartoonists Gabriela Epstein and Chan Chau will alternate as adapters of four of the books. Illustrator/adaptors for the final two books will be announced at a later date." "Claudia and the New Girl", illustrated by Gabriela Epstein, was published on February 2, 2021. "Kristy and the Snobs", illustrated by Chan Chau, was released September 7, 2021, "Good-bye Stacey, Good-bye", illustrated by Gabriela Epstein, was published on February 1, 2022. and "Jessi's Secret Language", illustrated by Chan Chau, was published on September 6, 2022, "Mary Anne's Bad Luck Mystery", illustrated by Cynthia Yuan Cheng is scheduled to release on December 27, 2022.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: On April 30, 2019, it was announced that there are plans for a series of "Baby-Sitters Little Sister" graphic novels illustrated by Katy Farina and colored by Braden Lamb. The first graphic novel, "Karen's Witch", was released on December 26, 2019. This was followed by "Karen's Roller Skates" which was released on July 7, 2020, "Karen's Worst Day" which was released on December 29, 2020. "Karen's Kittycat Club" was released on July 20, 2021, "Karen's School Picture" was released on February 1, 2022, "Karen's Birthday" is scheduled for release on January 3, 2023, "Karen's Haircut" is scheduled to for a release on July 4, 2023.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: Braden Lamb is the colorist for both "The Baby-Sitters Club" graphic novels and the "Baby-Sitters Little Sister" graphic novels.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: In 1990, "The Baby-Sitters Club" spawned a 13-episode TV series that aired on HBO and Nickelodeon, and was later released on video.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: In February 2019 it was announced that Netflix ordered a new version of the TV series, released on July 3, 2020.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: A film based on "The Baby-Sitters Club" novels was released in 1995. It starred Schuyler Fisk, Rachael Leigh Cook, Larisa Oleynik, Bre Blair, Tricia Joe, Zelda Harris, and Stacy Linn Ramsower.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: The Baby-Sitters Club: Songs for My Best Friends was a soundtrack for the series that was released on October 13, 1992 on CD and cassette tape. It included nine tracks written specifically for the series and the theme song to the original 1990 TV series.


title: The Baby-Sitters Club

text: In 1996 a computer game titled "Baby-Sitters Club Friendship Kit" was produced by Phillips Media. It had the main members of The Baby-Sitters Club represented in videos that played, which would introduce each feature. It took place in Claudia’s room.


title: Liam McIntyre

text: Liam James McIntyre (born 8 February 1982) is an Australian actor, best known for playing the lead role on the Starz television series "" and "" and as Mark Mardon / Weather Wizard on "The Flash". He has also voiced JD Fenix in the "Gears of War" series, Captain Boomerang in the DC Animated Movie Universe, Commander Pyre on "Star Wars Resistance" and Taron Malicos in "". In 2016, he collaborated with Smosh Games to promote his card game "Monster Lab". In 2020, he partnered with "Spartacus" co-star Todd Lasance to create the gaming series "Get Good" for the "CouchSoup" YouTube channel following a charity livestream benefiting Black Summer.


title: Liam McIntyre

text: McIntyre began his career appearing mainly in short films, before performing guest roles in Australian television series "Rush" and "Neighbours". He made his American television debut on the HBO miniseries "The Pacific". After actor Andy Whitfield's diagnosis and passing from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, McIntyre would succeed him in the titular role of "Spartacus" for the remainder of the series. He made his film debut alongside Kellan Lutz in "The Legend of Hercules", in the role of Sotiris. On May 4, 2014, he starred on the Channel 7 thriller "The Killing Field". From 2015 to 2016, he completed "The Dream Children" and "Albion: The Enchanted Stallion", both independent films as Luke Delaney and Erémon. In 2015, he also starred in "Unveiled", an unsold pilot, and portrayed the recurring villain, Weather Wizard on "The Flash".


title: Liam McIntyre

text: In 2016, McIntyre played the lead character JD Fenix in the video game, "Gears of War 4". In January 2017, he appeared as Jason Andrews in "Apple of My Eye". He played Girth Hemsworth, a fictional Hemsworth sibling on the web series "Con Man" and was later cast in "Security", an action-thriller film starring Antonio Banderas and Ben Kingsley. He filmed a pilot for SyFy, titled "The Haunted" in January 2017, but it did not receive a full series order. He starred on the Australian medical-drama, "Pulse" on ABC TV.


title: Liam McIntyre

text: McIntyre was born in Adelaide, South Australia. In 2010, he began dating actress and singer Erin Hasan, the understudy for Glinda the Good Witch in the original Melbourne and Sydney productions of the musical "Wicked". They were engaged in December 2012 and married on 5 January 2014.


title: KTM 390 series

text: The KTM 390 Duke and RC 390 are displacement single-cylinder engine motorcycles assembled by Bajaj Auto, and KTM Asia Motorcycle Manufacturing, Inc. (KAMMI) for the Austrian manufacturer KTM. The bikes were developed under a joint program of Bajaj and KTM engineers, in which the concept was developed in Austria, while everything else, including design and final product development, was done in India by Bajaj. The 390 Duke standard debuted at the 2012 EICMA show in Milan, Italy, and went on sale in India and the Philippines in 2013 and in the US in 2015. The RC 390 sport bike was presented at EICMA the following year. After the Duke's initial release, KTM CEO Stefan Pierer announced plans to export the 390 Duke to the US for 2014. Bajaj said eventually the bike will be sold in 80 countries worldwide.


title: KTM 390 series

text: Pierer said in December 2015 that KTM and Bajaj plan to replace the 125, 200, and the 390-series Duke and RC lines in 2017, based on all new platforms, in part tarnavo meet Euro IV emissions standards, and to incorporate new technologies such as ride-by-wire.


title: KTM 390 series

text: In its home market, the 390 Duke's engine size and weight place it in the mid-range category, and it sells for more than three times the average price of a motorcycle in India. As one Indian reviewer put it "The 390 Duke may well be a simple little A2 license commuter for the European rider, but in the environs of Mumbai traffic, it's a proper rocket-powered scalpel." In the US market, the same motorcycle is considered small-displacement, lightweight, and relatively inexpensive. Similarly, the UK "Sunday Times" said, "Given that the 390 Duke weighs less than 150kg when it's full of fuel, you have to sit on it to stop it blowing away. It's as agile in traffic as a push-bike and whippet-thin," saying the bike was ideal for young riders with the A2 license, limited to , who would find it easy to ride and confidence-inspiring, while feeling "fast and sporty". Such a bike in the UK would also appeal to experienced riders looking for a practical and efficient commuter bike and runabout. The 390 Duke won the 2013–14 Jury's Choice Bike of the Year in The Bloomberg TV India Autocar India Awards. "IndianCarsBikes" said that with a top speed of and a time of 5.5 seconds, the 390 Duke is the fastest motorcycle made in India .


title: KTM 390 series

text: "Motorcycle Consumer News" tested the 390 Duke's top speed to be , with acceleration from in 5.53 seconds, and in 14.02 seconds at . The brakes stopped the bike from in , and fuel economy was tested at . The 390 Duke weighed wet and the engine power was at 9,600 rpm, with torque @ 7,000 rpm. The brakes were considered to be "the most obvious flaw on the 390".


title: KTM 390 series

text: It has a kickstand sensor and switchable dual-channel ABS but no Cornering ABS, Combined ABS, traction control system, engine braking control, adaptive brake light, or cornering lights.


title: KTM 390 series

text: After 2017, the 390 series' front brake disc was increased from 300 mm to 320 mm. The headlight was redesigned and converted to LED. The display became a color TFT panel with phone pairing capability. Seat height was increased from to and wheelbase was decreased 10 mm. The brake and clutch levers were also made manually adjustable. The throttle now uses a ride by wire system and the tank was updated from .


title: KTM 390 series

text: In 2018, KTM updated its Duke 390 with some minor changes, where it added a deflector plate on the left side of the chassis, to avoid exhaust heat near the riders leg. The Duke 390 in India gained new features and updates. The Duke 390 comes with a daytime running light, and is on Euro IV emission standards.


title: KTM 390 series

text: 3 new colors are available for the 2022 Duke, which was launched in India at an ex-showroom price of . In Austria, it was released at .


title: KTM 390 series

text: A sport bike version of the 390 Duke, the KTM RC 390 was presented at the 2013 EICMA motorcycle show in Italy, though most details had been leaked a few weeks earlier. The 2014 model year road racing style bike has the same 373 cc engine making a claimed @ 9,500 rpm with a claimed weight without fuel of . With a fuel capacity , the wet weight would be . The frame of the RC is a different single piece trellis frame than the Duke, which KTM says is stiffer than the 390 Duke. The tires are Metzeler 110/70ZR17 front and 150/60ZR17 rear. Where the Duke has a steering head angle of 65° (or 25° rake), the RC's fork has a steeper 66.5° head angle (or 23.5° rake). The wheelbase is shorter than the Duke. The same ByBre disc brakes with switchable dual channel ABS, and WP 43 mm front fork and rear shock are used on the RC 390.


title: KTM 390 series

text: KTM added a racing version of the RC 390, the RC 390 Cup for use by motorcycle racers ages 13 to 21 in the ADAC Junior Cup, a MotoGP event. The RC 390 Cup has no lights or mirrors, and no ABS to reduce weight, and an upgraded WP suspension, fully adjustable front and rear. The engine is detuned to a with a block-off plate, and has an Akrapovič exhaust.


title: KTM 390 series

text: "Motorcycle Consumer News" test results of the RC 390's power were @ 8,600 rpm and torque @ 6,800 rpm, with a wet weight of They found a top speed of , with an acceleration from in 14.02 seconds at , in 5.53 seconds, and braking from in . The tested fuel economy was .


title: KTM 390 series

text: "Cycle World's" road tests of the RC 390 also showed a top speed of , but faster acceleration in 13.67 seconds at , and from in 4.6 seconds. Braking performance and fuel economy were not so far off, at in , and . "Cycle Worlds"s tested power figure was @ 8,600 rpm, and torque was .


title: KTM 390 series

text: "Motorcycle USA" measured acceleration from 0-60 mph in 4.9 seconds and in 14.21 seconds for 2015 model. Braking distance was measured at 148.2 feet from 60-0 mph with ABS disabled and 151.7 feet without ABS disabled.


title: KTM 390 series

text: It has a kickstand sensor but does not have Combined ABS, cornering lights, adaptive brake light, or engine braking control.


title: KTM 390 series

text: KTM revised the RC 390 in 2017 by adding a slipper clutch, adjustable brake levers, ride-by-wire throttle, a larger 320 mm front brake rotor, larger mirrors, and some cosmetic and ergonomic changes.


title: Lists of legendary creatures

text: The following is a list of lists of legendary creatures, beings and entities from the folklore record. Entries consist of legendary and unique creatures, not of particularly unique individuals of a commonly known species.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Filippo Brunelleschi ( , , also known as Pippo; 1377 – 15 April 1446), considered to be a founding father of Renaissance architecture, was an Italian architect, designer, and sculptor, and is now recognized to be the first modern engineer, planner, and sole construction supervisor. In 1421, Brunelleschi became the first person to receive a patent in the Western world. He is most famous for designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, a feat of engineering that had not been accomplished since antiquity, as well as the development of the mathematical technique of linear perspective in art which governed pictorial depictions of space until the late 19th century and influenced the rise of modern science. His accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering, and ship design. His principal surviving works can be found in Florence.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy, in 1377. His family consisted of his father, Brunellesco di Lippo (born ), a notary and civil servant, his mother Giuliana Spini, and his two brothers. The family was well-off; the palace of the Spini family still exists, across from the Church of the Trinita in Florence. The young Filippo was given a literary and mathematical education intended to enable him to follow in the footsteps of his father. Being artistically inclined, however, Filippo, at the age of fifteen, was apprenticed to the "Arte della Seta", the wool merchants' guild, the wealthiest and most prestigious guild in the city, which also included jewellers and metal craftsmen. In December 1398, he became a master goldsmith and a sculptor working with cast bronze.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi's earliest extant sculptures are two small bronze statues of evangelists and saints (1399–1400) made for the altar of the Crucifix Chapel Pistoia Cathedral. This work was interrupted near both the beginning and end of 1400, when Brunelleschi was chosen to simultaneously serve two representative councils of the Florentine government for periods of about four months.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Around the end of 1400, the city of Florence decided to create new sculpted and gilded bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. A competition was held in 1401 for the design, which drew seven competitors, including Brunelleschi and another young sculptor, Lorenzo Ghiberti. For the competition, each sculptor was required to produce a single bronze panel, depicting the Sacrifice of Isaac within a Gothic four-leaf frame. The panels each contained Abraham, Isaac, an angel and other figures imagined by the artists, and had to harmonize in style with the existing doors, made in 1330 by Andrea Pisano. The head of the jury was Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, who later became an important patron of Brunelleschi. The jury publicly praised Ghiberti's panel before they had seen the finished work of Brunelleschi, but when they saw it, they were unable to choose between the two and suggested that they collaborate on the project. Brunelleschi refused to forfeit total control of the project, preferring it to be awarded to Ghiberti. This divided public opinion on the contest's outcome.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi would eventually abandon sculpture and devote his attention entirely to architecture and optics, but continued to receive sculpture commissions until at least 1416.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Owing to a resurgence of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture during the Early Renaissance, artists began to hold the art of Greco-Roman antiquity in higher regard than the formal and less lifelike style of the medieval period, which was largely dominated by Byzantine art. However, this interest was restricted to a few scholars, writers, and philosophers before it began to influence the visual arts. In this period (1402–1404), Brunelleschi visited Rome (possibly with his friend, the sculptor Donatello) to study its ancient ruins. Donatello, like Brunelleschi, was trained as a goldsmith, and later worked in the studio of Ghiberti. Although the glories of Ancient Rome were a matter of popular discourse at the time, few people had actually studied the physical fabric of its ruins in any detail until Brunelleschi and Donatello. Brunelleschi's study of classical Roman architecture can be seen in the characteristic elements of his building designs including even lighting, the minimization of distinct architectural elements within a building, and the balancing of those elements to homogenize the space.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: It is speculated that Brunelleschi developed his system of linear perspective after observing the Roman ruins. However, some historians dispute that he visited Rome then, given the number of projects Brunelleschi had in Florence at the time, the poverty and lack of security in Rome during that period, and the lack of evidence of the visit. His first definitively documented visit to Rome was in 1432.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi's first architectural commission was the "Ospedale degli Innocenti" (1419–c. 1445), or Foundling Hospital, designed as a home for orphans. The hospital was funded and administered by the Silk Merchants' Guild to which he belonged. As with many of his architectural projects, the building was completed much later, with considerable modifications, by other architects. He was the official architect until 1427, but he was rarely on the site after 1423. The hospital was completed by the Florentine architect in 1445.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The major portion completed by Brunelleschi was an arcade or loggia with nine arches, supported on each side by pilasters, which gave the appearance of columns, and opening to the interior by a small door. The arcade was supported by slender columns with Corinthian capitals. This first arcade, with its columns, rounded arches and simple classical decoration, became the model for a long series of Renaissance buildings across Europe. Its long loggia would have been a rare sight in the tight and curving streets of Florence, not to mention its impressive arches, each about 8 m high. The building was dignified and sober, with no displays of fine marble or decorative inlays. It was also the first building in Florence to make clear reference—in its columns and capitals—to classical antiquity.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Soon, other commissions came, such as the Ridolfi Chapel in the church of San Jacopo sopr'Arno, now lost, and the Barbadori Chapel in Santa Felicita, also modified since its building. For both, Brunelleschi devised elements already used in the Ospedale degli Innocenti, and which would also be used in the Pazzi Chapel and the Sagrestia Vecchia. At the same time, he was using such smaller works as a sort of feasibility study for his most famous work, the dome of the Cathedral of Florence.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The Basilica of San Lorenzo was his next great project, undertaken soon after he began the Foundling Hospital. It was the largest church in Florence, sponsored by the Medici family, whose tombs were located there, and it was the work of several different architects, including, later, Michelangelo. The parts undertaken by Brunelleschi were the central nave, with the two collateral naves on either side bordered by small chapels, and the old sacristy.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The Old Sacristy was begun first, and built between 1419 and 1429. It contains the tomb of the donor, Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici and his wife, beneath a central dome, very simply decorated. The form is very simple; the chapel is a cube of about on each side, covered with a hemispheric dome. A level of ornamental entablements divides the vertical space into two parts, and pilasters support the dome. The altar is set into a recess at one end beneath a smaller dome. All of the arcs of the ceiling are supported by pilasters, like classical columns, set into the walls. This room, using classical elements in an entirely original way, was one of the first perfectly Renaissance spaces.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: In the nave, the massive pillars of Gothic architecture were replaced by slender columns with Corinthian capitals, and the traditional vaulted ceiling of the central nave by a coffered ceiling of square compartments with delicately gilded trim. To adjust to the difference of height between the low chapels and the much higher nave, the circular windows above each chapel. The finished interior gave an impression of perfect harmony and balance.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: One practice of Brunelleschi in the Old Sacristy, which later became a doctrine of Renaissance architecture, was the use of white walls in churches. The first major theorist of Renaissance art, Leon Battista Alberti, writing in 1450, declared that, since classical times, according to such authorities Cicero and Plato, white was the only color suitable for a temple or church, and praised "the purity and simplicity of the color, like that of life."


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The Basilica of Santo Spirito in Florence was his next major project, which, characteristically, he carried out in parallel with his other major works. Though he began designing in 1434, construction did not begin until 1436, and continued beyond his lifetime. The columns for the facade were not delivered until 1446, ten days before his death, and the facade was not completed until 1482, and then was modified in the 18th century. The bell tower was also a later addition.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Santo Spirito is an example of the mathematical proportion and harmony of Brunelleschi's work. The church is in the form of a cross. The choir, the two arms of the transept, and the space in the center of the transept are composed of squares exactly the same size. The continuation of the nave contains four more identical squares. and a half-square (a later addition) at the end. The length of the transept is exactly one-one half of the length of the nave. Each square of the lower collateral naves is one-quarter the size of the squares in the principal nave. The collateral naves are lined with thirty-eight small chapels, which were later filled with altars decorated with works of art.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The vertical plan is also perfectly in proportion; the height of the central nave is exactly twice its width, and the height of the collateral naves on either side are exactly twice their width. Other aspects of his original plan, however, were modified after his death. The main aisle of the nave, lined by columns with Corinthian capitals, is topped by a row of semicircular arches, like his galleries. His original plan called the ceiling of the nave to be composed of a barrel vault, which would have echoed the collateral naves, but this was also changed after his death to the flat coffered ceiling. Little remains of the exterior walls that he had planned. They were unfinished at his death, and were covered with a facade in a different style in the Baroque period.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The Pazzi Chapel in Florence was commissioned in about 1429 by Andrea Pazzi to serve as the Chapter House, or meeting place of the monks of the Monastery of Santa Croce. Like nearly all of his works, the actual construction was delayed, beginning only in 1442, and the interior was not finished until 1444. The building was not entirely finished until about 1469, twenty years after his death. Some of the details, such as the lantern on top of the dome, were added after his death.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The portico of the chapel is especially notable for its fine proportions, simplicity, and harmony. Its centerpiece is a sort of arch of triumph. Its six columns are by an entablature sculpted medallions, an upper level divided by pilasters and a central arch, and another band of sculpted entablature the top, below a terrace and the simple cupola. The interior spaces are framed by arches, entablatures, and pilasters. The floor is also divided into geometric sections. Light comes downward from the circular windows of the dome, and changes throughout the day. The interior is given touches of color by circular blue and white ceramic plaques made by the sculptor Luca Della Robbia. The architecture of the chapel is based on an arrangement of rectangles, rather than squares, which makes it appear slightly less balanced than his chapel in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Santa Maria degli Angeli was an unfinished project by Brunelleschi which introduced a revolutionary concept in Renaissance architecture. Churches since the Romanesque and Gothic periods were traditionally in the form of a cross, with the altar in the transept or crossing point. Santa Maria deli Angeli was designed as a rotunda in an octagon shape, with eight equal sides, each containing a chapel, and the altar in the center.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The financing of the church came from the legacy of two Florentine merchants, Matteo and Andrea Scolari, and construction commenced in 1434. However, in 1437, the money for the church was seized by the Florentine government to help finance a war against the neighboring city of Lucca. The structure, which had reached a height of , was never completed as Brunelleschi designed it. The completed part was later integrated into a later church of a different design.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The plans and model of Brunelleschi's church disappeared, and it is known only from an illustration in the "Codex Rustichi" from 1450, and from drawings of other architects. Leon Battista Alberti, in his "De re aedificatoria", the first major treatise on Renaissance architecture, written in about 1455 and published in 1485, hailed the design as the "first complete plan of a Renaissance church." Leonardo da Vinci visited Florence in about 1490, studied Brunelleschi's churches and plans, and sketched a plan for a similar octagonal church with radiating chapels in his notebooks. It reached its fruition on an even larger scale in the 16th century. Donato Bramante proposed a similar central plan with radiating chapels for his Tempieto, and later, on an even larger scale, in his plan for Saint Peter's Basilica (1485–1514). The central plan was finally realized, with some modifications, beginning in 1547, in Saint Peter's by Michelangelo and then its completed version by Carlo Maderna.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Santa Maria del Fiore was the cathedral and symbol of Florence, which had been begun in 1296. After the death of the first architect, Arnolfo di Cambio, work was interrupted for fifty years. The "campanile", or bell tower, was added by Giotto soon after 1330. Between 1334 and 1366 a committee of architects and painters made a plan of a proposed dome, and the constructors were sworn to follow the plan. The proposed dome from the base to the lantern on top was more than high, and the octagonal base was almost in diameter. It was larger than the dome of the ancient Pantheon, or any other dome in Europe, and no dome of that size had been built since antiquity.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: A competition was held in 1418 to select the builder, and other competitors included his old rival Ghiberti. It was won by Brunelleschi, with the help of a brick scale model of the dome made for him by his friend the sculptor Donatello. Since buttresses were forbidden by the city fathers, and because obtaining rafters for scaffolding long and strong enough (and in sufficient quantity) for the task was impossible, how a dome of that size could be constructed without its collapsing under its own weight was unclear. Furthermore, the stresses of compression were not clearly understood, and the mortars used in the period would set only after several days, keeping the strain on the scaffolding for a long time.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The work on the dome (built 1420–1436), the lantern (built 1446–c. 1461) and the exedra (built 1439–1445) occupied most of the remainder of Brunelleschi's life. Brunelleschi's success can be attributed to his technical and mathematical genius. Brunelleschi used more than four million bricks in the construction of the octagonal dome. Notably, Brunelleschi left behind no building plans or diagrams detailing the dome's structure; scholars surmise that he constructed the dome as though it were hemispherical, which would have allowed the dome to support itself.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi constructed two domes, one within the other, a practice that would later be followed by all the successive major domes, including those of Les Invalides in Paris and the United States Capitol in Washington. The outer dome protected the inner dome from the rain, and allowed a higher and more majestic form. The frame of the dome is composed of twenty-eight horizontal and vertical marble ribs, or, "eperoni", eight of which are visible on the outside. Those visible on the outside are largely decorative, since the outer dome is supported by the structure of the inner dome. A narrow stairway runs upward between the two domes to the lantern on the top.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi invented a new hoisting machine for raising the masonry needed for the dome, a task no doubt inspired by republication of Vitruvius' "De architectura", which describes Roman machines used in the first century AD to build large structures such as the Pantheon and the Baths of Diocletian, structures still standing, which he would have seen for himself. This hoisting machine would be admired by Leonardo da Vinci years later.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The strength of the dome was improved by the wooden and sandstone chains invented by Brunelleschi, which acted like tensioning rings around the base of the dome and reduced the need for flying buttresses, so popular in Gothic architecture. The herringbone brick-laying pattern, which Brunelleschi may have seen in Rome, was also seemingly forgotten in Europe before the construction of the dome.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi kept his workers up in the building during their breaks and brought food and diluted wine, similar to that given to pregnant women at the time, up to them. He felt the trip up and down the hundreds of stairs would exhaust them and reduce their productivity.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Once the dome was completed, a new competition was held in 1436 for the decorative lantern on top of the dome, once again against his old rival Ghiberti. Brunelleschi won the competition and designed the structure and built the base for the lantern, but he did not live long enough to see its final installation atop the dome.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: In 1438 Brunelleschi designed his last contribution to the cathedral; four hemispherical exedra, or small half-domes, based on a Roman model, set against the drum at the base of the main dome. They alternated the four small domes arranged around the main dome, and gave the appearance of a stairway of domes mounting upward. They were purely decorative, and were richly decorated with horizontal entablatures and vertical arches, pilasters. and double columns. Their architectural elements inspired later High Renaissance architecture, including the Tempietto of St. Peter built at Montorio by Bramante (1502). A similar structure appears the painting of an ideal city attributed to Piero della Francesca at Urbino (about 1475).


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Besides his accomplishments in architecture, Brunelleschi is also generally credited as the first person to describe a precise system of linear perspective. This revolutionised painting and opened the way for the naturalistic styles of Renaissance art. He systematically studied exactly how and why objects, buildings, and landscapes changed and lines appeared to change shape when seen from a distance or from different angles, and made drawings of the Baptistry in Florence, Place San Giovanni and other Florence landmarks in correct perspective.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: According to his early biographers Giorgio Vasari and Antonio Manetti, Brunelleschi conducted a series of experiments between 1415 and 1420, including making paintings with correct perspective of the Florence Baptistery and the Palazzo Vecchio, seen obliquely from its northwest corner, as well as the buildings of Place San Giovanni. According to Manetti, he used a grid or set of crosshairs to copy the exact scene square by square, and produced a reverse image. The results were compositions with accurate perspective, as seen through a mirror. To compare the accuracy of his image with the real object, he made a small hole in his painting, and had an observer look through the back of his painting to observe the scene. A mirror was then raised, reflecting Brunelleschi's composition, and the observer saw the striking similarity between the reality and painting. Both panels have since been lost.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi's studies on perspective were amplified by further studies of the topic by Leon Battista Alberti, Piero della Francesca and Leonardo da Vinci. Following the rules of perspective studied by Brunelleschi and the others, artists could paint imaginary landscapes and scenes with an accurate three-dimensional perspective and realism. The most important treatise on a painting of the Renaissance, "Della Pittura libri tre" by Alberti, with a description of Brunelleschi's experiment, was published in 1436 and was dedicated to Brunelleschi. Thanks to Brunelleschi, a painting could be an accurate three-dimensional window onto the world. The painting "The Holy Trinity" by Masaccio (1425–1427) in the Santa Maria Novella, Florence, was a good example of the new style, which accurately created the illusion of three dimensions and also recreated, in painting, Brunelleschi's architectural style. This was the beginning of the standard method of painting studied by artists until the 19th century.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: In 1421, Brunelleschi was granted what is thought to be one of the first modern patents for his invention of a river transport vessel that was said to "bring in any merchandise and load on the river Arno etc for less money than usual, and with several other benefits." It was intended to be used to transport marble. In the history of patent law, Brunelleschi is, therefore, accorded a special place. In cultural and political terms, the grant of the patent was part of Brunelleschi's attempt to operate as a creative and commercial individual outside the constraints of the guilds and their monopolies.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: He was also active in shipbuilding. In 1427 he built a large boat named "Il Badalone" to transport marble to Florence from Pisa up the River Arno. The ship sank on its maiden voyage, along with a sizable portion of Brunelleschi's personal fortune.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi's interests extended to mathematics and engineering and the study of ancient monuments. He invented hydraulic machinery and elaborate clockwork, none of which survives.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi designed machinery for use in churches during theatrical religious performances that re-enacted Biblical miracle stories. Contrivances were created by which characters and angels were made to fly through the air in the midst of spectacular explosions of light and fireworks. These events took place during state and ecclesiastical visits. It is not known for certain how many of these Brunelleschi designed, but at least one, for the church of San Felice, is confirmed in the records.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi also designed fortifications used by Florence in its military struggles against Pisa and Siena. In 1424, he was working in Lastra a Signa, a village protecting the route to Pisa, and in 1431, in the south of Italy on the walls of the village of Staggia. These walls are still preserved, but whether they are specifically by Brunelleschi is uncertain.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: In addition, he was somewhat involved in urban planning; he strategically positioned several of his buildings in relation to the nearby squares and streets for "maximum visibility". For example, demolitions in front of San Lorenzo were approved in 1433 to create a piazza facing the church. At Santo Spirito, he suggested that the façade be turned either towards the Arno so travellers would see it, or to the north, to face a large prospective piazza.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi did not have children of his own, but in 1415, he adopted Andrea de Lazzaro Cavalcanti, who took the name Il Buggiano, after his birthplace. He was Brunelleschi's sole heir.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi was a member of the guild of silk merchants, which included jewelers and goldsmiths, but not of the guild of stone and wood masters, which included architects. In 1434, he was arrested at the request of the guild of masters of stone and wood for practicing his trade illegally. He was quickly released and the stone and wood masters were charged with false imprisonment.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: Brunelleschi's body lies in the crypt of the Cathedral of Florence. As explained by Antonio Manetti, who knew Brunelleschi and who wrote his biography, Brunelleschi "was granted such honours as to be buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore, and with a marble bust, which was said to be carved from life, and placed there in perpetual memory with such a splendid epitaph." Inside the cathedral entrance is this epitaph: "Both the magnificent dome of this famous church and many other devices invented by Filippo the architect, bear witness to his superb skill. Therefore, in tribute to his exceptional talents, a grateful country that will always remember him buries him here in the soil below." A statue of Brunelleschi, looking up at his dome, was later placed in the square in front of the cathedral.


title: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: The principal buildings and works designed by Brunelleschi or which included his involvement, all situated in Florence:


title: Proteus syndrome

text: Proteus syndrome is a rare disorder with a genetic background that can cause tissue overgrowth involving all three embryonic lineages. Patients with Proteus syndrome tend to have an increased risk of embryonic tumor development. The clinical and radiographic symptoms of Proteus syndrome are highly variable, as are its orthopedic manifestations.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: Only a few more than 200 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with estimates that about 120 people are currently alive with the condition. As attenuated forms of the disease may exist, there could be many people with Proteus syndrome who remain undiagnosed. Those most readily diagnosed are also the most severely disfigured.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: The syndrome is named after the Greek sea-god Proteus, who could change his shape. The condition appears to have been first described in the American medical literature by Samia Temtamy and John Rogers in 1976. American pathologist Michael Cohen described it in 1979.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: Proteus syndrome causes an overgrowth of skin, bones, muscles, fatty tissues, and blood and lymphatic vessels. Proteus syndrome is a progressive condition wherein children are usually born without any obvious deformities. Tumors of skin and bone growths appear as they age typically in early childhood. The musculoskeletal manifestations are cardinal for the diagnosis of Proteus syndrome. The severity and locations of these various asymmetrical growths vary greatly but typically the skull, one or more limbs, and soles of the feet will be affected. There is a risk of premature death in affected individuals due to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism caused by the vessel malformations that are associated with this disorder. Because of carrying excess weight and enlarged limbs, arthritis and muscle pain may also be symptoms. Further risks may occur due to the mass of extra tissue.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: The disorder itself does not uniformly cause learning impairments: the distribution of intelligence deficits among those with Proteus syndrome appears higher than that of the general population, although this is difficult to determine with statistical significance. In addition, the presence of visible deformity may have a negative effect on the social experiences of the affected individual, causing cognitive and social deficits.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: Affected individuals are at increased risk for developing certain tumors including unilateral ovarian cystadenomas, testicular tumors, meningiomas, and monomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: The musculoskeletal manifestations of Proteus syndrome are frequent and recognizable. Patients tend to demonstrate a unique pattern of skeletal abnormalities. The orthopaedic features are usually bilateral, asymmetrical, progressive and involving all four limbs and spine. Affected patients usually have localized periarticular limb distortions, limb length discrepancy, and spine deformity. Patients with Proteus syndrome can have regular bone configuration and contours despite the bone enlargement. Patients can also exhibit deformation of the skull in the form of dolichocephaly or elongated skull and facial abnormalities. Because of the rarity of the syndrome and the variability of signs, the orthopaedic management should be individualized.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: In 2011 researchers determined the cause of Proteus syndrome. In 26 of 29 patients who met strict clinical criteria for the disorder, Lindhurst "et al." identified an activating mutation in AKT1 kinase in a mosaic state gene.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: Previous research had suggested the condition linked to PTEN on chromosome 10, while other research pointed to chromosome 16. Prior to the findings regarding AKT1 in 2011, other researchers expressed doubt regarding the involvement of PTEN or GPC3, which codes for glypican 3 and may play a role in regulating cell division and growth regulation.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: Many sources classify Proteus syndrome to be a type of nevus syndrome. The lesions appear to be distributed in a mosaic manner. It has been confirmed that the disorder is an example of genetic mosaicism.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: A team of doctors in Australia have trial tested the drug rapamycin in the treatment of a patient said to have Proteus syndrome and have found it to be an effective remedy. However, the diagnosis of Proteus syndrome in this patient has been questioned by others.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: The Proteus syndrome research team in the National Human Genome Research Institute at the United States National Institutes of Health have initiated a Phase 0 dose finding trial with the AKT1 inhibitor ARQ 092, which is being developed by the Arqule Corporation. In earlier tests on tissue and cell samples obtained from patients, ARQ 092 reduced phosphorylation of AKT and downstream targets of AKT in as little as two hours. The Phase 0 trial opened in November 2015. This trial is based on in vitro data showing inhibition of AKT1 in cell lines from patients with Proteus syndrome.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: In a 1986 article in the "British Medical Journal", Michael Cohen and J.A.R. Tibbles put forward the theory that Joseph Merrick (an Englishman known as the "Elephant Man") had Proteus syndrome. However, the exact condition had by Joseph Merrick is still not known with certainty.


title: Proteus syndrome

text: Mandy Sellars has been diagnosed by some doctors as having this condition. Her legs and feet have grown at a disproportionate rate since birth. However, in 2013, Sellars' case was profiled on British television in a special called "Shrinking My 17 Stone Legs", in which it was determined that Sellars' condition was not, in fact, Proteus syndrome, but rather the often-misdiagnosed PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum, a syndrome caused by a PIK3CA gene mutation.


title: Drone (bee)

text: A drone is a male honey bee. Unlike the female worker bee, drones do not have stingers. They gather neither nectar nor pollen and are unable to feed without assistance from worker bees. A drone's only role is to mate with a maiden queen in nuptial flight.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Drones carry only one type of allele at each chromosomal position, because they are haploid (containing only one set of chromosomes from the mother). During the development of eggs within a queen, a diploid cell with 32 chromosomes divides to generate haploid cells called gametes with 16 chromosomes. The result is a haploid egg, with chromosomes having a new combination of alleles at the various loci. This process is called arrhenotokous parthenogenesis or simply arrhenotoky.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Because the male bee technically has only a mother, and no father, its genealogical tree is unusual. The first generation has one member (the male). One generation back also has one member (the mother). Two generations back are two members (the mother and father of the mother). Three generations back are three members. Four back are five members. This sequence – 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and so on – is known as the Fibonacci sequence.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Much debate and controversy exists in scientific literature about the dynamics and apparent benefit of the combined forms of reproduction in honey bees and other social insects, known as the haplodiploid sex-determination system. The drones have two reproductive functions: each drone grows from the queen's unfertilized haploid egg and produces some 10 million male sperm cells, each genetically identical to the egg. Drones also serve as a vehicle to mate with a new queen to fertilize her eggs. Female worker bees develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid in origin, which means that the sperm from a father provides a second set of 16 chromosomes for a total of 32: one set from each parent. Since all the sperm cells produced by a particular drone are genetically identical, full sisters are more closely related than full sisters of other animals where the sperm is not genetically identical.


title: Drone (bee)

text: A laying worker bee exclusively produces totally unfertilized eggs, which develop into drones. As an exception to this rule, laying worker bees in some subspecies of honey bees may also produce diploid (and therefore female) fertile offspring in a process called thelytoky, in which the second set of chromosomes comes not from sperm, but from one of the three polar bodies during anaphase II of meiosis.


title: Drone (bee)

text: In honey bees, the genetics of offspring can best be controlled by artificially inseminating (referred to in beekeeping as 'instrumental insemination') a queen with drones collected from a single hive, where the drones' mother is known. In the natural mating process, a queen mates with multiple drones, which may not come from the same hive. Therefore, batches of female offspring have fathers of a completely different genetic origin.


title: Drone (bee)

text: A drone is characterized by eyes that are twice the size of those of worker bees and queens, and a body size greater than that of worker bees, though usually smaller than the queen bee. His abdomen is stouter than the abdomen of workers or queen. Although heavy bodied, the drone must be able to fly fast enough to accompany the queen in flight. The average flight time for a drone is about 20 minutes.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Drones die off or are ejected from the hive by the worker bees in late autumn, dying from exposure and the inability to protect or feed themselves, and do not reappear in the bee hive until late spring. The worker bees evict them as the drones would deplete the hive's resources too quickly if they were allowed to stay.


title: Drone (bee)

text: The drones' main function is to be ready to fertilize a receptive queen. Drones in a hive do not usually mate with a virgin queen of the same hive because the queen flies further to a drone congregation area than the drones do. Mating generally takes place in or near drone congregation areas. How these areas are selected is not understood, but they do exist. When a drone mates with a queen of the same hive, the resultant queen will have a spotty brood pattern (numerous empty cells on a brood frame) due to the removal of diploid drone larvae by nurse bees (i.e., a fertilized egg with two identical sex genes will develop into a drone instead of a worker). The worker bees remove the inbred brood and consume it to recycle the protein.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Mating occurs in flight, which accounts for drones needing better vision, which is provided by their large eyes. Should a drone succeed in mating, the first thing that happens is all of the drone's blood in his body rushes to his endophallus which causes him to lose control over his entire body. His body falls away, leaving a portion of his endophallus attached to the queen which helps guide the next drone in the queen.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Honey bee queen breeders may breed drones to be used for instrumental insemination or open mating. A queen mating yard must have many drones to be successful.


title: Drone (bee)

text: In areas with severe winters, all drones are driven out of the hive in the autumn. A colony begins to rear drones in spring and drone population reaches its peak coinciding with the swarm season in late spring and early summer. The life expectancy of a drone is about 90 days.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Although the drone is highly specialized to perform one function, mating and continuing the propagation of the hive, they may have other purposes. All bees, when they sense the hive's temperature deviating from proper limits, either generate heat by shivering, or exhaust heat by moving air with their wings—behaviours which drones share with worker bees.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Drones do not exhibit typical worker bee behaviors such as nectar and pollen gathering, nursing, or hive construction. While drones are unable to sting, if picked up, they may swing their tails in an attempt to frighten the disturber. In some species, drones buzz around intruders in an attempt to disorient them if the nest is disturbed.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Drones fly in abundance in the early afternoon and are known to congregate in drone congregation areas a good distance away from the hive.


title: Drone (bee)

text: The drone endophallus is designed to disperse a large quantity of seminal fluid and spermatozoa with great speed and force. The endophallus is held internally in the drone. During mating, the organ is everted (turned inside out), into the queen. The eversion of the endophallus is achieved by contracting abdominal muscles, which increases hemolymph pressure, effectively "inflating" the endophallus. Cornua claspers at the base of the endophallus help to grip the queen.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Mating between a single drone and the queen lasts less than 5 seconds, and it is often completed within 1–2 seconds. Mating occurs mid-flight, and above ground. Since the queen mates with 5–19 drones, and drones die after mating, each drone must make the most of his single shot. The drone makes first contact from above the queen, his thorax above her abdomen, straddling her. He then grasps her with all six legs, and everts the endophallus into her opened sting chamber. If the queen's sting chamber is not fully opened, mating is unsuccessful, so some males that mount the queen do not transfer semen. Once the endophallus has been everted, the drone is paralyzed, flipping backwards as he ejaculates. The process of ejaculation is explosive—semen is blasted through the queen's sting chamber and into the oviduct. The process is sometimes audible to the human ear, akin to a "popping" sound. The ejaculation is so powerful that it ruptures the endophallus, disconnecting the drone from the queen. The bulb of the endophallus is broken off inside of the queen during mating—so drones mate only once, and die shortly after. The leftover endophallus remaining in the queen's vagina is referred to as the "mating sign". The plug will not prevent the next drone from mating with the same queen, but may prevent semen from flowing out of the vagina.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Mating between the drones and a virgin queen takes place away from the colony, in mid-air mating sites. These mating sites, called 'congregation areas', are specific locations, where drones wait for the arrival of virgin queens. A congregation area is typically above ground, and can have a diameter of . The boundaries of a congregation area are distinct; queens flying a few meters outside the boundaries are mostly ignored by the drones. Congregation areas are typically used year after year, with some spots showing little change over 12 years. Since drones are expelled from a colony during the winter, and new drones are raised each spring, inexperienced drones must find these congregation areas anew. This suggests some environmental cues define a congregation area, although the actual cues are unknown.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Congregation areas are typically located above open ground, away from trees or hills, where flight is somewhat protected from the wind (calm winds may be helpful during mating flight). At the same time, many congregation areas do not show such characteristics, such as those located above water or the forest canopy. Some studies have suggested that magnetic orientation could play a role, since drones older than 6 days contain cells in the abdomen that are rich in magnetite.


title: Drone (bee)

text: Congregation areas can be located by attaching a virgin queen (in a cage) to a balloon floating above ground. The person then moves around, taking note of where drones are attracted to the caged queen. Congregation areas are not found closer than from an apiary, and congregation areas located farther away from apiaries receive more drones. In a congregation area, drones accumulate from as many as 200 colonies, with estimates of up to 25,000 individual drones. This broad mixing of drones is how a virgin queen can ensure she will receive the genetic diversity needed for her colony. By flying to congregation areas further away from her colony, she further increases the probability of out-breeding.


title: Drone (bee)

text: A single drone visits multiple congregation areas during his lifetime, often taking multiple trips per afternoon. A drone's mating flight averages 20–25 minutes, before he must return to the colony to refuel with honey. While at the site, the drones fly around passively, waiting for the arrival of a virgin. When the virgin queen arrives to the congregation area, the drones locate her by visual and olfactory cues. At this point, it is a race to mate with the virgin queen, to be genetically represented in the newly founded colony. The swarming drones, as they actively follow the queen, reportedly resemble a "drone comet", dissolving and reforming as the drones chase the virgin queen. Drones greatly outnumber the quantity of virgin queens produced per season, so even with multiple mating by the queen, very few drones mate successfully (estimated at less than one in 1,000). If needed, a virgin queen can embark on multiple 'nuptial flights', to be sure to receive enough semen from enough drones.


title: Drone (bee)

text: "Varroa destructor", a parasitic mite, propagates within the brood cell of bees. The "Varroa" mite prefers drone brood as it guarantees a longer development period, which is important for its own propagation success. The number of "Varroa" mites can be kept in check by removing the capped drone brood and either freezing the brood comb or heating it.


title: Korean Englishman

text: Korean Englishman (영국남자) is a YouTube channel created by internet personality duo Josh Carrott and Ollie Kendal. It features videos in Korean and English centering around South Korean culture and food.


title: Korean Englishman

text: Joshua Carrott was born on 14 May 1989 in Brighton, England, to Daryl and Maureen Carrott. His father was a fireman, and his mother was a policewoman. His paternal grandmother was ethnically Chinese. Aged 12, his family moved from England to Qingdao, China. Carrott was first exposed to Korean culture through South Korean expatriate students at the International School of Qingdao. He then returned to England for university, majoring in Korean language studies at SOAS, University of London. He also studied a year abroad at Korea University. He is married to Gabriela Kook, an Argentine-born South Korean chef.


title: Korean Englishman

text: Oliver Kendal is Carrott's best friend and partner, whom he met while attending SOAS in London. His father, Henry, was the vicar of St. Barnabus Church. He has a background in video production, as well as photography and graphic design. In 2013, he was pursuing a master's degree in biblical studies. In November of that year, he and Carrott incorporated the private limited company Kendal & Carrott in the United Kingdom. Kendal is married to Lizzie Kendal and has a daughter, Juno.


title: Korean Englishman

text: The channel initially featured the reactions of their English friends to Korean cuisine. Most famously, they introduced fire noodles to their English friends as a spicy food challenge in 2014; this later developed into the "Fire Noodle Challenge". They have since collaborated with both Western and Korean celebrities.


title: Korean Englishman

text: Carrott and Kendal launched a second channel, "Jolly", in 2017, which produces a broader variety of content intended for a more global audience. Both Kendal and Carrott frequently have friends and family on as guests, including Kendal's brother-in-law, Chris Lee.


title: Korean Englishman

text: On Carrott's 32nd birthday, Kendal published Carrott's (partially fictitious) autobiography, which was ghostwritten by his friends, with parts of the proceeds donated to Carrot Land Adventure Park in Ohakune, New Zealand.


title: Korean Englishman

text: In October 2020, Carrott and Kook were criticised and later investigated by police after a video was uploaded on Korean Englishman of Carrott, Kook and others violating South Korea's COVID-19 quarantine regulations. In April 2021, all the charges were dropped.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: "The Tortoise and the Hare" is one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 226 in the Perry Index. The account of a race between unequal partners has attracted conflicting interpretations. The fable itself is a variant of a common folktale theme in which ingenuity and trickery (rather than doggedness) are employed to overcome a stronger opponent.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: The story concerns a Hare who ridicules a slow-moving Tortoise. Tired of the Hare's arrogant behaviour, the Tortoise challenges him to a race. The hare soon leaves the tortoise behind and, confident of winning, takes a nap midway through the race. When the Hare awakes, however, he finds that his competitor, crawling slowly but steadily, has arrived before him. The later version of the story in La Fontaine's Fables (VI.10), while more long-winded, differs hardly at all from Aesop's.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: As in several other fables by Aesop, the lesson it is teaching appears ambiguous. In Classical times it was not the Tortoise's plucky conduct in taking on a bully that was emphasised but the Hare's foolish over-confidence. An old Greek source comments that 'many people have good natural abilities which are ruined by idleness; on the other hand, sobriety, zeal and perseverance can prevail over indolence'.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: When the fable entered the European emblem tradition, the precept to 'hasten slowly' ("festina lente") was recommended to lovers by Otto van Veen in his "Emblemata Amorum" (1608), using a relation of the story. There the infant figure of Eros is shown passing through a landscape and pointing to the tortoise as it overtakes the sleeping hare under the motto "perseverance winneth." Later interpreters too have asserted that the fable's moral is the proverbial 'the more haste, the worse speed' (Samuel Croxall) or have applied to it the biblical observation that 'the race is not to the swift' (Ecclesiastes 9.11).


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: In the 19th century the fable was given satirical interpretations. In the social commentary of Charles H. Bennett's "The Fables of Aesop translated into Human Nature" (1857), the hare is changed to a thoughtful craftsman prostrate under the foot of a capitalist entrepreneur. Lord Dunsany brings out another view in his "The True History of the Tortoise and the Hare" (1915). There the hare realises the stupidity of the challenge and refuses to proceed any further. The obstinate tortoise continues to the finishing line and is proclaimed the swiftest by his backers. But, continues Dunsany,


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: A century later Vikram Seth broadened the satire in his verse retelling of the fable in "Beastly Tales" (1991) and had it both ways. There is nothing to recommend in the behaviour of either protagonist by way of a moral. While the Tortoise's victory bolsters its joyless self-righteousness, the hare-brained loser is taken up by the media and "pampered rotten/ And the tortoise was forgotten".


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: In Classical times the story was annexed to a philosophical problem by Zeno of Elea in one of many demonstrations that movement is impossible to define satisfactorily. The second of Zeno's paradoxes is that of Achilles and the Tortoise, in which the hero gives the Tortoise a head start in a race. The argument attempts to show that even though Achilles runs faster than the Tortoise, he will never catch up with her because, when Achilles reaches the point at which the Tortoise started, the Tortoise has advanced some distance beyond; when Achilles arrives at the point where the Tortoise was when Achilles arrived at the point where the Tortoise started, the Tortoise has again moved forward. Hence Achilles can never catch the Tortoise, no matter how fast he runs, since the Tortoise will always be moving ahead.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: The only satisfactory refutation has been mathematical and since then the name of the fable has been applied to the function described in Zeno's paradox. In mathematics and computer science, the "tortoise and the hare algorithm" is an alternative name for Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: There is a Greek version of the fable but no early Latin version. For this reason it did not begin to appear in printed editions of Aesop's fables until the 16th century, one of the earliest being Bernard Salomon's "Les Fables d'Esope Phrygien, mises en Ryme Francoise" (1547). Versions followed from the Netherlands (in Dutch, 1567) and Flanders (in French, 1578) but none in English before Francis Barlow's edition of 1667.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: Among the many illustrations of the fable, that by the French caricaturist Jean Grandville is novel in portraying the tortoise as running upright. This is also how he is shown in the Walt Disney cartoon version of "The Tortoise and the Hare" (1935). Another departure from the ordinary in Grandville's etching is the choice of a mole (complete with dark glasses) rather than, as usual, a fox as the judge at the finishing line. Auguste Delierre makes the judge a monkey in the 1883 edition of La Fontaine's fables that he illustrated. La Fontaine says in his rhyme that it does not matter who the judge is; his interpreters have taken him at his word.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: Outside of book production, there is an early 17th-century oil painting of the fable by the Flemish landscape artist Jan Wildens. The hare enters on the left, racing over an upland road as dawn breaks; the tortoise is nowhere in sight. In the mid-19th century, the French animal painter also devoted an oil painting to the fable in which, as in Grandville's illustration, the tortoise is shown racing upright. In modern times there have been two pieces of popular sculpture aimed at children. Nancy Schön's was made to commemorate the centenary of the Boston Marathon in 1996 and is sited in Copley Square, the finishing line for the race. The tortoise is shown determinedly stumping forward while the hare has paused to scratch behind its ear. In the following year a painted steel sculpture by Michael Browne and Stuart Smith was set up near the cross-country finish line at Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx. The hare is mounted on the tortoise's shell and appears to be trying to leap over him.


title: The Tortoise and the Hare

text: Many allusions to the fable in musical titles are of limited or no relevance, but two interpretive instrumental versions may be noted. The one by Yellowjackets jazz quartet was recorded on their "Politics" album in 1988. The Anglo-Irish band Flook's title is on their "Haven" album (2005).