title: Osage Nation

text: The Osage Tribal Council was created under the Osage Allotment Act of 1906. It consisted of a principal chief, an assistant principal chief, and eight members of the Osage tribal council. The mineral estate consists of more than natural gas and petroleum. Although these two resources have yielded the most profit, the Osage have also earned revenue from leases for the mining of lead, zinc, limestone, and coal deposits. Water may also be considered a profitable asset that is controlled by the Mineral Council.


title: Osage Nation

text: The first elections for this council were held in 1908 on the first Monday in June. Officers were elected for a term of two years, which made it difficult for them to accomplish long-term goals. If for some reason the principal chief's office becomes vacant, a replacement is elected by the remaining council members. Later in the 20th century, the tribe increased the terms of office of council members to four years. In 1994 by referendum, the tribe voted for a new constitution; among its provisions was the separation of the Mineral Council, or Mineral Estate, from regular tribal government. According to the constitution, only Osage members who are also headright holders can vote for the members of the Mineral Council. It is as if they were shareholders of a corporation.


title: Osage Nation

text: By a new constitution of 1994, the Osage voted that original allottees and their direct descendants, regardless of blood quantum, were citizen members of the Osage Nation. This constitution was overruled through court judgments. The Osage appealed to Congress for support to create their own government and membership rules. In 2004, President George W. Bush signed Public Law 108–431, "An Act to Reaffirm the Inherent Sovereign Rights of the Osage Tribe to Determine Its Membership and Form a Government." From 2004 to 2006, the Osage Government Reform Commission formed and worked to develop a new government. It explored "sharply differing visions arose of the new government's goals, the nation's own history, and what it means to be Osage. The primary debates were focused on biology, culture, natural resources, and sovereignty."


title: Osage Nation

text: The Reform Commission held weekly meetings to develop a referendum that Osage members could vote upon in order to develop and reshape the Osage Nation government and its policies. On March 11, 2006, the people ratified the constitution in a second referendum vote. Its major provision was to provide "one man, one vote" to each citizen of the nation. Previously, based on the allotment process, persons voted proportionally as shareholders. By a 2/3 majority vote, the Osage Nation adopted the new constitutional form of government. It also ratified the definition of membership in the nation.


title: Osage Nation

text: Today, the Osage Nation has 13,307 enrolled tribal members, with 6,747 living within the state of Oklahoma. Since 2006 it has defined membership based on a person's lineal descent from a member listed on the Osage rolls at the time of the Osage Allotment Act of 1906. A minimum blood quantum is not required. But, as the Bureau of Indian Affairs restricts federal education scholarships to persons who have 25% or more blood quantum in one tribe, the Osage Nation tries to support higher education for its students who do not meet that requirement.


title: Osage Nation

text: The tribal government is headquartered in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, and has jurisdiction in Osage County, Oklahoma. The current governing body of the Osage nation contains three separate branches; an executive, a judicial and a legislative. These three branches parallel the United States government in many ways. The tribe operates a monthly newspaper, "Osage News." The Osage Nation has an official website and uses a variety of communication media and technology.


title: Osage Nation

text: The judicial branch maintains courts to interpret the laws of the Osage Nation. It has the power to adjudicate civil and criminal matters, resolve disputes, and judicial review. The highest court is the Supreme Court. This Supreme Court has a Chief Justice, currently Meredith Drent, who replaced former Chief Justice Charles Lohah. There is also a lower Trial Court and more inferior courts as allowed by the tribal constitution.


title: Osage Nation

text: The executive branch is headed by a principal chief, followed by an assistant principal chief. The current principal chief is Geoffrey Standing Bear, and Raymond Red Corn is the assistant principal chief, who were both sworn in on July 2, 2014. Administrative offices also fall under this executive branch.


title: Osage Nation

text: The legislative branch consists of a Congress that works to create and maintain Osage laws. In addition to this role, their mission is to preserve the checks and balances within the Osage government, carry out oversight responsibilities, support trial revenues, and preserve and protect the nation's environment. This Congress is made up of twelve individuals who are elected by the Osage constituency and serve four-year terms. They hold two regular congressional sessions and are headquartered in Pawhuska.


title: Osage Nation

text: The Osage Nation issues its own tribal vehicle tags and operates its own housing authority. The tribe owns a truck stop, a gas station, and ten smoke shops.


title: Osage Nation

text: In the 21st century, it opened its first gaming casino and as of December 2013 has seven casinos. Casinos are located in Tulsa, Sand Springs, Bartlesville, Skiatook, Ponca City, Hominy and Pawhuska. The tribe's annual economic impact in 2010 was estimated to be $222 million. Osage Million Dollar Elm, the casino management company, is encouraging employees in education, paying for certificate classes related to their business, as well as for classes leading to bachelor's and master's business degrees.


title: Osage Nation

text: Located in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, the Osage Nation Museum provides interpretations and displays of Osage history, art, and culture. The continuously changing exhibits convey the story of the Osage people throughout history and celebrate Osage culture today. Highlights include an extensive photograph collection, historical artifacts, and traditional and contemporary art. Founded in 1938, the museum is the oldest tribally owned museum in the United States. Historian Louis F. Burns donated much of his extensive personal collection of artifacts and documents to the museum.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: S/O Satyamurthy (read as "Son of Satyamurthy") is a 2015 Indian Telugu-language action drama film written and directed by Trivikram Srinivas and produced by S. Radha Krishna for Haarika & Haasine Creations. The film stars Allu Arjun, Upendra, Samantha, Nithya Menen, Sneha, and Adah Sharma while Rajendra Prasad, Sampath Raj, Rao Ramesh, Vennela Kishore, and Ali play supporting roles. Prakash Raj make a cameo appearance as Satyamurthy.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The film revolves around three characters; the first follows his heart, the second uses his brain and the third uses his brawn. The first is Viraj Anand, the son of a businessman named Satyamurthy, who gives away his assets to creditors after his father's death. A creditor still owed money is Paida Sambasiva Rao (the second of the three), whose daughter Sameera falls in love with Anand. Sambasiva Rao informs Anand that he has to produce documentation of land sold by Satyamurthy to a landlord, Devaraj Naidu (the third of the three) to marry Sameera. The rest of the film focuses on the consequences faced by Anand and Sambasiva Rao's change in viewpoint toward Satyamurthy.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: In addition to directing the film, Srinivas wrote its screenplay. Initially planned as a multilingual film shot in Telugu, Malayalam, and Tamil the producers filmed in Telugu and dubbed it into Malayalam with the same title. Devi Sri Prasad composed the score and Prasad Murella was its cinematographer. Production began on 10 April 2014 at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad. Principal photography began on 22 September 2014 in Hyderabad, lasting until mid-March 2015. Except for three songs filmed in Europe, the rest of the film was shot in and around Hyderabad.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The Telugu version was released worldwide on 1375 screens on 9 April 2015, and the Malayalam version was released on 24 April 2015. On a 40 crore ($6.23 million) budget, "S/O Satyamurthy" earned a distributor share of 51.9 crore ($8.1 million) and grossed 90.5 crore ($14.1 million). The film was an above-average grosser based on the return on the distributors' investment of 54 crore ($8.42 million). It is in seventh place on the all-time list of highest-grossing Telugu films at the global box office. With this film, Allu Arjun became the first Telugu actor with two consecutive films earning more than 50 crore share worldwide.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Viraj Anand is the youngest son of an influential businessman Satyamurthy, who dies in an accident. Although Anand has 300 crore ($46.7 million) worth of property and stock which is worthless because he owes an equal amount of money. Paida Sambasiva Rao, one of Satyamurthy's creditors, suggests that Anand file for bankruptcy to protect his wealth but Anand wants to preserve his father's image. Anand's older brother becomes mentally unstable and, at Sambasiva Rao's advice, the father of Anand's fiancée Pallavi cancels their upcoming wedding. Anand and his family move to a simpler home in Hyderabad, and he becomes the family's sole breadwinner. He joins his friend's event-management company as a wedding planner, and his assistant Param goes with him.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Anand is assigned to plan a destination wedding at Ooty, which turns out to be Pallavi's. There he meets Sameera (also known as Subbalakshmi), a diabetic, and falls in love with her. While planning Pallavi's marriage Anand faces many difficulties, including an attempt by Pallavi's uncle and his son to stop the marriage because of her father's mistreatment. Pallavi's father and uncle reconcile and Anand is paid more than the agreed amount in gratitude. Sameera turns out to be Sambasiva Rao's daughter; the latter objects to their relationship, revealing that Satyamurthy cheated him when he sold a property illegally acquired by a village landlord Devaraj Naidu. The current market value of the land is worth 50 crore ($7.8 million). Sambasiva Rao tells Anand that he will agree to the marriage if Anand can deliver the land documents from Devaraj in four weeks.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Anand and Param set out for house number "6" in Reddiarpatti to exchange the original documents for fake ones. Instead, they end up in house number "9" and reveal their intentions to Devaraj, who traps them without harm; Devaraj cannot hurt anyone in front of his wife Lakshmi, from whom he has hidden his true self for 20 years. Sambasiva Rao's family is kidnapped and brought to Devaraj's house; The next day, Anand saves Devaraj from the brother (Kumarasamy Naidu, Devaraj's henchman for 5 years) of his rival Veerasamy Naidu. Impressed, Devaraj agrees to return the land documents if Anand becomes engaged to his sister Valli. However, Valli wants to marry Lakshmi's brother Vinay and threatens to kill Anand if he does not break their engagement.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Valli teases Sameera, acting as if she is in love with Anand (which makes Devaraj happy). Devaraj's brother-in-law Koda Rambabu goes to Reddiarpatti, mistakenly believing that Parandhamaiah aka Param is Sameera's lover and Valli's potential lover. He wants to stop the marriage, and at Anand's suggestion Rambabu and Sambasiva Rao ask Veerasamy to have his henchmen kill the bridegroom; this would stop the marriage on the last day of the 4-week deadline imposed by Sambasiva Rao. Although Anand plans to help Valli elope with her cousin Vinay, Veerasamy's henchmen mistake him for Anand and try to kill him. Devaraj and Anand save her cousin; when Devaraj tries to kill Rambabu, Anand says that he was the mastermind behind the plan and wants the real land documents.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: 9 minutes are left before Sambasiva Rao's deadline; as Anand and Devaraj duel, Anand's mother enters. Devaraj and his family are shocked, remembering that Satyamurthy was fatally injured when he saved Valli from an accident planned by Veerasamy. Before he died, Satyamurthy told Valli that he made a mistake selling illegally acquired land to his friend and wanted to rectify it with the landlord. Devaraj and Sambasiva Rao are full of remorse, and Devaraj returns the land documents to Anand by Satyamurthy's last wish. Anand gives the papers to Sambasiva Rao, who apologizes for his behavior and Sameera reunites with him. Veerasamy dies in an accident and Koda Rambabu is spared.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Anand and Sambasiva Rao are on their way home with their families when Pallavi's father meets them with news that the market value of Anand's stock is now worth 10 crore ($1.56 million) due to which their wealth of 300 crore ($46.7 million) is increased by 10 times more. An emotional Anand thanks his father at the spot where Satyamurthy saved Valli's life.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Trivikram Srinivas planned to direct Allu Arjun in a film produced by S. Radha Krishna for Haarika & Haasine Creations (who produced their 2012 collaboration "Julai"), since Srinivas had committed to another film with them. Allu Aravind was later rumoured to co-produce of the film as Geetha Arts. The film's "pooja" ceremony was held at Radha Krishna's office in early December 2013, and filming was expected to begin in February 2014. Rumors that the film was shelved were denied by a film-unit source, who said that Srinivas' screenplay was nearly complete. Devi Sri Prasad was chosen to compose the score and Prawin Pudi was signed as the film editor, marking Pudi's fifth collaboration with Srinivas.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The film was officially launched at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad on 10 April 2014. In June, the film's title was rumoured to be "Kavacham". After considerable discussion, the producers reportedly tentatively planned to name the film "Trisulam" (also the title of a 1982 Telugu film starring Krishnam Raju and Sridevi). Agreements between the principals of both films were reportedly signed in early November 2014. Radhakrishna denied the reports, saying that the film's title would be announced in early December 2014 with its preview. Trivikram reportedly considered the title "Hushaaru" in mid-January 2015. Another title under consideration was "Jaadugar", earlier used for a 1989 Hindi film starring Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Prada.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The producers reportedly dropped the first two titles after poor feedback, and "Jaadugar" was expected to be chosen; "S/O Krishnamurthy" was also considered. "S/O Satyamurthy" (read as "Son of Satyamurthy") was confirmed as the film's title on 6 March 2015 in a press release from the producers. The film was initially planned for simultaneous release in Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. A dubbed Kannada version, along with Tamil and Malayalam, later was planned because of Upendra and Allu Arjun's popularity in Karnataka.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Although the dubbed Malayalam version was also entitled "S/O Satyamurthy", the dubbed Tamil and Kannada versions were scrapped for fiscal reasons and it was released in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with English subtitles. Arjun began dubbing his role in early January, and post-production was scheduled to resume in late February. The actor resumed dubbing on 7 March, after returning from Spain.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Allu Arjun was part of the project since its initial stages in early November 2013. Samantha Ruth Prabhu was cast as one of the film's heroines, her first collaboration with Arjun. "S/O Satyamurthy" has three female leads; although Arjun initially denied this, Srinivas confirmed that the film has three heroines. Kriti Sanon was rumoured to be one of the three female leads, although she later denied it. Adah Sharma and Pranitha Subhash were cast as the other two female leads, after Regina Cassandra, Nayantara and Rashi Khanna were considered for Subhash's role. Subhash was later replaced by Nithya Menen because of conceptual differences with Srinivas, although she later said that she never signed for the film and reports that she had walked out were rumours.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Rao Ramesh was cast in a crucial role. Although Arjun Sarja was reported to be the film's antagonist in mid-August 2014, Sarja later confirmed that he was not part of the project due to other commitments. Sneha confirmed in mid-September 2014 that she had an important role in the film. Upendra and Rajendra Prasad were said to play important roles in the film, and Upendra later confirmed his inclusion. Vennela Kishore and Surekha Vani were selected to play supporting roles. Kota Srinivasa Rao was cast at the end of November 2014, and Mamilla Shailaja Priya was cast in a supporting role.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Supporting character actor M. S. Narayana died after most of his portions in the film was completed. Although Srinivas decided not to delete any of his scenes, he faced a dilemma: whether to use a double or make do with what he had filmed. After evaluating many mimics, Srinivas and Arjun reportedly decided to use Siva Reddy to dub for Narayana's role. Sampath Raj was cast in early February 2015.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" was considered an image makeover for Arjun. Although his character's name (Viraj Anand) was intended for another role in the film, he requested Srinivas to use the name for the titular character's son. Arjun learned flips, somersaults and other gymnastic skills to perform his stunts. He, his brother Allu Sirish and stylist Ashwin bought his costumes in Dubai, and he lost with a customised diet and workout. Sneha was rumoured to play Arjun's sister-in-law.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Upendra was confirmed in a role paralleling Arjun's in the film, and Sharma reportedly wore a traditional attire to suit her role. Sharma's character was revealed to be unstable, while Arjun's character was nuanced; he was confirmed as an event manager in late October 2014. Nithya Menen would reportedly play a negative role as Upendra's sister in the film. About Arjun's look, stylist Ashwin said it would reflect the current fashion trends in Milan, Paris and London (incorporating pieces from the autumn-winter 2014 and spring-summer 2015 collections).


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Ashwin said that they shopped in Dubai because Arjun wanted to select his costumes, and the European capitals at that time had only winter collections. Arjun would have several hairstyles in the film. Upendra's role was reported to be a Tamil living in Madurai, and he was confirmed as the landlord at the end of January 2015. He was not included in the film's promotional activities since Srinivas did not want to reveal what he considered a crucial character. The way Kamal Haasan and Wasim Akram handled diabetes in real life inspired Srinivas to make Samantha's character diabetic in the film. Samantha was comfortable in the role, since she too had been diagnosed with the disease two years earlier.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Prakash Raj had a limited role, since Srinivas wanted to tell the story of a father by not showing him but instead showing his son's love and his influence on his life. The death of Sampath Raj's character was an accident because Srinivas did not believe in killing his antagonists directly, but to have them die as a result of their mistakes. Srinivas added that his death was planned so the film would have a good ending.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: In early December 2013 it was announced that filming would begin the following February, after Arjun finished "Race Gurram". At the end of March 2014, shooting was postponed to the following month and it was later announced that filming would start during the third week of April. In June, filming was again postponed to the following month, when Arjun was scheduled to finish "Rudramadevi"; he completed the film on 30 July.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Principal photography began on 19 September at a Hyderabad-based shopping mall. Samantha arrived at the set on 1 October 2014, after completing "Kaththi", and Sharma joined the production unit five days later. A week-long shooting schedule planned at Ooty for scenes with Arjun, Upendra, Samantha and Sneha was disrupted because of unrest in Tamil Nadu due to Jayalalithaa's conviction, and the scenes were filmed near Shamshabad in Hyderabad. Art director Ravinder built a large outdoor set for the destination-wedding scene, with flowers flown in from Bangkok.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: A fight scene with Arjun was shot at Ramoji Film City under the supervision of Peter Hein. A residential set was built at a cost of 3 crore by Ravinder in Kokapet, where scenes with Brahmanandam and Srinivasa Rao were filmed in late November 2014. The Kokapet set, of a Tamil house in Madurai, required three truckloads of trees from a farmhouse in Kadiam (near Rajahmundry) and materials from Delhi and Chennai. For the set, Srinivas and Ravinder travelled to a small city near Madurai and researched houses. By then, filming was nearly complete and the producers confirmed that the dialogue would be finished by the end of November and the songs shot the following month.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Filming was suspended because of a strike by Film Federation employees and the Memu Saitham Cyclone Hudhud relief fundraiser at Visakhapatnam. The strike was called off, and shooting resumed on 6 December. When Upendra finished his first shooting schedule for the film, he returned to the set of "Uppi 2" on 10 December. In addition to Arjun's action sequences, Some more scenes were filmed at Ramoji Film City. Comedy sequences featuring Arjun and Samantha were shot at Hyderabad in late December.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Arjun spent the New Year with his wife and son in South Africa, and was scheduled to return to the set during the second week of January 2015. The final shooting schedule began on 6 January in Hyderabad. Additional filming of action and romantic scenes began on 20 January. "S/O Satyamurthy" climactic scenes were filmed on the Kokapet house set in late January.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Shooting was scheduled to continue there until the first week of February, when the dialogue would be completed. A fight scene with Arjun and hundreds of other fighters was filmed in early February, and Upendra returned to the Hyderabad set for his scenes. A song, choreographed by Shekhar and featuring Arjun, Samantha and Menen, was filmed on the Kokapet house set in late February. The film unit then went to Spain to film three songs also featuring Arjun, Samantha and Menen, returning on 6 March. "S/O Satyamurthy" principal photography completed when the last song (choreographed by Jani and featuring Arjun, Samantha and Sharma) was filmed on 11 March 2015 in a specially erected set at Annapurna Studios.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Although "S/O Satyamurthy" was reportedly about a conflict between two families, according to Upendra it revolves around three characters: one who follows his heart, a second who uses his brain and a third who uses his brawn. The characters are a wedding planner (Arjun), a wealthy businessman (Prasad) and a boss (Upendra). Srinivas told the Indo-Asian News Service that his film would highlight a father's role in a person's life, because more films dramatise relationships with mothers. "S/O Satyamurthy" has urban and rural settings similar to the director's previous film, "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013).


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The film refers to situations in the "Ramayana" and the "Mahabharata" in the lives of Rama, Sita, Ravana, Yudhishthira and Karna and to the dowry system. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" wrote in her review that the film "attempts to break away from staid portrayal of women and notions of machismo in Telugu cinema". Upendra's character wants his wife to be happy, and hides his dark side from her; Samantha's character is diabetic, and the wall full of post-it notes in Rajendra Prasad's house illustrates marriages where communication has broken down. Dundoo notes lines of dialogue which "scoff" at people who call a girl unlucky if her engagement is broken.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: For the scenes between M. S. Narayana and Rao Ramesh, Srinivas was inspired by his mother's maternal uncles in the village of Vegeswarapuram in West Godavari district. In an interview, the director said that the screenplay was based on situations faced by people close to him and how they handled them.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Devi Sri Prasad composed the soundtrack album and background score for "S/O Satyamurthy". The soundtrack was scheduled to be released on 18 March. The complete album was released on 21 March 2015, coinciding with the Ugadi celebrations, on the H. I. C. C. Novotel Hotel in Hyderabad.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" release date was originally scheduled for 20 February 2015 in late November 2014, and was later postponed to 2 April (after the 2015 Cricket World Cup) due to post-production delays. After the film's review by the censors on 30 March 2015, its release date was rescheduled for 9 April.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" was one of the rare Telugu films to be released in Tamil Nadu with English subtitles. The film was confirmed for release on 100 screens across Karnataka, at the same time as "Rana Vikrama". Its global screen count was 1375, the largest Telugu film release of the year; however, it did not break the record 1450 screens set by 2014's "Aagadu". "S/O Satyamurthy" dubbed Malayalam version was released on 24 April. The Hindi dubbing rights of the film were bought by Goldmines Telefilms. At first, the Hindi dubbed version was titled as "Bunny – The Perfect Gentleman", later the title was changed to "Son of Satyamurthy" and had a theatrical release in 2016. Allu Arjun's voice was dubbed by Sanket Mhatre.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" overseas theatrical rights were sold to Classics Entertainment for an undisclosed sum in late October 2014, and days later its Karnataka rights were also sold for an undisclosed price. Dil Raju acquired the Nizam regional rights for 14 crore, one of the highest prices paid for Nizam rights to a film. Bhopal Reddy acquired the Karnataka regional distribution rights for 6 crore. The film's theatrical rights were sold for a total of 54 crore.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Sai Gopal, who had assisted Srinivas since "Swayamvaram" (1999), orchestrated "S/O Satyamurthy" promotion. Although the film was expected to preview in December 2014, its preliminary preview was released on 6 March 2015 (the night before Holi). The preview featured sixteen actors, including the leads (whose faces were blurred), and the film's logo was muted. In a press release, the producers announced that the film's promotion would be in full swing at the soundtrack release party, with party passes awarded to those predicting the sixteen actors on the preview poster.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Its 45-second advance-preview video was released on 7 March, receiving a good response on YouTube (where it was viewed by more than 300,000 people within 12 hours of its release). The film's logo was disclosed the following day. Thirty-one-second 2D and 3D motion posters featuring Arjun, created by Prawin Pudi and designed by Siva Kiran of Working Title, were released on 9 March and two preview posters of Arjun were distributed the following day.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" 27-second trailer was released on 11 March; two posters featuring Arjun, Samantha and Menen in Spain were distributed the following day, and a poster of Arjun was released on 14 March. The theatrical trailer had more than one million views on one YouTube channel in three and a half days, a record. The trailer for a promotional song with Arjun and Prasad was released on 28 March, and the song itself was released on 1 April at 11:00 pm IST. Arjun promoted the film's dubbed Malayalam version at the Lulu International Shopping Mall in Cochin on 21 April.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: MAA TV acquired the film's broadcast-television rights for 9.5 crore. "S/O Satyamurthy" had its global television premiere on 15 July 2015 at 6 p.m. IST.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" grossed 20.5 crore on its first day at the global box office, the third-highest opening-day gross in the history of Telugu cinema. The film also had the best opening-day gross of Arjun's film career, breaking records set by 2014's "Race Gurram" (his previous film), "Temper" and "Gopala Gopala". Trade analyst Trinath told IANS that the film grossed 33.5 crore in two days at the global box office, the biggest opening of the year to date. "S/O Satyamurthy" earned 26.92 crore in three days at the global box office. By the end of its first weekend, the film earned 30.31 crore and was the highest-grossing Telugu film of the year to date.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Gross earnings for the film's first weekend were 48.3 crore. "S/O Satyamurthy" netted about 3.5 crore and grossed 5 crore on its fifth day at the global box office, bringing its five-day global gross and net to 49.24 crore and 35.74 crore. By then, the film had recovered 60 percent of its cost and was third on the list of Telugu films with all-time top first-week worldwide openings, behind "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013) and "Yevadu" (2014). "S/O Satyamurthy" earnings dropped sharply on its seventh day, and its seven-day global earnings stood at 57.9 crore gross and 36.94 crore net.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The film crossed the 40-crore (400-million) mark on its eighth day, netting 43.24 crore and grossing more than 60 crore in eight days (recouping over 80 percent of its cost). In eleven days, it netted a total of 42.55 crore and grossed 66.85 crore at the global box office. With consistent weekday performance, the film's fifteen-day global total gross and net figures were 71.35 crore and 45.05 crore.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: During its third week, "S/O Satyamurthy" lost a large number of screens to new releases "Dohchay", "Kai Raja Kai", "Aloukika" and "". The film still performed decently, grossing 5.05 crore and netting 2.17 crore in three days for an eighteen-day global total gross and net of 77.5 crore and 46.92 crore (surpassing the lifetime records of "Naayak" (2013), "Racha" (2012), "Temper", "Eega" (2012), "Govindudu Andarivadele" and "Gopala Gopala"). It was the tenth-highest-grossing Telugu film of all time at the global box office. At the end of three weeks, "S/O Satyamurthy" grossed over 80 crore . Trade analyst Trinath told IANS that the film's three-week global net was over 50 crore, the seventh-highest-grossing Telugu film of all time at the global box office.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" grossed 90.5 crore and netted a total of 51.9 crore at the global box office during its full run; of this, 50.75 crore was earned by the Telugu version. Arjun was the first Telugu actor with two consecutive films crossing the 50-crore mark at the global box office. "Bangalore Mirror" called "S/O Satyamurthy" a blockbuster, grossing 92 crore and netting over 60 crore at the global box office during its run.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The film grossed 11.89 crore at the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana box office, 4.35 crore in Karnataka and 60 lakh in the rest of India on its first day. Early trends suggested that "S/O Satyamurthy" would net 8.5 crore in Andhra Pradesh, and the official tally was 9.37 crore; it was the fourth-highest opening-day grossing Telugu film in the state, behind "Attarintiki Daredi", "Aagadu" and "Temper". The film earned more than 2.9 crore at the Bangalore box office, with an 80-percent occupancy for two days (the highest of Arjun's films to date). "S/O Satyamurthy" earned 7.2 crore in two days at the Karnataka box office.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: It earned 5.15 crore and 4 crore on its second and third days in Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, bringing its three-day total to 18.42 crore. It earned approximately 2.5 crore in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and elsewhere in North India in three days. By the end of its first weekend, "S/O Satyamurthy" netted 20.71 crore, 3.5 crore and 1 crore in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and the rest of India respectively. Its first-weekend gross in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana was 31.5 crore and 6.6 crore, 1.2 crore, and 60 lakh in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the rest of India respectively.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" performed well on its fifth day, earning 2.16 crore in Andhra Pradesh for a five-day total of 22.87 crore. The film's sixth-day Andhra Pradesh earnings were 2.38 crore, bringing its six-day total in the state to 25.25 crore. "S/O Satyamurthy" was the sixth-highest first-week earning Telugu film in Andhra Pradesh, at 26.24 crore. The film earned 3.9 crore and 1.2 crore in Karnataka and the rest of India in its first week. Its Karnataka gross was 4.75 crore, the highest ever for a Telugu film in the state.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: It was the fourth Arjun film to net 1 crore in the Nizam region, after "Julai", "Iddarammayilatho" (2013) and "Race Gurram". In eighteen days, the film netted 33.72 crore , 5.45 crore, 63 lakh and 72 lakh in AP/Nizam, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the rest of India respectively. During its run "S/O Satyamurthy" netted 37.65 crore, 5.8 crore, 63 lakh and 72 lakh in AP/Nizam, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the rest of India respectively, 14.05 crore in the Nizam region alone.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" grossed 3.75 crore on its first day at the overseas box office. According to Taran Adarsh, the film earned $347,267 on its Wednesday premiere in the United States and was the second-highest US premiere grosser (behind "Aagadu"). It earned $136,168 on Thursday, bringing its two-day US box-office total to $483,435 (about 3.01 crore). "S/O Satyamurthy" earned $233,870 on Friday, bringing its three-day US box-office total to $720,984 (about 4.49 crore).


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: The film passed the million-dollar mark on Sunday, the second Telugu film of 2015 to do so (after "Temper"). Gross overseas receipts for the first weekend were 8.46 crore, with net earnings of 5.1 crore. The film continued a good run on the international market despite a drop in collections in India, earning 5.6 crore in eight days.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" lost 60 percent of its screens after the release of "OK Bangaram", but (according to Taran Adarsh) earned $1,235,073 by 19 April 2015. It broke the lifetime records of "Temper", "Gopala Gopala" and "Govindudu Andarivadele" in 11 days, and was the ninth-highest-grossing Telugu film of all time at the US box office. The film earned a distributor share of 5.2 crore in the US and 70 lakh at the remaining overseas box offices during its run.


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: "S/O Satyamurthy" had a lukewarm reception from critics, with the "International Business Times" calling the film a "mass entertainer" and criticising its predictability and length. According to Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu", "We've seen enough films with characters placed in the villain's den. Thankfully, the drama is lively and fun moments come through Ali and Brahmanandam. Allu Arjun shoulders the film with his remarkable performance and seems to be getting better with each film. The film's biggest undoing is its length. A trimmer version would be far more engaging". Pranitha Jonnalagedda of "The Hans India" wrote, "No denying that there are moments of crazy laughter, witty remarks and some thought-provoking words, but Trivikram's benchmark is set so high that the writing of this film doesn't excite us enough. All said and done, if you are a lover of a Telugu cinema who enjoys watching the hero being the Good Samaritan and fancy a few tear-jerking moments, this film is definitely for you!" IndiaGlitz gave "S/O Satyamurthy" 4.25 out of five stars, calling the film a "family entertainer sans memorable heroism" and adding that its second half "will work with a good many number of audience". Madhavi Tata of "Outlook India" gave the film three out of five stars, writing that Trivikram's screenplay "has too many sub-plots, but the dialogues sparkle, especially when mouthed by veteran actors". Tata called the film's humour a "big draw", with the best saved for Brahmanandam. Hemanth Kumar of "The Times of India" gave "S/O Satyamurthy" three out of five stars, writing that the film "works well as an idea, and leaves you with enough questions and thoughts to reflect upon your own life, but as a cinematic experience, it leaves a lot to be desired". Pravallika Anjuri of Oneindia also gave the film three out of five stars, calling it a "perfect entertainer" despite being the "weakest work of Trivikram till date": "Nevertheless it is shall be a great fun to watch Son of Satyamurthy along with your family. Cut down the expectations and you will definitely love the movie". Behindwoods gave it 2.75 out of five stars: "Without a concrete villain, [the film] still manages to tell us the painful journey of the hero. Thanks to the powerful and meaningful dialogues in the voice-over, [the film] becomes a charming drama", calling it a "family drama that also entertains" and "another winner for the Trivikram-Allu Arjun combo".


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" gave "S/O Satyamurthy" 2.5 out of five stars: "Trivikram has continued the "Attarintiki Daredi" trend of rich-kid-giving-up-luxuries in this film too. But, the hallmark of the director is missing from this movie. The punch dialogues associated with his films are missing and the screenplay is so-so". Karthik Keramalu of CNN-IBN also gave the film 2.5 out of five stars, calling it an "inconsistent drama with over-the-top action and a grand message" and adding: "If only the screenplay had matched the quality of Allu Arjun's style, which is impeccably taken care of, Trivikram would have won the "S/O Satyamurthy" lottery". IANS gave "S/O Satyamurthy" two out of five stars: "While all the quintessential Trivikram trademark moments can be found in "S/O Satyamurthy", what you miss is the magic he created in his career's best film "Athadu"", adding that the film is a "predictable and sloppy family drama with a few high and mostly low moments".


title: S/O Satyamurthy

text: A dialogue from the film, "Maa Nanna drushtilo, Bharyante nacchi techukune badhyata, Pillalu moyyalanipinche baruvu. Kani naa drushtilo Nannante marchipoleni gnapakam" ("According to my father, a wife is a voluntary duty and kids are the burden we love to bear. But for me, my father is an unforgettable memory") was spoofed by the producers of the film "Kobbari Matta" in its promotion. "Sakshi" published a spoof of the film on 19 May 2015 in which Prakash Raj was replaced by Brahmanandam as the protagonist's father, who tells his son not to follow ethics and values but to give importance only to money.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: "The Lady of Shalott" is a lyrical ballad by the 19th-century English poet Alfred Tennyson and one of his best-known works. Inspired by the 13th-century Italian short prose text "Donna di Scalotta", the poem tells the tragic story of Elaine of Astolat, a young noblewoman stranded in a tower up the river from Camelot. Tennyson wrote two versions of the poem, , of 20 stanzas, , of 19 stanzas, and returned to the story in "Lancelot and Elaine". The vivid medieval romanticism and enigmatic symbolism of "The Lady of Shalott" inspired many painters, especially the Pre-Raphaelites and their followers, as well as other authors and artists.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: Like Tennyson's other early works, such as "Sir Galahad", the poem recasts Arthurian subject matter loosely based on medieval sources. It is inspired by the legend of Elaine of Astolat, as recounted in a 13th-century Italian "novellina" titled "La Damigella di Scalot", or "Donna di Scalotta" (No. LXXXII in the collection "Il Novellino: Le ciento novelle antike"); the earlier version is closer to the source material than the latter. Tennyson focused on the Lady's "isolation in the tower and her decision to participate in the living world, two subjects not even mentioned in "Donna di Scalotta"." Tennyson also wrote "Lancelot and Elaine", a poem based on Thomas Malory's version of the story from "Le Morte d'Arthur", which he included in his "Idylls of the King".


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The first four stanzas of the 1842 second version of the poem describe a pastoral setting. The Lady of Shalott lives in an island castle in a river which flows to Camelot, but the local farmers know little about her.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: Stanzas five to eight describe the lady's life. She suffers from a mysterious curse and must continually weave images on her loom without ever looking directly out at the world. Instead, she looks into a mirror, which reflects the busy road and the people of Camelot who pass by her island.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The reflected images are described as "shadows of the world", a metaphor that makes it clear they are a poor substitute for seeing directly ("I am half-sick of shadows").


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The remaining seven stanzas describe the effect on the lady of seeing Lancelot; she stops weaving and looks out of her window toward Camelot, bringing about the curse.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: She leaves her tower, finds a boat upon which she writes her name, and floats down the river to Camelot. She dies before arriving at the palace. Among the knights and ladies who see her is Lancelot, who thinks she is lovely.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: One of Tennyson's biographers found the Arthurian material is "introduced as a valid setting for the study of the artist and the dangers of personal isolation".


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: Feminist critics see the poem as concerned with issues of women's sexuality and their place in the Victorian world, arguing that "The Lady of Shalott" centres on the temptation of sexuality and her innocence preserved by death. Christine Poulson discusses a feminist viewpoint and suggests: "the Lady of Shalott's escape from her tower as an act of defiance, a symbol of female empowerment." Based on Poulson's view, escaping from the tower allows for the Lady of Shalott to emotionally break free and come into terms with female sexuality.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The depiction of death has also been interpreted as sleep. Poulson says that sleep has a connotation of physical abandonment and vulnerability, which can either suggest sexual fulfillment or be a metaphor for virginity. Fairy tales, such as Sleeping Beauty or Snow White, have traditionally depended upon this association. So, as related to the Lady of Shalott, Poulson says: "for in death [she] has become a Sleeping Beauty who can never be wakened, symbols of perfect feminine passivity."


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful visual imagery, was a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB). According to scholar Anne Zanzucchi, "in a more general sense, it is fair to say that the Pre-Raphaelite fascination with Arthuriana is traceable to Tennyson's work". In 1848, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt made a list of "Immortals", artistic heroes whom they admired, especially from literature, some of whose work would form subjects for PRB paintings, notably including John Keats and Tennyson. "The Lady of Shalott" was particularly popular with the Brotherhood, which shared Tennyson's interest in Arthuriana; several of the Brotherhood made paintings based on episodes from the poem. Two aspects, in particular, of "The Lady of Shalott" intrigued these artists: the idea of the lady trapped in her tower and the dying girl floating down the river towards Camelot.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: In Edward Moxon's 1857 edition of Tennyson's works, illustrated by Hunt and Rossetti, Hunt depicted the moment when the Lady turns to see Lancelot. In the background of the illustration, Hunt juxtaposes the window facing Lancelot with a painting of Christ's crucifixion. According to Christine Poulson, the Crucifixion is the archetype of self-sacrifice and further emphasises the ideal that the Lady of Shalott fails to represent. Poulson also considers this representation of the subject in the context of changing women's roles in the 1880s and 1890s, suggesting that it served as a warning of imminent death to women who stepped from their restricted roles and explored their desires. Rossetti depicted Lancelot's contemplation of the Lady's "lovely face". Neither illustration pleased Tennyson, who took Hunt to task for depicting the Lady caught in the threads of her tapestry, something which is not described in the poem. Hunt explained that he wanted to sum up the whole poem in a single image, and that the entrapment by the threads suggested her "weird fate". The scene fascinated Hunt, who returned to the composition at points throughout his life and finally painted a large scale version shortly before his death. He required assistants, as he was too frail to complete it himself. This deeply conceived evocation of the Lady, ensnared within the perfect rounds of her woven reality, is an apt illustration of the mythology of the weaving arts. This work is now in the collection of the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in Hartford, Connecticut.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: John William Waterhouse painted three episodes from the poem. In 1888, he painted the Lady setting out for Camelot in her boat; this work is now in the Tate Gallery. In 1894, Waterhouse painted the Lady at the climactic moment when she turns to look at Lancelot in the window in "The Lady of Shalott Looking at Lancelot"; this work is now in Leeds Art Gallery. Poulson argues that Waterhouse's impressionistic painting style in his 1894 rendering of "The Lady of Shalott" evokes a "sense of vitality and urgency". In 1915, Waterhouse painted "I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott", as she sits wistfully before her loom; this work is now in the Art Gallery of Ontario.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: "The Lady of Shalott" has been adapted in various ways in later works of literature. Agatha Christie used the line "The mirror crack'd from side to side" as the title of her 1962 novel in which the poem itself plays a large part in the plot. In Lucy Maud Montgomery's "Anne of Green Gables" (1908), Anne Shirley reads various stanzas of the poem and acts out the Lady of Shalott's tragic end as she floats down the river. Patricia A. McKillip used an adaptation of the poem as a primary theme of her novel "The Tower at Stony Wood" (2000). Lisa Ann Sandell's novel "Song of the Sparrow" (2007) is a retelling of the story. Tennyson's poem is also used for narration and as a narrative device in Kaori Yuki's "Camelot Garden" (2008). In Jasper Fforde's novel "One of our Thursdays Is Missing" (2011), the Lady of Shalott appears as a character, possessing a mirror that allows characters in the Book World to see into the real world ("the Outland"). In "Half Sick of Shadows" (2021) by Laura Sebastian, Elaine of Shalott is the main character and a close friend and advisor to King Arthur; the story primarily deals with the crowning of Arthur, but Elaine also has the ability to see future events through scrying at her loom.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: Quotes from the poem have been included in many novels, including Oscar Wilde's "The Picture of Dorian Gray" (1890), Eric Frank Russell's "Next of Kin" (1959), Muriel Spark's "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" (1961), Connie Willis' "To Say Nothing of the Dog" (1997), and Meg Cabot's "Avalon High" (2005). In some novels, the poem is also referenced within the plot by characters, as in Nancy Mitford's "Love in a Cold Climate" (1949), Bel Kaufman's "Up the Down Staircase" (1965), David Benedictus's "Floating Down to Camelot" (1985), Diana Wynne Jones' "Hexwood" (1993), Libba Bray's "A Great and Terrible Beauty" (2003), and Jilly Cooper's "Wicked!" (2006).


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: Its various lines have been turned into book titles by authors such as Jessica Anderson ("Tirra Lirra by the River", 1978), Sharyn McCrumb ("Sick of Shadows", 1984), Robin Klein ("All in the Blue Unclouded Weather", 1991), and Alan Bradley ("I Am Half-Sick of Shadows", 2011). It also inspired the title of Elizabeth Bishop's poem "The Gentleman of Shalott" (1946).


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The first musical setting of the poem was probably a work for mezzo-soprano soloist, chorus and orchestra by the English composer Cyril Rootham, composed in 1909–1910. The only known performance of Rootham's op 33 "The Lady of Shalott" was given in the School Hall at Eton College on 18 September 1999, with the Broadheath Singers and the Windsor Sinfonia conducted by Robert Tucker. In 1957–1958, Arthur Bliss (once a pupil of Cyril Rootham) composed a 40-minute ballet suite titled "The Lady of Shalott".


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The composer Olivier Messiaen wrote a piece for solo piano "La dame de Shalott" in 1917 based on Tennyson's poem as his first composition; however, this piece is unpublished. It has been recorded at least twice. In 1946, Phyllis Tate composed a setting of Tennyson's "The Lady of Shalott", written for the 10th anniversary of the BBC Third Programme. Danish composer Bent Sørensen created a piece for viola solo, based on Waterhouse's painting "The Lady of Shalott".


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: Canadian singer Loreena McKennitt adapted the poem to music, and featured it on her 1991 album "The Visit". Dutch gothic metal band Autumn referred to "The Lady of Shalott" in their songs "Who Has Seen Her Wave Her Hand", "Mirrors Magic Sights", "When Lust Evokes the Curse", and "Floating Towards Distress" from their 2002 album "When Lust Evokes the Curse", each song retelling parts of the story from the poem. The song titled "Shalott" on Emilie Autumn's 2006 album "Opheliac" tells the poem from her own perspective. The Band Perry's country music video "If I Die Young" makes clear visual references to "The Lady of Shalott": lead vocalist Kimberly Perry holds a book of poems by Tennyson as she lies in a boat, floating down a river like the Lady of Shalott (the boat in the Perry video is similar to some illustrations of the poem, such as the image by W. E. F. Britten).


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The poem has been furthermore referred to or quoted in various ways in modern music. For instance, folk duo the Indigo Girls refer to the Lady of Shalott in "Left Me a Fool" from their 1987 album "Strange Fire" and Swedish pop band The Cardigans quotes it "Give Me Your Eyes", a bonus track on "Super Extra Gravity". British musician and singer Richard Thompson took the title for his 1994 album "Mirror Blue" from the poem.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The poem forms the backbone of voice-over for the episode "Tracie's Story" (2012) of "Accused". In "My Mother and Other Strangers" (2016), Tennyson's poem plays an important role.


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: The poem has been also often quoted in whole or in part within other television films and series. Examples of that include the "Upstairs, Downstairs" episode "The Understudy" (1975), "The Buccaneers" episode "Invasion" (1995), the "Endeavour" episode "Girl" (2013), and the "Tales of the City" episode "She Messy" (2019), as well as the BBC film "An Englishman Abroad" (1983).


title: The Lady of Shalott

text: "Shalott" (2023) is a British feature-length film directed by Craig Byrne and Pete Gomes. The screenplay by Gareth Watkins was based on his play of the same name. Watkins's radical reimagining of the poem resets it within a dystopian future. It was filmed in 2020 on location in Berlin during the Covid-19 pandemic. In "Shalott", the protagonist Martuni, uses a communication device to connect with the outside world from his tower, principally through a series of queer sexualised encounters. The film mirrors many key elements and characters from the poem and also includes lines from the poem interwoven into the spoken dialogue. It explores themes of sexuality, desire, control, isolation and social decay.


title: Grey DeLisle filmography

text: Grey DeLisle, sometimes credited as Grey Griffin, is known for various roles in animated productions and video games.


title: Waste

text: Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.


title: Waste

text: Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.


title: Waste

text: What constitutes waste depends on the eye of the beholder; one person's waste can be a resource for another person. Though waste is a physical object, its generation is a physical and psychological process. The definitions used by various agencies are as below.


title: Waste

text: According to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989, Art. 2(1), "'Wastes' are substance or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law".


title: Waste

text: The UNSD "Glossary of Environment Statistics" describes waste as "materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."


title: Waste

text: Under the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, Art. 3(1), the European Union defines waste as "an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard." For a more structural description of the Waste Directive, see the European Commission's summary.


title: Waste

text: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also known as OECD defines municipal solid waste (MSW) as “waste collected and treated by or for municipalities”. Typically this type of waste includes household waste, commercial waste, and demolition or construction waste. In 2018, the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that 292.4 tons of municipal waste was generated which equated to about 4.9 pounds per day per person. Out of the 292.4 tons, approximately 69 million tons were recycled, and 25 million tons were composted.


title: Waste

text: Household waste more commonly known as trash or garbage are items that are typically thrown away daily from ordinary households. Items often included in this category include product packaging, yard waste, clothing, food scraps, appliance, paints, and batteries.Most of the items that are collected by municipalities end up in landfills across the world. In the United States, it is estimated that 11.3 million tons of textile waste is generated. On an individual level, it is estimated that the average American throws away 81.5 pounds of clothes each year. As online shopping becomes more prevalent, items such as cardboard, bubble wrap, shipping envelopes are ending up in landfills across the United States. The EPA has estimated that approximately 10.1 million tons of plastic containers and packaging ended up landfills in 2018. The EPA noted that only 30.5% of plastic containers and packaging was recycled or combusted as an energy source. Additionally, approximately 940,000 pounds of cardboard ends up in the landfill each year.


title: Waste

text: Commercial waste is very similar to household waste. To be considered as commercial waste, it must come from a business or commercial occupancy. This can be restaurants, retail occupants, manufacturing occupants or similar businesses. Typically, commercial waste contains similar items such as food scraps, cardboard, paper, and shipping materials. Generally speaking, commercial waste creates more waste than household waste on a per location basis.


title: Waste

text: The EPA defines this type of waste as “Construction and Demolition (C&D) debris is a type of waste that is not included in municipal solid waste (MSW).” Items typically found in C&D include but are not limited to steel, wood products, drywall and plaster, brick and clay tile, asphalt shingles, concrete, and asphalt. Generally speaking, construction and demolition waste can be categorized as any components needed to build infrastructures. In 2018, the EPA estimated that the US generated approximately 600 million tons of C&D waste.   The waste generated by construction and demolition is often intended to be reused or is sent to the landfill. Examples of reused waste is milled asphalt can be used again for the asphalt mixture or fill dirt can be used to level grade.


title: Waste

text: The EPA defines hazardous waste as “a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment.”  Hazardous Waste falls under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).  Under the RCRA, the EPA has the authority to control hazardous waste during its entire lifecycle. This means from the point of creation to the point where it has been properly disposed of. The life cycle of hazardous waste includes generation, transportation, treatment, and storage and disposal. All of which are included in the RCRA. Some forms of hazardous waste include radioactive waste, explosive waste, and electronic waste.


title: Waste

text: Radioactive waste often referred to as nuclear waste is produced by various industries such as nuclear power plants, nuclear reactors, hospitals, research centers and mining facilities. Any activity that involves radioactive material can generate radioactive waste. Radioactive waste generates radioactive particles which if not handled correctly can be both an environmental hazard as well as a human health hazard.When dealing with radioactive waste, it is extremely important that you are aware of the materials you are dealing with and follow the correct precautions to keep yourself safe. Failure to handle and recycle these types of materials can have catastrophic consequences and could potentially damage the sites ecosystems for years to come.


title: Waste

text: Radioactive waste is monitored and regulated by multiple governmental agencies such as Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Department of Transportation (DOT), and Department of the Interior (DOI).  Each agency plays an important role in the creation, handling, and proper disposal of radioactive waste. A brief description of each agency’s role can be found below.


title: Waste

text: NRC: “Licenses and regulates the receipt and possession of high-level waste at privately owned facilities and at certain DOE facilities.”


title: Waste

text: DOE: “Plans and carries out programs for sand handling of DOE-generated radioactive wastes, develops waste disposal technologies, and will design, construct and operate disposal facilities for DOE-generated and commercial high-level wastes.”


title: Waste

text: EPA: “Develops environmental standards and federal radiation protection guidance for offsite radiation due to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes.”


title: Waste

text: DOT: “Regulates both the packaging and carriage of all hazardous materials including radioactive waste.”


title: Waste

text: DOI: “Through the U.S. Geological Survey, conducts laboratory and field geologic investigations in support of DOE’s waste disposal programs and collaborates with DOE on earth science technical activities.”


title: Waste

text: High-level Waste: This type of radioactive waste is generated from nuclear reactors or reprocessing spent nuclear fuel.


title: Waste

text: Transuranic Waste: This is a type of radioactive waste which is man-made and has an atomic number of 92 or higher.


title: Waste

text: Uranium or thorium mill tailings: This type of radioactive waste is a result after the mining or milling or uranium or thorium ore.


title: Waste

text: Low-level waste: This type of radioactive waste is radioactively contaminated waste. It is typically generated from industrial processes or research. Examples of these items include paper, protective clothing, bags, and cardboard.


title: Waste

text: Technologically enhanced naturally-occurring radioactive material (TENORM): This type of radioactive waste is created through human activity such as mining, oil and gas drilling, and water treatment where naturally-occurring radiological material (NORM) becomes concentrated.


title: Waste

text: The EPA defines energetic hazardous waste as “wastes that have the potential to detonate and bulk military propellants which cannot safely be disposed of through other modes of treatments.” The items which typically fall under this category include munitions, fireworks, flares, hobby rockets, and automobile propellants.


title: Waste

text: Munitions were added to hazardous waste in 1997 when the EPA finalized RCRA. A special rule was added to address munitions in waste. This new rule is commonly referred to as the Military Munitions Rule. The EPA defines military munitions as “all types of both conventional and chemical ammunition products and their components, produced by or for the military for national defense and security (including munitions produced by other parties under contract to or acting as an agent for DOD—in the case of Government Owned/Contractor Operated [GOCO] operations).” The entire rule can be found here. While a large percentage of munitions waste is generated by the government or governmental contractors, residents also throw away expired or faulty ammunition inside their household waste.


title: Waste

text: Every year, the US generates this type of waste from both the commercial aspect and the consumer aspect. This waste is often generated from fireworks, signal flares and hobby rockets which have been damaged, failed to operate or for other reasons. Due to their chemical properties, these types of devices are extremely dangerous.


title: Waste

text: While automobile airbag propellants are not as common as munitions and fireworks, they share similar properties which makes them extremely hazardous. Airbag propellants characteristics of reactivity and ignitability are the characteristics which qualify for hazardous waste. When disposed undeployed, leaves these two hazardous characteristics intact. To properly dispose of these items, they must be safely deployed which removes these hazardous characteristics.


title: Waste

text: The EPA includes the waste of automobile airbag propellants under the RCRA. In 2018, the EPA issued a final rule on handling of automobile airbag propellants. The “interim final rule”provides an exemption of entities which install and remove airbags. This includes automobile dealerships, salvage yards, automobile repair facilities and collision centers. The handler and transporter are exempt from RCRA, but the airbag waste collection facility is not exempt. Once the airbags have met the collection center, it will then be classified as RCRA hazardous waste and must be disposed or recycled at a RCRA disposal facility.


title: Waste

text: Electronic waste often referred to as “E-Waste” or “E-Scrap” are often thrown away or sent to a recycler. E-Waste continues to end up in landfills across the world. The EPA estimates that in 2009, 2.37 million tons of televisions, computers, cell phones, printers, scanners, and fax machines were discarded by US consumers. Only 25% of these devices were recycled, the remainder ended up in landfills across the US.


title: Waste

text: E-Waste contains many elements that can be recycled or re-used. Typically speaking, electronics are encased in a plastic or light metal enclosure. Inside of the enclosure, you will find computer boards, wiring, capacitors, small motor, and other similar items. Many of the internal components include oil, iron, gold, palladium, platinum, and copper. All of which are mined from the earth’s core. For these items to be mined, it requires massive amounts of energy to operate the equipment which emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. By donating e-waste to recycling centers or refurbishing this equipment can reduce the greenhouse gases emitted through the mining process. It will also lower the usage of our naturally formed products to ensure future generations will have sufficient natural resources.


title: Waste

text: As this issue continued to grow, President Obama established the Interagency Task Force on Electronics Stewardship in November 2010. The overall goal for this task for was to develop a national strategy for handling and proper disposal of electronic waste. The task force would work with the White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), EPA, and the US General Services Administration (GSA). The task force released the final product called the National Strategy for Electronics Stewardship report. The report focuses on 4 goals of the federal government’s plan to enhance the management of electronics as shown as below.


title: Waste

text: E-Waste is not only a problem in the US, but also a global issue. To tackle this issue, it requires collaboration from multiple agencies across the world. Some agencies include U.S. EPA, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (Taiwan EPA), International E-Waste Management Network (IEMN), and environmental offices from Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and North America.


title: Waste

text: Mixed waste is a term that has different definitions based its context. Most commonly, Mixed Waste refers to hazardous waste which contains radioactive material. In this context, the management of mixed waste is regulated by the EPA and RCRA and Atomic Energy Act. The Hazardous materials content is regulated by RCRA while the radiological component is regulated by the Department of Energy (DOE) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).


title: Waste

text: Mixed waste can also be defined as a type of waste which includes recyclable materials and organic materials.  Some examples of mixed waste in this context include a combination of broken glassware, floor sweepings, non-repairable household goods, non-recyclable plastic and metal, and clothing and furnishings. Additionally, ashes and soot, residential renovation waste materials are also included under this definition.


title: Waste

text: This type of waste is typically generated from hospitals, physicians' offices, dental practices, blood banks, veterinaryoffices, and research facilities. This waste has often been contaminated with bodily fluids from humans or animals. Examples of this type of contamination can include blood, vomit, urine, and other bodily fluids. Concerns started to generate when medical waste was appearing on east coast beaches in the 1980’s. This forced congress to pass the Medical Waste Tracking Act. This act was only in effect for approximately 3 years after the EPA concluded the “disease-causing medical waste was greatest at the point of generation and naturally tapers off after that point.”


title: Waste

text: Prior to the Hospital Medical Infectious Waste Incinerator (HMIWI) standard, approximately 90% of the infectious waste was incinerated before 1997. Due to the potential of negatively affect air quality, alternative treatment and disposal technologies for medical waste was developed. These new alternatives include:


title: Waste

text: There are many issues that surround reporting waste. It is most commonly measured by size or weight, and there is a stark difference between the two. For example, organic waste is much heavier when it is wet, and plastic or glass bottles can have different weights but be the same size. On a global scale it is difficult to report waste because countries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories, as well as different ways of reporting. Based on incomplete reports from its parties, the Basel Convention estimated 338 million tonnes of waste was generated in 2001. For the same year, OECD estimated 4 billion tonnes from its member countries. Despite these inconsistencies, waste reporting is still useful on a small and large scale to determine key causes and locations, and to find ways of preventing, minimizing, recovering, treating, and disposing waste.


title: Waste

text: Inappropriately managed waste can attract rodents and insects, which can harbour gastrointestinal parasites, yellow fever, worms, the plague and other conditions for humans, and exposure to hazardous wastes, particularly when they are burned, can cause various other diseases including cancers. Toxic waste materials can contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air which causes more problems for humans, other species, and ecosystems. A form of waste disposal involving combustion creates a significant amount of greenhouse gases. When the burned waste contains metals, it can create toxic gases. On the other hand, when the waste contains plastics, the gases produce contain CO As global warming and CO emission increase, soil begins to become a larger carbon sink and will become increasingly volatile for our plant life.


title: Waste

text: Waste management is a significant environmental justice issue. Many of the environmental burdens cited above are more often borne by marginalized groups, such as racial minorities, women, and residents of developing nations. NIMBY (not in my back yard) is the opposition of residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them. However, the need for expansion and siting of waste treatment and disposal facilities is increasing worldwide. There is now a growing market in the transboundary movement of waste, and although most waste that flows between countries goes between developed nations, a significant amount of waste is moved from developed to developing nations.


title: Waste

text: The economic costs of managing waste are high, and are often paid for by municipal governments; money can often be saved with more efficiently designed collection routes, modifying vehicles, and with public education. Environmental policies such as pay as you throw can reduce the cost of management and reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery (that is, recycling, reuse) can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs. "Economic assessment of municipal waste management systems – case studies using a combination of life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-cycle costing (LCC)". The location of waste treatment and disposal facilities often reduces property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The informal waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can significantly alter or reduce waste in a particular system, but other negative economic effects come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its workers.


title: Waste

text: People in developing countries suffer from contaminated water and landfills caused by unlawful government policies that allow first-world countries and companies to transport their trash to their homes and oftentimes near bodies of water. Those same governments do not use any waste trade profits to create ways to manage landfills or clean water sources. Photographer Kevin McElvaney documents the world’s biggest e-waste dump called Agbogbloshie in Accra, Ghana, which used to be a wetland. The young men and children that work in Agbogbloshie smash devices to get to the metals, obtain burns, eye damage, lung and back problems, chronic nausea, debilitating headaches, and respiratory problems and most workers die from cancer in their 20s (McElvaney).In McElvaney’s photos, kids in fields burning refrigerators and computers with blackened hands and trashed clothes and animals, such as cows with open wounds, in the dumpsite. There are piles of waste used as makeshift bridges over lakes, with metals and chemicals just seeping into the water and groundwater that could be linked to homes' water systems. The same unfortunate situation and dumps/landfills can be seen in similar countries that are considered the third world, such as other West African countries and China. Many Advocating for waste management, stop waste trade, create wastewater treatment facilities, and ultimately provide a clean and accessible water source. The health of all these people in landfills and water are human necessities/rights that are being taken away.


title: Waste

text: Wastewater treatment facilities remove pollutants and contaminants physically and chemically to clean water to be returned to society. The South Gippsland Water Organization breaks down the three steps of waste-water treatment. The primary treatment is to sift through the water to remove large solids to leave oils and small particles in the water. Secondary treatment to dissolve/remove oils, particles, and micro-organisms from the water to be prepared for tertiary treatment to chemically disinfect the water with chlorine or with UV light. “For most industrial applications, a 150,000 GPD capacity WWTS would cost an estimated $500,000 to $1.5 million inclusive of all necessary design, engineering, equipment, installation, and startup”. With such a simple solution that has been proven to clean our water to be reused and is relatively inexpensive, there is no excuse why there should not be a waste-water treatment facility in every country, every state, and every town.


title: Waste

text: “Right now, according to a NASA-led study, many of the world’s freshwater sources are being drained faster than they are being replenished. The water table is dropping all over the world. There’s not an infinite supply of water”. There is a need to preserve every resource, every finite water source that we do have left to maintain our lives and lifestyles. Able countries helping under-developed countries with their creation of wastewater treatments benefits society. With the addition of wastewater treatment facilities with spending a few million dollars and infrastructure to clean our areas and freshwater to reuse instead of over-using our land and water supply, which would be the greatest cost. Another cost of not adding wastewater treatments in countries is that people have no choice but to clean with, cook with, or drink the contaminated water which has caused millions of disease cases and deaths. “Between 400,000 and 1 million people die each year in developing countries because of diseases caused by mismanaged waste, estimates poverty charity Tearfund”. Society has the means to decrease or even eliminate this way of death and save millions of lives by providing the simple human necessity of clean water.


title: Waste

text: Energy recovery from waste is using non-recyclable waste materials and extracting from it heat, electricity, or energy through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, and anaerobic digestion. This process is referred to as waste-to-energy.


title: Waste

text: There are several ways to recover energy from waste. Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring process of decomposition where organic matter is reduced to a simpler chemical component in the absence of oxygen. Incineration or direct controlled burning of municipal solid waste to reduce waste and make energy. Secondary recovered fuel is the energy recovery from waste that cannot be reused or recycled from mechanical and biological treatment activities. Pyrolysis involves heating of waste, with the absence of oxygen, to high temperatures to break down any carbon content into a mixture of gaseous and liquid fuels and solid residue. Gasification is the conversion of carbon rich material through high temperature with partial oxidation into a gas stream. Plasma arc heating is the very high heating of municipal solid waste to temperatures ranging from 3,000 to 10,000 °C, where energy is released by an electrical discharge in an inert atmosphere.


title: Waste

text: Using waste as fuel can offer important environmental benefits. It can provide a safe and cost-effective option for wastes that would normally have to be dealt with through disposal. It can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by diverting energy use from fossil fuels, while also generating energy and using waste as fuel can reduce the methane emissions generated in landfills by averting waste from landfills.


title: Waste

text: There is some debate in the classification of certain biomass feedstock as wastes. Crude Tall Oil (CTO), a co-product of the pulp and papermaking process, is defined as a waste or residue in some European countries when in fact it is produced “on purpose” and has significant value add potential in industrial applications. Several companies use CTO to produce fuel, while the pine chemicals industry maximizes it as a feedstock “producing low-carbon, bio-based chemicals” through cascading use.


title: Waste

text: Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management is increasingly important from a global perspective of resource management. The Talloires Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution and degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local, regional, and global air pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests, soil, and water; depletion of the ozone layer and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its biodiversity, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by establishing environmental management and waste management programs, e.g. the waste management university project. University and vocational education are promoted by various organizations, e.g. WAMITAB and Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: Power Stroke is the name used by a family of diesel engines for trucks produced by Ford Motor Company and Navistar International (until 2010) for Ford products since 1994. Along with its use in the Ford F-Series (including the Ford Super Duty trucks), applications include the Ford E-Series, Ford Excursion, and Ford LCF commercial truck. The name was also used for a diesel engine used in South American production of the Ford Ranger.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: From 1994, the Power Stroke engine family existed as a re-branding of engines produced by Navistar International, sharing engines with its medium-duty truck lines. Since the 2011 introduction of the 6.7 L Power Stroke V8, Ford has designed and produced its own diesel engines. During its production, the PowerStroke engine range has been marketed against large-block V8 (and V10) gasoline engines along with the General Motors Duramax V8 and the Dodge Cummins B-Series inline-six.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The first engine to bear the Power Stroke name, the 7.3 L Power Stroke V8 is the Ford version of the Navistar T444E turbo-diesel V8. Introduced in 1994 as the replacement for the 7.3 L IDI V8, the Power Stroke/T444E is a completely new design, with only its bore and stroke dimensions common with its predecessor (resulting in its identical displacement). In line with the IDI diesel, the Power Stroke was offered in three-quarter-ton and larger versions of the Ford F-Series and Econoline product ranges.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The Power Stroke is an electronically controlled, direct injection engine with a bore and stroke creating a displacement of . It has a 17.5:1 compression ratio, and a dry weight of approximately . This engine produces up to and of torque in automatic transmission trucks from the last years of production, and and of torque in manual transmission trucks. The oil pan holds while the top end (due to the HPOP) holds an additional , making for a total of of oil contained within the engine.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The 1994.5 to 1996/97 DI Power Stroke has "single shot" HEUI (hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection) fuel injectors which were AA code injectors unless from California where as they received AB code injectors. It ran a high pressure oil pump (HPOP) to create the necessary oil pressure to fire the fuel injectors. This generation of Power Stroke utilizes an HPOP with a 15° swash plate angle. The 1995-1997 trucks use a two-stage cam-driven fuel pump, whereas the 1999-2003 trucks use a frame rail mounted electric fuel pump. The 1999–2003 trucks also had a deadhead fuel system and a "long lead" injector in cyl. number 8 due to lower fuel pressures with the deadhead design (AE code injector). The California trucks from 1996 and 1997 have a split-shot fuel injectors; other trucks did not get split-shot injectors until 1999. Single-shot injectors only inject one charge of fuel per cycle, whereas the split-shot injector releases a preliminary light load before the main charge to initiate combustion in a more damped manner. This "pre-injection" helps reduce the sharp combustion 'knock' as well as lower NO emissions by creating a more complete burn.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The '94.5-'97 engine utilizes a single turbocharger, non-wastegated, with a turbine housing size of 1.15 A/R. In 1999, an air-to-air intercooler was added to cool the charged air from the turbo for increased air density. With the new cooler, denser air would increase the horsepower potential of the engine, while also reducing exhaust gas temperatures (EGT). The turbine housing was changed to a .84 A/R and a wastegate was added halfway through the 1999 model year. The 1999 engine also received injectors, up from in the early model engine. With the larger injectors, the HPOP capability was increased by utilizing a 17° swash plate angle to meet the requirements of the new, higher flowing injectors.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The engine used forged connecting rods until powdered metal rods were introduced for early 2002 models. Serial numbers can be seen with the aid of a borescope to confirm the changeover between the 2001 and 2002 model years. These new connecting rods sufficed in an unmodified engine, but would become a potentially catastrophic failure point if aftermarket tuning pushed the engine above . Early models did not use any form of exhaust aftertreatment, such as a catalytic converter, as emissions were not enforced on diesel motors; however, by mid-year 2002, Ford began installing catalytic converters as part of the OEM exhaust as part of the Tier 1–3 standards.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: Despite being regarded as one of the most reliable diesel engines ever put in a light-duty truck, the engine had its own issues. A common failure point was the camshaft position sensor (CPS). The failure of this sensor would cause a no-start condition or a stall while running. The easiest way to diagnose a failed CPS is through movement of the tachometer when cranking. If the tachometer does not move, the CPS is most likely bad. The fuel filter/water separator also tends to be a minor failure point across the trucks. The filter housing tends to develop cracks in the aluminum housing and leaks fuel. The heating element contained in the filter housing also can short out, blowing a fuse and causing a no start condition. The turbocharger up-pipes are a large failure point, with the pipes leaking from many different points but mainly from the joints. Leaking of the up-pipes causes the engine to lose boost and cause exhaust gas temperatures to increase. The EBPV exhaust back-pressure valve (EBPV) was also prone to failure; it could close when cold and get stuck on causing a jet engine like noise coming from the exhaust.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: Most of the issues that came out of these motors were due to poor electrical connections. The UVCH (under valve cover harness) was prone to losing contact with either glow plugs or injectors which caused rough starts or a misfire depending on the year. 1994–1997 engines have two connectors going into each bank, whereas 1999–2003 engines had one connector going into each bank; troubleshooting the harness was easier for the 1994–1997 engines.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke was in production until the first quarter of model year 2003, when it was replaced by the 6.0 L because of its inability to meet California noise regulations, not the commonly believed emissions standards. Nearly 2 million 7.3 L DI Power Stroke engines were produced in International's Indianapolis plant.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke engine is commonly referred to as one of the best engines that International produced.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The Power Stroke was replaced by the beginning in the second quarter of the 2003 model year. The 6.0L Power Stroke, was used in Ford Super Duty trucks until the 2007 model year but lasted until 2009 in the Ford Econoline vans (model year 2010) and in the Ford Excursion SUVs until after the 2005 models when Ford discontinued Excursion production. The engine has a bore and stroke creating a displacement of . It utilizes a variable-geometry turbocharger and intercooler, producing and torque with an 18.0:1 compression ratio, with fuel cutoff at 4,200 rpm. Many 6.0 L Power Stroke engines experienced problems.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: "/" - The sources of the main issues with the 6.0L were the in-block oil cooler, and the EGR cooler materials. The oil cooler is located in the valley of the engine block, underneath the cartridge oil filter set up. The sealed outer portion of the oil cooler is submerged in engine oil, with coolant flowing through the center passages. Over time, the coolant side of oil cooler would plug up with sediment. This would reduce the flow of coolant through the oil cooler and cause higher oil temperatures. This sediment would also reduce the flow of coolant through the EGR cooler resulting in premature failure due to thermal expansion fatiguing the heat exchanging core. The early EGR coolers (2003-2004.5) were also susceptible to premature failure.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: " - " With the use of Split-shot HEUI fuel injectors, high pressure oil is required to pressurize the fuel injectors. The main high pressure oil (HPO) system components are; High Pressure Oil Pump (HPOP), HPO manifolds, Stand pipes and branch tube. The HPOP is located in the engine valley at the rear of the engine block. Early build years (2003.5–04.5) are well known for premature HPOP failure. This is due to the poor quality materials used in manufacturing. The HPOP is pressurized by a rotating gear, meshed with a rear camshaft gear. The early model HPOP gears were known to be weak, and develop stress cracks in the teeth resulting in gear failure, thus causing a no start issue for the engine. Early models also had the ICP sensor located on the HPOP cover. The high amount of heat in this location, combined with the exposure to debris in the oil was known to cause ICP sensor failure also resulting in a no start condition. This issue was addressed by Ford with the late 2004 engine update, bringing a new HPOP design, along with relocation of the ICP sensor to the Passenger side valve cover. The newly designed pump is not known for frequent failure, however a new issue arose with the update. In the late model engines, Ford also redesigned the HPO stand pipes and dummy plugs in the HPO manifold, using poor quality o-rings. These o-rings were prone to failure causing a HPO leak, and eventually a no start condition. Ford addressed this concern with updated Viton o-ring washers fixing the issue. With the new HPO system design also came a Snap To Connect (STC) fitting. Some models had issue with the prongs of the STC fitting breaking causing the fitting to lose its sealing property and again, a no start condition for the engine. Another frequent (but not always catastrophic) issue with the HPO system is the Injection Pressure Regulator (IPR) screen. The IPR screen is located in the engine valley with the oil cooler. The material used was susceptible to failure and neglecting to replace the screen during an oil cooler replacement could lead to the debris being sent through the HPOP causing complete failure. If the HPOP does not fail another common failure point is the IPR that, if contaminated by debris, will not be able to seal completely and will then "bleed off" oil pressure causing a no start condition.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: " -" Ford/International used four Torque to Yield (TTY) cylinder head bolts per cylinder for the 6.0s and 6.4s. TTY bolts offer some of the most precise clamping force available but can be problematic. In certain situations (Oil cooler/EGR cooler failure, high boost/load levels brought on by performance upgrades) TTY bolts can be stretched beyond their torque mark by increased cylinder pressures (commonly from coolant being introduced into the cylinder). This has never been addressed by Ford due to the fact that other malfunctions or abuse must occur to stretch the bolts. Some in the aftermarket will replace the factory bolts with head studs in an attempt to protect the head gaskets from future failure. If this is done without addressing the underlying issue, the head gaskets may fail again bringing along a cracked or warped cylinder head. In contrast, the Powerstroke 7.3s and 6.7s have 6 head bolts per cylinder while the 6.0, VT365, IDI 7.3s and 6.4s only have four.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: Numerous PCM recalibrations, attempts to "detune" the engine, fuel injector stiction (caused by lack of maintenance and proper oil changes) along with several other driveability and quality control problems have plagued the 6.0. The FICM (fuel injection control module) has been a problem, where low voltage in the vehicle's electrical system due to failing batteries or a low-output alternator can cause damage to the FICM. In addition, the placement of the FICM on top of the engine subjects it to varying and extreme temperatures and vibrations causing solder joints and components to fail in early build models; mostly in the power supply itself. The FICM multiplies the voltage in the fuel injector circuit from 12 to 48-50 volts to fire the injectors. Low voltage can eventually cause damage to the fuel injectors.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: Many 6.0 owners who bought their truck new have received class action lawsuit payments. Some owners have opted out of the class action lawsuit and went straight to a fraud case: one example is Charles Margeson of California, who was awarded $214,537.34 plus legal fees ($72,564.04 was for repayment of his 2006 F-350). Margeson, along with 5 other owners who opted out of the class action lawsuits, have been awarded over US$10 million.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The 6.4L Power Stroke was introduced for MY2008 and was the first engine introduced to the light truck market that utilized dual turbochargers directly from the factory. Additionally, this was the first Power Stroke to use a diesel particulate filter (DPF) to reduce particulate matter emissions from the exhaust. The new DPF and active regeneration system greatly hindered fuel economy and the engine was ultimately retired after MY2010 and replaced by the 6.7L Power Stroke built in-house by Ford. While warranty claims began to show a level of unreliability similar to the previous 6.0L Power Stroke, the 6.4L Power Stroke has proved to be capable of handling elevated boost levels needed to generate high horsepower and torque.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The engine has a bore and stroke, resulting in a total calculated displacement of . Despite having to meet emission regulations, the engine was able to increase horsepower ratings to and torque to at the flywheel. Horsepower and torque are achieved at 3,000 rpm and 2,000 rpm respectively. It also features a compound VGT turbo system. Air enters the low-pressure turbo (the larger of the two) and is fed into the high-pressure turbo (the smaller of the two), then is directed into the engine or intercooler. This system is designed to result in reduced turbo lag when accelerating from a stop. The series-turbo system is set up to provide a better throttle response while in motion to give a power flow more like a naturally aspirated engine. The 6.4 L also has a DPF and dual EGR coolers which are capable of reducing exhaust gas temps by up to 1,000 degrees before they reach the EGR valve and mix with the intake charge. The DPF traps soot and particulates from the exhaust and virtually eliminates the black smoke that most diesel engines expel upon acceleration. The engine computer is programmed to periodically inject extra fuel in the exhaust stroke of the engine (which is called a DPF Regen or regeneration) to burn off soot that accumulates in the DPF. This engine is designed to only run on ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel which has no more than 15 ppm sulfur content; using regular diesel fuel results in emission equipment malfunctions and violates manufacturer warranties.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The 6.4L has had one recall (safety product recall 07S49 was released on March 23, 2007) that addresses the potential for flames to come from the tailpipe of the truck. This problem arises from the DPF which is part of the diesel after-treatment system. A PCM recalibration was released to eliminate the possibility of excessive exhaust temperatures combined with certain rare conditions resulting from what is becoming known as a "thermal event".


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The 6.7 L Power Stroke debuted in the 2011 Ford Super Duty (F-250 through F-550) trucks, replacing the 6.4 L Power Stroke. The first Power Stroke engine to be developed and manufactured by Ford, it was designed in conjunction with AVL of Austria. During its development, Ford engineers codenamed this engine "Scorpion" because of the exhaust manifold and turbocharger being mounted in the engine's "valley." It features a compacted graphite iron (CGI) block for greater strength and reduced weight, reverse flow aluminum cylinder heads (the exhaust ports are located in the lifter valley) with dual water jackets, six head bolts per cylinder, and high-pressure common rail Bosch fuel system. The system delivers up to five injection events per cylinder per cycle using eight-hole piezo injectors spraying fuel into the piston bowl. This engine also supports B20 biodiesel, allowing fueling options of up to 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent petroleum diesel. Garrett's single-sequential turbocharger features an industry-first double-sided compressor wheel mounted on a single shaft. The connecting rods are made by Mahle.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: Emissions controls include exhaust gas recirculation, Denoxtronic-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) from Bosch, and a DPF. Output was originally and . but shortly after production started, Ford announced that it made an update to the engine. The new engine control software makes the engine capable of at 2,800 rpm and at 1,600 rpm while achieving better fuel economy and without any physical changes to the engine. The 2015 engines are rated at and . Ford claimed the bump in horsepower is from a new turbocharger, new injector nozzles, and exhaust improvements. For 2017, the torque had risen to at 1800 rpm, while horsepower remained the same. To compete with the Duramax and Cummins engines from GM and Ram, Ford increased output for the 2018 model year to . Previously, the Duramax motor had a gain over the Power Stroke in 2017, and the Cummins engine for 2018 would have had a torque gain over the Power Stroke if the Power Stroke's output hadn't been increased for 2018. The engine is also available for Blue Bird Vision school buses. As of 2020, the Power Stroke's output was increased to 475 hp at 2600 rpm and 1050 lb-ft at 1600 rpm, becoming the best-in-class diesel in horsepower.


title: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: The 3.2 L Power Stroke is an inline-five engine that debuted in the U.S.-spec Transit for model year 2015. The engine is a modified version of the Ford Duratorq 3.2 L diesel engine that has been adapted to meet emissions in the United States. To aid in economy, emissions, and reduce NVH, it has a high pressure common rail fuel injection system and piezo injectors that can spray up to five different injections per compression event. It has a water cooled EGR system to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas before being recirculated through the intake. A unique feature to the emissions system is that the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and the DPF have been combined into one singular unit as opposed to the traditional two separate units. Exhaust treatment continues with SCR which is done by the injection of diesel exhaust fluid in the exhaust to reduce NOx. The engine features a variable geometry turbo which allows for intake air flow tuning on the fly to increase power and fuel economy. The engine also features a variable-flow oil pump to avoid wasting mechanical energy pumping excessive amounts of oil. It has cast aluminum, low friction pistons with oil squirters to keep them cool during heavy-load conditions, a die cast aluminum cam carrier to stiffen up the valve train and reduce NVH, and to increase low end durability, the crankshaft is cast iron and the connecting rods are forged. The block itself is an extra rigid, gray cast iron with a closed deck. The power figures for the 3.2 L Power Stroke are at 3,000 rpm and at 1,500-2,750 rpm. The Euro Duratorq 3.2 makes and of torque.