title: Trial of Socrates

text: The death sentence of Socrates was the legal consequence of asking politico-philosophic questions of his students, which resulted in the two accusations of moral corruption and impiety. At trial, the majority of the "dikasts" (male-citizen jurors chosen by lot) voted to convict him of the two charges; then, consistent with common legal practice voted to determine his punishment and agreed to a sentence of death to be executed by Socrates's drinking a poisonous beverage of hemlock.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Primary-source accounts of the trial and execution of Socrates are the "Apology of Socrates" by Plato and the "Apology of Socrates to the Jury" by Xenophon of Athens, who had also been his student; modern interpretations include "The Trial of Socrates" (1988) by the journalist I. F. Stone, and "Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths" (2009) by the Classics scholar Robin Waterfield.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Before the philosopher Socrates was tried for moral corruption and impiety, the citizens of Athens knew him as an intellectual and moral gadfly of their society. In the comic play, "The Clouds" (423 BC), Aristophanes represents Socrates as a sophistic philosopher who teaches the young man Pheidippides how to formulate arguments that justify striking and beating his father. Despite Socrates denying he had any relation with the Sophists, the playwright indicates that Athenians associated the philosophic teachings of Socrates with Sophism. As philosophers, the Sophists were men of ambiguous reputation, "they were a set of charlatans that appeared in Greece in the fifth century BC, and earned ample livelihood by imposing on public credulity: professing to teach virtue, they really taught the art of fallacious discourse, and meanwhile propagated immoral practical doctrines."


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Besides "The Clouds", the comic play "The Wasps" (422 BC) also depicts inter-generational conflict, between an older man and a young man. Such representations of inter-generational social conflict among the men of Athens, especially in the decade from 425 to 415 BC, can reflect contrasting positions regarding opposition to or support for the Athenian invasion of Sicily. Many Athenians blamed the teachings of the Sophists and of Socrates for instilling the younger generation with a morally nihilistic, disrespectful attitude towards their society.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Socrates left no written works; however, his student and friend, Plato, wrote Socratic dialogues, featuring Socrates as the protagonist. As a teacher, competitor intellectuals resented Socrates's "elenctic examination" method for intellectual inquiry, because its questions threatened their credibility as men of wisdom and virtue.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: It has sometimes been claimed that Socrates described himself as the "gadfly" of Athens which, like a sluggish horse, needed to be aroused by his "stinging". In the Greek text of his defense given by Plato, Socrates never actually uses that term (viz., "gadfly" [Grk., "oîstros"]) to describe himself. Rather, his reference is merely allusive, as he (literally) says only that he has attached himself to the City ("proskeimenon tē polei") in order to sting it. Nevertheless, he does make the bold claim that he is a god's gift to the Athenians.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Alcibiades was an Athenian general who had been the main proponent of the disastrous Sicilian Expedition during the Peloponnesian Wars, where virtually the entire Athenian invading force of more than 50,000 soldiers and non-combatants (e.g., the rowers of the Triremes) was killed or captured and enslaved. He was a student and close friend of Socrates, and his messmate during the siege of Potidaea (433–429 BC). Socrates remained Alcibiades's close friend, admirer, and mentor for about five or six years. During his career, Alcibiades famously defected to Sparta, arch-enemy of Athens, after being summoned to trial, then to Persia after being caught in an affair with the wife of his benefactor (the King of Sparta). He then defected back to Athens after successfully persuading the Athenians that Persia would come to their aid against Sparta (though Persia had no intention of doing so). Finally driven out of Athens after the defeat of the Battle of Notium against Sparta, Alcibiades was assassinated in Phrygia in 400 BC by his Spartan enemies.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Another possible source of resentment was the political views that he and his associates were thought to have embraced. Critias, who appears in two of Plato's Socratic dialogues, was a leader of the Thirty Tyrants (the ruthless oligarchic regime that ruled Athens, as puppets of Sparta and backed by Spartan troops, for eight months in 404–403 BC until they were overthrown). Several of the Thirty had been students of Socrates, but there is also a record of their falling out.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: As with many of the issues surrounding Socrates's conviction, the nature of his affiliation with the Thirty Tyrants is far from straightforward. During the reign of the Thirty, many prominent Athenians who were opposed to the new government left Athens. Robin Waterfield asserts that "Socrates would have been welcome in oligarchic Thebes, where he had close associates among the Pythagoreans who flourished there, and which had already taken in other exiles." Given the availability of a hospitable host outside of Athens, Socrates, at least in a limited way, chose to remain in Athens. Thus, Waterfield suggests, Socrates's contemporaries probably thought his remaining in Athens, even without participating in the Thirty's bloodthirsty schemes, demonstrated his sympathy for the Thirty's cause, not neutrality towards it. This is proved, Waterfield argues, by the fact that after the Thirty were no longer in power, anyone who had remained in Athens during their rule was encouraged to move to Eleusis, the new home of the expatriate Thirty. Socrates did oppose the will of the Thirty on one documented occasion. Plato's "Apology" has the character of Socrates describe that the Thirty ordered him, along with four other men, to fetch a man named Leon from Salamis so that the Thirty could execute him. While Socrates did not obey this order, he did nothing to warn Leon, who was subsequently apprehended by the other four men.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: According to the portraits left by some of Socrates's followers, Socrates himself seems to have openly espoused certain anti-democratic views, the most prominent perhaps being the view that it is not majority opinion that yields correct policy but rather genuine knowledge and professional competence, which is possessed by only a few. Plato also portrays him as being severely critical of some of the most prominent and well-respected leaders of the Athenian democracy; and even has his claim that the officials selected by the Athenian system of governance cannot credibly be regarded as benefactors since it is not any group of "many" that benefits, but only "someone or very few persons". Finally, Socrates was known as often praising the laws of the undemocratic regimes of Sparta and Crete. Plato himself reinforced anti-democratic ideas in "The Republic", advocating rule by elite, enlightened "Philosopher-Kings".


title: Trial of Socrates

text: The totalitarian Thirty Tyrants had anointed themselves as the elite, and in the minds of his Athenian accusers, Socrates was guilty because he was suspected of introducing oligarchic ideas to them. Larry Gonick, in his "Cartoon History of the Universe" wrote:


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Apart from his views on politics, Socrates held unusual views on religion. He made several references to his spirit, or "daimonion", although he explicitly claimed that it never urged him on, but only warned him against various prospective actions.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: The extant, primary sources about the history of the trial and execution of Socrates are: the "Apology of Socrates to the Jury", by Xenophon, a historian; and the tetralogy of Socratic dialogues"Euthyphro", the "Socratic Apology", "Crito", and "Phaedo", by Plato, a philosopher who had been a student of Socrates.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: In "The Indictment of Socrates" (392 BC), the sophist rhetorician Polycrates (440–370) presents the prosecution speech by Anytus, which condemned Socrates for his political and religious activities in Athens before the year 403 BC. In presenting such a prosecution, which addressed matters external to the specific charges of moral corruption and impiety levelled by the Athenian "polis" against Socrates, Anytus violated the political amnesty specified in the agreement of reconciliation (403–402 BC), which granted pardon to a man for political and religious actions taken before or during the rule of the Thirty Tyrants, "under which all further charges and official recriminations concerning the [reign of] terror were forbidden".


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Moreover, the legal and religious particulars against Socrates that Polycrates reported in "The Indictment of Socrates" are addressed in the replies by Xenophon and the sophist Libanius of Antioch (314–390).


title: Trial of Socrates

text: The formal accusation was the second element of the trial of Socrates, which the accuser, Meletus, swore to be true, before the archon (a state officer with mostly religious duties) who considered the evidence and determined that there was an actionable case of "moral corruption of Athenian youth" and "impiety", for which the philosopher must legally answer; the archon summoned Socrates for a trial by jury.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Athenian juries were drawn by lottery, from a group of hundreds of male-citizen volunteers; such a great jury usually ensured a majority verdict in a trial. Although neither Plato nor Xenophon of Athens identifies the number of jurors, a jury of 501 men likely was the legal norm. In the "Apology of Socrates" (36a–b), about Socrates's defence at trial, Plato said that if just 30 of the votes had been otherwise, then Socrates would have been acquitted (36a), and that (perhaps) less than three-fifths of the jury voted against him (36b). Assuming a jury of 501, this would imply that he was convicted by a majority of 280 against 221.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Having been found guilty of corruption and impiety, Socrates and the prosecutor suggested sentences for the punishment of his crimes against the city-state of Athens. Expressing surprise at the few votes required for an acquittal, Socrates joked that he be punished with free meals at the Prytaneum (the city's sacred hearth), an honour usually held for a benefactor of Athens, and the victorious athletes of an Olympiad. After that failed suggestion, Socrates then offered to pay a fine of 100 drachmaeone-fifth of his propertywhich largesse testified to his integrity and poverty as a philosopher. Finally, a fine of 3,000 drachmae was agreed, proposed by Plato, Crito, Critobulus, and Apollodorus, who guaranteed paymentnonetheless, the prosecutor of the trial of Socrates proposed the death penalty for the impious philosopher. (Diogenes Laërtius, 2.42). In the end, the sentence of death was passed by a greater majority of the jury than that by which he had been convicted.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: In the event, friends, followers, and students encouraged Socrates to flee Athens, an action which the citizens expected; yet, on principle, Socrates refused to flout the law and escape his legal responsibility to Athens (see: "Crito"). Therefore, faithful to his teaching of civic obedience to the law, the 70-year-old Socrates executed his death sentence and drank the hemlock, as condemned at trial. (See: "Phaedo")


title: Trial of Socrates

text: In the time of the trial of Socrates, the year 399 BC, the city-state of Athens recently had endured the trials and tribulations of Spartan hegemony and the thirteen-month régime of the Thirty Tyrants, which had been imposed consequently to the Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). At the request of Lysander, a Spartan admiral, the Thirty men, led by Critias and Theramenes, were to administer Athens and revise the city's democratic laws, which were inscribed on a wall of the Stoa Basileios. Their actions were to facilitate the transition of the Athenian government from a democracy to an oligarchy in service to Sparta.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Moreover, the Thirty Tyrants also appointed a council of 500 men to perform the judicial functions that once had belonged to every Athenian citizen. In their brief régime, the Spartan oligarchs killed about five percent of the Athenian population, confiscated much property, and exiled democrats from the city proper. The fact that Critias, leader of the Thirty Tyrants, had been a pupil of Socrates was held against him.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Plato's presentation of the trial and death of Socrates inspired writers, artists, and philosophers to revisit the matter. For some, the execution of the man whom Plato called "the wisest and most just of all men" demonstrated the defects of democracy and of popular rule; for others, the Athenian actions were a justifiable defence of the recently re-established democracy.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: In "The Trial of Socrates" (1988), I. F. Stone argued that Socrates wanted to be sentenced to death, to justify his philosophic opposition to the Athenian democracy of that time, and because, as a man, he saw that old age would be an unpleasant time for him.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: In the introduction to his play "Socrates on Trial" (2007), Andrew Irvine claimed that because of his loyalty to Athenian democracy, Socrates willingly accepted the guilty verdict voted by the jurors at his trial:


title: Trial of Socrates

text: In "Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths" (2009), Robin Waterfield wrote that the death of Socrates was an act of volition motivated by a greater purpose; Socrates "saw himself as healing the City's ills by his voluntary death". Waterfield wrote that Socrates, with his unconventional methods of intellectual enquiry, attempted to resolve the political confusion then occurring in the city-state of Athens, by willingly being the scapegoat, whose death would quiet old disputes, which then would allow the Athenian polis to progress towards political harmony and social peace.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: In "The New Trial of Socrates" (2012), an international panel of ten judges held a mock re-trial of Socrates to resolve the matter of the charges levelled against him by Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon, that: "Socrates is a doer of evil and corrupter of the youth, and he does not believe in the gods of the state, and he believes in other new divinities of his own". Five judges voted guilty and five judges voted not guilty. Limiting themselves to the facts of the case against Socrates, the judges did not consider any sentence, but the judges who voted the philosopher guilty said that they would not have considered the death penalty for him.


title: Trial of Socrates

text: Rhetorical scholar Collin Bjork contended that Plato's depiction of the trial makes an important contribution to rhetorical theories of ethos, one that countered "prevailing notions of rhetoric as an art primarily concerned with making individual speeches and foreground[ed] instead the rhetorical impact of a "lifetime" of philosophical-cum-rhetorical activity" (258).


title: Sodium laureth sulfate

text: Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), an accepted contraction of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), also called sodium alkylethersulfate, is an anionic detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpaste, etc.) and for industrial uses. SLES is an inexpensive and very effective foaming agent. SLES, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), and sodium pareth sulfate are surfactants that are used in many cosmetic products for their cleaning and emulsifying properties. It is derived from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. In herbicides, it is used as a surfactant to improve absorption of the herbicidal chemicals and reduces time the product takes to be rainfast, when enough of the herbicidal agent will be absorbed.


title: Sodium laureth sulfate

text: Its chemical formula is . Sometimes the number represented by "n" is specified in the name, for example laureth-2 sulfate. The product is heterogeneous in the number of ethoxyl groups, where "n" is the mean. Laureth-3 sulfate is the most common one in commercial products.


title: Sodium laureth sulfate

text: SLES is prepared by ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol, which is produced industrially from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. The resulting ethoxylate is converted to a half ester of sulfuric acid, which is neutralized by conversion to the sodium salt. The related surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS) is produced similarly, but without the ethoxylation step. SLS and ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) are commonly used alternatives to SLES in consumer products.


title: Sodium laureth sulfate

text: Tests in the US indicate that it is safe for consumer use. The Australian government's Department of Health and Ageing and its National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) have determined that SLES does not react with DNA.


title: Sodium laureth sulfate

text: Like many other detergents, SLES is an irritant. It has been shown that SLES causes eye or skin irritation in experiments conducted on animals and humans. The related surfactant SLS is also a known irritant.


title: Sodium laureth sulfate

text: Products containing SLES can be contaminated with (up to 300 ppm) of 1,4-dioxane, a by-product of SLES production. 1,4-Dioxane is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a Group 2B carcinogen: "possibly carcinogenic to humans". The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that these levels be monitored, and encourages manufacturers to remove 1,4-dioxane, though it is not required by federal law.


title: Caroline Goodall

text: Caroline Cruice Goodall (born 13 November 1959) is an English actress and screenwriter. She was nominated for AFI Awards for her roles in the 1989 miniseries "Cassidy", and the 1995 film "Hotel Sorrento". Her other film appearances include "Hook" (1991), "Cliffhanger" (1993), "Schindler's List" (1993), "Disclosure" (1994), "White Squall" (1996), "The Princess Diaries" (2001) and "The Best of Me" (2014).


title: Caroline Goodall

text: Goodall was born in London to a publisher father and journalist mother. She attended St Leonards-Mayfield School and graduated (1981) with a Bachelor of Arts in Drama and English from Bristol University. Caroline was a member of National Youth Theatre.


title: Caroline Goodall

text: Goodall has appeared extensively on stage, joining the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) and then the National Theatre. Her roles for the RSC include Lady Anne in "Richard III", Australian tour opposite Sir Anthony Sher and Hypatia in "Misalliance"; while for the National Theatre she played Rebecca in "Command or Promise". She played Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet" at the Shaw Theatre, Viola In "Twelfth Night" ( Plymouth) starred at the Manchester Royal Exchange, Royal Court Theatre as Susan in Jonathan Gem's comedy "Susan's Breasts"; Alan Ayckbourn's Steven Joseph Theatre in Scarborough and as Isobel in David Hare's US premiere of "The Secret Rapture" at the SCR.


title: Caroline Goodall

text: Goodall was chosen by Steven Spielberg to star in his 1991 film "Hook". She went on to star as the villainess Kristel in the film "Cliffhanger" (1993), as Emilie Schindler in "Schindler's List" (1993), and opposite Michael Douglas in Barry Levinson's "Disclosure" (1994). In Australia, she co-starred with Russell Crowe in "The Silver Brumby" in 1993, and was nominated for the AFI Award for Best Actress for the 1995 film "Hotel Sorrento". She had previously been nominated for the AFI Award for Best Actress in a TV film or miniseries for the 1989 miniseries "Cassidy". In 1996, she starred with Pauline Quirke in the BBC miniseries "The Sculptress". In 1998, she was nominated for a Logie Award for Best Actress for "A Difficult Woman", which also won best TV mini series at the New York Festival in 1998. She starred opposite Jeff Bridges in Ridley Scott's "White Squall" (1996); as Helen Thermopolis in Garry Marshall's wildly successful The "Princess Diaries" (2001), "" (2004) and opposite Bruce Willis and Henry Cavill in "The Cold Light Of Day" (2012). European credits include starring in Urs Egger's "Opernball" (1998) "The Thief Lord" (2006), and Denis De La Patelliere's "Épées Des Diamants". She appeared in Lars von Trier's "Nymphomaniac Vol. II" (2013) and won a RIFF Best Actress Award for her role in Massimo Cogliatore's two-hander thriller "The Elevator" (2014). In 2015, she played Elsbeth Beaumont in Jocelyn Moorhouse's multi-award-winning film "The Dressmaker", with Kate Winslet and Judy Davis.


title: Caroline Goodall

text: As a screenwriter, in addition to "The Bay of Silence", Goodall's credits include screen adaptations of Rupert Thomson's "Dreams of Leaving" for HKM Films.


title: Caroline Goodall

text: Goodall has starred in many TV series including "The White Queen" (2013) and its sequel "The White Princess" (2017), portraying Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the mother of kings Edward IV and Richard III. In 2016, she portrayed Kelly Frost in the CIA spy-thriller TV series "Berlin Station".


title: Caroline Goodall

text: Goodall married Nicola Pecorini on 17 September 1994. The couple have two children, Gemma and Leone. Her sister is producer Victoria Goodall.


title: John Logie Baird

text: John Logie Baird (; 13 August 188814 June 1946) was a Scottish inventor, electrical engineer, and innovator who demonstrated the world's first live working television system on 26 January 1926. He went on to invent the first publicly demonstrated colour television system and the first viable purely electronic colour television picture tube.


title: John Logie Baird

text: In 1928 the Baird Television Development Company achieved the first transatlantic television transmission. Baird's early technological successes and his role in the practical introduction of broadcast television for home entertainment have earned him a prominent place in television's history.


title: John Logie Baird

text: In 2006, Baird was named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history, having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. In 2015 he was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame. On 26 January 2017 – IEEE unveiled a bronze street plaque at 22 Frith Street (Bar Italia), London, dedicated to Baird and the invention of television. In 2021, the Royal Mint unveiled a John Logie Baird 50p coin commemorating the 75th anniversary of his death.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Baird was born on 13 August 1888 in Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire, and was the youngest of four children of the Reverend John Baird, the Church of Scotland's minister for the local St Bride's Church, and Jessie Morrison Inglis, the orphaned niece of a wealthy family of shipbuilders from Glasgow.


title: John Logie Baird

text: He was educated at Larchfield Academy (now part of Lomond School) in Helensburgh; the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College; and the University of Glasgow. While at college, Baird undertook a series of engineering apprentice jobs as part of his course. The conditions in industrial Glasgow at the time helped form his socialist convictions but also contributed to his ill health. He became an agnostic, though this did not strain his relationship with his father. His degree course was interrupted by the First World War and he never returned to graduate.


title: John Logie Baird

text: At the beginning of 1915 he volunteered for service in the British Army but was classified as unfit for active duty. Unable to go to the front, he took a job with the Clyde Valley Electrical Power Company, which was engaged in munitions work.


title: John Logie Baird

text: In early 1923, and in poor health, Baird moved to 21 Linton Crescent, Hastings, on the south coast of England. He later rented a workshop in the Queen's Arcade in the town. Baird built what was to become the world's first working television set using items that included an old hatbox and a pair of scissors, some darning needles, a few bicycle light lenses, a used tea chest, and sealing wax and glue that he purchased. In February 1924, he demonstrated to the "Radio Times" that a semi-mechanical analogue television system was possible by transmitting moving silhouette images. In July of the same year, he received a 1000-volt electric shock but survived with only a burnt hand but, as a result, his landlord, Mr Tree, asked him to vacate the premises. Soon after arriving in London, looking for publicity, Baird visited the "Daily Express" newspaper to promote his invention. The news editor was terrified and he was quoted by one of his staff as saying: "For God's sake, go down to reception and get rid of a lunatic who's down there. He says he's got a machine for seeing by wireless! Watch him—he may have a razor on him."


title: John Logie Baird

text: In these attempts to develop a working television system, Baird experimented using the Nipkow disk. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow had invented this scanning system in 1884. Television historian Albert Abramson calls Nipkow's patent "the master television patent". Nipkow's work is important because Baird, followed by many others, chose to develop it into a broadcast medium.


title: John Logie Baird

text: In his laboratory on 2 October 1925, Baird successfully transmitted the first television picture with a greyscale image: the head of a ventriloquist's dummy nicknamed "Stooky Bill" in a 32-line vertically scanned image, at five pictures per second. Baird went downstairs and fetched an office worker, 20-year-old William Edward Taynton, to see what a human face would look like, and Taynton became the first person to be televised in a full tonal range.


title: John Logie Baird

text: In June 1924, Baird had bought from Cyril Frank Elwell a thallium sulphide (Thalofide) cell, developed by Theodore Case in the USA. The Thalofide cell was part of the important new technology of 'talking pictures'. Baird's pioneering implementation of this cell allowed Baird to become the first person to produce a live, moving, greyscale television image from reflected light. Baird achieved this, where other inventors had failed, by applying two unique methods to the Case cell. He accomplished this by improving the signal conditioning from the cell, through temperature optimisation (cooling) and his own custom-designed video amplifier.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Baird gave the first public demonstration of moving silhouette images by television at Selfridges department store in London in a three-week series of demonstrations beginning on 25 March 1925.


title: John Logie Baird

text: On 26 January 1926, Baird gave the first public demonstration of true television images for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from "The Times" in his laboratory at 22 Frith Street in the Soho district of London, where Bar Italia is now located. Baird initially used a scan rate of 5 pictures per second, improving this to 12.5 pictures per second c.1927. It was the first demonstration of a television system that could scan and display live moving images with tonal graduation.


title: John Logie Baird

text: He demonstrated the world's first colour transmission on 3 July 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with a filter of a different primary colour; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination. The demonstration was of a young girl, 8-year-old Noele Gordon, wearing different coloured hats. Miss Gordon went on to become a successful TV actress, famous for the soap opera "Crossroads". That same year he also demonstrated stereoscopic television.


title: John Logie Baird

text: In 1927, Baird transmitted a long-distance television signal over of telephone line between London and Glasgow; Baird transmitted the world's first long-distance television pictures to the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station.


title: John Logie Baird

text: This transmission was Baird's response to a 225-mile, long-distance telecast between stations of AT&T Bell Labs. The Bell stations were in New York and Washington, DC. The earlier telecast took place in April 1927, a month before Baird's demonstration.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Baird set up the Baird Television Development Company Ltd, which in 1928 made the first transatlantic television transmission, from London to Hartsdale, New York, and in 1929 the first television programmes officially transmitted by the BBC. In November 1929, Baird and Bernard Natan established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan. Broadcast on the BBC on 14 July 1930, "The Man with the Flower in His Mouth" was the first drama shown on UK television. The BBC transmitted Baird's first live outside broadcast with the televising of The Derby in 1931. He demonstrated a theatre television system, with a screen two feet by five feet (60 cm by 150 cm), in 1930 at the London Coliseum, Berlin, Paris, and Stockholm. By 1939 he had improved his theatre projection to televise a boxing match on a screen by .


title: John Logie Baird

text: From 1929 to 1935, the BBC transmitters were used to broadcast television programmes using the 30-line Baird system, and from 1932 to 1935 the BBC also produced the programmes in their own studio, first at Broadcasting House and then later at 16 Portland Place. In addition, from 1933 Baird and the Baird Company were producing and broadcasting a small number of television programmes independent of the BBC from Baird's studios and transmitter at the Crystal Palace in south London.


title: John Logie Baird

text: On 2 November 1936, from Alexandra Palace located on the high ground of the north London ridge, the BBC began alternating Baird 240-line transmissions with EMI's electronic scanning system, which had recently been improved to 405-lines after a merger with Marconi. The Baird system at the time involved an intermediate film process, where footage was shot on cinefilm, which was rapidly developed and scanned. The trial was due to last for 6 months but the BBC ceased broadcasts with the Baird system in February 1937, due in part to a disastrous fire in the Baird facilities at Crystal Palace. It was becoming apparent to the BBC that the Baird system would ultimately fail due in large part to the lack of mobility of the Baird system's cameras, with their developer tanks, hoses, and cables. Commercially Baird’s contemporaries, such as George William Walton and William Stephenson, were ultimately more successful as their patents underpinned the early television system used by Scophony Limited who operated in Britain up to WWII and then in the US. "Of all the electro-mechanical television techniques invented and developed by the mid 1930s, the technology known as Scophony had no rival in terms of technical performance." In 1948 Scophony acquired John Logie Baird Ltd.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Baird's television systems were replaced by the first fully electronic television system developed by the newly formed company EMI-Marconi under Sir Isaac Shoenberg, who headed a research group that developed an advanced camera tube (the Emitron) and a relatively efficient hard-vacuum cathode-ray tube for the television receiver. Philo T. Farnsworth's electronic "Image Dissector" camera was available to Baird's company via a patent-sharing agreement. However, the Image Dissector camera was found to be lacking in light sensitivity, requiring excessive levels of illumination. The Baird company used the Farnsworth tubes instead to scan cinefilm, in which capacity they proved serviceable though prone to drop-outs and other problems. Farnsworth himself came to London to the Baird Crystal Palace laboratories in 1936 but was unable to fully solve the problem; the fire that burned Crystal Palace to the ground later that year further hampered the Baird company's ability to compete.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Baird made many contributions to the field of electronic television after mechanical systems became obsolete. In 1939, he showed a system known today as hybrid colour using a cathode ray tube in front of which revolved a disc fitted with colour filters, a method taken up by CBS and RCA in the United States.


title: John Logie Baird

text: As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the "Telechrome". Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-colour image could be obtained. He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image (called "stereoscopic" at the time).


title: John Logie Baird

text: In 1943, the Hankey Committee was appointed to oversee the resumption of television broadcasts after the war. Baird persuaded them to make plans to adopt his proposed 1000-line Telechrome electronic colour system as the new post-war broadcast standard. The picture resolution on this system would have been comparable to today's HDTV (High Definition Television). The Hankey Committee's plan lost all momentum partly due to the challenges of postwar reconstruction. The monochrome 405-line standard remained in place until 1985 in some areas, and the 625-line system was introduced in 1964 and (PAL) colour in 1967. A demonstration of large screen three-dimensional television by the BBC was reported in March 2008, over 60 years after Baird's demonstration.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Some of Baird's early inventions were not fully successful. In his twenties he tried to create diamonds by heating graphite. Later Baird invented a glass razor, which was rust-resistant, but shattered. Inspired by pneumatic tyres he attempted to make pneumatic shoes, but his prototype contained semi-inflated balloons, which burst (years later this same idea was successfully adopted for Dr. Martens boots). He also invented a thermal undersock (the Baird undersock), which was moderately successful. Baird suffered from cold feet, and after a number of trials, he found that an extra layer of cotton inside the sock provided warmth.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Between 1926 and 1928, he attempted to develop an early video recording device, which he dubbed Phonovision. The system consisted of a large Nipkow scanning disk attached by a mechanical linkage to a record-cutting lathe. The result was a disc that could record a 30-line video signal. Technical difficulties with the system prevented its further development, but some of the original Phonovision discs have been preserved.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Baird's other developments were in fibre-optics, radio direction finding, infrared night viewing and radar. There is discussion about his exact contribution to the development of radar, for his wartime defence projects have never been officially acknowledged by the UK government. According to Malcolm Baird, his son, what is known is that in 1926 Baird filed a patent for a device that formed images from reflected radio waves, a device remarkably similar to radar, and that he was in correspondence with the British government at the time. The radar contribution is in dispute. According to some experts, Baird's "Noctovision" is not radar. Unlike radar (except Doppler radar), Noctovision is incapable of determining the distance to the scanned subject. Noctovision also cannot determine the coordinates of the subject in three-dimensional space.


title: John Logie Baird

text: From December 1944, Logie Baird lived at 1 Station Road, Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex, immediately north of the station, and subsequently died there on 14 June 1946 after suffering a stroke in February. The house was demolished in 2007 and the site is now occupied by apartments named Baird Court. Logie Baird is buried beside his parents in Helensburgh Cemetery, Argyll, Scotland.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Australian television's Logie Awards were named in honour of John Logie Baird's contribution to the invention of the television.


title: John Logie Baird

text: Baird became the only deceased subject of "This Is Your Life" when he was honoured by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre in 1957.


title: John Logie Baird

text: He was played by Michael Gwynn (and also by Andrew Irvine, who played him as a boy) in the 1957 TV film "A Voice in Vision" and by Robert McIntosh in the 1986 TV drama "The Fools on the Hill".


title: John Logie Baird

text: In 2014, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) inducted Logie Baird into The Honor Roll, which "posthumously recognizes individuals who were not awarded Honorary Membership during their lifetimes but whose contributions would have been sufficient to warrant such an honor".


title: John Logie Baird

text: On 26 January 2016, the search engine Google released a Google Doodle to mark the 90th anniversary of Logie Baird's first public demonstration of live television.


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus (born 18 December 1997) is a French businessman. He is a member of the French Louis-Dreyfus family.


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: Since February 2021, Louis-Dreyfus has been the Chairman of English Championship football club, Sunderland. In June 2022, he went from Chairman and minority stakeholder, to Chairman and majority stakeholder.


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: Louis-Dreyfus was born in Zürich, Switzerland. He is the son of Robert Louis-Dreyfus and Margarita Louis-Dreyfus.


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: In 2017, Louis-Dreyfus started studying sports and business management at the Leeds Beckett University for one year and moved to attend Richmond International Academic and Soccer Academy (RIASA) for his second year. He later dropped out due to injuries.


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: In 2021, he acquired a "controlling" stake in the English League One football club, Sunderland A.F.C, from its previous owner, Stewart Donald. The acquisition made him the youngest chairman in English football. On 15 February 2022, it was revealed that Louis-Dreyfus was not a majority shareholder of Sunderland as his stake in the club was only 41%, with the remaining 59% of shares made up of former owner Donald, and directors Charlie Methven and Juan Sartori.


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: In June 2022, Louis-Dreyfus increased his shares in Sunderland Association Football Club from 41% to 51% - thus becoming majority & controlling shareholder - buying out Charlie Methvens 5%, and reducing Stewart Donalds' percentage from 34% to 19%. Juan Sartori picked up the remainder of Stewarts shares, increasing his holdings from 20% to 30%


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: Louis-Dreyfus is also a 5% stakeholder in the French football club, Olympique de Marseille, and has stakes in esports' organization Ovation.


title: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus

text: On December 21, 2021 in St. Moritz, Switzerland, Louis-Dreyfus married his longtime girlfriend Alexandra Nowikovsky, the daughter of former Australian model Tonya Bird.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Sherman Oaks is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California located in the San Fernando Valley, founded in 1927. The neighborhood includes a portion of the Santa Monica Mountains, which gives Sherman Oaks a lower population density than some other areas in Los Angeles.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: A partner of the Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company, Gen. Moses Hazeltine Sherman, developed Sherman Oaks. The company had subdivided of land that would become Sherman Oaks. In 1927, each acre was sold for $780. Sherman's other major venture was the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: In 1991, a group of homeowners living in the Chandler Estates area successfully petitioned former Los Angeles City Councilmember Zev Yaroslavsky to re-draw the boundaries of Sherman Oaks from Magnolia to Burbank Blvd to the north, and from Coldwater Canyon to Van Nuys Blvd to the west, with the goal of including their neighborhood. This request was nothing new to the San Fernando Valley; other neighborhoods had either sought to change their names, or sought to attach themselves onto more affluent neighborhoods. Residents in the area argued, however, that the area was originally part of Sherman Oaks, but was labeled Van Nuys instead through the creation of ZIP codes in 1962; a resident produced a property deed to buttress the case.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Just a few weeks after the Chandler Estates area successfully seceded from Van Nuys, Magnolia Woods, a 45 block area bordered by Van Nuys Boulevard on the east and the San Diego Freeway on the west, and between Burbank and Magnolia Boulevards, also successfully petitioned Los Angeles City council member Marvin Braude to secede from Van Nuys and join Sherman Oaks. Petitioners in the area argued that their neighborhood was also part of Sherman Oaks, though they were only able to produce 22 deeds showing so. As a result of this change, Van Nuys Middle School became separated from its namesake neighborhood.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Finally, in 2009, the Los Angeles City council voted to redraw neighborhood boundaries again to allow an area of about 1,800 homes in Van Nuys to be included.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused damage in the surrounding area. The Community Redevelopment Agency sought to manage the rebuilding efforts. The homeowners in the Sherman Oaks area later won a lawsuit to prevent the agency from managing efforts.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The neighborhood is roughly bounded by Studio City to the east, Van Nuys to the north, Encino to the west, Bel Air and Beverly Hills Post Office to the south.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: As of the 2010 census, according to the "San Fernando Valley Almanac", Sherman Oaks had a population of 52,677 people and 25,255 households. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 82% non-Hispanic white, 5% Asian American and 3% African American; 11% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Other races made up less than 1%.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The "Los Angeles Times" reported that the 2000 U.S. census counted 61,166 residents in the 9.15-square-mile Sherman Oaks neighborhood, including a wide swath of the Santa Monica Mountains—or 6,687 people per square mile, among the lowest population densities for the city. In 2008, the city estimated that the resident population had increased to 65,436.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: In 2000, the percentages of residents aged 19 to 49 and 65 and older were among the county's highest. The percentages of divorced residents and of widows were among the county's highest. The average household size of two people was low when compared to the rest of the city and the county. Renters occupied 58.9% of the housing stock and house- or apartment-owners held 41.1%.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The neighborhood was considered "not especially diverse" ethnically within Los Angeles, with a high percentage of white residents. The breakdown was whites, 73.8%; Latinos, 11.8%; Asians, 5.7%; blacks, 4.4%; and others, 4.4%. Iran (14.1%) and Mexico (8.8%) were the most common places of birth for the 26.2% of the residents who were born abroad—an average percentage for Los Angeles.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The neighborhood had a median household income of $69,651 in 2008, which was high for the city of Los Angeles but about average for the county as a whole. (Median household income reports the amount of money earned by the household that falls exactly in the middle of the pack.) The percentage of households that earned $125,000 and up was high for Los Angeles County.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 88 Sherman Oaks and Station 102 South Van Nuys/Valley Glen in Sherman Oaks. In addition the department operates Fire Station 78, which serves Sherman Oaks, in Studio City.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Van Nuys Community Police Station at 6240 Sylmar Avenue, 91401, serving the community.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Richard Close, the president of the Sherman Oaks Homeowners Association, said that in 1978 the neighborhood played a key role in the drive for Proposition 13 and in 2002 was the epicenter of an unsuccessful San Fernando Valley secession movement.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Forty-five percent of Sherman Oaks residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, a high percentage for both the city and the county. The percentage of those residents with a master's degree or higher was also high for the County.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Portions of Sherman Oaks, including Magnolia Woods, are zoned to Van Nuys High School in Van Nuys. Other portions are zoned to Grant High School in Valley Glen.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Scott Glover of the "Los Angeles Times" stated in 1993 "many Sherman Oaks residents do not have school-age children, and many others send their children to private schools".


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles Public Library operates the Sherman Oaks Branch, also known as the Sherman Oaks Martin Pollard Branch. The library was renamed in 1970, as a tribute to Martin Pollard, owner of the nearby Casa de Cadillac.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Park is in Sherman Oaks. Dinah Eng of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote in 2002 that the park "is a popular site for family gatherings". The park has an auditorium, two lighted baseball diamonds, six unlighted baseball diamonds, lighted indoor basketball courts, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a 60-person community room, a lighted American football field, an indoor gymnasium without weights, picnic tables, a lighted soccer (football) field, and lighted tennis courts. Located in the same place as the park, the Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Pool is a seasonal outdoor heated swimming pool.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Senior Citizen Center (also known as Bernardi Center), also on the park grounds, has an auditorium and multi-purpose room; its banquet capacity is 200 and its assembly capacity is 300. The senior center also has two community/meeting rooms; one can hold 50 people and one can hold 30 people. The senior center has two kitchens, a play area, a shuffle board place, a stage, and two storage rooms. The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Tennis Courts facility in the Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Park has eight courts.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: In addition, the city operates the Sherman Oaks Castle Park with arcade, batting cages, and miniature golf facilities, in Sherman Oaks.


title: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles

text: The TV series "Sherman Oaks" appeared on the USA network from 1995 to 1997. It followed plastic surgeon Dr. Sanford Baker and his family as they were filmed by a young documentary filmmaker.


title: Kang So-ra

text: Kang made her acting debut in the 2009 thriller movie "4th Period Mystery", but rose to fame when she starred in the 2011 blockbuster "Sunny", a coming-of-age film about a group of high school girls growing up in the 1980s. This was followed by leading roles in television dramas, such as teen musical "Dream High 2" (2012), and family drama "Ugly Alert" (2013). Kang also appeared on the third season of "We Got Married", a reality show which pairs up celebrities into fake "married" couples; her partner was Leeteuk from the K-pop group Super Junior.


title: Kang So-ra

text: Kang gained increased recognition after starring in two hit series in 2014; medical drama "Doctor Stranger" (2014) and workplace dramedy "" (2014); "Doctor Stranger" was a success in China with 400 million views and "Misaeng: Incomplete Life" was dubbed a "cultural phenomenon" in South Korea.


title: Kang So-ra

text: This was followed by lead roles in romantic comedy "Warm and Cozy" (2015) together with Yoo Yeon-seok, legal drama "My Lawyer, Mr. Jo" (2016), and romantic comedy "Revolutionary Love" (2017) alongside Choi Si-won from the k-pop group Super Junior.


title: Kang So-ra

text: In 2020, Kang starred in the comedy film "Secret Zoo", based on the webtoon of the same name. She plays a veterinarian who pretends to be a lion. The same year, she was cast in the romance melodrama film "Rain And Your Story".


title: Kang So-ra

text: Kang married a doctor of Oriental medicine in August 2020 in a private ceremony. On November 19, 2020, it was announced that Kang is pregnant with their first child, due in April 2021.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: Fábio Daniel Ferreira Vieira (; born 30 May 2000) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for club Arsenal.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: He started his career with Porto, where he made 76 competitive appearances and scored ten goals, winning two Primeira Liga and the 2021–22 Taça de Portugal. In July 2022, he signed with Arsenal.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: Vieira represented Portugal at youth level. He finished runner-up at the 2021 European Championship with the under-21 team, being voted the tournament's best player.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: Born in Santa Maria da Feira, Aveiro District, Vieira played nine matches as Porto's juniors won the 2018–19 UEFA Youth League, and scored to open their 3–1 win against Chelsea in the final in Nyon on 29 April. On 24 October 2018, in a group game, he was sent off for two yellow cards in a 2–1 loss at Lokomotiv Moscow.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: Vieira made his senior debut with Porto B on 24 February 2019, coming on as a 57th-minute substitute for João Mário in a 1–0 away defeat to Arouca in the LigaPro. Six months and a day later, he scored for the first time with a penalty in a 3–1 away victory over Farense.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: Vieira played his first competitive match with the first team on 10 June 2020, featuring 19 minutes in the 1–0 Primeira Liga home defeat of Marítimo. Again from the bench, he scored his first goal in the competition on 5 July to help the hosts beat Belenenses SAD 5–0, and totalled eight appearances at the end of the season for the eventual champions.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: On 27 October 2020, in only his second appearance in the UEFA Champions League, Vieira netted in the 2–0 win against Olympiacos in the group stage after starting at the Estádio do Dragão. On 20 March 2022, his 32nd-minute strike decided the local derby at Boavista. He scored his first league brace two weeks later, his side's first and second goals in a 3–0 home win over Santa Clara.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: Vieira found more space within the first team during the 2021–22 campaign, especially after impressing in the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship where he was named player of the tournament, providing two hat-tricks of assists against Moreirense and Beleneses SAD and totalling 14 – second-best in the league – and six goals to help his side to a domestic double of the league and Taça de Portugal.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: On 17 June 2022, Porto reached an agreement with Premier League club Arsenal for the transfer of Vieira for a €35 million fee plus €5 million in add-ons. Four days later, a long-term contract was agreed. Having arrived injured, he made his league debut on 4 September, replacing Albert Sambi Lokonga in the 74th minute of the 3–1 loss at Manchester United. His first start occurred four days later in a 2–1 win over FC Zürich in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League, and he scored his first goal on 18 September to close a 3–0 domestic league victory at Brentford.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: Vieira played all five matches as Portugal finished runners-up to Spain at the 2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in Armenia. In the group phase against the same team on 17 July, he earned a 1–1 draw with a free kick in Yerevan. He and teammate Félix Correia were named in the Team of the Tournament.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: On 14 November 2019, Vieira won his first cap for the under-21 side, being booked in the 0–0 friendly home draw with Slovenia. Five days later, he scored once and provided one assist in a 3–2 victory in Norway in the 2021 UEFA European Championship qualifiers. He was voted best player of the finals in Hungary and Slovenia, featuring in all six games and netting once for the runners-up.


title: Fábio Vieira (footballer, born 2000)

text: In October 2022, Vieira was named in a preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Lamont Marcell Jacobs Jr. (born 26 September 1994) is an Italian track and field sprinter and former long jumper. He is the 2020 Olympic 100 metres champion, the 2022 60 metres world champion, the 2022 European 100 metres champion, and a member of the gold medal-winning relay team at the 2020 Olympics. He currently holds the 100 metres European record, the 60 metres European record, and is the first Italian to ever qualify for and win the men's 100 metres Olympic final.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs is the son of Viviana Masini, an Italian woman, and Lamont Marcell Jacobs Sr., an African American serviceman. His parents met when his father was a United States Army soldier serving at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italy. His father was 18 and his mother was 16 at the time.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: His parents married and relocated to Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas. Three years later, Jacobs was born. When he was three weeks old, his father was transferred to South Korea, and Jacobs moved to Desenzano del Garda, in Lombardy, Italy, with his mother. His parents split when he was six months old.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: He started out playing basketball and football, where his football coach, Adriano Bertazzi, took notice of his speed and suggested that Jacobs try sprinting.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: When Jacobs was ten, he began competing in athletics. He preferred sprinting until he discovered the long jump in 2011.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs lives in Rome with his wife, Nicole Daza, and their two children. Jacobs has another son, born from a previous relationship when Jacobs was nineteen.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs had been estranged from his father since he was an infant; however, in 2020, he reestablished a relationship with him at the suggestion of his mental coach. He cited that reconciling with his father gave him the motivation and peace of mind he needed to focus on winning in the Olympics.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: In 2016, Jacobs won the Italian Athletics Championships in long jump. With a personal best of 8.07 meters, he ranked tenth on the IAAF (now World Athletics) world-leading list at the end of the 2017 indoor season.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: At the 2016 Italian U23 Championships, he jumped 8.48 meters, the best performance ever for an Italian, although this result was not recognized as a national record due to a 2.8 m/s tailwind, which was 0.8 m/s above the allowable maximum for any record performance.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: In 2019, Jacobs decided to focus his efforts exclusively on sprinting, citing frequent injuries while long jumping among the reasons for this switch.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: In July 2019, Jacobs lowered his 100 metres personal best to 10.03 seconds, making him the third-fastest Italian in history.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: On 6 March 2021, Jacobs won the 60 metres European title at the 2021 European Athletics Indoor Championships held in Toruń, Poland, setting a new national record and worldwide season-best with a time of 6.47 seconds.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: On 13 May 2021, in Savona, Italy, Jacobs set the Italian record in the 100 metres with a time of 9.95 seconds, becoming the 150th person in history and the second Italian to break the 10-second barrier. On 26 June 2021, into a headwind of −1.0 m/s in Rovereto, he broke the Italian championship record with a time of 10.01 seconds, winning his fourth national title in a row.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs won his first 100 metres heat at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in 9.94 seconds, improving his own Italian record by 0.01. In the semi-final, he was third with a time of 9.84 seconds, setting a new European record and qualifying for the final with the third overall fastest time. He is the first Italian to ever reach an Olympic 100m final.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: In the final, Jacobs won the gold medal with a time of 9.80 seconds, beating Fred Kerley (9.84) and Andre De Grasse (9.89). Jacobs is the first Italian to win the gold medal in the event, and the first European to win since Linford Christie won the event at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: His effort broke the European record he set in the semi-final earlier that day, recording the fastest time ever run by an athlete that is neither American or Jamaican. Due to this performance, Jacobs is tied with Steve Mullings as the 10th fastest man of all time. Jacobs was not favored to win the race, with bookmakers giving him a three percent chance of winning.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs later won a second gold medal in the 4×100 metres as part of the Italian relay team, along with Lorenzo Patta, Fausto Desalu and Filippo Tortu. It was the first time Italy had ever won this event, and also the first time Italy had earned a medal in the event in 73 years. Jacobs ran the team's second leg (split time: 8.925), contributing to its total run time of 37.50 seconds, setting a new Italian record.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Due to his outstanding achievements, Jacobs was selected by the Italian Olympic Committee to be Italy's flag bearer during the Olympics closing ceremony.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs ended his season shortly after the Olympics, citing fatigue, and cancelling two upcoming Diamond League appearances.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: After the Games, it was reported that Giacomo Spazzini, who had worked as Jacobs' nutritionist, was involved in a steroid investigation in Italy. In response, Jacobs' agent stated that the athlete had cut ties with Spazzini several months before the Olympics.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs returned to competition in February 2022, winning the 60 m race at the ISTAF Indoor in Berlin with a time of 6.51. In subsequent races, which included winning the national 60 m indoor title, he lowered his season best to 6.49, arriving at the world indoor championships in Belgrade with the 5th fastest time in the season. In his semi-final he equalled the world leading time of 6.45, held by pre-championship favorite and world record holder Christian Coleman and Bahamian sprinter Terrence Jones, setting a new national record. In the final he edged Coleman by 3 thousands of a second setting a new European record of 6.41, winning the gold medal and becoming the 4th fastest man in history on such distance.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Jacobs was supposed to start his outdoor season competing in the 100 metres at the 2022 Kip Keino Classic in Nairobi, Kenya, however he missed his debut after being hospitalised for a gastrointestinal infection. He officially opened his outdoor season with a time of 10.04, winning an international meet in Savona, after changing his original plan of competing in the 200 metres. Having sustained a slight injury to his biceps femoris, he took the decision to withdraw from three Diamond League meets which were on his calendar.


title: Marcell Jacobs

text: Having had to withdraw before the semi-finals of the 2022 World Championships due to a thigh injury, at the 2022 European Championships in Munich, Jacobs won the 100m final in a time of 9.95 seconds, beating reigning champion Zharnel Hughes into the second position (9.99s), with Jeremiah Azu completing the podium with a time of 10.13.


title: Pinhole camera

text: A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture (the so-called "pinhole")—effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, which is known as the camera obscura effect. The size of the images depends on the distance between the object and the pinhole.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The camera obscura or pinhole image is a natural optical phenomenon. Early known descriptions are found in the Chinese Mozi writings (circa 500 BCE) and the Aristotelian "Problems" (circa 300 BCE – 600 CE).


title: Pinhole camera

text: Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039), an Arab physicist also known as Alhazen, described the camera obscura effect. Over the centuries others started to experiment with it, mainly in dark rooms with a small opening in shutters, mostly to study the nature of light and to safely watch solar eclipses.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Giambattista Della Porta wrote in 1558 in his Magia Naturalis about using a concave mirror to project the image onto paper and to use this as a drawing aid. However, at about the same time, the use of a lens instead of a pinhole was introduced. In the 17th century, the camera obscura with a lens became a popular drawing aid that was further developed into a mobile device, first in a little tent and later in a box. The photographic camera, as developed early in the 19th century, was basically an adaptation of the box-type camera obscura with a lens.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The term "pin-hole" in the context of optics was found in James Ferguson's 1764 book "Lectures on select subjects in mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, and optics".


title: Pinhole camera

text: The first known description of pinhole photography is found in the 1856 book "The Stereoscope" by Scottish inventor David Brewster, including the description of the idea as "a camera without lenses, and with only a pin-hole".


title: Pinhole camera

text: Sir William Crookes and William de Wiveleslie Abney were other early photographers to try the pinhole technique.


title: Pinhole camera

text: According to inventor William Kennedy Dickson, the first experiments directed at moving pictures by Thomas Edison and his researchers took place around 1887 and involved "microscopic pin-point photographs, placed on a cylindrical shell". The size of the cylinder corresponded with their phonograph cylinder as they wanted to combine the moving images with sound recordings. Problems arose in recording clear pictures "with phenomenal speed" and the "coarseness" of the photographic emulsion when the pictures were enlarged. The microscopic pin-point photographs were soon abandoned. In 1893 the Kinetoscope was finally introduced with moving pictures on celluloid film strips. The camera that recorded the images, dubbed "Kinetograph", was fitted with a lens.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Eugène Estanave experimented with integral photography, exhibiting a result in 1925 and publishing his findings in "La Nature". After 1930 he chose to continue his experiments with pinholes replacing the lenticular screen.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The image of a pinhole camera may be projected onto a translucent screen for a real-time viewing (used for safe observation of solar eclipses) or to trace the image on paper. But it is more often used without a translucent screen for pinhole photography with photographic film or photographic paper placed on the surface opposite to the pinhole aperture.


title: Pinhole camera

text: A common use of pinhole photography is to capture the movement of the sun over a long period of time. This type of photography is called solarigraphy. Pinhole photography is used for artistic reasons, but also for educational purposes to let pupils learn about, and experiment with, the basics of photography.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Pinhole cameras with CCDs (charge-coupled devices) are sometimes used for surveillance because they are difficult to detect.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Related cameras, image forming devices, or developments from it include Franke's widefield pinhole camera, the pinspeck camera, and the pinhead mirror.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Modern manufacturing has enabled the production of high quality pinhole lenses that can be applied to digital cameras; allowing photographers and videographers to achieve the camera obscura effect.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Other special features can be built into pinhole cameras such as the ability to take double images by using multiple pinholes, or the ability to take pictures in cylindrical or spherical perspective by curving the film plane.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Pinhole cameras can be handmade by the photographer for a particular purpose. In its simplest form, the photographic pinhole camera can consist of a light-tight box with a pinhole in one end, and a piece of film or photographic paper wedged or taped into the other end.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The pinhole may be punched or drilled using a sewing needle or small diameter bit through a piece of tinfoil or thin aluminum or brass sheet.


title: Pinhole camera

text: This piece is then taped to the inside of the light-tight box behind a hole cut through the box. A cylindrical oatmeal container may be made into a pinhole camera.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The interior of an effective pinhole camera is black to avoid any reflection of the entering light onto the photographic material or viewing screen.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Pinhole cameras can be constructed with a sliding film holder or back so the distance between the film and the pinhole can be adjusted.


title: Pinhole camera

text: This allows the angle of view of the camera to be changed and also the effective f-stop ratio of the camera. Moving the film closer to the pinhole will result in a wide angle field of view and shorter exposure time.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Moving the film farther away from the pinhole will result in a telephoto or narrow-angle view and longer exposure time.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Pinhole cameras can also be constructed by replacing the lens assembly in a conventional camera with a pinhole. In particular, compact 35 mm cameras whose lens and focusing assembly have been damaged can be reused as pinhole cameras—maintaining the use of the shutter and film winding mechanisms. As a result of the enormous increase in f-number, while maintaining the same exposure time, one must use a fast film in direct sunshine.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Pinholes (homemade or commercial) can be used in place of the lens on an SLR. Use with a digital SLR allows metering and composition by trial and error, and is effectively free, so is a popular way to try pinhole photography.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Up to a certain point, the smaller the hole, the sharper the image, but the dimmer the projected image. Optimally, the size of the aperture should be 1/100 or less of the distance between it and the projected image.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Within limits, a small pinhole through a thin surface will result in a sharper image resolution because the projected circle of confusion at the image plane is practically the same size as the pinhole. An extremely small hole, however, can produce significant diffraction effects and a less clear image due to the wave properties of light. Additionally, vignetting occurs as the diameter of the hole approaches the thickness of the material in which it is punched, because the sides of the hole obstruct the light entering at anything other than 90 degrees.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The best pinhole is perfectly round (since irregularities cause higher-order diffraction effects) and in an extremely thin piece of material. Industrially produced pinholes benefit from laser etching, but a hobbyist can still produce pinholes of sufficiently high quality for photographic work.


title: Pinhole camera

text: A method of calculating the optimal pinhole diameter was first published by Joseph Petzval in 1857. The smallest possible diameter of the image point and therefore the highest possible image resolution and the sharpest image are given when:


title: Pinhole camera

text: (Where d is the pinhole diameter, f is the distance from pinhole to image plane or “focal length” and λ is the wavelength of light.)


title: Pinhole camera

text: The first to apply wave theory to the problem was Lord Rayleigh in 1891. But due to some incorrect and arbitrary deductions he arrived at:


title: Pinhole camera

text: The correct optimum can be found with Fraunhofer approximation of the diffraction pattern behind a circular aperture at:


title: Pinhole camera

text: This may be shortened to: formula_4 (When d and f in millimetres and λ = 550 nm = 0.00055 mm, corresponding to yellow-green.)


title: Pinhole camera

text: For a pinhole-to-film distance of 1 inch or 25.4 mm, this works out to a pinhole of 0.185 mm (185 microns) in diameter. For f= 50 mm the optimal diameter is 0.259 mm.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The depth of field is basically infinite, but this does not mean that no optical blurring occurs. The infinite depth of field means that image blur depends not on object distance but on other factors, such as the distance from the aperture to the film plane, the aperture size, the wavelength(s) of the light source, and motion of the subject or canvas. Additionally, pinhole photography can not avoid the effects of haze.


title: Pinhole camera

text: In the 1970s, Young measured the resolution limit of the pinhole camera as a function of pinhole diameter and later published a tutorial in "The Physics Teacher". Partly to enable a variety of diameters and focal lengths, he defined two normalized variables: resolution limit divided by the pinhole radius, and focal length divided by the quantity "s"/λ, where "s" is the radius of the pinhole and λ is the wavelength of the light, typically about 550 nm. His results are plotted in the figure.


title: Pinhole camera

text: On the left-side of the graph, the pinhole is large, and geometric optics applies; the resolution limit is about 1.5 times the radius of the pinhole. (Spurious resolution is also seen in the geometric-optics limit.) On the right-side, the pinhole is small, and Fraunhofer diffraction applies; the resolution limit is given by the far-field diffraction formula shown in the graph and now increases as the pinhole is made smaller. In this formula, the radius of the pinhole is used instead of its diameter, that's why the constant is 0.61 instead of the more usual 1.22. In the region of near-field diffraction (or Fresnel diffraction), the pinhole focuses the light slightly, and the resolution limit is minimized when the focal length "f" (the distance between the pinhole and the film plane) is given by "f" = "s"/λ. At this focal length, the pinhole focuses the light slightly, and the resolution limit is about 2/3 of the radius of the pinhole. The pinhole, in this case, is equivalent to a Fresnel zone plate with a single zone. The value "s"/λ is in a sense the natural focal length of the pinhole.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The relation "f" = "s"/"λ" yields an optimum pinhole diameter d = 2, so the experimental value differs slightly from the estimate of Petzval, above.


title: Pinhole camera

text: The f-number of the camera may be calculated by dividing the distance from the pinhole to the imaging plane (the focal length) by the diameter of the pinhole. For example, a camera with a 0.5 mm diameter pinhole, and a 50 mm focal length would have an f-number of 50/0.5, or 100 ("f"/100 in conventional notation).


title: Pinhole camera

text: Due to the large f-number of a pinhole camera, exposures will often encounter reciprocity failure. Once exposure time has exceeded about 1 second for film or 30 seconds for paper, one must compensate for the breakdown in linear response of the film/paper to intensity of illumination by using longer exposures.


title: Pinhole camera

text: Exposures projected on to modern light-sensitive photographic film can typically range from five seconds up to as much as several hours, with smaller pinholes requiring longer exposures to produce the same size image. Because a pinhole camera requires a lengthy exposure, its shutter may be manually operated, as with a flap made of opaque material to cover and uncover the pinhole.


title: Pinhole camera

text: A non-focusing coded-aperture optical system may be thought of as multiple pinhole cameras in conjunction. By adding pinholes, light throughput and thus sensitivity are increased. However, multiple images are formed, usually requiring computer deconvolution.


title: Pinhole camera

text: A revival in popularity has become evident in recent years with the success of Kickstarter crowdfunding campaigns offering a range of pinhole photography products. Projects have included a camera crafted from wood and the Pinhole Pro, a lens designed for DSLR and MILC digital cameras.


title: Pinhole camera

text: A pinhole camera effect can sometimes occur naturally. Small "pinholes" formed by the gaps between overlapping tree leaves will create replica images of the sun on flat surfaces. During an eclipse, this produces small crescents in the case of a partial eclipse, or hollow rings in the case of an annular eclipse.


title: How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming

text: How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming is a 2019 computer-animated short film by DreamWorks Animation and directed by Tim Johnson. The holiday special takes place before the epilogue of the , and was both released on DVD and aired on NBC on December 3, 2019.


title: How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming

text: As New Berk prepares for Snoggletog, Hiccup and Astrid find out that their children, Zephyr and Nuffink have developed a fear of dragons after finding some of Stoick's old books. To avoid their children bearing the same hatred towards dragons as their ancestors, Astrid suggests bringing back the Snoggletog Pageant that tells the story of how Vikings and dragons made peace. Gobber agrees to help them with the pageant as he sees it as a chance to remind the children of New Berk how much of an impact Stoick had on their village. He casts himself as Stoick and Tuffnut as Hiccup while the real Hiccup creates a mechanical costume that resembles Toothless.


title: How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming

text: Back in the Hidden World, Toothless draws a picture of Hiccup and New Berk in the sand and shows it to the Light Fury and their children. The Night Lights grow curious about the picture's origin and decide to fly to New Berk while their parents are sleeping. Toothless and the Light Fury wake up in a panic after finding out their children have left while they were sleeping, and fly off after them. Meanwhile the Nights Lights arrive on New Berk and sneak around the village as the residents prepare for the pageant. Though they catch a glimpse of Hiccup, they fall back upon coming across Hiccup's Toothless costume. Toothless and the Light Fury eventually find them, but then decide to stay together and watch the pageant from a distance.


title: How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming

text: Gobber accidentally lights the stage on fire during the performance, which sends Hiccup's costume out of control. Hiccup stumbles and falls off the cliff, but Toothless manages to rescue him and bring him back to the stage. With the smoke from the fire covering the stage, Toothless decides to fill in for Hiccup and helps Gobber end the show by reenacting the moment when he bonded with Hiccup, reminding New Berk and his family of the relationship the dragons had with the Vikings. After the show ends, Zephyr goes backstage to check on her father and ends up face-to-face with Toothless before he flies off with his family. Toothless' courteous and curious personality changes the way Zephyr views dragons.


title: How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming

text: Despite the pageant's disastrous performance, Hiccup and Astrid see that the youth of New Berk now have a newfound appreciation for both Stoick and the dragons. When they arrive at their home, they find a glowing crystal from the Hidden World and see that the bowl that contained Toothless' favorite fish is empty. They run outside and see Toothless and his family flying away from New Berk, which reminds Hiccup that their loved ones are always close as long as they hold them in their hearts. Astrid thinks their family should return the favor by visiting Toothless and the dragons at the Hidden World.


title: How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming

text: Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the film four stars out of five, saying "fans who have watched Hiccup's and Toothless's relationship develop over the course of the movie trilogy will find it a heartwarming addition to the saga with poignant sentiments about treasuring the people (and dragons) we love, especially around the holidays."


title: Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity

text: VUCA is an acronym – first used in 1987, drawing on the leadership theories of Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus – to describe or to reflect on the volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of general conditions and situations. The U.S. Army War College introduced the concept of VUCA to describe the more volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous multilateral world perceived as resulting from the end of the Cold War. More frequent use and discussion of the term "VUCA" began from 2002 and derives from this acronym from military education. It has subsequently taken root in emerging ideas in strategic leadership that apply in a wide range of organizations, from for-profit corporations to education.


text: The deeper meaning of each element of VUCA serves to enhance the strategic significance of VUCA foresight and insight as well as the behaviour of groups and individuals in organizations. It discusses systemic failures and behavioural failures, which are characteristic of organisational failure.


text: These elements present the context in which organizations view their current and future state. They present boundaries for planning and policy management. They come together in ways that either confound decisions or sharpen the capacity to look ahead, plan ahead, and move ahead. VUCA sets the stage for managing and leading.


text: The particular meaning and relevance of VUCA often relates to how people view the conditions under which they make decisions, plan forward, manage risks, foster change and solve problems. In general, the premises of VUCA tend to shape an organization's capacity to:


text: For most contemporary organizations – business, the military, education, government and others – VUCA is a practical code for awareness and readiness. Beyond the simple acronym is a body of knowledge that deals with learning models for VUCA preparedness, anticipation, evolution and intervention.


text: Failure in itself may not be a catastrophe, but failure to learn from failure definitely is. It is not enough to train leaders in core competencies without identifying the key factors that inhibit their using the resilience and adaptability that are vital in order to distinguish potential leaders from mediocre managers. Anticipating change as a result of VUCA is one outcome of resilient leadership. The capacity of individuals and organizations to deal with VUCA can be measured with a number of engagement themes:


text: At some level, the capacity for VUCA management and leadership hinges on enterprise value systems, assumptions and natural goals. A "prepared and resolved" enterprise is engaged with a strategic agenda that is aware of and empowered by VUCA forces.


text: The capacity for VUCA leadership in strategic and operating terms depends on a well-developed mindset for gauging the technical, social, political, market and economic realities of the environment in which people work. Working with deeper smarts about the elements of VUCA may be a driver for survival and sustainability in an otherwise complicated world.


text: Psychometrics which measure fluid intelligence by tracking information processing when faced with unfamiliar, dynamic and vague data can predict cognitive performance in VUCA environments.


text: Volatility is the V component of VUCA. This refers to the different situational social-categorization of people due to specific traits or reactions that stand out during that particular situation. When people react/act based on a specific situation, there is a possibility that the public categorizes them into a different group than they were in a previous situation. These people might respond differently to individual situations due to social or environmental cues. The idea that situational occurrences cause certain social categorization is known as volatility and is one of the main aspects of the self-categorization theory.


text: Sociologists use volatility to understand better how stereotypes and social-categorization is impacted based on the situation at hand as well as any outside forces that may lead people to perceive others differently. Volatility is the changing dynamic of social-categorization in a set of environmental situations. The dynamic can change due to any shift in a situation, whether it is social, technical, biological or anything of the like. Studies have been conducted, but it has proven difficult to find the specific component that causes the change in situational social-categorization.


text: There are two separate components that connect people to social identities. The first social cue is normative fit. This describes the degree that a person relates to the stereotypes and norms that others associate with their specific identity. For example, when a Hispanic woman is cleaning the house, most of the time, people connect gender stereotypes with this situation, while her ethnicity is not concerned, but when this same woman eats an enchilada, ethnicity stereotypes surface while her gender is not concerned. The second social cue is comparative fit. This is when a specific characteristic or trait of a person is prominent in certain situations when compared to other people. For example, as mentioned by Bodenhausen and Peery, when there is one woman in a room full of men. She sticks out because she is the only one of her gender compared to many others of the opposite gender. However, all of the men are clumped together because they do not have any specific traits that stands out among the rest of them. Comparative fit shows that people categorize others based on the comparative social context. In a certain situation, specific characteristics are made obvious due to the fact that others around that individual do not possess that characteristic. However, in other situations, this characteristic may be the norm and would not be a key characteristic in the categorization process.


text: People can also be less criticizing of the same person during different situations. For example, when looking at an African American man on the street of a low-income neighborhood and when looking at the same man inside a school of a high-income neighborhood, people will be less judgmental when seeing him in the school. Nothing else has changed about this man, other than his location. When individuals are spotted in certain social contexts, the basic-level categories are forgotten and the more partial categories are brought to light. This really helps to describe the problems of situational social-categorization and how stereotypes can shift the perspectives of those around an individual.


text: Uncertainty in the VUCA framework is almost just as it sounds: when the availability or predictability of information in events is unknown. Uncertainty often occurs in volatile environments that are complex in structure involving unanticipated interactions that are significant in uncertainty. Uncertainty may occur in the intention to imply causation or correlation between the events of a social perceiver and a target. Situations where there is either a lack of information to prove why a perception is in occurrence or informational availability but lack of causation are where uncertainty is salient.


text: The uncertainty component of the framework serves as a grey area and is compensated by the use of social categorization and/or stereotypes. Social categorization can be described as a collection of people that have no interaction but tend to share similar characteristics with one another. People have a tendency to engage in social categorization, especially when there is a lack of information surrounding the event. Literature suggests that there are default categories that tend to be assumed in the absence of any clear data when referring to someone's gender or race in the essence of a discussion.


text: Often individuals associate the use of general references (e.g. people, they, them, a group) with the male gender, meaning people = male. This instance often occurs when there is not enough information to clearly distinguish someone's gender. For example, when discussing a written piece of information most people will assume the author is a male. If an author's name is not available (lack of information) it is difficult to determine the gender of the author through the context of whatever was written. People will automatically label the author as a male without having any prior basis of gender, placing the author in a social category. This social categorization happens in this example, but people will also assume someone is a male if the gender is not known in many other situations as well.


text: Social categorization occurs in the realm of not only gender but also race. Default assumptions can be made, like in gender, to the race of an individual or a group of people based on prior known stereotypes. For example, race-occupation combinations such as a basketball player or a golf player will receive race assumptions. Without any information of the individual's race, a basketball player will be assumed to be black and a golf player will be assumed to be white. This is based upon stereotypes because of the majority of race in each sport tend to be dominated by a single race, but in reality, there are other races within each sport.


text: Complexity is the “C” component of VUCA, that refers to the interconnectivity and interdependence of multiple components in a system. When conducting research, complexity is a component that scholars have to keep in mind. The results of a deliberately controlled environment are unexpected because of the non-linear interaction and interdependencies within different groups and categories.


text: In a sociological aspect, the VUCA framework is utilized in research to understand social perception in the real world and how that plays into social categorization as well as stereotypes. Galen V Bodenhausen and Destiny Peery's article Social Categorization and Stereotyping In vivo: The VUCA Challenge, focused on researching how social categories impacted the process of social cognition and perception. The strategy used to conduct the research is to manipulate or isolate a single identity of a target while keeping all other identities constant. This method creates clear results of how a specific identity in a social category can change one's perception of other identities, thus creating stereotypes.


text: There are problems with categorizing an individual's social identity due to the complexity of an individual's background. This research fails to address the complexity of the real-world and the results from this highlighted an even great picture about social categorization and stereotyping. Complexity adds many layers of different components to an individual's identity and creates challenges for sociologists trying to examine social categories. In the real world, people are far more complex compared to a modified social environment. Individuals identify with more than one social category, which opens the door to a deeper discovery about stereotyping. Results from research conducted by Bodenhausen reveals that there are certain identities that are more dominant than others. Perceivers who recognize these specific identities latch on to it and associate their preconceived notion of such identity and make initial assumptions about the individuals and hence stereotypes are created.


text: On the other hand, perceivers who share some of the identities with the target become more open-minded. They also take into consideration more than one social identity at the same time and this is also known as cross-categorization effects. Some social categories are embedded in a larger categorical structure, which makes that subcategory even more crucial and outstanding to perceivers. Research on cross-categorization reveals that different types of categories can be activated in the mind of the social perceiver, which causes both positive and negative effects. A positive outcome is that perceivers are more open-minded despite other social stereotypes. They have more motivation to think deeply about the target and see past the most dominant social category. Bodenhausen also acknowledges that cross-categorization effects lead to social invisibility. Some types of cross-over identities may lessen the noticeability of other identities, which may cause targets to be subjected to “intersectional invisibility,” where neither social identities have a distinct component and are overlooked.


text: Ambiguity is the “A” component of VUCA. This refers to when the general meaning of something is unclear even when an appropriate amount of information is provided. Many get confused about the meaning of ambiguity. It is similar to the idea of uncertainty but they have different factors. Uncertainty is when relevant information is unavailable and unknown, and ambiguity where relevant information is available but the overall meaning is still unknown. Both uncertainty and ambiguity exist in our culture today. Sociologists use ambiguity to determine how and why an answer has been developed. Sociologists focus on details such as if there was enough information present, and did the subject have the full amount of knowledge necessary to make a decision. and why did he/she come to their specific answer.


text: Ambiguity leads to people assuming an answer, and many times this leads assuming ones race, gender, and can even lead to class stereotypes. If a person has some information but still doesn't have the overall answer, the person starts to assume his/her own answer based on the relevant information he/she already possesses. For example, as mentioned by Bodenhausen we may occasionally encounter people who are sufficiently androgynous to make it difficult to ascertain their gender, and at least one study suggests that with brief exposure, androgynous individuals can sometimes be miscategorized on the basis of gender-atypical features (very long hair, for a man, or very short hair, for a woman. Overall, ambiguity leads to the categorization of many. For example, it may lead to assuming one's sexual orientation. Unless a person is open about their own sexual orientation, people will automatically assume that they are heterosexual. But if a man possesses feminine qualities or a female possesses masculine qualities then they might be portrayed as either gay or lesbian. Ambiguity leads to the categorization of people without further important details that could lead to untrue conclusions.


text: Sociologists believe that ambiguity can lead to race stereotypes and discrimination. In a study done in South Africa by three sociologists, they had white citizens of South Africa look at pictures of racially mixed faces and they had to decide whether these faces were European or African. Because these test subjects were all white they had a hard problem defining these mixed-race faces as European and deemed them all to be African. The reason they did this is because of ambiguity. The information that was available was the skin tone of the people in the pictures and the facial qualities they possessed, with this information the test subjects had all of that information available but still did not know the answer for sure. They overall assumed because they did not look exactly like them, then they could not be European.


text: Levent Işıklıgöz (academic) offered The "C" of VUCA to be changed from Complexity to Chaos, arguing that it is more suitable according to our era. This is still discussed in sociology society.


text: Bill George, a professor of management practice at Harvard Business School, argues that VUCA calls for a leadership response which he calls VUCA 2.0: Vision, Understanding, Courage and Adaptability.


title: 3%

text: 3% (, ) is a Brazilian dystopian thriller streaming television series created by Pedro Aguilera, starring João Miguel and Bianca Comparato. Developed from a 2009 independent pilot episode, it is the first Portuguese-language Netflix original series and the second non-English production, after the Spanish-language series "Club de Cuervos".


title: 3%

text: The series is set in an unspecified future where 20-year-old individuals of the impoverished "Inland" have the single opportunity to complete "The Process" and advance to the affluence of the distant "Offshore" society. While most of the unsuccessful candidates are simply eliminated, some fail to survive, leading to only 3% of the candidates succeeding.


title: 3%

text: The first season, consisting of 8 episodes, became available on Netflix worldwide on 25 November 2016. In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which was released on 27 April 2018, consisting of 10 episodes. In June 2018, the series was renewed for a third season, consisting of 8 episodes, which was released on 7 June 2019. In August 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which was released on 14 August 2020.


title: 3%

text: Creator and writer Pedro Aguilera developed "3%" from a 2009 independent pilot episode. Netflix gave the series an 8-episode order for the first season. It is the first Portuguese-language Netflix original series and the second non-English production, after the Spanish-language series "Club de Cuervos".


title: 3%

text: Academy Award-nominated cinematographer César Charlone, known for "City of God" and "Blindness", served as director alongside Daina Giannecchini, Dani Libardi, and Jotagá Crema. Charlone also serves as an executive producer, alongside Tiago Mello. The first season became available on Netflix worldwide on November 25, 2016. In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which was released on April 27, 2018. On June 4, 2018, the series was renewed for a third season, which was released on June 7, 2019.


title: 3%

text: On March 11, 2016, Netflix announced the filming of the series in São Paulo. The principal photography for the first season began with the primary location at the interior of the Arena Corinthians, chosen for its luxurious and futuristic design and used as "The Process" building. A scenographic favela was built in a large abandoned factory in the neighborhood of Brás, central Region of São Paulo (representing the "Inland") and with some other scenes shot at the outskirts of the city, such as in the neighborhoods Heliópolis, Vila Madalena, Parque da Juventude and Ocupação Cine Marrocos.


title: 3%

text: Exterior scenes for the second season's "Offshore" were filmed at the Inhotim Institute in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais. Most of the scenes shot at Inhotim are concentrated in the central gardens – especially in the place where the statue of the "Founding Couple" stands, inserted using CGI. But three other pavilions also served as filming locations: Adriana Varejão pavilion (where the characters access the submarine), Cosmococas, by Hélio Oiticica (the military center) and Sonic Pavilion, by Doug Aitken (where the council meeting takes place).


title: 3%

text: The third season included as new filming location the conservation unit Dunas do Rosado at Porto do Mangue, Rio Grande do Norte, used for the scenes of the "Shell".


title: 3%

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an approval rating of 85%, based on 20 reviews, with an average score of 6.5/10. The critical consensus reads: "Despite comparisons to other teen-centric dystopian thrillers, "3%" separates itself from the pack by focusing on characters with complicated backstories and personalities." Liz Shannon Miller gave the first season a B+ in her review for "IndieWire", saying that the series left her "surprised and impressed." Calum Henderson of the "New Zealand Herald" said in his review "The characters are the show's strongest point, though, and it skillfully introduces the six core candidates throughout the Process' preliminary challenges in the first episode."


title: 3%

text: Doppio Games, in association with Netflix, developed a free-to-play voice-based game based on the series, released to Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant. The game features a prequel storyline written in collaboration with Pedro Aguilera, showrunner and writer of the series.


title: Jaehyun (singer)

text: Jeong Yun-o (; born Jeong Jae-hyun (); February 14, 1997), better known by his stage name Jaehyun, is a South Korean singer and actor. He is a member of the South Korean boy group NCT and its sub-units NCT U and NCT 127, debuting in April 2016 as a member of the rotational unit NCT U and as a member of Seoul-based fixed unit NCT 127 in July 2016.


title: Jaehyun (singer)

text: Jaehyun hosted the television program "Inkigayo" from October 2019 to February 2021. As an actor, he made his debut with a leading role in the college-romance television series "Dear. M" (2022).