title: Diana Vreeland

text: In spite of being extremely successful, Diana Vreeland was paid a relatively small salary by the Hearst Corporation, which owned "Harper's Bazaar". Vreeland said that she was paid $18,000 a year from 1936 with a $1,000 raise, finally, in 1959. She speculated that newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst's castle in San Simeon, California, "must have been where the Hearst money went".


title: Diana Vreeland

text: According to some sources, hurt that she was passed over for promotion at "Harper's Bazaar" in 1957, she joined "Vogue" in 1962. She was editor-in-chief from 1963 until 1971. Vreeland enjoyed the 1960s enormously because she felt that uniqueness was being celebrated. "If you had a bump on your nose, it made no difference so long as you had a marvelous body and good carriage."


title: Diana Vreeland

text: Vreeland sent memos to her staff urging them to be creative. One said, "Today let's think pig white! Wouldn't it be wonderful to have stockings that were pig white! The color of baby pigs, not quite white and not quite pink!" During her tenure at the magazine, she discovered the sixties "youthquake" star Edie Sedgwick. In 1984, Vreeland explained how she saw fashion magazines. "What these magazines gave was a point of view. Most people haven't got a point of view; they need to have it given to them—and what's more, they expect it from you. [...][I]t must have been 1966 or '67. I published this big fashion slogan: This is the year of do it yourself. [...][E]very store in the country telephoned to say, 'Look, you have to tell people. No one wants to do it themselves-they want direction and to follow a leader!'"


title: Diana Vreeland

text: After she was fired from "Vogue", she became consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1971. By 1984, according to Vreeland's account, she had organized twelve exhibitions. Artist Greer Lankton created a life-size portrait doll of Vreeland that is on display in the Costume Institute's library.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: In 1989, she died of a heart attack at age 85 at Lenox Hill Hospital, on Manhattan's Upper East Side in New York City.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: The Diana Vreeland Estate is administered by her grandson, Alexander Vreeland, Frederick's son. The responsibility was given to him by her sons, Fredrick and Tim. The official Diana Vreeland website was launched in September 2011. Created and overseen by her estate, DianaVreeland.com is dedicated to her work and career, presenting her accomplishments and influence, and revealing how and why she achieved her notoriety and distinction.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: Vreeland was portrayed in the film "Infamous" (2006) by Juliet Stevenson. She was also portrayed in the film "Factory Girl" (2006) by Illeana Douglas. Her life was documented in "" (2011).


title: Diana Vreeland

text: In the 1941 musical "Lady in the Dark" by Moss Hart, Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin the character of Alison Du Bois was based on Vreeland.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: Maggie Prescott, a fashion magazine editor in "Funny Face" (1957) is loosely based on Diana Vreeland.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: In the 1966 film "Who Are You, Polly Maggoo?", Miss Maxwell (Grayson Hall) portrays an extravagant American expatriate fashion magazine editor. The film's director, William Klein, worked briefly for Vreeland and has confirmed the outrageous character in Polly Maggoo was based on Vreeland.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: In 1982, she met over dinner with author Bruce Chatwin, who wrote a touching memoir of their dinner conversation in a half-page slice-of-life, entitled "At Dinner with Diana Vreeland".


title: Diana Vreeland

text: In the 1995 film "To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar", Vida Boheme (Patrick Swayze) gives a copy of Vreeland's autobiography to a thrift-store clerk and tells him to "commit sections to memory". Later, the clerk quotes a passage that reads "That season we were loaded with pizazz. Earrings of fuchsia and peach. Mind you, peach. And hats. Hats, hats, hats, for career girls. How I adored Paris."


title: Diana Vreeland

text: In October 1996, Mary Louise Wilson portrayed Vreeland in a one-woman play called "Full Gallop", which she had written together with Mark Hampton. The play takes place the day after Vreeland's return to New York City from her 4-month escape to Paris after being fired from "Vogue." It was produced at the Westside Theatre in New York City, and directed by Nicholas Martin.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: In the 2011 book "Damned" by Chuck Palahniuk, the main character (Madison Spencer) receives a pair of high heels from the character Babette.


title: Diana Vreeland

text: "In one hand, Babette holds a strappy pair of high heels. She says, "I got these from Diana Vreeland. I hope they fit...".


title: Diana Vreeland

text: Diana Vreeland has been impersonated twice as part of the Snatch Game challenge in RuPaul's Drag Race, by Robbie Turner in Season 8, and by Raja Gemini in Season 7 of All Stars.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The Dwarkadhish temple, also known as the Jagat Mandir and occasionally spelled Dwarakadheesh, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Krishna, who is worshiped here by the name "Dwarkadhish", or 'King of Dwarka'. The temple is located at Dwarka city of Gujarat, India, which is one of the destinations of Char Dham, a Hindu pilgrimage circuit. The main shrine of the five-storied building, supported by 72 pillars, is known as Jagat Mandir or Nija Mandir. Archaeological findings suggest the original temple was built in 200 BCE at the earliest. The temple was rebuilt and enlarged in the 15th-16th century.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: According to tradition, the original temple was believed to have been built by Krishna's grandson, Vajranabha, over the hari-griha (Krishna's residential place). The original structure was destroyed by Mahmud Begada in 1472, and subsequently rebuilt in the 15th-16th century, in the Māru-Gurjara style.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The temple became part of the "Char Dham" pilgrimage considered sacred by Hindus in India. Adi Shankaracharya, the 8th century Hindu theologian and philosopher, visited the shrine. The other three being comprising Rameswaram, Badrinath and Puri. Even today a memorial within the temple is dedicated to his visit. Dwarakadheesh is the 98th Divya Desam of Vishnu on the subcontinent, glorified in the "Divya Prabandha" sacred texts. it was rebuilt by Raja Jagat Singh Rathore. The temple is at an elevation of above mean sea-level. It faces west. The temple layout consists of a garbhagriha ("Nijamandira" or "Harigraha") and an antarala (an antechamber). However, the existing temple is dated to 16th century.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: As per Hindu legend, Dwarka was built on a piece of land by Krishna that was reclaimed from the sea. Sage Durvasa once visited Krishna and his wife Rukmini. The sage wished that the pair took him to their palace. The pair readily agreed and started walking with the sage to their palace. After some distance, Rukmini got tired and she requested some water from Krishna. Krishna dug a mythical hole that brought in river Ganga to the place. Sage Durvasa was furious and cursed Rukmini to remain in the place. The temple where Rukmini's shrine is found, is believed to be the place where she stood.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The town of Dwarka in Gujarat has a history that dates back centuries, and mentioned in the Mahabharata epic as the Dwaraka Kingdom. Situated on the banks of river Gomti, the town is described in legend as the capital of Krishna. Evidence such as a stone block with script, the way the stones were dressed showing that dowels had been used, and an examination of anchors found on the site suggest that the harbour site dates only to historical times, with some of the underwater structure being late Medieval. Coastal erosion was probably the cause of the destruction of what was an ancient port.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: Hindus believe that the original temple was constructed by Vajranabh, the great grand son of Krishna, over the residential palace of Krishna. It was destroyed by Sultan Mahmud Begada in 1472.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The current temple in Chaulukya style was constructed in 15-16th century. The temple covers area of 27-metre by 21-metre with east–west length of 29-metre and north–south width of 23 metres. The tallest peak of the temple is 51.8 m high.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: Since this site is associated with the ancient city of Dvārakā and the Vedic era Krishna of Mahabharata, it is an important place of pilgrimage for Hindus. It is one of 3 main pilgrimage sites related to ""Krishna"" circuit, namely "48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra" in Haryana state, Braj Parikarma in Mathura of Uttar Pradesh state and "Dwarka Parikrama" (Dwarkadish Yatra) at Dwarkadhish Temple in Gujarat state.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The flag atop the temple shows the sun and moon, which is believed to indicate that Krishna would be there till Sun and Moon exist on Earth. The flag is changed up to five times a day, but the symbol remains the same. The temple has a five-story structure built on seventy-two pillars. The temple spire is 78.3 m high. The temple is constructed of limestone which is still in pristine condition. The temple shows intricate sculptural detailing.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: There are two entrances to the temple. The main entrance (north entrance) is called "Moksha Dwara" (Door to Salvation). This entrance takes one to the main market. The south entrance is called "Swarga Dwara" (Gate to Heaven). Outside this doorway are 56 steps that leads to the Gomati River. Though the origins are not clearly known, the Advaita school of Hinduism established by Sankaracharya, who created Hindu monastic institutions across India, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer. The four monasteries are located across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, Jagannath Temple at Puri in the East, Dwarakadheesh Temple at Dwarka in the West and Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram in the South. Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely Saivism and Vaishnavism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair. There are four abodes in Himalayas called Chota Char Dham ("Chota" meaning small): Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri - all of these lie at the foot hills of Himalayas. The name "Chota" was added during the mid of 20th century to differentiate the original Char Dhams. As the number of pilgrims increased to these places in modern times, it is called Himalayan Char Dham. The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime. Traditionally the trip starts are the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circumambulation in Hindu temples.--> The temple is open from 6.00 am to 1.00 pm and 5.00 pm to 9.30 pm. The Krishna Janmashtami festival, or Gokulashtami, the birthday of Krishna was commissioned by Vallaba (1473-1531).


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: According to a legend, Meera Bai, the famed Rajput princess who was also a poetess-saint and a staunch devotee of Krishna, merged with the deity at this temple. It is one of the Sapta Puri, the seven holy cities of India.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The temple is also the location of Dvaraka Pitha, one of the four (religious centers) established by Adi Shankaracharya (686-717) who pioneered unification of Hindu religious beliefs in the country. It is a four storied structure representing four established by Shankaracharya in different parts of the country. There are paintings on the walls here depicting the life history of Shankaracharya while the dome has carvings of Shiva in different postures.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: It is a five storied edifice built over 72 pillars (sandstone temple with 60 pillars is also mentioned). There are two important entrances to the temple, one is the main entry door which is called the "Moksha Dwar" (meaning "Door to Salvation") and the exit door which is known as the "Swarga Dwar" (meaning: "Gate to Heaven").


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The main deity deified in the sanctum is of Dwarkadeesh, which is known as Trivikrama form of Vishnu and is depicted with four arms. On the chamber to the left of the main altar is the deity of Balarama, elder brother of Krishna. The chamber to the right houses the images of Pradyumna and Aniruddha, son and grandson of Krishna. In several shrines surrounding the central shrine there are idols of goddess Radha, Jambavati, Satyabhama and Lakshmi. Shrines of Madhav Raoji (another name for Krishna), Balrama and sage Durvasa is also present in the temple. There are also two separate shrines dedicated to Radha Krishna and Devaki just in front of the central shrine of Dwarkadhish.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The temple spire rises to a height of and a very large flag with symbols of Sun and Moon is hoisted on it. The flag, triangular in shape, is of length. This flag is changed four times a day with a new one and Hindus pay a huge sum of money to hoist it by purchasing a new flag. The money received on this account is credited to the trust fund of the temple to meet the operation and maintenance expenses of the temple.


title: Dwarkadhish Temple

text: The Dwarkadhish Jagat Mandir was awarded the certificate of "World Amazing Place" on 22 March 2021 by the "World Talent Organization", New Jersey, USA.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: "The Soup Nazi" is the 116th episode of the NBC sitcom "Seinfeld", which was the sixth episode of the seventh season. It first aired in the United States on November 2, 1995.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: The Soup Nazi is also the nickname of the eponymous character, Yev Kassem, played by Larry Thomas. The term "Nazi" is used as an exaggeration of the strict regimentation he demands of his patrons (cf. "grammar Nazi". Elaine in particular comes into conflict with Kassem, while Jerry and George spar with each other over Jerry's affectionate behavior with his girlfriend.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: Jerry, George and Elaine visit a new soup stand. Jerry explains that the owner, Yev Kassem, is known as the "Soup Nazi" due to his insistence on a strict manner of behavior while placing an order, but his soups are so outstandingly delicious that the stand is constantly busy. En route, Elaine notices a man on the sidewalk with an armoire for sale. She forgoes the soup in favor of buying it. However, her building superintendent informs her that furniture move-ins are not allowed on Sundays, so she asks Kramer to watch the armoire and promises to get soup from Kassem for him in return. While she is away, two men intimidate Kramer and steal the armoire.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: At the soup stand, George complains about not receiving bread with his meal. When he presses the issue, George's order is taken away and his money returned. On a subsequent visit, George buys soup, but Elaine, having scoffed at Jerry's advice on how to order, draws Kassem's ire and is banned for a year.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: Jerry and his girlfriend Sheila visit the soup stand. Kassem is repulsed by their kissing, so Jerry disavows Sheila to stay on Kassem's good side. Jerry talks about the breakup with George, who expresses disgust at Jerry and Sheila's baby talk and public displays of affection. Undeterred, Jerry makes up with Sheila at Monk's. George tries to teach him a lesson by behaving similarly with Susan, but this only leads to escalating affection between the couples as Jerry and George struggle to out-disgust each other. Susan is charmed by George's public show of affection and continues to mirror this behavior. Sensing George's discomfort at this, Jerry gloats by informing him that he and Sheila have broken up again.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: Kramer, who has befriended Kassem, tells him about the armoire theft. Kassem offers him an armoire he has in storage as a replacement. Elaine is elated and goes to Kassem to thank him. When Kassem learns the armoire was for Elaine, he says he would rather have destroyed it than give it to her. Vowing revenge, Elaine returns to her apartment with Jerry, where they discover Kassem's soup recipes in the armoire. Elaine returns to the soup stand and confronts Kassem with the recipes, stating her intent to publicize them.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: Jerry encounters Newman, who is running to get a pot from his apartment. Newman tells him that because of what Elaine said to Kassem, he is giving away whatever soup he has left, closing down his stand, and moving to Argentina. Jerry runs towards the soup stand.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: "The Soup Nazi" was Spike Feresten's first credited "Seinfeld" episode as a writer. The idea for the episode arose when Feresten told Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David about New York soup vendor Al Yeganeh, who was nicknamed "The Soup Nazi". Seinfeld and David laughed and said, "That's a show. Do that as your first show". Feresten's inspiration for the armoire subplot was a New York apartment building where he had lived, which forbade moving furniture on certain days. The armoire thieves were written as homosexual because Larry David decided that "Only gay guys would steal an armoire". At the time Feresten wrote the episode, both he and Seinfeld were dating women who would use affectionate baby talk with them, which led to the Jerry/Sheila story.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: The first cast table reading for "The Soup Nazi" was held on September 28, 1995, and it was filmed before a studio audience on October 3. In the episode, Elaine (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) references "Scent of a Woman". Louis-Dreyfus had never seen the film, but Seinfeld suggested she do an impersonation of Al Pacino's character and showed her how.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: The Soup Nazi was portrayed by Larry Thomas. Thomas, who did not realize that the character was based on a real person, received the inspiration for his portrayal from watching "Lawrence of Arabia" and studying Omar Sharif's accent.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: The Soup Nazi has a cameo in the "Seinfeld" series finale, in which his true name is revealed. He is a witness in the case against Seinfeld, Elaine, George and Kramer. He tells Hoyt about how he banned Elaine from his shop, only for her to return and ruin his business, forcing him to move to Argentina (paralleling the Ratlines used by the real Nazis). Elaine angers him by smugly claiming, "His soup wasn't all that good anyway."


title: The Soup Nazi

text: The character was inspired by Ali "Al" Yeganeh, an Iranian soup vendor who ran Soup Kitchen International in New York City, eventually turning it into the chain The Original Soup Man. Yeganeh has stated on numerous occasions that he is very offended by the "Soup Nazi" moniker.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: According to writer Spike Feresten, Jerry Seinfeld and several members of the production team went to Soup Kitchen International for lunch weeks after "The Soup Nazi" aired. Upon recognizing Seinfeld, Yeganeh went into a profanity-filled rant about how the show had "ruined" his business, demanding an apology. Seinfeld allegedly gave what Feresten describes as "the most sarcastic apology I've ever seen anyone give." Feresten has also said that some of the episode's encounters in the soup line, such as Elaine slapping her hands on the counter and telling the Soup Nazi he looks like Al Pacino, were based on scenes he witnessed at Yeganeh's real-life soup outlet.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: According to Nora Ephron's DVD commentary, the first pop culture reference to Yeganeh (though not by name) seems to have come years before the "Seinfeld" episode, in the 1993 movie "Sleepless in Seattle". In the film, a character playing a writer pitches a story for the lifestyle section of "The Baltimore Sun" to their editor: "This man sells the greatest soup you have ever eaten, and he is the meanest man in America. I feel very strongly about this, Becky; it's not just about the soup."


title: The Soup Nazi

text: Thomas's portrayal of the Soup Nazi earned him a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 1996.


title: The Soup Nazi

text: Like Jackie Chiles, the Soup Nazi character (played by Thomas) has appeared in commercials after the end of the series.


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee or Tsalagi (, ) is an endangered-to-moribund Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people. "Ethnologue" states that there were 1,520 Cherokee speakers out of 376,000 Cherokee in 2018, while a tally by the three Cherokee tribes in 2019 recorded ~2,100 speakers. The number of speakers is in decline. About eight fluent speakers die each month, and only a handful of people under the age of 40 are fluent. The dialect of Cherokee in Oklahoma is "definitely endangered", and the one in North Carolina is "severely endangered" according to UNESCO. The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the South Carolina–Georgia border, has been extinct since about 1900. The dire situation regarding the future of the two remaining dialects prompted the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes to declare a state of emergency in June 2019, with a call to enhance revitalization efforts.


title: Cherokee language

text: Around 200 speakers of the Eastern (also referred to as the Middle or Kituwah) dialect remain in North Carolina, and language preservation efforts include the New Kituwah Academy, a bilingual immersion school. The largest remaining group of Cherokee speakers is centered around Tahlequah, Oklahoma, where the Western (Overhill or Otali) dialect predominates. The Cherokee Immersion School () in Tahlequah serves children in federally recognized tribes from pre-school up to grade 6.


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee, a polysynthetic language, is also the only member of the Southern Iroquoian family, and it uses a unique syllabary writing system. As a polysynthetic language, Cherokee differs dramatically from Indo-European languages such as English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese, and as such can be difficult for adult learners to acquire. A single Cherokee word can convey ideas that would require multiple English words to express, from the context of the assertion and connotations about the speaker to the idea's action and its object. The morphological complexity of the Cherokee language is best exhibited in verbs, which comprise approximately 75% of the language, as opposed to only 25% of the English language. Verbs must contain at minimum a pronominal prefix, a verb root, an aspect suffix, and a modal suffix.


title: Cherokee language

text: Extensive documentation of the language exists, as it is the indigenous language of North America in which the most literature has been published. Such publications include a Cherokee dictionary and grammar, as well as several editions of the New Testament and Psalms of the Bible and the "Cherokee Phoenix" (, ), the first newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and the first published in a Native American language.


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee is an Iroquoian language, and the only Southern Iroquoian language spoken today. Linguists believe that the Cherokee people migrated to the southeast from the Great Lakes region about three thousand years ago, bringing with them their language. Despite the three-thousand-year geographic separation, the Cherokee language today still shows some similarities to the languages spoken around the Great Lakes, such as Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.


title: Cherokee language

text: Some researchers (such as Thomas Whyte) have suggested the homeland of the proto-Iroquoian language resides in Appalachia. Whyte contends, based on linguistic and molecular studies, that proto-Iroquoian speakers participated in cultural and economic exchanges along the north–south axis of the Appalachian Mountains. The divergence of Southern Iroquoian (which Cherokee is the only known branch of) from the Northern Iroquoian languages occurred approximately 4,000–3,000 years ago as Late Archaic proto-Iroquoian speaking peoples became more sedentary with the advent of horticulture, advancement of lithic technologies and the emergence of social complexity in the Eastern Woodlands. In the subsequent millennia, the Northern Iroquoian and Southern Iroquoian would be separated by various Algonquin and Siouan speaking peoples as linguistic, religious, social and technological practices from the Algonquin to the north and east and the Siouans to the west from the Ohio Valley would come to be practiced by peoples in the Chesapeake region, as well as parts of the Carolinas.


title: Cherokee language

text: Before the development of the Cherokee syllabary in the 1820s, Cherokee was an oral language only. The Cherokee syllabary is a set of written symbols invented by Sequoyah in the late 1810s and early 1820s to write the Cherokee language. His creation of the syllabary is particularly noteworthy in that he could not previously read any script. Sequoyah had some contact with English literacy and the Roman alphabet through his proximity to Fort Loudoun, where he engaged in trade with Europeans. He was exposed to English literacy through his white father. His limited understanding of the Roman alphabet, including the ability to recognize the letters of his name, may have aided him in the creation of the Cherokee syllabary. When developing the written language, Sequoyah first experimented with logograms, but his system later developed into a syllabary. In his system, each symbol represents a syllable rather than a single phoneme; the 85 (originally 86) characters in the Cherokee syllabary provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Some typeface syllables do resemble the Latin, Greek, and even the Cyrillic scripts' letters, but the sounds are completely different (for example, the sound /a/ is written with a letter that resembles Latin D).


title: Cherokee language

text: Around 1809, Sequoyah began work to create a system of writing for the Cherokee language. At first he sought to create a character for each word in the language. He spent a year on this effort, leaving his fields unplanted, so that his friends and neighbors thought he had lost his mind. His wife is said to have burned his initial work, believing it to be witchcraft. He finally realized that this approach was impractical because it would require too many pictures to be remembered. He then tried making a symbol for every idea, but this also caused too many problems to be practical.


title: Cherokee language

text: Sequoyah did not succeed until he gave up trying to represent entire words and developed a written symbol for each syllable in the language. After approximately a month, he had a system of 86 characters. "In their present form, [typeface syllabary not the original handwritten Syllabary] many of the syllabary characters resemble Roman, Cyrillic, or Greek letters, or Arabic numerals," says Janine Scancarelli, a scholar of Cherokee writing, "but there is no apparent relationship between their sounds in other languages and in Cherokee."


title: Cherokee language

text: Unable to find adults willing to learn the syllabary, he taught it to his daughter, Ayokeh (also spelled Ayoka). Langguth says she was only six years old at the time. He traveled to the Indian Reserves in the Arkansaw Territory where some Cherokee had settled. When he tried to convince the local leaders of the syllabary's usefulness, they doubted him, believing that the symbols were merely "ad hoc" reminders. Sequoyah asked each to say a word, which he wrote down, and then called his daughter in to read the words back. This demonstration convinced the leaders to let him teach the syllabary to a few more people. This took several months, during which it was rumored that he might be using the students for sorcery. After completing the lessons, Sequoyah wrote a dictated letter to each student, and read a dictated response. This test convinced the western Cherokee that he had created a practical writing system.


title: Cherokee language

text: When Sequoyah returned east, he brought a sealed envelope containing a written speech from one of the Arkansas Cherokee leaders. By reading this speech, he convinced the eastern Cherokee also to learn the system, after which it spread rapidly. In 1825 the Cherokee Nation officially adopted the writing system. From 1828 to 1834, American missionaries assisted the Cherokee in using Sequoyah's original syllabary to develop type face Syllabary characters and print the "Cherokee Phoenix", the first newspaper of the Cherokee Nation, with text in both Cherokee and English.


title: Cherokee language

text: In 1826, the Cherokee National Council commissioned George Lowrey and David Brown to translate and print eight copies of the laws of the Cherokee Nation in the new Cherokee language typeface using Sequoyah's system, but not his original self-created handwritten syllable glyphs.


title: Cherokee language

text: Once Albert Gallatin saw a copy of Sequoyah's syllabary, he found the syllabary superior to the English alphabet. Even though a Cherokee student must learn 86 syllables instead of 26 letters, they can read immediately. Students could accomplish in a few weeks what students of English writing could learn in two years.


title: Cherokee language

text: In 1824, the General Council of the Eastern Cherokee awarded Sequoyah a large silver medal in honor of the syllabary. According to Davis, one side of the medal bore his image surrounded by the inscription in English, "Presented to George Gist by the General Council of the Cherokee for his ingenuity in the invention of the Cherokee Alphabet." The reverse side showed two long-stemmed pipes and the same inscription written in Cherokee. Supposedly, Sequoyah wore the medal throughout the rest of his life, and it was buried with him.


title: Cherokee language

text: By 1825, the Bible and numerous religious hymns and pamphlets, educational materials, legal documents, and books were translated into the Cherokee language. Thousands of Cherokee became syllabic and the syllabicy rate for Cherokee in the original syllabary, as well as the typefaced syllabary, was higher in the Cherokee Nation than that of literacy of whites in the English alphabet in the United States.


title: Cherokee language

text: Though use of the Cherokee syllabary declined after many of the Cherokee were forcibly removed to Indian Territory, present-day Oklahoma, it has survived in private correspondence, renderings of the Bible, and descriptions of Indian medicine and now can be found in books and on the internet among other places.


title: Cherokee language

text: In February 2022, Motorola Mobility introduced a Cherokee language interface for its latest smartphone. Eastern Band Principal Chief Richard Sneed, who along with other Cherokee leaders worked with Motorola on the development, considered this an effort to preserve the language. Features included not only symbols but also the culture.


title: Cherokee language

text: The language remains concentrated in some Oklahoma communities and communities like Big Cove and Snowbird in North Carolina.


title: Cherokee language

text: At the time of European contact, there were three major dialects of Cherokee: Lower, Middle, and Overhill. The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the South Carolina-Georgia border, has been extinct since about 1900. Of the remaining two dialects, the Middle dialect (Kituwah) is spoken by the Eastern band on the Qualla Boundary, and retains ~200 speakers. The Overhill, or Western, dialect is spoken in eastern Oklahoma and by the Snowbird Community in North Carolina by ~1,300 people. The Western dialect is most widely used and is considered the main dialect of the language. Both dialects have had English influence, with the Overhill, or Western dialect showing some Spanish influence as well.


title: Cherokee language

text: The now extinct Lower dialect spoken by the inhabitants of the Lower Towns in the vicinity of the South Carolina–Georgia border had "r" as the liquid consonant in its inventory, while both the contemporary Kituhwa dialect spoken in North Carolina and the Overhill dialect contain "l". Only Oklahoma Cherokee developed tone. Both the Lower dialect and the Kituhwa dialect have a "ts" sound in place of the "tl" sound of the Overhill dialect. For instance, the word for 'it is cold (outside)' is ( or ) in the Overhill dialect, but () in the Kituhwa dialect.


title: Cherokee language

text: There are two main dialects of Cherokee spoken by modern speakers. The Giduwa (or Kituwah) dialect (Eastern Band) and the Otali dialect (also called the Overhill dialect) spoken in Oklahoma. The Otali dialect has drifted significantly from Sequoyah's syllabary in the past 150 years, and many contracted and borrowed words have been adopted into the language. These noun and verb roots in Cherokee, however, can still be mapped to Sequoyah's syllabary. There are more than 85 syllables in use by modern Cherokee speakers. Modern Cherokee speakers who speak Otali employ 122 distinct syllables in Oklahoma.


title: Cherokee language

text: In 2019, the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes declared a state of emergency for the language due to the threat of it going extinct, calling for the enhancement of revitalization programs. The language retains about 1,500 to 2,100 Cherokee speakers, but an average of eight fluent speakers die each month, and only a handful of people under 40 years of age are fluent as of 2019. In 1986, the literacy rate for first language speakers was 15–20% who could read and 5% who could write, according to the 1986 Cherokee Heritage Center. A 2005 survey determined that the Eastern band had 460 fluent speakers. Ten years later, the number was believed to be 200.


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee is "definitely endangered" in Oklahoma and "severely endangered" in North Carolina according to UNESCO. Cherokee has been the co-official language of the Cherokee Nation alongside English since a 1991 legislation officially proclaimed this under the Act Relating to the Tribal Policy for the Promotion and Preservation of Cherokee Language, History, and Culture. Cherokee is also recognized as the official language of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. As Cherokee is official, the entire constitution of the United Keetoowah Band is available in both English and Cherokee. As an official language, any tribal member may communicate with the tribal government in Cherokee or English, English translation services are provided for Cherokee speakers, and both Cherokee and English are used when the tribe provides services, resources, and information to tribal members or when communicating with the tribal council. The 1991 legislation allows the political branch of the nation to maintain Cherokee as a living language. Because they are within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area, hospitals and health centers such as the Three Rivers Health Center in Muscogee, Oklahoma provide Cherokee language translation services.


title: Cherokee language

text: In 2008 The Cherokee Nation instigated a ten-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs, as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80 percent or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language. The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $4.5 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. They have accomplished: "Curriculum development, teaching materials and teacher training for a total immersion program for children, beginning when they are preschoolers, that enables them to learn Cherokee as their first language. The participating children and their parents learn to speak and read together. The Tribe operates the Kituwah Academy". Formed in 2006, the Kituwah Preservation & Education Program (KPEP) on the Qualla Boundary focuses on language immersion programs for children from birth to fifth grade, developing cultural resources for the general public and community language programs to foster the Cherokee language among adults.


title: Cherokee language

text: There is also a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade. A second campus was added in November 2021, when the school purchased Greasy School in Greasy, Oklahoma, located in southern Adair County ten miles south of Stilwell. Situated in largest area of Cherokee speakers in the world, the opportunity for that campus is for students to spend the day in an immersion school and then return to a Cherokee-speaking home.


title: Cherokee language

text: Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma, Northeastern State University, and Western Carolina University. Western Carolina University (WCU) has partnered with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) to promote and restore the language through the school's Cherokee Studies program, which offers classes in and about the language and culture of the Cherokee Indians. WCU and the EBCI have initiated a ten-year language revitalization plan consisting of: (1) a continuation of the improvement and expansion of the EBCI Atse Kituwah Cherokee Language Immersion School, (2) continued development of Cherokee language learning resources, and (3) building of Western Carolina University programs to offer a more comprehensive language training curriculum.


title: Cherokee language

text: In November of 2022, the tribe opened a $20 million language center in a 52,000-square-foot building near its headquarters in Tahlequah. The immersion facility, which has classes from youngsters to adults, features no English signage: even the Exit signs feature a pictograph of a person running for the door rather than the English word.


title: Cherokee language

text: The family of Iroquoian languages has a unique phonological inventory. Unlike most languages, the Cherokee inventory of consonants lacks the labial sounds "p", "b", "f", and "v". Cherokee does, however, have one labial consonant "m", but it is rare, appearing in no more than ten native words. In fact, the Lower dialect does not produce "m" at all. Instead, it uses "w".


title: Cherokee language

text: In the case of "p", "qw" is often substituted, as in the name of the , "Wigiqwediya". Some words may contain sounds not reflected in the given phonology: for instance, the modern Oklahoma use of the loanword "automobile", with the and sounds of English.


title: Cherokee language

text: As with many Iroquoian languages, Cherokee's phonemic inventory is small. The consonants for North Carolina Cherokee are given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as (oral) obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants (Lounsbury 1978:337).


title: Cherokee language

text: There are two main competing orthographies, depending on how plain and aspirated stops (including affricates) are represented:


title: Cherokee language

text: Another orthography, used in Holmes (1977), doesn't distinguish plain stops from aspirated stops for /t͡sa/ and /kw/ and uses "ts" and "qu" for both modes. Spellings working from the syllabary rather than from the sounds often behave similarly, /t͡s/ and /kʷ/ being the only two stop series not having separate letters for plain and aspirated before any vowel in Sequoyah script. Ex: ᏌᏊ "saquu" [saàgʷu], ᏆᎾ "quana" [kʷʰana].


title: Cherokee language

text: There are six short vowels and six long vowels in the Cherokee inventory. As with all Iroquoian languages, this includes a nasalized vowel (Lounsbury 1978:337). In the case of Cherokee, the nasalized vowel is a mid central vowel usually represented as "v" and is pronounced , that is as a schwa vowel like the unstressed "a" in the English word "comma" plus the nasalization. It is similar to the nasalized vowel in the French word "un" which means "one".


title: Cherokee language

text: Word-final vowels are short and nasalized, and receive an automatic high or high-falling tone: "wado" [wadṍ] 'thank you'. They are often dropped in casual speech: "gaáda" [gaátʰ] 'dirt'. When deletion happens, trailing /ʔ/ and /h/ are also deleted and any resulting long vowel is further shortened: "uùgoohvv́ʔi" > "uùgoohv́" 'he saw it'.


title: Cherokee language

text: Short vowels are devoiced before /h/: "digadóhdi" [digadó̥hdĩ́]. But due to the phonological rules of vowel deletion, laryngeal metathesis and laryngeal alternation (see below), this environment is relatively rare.


title: Cherokee language

text: Sequences of two non-identical vowels are disallowed and the vowel clash must be resolved. There are four strategies depending on the phonological and morphological environments:


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee distinguishes six pitch patterns or tones, using four pitch levels. Two tones are level (low, high) and appear on short or long vowels. The other four are contour tones (rising, falling, lowfall, highrise) and appear on long vowels only.


title: Cherokee language

text: There is no academic consensus on the notation of tone and length. Below are the main conventions, along with the standardized IPA notation.


title: Cherokee language

text: While the tonal system is undergoing a gradual simplification in many areas, it remains important in meaning and is still held strongly by many, especially older, speakers. The syllabary displays neither tone nor vowel length, but as stated earlier regarding the paucity of minimal pairs, real cases of ambiguity are rare. The same goes for transliterated Cherokee ( for [oosíyo], for [tʰoòhiı̋ju], etc.), which is rarely written with any tone markers, except in dictionaries. Native speakers can tell the difference between written words based solely on context.


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee, like many Native American languages, is polysynthetic, meaning that many morphemes may be linked together to form a single word, which may be of great length. Cherokee verbs, the most important word type, must contain at a minimum a pronominal prefix, a verb root, an aspect suffix, and a modal suffix, for a total of 17 verb tenses. They can also bear prepronominal prefixes, reflexive prefixes, and derivational suffixes.


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee has three numbers: singular, dual and plural. It does not make gender distinction, but does distinguish animacy in third person pronouns. Cherokee also makes the distinction between inclusive and exclusive pronouns in the first person dual and plural. There is no distinction between dual and plural in the 3rd person. This makes a total of 10 persons.


title: Cherokee language

text: The pronominal prefix is "g-", which indicates first person singular. The verb root is "-éé-", 'to go.' The aspect suffix that this verb employs for the present-tense stem is "-g-". The present-tense modal suffix for regular verbs in Cherokee is "-a".


title: Cherokee language

text: The translation uses the present progressive ('at this time I am going'). Cherokee differentiates between progressive ('I am going') and habitual ('I go') more than English does. For the habitual, the aspectual prefix is "-g-" "imperfective / incompletive" (here identical to present, but can vary for other verbs) and the modal prefix "-óóʼi" "habitual".


title: Cherokee language

text: Like many Native American languages, Cherokee has many pronominal prefixes that can index both subject and object. Pronominal prefixes always appear on verbs and can also appear on adjectives and nouns. There are two separate words which function as pronouns: "aya" 'I, me' and "nihi" 'you'.


title: Cherokee language

text: The number of Cherokee pronouns marks not only the agent of a verb, but often the object as well. This is the case, if the depending object was already mentioned and would be substituted by a separate pronoun in English as well. In contrary to English, animacy is marked, but gender is not.


title: Cherokee language

text: (These suffixes have to be treated in a CV syllabary structure.) Set I and II join here except if written A | B.


title: Cherokee language

text: Some prefixes are the same, even though they mean their opposite. Understanding is ensured by regular stem changes within the verb.


title: Cherokee language

text: Some Cherokee verbs require special classifiers which denote a physical property of the direct object. Only around 20 common verbs require one of these classifiers (such as the equivalents of 'pick up', 'put down', 'remove', 'wash', 'hide', 'eat', 'drag', 'have', 'hold', 'put in water', 'put in fire', 'hang up', 'be placed', 'pull along'). The classifiers can be grouped into five categories:


title: Cherokee language

text: There have been reports that the youngest speakers of Cherokee are using only the indefinite forms, suggesting a decline in usage or full acquisition of the system of shape classification. Cherokee is the only Iroquoian language with this type of classificatory verb system, leading linguists to reanalyze it as a potential remnant of a noun incorporation system in Proto-Iroquoian. However, given the non-productive nature of noun incorporation in Cherokee, other linguists have suggested that classificatory verbs are the product of historical contact between Cherokee and non-Iroquoian languages, and instead that the noun incorporation system in Northern Iroquoian languages developed later.


title: Cherokee language

text: Simple declarative sentences usually have a subject-object-verb or an object-verb-subject word order. Negative sentences have a different word order. Adjectives come before nouns, as in English. Demonstratives, such as ('that') or ('this'), come at the beginning of noun phrases. Relative clauses follow noun phrases. Adverbs precede the verbs that they are modifying. For example, 'she's speaking loudly' is (literally, 'loud she's-speaking').


title: Cherokee language

text: A Cherokee sentence may not have a verb as when two noun phrases form a sentence. In such a case, word order is flexible. For example, ' ('that man is my father'). A noun phrase might be followed by an adjective, such as in ' ('my father is big').


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee is written in an 85-character syllabary invented by Sequoyah (also known as Guest or George Gist). Many of the letters resemble the Latin letters they derive from, but have completely unrelated sound values; Sequoyah had seen English, Hebrew, and Greek writing but did not know how to read them.


title: Cherokee language

text: Two other scripts used to write Cherokee are a simple Latin transliteration and a more precise system with Diacritical marks.


title: Cherokee language

text: Each of the characters represents one syllable, as in the Japanese "kana" and the Bronze Age Greek Linear B writing systems. The first six characters represent isolated vowel syllables. Characters for combined consonant and vowel syllables then follow. It is recited from left to right, top to bottom.


title: Cherokee language

text: The charts below show the syllabary as arranged by Samuel Worcester along with his commonly used transliterations. He played a key role in the development of Cherokee printing from 1828 until his death in 1859.


title: Cherokee language

text: The transliteration working from the syllabary uses conventional consonants like "qu, ts...", and may differ from the ones used in the phonological orthographies (first column in the below chart, in the "d/t system").


title: Cherokee language

text: The phonetic values of these characters do not equate directly to those represented by the letters of the Latin script. Some characters represent two distinct phonetic values (actually heard as different syllables), while others often represent different forms of the same syllable. Not all phonemic distinctions of the spoken language are represented:


title: Cherokee language

text: As with some other underspecified writing systems, such as Arabic, adult speakers can distinguish words by context.


title: Cherokee language

text: Transliteration software that operates without access to or reference to context greater than a single character can have difficulties with some Cherokee words. For example, words that contain adjacent pairs of single letter symbols, that (without special provisions) would be combined when doing the back conversion from Latin script to Cherokee. Here are a few examples:


title: Cherokee language

text: For these examples, the back conversion is likely to join "s-a" as "sa" or "s-i" as "si". Transliterations sometimes insert an apostrophe to prevent this, producing (cf. Man'yoshu).


title: Cherokee language

text: Other Cherokee words contain character pairs that entail overlapping transliteration sequences. Examples:


title: Cherokee language

text: If the Latin script is parsed from left to right, longest match first, then without special provisions, the back conversion would be wrong for the latter. There are several similar examples involving these character combinations: "naha nahe nahi naho nahu nahv".


title: Cherokee language

text: A further problem encountered in transliterating Cherokee is that there are some pairs of different Cherokee words that transliterate to the same word in the Latin script. Here are some examples:


title: Cherokee language

text: The main Unicode block for Cherokee is U+13A0–U+13FF. It contains the script's upper-case syllables as well as six lower-case syllables.


title: Cherokee language

text: A single Cherokee Unicode font, Plantagenet Cherokee, is supplied with macOS, version 10.3 (Panther) and later. Windows Vista also includes a Cherokee font. Several free Cherokee fonts are available including Digohweli, Donisiladv, and Noto Sans Cherokee. Some pan-Unicode fonts, such as Code2000, Everson Mono, and GNU FreeFont, include Cherokee characters. A commercial font, Phoreus Cherokee, published by TypeCulture, includes multiple weights and styles. The Cherokee Nation Language Technology Program supports "innovative solutions for the Cherokee language on all digital platforms including smartphones, laptops, desktops, tablets and social networks."


title: Cherokee language

text: Cherokee uses Arabic numerals (0–9). The Cherokee council voted not to adopt Sequoyah's numbering system. Sequoyah created individual symbols for 1–20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 as well as a symbol for three zeros for numbers in the thousands, and a symbol for six zeros for numbers in the millions. These last two symbols, representing ",000" and ",000,000", are made up of two separate symbols each. They have a symbol in common, which could be used as a zero in itself.


title: Cherokee language

text: The polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee language enables the language to develop new descriptive words in Cherokee to reflect or express new concepts. Some good examples are (', 'he argues repeatedly and on purpose with a purpose') corresponding to 'attorney' and (', 'the final catcher' or 'he catches them finally and conclusively') for 'policeman.'


title: Cherokee language

text: Other words have been adopted from another language such as the English word "gasoline", which in Cherokee is ('). Other words were adopted from the languages of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the early 1900s. One interesting and humorous example is the name of Nowata, Oklahoma, deriving from , a Delaware word for 'welcome' (more precisely the Delaware word is which can mean 'welcome' or 'friend' in the Delaware languages). The white settlers of the area used the name for the township, and local Cherokee, being unaware that the word had its origins in the Delaware language, called the town (') which means 'the water is all gone gone from here' — i.e. 'no water.'


title: Cherokee language

text: Other examples of adopted words are (') for 'coffee' and (') for 'watch'; which led to (, 'big watch') for "clock".


title: Cherokee language

text: Meaning expansion can be illustrated by the words for 'warm' and 'cold', which can be also extended to mean 'south' and 'north'. Around the time of the American Civil War, they were further extended to US party labels, Democratic and Republican, respectively.


title: Cherokee language

text: Despite Cherokee being classified as either a vulnerable or endangered language, there are words for foreign concepts (e.g foreign animals, groups of people, foreign plants, etc) and names for foreign cities, towns and countries. There is a list of countries and dependencies in Cherokee available here. The list includes both short and long names for every country and dependency in the world.


title: The Sex Factor

text: The Sex Factor was an online reality TV series produced by xHamster where eight men and eight women compete to become a porn star. The sixteen contestants had never had sex on camera prior to the series. The show is hosted by Asa Akira, and features Lexi Belle, Tori Black, Remy LaCroix, and Keiran Lee as mentors and judges. Belle Knox was initially going to host the show, but was replaced by Akira.


title: The Sex Factor

text: The show has one male and one female winner. The winners get a three-year contract with a porn film production company and an undisclosed amount of money, for a total amount of $1 million in prize value.


title: The Sex Factor

text: Casting took place in two rounds: one in December 2014 and one in January 2015, during that year's AVN Expo. Filming took place during early 2015, with pauses of months between episodes. None of the performers have been paid for their presence in the show, apart from trip reimbursements.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: The U.S. state of New York currently comprises 27 congressional districts. Each district elects one member of the United States House of Representatives who sits on its behalf. The state was redistricted in 2013, following the 2010 U.S. census; it lost two seats in Congress.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: Starting in the 2022 mid-term elections, per the 2020 United States census, New York will lose a congressional seat. The loss was decided by a remarkably close margin; it was believed that if 89 more people were counted in the census results and all other state populations remained stagnant, New York would have kept its lost seat.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: List of members of the New York United States House delegation, district boundaries, and district political ratings, according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 27 members, with nineteen Democrats and eight Republicans, as of 2022.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: Note: There are now 62 counties in New York (state). The counties that are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: On January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered, taking into account the new counties created in 1791.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: The congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election, only inside the tenth district a new county, Onondaga, was created in 1794.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: The geographical area of the congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election in December 1794. Steuben county was created out of part of Ontario County, and remained in the same district. Schoharie County was created from part of Albany County, and part of Otsego County, which remained in separate districts.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: On March 27, 1797, the Legislature re-apportioned the districts, taking into account the new counties which had been created in the meanwhile, and for the first time the districts were numbered.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: The districts remained the same as at the previous election in April 1798, but two new counties were created in 1799: in the 7th district, Essex County was split from Clinton County; and in the 10th district, Cayuga County was split from Onondaga County.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: Until the previous elections, there had been ten congressional districts. After the U.S. census of 1800, Congress re-apportioned the seats, and New York's representation was increased to 17. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Democratic-Republican majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: Three new counties had been created since the last elections in 1804: inside the 15th district, Jefferson County was split off from Oneida County; in the 16th district, Madison County from Chenango County; and in the 17th district, Allegany County from Genesee County The area of the districts remained the same.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: On April 8, 1808, the State Legislature re-apportioned the districts again, separating the 2nd and the 3rd district, and creating two districts with two seats each to be filled on a general ticket: the 2nd and the 6th.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: David Thomas had been elected in the old 12th district which had comprised only Washington County, so the vacancy was filled by a special election held only in this county, while at the same time two representatives were elected on a general ticket in the new 6th district to which Washington County had been re-districted together with Columbia County and Rensselaer County.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: Due to the double-seat districts, there were then only 15 districts; the 16th and 17th were eliminated.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: The districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1808. Only four new counties were created inside some districts: in the 5th district, Sullivan County was split from Ulster County; in the 7th district, Schenectady County was split from Albany County; in the 8th district, Franklin County was split from Clinton County; and in the 15th district, Niagara County was split from Genesee County.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: Due to the increase in seats, the previously eliminated 16th and 17th district were re-established, and four more districts were created. Six districts had two members, elected districtwide on a general ticket.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: For the 1814 elections, the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1812, only one new county was created: in the 12th district, Warren County was split from Washington County.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: For the 1818 elections, the geographical area of the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1816. Two new counties were created: Tompkins inside the 20th district; and Cattaraugus inside the 21st district. In 1817, the Town of Danube was separated from the Town of Minden in Montgomery County, and transferred to Herkimer County, but Danube remained in the 14th district.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: For the 1821 elections, except for the split of the 21st district, the geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1818. Five new counties had been created. Hamilton County was split from Montgomery County inside the 14th district. Oswego County was created from parts of Oneida and Onondaga counties, but the parts remained in their previous congressional districts. On March 9, 1821, the New York State Legislature divided the 21st district in two districts: Ontario County and the newly created Monroe County remained as the 21st district; the remainder became the new 22nd district, including the new counties of Erie and Livingston.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: On April 17, 1822, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts according to the figures of the 1820 United States census. The number of district was increased to 30, creating eight new districts; the number of seats was increased to 34, creating for the first time a triple-seat district, and keeping two double-seat districts.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1822. Two new counties were created within the 26th district: Wayne County and Yates County.


title: New York's congressional districts

text: The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1824. Only one new county was created: in the 29th district, Orleans County was split from Genesee County.


National conventions for writing telephone numbers vary by country. While international standards exist in the form of recommendation E.123 by the sector ITU-T of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), national telephone numbering plans define the format of telephone numbers assigned to telephones and similar communication endpoints.


title: National conventions for writing telephone numbers

text: The presentation of telephone numbers in this article does not include any international dialing codes necessary to route calls via international circuits. In examples, a numeric digit is used only if the digit is the same in every number, and letters to illustrate groups. X is used as a wildcard character to represent any digit in lists of numbers.


text: Landline numbers start with 05, followed by two digits for the regional area RR, then two digits for the local area LL, then 4 digits for the subscriber number XX XX: ("05 RR LL XX XX" or "05RR LL XX XX").


text: Mobile numbers start with 06 or 07, followed by the subscriber number ("06 XX XX XX XX" or "07 XX XX XX XX").


text: The international dialing code for Morocco is +212, so the format becomes "+212 Y XX XX XX XX" or "+212 YXX XX XX XX", also "+212 YXX-XXXXXX" as well, where Y is 5 for landlines or 6/7 for mobile.


text: Telephone numbers in Kenya uses a 9 digit format. The 9 digits used for local calls start with a "0" (trunk prefix) for domestic calls, followed by the 3 digit area/provider code and the final 6 digits (07XX XXX XXX). The international code for Kenya is "+254".


text: South Africa uses 10 digit dialling which has been required since 16 January 2007. The 10 digits used for local calls (AAA XXX XXXX or 0AA XXX XXXX) consist of a 3 digit area/type code (the first digit in the area/type code is a trunk prefix) followed by 7 digits. All area codes, including mobile numbers, start with a "0" (trunk prefix) for domestic calls. When dialing from another country, the international calling code for South Africa is "+27" with the rest of the digits excluding the "0" trunk prefix (+27 AA XXX XXXX).


text: Telephone numbers in China are 10 or 11 digits long (excluding an initial zero which is required at times) and fall in at least four distinct categories:


text: Every number, except special service numbers, is an 8-digit number; they are grouped as XXXX YYYY. There are no area codes.


text: Telephone numbers in India are 10 digits long (excluding an initial zero which is required at times) and fall in at least four distinct categories:


text: All telephone numbers in Iran are 11 digits long (initial 0 plus ten numbers). The first two or three digits after the zero are the area code. The possibilities are: (0xx) xxxx xxxx (for landlines), 09xx xxx xxxx (for cellphones) and 099xx xxx xxx (for MVNO).


text: The traditional convention for phone numbers is (0AA) NXX-XXXX, where 0AA is the area code and NXX-XXXX is the subscriber number. This number format is very similar to the North American numbering plan, but the country has a trunk code of 0 instead of 1, so international callers (using +81) do not have to dial the trunk code 0 when calling to Japan. Telephone numbers were 9 digits long in Tokyo and Osaka until the late 1990s, when a seventh digit was added to the subscriber number. Densely populated areas have shorter area codes, while rural areas have longer area codes, but the last two digits of a five digit long area code (including the first zero) may also be the first two digits of the subscriber number. Area codes increase from north to south, except in areas such as the western Hokuriku region and the prefecture of Okinawa, where area codes increase from west to east or south to north.


text: All area codes including mobile start with a "0" (trunk prefix) for domestic calls. If you are dialing from another country the for Malaysia is "60" which may be confusing; do not dial an extra "0" before the rest of the digits. For fixed line and mobile phone numbers, a dash is written in between the area/mobile code and the subscriber number, with an optional space before the last four digits of the subscriber number. For example, a fixed line number in Kuala Lumpur is written as 03-XXXX YYYY or 03-XXXXYYYY, while a fixed line number in Kota Kinabalu is written as 088-XX YYYY or 088-XXYYYY. A typical mobile phone number is written as 01M-XXX YYYY or 01M-XXXYYYY. Toll-free and local charge numbers are written as 1-800-XX-YYYY and 1-300-XX-YYYY respectively, while premium rate numbers are written as 600-XX-YYYY.


text: Telephone numbers in Pakistan have two parts. Area codes in Pakistan are from two to five digits long; the smaller the city, the longer the prefix. All the large cities have two-digit codes.


text: Smaller towns have a six digit number. Large cities have seven-digit numbers. Azad Jammu and Kashmir has five digit numbers. On 1 July 2009, telephone numbers in Karachi and Lahore were changed from seven digits to eight digits. This was accomplished by adding the digit "9" to the beginning of any phone number that started with a "9" (government and semi-government connections), and adding the digit "3" to any phone numbers that did not start with the number "9".


text: It is common to write phone numbers as "(0xx) yyyyyyy", where "xx" is the area code. The "0" prefix is for trunk (long-distance) dialing from within the country. International callers should dial "+92 xx yyyyyyyy".


text: All mobile phone codes are four digits long and start with "03xx". All mobile numbers are seven digits long, and denote the mobile provider on a nationwide basis and not geographic location. Thus all Telenor numbers (for example) nationwide carry mobile code 0345 etc.


text: Telephone numbers in the Philippines are written as +63 (XXX) YYY ZZZZ for international callers. For domestic calls, the country code (+63) is omitted and a trunk prefix (0) is placed . For local calls, both the 0 and area code are omitted. Mobile numbers are written as +63 (XXX) YYY ZZZZ or 0 (XXX) YYY ZZZZ.


text: Mobile phones starts with 8/9, landline phone numbers starts with 6 while VOIP numbers starts with 3.


text: Except for short codes and emergency numbers, all telephone numbers in Sri Lanka are ten digits long (initial 0 + nine numbers).


text: Landline phone numbers begin with the area code, then one digit for the operator code, then six digits for the primary telephone number.


text: Mobile numbers start with the mobile operator code (which begins from 07X, followed by seven digits for the main telephone number).


text: The international dialing code for Sri Lanka is +94, so the format becomes "+94 XX Y ZZZZZZ" for landlines and the format becomes "+94 XX ZZZZZZZ" for mobile numbers.


text: South Korean phone numbers can be as short as 7 digits and as long as 11 digits, because, when making a local call (i.e. in the same city), there is no need to dial the area code. South Korean area codes are assigned based on city.


text: Landline home numbers are usually written as: "0XX-XXX-XXXX" or "(0XX) XXX-XXXX" where 0XX indicates an area code. "(0XX) XXX-XXX" and "0XX XXX XXXX" (without hyphens) are comprehensible as well. The area code may be two digits long for some cities such as Seoul and Gwacheon (these two cities use the same area code) and three digits for other cities such as Incheon, Busan and most of the cities in Gyeonggi-do. The middle three-digit part is extended to four digits in many areas due to the increased number of telephone users.


text: In the international context, "82 0XX-XXX-XXXX" is commonly used as well. For international calls, "0" in the area code is often omitted, because it is not necessary to dial 0 from foreign countries. Therefore, it is better written as: "82-(0)XX-XXX-XXXX" or "82-(0)XX-XXXX-XXXX" The plus (+) sign is often added to the country code too (e.g., "+82 0XX-XXX-XXXX" or "+82-0XX-XXXX-XXXX").


text: For mobile numbers, 016490641 so on. As with the landline home numbers, the mobile numbers' middle three-digit part is extended to four digits (e.g., "016490641") due to the increased number of mobile phone users.


text: If a number starts with 070, the number does not belong to any particular area, and is a number given by an Internet telephone service. In this case, 070 is not usually put in the brackets, neither ( ) nor ).


text: In the business context, the numbers in the format of "15XX-XXXX" and "16XX-XXXX" are business representative agency or customer services. While the numbers starting with 080 (e.g., "080-XXX-XXXX") are also business-related numbers but are usually toll-free customer service centers. Also in this case, 15XX, 16XX or 070 are not put in the brackets, neither ( ) nor ).


text: There are national telephone services which have phone numbers in the format of "1XX" or "1XXX", without any area code. For example, 114 is for telephone yellow page, 119 is for fire/emergency number, 112 is for police station center, 131 is for weather forecast information, 1333 is for traffic information, and so on. The number 111 is for reporting spies, especially from North Korea. It used to be 113, so most of senior citizen still believe it is the number for reporting spies. These numbers do not need any brackets.


text: If there are multiple numbers used for one person/entity, the symbol "~" is usually used to avoid repetitions. For example, if one company has three phone numbers—031-111-1111, 031-111-1112 and 031-111-1113—then they are shortened as in "031-111-1111~3".


text: If the numbers are not consecutive, then the last digit is written together with commas. For example, if a company has three numbers—031-111-1111, 031-111-1115, 031-111-1119, then they are shortened as in "031-111-1111, 5, 9".


text: Landline numbers in Taiwan are written with the area code in parenthesis [with phone numbers total 9 digits]


text: Mobile phones have 3 digit "company code" assigned to different mobile service carriers such as (09**) XXXXXX followed by a 6 digit phone number.


text: All numbers in Thailand, whether for landlines or mobile reception, consist of eight digits, xxxx xxxx in the government's official format. When calling domestically, landline numbers are preceded by a zero (0 xxxx xxxx, example 0 5381 0595) while mobile numbers are preceded by 0 plus one digit (0x xxxx xxxx, example 06 9756 4509). Thais often confuse the current numbering system with the old provincial area code system, which no longer exists as area codes were integrated into all phone numbers in 2005. Because of this, unofficially people often write numbers as 0xx xxx xxx (053 810 595). Calling a Thai phone number from outside Thailand, one drops the 0 and adds the +66 country code. Example +66 5381 0595.


text: Most Australian telephone numbers are 10 digits long, and are generally written "0A BBBB BBBB" or "04XX XXX XXX" for mobile telephone numbers, where 0A is the optional "area code" (2,3,7,8) and BBBB BBBB is the subscriber number. (http://www.acma.gov.au/Industry/Telco/Numbering/Numbering-Plan/phone-number-meanings-numbering-i-acma)


text: When the number is to be seen by an international audience, it is written +61 A BBBB BBBB or +61 4XX XXX XXX. When written for a local audience, the optional area code is omitted. The area code is often written within parentheses (0A) BBBB BBBB. Mobile numbers should never have parentheses.


text: Ten-digit non-geographic numbers beginning with 1 are written 1X0Y BBB BBB, where X = 8 for toll free numbers, X = 3 for fixed-fee numbers and X = 9 for premium services. Six-digit non-geographic numbers are written 13 BB BB or 13B BBB; these are fixed-fee numbers. Seven-digit 180 BBBB numbers also exist. 'B's are sometimes written as letters.


text: Almost all New Zealand telephone numbers are seven digits long, with a single-digit access code and a single-digit area code for long-distance domestic calls. Traditionally, the number was given as "(0A) BBB-BBBB", with the two first digits (the STD code) often omitted for local calls. The brackets and the dash are also often omitted. Mobile numbers follow the same format, but with the area code being two digits, i.e. "(02M) BBB-BBBB". ( Some mobile numbers are longer: (021)02BBBBBB, (021)08BBBBBB, (020)40BBBBBB, (020) 41BBBBBB and (028) 25BBBBBB; and some are shorter: (021)3BBBBB, (021)4BBBBB, (021)5BBBBB, (021)6BBBBB, (021)7BBBBB, (021)8BBBBB and (021)9BBBBB)


text: There are also free-phone numbers (starting with 0800 or 0508) that are given in the format "0800-AAA-AAA". It is not uncommon for the 0800 and 0508 to be enclosed in brackets, although this is not strictly correct as the brackets denote optional parts of the number, and the 0800 and 0508 is required.


text: Recently with 8 digit mobile numbers becoming more common the prefix-4 digits-4 digits format has been adopted for readability: 022 1234 5678.


text: For international use, the prefix +64 is substituted for the leading zero, giving "+64-A-BBB-BBBB" for land-lines, and "+64-MM-BBB-BBBB" for mobile numbers.


text: Belgian telephone numbers consist of two major parts: Firstly '0', secondly the "zone prefix" ("A") which is 1 or 2 digits long for landlines and 3 digits long for mobile phones and thirdly the "subscriber's number" ("B").


text: Land lines are always 9 digits long. They are prefixed by a zero, followed by the zone prefix. Depending on the length of the zone prefix, the subscriber's number consists of either 6 or 7 digits. Hence land line numbers are written either "0AA BB BB BB" or "0A BBB BB BB".


text: Mobile phone numbers always consist of 10 digits. The first digit of the "zone prefix" of a mobile number is always '4'. Then follows 2 digits indicating to which Mobile Operator's pool the number originally belonged when it was taken into usage. The fourth digit represents a "sub-group" of this pool and has no additional meaning other than increasing the amount of possible numbers. The subscriber's number consists of 6 digits. Hence, mobile phone numbers are written "04AA BB BB BB". Sometimes, the last 6 digits are written in two groups of 3 digits to increase readability: "04AA BBB BBB".


text: Numbers are sometimes written with a slash in between the zone prefix and the subscriber's number. This is the case for both land lines and mobile phone numbers. Sometimes, dots are written between the blocks of the subscriber's number. Examples: "0AA/BB BB BB", "0AA/BB.BB.BB"; for mobile numbers: "04AA/BB BB BB", "04AA/BB.BB.BB" or "04AA/BBB.BBB".


text: The international code prefix for Belgium is "+32". When dialing a number with the prefix, the 0 can be dropped, e.g.: "+32 9055".


text: The third option, AA AAA AAA is not commonly used for personal (landline or mobile) numbers, but is mostly found in corporate numbers, especially in advertizing. The standard formats – which when spoken divide numbers into ranges from 00 ("zero zero") to 99 ("ninety-nine") – limit the possible range of the ability to create telephone numbers that are easy to remember; dividing the numbers into groups of three expands the mnemonic possibilities.


text: Danish emergency and service numbers are three digits long and are written AAA. Danish short numbers used for text messaging services are four digits long and are written AAAA.


text: French telephone numbers are 10 digits long, usually written in groups of two separated by spaces, in the format 0A BB BB BB BB where 0 (the trunk prefix) was created in 1996 to be a carrier selection code, and A is the "territorial area code" included in the subscriber number A BB BB BB BB.


text: Sometimes, it is also written in the format 0A.BB.BB.BB.BB using periods instead of spaces, but this is less common.


text: The A (territorial area code) can be 1 to 5 (for geographic-based numbers, according to location: Paris/Suburbs, northwest France, northeast France, southeast France, and southwest France, respectively), and it designates nationwide numbers when it is 6 or 7 (mobile numbers), 8 (special numbers), or 9 (phone over IP over xDSL/non-geographic numbers).


text: The first two or three B can designate the area (old area code) for geographic numbers, or the operator to whom the number resource belongs.


text: There are also "short numbers" for emergencies (such as 112), that are written 1C or 1CC; and short numbers for special services, written 10 CC, 11C CCC, or 36 CC. 00 is the international access code.


text: International format is +33 A BB BB BB BB where the leading trunk prefix 0 disappears (it must not be dialed from abroad). This format can be directly used in mobile phones.


text: German telephone numbers have no fixed length for area code and subscriber number (an open numbering plan).


text: There are many ways to format a telephone number in Germany. The most prominent is DIN 5008 but the international format E.123 and Microsoft's canonical address format are also very common.


text: Numbers are often written in blocks of two. Example: +49 (A AA) B BB BB (Note the blocks go from right to left)


text: The very old format and E.123 local form are often used by older people but also for technical reasons.


text: Greek telephone numbers are ten digits long, and usually written "AAB BBBBBBB" or "AAAB BBBBBB" where AAB or AAAB is the 2- or 3-digit national area code plus the first digit of the subscriber number, and BBBBBBB or BBBBBB are the remaining digits of the subscriber number. The entire number must always be dialed, even if calling within the same local area; therefore, the national destination code is not separated from the subscriber number. According to international convention, numbers are sometimes written "+30 AAB BBBBBBB" or "+30 AAAB BBBBBB" to include the country calling code.


text: In Hungary the standard lengths for area codes is two, except for Budapest (the capital), which has the area code 1. Subscribers' numbers are six digits long in general. Numbers in Budapest and cell phone numbers are seven digits long.


text: Phone numbers in Iceland are seven digits long and generally written in the form "XXX XXXX" or "XXX-XXXX".


text: Phone numbers in Ireland are part of an open numbering plan with varying number lengths. The area code system similar to some other northern European countries. Unlike the UK, Irish fixed line numbering is divided into a number of regions which are (except Dublin) further subdivided in a hierarchical structure, with the largest town often (but not always) taking 0A1.


text: Area codes start with a trunk prefix "0" and extend for up to four digits but usually 3; followed by the local phone number of up to seven digits.


text: In industry jargon, these area codes and prefixes are referred to as NDCs (National Dialing Codes). This is the term used by ComReg and technical documents, as they include non-geographic codes. Historically, like the UK, the term STD code (Subscriber Trunk Dialling) was used.


text: However, the terminology is archaic and is no longer universally understood and should not be used to avoid confusion.


text: Dublin uses the shorter (01) code which is not further subdivided. Other cities and major towns usually have codes ending in 1. Cork for example is 021, Galway 091, Limerick 061 etc.


text: Local phone numbers are either 5, 6 or 7-digits long. In 7-digit numbering they are usually grouped as BBB BBBB, 6-digit numbers are grouped BBB BBB and 5-digit numbers are normally all grouped together BBBBB


text: Grouping of numbers is not strictly adhered to, but usually fairly consistent. The area code should always be kept separated with a space or surrounded by brackets and not merged into the local number.


text: The use of hyphens is discouraged, particularly on websites as it can prevent mobile browsers identifying the number as a clickable link for easier dialling.


text: Area codes may also be surrounded by brackets, but this practice is falling out of use, as local dialing without the area code is optional on landlines and the area code must always be dialled on mobile phones.


text: The Irish telecommunication regulator, ComReg has been gradually rationalising area codes by merging and extending local numbering to 7-digits in the format 0AA BBB BBBB. This is being carried out only where necessary to avoid disruption. This means that varying fixed line number lengths will continue to exist in Ireland for the foreseeable future.


text: Brackets should not be used around the mobile prefix as it is never optional and must always be dialled, even from another phone with the same prefix.


text: Alphanumeric characters can also be used in presenting numbers for added memorability, but it is much less common than in North America


text: Note: These special rate numbers are not reachable from outside Ireland and should never be presented as +353 1800 or +353 1550 etc. as this would result in a connection to an unrelated Dublin landline in the +353 1 BBB BBBB range.


text: Phone numbers in Italy have variable length. There's no well established convention about how to group digits or which symbol to use, but this is hardly an issue since all the digits are always dialed.


text: Since 10 October 1995 (Operation Decibel) all telephone numbers in the Netherlands are 10 digits long (including the trunk prefix '0'). The area code ('A') is commonly separated with a dash ('-') and sometimes a space from the subscriber's number ('B'). Alternatively, the area code (including the trunk prefix) can be enclosed in parentheses.


text: The length of the area code for landlines is either 2 or 3 digits, depending on the population density of the area. This leaves 7 or 6 digits for the subscriber's number, resulting in a format of either "0AA-BBBBBBB" or "0AAA-BBBBBB". Cellphone numbers are assigned the 1-digit area code 6, leaving 8 digits for the subscriber's number: "06-CBBBBBBB", where subscriber's number ('C') is neither 6 nor 7. Service numbers (area codes 800, 900, 906 and 909) have either 4 or 7 remaining digits, making them 8 or 11 digits in total: "0AAA-BBBB" or "0AAA-BBBBBBB". The area code 14 has no trunk prefix and is used for government numbers, currently only for municipalities. The remaining digits represent the area code of the municipality. Therefore, the length 14 numbers total either 5 or 6 digits: "14 0AA" or "14 0AAA"


text: The trunk prefix '0' is dropped when prefixed by the country code: +31 AA BBBBBBBB, +31 6 CBBBBBBB, etcetera. Note that there is not a trunk prefix for the 14 series so the international number becomes +31 14 0AAA.


text: Norwegian telephone numbers are 8 digits long. A number to a fixed line is written in four groups of two separated by spaces, "AA AA AA AA". Phone numbers in 8xx series is written in three groups, "AAA AA AAA". This makes it easy to determine if the B-number is SMS capable. Mobile numbers start with 4 or 9.


text: Telephone numbers in Poland are 9 digits long. For mobile phones, the preferred format is "AAA-AAA-AAA". For landline phones, the preferred format is "AA-BBB-BB-BB", where "AA" is area code. Occasionally, you can encounter numbers formatted as "(AA) BBB-BB-BB". Omitting area code is not permitted, because nowadays it is always required.


text: Telephone numbers in Portugal Country code +351 are 9 digits long. According to present day a number to a fixed line is written in three groups of two separated by spaces, "AAA AAA AAA". Cellphone numbers are written in three groups, "AAA AAA AAA". Mobile numbers start with 9.


text: Starting with 2002 phone numbers in Romania are 10 digits long, the first digit always being 0. The preferred format is "AAAA-AAA-AAA" for mobile, except for landline phones in Bucharest where the preferred format is "AAA-AAA-AA-AA".


text: Russia has an open numbering plan with 10-digit phone numbers. Trunk prefix is "8" (or "8~CC" when using alternative operators, where CC is 21–23, 52–55). International call prefix is "8~10" (or "8~CC" when using alternative operators, where CC is 26–29, 56–59). The country code is "+7".


text: Length of geographical area codes (A) is usually 3 to 5 digits; length of non-geographical area codes is 3. The groups of digits in the local subscriber's number (B) are separated by dashes ('-'): "BBB-BB-BB", "BB-BB-BB", "B-BB-BB". The area code is included in parentheses, similarly to E.123 local notation: "(AAA) BBB-BB-BB", "(AAAA) BB-BB-BB", "(AAAAA) B-BB-BB".


text: Area code dialing is optional in most geographical area codes, except Moscow (area codes 495, 498, 499); it is mandatory for non-geographical area codes. E.123 international and Microsoft formats are used for writing local phone numbers as well; international prefix and country code "+7" are replaced with trunk code "8" (or "8~CC") when dialing a mandatory area code.


text: Even though trunk code is not needed for calls within the same geographical area, recent convention adds the default trunk code to the phone number notation: "8 (AAAA) BB-BB-BB". For mandatory area code dealing plans, notation "8 AAAA BB-BB-BB" is used. These formats are a mix of Microsoft format and E.123 local notation.


text: Mobile phones require full 10-digit number which starts with 3-digit non-geographical area codes 900–990. For international calls abroad or international roaming calls to Russia, E.123 international notation with an international call prefix '+' is the only allowed calling number format. For local calls both "8" and "+7" are accepted as a trunk code.


text: Spanish telephone numbers are nine digits long, starting with '9' or '8' for fixed lines (excluding '90x' and '80x') or with '6' or '7' for mobile phones.


text: The first group in fixed lines always identifies the dialed province. That group might be of 2 or 3 digits; for example, 91 and 81 are for Madrid while 925 and 825 are for Toledo. The second group is always of 3 digits as it formerly identified the telephone exchange (it now identifies the telephone area).


text: When the first group is 2 digits long (as in Madrid), the number is usually written in four groups of 2-3-2-2 digits ("AB CCC DD DD")


text: When the first group is 3 digits long (as in Toledo), the number is usually written in 3 groups of 3 digits ("ABB CCC DDD") but the form 3-2-2-2 ("ABB CC CD DD") is not uncommon.


text: Swedish telephone numbers are between eight and ten digits long. They start with a two to four digit area code. A three digit code starting with 07 indicates that the number is for a mobile phone. All national numbers start with one leading 0, and international calls are specified by 00 or +. The numbers are written with the area code followed by a hyphen, and then two to three groups of digits separated by spaces.


text: Swiss telephone numbers are ten digits long, and usually written "0AA BBB BB BB" where 0AA is the national destination code and BBB BB BB is the subscriber number. The entire number must always be dialed, including the leading "0", even if calling within a local area, therefore the national destination code is not separated from the subscriber number. According to international convention, numbers are sometimes written "+41 AA BBB BB BB" to include the country calling code. Certain nationwide destination codes, such as for toll-free or premium-rate telephone numbers, are written "0800 BBB BBB" or "0900 BBB BBB". "Short numbers" are used for emergency services such as "112" that are written "1CC" or "1CCC".


text: In Turkey the format for telephone numbers is commonly seen as 0BBB AAA AA AA. While landline numbers having the prefix 02BB AAA AA AA, 03BB AAA AA AA, or 04BB AAA AA AA mobile numbers have the prefix 05BB AAA AA AA. Landline area codes are separated by cities and only one city, Istanbul, has two area codes: 216 for the Asian side, and 212 for the European side. Mobile numbers however are separated by carriers. There are three mobile carriers in Turkey: Vodafone TR, Turkcell and Turk Telekom. Turkcell has the prefix 053B AAA AA AA, Vodafone TR has the prefix 054B AAA AA AA, and Turk Telekom has the prefix 055B AAA AA AA.


text: Since 9 November 2008, with the passing of the Number Carriability Regulation by ICTA, mobile numbers can be carried from one mobile carrier to the other, without having to change the prefix. This caused dialing 05BB to call another number on the same carrier to become mandatory. Calls to numbers which were carried to another operator are signaled by a unique sound upon dialing, to signify that the recipient is on another network and alert them against potentially unwanted interconnection charges. The same regulation passed on 10 September 2009 regarding landline numbers, without the requirement to dial the prefix among numbers with the same geographical area, sharing the same prefix.


text: The "0" on every prefix is an Area Code Exit code that must be dialed when a number with a different area code is being called. So when calling from outside of Turkey those 0s are not dialed. The dialing format when calling from outside Turkey is +90 BBB AAA AA AA and NOT +90 0BBB AAA AA AA. Unlike the North American system, the Country Exit Code isn't 011 but 00. So it is one "0" to exit area and one more "0" to exit the country.


text: There are many recommendations for recording phone numbers. The most common in the world is Recommendation E.123 E.123 International Telecommunication Union


text: There is an international format for recording a telephone number containing the country code, settlement code and telephone number, and the national format containing the settlement code and telephone number.


text: To record Ukrainian telephone numbers, it should be remembered that the country code for Ukraine is: +380, telephone codes for settlements do not have an initial zero, long-distance prefix: 0.


text: Often, they mistakenly write down phone numbers, transferring the last zero from the country code to the settlement code, for example:+38 044 1234567 or +38 (044) 1234567. Such entry is incorrect because the telephone code of Ukraine is +380, and the codes of settlements or codes of mobile networks cannot begin with “0” or “1”.


text: Dialling codes, also known as "area codes" are optional for local callers (often surrounded by parentheses, or separated with a dash), though there are trials running to make them mandatory, and are followed by the customer's telephone number.


text: Codes with the form "02x" are followed by 8-digit local numbers and are usually written as "02x AAAA AAAA" or "(02x) AAAA AAAA". Area codes with the form "011x" or "01x1" are used for many of the major population centres in the UK, are always followed by 7-digit local numbers and are usually written as "01xx AAA BBBB", "(01xx) AAA BBBB" or "01x1-AAA BBBB" (the latter formerly the recommended format for six major metropolitan areas in the UK). Other area codes have the form "01xxx" with 5 or 6 figure local numbers written as "01xxx" or "(01xxx)" followed by subscriber number "AAAAA" or "AAAAAA"; or have the form "01xx xx" with 4 or 5 figure local numbers written as "01xx xx" or "(01xx xx)" followed by subscriber number "AAAA" or "AAAAA".


text: Numbers for mobile phones and pagers are formatted as "07AAA BBBBBB" and most other non-geographic numbers are 10 figures in length (excluding trunk digit '0') and formatted as "0AAA BBB BBBB". However, these numbers are sometimes written in other formats. 9 figure freephone numbers are "0500 AAAAAA" and "0800 AAAAAA" and there is one number of 8 figures length: "0800 1111" (Childline).


text: Domestically, there are also a number of special service numbers such as 100 for the operator, 123 for the speaking clock and 155 for the international operator, as well as 118 AAA for various directory enquiry services, and 116 AAA for various helplines. For some services, the number you call will depend on which operator you use to connect the call. 112 and 999 work for calling the emergency services. These numbers cannot be called from abroad.


text: When calling from abroad, the initial '0' trunk prefix is not required; it is, however, commonplace to represent telephone numbers with both the international code and the '0' trunk prefix - which is typically placed within parentheses - but this representation is inconsistent with the E.123 international standard.


text: Twenty-four countries and territories share the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), with a single country code, "1". The formatting convention for telephone numbers is NPA-NXX-XXXX, where NPA is the three-digit area code, and NXX-XXXX is the seven-digit subscriber number.


text: NPA has the same syntax of NXX since the implementation of interchangeable area codes in 1995. The prefix NXX of the subscriber number is a code for the central office, unique in the numbering plan area. The place holder "N" stands for the digits "2" to "9", as the subscriber number may not begin with the digits "0" and "1". It is a closed telephone numbering plan in which all subscriber telephone numbers have seven digits, in addition to the three-digit area code.


text: Under all-number calling, a numbering plan introduced around 1960, local calls within an area code were placed by dialing NXX-XXXX, omitting the area code, known as seven-digit dialing. Only calling a destination in a different area code required dialing the destination area code, known as ten-digit dialing. Due to the need for a larger telephone number pool in many regions, seven-digit dialing is becoming rare in the United States. With the rapid growth of telephony in the late 20th century, many metropolitan areas saw the introduction of additional area codes. Multiple area codes were assigned to the same numbering plan area, a configuration known as an overlay numbering plan. Calls within an overlay are still local calls, despite the need for ten-digit dialing.


text: In general, placing long-distance calls requires dialing the trunk code "1", but this may be optional in some areas.


text: Canada is a member of the North American Numbering Plan, but administers its numbering resources individually, under guidance from the NANP Administrator. The Canadian government has stated on its Language Portal of Canada that telephone numbers are to be written with a hyphen between each sequence, as follows: 1-NPA-NXX-XXXX or NPA-NXX-XXXX. 10-digit dialing is now required throughout most of Canada, including all of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, as well as most of Ontario. Areas not yet requiring 10-digit dialing are Ontario's 807 area code, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, although 10-digit dialing may be accepted in some of these areas.


text: In the province of Québec, where French is the first language, the Office québécois de la langue française has established that telephone numbers must be written with spaces first and then a hyphen for the last sequence, as follows: 1 NPA NXX-XXXX. Educational institutions of Quebec will mark improperly written telephone numbers as orthographical mistakes in academic texts.


text: Mexican telephone numbers have ten digits. They can consist of a two-digit (NN) area code and an eight-digit local number (ABCD XXXX) or a three-digit area code (NNN) with a seven-digit local number (ABC XXXX).


text: As of August 3, 2019 all the indicators and access codes (01, 044, 045) are deprecated, therefore all telephone numbers, for landline or mobile service, are dialed with ten digits.


text: The international country code prefix for Mexico is 52. When dialing a number it must be formatted as "plus sign + country code + 10-digit number" "e.g.: +52 NNN ABC XXXX"


text: Some Central American countries write the country code for their own and other Central American countries in parentheses, instead of using a + sign, as recommended by E.123. For example, for a number in Costa Rica they would write (506) 2222-2222 instead of +506 2222-2222. On the other hand, Guatemala does have the custom of using the + sign. It is quite common for Central American businesses to write the whole phone number, including the country code in parentheses, on business cards, signs, stationery, etc.


text: Costa Rican telephone numbers are 8 digits long, and are usually written in the format "2NNN-NNNN" (for landlines), "8NNN-NNNN" (for mobile telephone numbers from local telephone company ICE), "6NNN-NNNN" (for mobile telephone numbers from Movistar) and "7NNN-NNNN" (for mobile phone numbers from Claro). Toll-free numbers use the format "800-NNN-NNNN" and premium-rate telephone numbers are written "90x-NNN-NNNN" where "x" varies according to the type of service offered. There are also "short numbers" for emergencies such as "911".


text: When Costa Rica switched from 7 to 8 digit numbers, it used a scheme similar to the 8 digit number scheme already in place in El Salvador at that time.


text: El Salvadoran telephone numbers are 8 digits long, usually written in the format "2NNN-NNNN" (for landline use) and "7NNN-NNNN" (for mobile telephone numbers). Premium-rate numbers start with a 9.