title: Bunt (community)

text: The feudal life and society of Bunt began to disintegrate during the colonial period, leading to a period of increasing urbanisation.


title: Bunt (community)

text: The Bunts practice Hinduism and a section among them follow Jainism. Alagodi wrote in 2006 of the Tulu Nadu population that, "Among the Hindus, a little over ten per cent are "brahmins", and all the others, though nominally Hindus, are really propitiators or worshippers of tutelary deities and "bhutas"." Amitav Ghosh describes the Tulu Butas as protective figures, ancestral spirits and heroes who have been assimilated to the ranks of minor deities. The cult worship of the Butas is widely practiced in Tulu Nadu by a large section of the population. The Bunts being the principal landowners of the region were the traditional patrons of the Buta Kola festival which included aspects akin to theatrical forms like Yakshagana.


title: Bunt (community)

text: Butas and daivas (tutelary deities) are not worshiped on a daily basis like mainstream Hindu gods. Their worship is restricted to annual ritual festivals, though daily pujas may be conducted for the ritual objects, ornaments, and other paraphernalia of the būta. Unlike with the better-known Hindu gods of the puraṇic variety, buta worship is congregational and every caste in the Tulu speaking region has it own set of butas and daivas that they worship.


title: Bunt (community)

text: Depending on the significance of the people who worship them, butas or daivas can be family deities (kuṭuṃbada buta), local or village deities (jageda buta, urada buta), or deities associated with administrative units such as manorial estates (Guțțus eg: kinnimajal guthu ,kudal guthu.)( Beedus eg ; kuloor beedu ). groups of estates (magane eg : aila magane uppala , districts (sime) or even small kingdoms (royal butas or rajandaivas). The deity Jumadi is cited as an example of a Rajandaiva, i.e. a royal deity who reigns over a former small kingdom or large feudal estate. Jumadi is worshiped mainly by the rich land-owning Bunts who are the chief patrons of his cult. In the myth, as well as in the religious Buta Kola dance, Jumadi is always accompanied by his warrior attendant, called Bante, who appears to be specially related to the patrons of the Bunt caste. "Kodamanthaye", "Kukkinanthaye", "Jaranthaye", "Ullaya" and "Ullalthi" are some of the other deities from the royal Buta cult.


title: Bunt (community)

text: Most Bunts followed a matrilineal system of inheritance and the eldest male member in the female line was the head of the family. This head of the family was called "Yajmane" and he would preside over the manorial court during the feudal era.


title: Bunt (community)

text: The Nadibettu Aramane house in Shirva was built in the 14th century and has copper plate inscriptions of the Vijayanagara Empire Chavadi Aramane of Nandalike, the manorial house of the "Heggade" chieftaincy has inscriptions from the 16th century. Suralu Aramane of the Tolaha dynasty is another house of chieftains in Udupi district; it dates from the 15th century. The Suralu Mud Palace is currently under the ownership of Sudarshan Shetty, a descendant of the Tolahas who is leading a restoration project. The Suralu Palace is a State protected Monument which was partially restored in 2016 with help from the Government of Karnataka


title: Bunt (community)

text: Some other houses of the Bunts that preserve medieval architecture include the Kodial Guthu house of Mangalore. Badila Guthu in Kannur, Shetty Bettu, Puthige Guthu, Markada Guthu and Kodethur Guthu


title: Bunt (community)

text: The traditional community council of the Bunts have been replaced by a body of elected members called the Buntara Yane Nadavara Mathr Sangha (Bunt and Nadava Association). It was established in 1908 in Mangalore and has been called the apex body of the Bunt community by "The Hindu" newspaper. Similar regional and international organisations operate in areas where the Bunts have migrated.


title: Bunt (community)

text: The Bunt association, including its regional bodies, also runs schools, colleges, hostels and dispensaries.


title: Bunt (community)

text: The traditional "chaturvarna" system is largely not found in South India. According to Buchanan and historians like P.N Chopra, Gundimeda Sambaiah and Sanjay Subrahmanyam etc., Bunts belong to the Sat-Shudras or "Upper" Shudras category in the Hindu varna system. In Southern India, the upper Shudras were generally the landholding ruling classes of South India and were analogous to Kshatriyas and Vaishyas in North India. According to Dr. D. N. Yogeeswarappa, Bunts are Nagavanshi kshatriyas.


title: Bunt (community)

text: Bunts are categorized as Other Backward Class (OBC) by the Government of Karnataka at the state level.


title: Bunt (community)

text: They are not included in the Central List of OBC's of the State of Karnataka. However their central status is contested as legal petitions have allowed members of the Bunt community to avail OBC reservation at the national level as 'Nadavas'.


International Financial Reporting Standards, commonly called IFRS, are accounting standards issued by the IFRS Foundation and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). They constitute a standardised way of describing the company's financial performance and position so that company financial statements are understandable and comparable across international boundaries. They are particularly relevant for companies with shares or securities listed on a public stock exchange.


title: International Financial Reporting Standards

text: IFRS have replaced many different national accounting standards around the world but have not replaced the separate accounting standards in the United States where U.S. GAAP is applied.


text: The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was established in June 1973 by accountancy bodies representing ten countries. It devised and published International Accounting Standards (IAS), interpretations and a conceptual framework. These were looked to by many national accounting standard-setters in developing national standards.


text: In 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) replaced the IASC with a remit to bring about convergence between national accounting standards through the development of global accounting standards. During its first meeting the new Board adopted existing IAS and Standing Interpretations Committee standards (SICs). The IASB has continued to develop standards calling the new standards "International Financial Reporting Standards" (IFRS).


text: In 2002 the European Union (EU) agreed that, from 1 January 2005, International Financial Reporting Standards would apply for the consolidated accounts of the EU listed companies, bringing about the introduction of IFRS to many large entities. Other countries have since followed the lead of the EU.


text: In 2021 on the occasion of COP26 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Glasgow the IFRS Foundation announced the formation of the new International Sustainability Standards Board ISSB.


text: IFRS Standards are required in 167 jurisdictions and permitted in many parts of the world, including Afghanistan, South Korea, Brazil, the European Union, India, Hong Kong, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, GCC countries, Russia, Chile, Philippines, Kenya, South Africa, Singapore, Israel and Turkey.


text: To assess progress towards the goal of a single set of global accounting standards, the IFRS Foundation has developed and posted profiles about the use of IFRS Standards in individual jurisdictions. These are based on information from various sources. The starting point was the responses provided by standard-setting and other relevant bodies to a survey that the IFRS Foundation conducted. As of August 2019, profiles are completed for 166 jurisdictions, with 166 jurisdictions requiring the use of IFRS Standards.


text: Due to the difficulty of maintaining up-to-date information in individual jurisdictions, three sources of information on current worldwide IFRS adoption are recommended:


text: Ray J. Ball described the expectation by the European Union and others that IFRS adoption worldwide would be beneficial to investors and other users of financial statements, by reducing the costs of comparing investment opportunities and increasing the quality of information. Companies are also expected to benefit, as investors will be more willing to provide financing. Companies that have high levels of international activities are among the group that would benefit from a switch to IFRS Standards. Companies that are involved in foreign activities and investing benefit from the switch due to the increased comparability of a set accounting standard. However, Ray J. Ball has expressed some scepticism of the overall cost of the international standard; he argues that the enforcement of the standards could be lax, and the regional differences in accounting could become obscured behind a label. He also expressed concerns about the fair value emphasis of IFRS and the influence of accountants from non-common-law regions, where losses have been recognised in a less timely manner.


text: US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, commonly called US GAAP, remains separate from IFRS. The Securities Exchange Committee (SEC) requires the use of US GAAP by domestic companies with listed securities and does not permit them to use IFRS; US GAAP is also used by some companies in Japan and the rest of the world.


text: In 2002 IASB and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the body supporting US GAAP, announced a programme known as the Norwalk Agreement that aimed at eliminating differences between IFRS and US GAAP. In 2012 the SEC announced that it expected separate US GAAP to continue for the foreseeable future but sought to encourage further work to align the two standards.


text: IFRS is sometimes described as principles-based, as opposed to a rules-based approach in US GAAP; so in US GAAP there is more instruction in the application of standards to specific examples and industries.


text: The Conceptual Framework serves as a tool for the IASB to develop standards. It does not override the requirements of individual IFRSs. Some companies may use the Framework as a reference for selecting their accounting policies in the absence of specific IFRS requirements.


text: The Conceptual Framework states that the primary purpose of financial information is to be useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors when making decisions about the financing of the entity and exercising rights to vote on, or otherwise influence, management's actions that affect the use of the entity's economic resources.


text: The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting defines the fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial information to be:


text: In some cases specific standards add additional conditions before recognition is possible or prohibit recognition altogether.


text: An example is the recognition of internally generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles, customer lists and items similar in substance, for which recognition is prohibited by IAS 38. In addition research and development expenses can only be recognised as an intangible asset if they cross the threshold of being classified as 'development cost'.


text: Whilst the standard on provisions, IAS 37, prohibits the recognition of a provision for contingent liabilities, this prohibition is not applicable to the accounting for contingent liabilities in a business combination. In that case the acquirer shall recognise a contingent liability even if it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required.


text: Concepts of capital maintenance are important as only income earned in excess of amounts needed to maintain capital may be regarded as profit. The Conceptual Framework describes the following concepts of capital maintenance:


text: Most entities adopt a financial concept of capital maintenance. However, the Conceptual Framework does not prescribe any model of capital maintenance.


text: In 2012, staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a report setting out observations on a potential adoption of IFRS in the United States. This included the following criticisms:-


text: IASB staff have responded to these observations and concluded that there were no insurmountable obstacles for the adoption of IFRS by the United States.


text: In 2013 IASB member Philippe Danjou listed ten common criticisms of IFRS. He sought to counter these, describing them as misconceptions


text: Charles Lee, professor of accounting at Stanford Graduate School of Business, has also criticised the use of fair values in financial reporting.


text: In 2019, H David Sherman and S David Young criticised the current state of financial reporting under IFRS and US GAAP:-


text: Many researchers have studied the effects of IFRS adoption but results are unclear. For example, one study uses data from 26 countries to study the economic consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption. It shows that, on average, even though market liquidity increases around the time of the introduction of IFRS, it is unclear whether IFRS mandate adoption is the sole reason of observed market effects. Firms' reporting incentives, law enforcement, and increased comparability of financial reports can also explain the effects.


text: The adoption of IFRS in the European Union is a special case because it is an element of wider reforms aiming to consolidate the economies of member countries. One study reports positive market effects for companies adopting IFRS but these positive effects occurred even before the transition took place. Another study looked at the development of the stock market in Poland; it found positive effects associated with Poland joining the EU but no specific effect attributable to the IFRS. Interestingly, member states maintain a large degree of independence in setting national accounting standards for companies that prefer to stay local.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: Tameka Dianne Cottle Harris (born July 14, 1975), known professionally by her nickname Tiny, is an American singer-songwriter. She rose to fame in the 1990s as a member of the multi-platinum R&B vocal group Xscape. She received a Grammy Award for her writing contributions on the TLC hit "No Scrubs". Cottle is also known for her marriage to T.I. She acquired the nickname "Tiny" due to her small stature of 4'11".


title: Tameka Cottle

text: Cottle was born in College Park, Georgia, to a white mother, Dianne Cottle (b. 1945) and an African-American father, Charles "Speedy" Pope (1936–2013). Cottle's father and her uncle, Joseph Pope (1933–1996), formed the R&B group The Tams.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: Cottle joined the R&B quartet Xscape in 1992 while attending Tri-Cities Performing Arts High School. Xscape was discovered by producer Jermaine Dupri while singing at his birthday celebration in Atlanta, Georgia. Dupri immediately signed the group to his then new record label, So So Def Recordings.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: As a member of the group, Cottle has contributed to three of the band's platinum albums: "Hummin' Comin' at 'Cha", "Off the Hook", and "Traces of My Lipstick". As a member of Xscape, she has received two Soul Train Music Awards for Best New R&B Artist and Best R&B Album and the A-Town Music Award for Best Duo/Group. Cottle sang lead vocals on six of Xscape's hit singles: "Understanding", "Do You Want To?", "All I Need", "Love's a Funny Thing", "My Little Secret", and "Am I Dreamin. She has also recorded on soundtracks for "Soul Food", "Panther", "Bad Boys", and "Love Jones". In 1998, after the release of Xscape's third album, "Traces of My Lipstick", the band parted ways.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: In 2000, Cottle and fellow former Xscape group member Kandi Burruss were honored with a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song for penning TLC's hit single "No Scrubs". Cottle's other accomplishments include an American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers award in the R&B and Pop Music categories for "No Scrubs", as well as the ASCAP Rap Award for her work on the Sporty Thievz track "No Pigeons". Cottle has also worked with T.I., 8Ball & MJG, Lil' Kim and Bow Wow.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: After a five-year hiatus, Cottle reunited with sisters LaTocha and Tamika Scott and added a new member, Kiesha Miles, to release a Xscape album entitled "Unchained" and released the single "What's Up" in 2005.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: Cottle is involved in a project with Kiesha Miles called the OMG Girlz. Cottle's daughter, Zonnique, is a part of the musical trio. She appeared in her husband's video for "Hello", along with their family and the OMG Girlz.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: On July 22, 2014, Tameka returned to the music industry under her new label Pretty Hustle, with her first solo single "What The Fuck You Gon Do?". Within a few hours of "WTFYGD" being released it reached the number 5 spot on the iTunes R&B/Soul charts, and less than 24 hours after release it became the number one song on the charts for the genre.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: In 2018, Tiny Harris took a break from her XSCAP3 EP Promo to spend some quality time with her one-year-old daughter Heiress.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: In 2001, Cottle began dating rapper T.I. Cottle and T.I. married on July 30, 2010 in Miami Beach, Florida. They have two sons together: King Harris (born August 25, 2004), Major Philant Harris (born May 16, 2008) and a daughter, Heiress Diana Harris (born March 2016). Their first daughter was stillborn in 2007, six months into a complicated pregnancy. Cottle also has an older daughter named Zonnique from her previous relationship with Zonnie "Zeboe" Pullins. Through her marriage to T.I., Cottle has three stepchildren.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: In December 2011, "" premiered on VH1. The series chronicles the lives of Cottle and T.I. plus their family.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: Cottle's father, Charles Pope, died on July 11, 2013, at the age of 76 after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: "Tiny and Shekinah's Weave Trip" premiered on VH1 on October 13, 2014. The series chronicles Cottle and her best friend Shekinah Anderson in a mobile hair salon across the country.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: In March 2016, the couple had a daughter. In December 2016, Cottle filed for divorce from T.I. after six years of marriage. However, the couple worked on healing their marriage in 2017 after Tiny spent time with her group Xscape, and Tiny dropped the divorce files stating: "The divorce is off."


title: Tameka Cottle

text: In 2017, it was announced she would own the Atlanta Heirs basketball team under the newly developed Global Mixed Gender Basketball league, which was founded by rapper Master P. Her team would be a part of its inaugural debut on September 23, 2017 in a neutral match at the Cox Pavilion in Las Vegas, Nevada against Master P's own squad, the New Orleans Gators.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: On September 1, 2010, Cottle and T.I. were arrested following a motor vehicle stop in Los Angeles. The police reported that an odor of burnt marijuana was coming from the vehicle and the couple were found to be in possession of a controlled substance, ecstasy. They posted $10,000 bail.


title: Tameka Cottle

text: In 2021, Cottle and her husband T.I. were facing numerous sexual assault allegations. More than 30 women contacted Attorney Tyrone A. Blackburn accusing Tameka "Tiny" Harris, her husband T.I., and their associates of "forced drugging, kidnapping, rape, and intimidation" in at least two states, including California and Georgia. Blackburn sent letters to the state attorney general of California and Georgia asking them to open an investigation. The women allege that "prior to or upon immediately entering T&T's home, hotel, or tour bus [they] were coerced by Tiny to ingest drugs or [were] unknowingly administered drugs to impair the victims' ability to consent to subsequent vile sexual acts."


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Paraphilic infantilism, also known as autonepiophilia, psychosexual infantilism and adult baby syndrome, is a sexual fetish that involves role-playing a regression to an infant-like state. Behaviors may include drinking from a bottle or wearing diapers (diaper fetishism). Individuals may engage in gentle and nurturing experiences (an adult who engages only in infantile play is known as an adult baby) or be attracted to masochistic, coercive, punishing or humiliating experiences. Diaper fetishism involves "diaper lovers" wearing diapers for sexual or erotic reasons but may not involve infant-like behavior. Individuals who experience both of these things are referred to as adult baby/diaper lovers (AB/DL, also spelled ABDL). When wearing diapers, infantilists may urinate and/or defecate in them.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: There is no recognized etiology for infantilism and there is little research done on the subject. It has been linked to masochism and a variety of other paraphilias. Although it is commonly confused with pedophilia, the two conditions are distinct and infantilists do not seek children as sexual partners. A variety of causes have been proposed, including altered lovemaps, imprinting gone wrong and errors in erotic targets, though there is no consensus. A variety of organizations exist to discuss infantilism or meet with other practitioners throughout the world.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: The infantilist community is described by one practitioner as made up of two main types - adult babies (adults who role play infants) and sissy babies (men who tend to wear typically feminine clothing, and use female pronouns). There are also individuals who wear diapers but do not act as infants, either diaper lovers who eroticize diaper wearing, or sadomasochists who use diapers as a way of enforcing dominance and submission. Though the categories are discrete, in practice the behaviors found in each group often overlap. Adult babies roleplaying as a baby or young child for erotic stimulation is considered the signature expression of paraphilic infantilism. This may involve the use of adult-sized diapers and baby clothes or toys and furniture such as a crib to lend reality to the infantilist fantasy, crawling on the floor, and some individuals may urinate or defecate in their diapers. If a partner is willing, adult babies may engage in parent-baby roleplay including being bathed, powdered and changed into diapers by one's partner, before being put to bed with a baby bottle. Some may also simulate lactation with a willing partner. Thereafter the adult baby may be comforted by their partner in the role of the parent and their diapers might be changed if wet or dirty. For some infantilists, the ritual might instead involve being scolded, spanked or chastised for having wet or dirtied their diapers. In this latter instance the mode of arousal is masochistic. Others may desire only gentle or nurturing treatment, based on the desire to be cared for or to "surrender the responsibilities of adult life". Some infantilists may involve masturbation and ejaculation while others may choose not to engage in sex since it is not babylike. The erotic pleasure derived from either of these forms of infantilism may replace the need for sexual intercourse in reaching orgasm.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: In one study of AB/DL website participants, 93% of the sample was male (excluding transgender individuals). 58% of the men and 34% of the women were heterosexual. Males on average first became interested in AB/DL at age 11, and started practicing it at the age of 13, compared to the ages of 12 and 16 for females, respectively. The most frequent activities were wearing diapers, wetting, and using other baby items. 87% of the men and 91% of the women reported that their AB/DL had not caused any significant problems or distress.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Meaningful information on the incidence or prevalence of any of the paraphilias are lacking due to the often clandestine nature of such practices. Similarly, it has been observed that infantilism is a closeted activity and it is not well documented in the medical literature. One study reported that 9% of Yahoo groups devoted to "fetishes" dealt with paraphilic infantilism, which was high in relation to other fetishes. If exceptional behaviors do not cause functional impairment, personal distress or distress to others, or have legal implications they can escape the purview of psychiatric awareness and knowledge. Additionally, infantilists may not consider themselves as suffering from a medical condition and may not want to change their behavior, a common occurrence among individuals with paraphilias. Individuals with paraphilic infantilism may seek therapy only for other issues, or be encouraged or coerced to seek treatment if discovered by others. Given these issues the potential of anonymous internet surveys for data collection on infantilist communities has been noted.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: One study regarding members of the ABDL online community, however, noted that males became interested in paraphilic infantilism earlier than females, at age 11 rather than 12, and also began to act on their interests earlier, at 13 rather than 16. The same study found that while most males interested in paraphilic infantilism were primarily heterosexual (58%), most females were primarily bisexual (43%). 34% of women were primarily heterosexual. Although both men and women varied in terms of education, only 66% of men and 39% of women earned more than $25,000 a year.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Infantilism is a diffuse phenomenon and different authorities have taken varied approaches to the question of its medical and sexological classification.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: The conventional definition of infantilism means the persistence of childlike traits in adults and medically the failure to attain sexual maturity, and "sexual infantilism" is also used medically as a synonym for delayed puberty. The term "psychosexual infantilism" was used in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development to refer to individuals who had not matured through its hypothetical stages into heterosexuality. Psychologist Wilhelm Stekel used "psychosexual infantilism" as a category similar to paraphilia, including paraphilic infantilism and other paraphilias and sexual orientations.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: The "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" ("DSM") states that along with other behaviors, sexual masochists "...may have a desire to be treated as a helpless infant and clothed in diapers ('infantilism')" and this association is repeated by others. Masochism appears to be particularly important for female infantilists.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Psychologists D. Richard Laws and William O'Donohue state that "Although infantilism is classified as a sexual masochism in the "DSM-IV" and "DSM-IV-TR", it is questionable whether the criteria for sexual masochism are always met. For example, if the infantile role playing does not involve feelings of humiliation and suffering, then the diagnosis of sexual masochism would not be appropriate and a diagnosis of infantilism as a paraphilia [not otherwise specified] is warranted." Sexologist John Money, in his book "Lovemaps" describes paraphilic infantilism as a possible "...adjunctive to masochistic discipline and humiliation." Sexologist William B. Arndt considers paraphilic infantilism to combine forms of fetishism, transvestism and masochism. Wilhelm Stekel considered sado-masochistic practices to be variant behavior arising from psychosexual infantilism.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: A potential connection between paraphilic infantilism and sadomasochism has been noted in the Polish publication, Przegląd Seksuologiczny. Research results within the publication indicated that 28% of those paraphilic infantilists surveyed reported an interest in BDSM.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Confusing infantilism with pedophilia is a common misunderstanding but infantilism involves role-playing exclusively with other adults; infantilism is not related to pedophilia, or any form of child sexual abuse. Sexologist Gloria Brame states that "...infantilists who recognize and accept their sexuality - and its possible roots in infantile trauma - tend to be acutely protective of real children."


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: John Money used the term "nepiophilia" to describe attraction to diaper-wearing babies. He described infantilism as "autonepiophilia," in which the individual desires to be and to impersonate a baby and does not desire an infant as a sexual partner.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: In 1993, sexologists Ray Blanchard and Kurt Freund published and discussed a series of case studies involving infantilists and noted a distinction between them and pedophiles. While pedophiles were attracted to children (and objects related to childhood) due to the desire for a child sexual partner, infantilists imagined themselves as children and adopted the objects of childhood or infancy to increase the power difference between themselves and their preferred sexual partners of adult women, with whom they acted out masochistic fantasies.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: In the limited number of extant medical case reports some clinicians have attempted to explain the behaviors associated with infantilism in terms of obsessive compulsive disorder, as "a concurrent cluster of symptoms found in a variety of psychiatric disorders." Psychiatrist Jay Feierman considers infantilism a form of chronophilia in which the infantilist desires a sexual partner of the same biological age, but their own "sexuoerotic age" does not match his or her own biological age (i.e. the adult infantilist wishes an adult sexual partner who treats them as a baby). A 2011 letter to the editor in the "Archives of Sexual Behavior" reviewed several case studies and noted a common history of sexual abuse.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Individuals with diaper fetishism typically do not imagine themselves as babies. Rather, they more often see themselves as adults who are drawn to wearing diapers.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: John Money distinguishes between infantilism or autonepiophilia and paraphilic diaper-wearing, stating that the latter is a paraphilic fetish that manifests as an erotic attraction to an article of clothing while the former is a non-fetishistic paraphilia directed at a change of status in terms of age identity.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Infantilists, usually male, may also engage in cross-dressing and wear clothes stereotypically associated with young girls. This type of behavior is referred to as being a "sissy baby". Masochistic infantilists may wish to be forcibly cross-dressed.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: To date no broad-based scientific studies have been made on the cause, incidence and general impact of paraphilic infantilism on society at large. This may be due to both the relative rarity of the condition and because few paraphilic infantilists appear to seek professional mental health counseling, and that even fewer appear to require any type of pro-active mental health intervention. A 2002 case report by psychiatrists Jennifer Pate and Glen Goddard found little research on the topic, and they suggested the "DSM" lacked a category that captured their patient's disorder. Research on the etiology of paraphilias in general is minimal and as of 2008 had essentially come to a standstill; it is not clear whether the development of infantilism shares a common cause with other paraphilias. Criminologists Stephen and Ronald Holmes believe that while there is no simple answer to the origins of infantilism, the practices may involve an element of stress reduction similar to that of transvestism.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: "a developmental representation or template in the mind and in the brain depicting the idealized lover and the idealized program of sexual and erotic activity projected in imagery or actually engaged in".


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: Money thought that the lovemap was normally fully developed by the age of 8, serving as a kind of sexual template through to the end of one's adult life. Money believed all paraphilias were caused by the formation of abnormal lovemaps during the preadolescent years and that such abnormal lovemaps can be formed by any number of contributing factors or stressors during this developmental period. Money also coined the term "autonepiophilia" meaning a "diaperism" or diaper fetishism in 1984 to describe the condition. "Nepon" is Greek for infant.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: It has been hypothesized that, among other possible causes, sexual templates are established by a process akin to imprinting where lack of availability of female genitals during a critical period of development causes the imprinting mechanism to instead associate with the nearest visual or olfactory approximation. In the case of infantilism, the discipline of the mother or wearing diapers may create associations between pain, humiliation and sexuality.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: An additional theory is that infantilism is an erotic identity disorder where the erotic fantasy is centered on the self rather than on a sexual partner and results from an erotic targeting location error where the erotic target was children yet becomes inverted. According to this model, proposed by Ray Blanchard and Kurt Freund in 1993, infantilism is a sexual attraction to the idea of the self being a child.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: The first public event for adult babies was "Baby Week", occurring in San Francisco in the early 1990s. Subsequently the internet became a major forum, with numerous websites offering books, magazines, audio and video tapes and related paraphernalia, as well as a 24-hour hotline. Paraphilic infantilism has appeared as an alternative lifestyle in numerous Western countries including the United States, England, Germany and Australia.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: The organization "Diaper Pail Friends" was established in San Francisco, growing to approximately 3,000 members in 1995 through magazine articles, books, talk shows and the Internet. The organization was studied in 1995 by a group of sexologists, though the results were not published. In 2001, the New York organization "Still in Diapers" was founded for diaper fetishists. In 2008, the Diaper Pail Friends had expanded to a national organization and claimed a membership of 15,000.


title: Paraphilic infantilism

text: In 2016, Tykables opened the first wholly dedicated paraphilic infantilism physical retail store in Mount Prospect, Illinois, with controversy from the local community. The store owner believes it helps to break the stigma about the community.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Quadrophenia is a 1979 British drama film, loosely based on The Who's 1973 rock opera of the same name. It was directed by Franc Roddam in his feature directing début. Unlike the adaptation of "Tommy", "Quadrophenia" is not a musical film, and the band does not appear live in the film.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: The film is set in London in 1964, a time when the working class youth broadly aligned themselves with one of two factions, who frequently fought each other. The Mods wore sharp suits, listened to current pop and soul music, took amphetamines, and rode scooters. Rockers rode powerful British motorcycles such as Triumph and BSA, wore black leather jackets and listened to 1950s rock'n'roll.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: The film stars Phil Daniels as Jimmy, a young mod who escapes from his dead-end job as a mailroom boy by dancing, partying, taking amphetamines, riding his scooter and brawling with Rockers. After he and his friends participate in a huge brawl with the Rockers at the seaside town of Brighton, he is arrested and his life starts to spiral out of control; he loses his love interest (Leslie Ash), gets kicked out of his house by his parents, and discovers that his idol, the popular mod nicknamed "Ace Face" (Sting), is actually a bellboy at a hotel.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: In 1964, young London Mod Jimmy Cooper (Phil Daniels), disillusioned with his parents and a dull job as a post room boy in an advertising firm, vents his teenage angst by taking amphetamines, partying, riding scooters and brawling with Rockers, accompanied by his Mod friends Dave (Mark Wingett), Chalky (Philip Davis) and Spider (Gary Shail).


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: An attack by hostile Rockers on Spider leads to a retaliatory attack on Jimmy's childhood friend Kevin (Ray Winstone), one of the rival Rockers. Jimmy initially participates, but upon realising the victim is Kevin, he berates the other attackers but does not stop them, instead riding away on his scooter revving his engine loudly in frustration.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: A planned bank holiday weekend away provides the excuse for the rivalry between Mods and Rockers to escalate, as both groups descend upon the seaside town of Brighton. Jimmy plans to be noticed as a 'face', and hints to Steph (Leslie Ash) – a girl on whom he has a crush – that he would like her to ride with him, but she confirms plans to ride instead with Pete (Garry Cooper), an older, well-heeled Mod.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: To prepare for the weekend, the pals try to buy some recreational drugs from London gangster Harry North (John Bindon), but are cheated with fake pills. After vandalising the drug-seller's car in retaliation, they desperately rob a pharmacy, finding a large quantity of their favourite "blues".


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: After an early morning group ride from London to the south coast, the friends gather on the seafront, where Jimmy first sees a flamboyant scooter-riding Mod he describes as "Ace Face" (Sting). Later in a dance hall, Jimmy suggests that he will help Steph, whose escort is now chatting to an attractive American girl, to dance with Ace Face, but on the dance floor ushers her away to dance with himself. Steph leaves Jimmy to dance with Ace Face, whereupon Jimmy plots to gain attention by climbing up on to the balcony-edge and dancing with much applause, annoying Ace Face. After diving into the audience, Jimmy is ejected by bouncers. Steph's escort leaves with the American girl, and once again Jimmy tries to get with Steph, this time for the night, but she has arranged accommodation with a female friend.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: The lads spend the night sleeping rough, meet up at a cafe on the following morning, then proceed along the promenade, where a series of running battles ensue. As the police corner the rioters, Jimmy escapes down an alleyway with Steph, and they have sex. When the pair emerge, they find themselves amidst the melee just as police are detaining rioters. Jimmy is arrested and detained with the volatile Ace Face. When fined a hefty £75, , Ace Face mocks the magistrate (John Phillips) by offering to pay on the spot with a cheque, amusing the fellow Mods.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Back in London, Jimmy becomes severely depressed. His mother throws him out after finding his stash of amphetamine pills. He then quits his job, spends his severance package on more pills, and learns that Steph is now his friend Dave's girlfriend. After briefly fighting with Dave, the following morning his rejection is confirmed by Steph, and his beloved Lambretta scooter is accidentally damaged in a crash involving a Royal Mail parcel van. Jimmy takes a train back to Brighton, taking increasing levels of pills and becoming more emotionally unstable.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Attempting to relive the recent excitement, he revisits the scenes of the riots and his encounter with Steph. Then, Jimmy horrifyingly discovers that his idol, Ace Face, has a menial job as a bellboy at the Grand Brighton Hotel. Jimmy steals Ace's Vespa scooter and heads out to Beachy Head, riding close to the cliff-edge. Finally, the scooter is seen crashing over the cliff-top, which is where the film begins with Jimmy walking back against a sunset backdrop.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: John Lydon (Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols) screen-tested for the role of Jimmy. The distributors of the film refused to insure him for the part and he was replaced by Phil Daniels.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Most of the cast were reunited after 28 years at Earls Court on 1 and 2 September 2007 as part of The Quadrophenia Reunion at the London Film & Comic Con run by Quadcon.co.uk. Subsequently, the cast agreed to be part of a Quadrophenia Convention at Brighton in 2009.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: "Quadrophenia" is the soundtrack album to the 1979 film of the same name, which refers to the 1973 rock opera "Quadrophenia". It was initially released on Polydor Records in 1979 as a cassette and LP and was re-released as a compact disc in 1993 and 2001. The album was dedicated to Peter Meaden, a prominent Mod and first manager of The Who, who had died a year before the album's release.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: The album contains ten of the seventeen tracks from the original rock opera "Quadrophenia" (as not all of the tracks were used in the film). These are different mixes from those that appear on the 1973 album as they were remixed in 1979 by John Entwistle. The most notable difference is the track "The Real Me" (used for the title sequence of the film) which features a different bass track, more prominent vocals and a more definite ending. Most of the tracks are also edited to be slightly shorter. The soundtrack also includes three tracks by The Who that did not appear on the 1973 album.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Several references to The Who appear throughout the film as "Easter eggs", including an anachronistic inclusion of a repackaged Who album that was not available at the time, a clip of the band performing "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" on the TV series "Ready Steady Go!", pictures of the band and a "Maximum R&B" poster in Jimmy's bedroom, and the inclusion of "My Generation" during a party gatecrashing scene. The film was almost cancelled when Keith Moon, the drummer for The Who, died, but in the words of Roddam, the producers, Roy Baird and Bill Curbishley, "held it together" and the film was made.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Only one scene in the film was shot in the studio; all others were on location. Beachy Head, where Jimmy considers suicide at the end of the film, was the location of a real-life suicide that supposedly influenced the film's ending.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: The stunt coordinators underestimated the distance that the scooter would fly through the air after being driven off Beachy Head. Franc Roddam, who shot the scene from a helicopter, was almost hit.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Jeff Dexter, a club dancer and disc jockey fixture in the Sixties London music scene was the DJ in the club scenes, and was the uncredited choreographer of 500 extras for the ballroom and club scenes. He also choreographed Sting's feet in his dance close-ups. Dexter managed America whose first major gig at "Implosion" at The Roundhouse, Chalk Farm, was the opening act to The Who on 20 December 1970.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Black actor Trevor Laird (Ferdy) was scripted to appear in a party scene kissing and having sex with a white girl, but was excluded from the scene by associate producer John Peverall due to concerns that it could cause problems with distributors in South Africa and the southern United States. Toyah Wilcox has said that cast members discussed going on strike over the incident.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: The film had its premiere at the Plaza cinema in London on 16 August 1979. It opened to the public the following day and grossed £36,472 in its opening week from four cinemas in London, placing second behind "Moonraker" at the London box office.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Janet Maslin, reviewing the film for "The New York Times" in 1979, called it "...gritty and ragged and sometimes quite beautiful", creating a "...slice-of-life movie that feels tremendously authentic in its sentiments as well as its details." Maslin states that the director's scenes of youth battles "...capture a fierce, dizzying excitement that epitomizes a kind of youthful extreme." Reviewer Brian Gibson from "Vue Weekly" (Edmonton, Canada) stated that "Roddam's look back at an angsty young man in '65 is a throwback to the kitchen-sink dramas that began plumbing the depths of working class lives then. Reeking with a restless teen spirit, "Quadrophenia" leads us down adolescence's blind alleys of rebellion." Critic Matt Brunson


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: from "Creative Loafing" stated that the film "[m]anages to be both quintessentially British and irrefutably universal", giving it a 3.5/4 score. Reviewer Eric Melin from Scene-Stealers.com states that the film has a "...gritty, realistic feel and the themes of youthful rebellion and confusion are absolutely timeless, magnified by the specificity of the setting rather than being limited by it"; he also gave the movie a 3.5/4 score. Reviewer Christopher Long from "Movie Metropolis" commented that "[w]hen you're an angry young man [like the main character], there's no better way to prove you're an individual than to dress and act exactly like everybody else"; Long gave the film a 6/10 score.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Dennis Schwartz from "Ozus' World Movie Reviews" stated that the "...film lives through the superb raw angst-ridden performance of [lead] Phil Daniels"; Schwartz gave the movie a B+. Critic Cole Smithey from ColeSmithey.com called the film a "...glorious representational story of male teen angst that transcends its British locations and great music with a sense of the confused romantic notions that young men the world over carry with them"; Smithey gave the film an A+. Reviewer Ken Hanke from the "Mountain Xpress" (Asheville, NC) called it a "[d]isappointing film version of a great concept album"; he gave the film a 3/5 score. Film critic Jeffrey M. Anderson from "Combustible Celluloid" states that where the film "...succeeds[, it does so] through its devil-may-care attitude and energy"; on the other hand, Anderson states that the film "...feels like a low-budget homemade movie from the period."


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: Universal Pictures Home Entertainment first released the film on DVD in 1999 with an 8-minute montage featurette. It used the VHS print, resulting in a much lower-quality video than expected. Following this in the US was a special edition by Rhino, which included a remastered letterboxed wide screen transfer, a commentary, several interviews, galleries, and a quiz. However, it was a shorter cut of the film, with several minutes of footage missing.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: On 7 August 2006, Universal improved upon their original DVD with a Region 2 two-disc special edition. The film was digitally remastered and included a new commentary by Franc Roddam, Phil Daniels and Leslie Ash. Disc 2 features an hour-long documentary and a featurette with Roddam discussing the locations. Unlike their previous DVD, it was the complete, longer version, and it was matted to the correct aspect ratio.


title: Quadrophenia (film)

text: The Criterion Collection released a special edition version of this movie on 28 August 2012, on both DVD and Blu-ray formats.


title: Claire Redfield

text: In later games, such as "" (2000), "" (2001), "" (2009), "" (2011) and "" (2012), her features were based on Canadian actress Alyson Court.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire is the protagonist of several "Resident Evil" games and novelizations. She also appears in the CG animated film "" (2008), and in the animated miniseries "" (2021). In the live-action films, Claire has been portrayed by actress Ali Larter and Kaya Scodelario.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire has received mostly positive reviews from video game publications. Most of the critics listed Claire among the most popular and attractive video game characters.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire Redfield was originally known as 'Elza Walker', the female lead in the original version of "Resident Evil 2" (in 1997, after a year of work, this version of the game was scrapped by the development team and is now widely referred to as ""Resident Evil 1.5""). In the released version of the game, rewritten by Noboru Sugimura, Elza Walker, a blond college student and motorcycle racer, was changed into Chris Redfield's sister named Claire. Her appearance and background remained mostly unchanged, but she was given an explanation for her skills with firearms and other weapons and her reason for coming to Raccoon City was to search for Chris, as opposed to trying to recruit fans at Raccoon City university to form a racing team back in her hometown. She was given physical features which more closely resemble her brother, her signature jacket with "Made in Heaven" printed on the back, and a sheath for a standard-issue S.T.A.R.S. knife from Chris. These changes that occurred were done to connect "Resident Evil 2" to the original game. While Hideki Kamiya created Claire alongside Leon, he was aided by novelist Sugimura in order to make the writing more appealing. Sugimura often revised the "Resident Evil 2" scenario such as the multiple interactions the two player characters have and what weapon should each acquire.


title: Claire Redfield

text: "" producer Shinji Mikami said "Claire became a lot tougher than I Imagined. I thought she should look the same, but the game director made her that way because she had such an experience in "Resident Evil 2", she could handle any situation now!" For "", the now hardened and aggressive Claire was redesigned to be a contrasting character to the young, immature and easily scared Moira Burton, who was defined as a purely supporting character, and they both serve different roles in the story and have different functions. The game's producer Michiteru Okabe said: "Really, only after did we look back and say, 'Oh, I guess they are both girls.' Which is good, because it means we're treating them as whole characters and not just as their gender. What we settled on is the idea that you have different roles -- it isn't two against the world, it's one against the world with a helper." Okabe also cited Claire's "great popularity with fans" and the game's writer Dai Satō being "a big fan of her personally" as factors that led to Claire's return.


title: Claire Redfield

text: During the development of "", producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi stated that Leon and Claire returned as protagonists due to their relationship and role in "Resident Evil 2". For the remake of the original "Resident Evil 2", the "modernized" Claire has been redesigned and modeled after Canadian model Jordan McEwen. Her hair style is different and her hair is no longer brownish red; instead, she is a brunette. Her wardrobe was also redesigned, with her original hotpants and bike shorts replaced by jeans and the jacket now being long-sleeved. Although "" takes place after "Resident Evil 6", Eiichiro Sasaki made the mini-series "" to be set before the game events in order to have more freedom with the younger incarnations of Claire and Leon. He also noted that they were too popular and thus they wanted to be careful wiith their characterizations.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire Redfield first appears in "Resident Evil 2" (1998), which revolves around her search for her missing brother Chris, an officer in the local police special force S.T.A.R.S.. Claire arrives in the Midwestern United States town of Raccoon City to find it overrun by zombies. She soon meets up with a rookie cop Leon S. Kennedy, but along the way she is separated from him. The rest of the game focuses on Claire's struggle to escape from the city alive. She maintains radio contact with Leon and teams up with a young girl named Sherry, while fighting against the various undead creatures infesting the Raccoon Police Department building, including the mutated scientist William Birkin. Claire eventually escapes from the city through the Umbrella Corporation's underground research complex along with Leon and Sherry, after the three of them manage to destroy Birkin. In the game's epilogue, Claire leaves to continue her search for Chris, while Leon and Sherry are rescued by the U.S. military.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire, still searching for her brother, is playable for the bulk of "Resident Evil - Code: Veronica" (2000), set three months after the events of "Resident Evil 2". After an unsuccessful infiltration of Umbrella's medical branch in Paris, Claire finds herself imprisoned on Umbrella-owned Rockfort Island. She escapes following another viral outbreak caused by a rival corporation of Umbrella's and teams up with fellow ex-prisoner Steve Burnside. Claire manages to discover the whereabouts of her brother and send a message to Leon. Claire, Steve and the arriving Chris escape from the island, only to find themselves in another of Umbrella's secret labs, this time in Antarctica, before they are taken captive by the antagonist Alexia Ashford. The second half of the game follows Chris trying to save his captured sister from Umbrella. Chris finds his way into the Antarctic lab and rescues her before their final battle with Alexia, which costs Steve's life, and the siblings escape from the facility via the transport airplane he used to get there. During the game's ending they vow to put an end to the Umbrella Corporation. In the PlayStation 2 version, "Veronica X", Claire also has a brief encounter with the series' main villain Albert Wesker that would have resulted in her death had Wesker not been called away by his associates.


title: Claire Redfield

text: In "" (2001), the entire plot of which is actually just her nightmare dream after the escape from Antarctica in the original "Code: Veronica;" and in "Resident Evil: Uprising", a mobile game version of "Resident Evil 2". Claire is playable in "" (2009), which retells the events of "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil - Code: Veronica".


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire returned as a protagonist in the episodical game "Resident Evil: Revelations 2" (2015), set between the events of "Resident Evil 5" and "Resident Evil 6". Claire is now a member of TerraSave, a non-profit humanitarian aid and protest activism organization. The game follows her and Barry Burton's daughter Moira as they get kidnapped and find themselves trapped in a mysterious abandoned prison island. There they fight Alex Wesker and the "Afflicted" creatures. In the end both of them survive the events along with Barry, who arrived to look for them, and a little girl named Natalia Korda. She also returned as a playable character in "Resident Evil 2" (2019), a remake of the 1998 game.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire also appears in several non-canonical games in the series. She is a further playable in the non-canonical spin-off games "" (2011), and in "" (2012) where she is also one of the game's bosses in the game's main mode. In addition, Claire is one of two playable characters in "Resident Evil: Zombie Busters", which started as a browser game in the Capcom Party line and in 2011 was converted for mobile phones. Claire, along with Leon's costume, appears in "" (2020).


title: Claire Redfield

text: Paul W. S. Anderson, who wrote the screenplays for the six films in the original "Resident Evil" film series (2002–2016), did not include the character of Claire Redfield in the first two films. He did not include her in the early drafts of the third film, "" (2007), as the character of Jill Valentine was supposed to re-appear from her debut in the second film, "" (2004). Later, Anderson and producer Jeremy Bolt decided to have a different game character, Claire, appear alongside series lead protagonist Alice: "We thought, rather than bring Jill back, put her with another game heroine." Actress Ali Larter portrays Claire in "Resident Evil: Extinction" (2007). In the film, Claire is the leader of a convoy of zombie apocalypse survivors who, at the end of the film, go to Alaska in search of a safe haven.


title: Claire Redfield

text: The "Extinction" version of Claire has no connection to the video game character and her look was redesigned. When Larter reprised the role in the fourth installment, "" (2010), she was dressed in an outfit more resembling Claire's costumes in the games and she is red-haired. In "Afterlife", Claire is ambushed by the Umbrella Corporation and manipulated by a device that controls her and impairs her memory, before she is rescued by Program Alice and reunited with her brother Chris.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire did not appear in the fifth film, "" (2012), where she is presumed dead. Larter returned to the role a third time, in the sixth and final film of the original film series, "" (2016). Claire teams up with Alice and the Red Queen to save the remnants of humanity. Her design in this film was inspired by that from the game installment "Revelations 2".


title: Claire Redfield

text: The video game series' Claire plays a major role in the computer-animated film "Resident Evil: Degeneration" (2008), reuniting her with Leon S. Kennedy. The film is set seven years after the events of the game "Resident Evil 2" and Claire has become a prominent TerraSave member. Claire has also appeared in the Netflix series "Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness" (2021), alongside Leon.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire, played by Kaya Scodelario, is a lead protagonist in the reboot film "" (2021), which does not include the Alice character of the original film series.


title: Claire Redfield

text: A romantic comedy retelling of the story of "Resident Evil 2", centered on Claire, Leon and Ada, was released by Chingwin Publishing in the two-issue Taiwanese comic "Èlíng Gǔbǎo II" in 1999. Claire is also prominently featured in S.D. Perry's 1999 novels "" (a novelization of "Resident Evil 2") and "Resident Evil Code Veronica" (a novelization of the game of the same title and the last book in the series), as well as in the 1998–1999 manhua "Shēnghuà Wēijī 2" ("Biological Crisis 2"), and in the comic book adaptation series "Resident Evil" by Capcom (1998) and "Resident Evil: Code Veronica" by WildStorm (2002). In S. D. Perry's 1999 original-story novel "Resident Evil: Underworld" and "Resident Evil: Code Veronica". She is also one of main characters in Naoki Serizawa's manga "Biohazard: heavenly island", serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Champion" magazine in 2015, in which she is a TerraSave investigator on an isolated South American island. She also appeared in George A. Romero's Japanese TV commercial for "Resident Evil 2" In 2000, a 1,800-unit special "Claire Redfield red" limited edition series of the Dreamcast game console was released in Japan. Merchandise featuring Claire include action figures, jacket, and figurines.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Outside the "Resident Evil" franchise, Claire appears as an unlockable bonus character in sports game "Trick'N Snowboarder" (1999), and in 2013 she has been added to the browser-based social game "Onimusha Soul", for which she was redesigned to fit the feudal Japan theme. One of costumes for the character Crimson Viper in the fighting game "Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3" was inspired by Claire's iconic look in "Resident Evil 2". Her costume also appears in "Dead by Daylight" as a legendary skin for Jill Valentine.


title: Claire Redfield

text: The character of Claire Redfield was very well received by critics and general public alike for her good looks and survival prowess. Readers of German magazine "Mega Fun" voted her as #2 "Video-Babe" of 1998. She was one of the seven nominees for the "Nintendo Power Awards" 1999 in the category "Best New Hero" for "Resident Evil 2" (the Nintendo 64 version), placing third by popular vote, and the staff of "Eurogamer" nominated her for the Gaming Globes 2000 awards in the category "Female Lead Character". Claire was chosen as one of the 20 "muses" of video games by Brazilian magazine "SuperGamePower" in 2001. Rob Wright of "Tom's Games" listed Claire among the 50 greatest female characters in video game history in 2007 Her guest appearance in "Trick'N Snowboarder" placed fifth in "GamesRadar"s 2010 list of best character cameos and in 2015 "Entertainment Monthly" placed Claire Redfield and Steve Burnside among the top ten tragic relationships in video games. In 2017, "Inverse"s Jessica Famularo ranked her as the third best character in the series: "She's feminine and stronger for it — Claire is definitely an example of the sort of female protagonist games need." Retrospectively, "Famitsu" included her among the best Japanese video game characters of the 1990s.


title: Claire Redfield

text: Several publications included Claire among the most attractive video game characters. "Dreamcast Magazine" ranked this "gun-toting, zombie killing, foxy babe" as the fifth top "girl on the Dreamcast" in 2000, while "Dreamcast Das Offizielle Magazin" opined she is more beautiful than Lara Croft. Omar Ali of "Gaming Target" included Claire Redfield and Jill Valentine together in his 2001 list of "all time favorite leading ladies in video games" noting them for being "two girls who made the dead rise up with their looks." In 2008, she was included in "GameDaily"s list of top "hottest game babes" (ranked 42nd) and in "UGO"s list of top "videogame hotties" (ranked 46th). In 2011, Peter Rubin of "Complex" ranked the live-action version of Claire as 15th on the list of "hottest women in video game movies" and rated Ali Larter's likeness to the character at 56%. That same year, Rich Knight of "Complex" pitted the video game version of Claire against Jill Valentine in the feature "Battle of the Beauties", category "zombie killer", but chose Jill over her. Lisa Foiles of "The Escapist" ranked Claire as the third "cutest redhead" in video games


title: Claire Redfield

text: "GameDaily" featured her among the "chicks who will kick your ass" listed alongside Ada Wong, Jill and Sheva Alomar, and Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" chose her as one of the characters to recruit for an ultimate counter-zombie strike force. The book "Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design" called Claire a "perfect example" of the theme "opposites attracts", as she and her fellow Raccoon City survivor Sherry (a little girl dressed in a Japanese school uniform in "RE2") "couldn't be more different." Featuring her in their 2009 list of top nine greatest video game heroines of all time, Peter Hartlaub of the "San Francisco Chronicle" chose Claire as an example of a positive female game character that "Brandi Chastain would be proud of." In 2015, "The Guardian"'s Holly Nielsen listed Claire among the attractive female characters who in her opinion "were intelligently written and who were not overtly sexy" and Gita Jackson of "Paste" wrote an article about Claire Redfield's wardrobe, which "shows us that femininity, emotionality and practicality aren't exclusive from each other." "Official PlayStation Magazine (UK)" retrospective on "RE2" opined Claire and Leon both "demonstrat[ed] the absolute apex of apocalyptic fashion."


title: Claire Redfield

text: "IGN" included Claire among the characters they would like to see returning for "Resident Evil 6", with Schedeen calling Claire "leagues above that walking bag of useless called Sheva." "PSU" too chose Claire (in her original outfit from "Resident Evil 2") as one of the five characters they wanted to appear in "Resident Evil 6"s Mercenaries mode as she "is long overdue a canonical appearance in the series." In 2012, "RE6" producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi wrote they have "heard a lot of love for Jill and Claire recently and people asking if they'll be in the next "Resident Evil"." Including Claire among the 30 best characters in the three decades of Capcom's history, "GamesRadar" staff commented in 2013: "Sadly she's fallen into the background of the series, which makes sense she avoided work as a government zombie hunter, but we hope Capcom has plans for her in the future. Here's a suggestion: a co-op focused "RE" that teams Claire up with the almost as underused Jill. It's your move Capcom." Reacting to Claire's return in "Revelations 2" "IGN"s Mitch Dyer wrote: "The "Resident Evil" series places women in prominent, powerful, playable roles. Jill Valentine, Rebecca Chambers, Sheva Alomar, and Ada Wong, to name a few. Still, they're often opposite a male lead. This is the first time a "Resident Evil" game has revolved around the story of two women. It's fun to get to play as Claire again." According to a "Computer and Video Games" preview of "Revelations 2", "she's older, calmer and more capable, but she still retains everything that made her compelling in the first place. Where Rachael from the first "" was part centrefold, part melted-ice cream, Claire feels distinct from many women in the "Resi" universe in that there's more to her than lady-lumps and lycra. She's the perfect choice for the game's brand of isolated horror." In January 2019, Brittany Vincent of "SyFy" claimed that Claire is "another good-looking video game heroine." She also described that "Claire is a strong-willed young woman who's tough as nails and ready to take on any challenge." In 2021, Alice Bell of "Rock Paper Shotgun" complimented Claire and said that she "has lovely hair" in "Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City".


title: Claire Redfield

text: Claire also received some negative reactions from reviewers. In "Tropes vs. Women in Video Games", feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian criticized Claire's alternate costumes as too revealing, particularly the motorsport umbrella costume. Meanwhile, Ravi Sinha of "GamingBolt" considered the character's design at the remake of "Resident Evil 2" among the worst in video games, noting that the developers should have kept her original design. One of the essays in Nadine Farghaly's "Unraveling Resident Evil" also criticized and compared Claire to a "typical trope" of "a virgin or tomboy".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Jeremy Dickson Paxman (born 11 May 1950) is an English broadcaster, journalist, author, and television presenter. Born in Leeds, Paxman was educated at Malvern College and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he edited the undergraduate newspaper "Varsity". At Cambridge, he was a member of a Labour Party club and described himself as a socialist, although in later life described himself as a one-nation conservative. He joined the BBC in 1972, initially at BBC Radio Brighton, although he relocated to London in 1977. In coming years, he worked on "Tonight" and "Panorama" before becoming a newsreader for the "BBC Six O'Clock News" and later a presenter on "Breakfast Time".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In 1989, he became a presenter for the BBC Two programme "Newsnight", during which he interviewed a wide range of political figures. Paxman became known for his forthright and abrasive interviewing style, particularly when interrogating politicians. These appearances were sometimes criticised as aggressive, intimidating and condescending, yet also applauded as tough and incisive. In 2014, Paxman left "Newsnight" after 25 years as its presenter. Since then, he has done occasional work for "Channel 4 News". Since its revival in 1994, he has been the presenter of "University Challenge" but in 2022 he announced he was standing down owing to Parkinson's disease.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, the son of steel company employee and former Royal Navy lieutenant and typewriter salesman (Arthur) Keith Paxman, who left the family and settled in Australia, and Joan McKay ("née" Dickson; 1920–2009). Keith Paxman's father was a worsted spinner, who became sufficiently prosperous as a travelling sales representative to send his son to public school in Bradford. The Dickson family were wealthier, with Keith's father-in-law, a self-made success, paying the Paxman children's school fees.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman is the eldest of four children: one of his brothers, Giles, was the British Ambassador to Spain (having previously been ambassador to Mexico), and the other, James, is the chief executive of the Dartmoor Preservation Association. His sister, Jenny, is a producer at BBC Radio.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman was brought up in Hampshire, Bromsgrove, and Peopleton near Pershore in Worcestershire. He went to Malvern College in 1964, and later read English at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he edited the university student newspaper "Varsity". While at Cambridge, Paxman was briefly a member of the Labour Club. He has since been made an Honorary Fellow of the College.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In January 2006, Paxman was the subject of an episode of the BBC genealogy series "Who Do You Think You Are?". The documentary concluded that he was descended from Roger Packsman, a 14th-century politician from Suffolk who had changed his name to Paxman to impress the electorate ("pax" being Latin for 'peace'). Paxman's maternal grandmother was born in Glasgow, Scotland. The programme generated much publicity before its transmission by displaying him with tears in his eyes on camera when informed that his impoverished great-grandmother Mary McKay's poor relief had been revoked because she had a child out of wedlock.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman joined the BBC's graduate trainee programme in 1972. He started in local radio, at BBC Radio Brighton. He moved to Belfast, where he reported on the Troubles. He moved to London in 1977. Two years later he transferred from the "Tonight" programme to "Panorama". After five years reporting from places such as Beirut, Uganda and Central America, he read the "Six O'Clock News" for two years, before moving to BBC1's "Breakfast Time" programme.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: On 13 May 1997 he interviewed Michael Howard, who had been Home Secretary until 13 days earlier after he had held a meeting with Derek Lewis, head of Her Majesty's Prison Service, about the possible dismissal of the governor of Parkhurst Prison, John Marriott. Howard was asked by Paxman the same question "Did you threaten to overrule him [Lewis]?" a total of twelve times in succession (fourteen, if the first two inquiries worded somewhat differently and some time before the succession of twelve are included).


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: During a 20th anniversary edition of "Newsnight" in 2000, Paxman told Howard that he had simply been trying to prolong the interview because the next item in the running order was not ready.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In 1998, Denis Halliday, a United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator, resigned his post in Iraq, describing the effects of his own organisation's sanctions as genocide. Paxman asked Halliday in a "Newsnight" interview, "Aren't you just an apologist for Saddam Hussein?"


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In February 2003, Paxman was criticised by the Broadcasting Standards Commission over a "Newsnight" interview in which he questioned the then Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy about his drinking. The commission said that the questioning was "overly intrusive in nature and tone and had exceeded acceptable boundaries for broadcast".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In 2003, Prime Minister Tony Blair opted to make the case for the invasion of Iraq via questions from a TV studio audience, mediated by Paxman. The programme is chiefly remembered for the fact that Paxman asked Blair if he and U.S. President Bush prayed together. Blair replied, "No, Jeremy. We don't pray together." To which Paxman replied, "But why not?"


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: During the 2005 general election, some viewers complained to the BBC that Paxman's questioning of party leaders had been rude and aggressive. He was criticised for his 5 am interview with George Galloway after his election as the Respect MP for Bethnal Green and Bow by the just defeated Oona King. Paxman asked Galloway more than once whether he was proud of having got rid of "one of the very few black women in Parliament." Galloway cut the interview short. King later said she "did not wish to be defined, by either my ethnicity or religious background."


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: On 11 April 2012, Paxman interviewed Russell Brand about Brand's political views and the article he wrote for the "New Statesman". The interview went viral as Brand stated that it was "futile" to vote and that a "political revolution" was needed. After this interview, Paxman revealed that he previously did not vote either.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: On 26 June 2012, he interviewed the Economic Secretary to the Treasury Chloe Smith about Chancellor George Osborne's decision that day to delay plans to increase fuel duty. Paxman questioned the apparent change in her views on fuel duty. Senior politicians, including John Prescott, questioned Osborne's judgement for sending a junior minister onto the programme in place of himself.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: The BBC announced Paxman's departure from "Newsnight" at the end of April 2014. He had told Lord Hall of Birkenhead, the Director General of the BBC, and James Harding, BBC Head of News, that he wished to leave in July 2013, but agreed to stay on "Newsnight" for another year after the programme had been damaged by the Savile and Lord McAlpine scandals. In his statement Paxman commented: "After 25 years, I should rather like to go to bed at much the same time as most people."


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman's brusque manner is not restricted to political interviews. When around 2005 "Newsnight"s editor decided to broadcast brief weather forecasts instead of financial reports Paxman openly ridiculed the decision: "The forecast: it's April, what do you expect?" The financial reports were re-introduced after a few weeks.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman presented his last "Newsnight" on 18 June 2014 in an edition which included an interview with Lord Mandelson and one with London Mayor Boris Johnson, while they both rode a tandem bicycle, as well as a brief reappearance of Michael Howard who, following on from his 1997 interview, was simply asked: "Did you?". The closing theme was replaced with "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" by The New Seekers. The programme ended with a brief post-credits scene with Paxman standing in front of a weather map exclaiming "Tomorrow's weather: more of the same! I don't know why they make such a fuss about it" in reference to the 2005 weather forecasts.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman has presented the weekly TV programme review "Did You See...?", "You Decide" and, since 1994, "University Challenge", bringing him the distinction of "longest-serving current quizmaster on British TV." He presented a weekly compilation of highlights from the domestic edition of "Newsnight" from February 2008 until shortly after the 2008 U.S. election on BBC America and BBC World, when the American programme was cancelled. The programme is still aired on BBC World.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In April 2006, "The Sun" claimed that Paxman earned £800,000 for his "Newsnight" job and £240,000 for presenting "University Challenge", bringing his TV earnings to a yearly total of £1,040,000. This was one of a series of BBC salary leaks in the tabloid press that prompted an internal BBC investigation.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman appeared as himself in an episode of BBC comedy "The Thick of It" which aired in January 2007. He is seen grilling Junior Minister Ben Swain (played by Justin Edwards) in a disastrous "Newsnight" interview.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Beginning on 15 February 2009, his four-part documentary "The Victorians" was transmitted on BBC One. The series explores Victorian art and culture. From 27 February until 26 March 2012, BBC One broadcast Paxman's series "Empire", examining the history and legacy of the British Empire.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In 2014, Paxman presented "Britain's Great War", an accompaniment to his 2013 book "Great Britain's Great War".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: On 26 March 2015, Paxman co-presented, with Kay Burley, "David Cameron and Ed Miliband Live: The Battle for Number 10", in which he interviewed both British Prime Minister David Cameron and Opposition Leader Ed Miliband regarding their track record in politics and their plans if elected Prime Minister in the general election set for May of that year. He also hosted Channel 4's Alternative Election Night with David Mitchell. He then later co-presented a similar programme with Faisal Islam, interviewing Jeremy Corbyn and Theresa May before the 2017 United Kingdom general election on 29 May, "May v Corbyn Live: The Battle for Number 10".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In August 2022, it was announced that Paxman will be stepping down as host of the long-running student quiz show "University Challenge" after 29 years.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman's first book, "A Higher Form of Killing" (1982), written with then BBC colleague and friend Robert Harris, arose out of an edition of the "Panorama" programme they had made together on biological and chemical warfare. In a revised 2002 version they asserted that Iraq possessed chemical and biological weapons. In 1985, Paxman published "Through the Volcanoes: A Central American Journey", an eyewitness account of people, places and politics. "Friends in High Places: Who Runs Britain?" (1991) was the result of numerous detailed interviews with the powerful or highly influential, what used to be called The Establishment. 1999 saw the publication of his "The English: A Portrait of a People". "The Political Animal: An Anatomy" (2003), again based on extensive interviews, examines the motivations and methods of those who constitute the author's professional prey: Westminster politicians.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: The otherwise-republican Paxman's "On Royalty", which entailed the cooperation of Britain's Royal Family, became by the time it was published in 2006 a defence of the country's constitutional monarchy. His recent books have been big sellers. His book, "The Victorians: Britain through the Paintings of the Age", published in 2009, was accompanied by a BBC documentary series. In his introduction, Paxman acknowledged that the Irish writer Neil Hegarty had played a significant role in editing the book and bringing it to completion. Paxman stated that since all television is a "collaborative exercise", it was "rather silly for this book – which accompanies a television series – to appear with only one name on the cover." Paxman's most recent book is a study of the British Empire, "Empire: What Ruling the World Did to the British".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman kept a detached tone while writing his memoir, "A Life in Questions", which was published in October 2016.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: While John Birt was Director General of the BBC, the British press from time to time reported Paxman's criticism of his boss. Birt was suspected at first to be an outsider brought in by a hostile government to supervise the BBC's break-up and ultimate sell-off. Birt then publicly questioned the confrontational approach of certain TV and radio interviewers. This was seen at the time as coded criticism of Paxman himself and of his BBC colleague John Humphrys.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: On 24 August 2007, Paxman delivered the MacTaggart Memorial Lecture at the Edinburgh International Television Festival. In it he was critical of much of contemporary television in Britain. He expressed concern that as a consequence of recent production scandals the medium was "rapidly losing public trust". Speaking of prime minister Tony Blair's criticism of the mass media at the time he left office, Paxman asserted that, though often, press and broadcasting may be "oppositional" in relation to the government of the day, this "could only benefit democracy". "Those Reithian goals, to 'inform, educate and entertain,' still remained valid". Paxman took the opportunity to dismiss as "inaccurate" the attribution to him, which was in fact, Louis Heren, of the oft-quoted "Why is this lying bastard lying to me?" as the supposed dominant thought in his mind when interviewing senior politicians. He called on the television industry to "rediscover a sense of purpose".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In November 2012, Paxman publicly defended George Entwistle following his resignation as Director-General of the BBC in connection with a "Newsnight" report which falsely implicated Lord McAlpine in the North Wales child abuse scandal. Paxman claimed Entwistle had been "brought low by cowards and incompetents" and criticised appointments of "biddable people" to the BBC in the wake of the Hutton Inquiry, as well as cuts to BBC programme budgets and bloated BBC management.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In August 2013, Paxman appeared on "Newsnight" with a beard, causing a Twitter trend when he accused the BBC of having an aversion to beards.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In 1996 Paxman received BAFTA's Richard Dimbleby Award for "outstanding presenter in the factual arena." Two years later he won the Royal Television Society's Interviewer of the Year Award for his "Newsnight" interview (see above) with Michael Howard, as well as the Broadcasting Press Guild's award for best "non-acting" performer. He gained another Richard Dimbleby Award in 2000 and was nominated for the award in 2001 and 2002. In total, Paxman has won five Royal Television Society awards. He won the award for International Current Affairs in 1985, and TV journalism interviewer/presenter of the year four times (1997, 1998, 2001 and 2008).


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman was given an honorary doctorate by the University of Leeds in the summer of 1999 and in December that year received an honorary degree from the University of Bradford. In 2006 he received an honorary doctorate from the Open University. Among those at the ceremony were three members of the Open University's 1999 "University Challenge" team. Paxman is a Fellow by special election of St Edmund Hall, Oxford, and an Honorary Fellow of his "alma mater", St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. In July 2016, Paxman was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Exeter for achievements in the field of broadcasting and journalism.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman formerly lived with TV producer Elizabeth Clough in Stonor, southeast Oxfordshire. They have three children. The couple, who did not marry, amicably separated in 2016 after 35 years together. He prefers to keep his private life "out of the spotlight" and says he is not interested in the private lives of others. He has a flat in Kensington, London.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman supports Leeds United and he also enjoys fly fishing. He is vice-chairman of the Wild Trout Trust conservation charity. He is also a patron of the charity Sustrans and east London homeless charity Caritas Anchor House.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In his twenties, Paxman unsuccessfully applied for the vacant editorship of the Labour-supporting weekly, the "New Statesman"; he said that in his youth he considered himself a socialist. He had previously stood as a communist candidate in his school elections. More recently, he has been described as "the archetypal floating voter", and Jon Snow once said that Paxman's greatest strength was being "not very political". In 2014, Paxman described himself as a one-nation conservative. Elsewhere, Paxman has stated that he has no dominant political ideology:


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In June 2014, Paxman, speaking at the Chalke Valley History Festival about his new book, "Britain's Great War", complained that "Newsnight" was made by idealistic "13-year-olds" who foolishly thought they could "change the world". "Look, "Newsnight" is made by 13-year-olds. It's perfectly normal when you're young that you want to change the world," Paxman said. "The older you get, the more you realise what a fools' errand much of that is and that the thing to do is to manage the best you can to the advantage of as many people as possible." Speaking about his political views in general, he said he was "in favour of governments getting out of people's lives – particularly foreign government", saying Europe had been "nothing but trouble for us". He also joked that Belgium was a "pointless little country". "The closer you can take decision-making to the people affected by those decisions, the better."


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In 2019, in an interview with "60 Minutes" on Australia's Nine Network, Paxman said he voted remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (initially intending to vote leave), but believed the result had to be respected:


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman became a focus of media attention in October 2000 when a German Enigma machine, which had been stolen from Bletchley Park Museum, was inexplicably sent to him in the post. He returned it to the museum.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In an interview with Emily Dean on a Times Radio podcast, Paxman described his experience with depression. He said that he takes psychiatric medication and has undergone cognitive behavioural therapy. He stated that he regularly walks his dog, Derek, which "helps as he meets people", and that his dog "makes him laugh".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In September 2021, whilst promoting his book "Black Gold: The History of How Coal Made Britain", Paxman revealed his support for Scottish independence. Talking to "The Sunday Times", he said, "My view about the Union is that if there is to be a referendum then the English should be allowed a vote as well. We are supposedly a nation of equals, so we should be equally entitled to a vote. And although I am a quarter Scottish I would vote to separate, I think. Because I can't see what is gained by persistently giving the Jocks an excuse. We're always going to be friends."


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman revealed in May 2021 that he is receiving treatment for Parkinson's disease, describing his symptoms as "mild". Shan Nicholas of Parkinson's UK said, "Previously, Jeremy pledged to donate his brain to the Parkinson's UK Brain Bank which will, one day, help scientists uncover the discoveries that will lead to better treatments and a cure for Parkinson's."


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In October 2022 an ITV documentary, "Paxman: Putting Up With Parkinson's", revealed how the disease has impacted him – the programme showed him attending a ballet class, learning to play bowls, meeting experts and observing a brain dissection. He met Sharon Osbourne, the wife of fellow Parkinson's suffererer Ozzy Osbourne, to discuss the role of a partner or family carer; he agreed to her suggestion to one day try cannabidiol oil to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's. The programme revealed that Paxman recorded his very last episode of "University Challenge" on 15 October 2022.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman was publicly criticised over his and his former partner's home help arrangements. Having advertised on a Romanian website, they hired two people at below the minimum wage without a written contract. This was not illegal in the UK if employees live in, though Paxman was criticised when his employees went public, claiming to have been paid "the bare minimum".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman's controversial remarks about Scottish people provoked anger at parliamentary level. Twenty Scottish MPs signed a House of Commons motion in March 2005 condemning him for comparing supposed Scottish dominance at Westminster to British rule in India: a "Scottish Raj" was running the UK, said Paxman. The group of Scottish MPs described Paxman's views as "insulting, irresponsible, divisive and snobbish". The row came after a Cabinet minister had complained that Paxman had been offensive about his Glasgow accent. In an introduction to a new edition of "Chambers Dictionary" in August 2008, Paxman labelled the work of Scotland's national poet Robert Burns as "sentimental doggerel". Paxman himself is quarter-Scottish through his maternal grandmother, a fact which he stated has led to many of his comments being misunderstood as he regards the Scots "with affection".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman was criticised as "disrespectful" when commenting on the possible exit of Greece from the Eurozone on an edition of "Newsnight" on 31 May 2012. Paxman said that Greece, "like a bad kebab", faced the possibility of being "vomited out of the single currency". Greek minister Giorgos Papakonstantinou complained that the 'bad kebab' analogy was offensive.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In November 2013, while being interviewed by Graham Norton, Paxman called Prime Minister David Cameron an idiot and admitted that he had not voted in his last local election. Nick Clegg, the deputy prime minister, later criticised his "sneering" attitude to politics and accused Paxman of treating politicians as "rogues and charlatans". He said Paxman profited handsomely from politics through his television work but did not involve himself in the political process.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: John Pilger has flagged-up Paxman's membership of the British-American Project in the context of political biases of mainstream media.


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: Paxman was criticised for his presentation of the BBC documentary "Britain's Great War". While describing how British conscientious objectors were jailed and threatened with the death penalty because killing was against their beliefs, Paxman ventured his own opinion that it was the objectors themselves who were at fault, and that they were "extreme". The conscientious objectors, Paxman said, "have always struck me as cranks".


title: Jeremy Paxman

text: In 2017, Paxman's interviews of Jeremy Corbyn and Theresa May for the upcoming general election were described by journalist Michael Deacon as "embarrassing". Deacon opined that Paxman's pugilistic style of questioning had become tired, claiming that he had been "doing an impression of himself".


title: Kemetism

text: Kemetism (also Kemeticism; both from the Egyptian ', usually voweled Kemet, the native name of ancient Egypt), also sometimes referred to as Neterism (from ' (Coptic "noute") "deity"), or Egyptian Neopaganism, is a revival of ancient Egyptian religion and related expressions of religion in classical and late antiquity, emerging during the 1970s. A "Kemetic" is one who follows Kemetism.


title: Kemetism

text: There are several main groups, each of which takes a different approach to its beliefs, ranging from eclectic to reconstructionist; however, all of these can be identified as belonging to three strains, including: reconstructed Kemetism (adopting a philological and scholarly approach), a syncretic approach, and a more novel synthesis tending toward monotheism, Kemetic Orthodoxy.


title: Kemetism

text: The movement's name is based on an endonym of Egypt, "Kemet" (the conventional vocalization of hieroglyphic notation "km.t"). The word is also sometimes written as Takemet, from the fuller "tꜣ km.t." In translation from Egyptian it means "black" (or in longer form "black land"), which is derived from the black colour of the fertile mud brought by the Nile during the annual floods (currently no longer occurring due to the existence of the Aswan Dam).


title: Kemetism

text: Kemetists do not consider themselves direct descendants of the ancient Egyptian religion; they consistently speak of its re-creation or restoration. Some Kemetists or hermeticists claim direct continuity with secret societies allegedly continuously existing since the prohibition of Paganism by Roman emperor Theodosius I in 392 CE, or since the closing of the last functional Egyptian temple (of the goddess Isis on the island of Philae) by Emperor Justinian around 535. These claims are historically unprovable and are mythical in nature.


title: Kemetism

text: Kemetism is a minority religion in terms of the number of its followers and its influence: the numbers of members or adherents of each group are indeterminate.


title: Kemetism

text: Kemetism is, in terms of its subject matter, a modern reflection of Ancient Egyptian religion, which was a supporting element of the entire ancient Egyptian culture. Reflection on ancient Egypt, however, has a very long tradition. Its roots can be safely traced back to the Hellenistic period, since when it has continuously developed in many streams (see Hermeticism) until the present day. It cannot be overlooked that it did not escape early and medieval Christianity, whether it takes the form of radical rejection, extra-biblical legends of the stay of Jesus in Egypt, the recognition of the authority of Hermes Trismegistos by the Church Fathers and Medieval philosophers, or the adaptation of myths associated with the goddess Isis.


title: Kemetism

text: The common feature of all these reflections is the more or less accentuated belief, referred to by Erik Hornung as Egyptosophy, that "mysterious Egypt is the cradle of a special esotericism" by which the highest "transcendence of cognition beyond the conventional framework of conceptual-logical thinking" can be achieved, because "Egypt was a land where gods lived among men, i.e. A land in which people were in direct contact with (hidden) natural forces which we (people of the modern age) have made the subjects of fairy tales." Surprisingly, however, this approach is not only found in authors sympathetic to esoterism, but also in the historical sphere, where it can take the form of interpretation update: "it seems (in fact) that the wholism of the ancient Egyptians is closely related to the latest natural science, to the world of quarks and bosons... In doing so, we encounter similar structures that suggest fruitful comparisons between, for example, quantum mechanics and Egyptian belief in gods."


title: Kemetism

text: Kemetism therefore stands as the youngest alongside other (and different) reflections on the same object, from which it differs in its emphasis on the religious aspect of the ancient Egyptian tradition. The others are usually devoted to other parts of it, such as "Egyptian wisdom" or magic and interprets the culture and religion itself and its gods symbolically, unlike Kemetism, in consequently, they reflect rather an "imaginary Egypt", i.e. ""an idea" (of Egypt) independent of time, which is only loosely related to the historical reality." In contrast, the goal of Kemetist groups is a more or less rigorous restoration of the religious system in its historical form, although Kemetists generally admit that a completely accurate imitation of ancient practices is not always possible or even advisable.


title: Kemetism

text: The degree of knowledge and understanding of the original ancient Egyptian thought plays an important role here, while their difficulty is due to the very nature of the subject: ancient Egyptian religion underwent complex transformations during the Pharaonic period, within which there was always "a multitude of approaches" and has always had its "local dimension", in which one and the same god could have different forms of cult in individual nomes or even individual temples and be involved in different mythological contexts. In this respect, it is quite dissimilar to the common tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and it is questionable to what extent the difference of traditions can be bridged with regard to the fact that Kemeticism develops in the area of Euro-American civilization. Due to its long development, moreover, one cannot speak of a purely "original" form of Egyptian religion that can be easily pointed to and reconstructed (see Reconstructionism), but only of its forms in certain historical periods.


title: Kemetism

text: The above-mentioned interpretive tradition, beginning in the Hellenistic period, did not merely adopt Egyptian religious ideas, but also fundamentally transformed them. At the same time, these new concepts may be far from the original drafts. So in view of this, the question arises whether this "second life" of theirs and the changes brought about by it should also belong to what the Kemetists are recovering, or whether they should instead be excluded as "traditions of antiquity and not of Egypt"; the attitude towards this question is one of the fundamental differences between the various groups. An illustration of this problem is the question of whether the gods should be strictly worshipped by their Egyptian names or whether they can also be addressed by their Greek versions; its significance within Kemeticism stems from the ancient Egyptian idea of the importance of name to existence.


title: Kemetism

text: Jeremy Naydler generally distinguishes two modes of religious reflection on the ancient Egyptian tradition: It can be conceived as a "re-stitching" consisting in "attempts to "return to Egypt" in nostalgic pursuit of a renewed state of "consciousness of the people of those times", or as an effort to "enter into conversation with the Egyptian experience" of spiritual life, by which, he argues, one can get closer to the spiritual roots of the modern world. These two points of view are hard to distinguish from each other.


title: Kemetism

text: The conceptual content of the principle of "maat" implies the necessity of ritual worship of gods, possibly a universal divine force. The most common objects of veneration from the individual Old Egyptian gods today are mainly Amon, Isis and Osiris, Thoth, Sachmet, Bastet, Hathor, but of course one can also encounter others. In defining their nature, contemporary Kemetists are fairly consistent in adhering to the ancient tradition contained in the known mythology, modern mythological and theological works are as yet rare. In particular, there is hardly any theoretical and speculative theology in Kemetism, which is understandable on the one hand given the (more superficially seen) character of ancient Egyptian religious thought, on the other hand, thus Kemetism hardly formulates answers to problematic aspects of modern society.