title: Super Bowl XVII

text: However, Blackwood's interception turned out to be somewhat beneficial for the Redskins, as it pinned Miami back at their own 1. The Dolphins could only gain three yards with their next three plays, and Washington ended up getting the ball back with great field position on their own 48-yard line. The Redskins ran three plays to reach Miami's 43-yard line, but then faced a fourth down with one yard to go. Instead of punting, the Redskins decided to gamble and attempt to get the first down with a run from Riggins, but Riggins did a great deal more than pick up the first down. Coach Joe Gibbs called his trademark play I-Right 70 Chip, starting tight end Clint Didier in motion towards the right, then reversing motion back to the left. The idea behind the play is that the Redskins' line and skill players (except for Joe Theismann) would combine to block everyone but the smallest cornerback whom the defense had on the field at the time, with the notion that John Riggins would be able and ready to break the tackle of that player (in this case, it was Miami cornerback Don McNeal). Theismann handed to Riggins, who blasted through MacNeal's arms right at the line of scrimmage and still managed to build up enough speed to outrun defensive back Glenn Blackwood for a 43-yard touchdown run, giving Washington their first lead of the game, 20–17, with a little more than ten minutes remaining. McNeal, who was assigned to cover Didier on the play, slipped briefly as Didier changed direction. The Redskins ran the play to the left, behind Didier and fullback Otis Wonsley, and Riggins ran over McNeal to score the touchdown. Although McNeal did indeed slip briefly while following Didier across the formation, it would have made little difference in the outcome of the play. Despite a valiant effort by McNeal, the 185-pound cornerback could do little more than hold on briefly as he met the 240-pound Riggins running with a full head of steam, hit him high, and slid down his body as "The Diesel" pulled away towards the end zone and the Redskins' first Super Bowl victory.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Washington quickly forced Miami to punt on their next possession, and punt returner Mike Nelms's 12-yard return gave the Redskins great field position at the Dolphins 41-yard line. The Redskins then ran five consecutive running plays by Riggins, consuming a lot of time off the clock and moving the ball to the 19-yard line. Then on third down, Theismann made a key pass completion to Brown to the 9-yard line. Riggins then advanced the ball to the 6-yard line with two more runs. Then after the 2-minute warning, Brown caught a touchdown pass on the next play, increasing the Redskins' lead to 27-17 and putting the game away. Walker returned the ensuing kickoff 36 yards to the 35-yard line, but Miami could only advance to the 39 before turning the ball over on downs.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Washington completely dominated the second half, allowing only two Miami first downs and no pass completions; the Dolphins' longest gain of the game's final 30 minutes went for just nine yards. Overall, the Dolphins gained just nine first downs in the entire game. "Their way is what we called Dolphin football," said left guard Bob Kuechenberg, one of only two holdovers from Miami's three previous Super Bowl teams in the 1970s (the other was defensive end Vern Den Herder). "They controlled the second half and they're fitting world champions.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Woodley's poor performance in this game -- just four pass completions in 14 attempts for 97 yards, a touchdown, an interception and a lost fumble -- was a factor in the Dolphins drafting Dan Marino three months later. Duriel Harris, with two receptions for 15 yards, was the only Miami player other than Cefalo to catch a pass in the game. After catching a 76-yard pass in the first quarter, Cefalo caught just one more pass in the remainder of the game for six yards. Walker finished the game with four kickoff returns for 190 yards and a touchdown, setting Super Bowl records for most kickoff return yards and highest single-game yards-per-return average (47.5).


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Meanwhile, Theismann, the first starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl while wearing a single-digit uniform number (7), finished 15 of 23 for 143 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions. He also added 20 rushing yards on three carries. Brown was the Redskins' leading receiver with six receptions for 60 yards and a touchdown. Nelms returned 6 punts for 52 yards, both Super Bowl records, and returned two kickoffs for 44 yards.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Overall, Washington gained 400 yards of offense, including a Super Bowl-record 276 rushing yards, while limiting Miami to only 176, just 34 of which came in the second half.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: About Super Bowl XVII, Justin Peters commented, "Super Bowl XVII capped off a strike-shortened season, and, as a result, the players seemed much better rested than usual, and the game was much more energetic than some of its predecessors."


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The following records were set in Super Bowl XVII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis).


title: David Strickland

text: David Gordon Strickland, Jr. (October 14, 1969 – March 22, 1999) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as the boyish rock music reporter Todd Stites in the NBC sitcom "Suddenly Susan".


title: David Strickland

text: David Gordon Strickland, Jr., was born on October 14, 1969, in Glen Cove, Long Island, New York. His parents, David Gordon Sr. and Karen, both worked as executives. Strickland moved with his family to Princeton, New Jersey, and later to Los Angeles, where he became an actor. Strickland guest starred in the television series "Dave's World", "Roseanne", "Mad About You", and "Sister, Sister", until he landed his role on "Suddenly Susan" in 1996.


title: David Strickland

text: In his personal life, Strickland suffered from bipolar disorder and had a long and troubled history of drug and alcohol abuse. Five months before his death, Strickland was arrested for cocaine possession, pleaded no contest, and was sentenced to three years' probation and ordered into drug rehabilitation. He was due in court for a progress report on the day of his death. News reports of events leading up to Strickland's death suggest that he had chosen to stop taking the lithium he was prescribed to control his bipolar disorder.


title: David Strickland

text: On March 20, 1999, Strickland and comedian Andy Dick flew from Los Angeles to Las Vegas and spent three days partying in strip clubs. After checking into a motel, Strickland spent time with a sex worker, consumed six bottles of beer, and then hanged himself with a bed sheet over the ceiling beam. He died during the morning hours of March 22, 1999, at the age of 29. His body was discovered by a private investigator hired by his friend and co-star Brooke Shields when Strickland missed his appearance in Los Angeles Municipal Court for cocaine possession. Evidence of drug use was found in his room. The Clark County Coroner concluded that Strickland's body bore the marks of a previous suicide attempt.


title: David Strickland

text: After much discussion, the writers of "Suddenly Susan" decided to deal with Strickland's death directly by killing off his character, Todd Stites. In the show's third season finale, Todd fails to appear at work one day. When Susan calls Todd regarding tickets to a show, his pager vibrates on his desk. After learning for the first time about a number of good deeds he had done throughout his life, Susan spends the day searching for Todd. The episode ends when the police call Jack's phone, and Susan and her coworkers are gathered in a prayer circle, and the details of Todd's fate are left ambiguous. The episode is interspersed with out-of-character interviews with Shields and the show's supporting cast.


title: Ornella Muti

text: Ornella Muti (born Francesca Romana Rivelli; 9 March 1955) is an Italian actress. She made her film debut as Francesca Cimarosa in the 1970 film "La moglie più bella."


title: Ornella Muti

text: Muti was born in Rome to a Neapolitan journalist father and Ilse Renate Krause, a Baltic German sculptor from Estonia. Her maternal grandparents emigrated from Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) to Estonia.


title: Ornella Muti

text: Muti modeled as a teenager and made her film debut in the 1970 film "La moglie più bella" ("The Most Beautiful Wife"). She has primarily worked in Italian films but made her English-speaking film debut as Princess Aura in "Flash Gordon" in 1980. American movies she appeared in include "Love and Money" (1982), "Casanova" (1987), "Wait Until Spring, Bandini" (1989), "A Season of Giants" (1990), "Oscar" (1991), "Once Upon a Crime" (1992), "Somewhere in the City" (1998) and "To Rome with Love" (2012).


title: Ornella Muti

text: In 2008, Muti introduced her own line of jewelry and subsequently opened shops in Paris, Milan, Rome, Riga, Moscow and Almaty. In 1999 she insured her breasts for $350,000.


title: Ornella Muti

text: In 2015, the Italian court of Pordenone condemned her to 8 months in prison for having canceled a theatrical performance following a health problem, which did not prevent her from participating in a social dinner with Vladimir Putin in Saint Petersburg in December 2010. She avoided prison by paying the sum of 30,000 euros to the Verdi theater as compensation.


title: Ornella Muti

text: Muti has been married twice, first to Alessio Orano (a fellow actor in "The Most Beautiful Wife"), from 1975 to 1981. She was married, secondly, to Federico Fachinetti, from 1988 to 1996. Muti has three children: Naike Rivelli (born 1974), a fashion model, singer, and actress; a son, Andrea, and a second daughter, Carolina, both from her marriage to Fachinetti. On February 1, 2022, the actress announced that she would like to obtain Russian citizenship. She told TASS: "It would be nice for me to get citizenship, because it is part of my culture associated with my mother. She died this year, and it would be a gift for her." In 2022, Muti was criticised by the far right for supporting the legalisation of cannabis in Italy.


title: 343 Industries

text: 343 Industries is an American video game developer located in Redmond, Washington, part of Xbox Game Studios. Headed by Pierre Hintze, the studio is responsible for the "Halo" series of military science fiction games, originally created and produced by Bungie, and is the developer of the Slipspace Engine. Named after the "Halo" character 343 Guilty Spark, the studio was established in 2007 after the departure of Bungie.


title: 343 Industries

text: After co-developing downloadable content for "", Bungie's final "Halo" game, 343 Industries released "" and "Halo 4", the latter starting the studio's "Reclaimer Saga" of the mainline games.


title: 343 Industries

text: Developer Bungie were acquired by Microsoft in 2000, and their in-development project "Halo" turned into a launch title for Microsoft's Xbox console. In 2007, shortly after shipping "Halo 3", Bungie announced its split from Microsoft. The rights to "Halo" remained with the latter. To oversee the "Halo" franchise, Microsoft created 343 Industries that same year, named after "Halo" character 343 Guilty Spark. Bungie continued making "Halo" games until "" in 2010.


title: 343 Industries

text: In July 2009, it was announced that 343 Industries was working on a seven-part "Halo" anime series called "Halo Legends". Later that year the studio created "Halo Waypoint", a downloadable application that tracks a user's "Halo" accomplishments. 343i also increased staff for "Halo" development, recruiting 20 staff from the now defunct Pandemic Studios. 343i also developed "Halo: Reach"s second and third map packs, entitled "Defiant" and "Anniversary" respectively, in conjunction with Certain Affinity. The company was responsible for the remastered version of "", titled "", which was released on November 15, 2011, to celebrate the 10th year since the release of the first franchise installment on November 15, 2001.


title: 343 Industries

text: Following Bungie's completion of their last Halo title, "Halo: Reach", 343 Industries was eventually given complete control of the "Halo" franchise including servers and data on March 31, 2012. The studio's development of "Halo 4", which began in 2009, was completed in September. It was released on November 6, 2012, as the first title of a new "Halo" Reclaimer Trilogy which will include at least two more installments over the years. At E3 2013, Microsoft and 343i announced the next "Halo" installment set for release on the Xbox One. Shortly after the announcement, the Reclaimer Trilogy was confirmed by Microsoft Studios corporate vice-president Phil Spencer to be expanded into a Reclaimer Saga. The following year at E3 2014, the official title was revealed as "Halo 5: Guardians" along with plans for its release on October 27, 2015. Microsoft, in a contract with Mega Bloks, is in conjunction with 343i to manufacture a new line of toys and other memorabilia for the upcoming "Halo" saga. "" was released on October 27, 2015, with semi-exclusive content to those who purchased select Mega Bloks sets. 343 Industries has since released free monthly content updates since Halo 5's launch.


title: 343 Industries

text: At E3 2018, Microsoft Studios and 343 Industries announced the next "Halo" game, titled "Halo Infinite", which was originally scheduled to launch in holiday 2020 for Xbox One and Windows PCs, in addition to being a launch title for the next Xbox console, the Xbox Series X. However, the game was delayed to release in 2021, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic forcing the 343i staff to switch to remote work. "Infinite" was the first game to be developed using 343's in-house Slipspace Engine.


title: 343 Industries

text: After "Infinite"s release, 343 Industries supported the game via updates. On September 12, 2022, Bonnie Ross announced that she steps down as studio head. Following her departure, her responsibilities were split into three positions. Pierre Hintze is taking over as studio head, Bryan Koski will become GM of the franchise and Elizabeth Van Wyck will take over business and operations.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Matthew William Dellavedova (born 8 September 1990) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for Saint Mary's College. In 2016, he won the NBA championship as a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers. As a member of the Australian national team, he won bronze at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova was born and raised in Maryborough, Victoria, as a sixth-generation Italian Australian. As a junior, he played basketball, tennis, soccer, and Australian rules football. On the football field, Dellavedova played the position of wing and kicked a total of 32 goals in 26 games between 1999 and 2001, but gave the game away to focus solely on basketball.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova played junior basketball for the Maryborough Blazers and Bendigo Braves. After playing State basketball for Victoria Country, he attended the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in Canberra for three years. Prior to leaving for the AIS on a scholarship, he attended Maryborough Regional College. While in Canberra, he attended Lake Ginninderra Secondary College. In 2017, he was inducted into the Lake Ginninderra Hall of Fame.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Between 2007 and 2009, Dellavedova played for the AIS in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). He averaged 15.2 points, 4.8 rebounds and 3.5 assists in 18 games in 2008, and 10.9 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 3.0 assists in nine games in 2009.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova was recruited by Randy Bennett and the Saint Mary's College of California in 2009 and signed with the Gaels before the 2009–10 season. He was ranked by "ESPN" as one of the top junior players in Australia. Dellavedova immediately contributed for the Gaels and started all 34 games as a freshman. In 2009–10, he averaged 12.1 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 4.5 assists per game. That season, the Gaels won 28 games and reached the Sweet Sixteen of the 2010 NCAA men's basketball tournament. The Gaels reached the Sweet Sixteen by upsetting Villanova, 75–68. Dellavedova's crucial late free throws iced the game against the Wildcats.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 16 January 2013, Dellavedova scored 18 points, including a game-winning three-point buzzer-beater, in a 70–69 victory over the BYU Cougars. The forty-foot shot soon became known as the "Dellavedagger." In 2012–13, Dellavedova was an Academic All-America selection and a Senior CLASS Award finalist.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova graduated from Saint Mary's in 2013 with a degree in psychology. He finished his college career as Saint Mary's all-time leader in scoring, assists, games played, free throw percentage, and three-point shots.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: St. Mary's retired his jersey on 15 February 2014. Dellavedova's #4 was the second retired by the school's men's basketball program, joining Tom Meschery in the rafters of McKeon Pavilion.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, Dellavedova joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On 12 September 2013, he signed a two-year, $1.3 million contract with the Cavaliers, with $100,000 guaranteed. On 26 March 2014, he scored a career-high 21 points in a 97–96 win over the Detroit Pistons.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: In July 2014, Dellavedova re-joined the Cavaliers for the 2014 NBA Summer League. Between 5 November and 5 December, Dellavedova was sidelined with a sprained medial collateral ligament (MCL). In February 2015, he participated in the Rising Stars Challenge as part of the NBA All-Star weekend. In the regular-season finale on 15 April, he recorded 18 points and 12 assists in a 113–108 overtime win over the Washington Wizards.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: In Game 6 of the Eastern Conference semifinals, Dellavedova scored a team-high 19 points to help the Cavaliers defeat the Chicago Bulls and advance to the Conference Finals. Following the Cavaliers' Game 3 win over the Atlanta Hawks in Eastern Conference Finals, Dellavedova's aggressive play became a major talking point with some describing him as a "dirty" player. Despite this criticism, teammate LeBron James and NBA great Charles Barkley both defended Dellavedova's style of play. The Cavaliers defeated the Hawks 4–0 to advance to the 2015 NBA Finals.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: In Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the Golden State Warriors, in the absence of the injured Kyrie Irving, Dellavedova held Stephen Curry to 0-of-8 shooting and four turnovers while guarding him. The Cavaliers won Game 2 in double-overtime, 95–93, for their first victory of an NBA Finals game in franchise history. In Game 3, Dellavedova scored a playoff career-high 20 points as the Cavaliers defeated the Warriors to take a 2–1 series lead. After the game, Dellavedova was so dehydrated that he needed an IV, and he was quickly taken to the Cleveland Clinic for medical attention. The Cavaliers went on to lose the last three games of the series, and Dellavedova shot just 19% from the field in those three games.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 27 July 2015, Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers. On 19 November 2015, he recorded a then career-high 13 assists in a 115–100 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On 20 December, he scored a season-high 20 points on 7-of-10 shooting in a 108–86 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He missed five straight games in February 2016 with a strained hamstring. The Cavaliers returned to the NBA Finals in 2016 with a 4–2 series win over the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals. In a Finals rematch with the Golden State Warriors, the Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to win the championship after being down 3–1 in the series.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 7 July 2016, Dellavedova was acquired by the Milwaukee Bucks in a sign-and-trade deal with the Cavaliers, in which Cleveland received a $4.8 million trade exception and the rights to Albert Miralles, while Milwaukee also received cash considerations. Dellavedova's contract gave him $38 million over four years.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova made his debut for the Bucks in their season opener on 26 October 2016, scoring 11 points in 29 minutes as a starter in a 107–96 loss to the Charlotte Hornets. On 3 December 2016, he scored 12 of his season-high 18 points in the fourth quarter of the Bucks' 112–103 win over the Brooklyn Nets. After starting all 30 games to begin the season, he missed five straight games in late December and early January with a strained right hamstring. In 2016–17, he averaged career highs in points (7.6) and assists (4.7) in a career-high 26.1 minutes per game over 76 contests with a career-high 54 starts.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova missed 15 consecutive games with left knee tendinitis during November and December of the 2017–18 season. On 1 January 2018, Dellavedova had a season-high 10 assists in a 131–127 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors. A right ankle sprain suffered on 4 February against the Nets saw Dellavedova miss 29 straight games, returning to action in the Bucks' regular-season finale against the Philadelphia 76ers on 11 April. He went on to play in six of the Bucks' seven playoff games.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 7 December 2018, Dellavedova was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Bucks and the Washington Wizards. In his return game for the Cavaliers in Milwaukee three days later, Dellavedova received an ovation when he entered the game and finished with 11 points in 16 minutes in a 108–92 loss to the Bucks.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 7 March 2020, Dellavedova recorded a career-high 14 assists in a 104–102 win over the Denver Nuggets.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 25 November 2020, Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers. He appeared in just 13 games with the Cavaliers during the 2020–21 season as he suffered a variety of ailments, including a concussion, whiplash, an emergency appendectomy, and a neck strain.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 9 July 2021, Dellavedova signed a three-year deal with Melbourne United of the Australian NBL. On 16 January 2022, he scored a career-high 33 points with seven 3-pointers and nine assists in an 88–84 win over the Illawarra Hawks. He averaged 10.3 points and 4.3 assists per game during the 2021–22 NBL season. He parted ways with United in July 2022 to return to the NBA.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova is well known for his high levels of effort while playing. Multiple players, coaches, and commentators have praised his toughness and competitiveness, particularly on defense. On account of his aggressiveness, some have cast Dellavedova as reckless or dirty. However, multiple current and former players have spoken in defense of Dellavedova, including LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Charles Barkley, and Antonio Davis. Dellavedova's offensive strengths includes his three-point shot, his floater, and his passing ability.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova competed for the Australian junior national team at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship. He was the team's third leading scorer – averaging 10.1 points per game – for the fourth-place Australians. He was named in the Australian senior national team, the Boomers, to compete for the first time at the 2009 FIBA Oceania Championship. At age 19, he was the youngest Australian player at the competition. He went on to compete for the Boomers at the 2012 London Olympics, the 2014 World Cup in Spain, the 2016 Rio Olympics, and the 2019 World Cup in China. At the 2020 Olympics, he helped Australia win bronze.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova's father, Mark, grew up playing Australian rules football and his mother, Leanne, played netball. Both of Dellavedova's sisters, Yana and Ingrid, play basketball as well.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: Dellavedova married his long-time girlfriend, Anna Schroeder, on 1 July 2017, after proposing to her on 10 September 2016. Dellavedova met Schroeder at Saint Mary's, where she played volleyball and was an honor roll student. They started dating after his senior year. On 5 July 2019, the couple announced they were expecting their first child, a boy. On 6 November, he announced the birth of his son, Anders Ralph Dellavedova.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: He has a second cousin, also named Matthew Dellavedova, who is a tennis player in Australia. Dellavedova is good friends with his former Cavaliers teammate, Joe Harris.


title: Matthew Dellavedova

text: On 28 March 2015, Dellavedova escorted Jackie Custer, a 17-year-old cancer patient, to Akron Children's Hospital's "A Prom to Remember" event. Custer was asked to choose a celebrity guest to escort her to the event, and chose Dellavedova. Custer stated, "Going to prom with Delly was a night I'll never forget. It was definitely magical, and he's the sweetest guy I've ever met."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Pyaar Ka Punchnama () is a 2011 Indian Hindi romantic comedy film written and directed by debutante Luv Ranjan and produced by Abhishek Pathak under Wide Frame Pictures, with Viacom 18 Motion Pictures acting as distributor. The film stars Kartik Aaryan, Divyendu Sharma, Raayo S. Bakhirta, Nushrat Bharucha, Sonnalli Seygall and Ishita Raj Sharma, and follows the story of three working bachelors who find girls whom they fall in love with and the twists and turns of the newly developing love stories. It grossed at the box office, and through sales of satellite rights and DVD sales against a budget of .


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Rajat "Rajjo" Mridul (Kartik Aaryan), Nishant "Liquid" Agarwal (Divyendu Sharma) and Vikrant Chaudhary (Raayo S Bakhirta) are working bachelors who live together in a flat in Noida.


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Rajat falls in love with Neha (Nushrat Bharucha). Nishant falls for Charu (Ishita Raj Sharma) who is his colleague. She makes him do a good part of her work in an office and makes him foot her beauty parlor bills. He is too naïve to understand that she is only using him for financial assistance and moral support. Charu has a boyfriend, Abhi, but they aren't on the best of terms. Vikrant loves Rhea (Sonnalli Seygall) who can't get over her boyfriend of five years, Varun.


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Rajat leaves the bachelor pad. Vikrant, however, is aware of Varun and knows that Rhea has not yet called off that relationship but he doesn't mind waiting because he is besotted. On her part, Rhea keeps assuring him that she will end the relationship but ends up sleeping with Varun while she is dating Vikrant.


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Missing their meetings and bar-hopping, the trio decides to take a time-out by themselves. All three women, however, find out and decide to accompany them to the beach where they eventually mingle. Charu here kisses Nishant, while Rajat has a fight with Neha back at home. Charu starts to ignore Nishant and ends up eventually insulting him openly at work. Rajat and Neha eventually work out their differences but, soon after, further problems arise between them (such as Neha's constant tantrums). Rajat becomes so frustrated that he walks out on Neha, telling her that she is 'not worthy of him. Nishant goes into depression but is brought back to reality by his two friends Vikrant and Rajat who drive him to Charu's house. Nishant slaps Charu's boyfriend. Vikrant finds out that Rhea slept with her ex and leaves her.


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: In the end, the trio is seen sitting together, laughing and feeling happy with the moment they have with each other. In the end credits, the three women whom the trio fell for are shown having new boyfriends.


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5, saying that "On the whole, "Pyaar Ka Punchnama" has a single-point plan of engaging and amusing the spectators by telling a story that is unusual, yet relevant. It's a radiantly good cinema that needs to be lauded and encouraged. Strongly recommended, go for it!"


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Subhash K. Jha of Now Running gave 3.5 stars in a scale of 5, commenting that ""Pyaar Ka Punchnama" is a delightful rugged romantic-comedy."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Nikhat Kazmi of "Times of India" gave 3 stars out of 5, noting that "The film had promise and does have a few funny sequences. But by and large, it's a case of promises unfulfilled."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Blessy Chettiar of DNA India gave the movie 3 stars on a scale of 5, concluding that "The only problem with PKP is its running time. The second half seems never-ending, sappy and pleading for sympathy."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Swati Bhattacharyya of Daily Bhaskar gave 2.5 stars out of 5, saying that "It’s a youth-centric rom-com, watch it to see the contemporary take on love with twists and turns. Whether your relationship is a dangerous warning, if your brain can’t tell you at this moment, "Pyaar Ka Punchnama" will definitely give you an answer. It’s entertaining and fun-filled. Don’t go if you are expecting a conventional romantic movie as it may qualify to be blasphemous and a sex comedy."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Anupama Chopra of NDTV Movies gave 2 stars in a scale of 5, commenting that ""Pyaar Ka Punchnama", starts out with some promise, echoing Dil Chahta Hai with a laid-back, buddy vibe but that evaporates as soon as the women appear."."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Shaikh Ayaz of Rediff gave the movie 2 stars on a scale of 5, concluding that ""Pyaar Ka Punchnama" is halfway funny but soon descends into a running commentary on why relationships with women are impossible and eventually wends its way to a very implausible end. It could have definitely done with some editing. If it were crisper, with more thought put into its script, situations, and dialogue, "Pyaar Ka Punchnama" would have made the cut."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Mayank Shekhar of Hindustan Times gave 2 stars out of 5, saying that "The movie acquires rhythms of a TV show, like so many do. We're already in the fifth season by the end of it. Though if this were a TV show, it'd be closest to an authentic Indian version of Friends, or How I Met Your Mother."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave 1.5 stars in a scale of 5, commenting that "Disguised as a light-hearted comedy, "Pyaar Ka Punchnama" is such a film that you can't help but wonder if it was made by someone who's had his heart brutally stamped on by a woman."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Sonia Chopra of Sify gave 1.5 stars in a scale of 5, noting that "The film claims that men are victims."


title: Pyaar Ka Punchnama

text: Komal Nahta of Koimoi gave 1 star out of 5, concluding that "On the whole, "Pyaar Ka Punchnama" may be a moderate-budgeted film but its box-office prospects would be limited to a few cinemas in the cities because it is radically different from what the average cinemagoer is used to watching."


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: The head of the Commonwealth is the ceremonial leader who symbolises "the free association of independent member nations" of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organisation that currently comprises 56 sovereign states. There is no set term of office or term limit and the role itself involves no part in the day-to-day governance of any of the member states within the Commonwealth. The position is currently held by King Charles III.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: By 1949, the British Commonwealth was a group of eight countries, each having King George VI as monarch. India, however, desired to become a republic, but not to leave the Commonwealth by doing so. This was accommodated by the creation of the title "Head of the Commonwealth" for the King and India became a republic in 1950. Subsequently during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, other nations, including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ghana, and Singapore also became republics, but, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognised her as Head of the Commonwealth.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: In 1949, George VI was king of each of the countries that then comprised the British Commonwealth (later the Commonwealth of Nations): the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and Ceylon. However, the Indian Cabinet desired the country to become a republic, but not to leave the Commonwealth as a consequence of no longer having George VI as king, as happened to Ireland. To accommodate this, the London Declaration, issued in late April 1949, and devised by Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, stated that the King, as the symbol of the free association of the countries of the Commonwealth, was the head of the Commonwealth. When India adopted a republican constitution on 26 January 1950, George VI ceased to be its monarch (the president of India, Rajendra Prasad, became head of state), but it did regard him as Head of the Commonwealth.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: Elizabeth II became Head of the Commonwealth on her accession in 1952, stating at the time, "the Commonwealth bears no resemblance to the empires of the past. It is an entirely new conception built on the highest qualities of the spirit of man: friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace." The following year, a Royal Style and Titles Act was passed in each of the Commonwealth realms, adding for the first time the term "Head of the Commonwealth" to the monarch's titles.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: The Queen had a personal flag created in December 1960 to symbolise her as Head of the Commonwealth without being associated with her role as queen of any particular country. Over time, the flag replaced the British Royal Standard when the Queen visited Commonwealth countries of which she was head of state but did not possess a royal standard for that country, or of which she was not head of state, as well as on Commonwealth occasions in the United Kingdom. When the Queen visited the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat in London, this personal standard—not any of her royal standards—was raised.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid in South Africa.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: The title was devised in the London Declaration as a result of discussions at the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. It is rendered in Latin as ', and in French as '.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: The head of the Commonwealth is recognised by the members of the Commonwealth of Nations as the "symbol of their free association" and serves as a leader, alongside the Commonwealth Secretary-General and Commonwealth Chair-in-Office. Although Elizabeth II was queen of 15 member-states of the Commonwealth, she did not have any role in the governance of any Commonwealth state by virtue of her role as head of the Commonwealth. She kept in touch with Commonwealth developments through regular contact with the Commonwealth secretary general and the Secretariat, the Commonwealth's central organisation.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: The head of the Commonwealth or a representative attends the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), held at locations throughout the Commonwealth. This is a tradition begun by the monarch on the advice of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1973, when the CHOGM was first held in Canada. During the summit, the head of the Commonwealth has a series of private meetings with Commonwealth countries' heads of government, attends a CHOGM reception and dinner, and makes a general speech.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: The head of the Commonwealth or a representative has also been present at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. The Queen's Baton Relay, held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games, carried a message from the head of the Commonwealth to all Commonwealth Nations and territories.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: Every year on Commonwealth Day, the second Monday in March, Queen Elizabeth II broadcast a special message to all the peoples of the Commonwealth, about 2.5 billion people. That same day, she attended the inter-denominational Commonwealth Day Service held at Westminster Abbey.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: The position of Head of the Commonwealth is not hereditary and successors are chosen by the leaders of the Commonwealth. Once in office, there is no term limit, so the incumbent is practically chosen for life.


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: By 2018, with Elizabeth II in her 90s, there had been discussions for some time about whether her eldest son, Charles, or someone else should become the third head of the Commonwealth. The London Declaration states that "The King [acts] as the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth", whereby both republics and kingdoms that are not Commonwealth realms can recognise the monarch as Head of the Commonwealth without accepting the person as the country's head of state. Though each Commonwealth realm's laws on royal titles and styles made "Head of the Commonwealth" part of the Queen's full title, and Queen Elizabeth II declared in 1958, through the letters patent creating Prince Charles as Prince of Wales, that Charles and his heirs and successors shall be future heads of the Commonwealth, there have been conflicting statements on how successors to the position of Head of the Commonwealth are chosen. While the Commonwealth Secretariat asserted any successor would be chosen collectively by the Commonwealth heads of government, Commonwealth heads of government, such as the then prime minister of Canada, Stephen Harper, had already referred to Prince Charles as "the future head of the Commonwealth", and in 2015 the then prime minister of New Zealand, John Key, said, "the title [of Head of the Commonwealth] should just go with the Crown".


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: Commentators in British newspapers discussed whether it should be a one-off decision to elect Prince Charles to the headship, whether the British monarch should automatically become head of the Commonwealth, or whether the post should be elected or chosen by consensus. There was also speculation that a rotating ceremonial "republican" headship might be instituted. "The Daily Telegraph" reported that "the post is not hereditary and many leaders want an elected head to make the organisation more democratic."


title: Head of the Commonwealth

text: In 2018, following the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Commonwealth leaders declared that Charles would be the next head of the Commonwealth, while the role remained non-hereditary. Consequently, after the Queen's death on 8 September 2022, Charles automatically became Head of the Commonwealth.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: A. L. Vijay, known professionally as Vijay, is an Indian film director who works in the Tamil film industry. An assistant director with Priyadarshan, he debuted as director with films such as "Kireedam" and the critically acclaimed "Madrasapattinam". Vijay later directed films such as "Deiva Thirumagal" and "Thaandavam", starring Vikram in both films. His father A. L. Azhagappan was the President of Tamil Nadu Producers Council and appeared in the film "Eesan". His brother is the actor Udhaya.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: Prior to directing films, Vijay was a successful advertisement filmmaker with the Mumbai-based banner "Venus Productions", completing more than 100 ad films. His State Bank of India commercial won CNBC's Best Corporate Advertisement Award in 2006. Vijay has claimed that "advertisements teach you how to translate a story idea onto screen with maximum impact in minimum time" and is influenced by the ad works of Suraaj, Prahlad Kakkar and Babu Shankar. In 2001, he began his career in feature films by joining Priyadarshan as an assistant director in his films.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: He made his directorial debut with "Kireedam" in 2007, a remake of the 1989 film of the same name, directed by Sibi Malayil and written by A. K. Lohithadas. Vijay's version featured Ajith Kumar in the lead role with Trisha Krishnan, Rajkiran, Saranya and Vivek also as part of the cast, while the cinematographer was Tirru, the music was composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar and the film was edited by Anthony. Vijay revealed that he "reworked about 80 per cent" from the original version and his first choice of male lead role was Vijay, however his role was grabbed by Ajith for his career security. The film opened to positive reviews with a critic from Sify.com citing that Vijay had "a lot of guts and conviction to make a realistic film". The reviewer from The Hindu also praised the film labelling that "Vijay has neatly packaged a strong story line with a sensibly balanced mix of sentiment and action.", but claimed that "Vijay could have worked on the lead character more." The final scene in the film was changed after release from a sad to an upbeat ending after the producers felt that the original scene may keep audiences away. The film consequently went on to become a profitable venture at the box office. Vijay then returned to work as an assistant to Suraj in his action-masala "Padikathavan", by helping with the dialogues and described his work in the project as "a pulsating experience".


title: A. L. Vijay

text: Vijay's next remake of the Hindi film "Khosla Ka Ghosla" in Tamil, under his production house, and hence they collaborated to make "Poi Solla Porom". The film was completed within 13 days, with a cast containing veteran actors such as Nassar and Nedumudi Venu as well as relative newcomers including Karthik Kumar and Piaa Bajpai. The film also became one of the first ventures in Tamil cinema to feature a promotional song, with Vijay maintaining that the song reflected the story of the film. The film won positive reviews from critics with The Hindu citing that "Vijay's dialogue, both humorous and thought-provoking, tickles the viewer almost throughout" and that "Vijay has understood the pulse of the audience even while sticking to his stand of providing standard fare".


title: A. L. Vijay

text: Vijay revealed that "Madrasapattinam" was supposed to happen later in his career, but the intervention of producer Kalpathi S. Aghoram of AGS Entertainment realized the viability of the film earlier. Vijay had first explored the script in his college days and drew inspiration from an English professor, who used to talk to them about the freedom movement a lot. Vijay visualized the people, who lived in the pre-independence period of India and explored the concept of how it would have been, if an English girl fell in love with an Indian boy, laying the foundations for the script. The script took six months to write with the help of leading Tamil writer Prabanjan. He also visited independence veterans to understand the history of the city of Madras between 1945 and 1947. Arya was finalised to play the lead role and English Miss Teen World winner Amy Jackson was selected after Vijay found a picture of her through the internet. Despite being a period film, the film was finished in eight months and released in July 2010.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: The production of the film, Deiva Thirumagal took five months from start to finish, however, Vijay claimed that the film had been in his plans for four years, but he waited for Vikram to give him dates. Amala Paul was selected after Vijay was pleased with her award-winning work in "Mynaa". Sara had appeared in a commercial for Vijay when she was two, but he then lost touch with Sara's family, before he met them and cast Sara in "Deiva Thirumagal", following a visit to Mumbai.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: In 2013, he worked with Vijay alongside Amala Paul for the movie "Thalaivaa". Despite winning good reviews, the film's delayed release in Tamil Nadu due to protests greatly affected the box office performance in Tamil Nadu, thus ending up as an average grosser.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: In February 2016, he was named as a director of Prabhu Deva trilingual film "Devi" opposite Tamannaah which was made in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi. This marked his debut in Telugu and Hindi languages.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: In 2021, he directed a biographical drama film "Thalaivii" based on the life of Indian actress-politician J. Jayalalithaa. The film starred Kangana Ranaut as the main protagonist ‘Jayalalithaa’ and Arvind Swami as M. G. Ramachandran. The bilingual film was shot in Tamil and Hindi simultaneously.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: Vijay has described that he wants his audience "to immerse themselves" in his films, and hence uses scenes which reflect the local culture, explaining that his scenes should mirror society and "lend it an element of timelessness". He revealed that while constructing a film, he "first thinks of the plot, then the screenplay and then the characters", and tries to portray human values in his films.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: He has expressed that he prefers "to mould actors" telling them to react and not act, drawing such inspiration from the work of Suraaj.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: Furthermore, Vijay has showed interest in training people and mentoring their careers, citing that he likes to be the oldest member of his crew. His films have a "regular crew" which includes cinematographer Nirav Shah, music director G. V. Prakash Kumar (being his regular music composer until "Devi"), production designer Selva Kumar and editor Anthony.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: On 26 April 2014, Vijay said that he was in a relationship with actress Amala Paul. On 7 June 2014 he got engaged to Amala in Aluva, Kochi. The couple got married on 12 June in Chennai. In July 2016, they decided to separate, and in February 2017, they were granted divorce.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: In July 2019, he married Dr. R. Aishwarya. On 30 May 2020, his wife gave birth to their first child, a baby boy.


title: A. L. Vijay

text: September 2011). "Harris on the Edge Concert" .TamilWire.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011


title: Corduroy

text: Corduroy is a textile with a distinctively raised "cord" or wale texture. Modern corduroy is most commonly composed of tufted cords, sometimes exhibiting a channel (bare to the base fabric) between them. Both velvet and corduroy derive from fustian fabric.


title: Corduroy

text: The word "corduroy" is from "cord" and "duroy", a coarse woollen cloth made in England in the 18th century. Although the origin of "duroy" is not attested and although its likely meaning is "du roi" ("of the King"), it does not follow that the full phrase "corde du roi" derives from "the cord of the King". This is probably a false etymology.


title: Corduroy

text: Corduroy is made by weaving extra sets of fibre into the base fabric to form vertical ridges called "wales". The wales are built so that clear lines can be seen when they are cut into pile.


title: Corduroy

text: Corduroy is considered a durable cloth, and is found in the construction of trousers, jackets and shirts. The width of the wales varies between fabric styles, and is specified by "wale count"—the number of wales per inch. The lower the number, the thicker the wales' width (e.g., 4-wale is much thicker than 11-wale). Wale count per inch can vary from 1.5 to 21, although the traditional standard is usually between 10 and 12. Wide wale is more commonly used in trousers and furniture upholstery (primarily couches); medium, narrow, and fine wale fabrics are usually found in garments worn above the waist.


title: Corduroy

text: Corduroy is traditionally used in making British country clothing, even though its origin lies in items worn by townspeople in industrial areas. Although it has existed for a long time and has been used in Europe since the 18th century, only in the 20th century did it become global, notably expanding in popularity during the 1970s.


title: Corduroy

text: Other names are often used for corduroy. Alternative names include: corded velveteen, elephant cord (the thick-stripes version), pin cord, Manchester cloth and cords.


title: Corduroy

text: In continental Europe, corduroy is known as "Cord", "rib cord" or "rib velvet" - in parts of Europe such as Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, the Netherlands and Belgium it used to be simply known as "Manchester" - that still remains the current name for corduroy in Swedish. In Portugal, corduroy is associated with a completely different type of fabric, "bombazine", and is referred to as such. In Greece and Cyprus they are known as kotlé pants. In Iran they are referred to as “Makhmal Kebrity” (velvet matchstick) or just “kebrity” (matchstick) pants as the width of a cord resembles that of a matchstick.


title: Body fat percentage

text: The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass, multiplied by 100; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage of essential body fat for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of childbearing and other hormonal functions. Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue, part of which protects internal organs in the chest and abdomen. A number of methods are available for determining body fat percentage, such as measurement with calipers or through the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis.


title: Body fat percentage

text: The body fat percentage is a measure of fitness level, since it is the only body measurement which directly calculates a person's relative body composition without regard to height or weight. The widely used body mass index (BMI) provides a measure that allows the comparison of the adiposity of individuals of different heights and weights. While BMI largely increases as adiposity increases, due to differences in body composition, other indicators of body fat give more accurate results; for example, individuals with greater muscle mass or larger bones will have higher BMIs. As such, BMI is a useful indicator of overall fitness for a large group of people, but a poor tool for determining the health of an individual.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Epidemiologically, the percentage of body fat in an individual varies according to sex and age. Various theoretical approaches exist on the relationships between body fat percentage, health, athletic capacity, etc. Different authorities have consequently developed different recommendations for ideal body fat percentages.


title: Body fat percentage

text: This graph from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States charts the average body fat percentages of Americans from samples from 1999 to 2004:


title: Body fat percentage

text: In males, mean percentage body fat ranged from 23% at age 16–19 years to 31% at age 60–79 years. In females, mean percentage body fat ranged from 32% at age 8–11 years to 42% at age 60–79 years. But it is important to recognise that women need at least 9% more body fat than men to live a normal healthy life.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Data from the 2003–2006 NHANES survey showed that fewer than 10% of American adults had a "normal" body fat percentage (defined as 5–20% for men and 8–30% for women).


title: Body fat percentage

text: Results from the 2017–2018 NHANES survey indicate that an estimated 43% of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged 20–74 are obese (including 9% who are severely obese) and an additional 31% are overweight. Only 26% were either normal weight or are underweight.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Essential fat is the level at which physical and physiological health would be negatively affected, and below which death is certain. Above that level, controversy exists as to whether a particular body fat percentage is better for one's health.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Athletic performance might be affected by body fat: A study by the University of Arizona indicated that the ideal body fat percentage for athletic performance is 12–18% for women and 6–15% for men.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Bodybuilders may compete at essential body fat range, in fact certified personal trainers will suggest them to keep that extremely low level of body fat only for the contest time. However, it is unclear that such levels are ever actually attained since (a) the means to measure such levels are, as noted below, lacking in principle and inaccurate, and (b) 4–6% is generally considered a physiological minimum for human males.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Irrespective of the location from which they are obtained, the fat cells in humans are composed almost entirely of pure triglycerides with an average density of about 0.9 kilograms per litre. Most modern body composition laboratories today use the value of 1.1 kilograms per litre for the density of the "fat free mass", a theoretical tissue composed of 72% water (density = 0.993), 21% protein (density = 1.340) and 7% mineral (density = 3.000) by weight.


title: Body fat percentage

text: With a well engineered weighing system, body density can be determined with great accuracy by completely submerging a person in water and calculating the volume of the displaced water from the weight of the displaced water. A correction is made for the buoyancy of air in the lungs and other gases in the body spaces. If there were no errors whatsoever in measuring body density, the uncertainty in fat estimation would be about ± 3.8% of the body weight, primarily because of normal variability in body constituents.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Whole-body air displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a recognised and scientifically validated densitometric method to measure human body fat percentage. ADP uses the same principles as the gold-standard method of underwater weighing, but representing a densitometric method that is based on air displacement rather than on water immersion. Air-displacement plethysmography offers several advantages over established reference methods, including a quick, comfortable, automated, noninvasive, and safe measurement process, and accommodation of various subject types (e.g., children, obese, elderly, and disabled persons). However, its accuracy declines at the extremes of body fat percentages, tending to slightly understate the percent body fat in overweight and obese persons (by 1.68–2.94% depending on the method of calculation), and to overstate to a much larger degree the percent body fat in very lean subjects (by an average of 6.8%, with up to a 13% overstatement of the reported body percentage of one individual — i.e. 2% body fat by DXA but 15% by ADP).


title: Body fat percentage

text: A beam of infra-red light is transmitted into a biceps. The light is reflected from the underlying muscle and absorbed by the fat. The method is safe, noninvasive, rapid and easy to use.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DXA (formerly DEXA), is a newer method for estimating body fat percentage, and determining body composition and bone mineral density.


title: Body fat percentage

text: X-rays of two different energies are used to scan the body, one of which is absorbed more strongly by fat than the other. A computer can subtract one image from the other, and the difference indicates the amount of fat relative to other tissues at each point. A sum over the entire image enables calculation of the overall body composition.


title: Body fat percentage

text: There are several more complicated procedures that more accurately determine body fat percentage. Some, referred to as multicompartment models, can include DXA measurement of bone, plus independent measures of body water (using the dilution principle with isotopically labeled water) and body volume (either by water displacement or air plethysmography). Various other components may be independently measured, such as total body potassium.


title: Body fat percentage

text: In-vivo neutron activation can quantify all the elements of the body and use mathematical relations among the measured elements in the different components of the body (fat, water, protein, etc.) to develop simultaneous equations to estimate total body composition, including body fat.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Prior to the adoption of DXA, the most accurate method of estimating body fat percentage was to measure that person's average density (total mass divided by total volume) and apply a formula to convert that to body fat percentage.


title: Body fat percentage

text: to estimate the fat content. This estimate is distorted by the fact that muscles and bones have different densities: for a person with a more-than-average amount of bone mass, the estimate will be too low. However, this method gives highly reproducible results for individual persons (± 1%), unlike the methods discussed below, which can have an uncertainty of 10%, or more. The body fat percentage is commonly calculated from one of two formulas (ρ represents density in g/cm):


title: Body fat percentage

text: The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method is a lower-cost (from less than one to several hundred US dollars in 2006) but less accurate way to estimate body fat percentage. The general principle behind BIA: two or more conductors are attached to a person's body and a small electric current is sent through the body. The resistance between the conductors will provide a measure of body fat between a pair of electrodes, since the resistance to electricity varies between adipose, muscular and skeletal tissue. Fat-free mass (muscle) is a good conductor as it contains a large amount of water (approximately 73%) and electrolytes, while fat is anhydrous and a poor conductor of electric current. Factors that affect the accuracy and precision of this method include instrumentation, subject factors, technician skill, and the prediction equation formulated to estimate the fat-free mass.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Each (bare) foot may be placed on an electrode, with the current sent up one leg, across the abdomen and down the other leg. (For convenience, an instrument which must be stepped on will also measure weight.) Alternatively, an electrode may be held in each hand; calculation of fat percentage uses the weight, so that must be measured with scales and entered by the user. The two methods may give different percentages, without being inconsistent, as they measure fat in different parts of the body. More sophisticated instruments for domestic use are available with electrodes for both feet and hands.


title: Body fat percentage

text: There is little scope for technician error as such, but factors such as eating, drinking and exercising must be controlled since hydration level is an important source of error in determining the flow of the electric current to estimate body fat. The instructions for use of instruments typically recommended not making measurements soon after drinking or eating or exercising, or when dehydrated. Instruments require details such as sex and age to be entered, and use formulae taking these into account; for example, men and women store fat differently around the abdomen and thigh region.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Different BIA analysers may vary. Population-specific equations are available for some instruments, which are only reliable for specific ethnic groups, populations, and conditions. Population-specific equations may not be appropriate for individuals outside of specific groups.


title: Body fat percentage

text: There exist various anthropometric methods for estimating body fat. The term "anthropometric" refers to measurements made of various parameters of the human body, such as circumferences of various body parts or thicknesses of skinfolds. Most of these methods are based on a statistical model. Some measurements are selected, and are applied to a population sample. For each individual in the sample, the method's measurements are recorded, and that individual's body density is also recorded, being determined by, for instance, under-water weighing, in combination with a multi-compartment body density model. From this data, a formula relating the body measurements to density is developed.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Because most anthropometric formulas such as the Durnin-Womersley skinfold method, the Jackson-Pollock skinfold method, and the US Navy circumference method, actually estimate body density, not body fat percentage, the body fat percentage is obtained by applying a second formula, such as the Siri or Brozek described in the above section on density. Consequently, the body fat percentage calculated from skin folds or other anthropometric methods carries the cumulative error from the application of two separate statistical models.


title: Body fat percentage

text: These methods are therefore inferior to a direct measurement of body density and the application of just one formula to estimate body fat percentage. One way to regard these methods is that they trade accuracy for convenience, since it is much more convenient to take a few body measurements than to submerge individuals in water.


title: Body fat percentage

text: The chief problem with all statistically derived formulas is that in order to be widely applicable, they must be based on a broad sample of individuals. Yet, that breadth makes them inherently inaccurate. The ideal statistical estimation method for an individual is based on a sample of similar individuals. For instance, a skinfold based body density formula developed from a sample of male collegiate rowers is likely to be much more accurate for estimating the body density of a male collegiate rower than a method developed using a sample of the general population, because the sample is narrowed down by age, sex, physical fitness level, type of sport, and lifestyle factors. On the other hand, such a formula is unsuitable for general use.


title: Body fat percentage

text: The skinfold estimation methods are based on a "skinfold test", also known as a "pinch test", whereby a pinch of skin is precisely measured by calipers, also known as a plicometer, at several standardized points on the body to determine the subcutaneous fat layer thickness. These measurements are converted to an estimated body fat percentage by an equation. Some formulas require as few as three measurements, others as many as seven. The accuracy of these estimates is more dependent on a person's unique body fat distribution than on the number of sites measured. As well, it is of utmost importance to test in a precise location with a fixed pressure. Although it may not give an accurate reading of real body fat percentage, it is a reliable measure of body composition change over a period of time, provided the test is carried out by the same person with the same technique.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Skinfold-based body fat estimation is sensitive to the type of caliper used, and technique. This method also only measures one type of fat: subcutaneous adipose tissue (fat under the skin). Two individuals might have nearly identical measurements at all of the skin fold sites, yet differ greatly in their body fat levels due to differences in other body fat deposits such as visceral adipose tissue: fat in the abdominal cavity. Some models partially address this problem by including age as a variable in the statistics and the resulting formula. Older individuals are found to have a lower body density for the same skinfold measurements, which is assumed to signify a higher body fat percentage. However, older, highly athletic individuals might not fit this assumption, causing the formulas to underestimate their body density.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Ultrasound is used extensively to measure tissue structure and has proven to be an accurate technique to measure subcutaneous fat thickness. A-mode and B-mode ultrasound systems are now used and both rely on using tabulated values of tissue sound speed and automated signal analysis to determine fat thickness. By making thickness measurements at multiple sites on the body you can calculate the estimated body fat percentage. Ultrasound techniques can also be used to directly measure muscle thickness and quantify intramuscular fat. Ultrasound equipment is expensive, and not cost-effective solely for body fat measurement, but where equipment is available, as in hospitals, the extra cost for the capability to measure body fat is minimal.


title: Body fat percentage

text: There also exist formulas for estimating body fat percentage from an individual's weight and girth measurements. For example, the U.S. Navy circumference method compares abdomen or waist and hips measurements to neck measurement and height and other sites claim to estimate one's body fat percentage by a conversion from the body mass index. In the U.S. Navy, the method is known as the "rope and choke." There is limited information, however, on the validity of the "rope and choke" method because of its universal acceptance as inaccurate and easily falsified.


title: Body fat percentage

text: The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps also rely on the height and circumference method. For males, they measure the neck and waist just above the navel. Females are measured around the hips, waist, and neck. These measurements are then looked up in published tables, with the individual's height as an additional parameter. This method is used because it is a cheap and convenient way to implement a body fat test throughout an entire service.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Methods using circumference have little acceptance outside the Department of Defense due to their negative reputation in comparison to other methods. The method's accuracy becomes an issue when comparing people with different body compositions, those with larger necks artificially generate lower body fat percentage calculations than those with smaller necks.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Body fat can be estimated from body mass index (BMI), a person's mass in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters; if weight is measured in pounds and height in inches, the result can be converted to BMI by multiplying by 703. There are a number of proposed formulae that relate body fat to BMI. These formulae are based on work by researchers published in peer-reviewed journals, but their correlation with body fat are only estimates; body fat cannot be deduced accurately from BMI.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Body fat may be estimated from the body mass index by formulae derived by Deurenberg and co-workers. When making calculations, the relationship between densitometrically determined body fat percentage (BF%) and BMI must take age and sex into account. Internal and external cross-validation of the prediction formulas showed that they gave valid estimates of body fat in males and females at all ages. In obese subjects, however, the prediction formulas slightly overestimated the BF%. The prediction error is comparable to the prediction error obtained with other methods of estimating BF%, such as skinfold thickness measurements and bioelectrical impedance. The formula for children is different; the relationship between BMI and BF% in children was found to differ from that in adults due to the height-related increase in BMI in children aged 15 years and younger.


title: Body fat percentage

text: However – contrary to the aforementioned internal and external cross-validation –, these formulae definitely proved unusable at least for adults and are presented here illustratively only.


title: Body fat percentage

text: Still, the following formula designed for adults proved to be much more accurate at least for adults:


title: Body fat percentage

text: Other indices may be used; the body adiposity index was said by its developers to give a direct estimate of body fat percentage, but statistical studies found this not to be so.


title: Central business district

text: A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of a city. It contains commercial space and offices, and in larger cities will often be described as a financial district. Geographically, it often coincides with the "city centre" or "downtown". However, these concepts are not necessarily synonymous: many cities have a central "business" district located away from its commercial and or cultural centre and or downtown/city centre, and there may be multiple CBDs within a single urban area. The CBD will often be characterised by a high degree of accessibility as well as a large variety and concentration of specialised goods and services compared to other parts of the city. For instance, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, is the largest central business district in the city and in the United States. London's city centre is usually regarded as encompassing the historic City of London and the medieval City of Westminster, while the City of London and the transformed Docklands area containing Canary Wharf are regarded as their two respective CBDs. In Chicago, the Chicago Loop is the second-largest central business district in the United States. It is also referred to as the core of the city's downtown. Mexico City also has its own historic city centre, the colonial-era "Centro Histórico," along with two CBDs: the mid-late 20th century Paseo de la Reforma – Polanco, and the new Santa Fe, respectively. Moscow and Russia's largest central business district is the Moscow International Business Center.


title: Central business district

text: The shape and type of a CBD almost always closely reflect the city's history. Cities with strong preservation laws and maximum building height restrictions to retain the character of the historic and cultural core will have a CBD quite a distance from the city centre. This practice is quite common for European cities such as Paris, Moscow, Vienna, Prague or Budapest. In cities in the New World that grew quickly after the invention of modern transportation such as road or rail, a single central area or downtown will often contain most of the region's tallest buildings and act both as the CBD and the commercial and cultural city centre. Increasing urbanization in the 21st century have developed megacities, particularly in Asia, that will often have multiple CBDs scattered across the urban area. It has been said that downtowns (as understood in North America) are therefore conceptually distinct from both CBDs and city centres. Although no two CBDs look alike in terms of their spatial shape, however, certain geometric patterns in these areas are recurring throughout many cities due to the nature of a centralized commercial and industrial activities.


title: Central business district

text: São Paulo is a multipolar city, with several business districts. Avenida Faria Lima and the neighboring districts, Itaim Bibi and Vila Olímpia, now concentrate a large part of the financial activities in São Paulo and in Brazil. Avenida Paulista and nearby streets is a well-established financial centre that has several banking offices and corporate headquarters, as well as hospitals. The region comprising Avenidas Berrini, Doutor Chucri Zaidan, and Nações Unidas, the city's newest commercial district, has offices of multinational companies and also commercial services.


title: Central business district

text: In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's second largest city, the main business district still is in downtown, where Petrobrás and Vale headquarters are located, but there is a concentration of business in Botafogo harbor and in Barra da Tijuca, a newer Rio de Janeiro suburb located in city's west region.


title: Central business district

text: The largest CBD in Colombia is Bogotá's "Centro Internacional", where some of the tallest buildings in South America have been repurposed as national headquarters for Scotiabank Colpatria, Davivienda and Bancolombia, among others.


title: Central business district

text: Over the years, Bogotá has developed minor business districts, which include "Avenida Chile", "Ciudad Salitre", with companies like Avianca, Rappi, Johnson & Johnson, Terpel, Hilton, Hyatt, Marriott, Sheraton, Ramada, City Express, Aloft and Novotel; or "Complejo Santa Bárbara", the last of which features the only W Hotel in the city.


title: Central business district

text: Colombia's other notable CBDs include "Parque Berrío" in Medellín, "Bocagrande" in Cartagena (the largest touristic CBD in the country) and "Paseo de Bolívar" in Barranquilla.


title: Central business district

text: La Défense, west of Paris, is France's largest central business district. La Défense was in 2017 ranked as the leading CBD in continental Europe, and the fourth in the world.


title: Central business district

text: La Défense hosts 19 of the world's biggest 500 companies, whilst the Paris region as a whole hosts 29 of the world's 500 largest companies, establishing itself as the first city in Europe (and 3rd worldwide) for the number of companies classified in "Fortune" Fortune Global 500.


title: Central business district

text: In Germany, the terms "Innenstadt" and "Stadtzentrum" may be used to describe the central business district. Both terms can be literally translated as "inner city"/"city centre". Some of the larger cities have more than one central business district. For example, Berlin alone has three.


title: Central business district

text: Due to Berlin's history of division during the Cold War, the city contains central business districts both in West (Kurfürstendamm) and East Berlin (Alexanderplatz), as well as a newly built business district near the Potsdamer Platz. The city's historic centre – home to the Reichstag building, as well as the Brandenburg gate and most federal ministries – was largely abandoned when the Berlin Wall cut through the area. Only after the reunification with the redevelopment of Potsdamer Platz, and the construction of numerous shopping centres, government ministries, embassies, office buildings and entertainment venues, was the area revived.


title: Central business district

text: In Düsseldorf, there is a business district which is located around the famous High-Street Königsallee with banks, shops and offices.


title: Central business district

text: India's largest and famous CBD is The Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai. And in the same city Mumbai itself there is Nariman Point, which is another CBD including andheri and Parel. In India CBDs are often also referred as "City Centre" or elsewhere "Downtown". In Delhi or New Delhi Connaught Place is the CBD of the city. Parry's Corner and Nungambakkam are among the main CBDs of Chennai. Bangalore has the four famous business district which are UB City, Brigade Gateway, Koramangala, Indiranagar and Electronic City. Lucknow has mainly 3 business district which includes the famous Hazratganj Market, Gomti Nagar Extension (the extented area of Gomti Nagar) and Aminabad in old Lucknow. Hyderabad and Kolkata also have many central business districts.


title: Central business district

text: The largest CBD in Indonesia is known as the Golden Triangle ("Segitiga Emas" in Indonesian language) in Jakarta. The area is located along the main avenues of Jakarta, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman – Jalan M.H. Thamrin -Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said – Jalan Prof. Dr. Satrio – Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. Sudirman Central Business District, a super block that is located within the Golden Triangle, is the first of its kind in Indonesia, and one of the largest commercial centre development in the city. Jakarta started developing the sophistication of its Business District in the early 1960s before to host the Asian Games in 1962.


title: Central business district

text: Surabaya in East Java, built its first central business district in the Darmo region. The construction was expected to be completed by 2018 with 150 SOHO units and 500 residences.


title: Central business district

text: Pakistan established its first Central Business District by the name of "Lahore Central Business District" also known as Central Business District Punjab (CBD Punjab) was established by an ACT of Parliament (LCBDDA Act, 2021) in February 2021. The authority was established to create Pakistan’s first Central Business District in Lahore, Punjab. CBD Punjab is a fully autonomous body


title: Central business district

text: focused at wealth generation and job creation. LCBDDA is a listed authority in Government of Punjab Rules of business approved by the cabinet. LCBDDA is now known as Punjab Central Business District Development Authority (PCBDDA), after the Authority's scope was expanded to the entirety of Punjab.


title: Central business district

text: CBD Punjab have recently launched and successfully sold Lahore's first Planned Downton along with other premium properties such as "Lahore Prime" CBD Punjab is fast becoming a hub of investment and a magnet for big brands in Pakistan.


title: Central business district

text: In Pakistan, a central business district or a large, concentrated urban setting within a settlement is called a "shehar". Karachi is Pakistan's largest city and the country's economic hub; the I. I. Chundrigar Road of the city, often called the "Wall Street of Pakistan," acts as Karachi's main financial district and is essentially a centre of economic and industrial activity. Shahra-e-Faisal in Karachi is also one of the most important business districts of Pakistan.


title: Central business district

text: Another important business district is Gulberg, Lahore. It has a large number of important office buildings as well as many high-rises and shopping malls. City Towers, The Pace Tower, M.M Alam road, Vogue Towers, Park Plaza Hotel, Tricon Tower, MM Tower, Boulevard Heights, and Ali Trade Centre, respectively, are all present in this area. Ferozepur Road is also central business district of Lahore. It is served by Lahore bus rapid transit. Kayre International Hotel, and Arfa Software Technology Park are also present on Ferozepur Road.


title: Central business district

text: Jinnah Avenue in Islamabad is the main business district of the city. It is lined with numerous office buildings. Blue Area is the central business district of Islamabad. The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus Service is bus rapid transit system that is currently under-construction and will serve these business districts which will connect them to key city areas in Rawalpindi and Islamabad


title: Central business district

text: D Ground is the central business district of Faisalabad and Saddar is the main central business district of Rawalpindi.


title: Central business district

text: In Peru the central business district is San Isidro, in Lima, which hosts the majority of Peru's financial industry headquarters. Although still a largely residential district, the commercial and business activity located in or in the vicinity of the area defined by avenues Camino Real, Javier Prado Este, República de Panamá and Aramburú is highly regarded as Peru's financial and corporate heart. It has a permanent population of around 63,000 inhabitants and, during weekday business hours, a floating population that exceeds 700,000 daily commuters from other districts of Lima. San Isidro is served by three stations of El Metropolitano, Lima's bus rapid transit system: Estación Javier Prado, Estación Canaval y Moreyra (with over 16,000 daily passengers) and Estación Aramburú.


title: Central business district

text: Since the late 2000s (decade), the southeastern district of Surco has experienced a significant increase in upscale corporate developments in the area comprised by avenues Manuel Holguín, El Derby, El Polo, and La Encalada due to lower restrictions to grant construction permit and proximity to residential middle and upper class districts and is set to become, after traditional San Isidro and Miraflores, the new financial centre of Lima.


title: Central business district

text: In Poland, the terms "śródmieście" or "centrum" may be used to describe the central business district.


title: Central business district

text: The largest central business district in Russia is the Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) in Moscow—a commercial development located just east of the Third Ring Road at the western edge of the Presnensky District in the Central Administrative Okrug of the city. As of 2021, it is still under development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Presnenskaya Embankment of the Moskva River, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) west of Red Square, overlooked by the Third Ring Road. The project occupies an area of 60 hectares.


title: Central business district

text: The second-largest central business district is Yekaterinburg-City in Yekaterinburg, the fourth-largest city in the country. It is located on the Iset River, and is under development as of 2021. The area occupies five hectares.


title: Central business district

text: Saudi Arabia's capital city is Riyadh. Riyadh has several business districts. Here business districts are:


title: Central business district

text: Traditionally, the Central Business District "CBD" of Hong Kong is Central, where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters in. Consulates general and consulates of many countries are also located in this area, as is Government Hill, the site of the government headquarters.


title: Central business district

text: In some cases, areas nearby Central (Sheung Wan, Admiralty, Wan Chai and Causeway Bay) and Quarry Bay (Taikoo place) and Tsim Sha Tsui are also regarded as major business districts of Hong Kong, while Kwun Tong in Kowloon East is the CBD2 of Hong Kong.


title: Central business district

text: The area commonly called the "CBD" is located within the Downtown Core, one of the constituent planning areas of the Central Area, the country's city centre. Its densest point is centred around Raffles Place, where most of Singapore's skyscrapers are located. The "CBD" term has also been used at times to refer to the Central Area as a whole.


title: Central business district

text: Singapore's CBD is also the historic heart of the city-state this makes it a mix of a tourist attraction and a business centre. There are many HQs of (international) companies, but also the campus of the Singapore Management University and numerous historical buildings and museums are located in the CBD.


title: Central business district

text: In the future, the Singaporean government will redevelop Jurong East into a secondary satellite CBD. The area has also been earmarked as the site of the rail terminus for the Kuala Lumpur–Singapore High Speed Rail.


title: Central business district

text: South Africa's largest cities, namely Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Port Elizabeth, have CBDs which house the headquarters of many of the country's largest companies as well as convention centres and the respective cities' tallest buildings.


title: Central business district

text: Cape Town is renowned for having South Africa's most iconic skyline (including the famous Table Mountain) and CBD.


title: Central business district

text: The term CBD is used in formal contexts, such as news reports, however, the term "town" is used colloquially.


title: Central business district

text: Seoul is made up of three main central business district. The historical area inside the Fortress Wall of Seoul in the Jongno and Jung districts was until the 1980s Seoul's undisputed economic heart, and still retains many corporate headquarters, and is also where most political institutions are located. It is also the most popular area for tourists and is arguably Seoul's main commercial district. While the district has a high density of high rises, the tallest building only reaches a height of 160m (SK Building), due to historic preservation regulation.


title: Central business district

text: The second main district, in the South East part of town, is the Gangnam District. This area was mostly developed in the 1980s, and is now the most affluent neighborhood in Seoul, and has the greatest concentration of company HQs and offices in Seoul, especially along Teheran Avenue. It's also a major commercial hub, with Gangnam Avenue and Yeondong Avenue (with its COEX mall) being major thoroughfares. Among the tallest building in Gangnam are the Tower Palace One (residential complex), Trade Tower, Gangnam Finance Center and Parnas Tower. While technically in Seocho District, the Samsung Town is also located in the Gangnam Business District.


title: Central business district

text: Seoul's third business district is the island of Yeouido, located in the central part of the city, in the Yeongdeungpo District. Yeouido was initially developed in the 1970s, but since the 1990s, it has become Seoul's financial centre. While smaller in size that the other business districts, it has some of Seoul's tallest skyscrapers, including Parc1 Tower, International Finance Center Seoul and the 63 Building. Apart from finance, Yeouido is also the location for the National Assembly of South Korea, and also hosts many media companies and political institutions.


title: Central business district

text: Seoul being a multi-central city, there are also a few other areas which have become important business districts in the past decades, such as the Jamsil area, with its 555-meter tall Lotte World Tower, Guro Digital Complex, Gasan Digital Complex, the Magok Business District, the Sangam Digital Media City, the Munjeong Administrative Town or along Mapo Avenue. Lastly, the area near Yongsan Station, including the proposed Yongsan International Business District has the potential to become another major commercial district, in synergy with nearby Yeouido.


title: Central business district

text: In Busan, South Korea's second largest city, the central business district is located along the main Jungang Avenue axis, starting around the commercial area of Seomyeon Station, then South to the Busan International Finance Center in Munhyeon-dong, the area near Busan Station and in Jungang-dong where many corporate offices are located. Recently, a second major business district has emerged in Centum City, in the Haeundae District.


title: Central business district

text: The biggest central business districts of Spain are located in the country's capital, Madrid. The Paseo de la Castellana holds the city's main business districts: the Gate of Europe, AZCA and CTBA. AZCA is super block near Real Madrid's stadium Santiago Bernabéu. It used to be the country's main business area during the 1980s and 1990s, when most of its skyscrapers were built. The tallest building of AZCA is the Torre Picasso, a 158-tower designed by the World Trade Center's architect, and contains the main offices in Spain of Google and Deloitte. The Gate of Europe consists of two twin towers, which hold Spanish bank Bankia and real state company Realia. Just a few blocks north is the CTBA, a complex of four skyscrapers which are the tallest in Spain. Architects such as Norman Foster, Ieoh Ming Pei and Cesar Pelli have designed its towers, which were completed in 2008. The tallest building, the Torre de Cristal, is the fourth tallest building is Western Europe, with a height of . The complex is home to offices from well known companies such as KPMG, Coca-Cola, Volkswagen, Bankia, Cepsa, Pwc, OHL and holds the embassies of the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, as well as a 5-star hotel from Eurostars. A fifth tower is currently being built and will have the campus of the Instituto de Empresa university.


title: Central business district

text: In Barcelona, the 22@, Gran Via, and Granvia l'Hospitalet are the main business districts. Despite the fact that the Catalan capital does not have a reputation for skyscrapers and financial hubs, in recent years it has attracted several media and technology companies such as Microsoft and Yahoo!. In 2005, the Torre Agbar, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel, became the third-tallest building in the city with a height of . The building soon became a symbol of Barcelona and was going to become a Hyatt hotel. However, the tower is still empty due to administrative problems.


title: Central business district

text: In Taiwan, even though the term "city centre" () is often used, a different commercial district outside of the historic core can actually be typically called a "CBD" (), "Financial District" (), or "Yolk area" (), all of which are frequently used terms. There are many central business districts located in the country of Taiwan.


title: Central business district

text: In Taipei, the capital city of Taiwan, the area around its main railway station, i.e. Zhongzheng District is regarded as its historic city centre. It is home to most of the national government buildings of the Republic of China (Taiwan), including the Presidential Office, the Executive Yuan, the Control Yuan, the Legislative Yuan, the Judicial Yuan and various government ministries. It has the first skyscraper in Taipei,


title: Central business district

text: The second main district, in the central part of city, is the Xinyi Special District. This area was mostly developed in the 1990s, and has emerged to become Taipei's financial, political, and commercial centre, with the greatest concentration of company HQs and offices in Taipei, and being the foremost shopping area. It is the location of Taipei's tallest skyscrapers, including the -tall Taipei 101, Taipei Nan Shan Plaza and Fubon Xinyi A25.


title: Central business district

text: Taipei's third business district is Nangang District, which is located in the southeastern part of the city. Nangang was initially developed in the 2000s and is the seat of the Academia Sinica, Taipei World Trade Center Nangang Exhibition Hall, and Nankang Software Park (NKSP).


title: Central business district

text: Greater Taipei being a multi-central metropolitan area, there are also a few other areas which have become important business districts in the past decades, such as Daan District, Banqiao District and Neihu District. Lastly, Xinzhuang Sub-city Center has the potential to become another major commercial district, in synergy with nearby Sanchong District and Wugu District.


title: Central business district

text: In Taichung, Taiwan's second largest city, the central business district is located in Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone. It features broad and widely spaced boulevards, attractive apartments, department stores, and office towers, which are brightly lit at night.


title: Central business district

text: In Kaohsiung, Taiwan's harbor city, the central business district is located in Asia New Bay Area, which is home to the city's tallest skyscrapers - 85 Sky Tower and Farglory THE ONE and the largest sea port in Taiwan - Port of Kaohsiung.


title: Central business district

text: Ankara became the capital of Turkey in the 1920s. Istanbul has remained the main economic centre of the country up to this day. Ankara is called as "officer city". Currently, a Central Business District is planned in an area of 262 hectares in Varlık, Altındağ.colo


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Paycheck is a 2003 American science fiction action film directed by John Woo. Written by Dean Georgaris, it is based on the 1953 short story "Paycheck" by Philip K. Dick. The film stars Ben Affleck, Uma Thurman, Aaron Eckhart, Paul Giamatti, Michael C. Hall, Joe Morton, and Colm Feore. The film was released on December 25, 2003, by Paramount Pictures in North America and DreamWorks Pictures internationally, to negative reviews but was a commercial success, grossing $117.2 million on a $60 million budget.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: In the near future, Michael Jennings is a reverse engineer; he analyzes his clients' competitors' technology and recreates it with improvements. To protect his clients' intellectual property and himself, Jennings undergoes memory wipes to remove knowledge of his engineering with aid of his friend Shorty.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Jennings is contacted by his college roommate James Rethrick, the CEO of technology company Allcom. Rethrick offers Jennings a lengthy three-year job, during which he will be required to stay on Allcom's campus, in exchange for company stock. Jennings is hesitant but agrees. After being injected with the memory marker, Jennings is given a tour of the campus, where he meets and flirts with biologist Dr. Rachel Porter. Rethrick then introduces Jennings to his work partner, physicist William Dekker.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Three years later, Jennings wakes from the memory wipe and is congratulated by Rethrick. Jennings finds that the Allcom stock he earned is valued at over , but when he goes to see his lawyer to get the funds, he discovers that he had given all the stock away just weeks ago. Further, he is given an envelope claiming to be his possessions on entering Allcom, but it contains a random assortment of items. Confused, Jennings soon finds himself detained by the FBI. Agent Dodge accuses Jennings of having access to classified government designs that had been taken by Dekker, who is now dead. Jennings cannot answer due to the memory wipe, but finds a means to escape using the items in the envelope. As he evades the FBI, Rethrick's right-hand-man John Wolfe sees Jennings walking away and warns Rethrick they have a problem.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Jennings meets with Shorty to try to figure out what happened, but then sees a lottery number result on a television, the numbers matching those on a fortune cookie message in the envelope. He realizes that he must have built a machine at Allcom to see into the future, planting items in that envelope to help fix things. At Allcom, Rethrick tries to use Jennings' machine, but instead finds that it was jury-rigged to go offline after Jennings had left. Rethrick studies Jennings' habits while at Allcom and discovers that he got romantically involved with Porter and left a secret message to meet her at a cafe later that day. Rethrick sends a body double to try to coerce Jennings to turn over the envelope, but the real Porter shows up and rescues Jennings. The two elude the FBI and Rethrick's men. While hiding, they find that the stamps on the envelopes contain microdot images taken from the device, showing newspaper headlines from the future that while Allcom became incredibly successful with the device, it led to international political strife and the United States launching a pre-emptive nuclear strike. They agree that the machine must be destroyed.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Using the last items in the envelope, Jennings and Porter gain access to Allcom and the machine, while separately the FBI have started to investigate Allcom. Jennings discovers the circuit he rigged and fixes it, while booby-trapping the machine to be destroyed in a few minutes. He uses the machine one last time to see himself being shot at by an FBI agent in the catwalks about the machine. Rethrick, Wolfe, and other men arrive, and Jennings and Porter escape to the catwalks. Wolfe tries to use the machine to help track Jennings, while Rethrick corners the pair on the catwalk. FBI agents storm the lab, and one appears on the catwalk, the same tableau that Jennings had seen. As the FBI fires, a watch from the envelope beeps, and Jennings dodges in time for the bullet to fatally hit Rethrick. Wolfe is killed as Jennings' booby-trap goes off and destroys the machine. After the chaos dies down and the FBI begin a full investigation, Agent Dodge finds the watch Jennings had used, but consequently hides it and declares him dead.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Elsewhere, Jennings, Porter, and Shorty have moved to the countryside. Shorty was able to use his influence to rescue the cage of a pair of lovebirds Porter had been raising at Allcom. Recalling the fortune cookie message from the envelope, Jennings looks in the cage and finds a lottery ticket for the winning jackpot of .


title: Paycheck (film)

text: The film began development in 1996 when the short story was optioned by Caravan Pictures. Prior to John Woo being selected to direct, Brett Ratner was in talks to direct. Matt Damon was offered the role of Michael Jennings, but declined.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: The film features several of director Woo's trademarks, including two Mexican standoffs, the appearance of a dove and a birdcage similar to the one seen in 1992's "Hard Boiled".


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives "Paycheck" an approval of 27% based on 157 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critics consensus states, "Though Dick's short story has an intriguing premise, Woo reduces it to a lot of meaningless chases, shoot-outs, and explosions." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B− on an A+ to F scale.


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Scott Tobias of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a positive review, calling it a "smart thriller" and praising "Woo's wonderful sense of timing and rhythm." Chris Barsanti of Film Threat also praised "Paycheck", calling it "one of the more competent and reassuring action movies to come out for quite some time."


title: Paycheck (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two stars (out of four), saying that he "enjoyed the movie" but felt that it "exploits [Philip K. Dick's story] for its action and plot potential, but never really develops it." K. J. Doughton of Film Threat called the film "John Woo lite," and a "neutered variation on his earlier, superior works." James Berardinelli gave the film one and a half stars out of four, calling it "a bad film, complete with lackluster acting, brainless writing, and uninspired direction."