title: Burgundy wine

text: There are 100 Appellations in Burgundy and these are classified into four quality categories. These are Bourgogne, village, premier cru and grand cru. Eighty-five miles southeast of Chablis is the Côte d'Or, where Burgundy's most famous and most expensive wines originate, and where all "Grand Cru" vineyards of Burgundy (except for chablis grand cru) are situated. The Côte d'Or itself is split into two parts: the Côte de Nuits which starts just south of Dijon and runs till Corgoloin, a few kilometers south of the town of Nuits-Saint-Georges, and the Côte de Beaune which starts at Ladoix and ends at Dezize-les-Maranges. The wine-growing part of this area in the heart of Burgundy is just long, and in most places less than wide. The area is made up of tiny villages surrounded by a combination of flat and sloped vineyards on the eastern side of a hilly region, providing some rain and weather shelter from the prevailing westerly winds. The best wines - from "grand cru" vineyards - of this region are usually grown from the middle and higher part of the slopes, where the vineyards have the most exposure to sunshine and the best drainage, while the "premier cru" come from a little less favourably exposed slopes. The relatively ordinary "village" wines are produced from the flat territory nearer the villages. The Côte de Nuits contains 24 out of the 25 red "grand cru" appellations in Burgundy, while all but one of the region's white "Grand Cru" wines are in the Côte de Beaune (the exception being Musigny blanc). This is explained by the presence of different soils, which favour pinot noir and chardonnay, respectively.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Further south is the Côte Chalonnaise, where again a mix of mostly red and white wines are produced, although the appellations found here such as Mercurey, Rully and Givry are less well-known than their counterparts in the Côte d'Or.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Below the Côte Chalonnaise is the Mâconnais region, known for producing large quantities of easy-drinking and more affordable white wine. Further south again is the Beaujolais region, famous for fruity red wines made from Gamay grapes.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Burgundy's terrain is continental climate characterized by cold winters and hot summers. The weather is unpredictable, with rains, hail, and frost all possible around harvest time. Such a climate results in vintages from Burgundy varying considerably.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Archaeological evidence establishes viticulture in Burgundy as early as the second century AD, although the Celts may have been growing vines in the region previous to the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC. Greek traders, for whom viticulture had been practiced since the late Neolithic period, had founded Massalía in about 600 BC, and traded extensively up the Rhône valley, where the Romans first arrived in the second century BC. The earliest recorded praise of the wines of Burgundy was written in 591 by Gregory of Tours, who compared it to the Roman wine Falernian.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Monks and monasteries of the Roman Catholic Church have had an important influence on the history of Burgundy wine. The first known donation of a vineyard to the church was by king Guntram in 587, but the influence of the church became important in Charlemagne's era. The Benedictines, through their Abbey of Cluny founded in 910, became the first truly big Burgundy vineyard owner over the following centuries. Another order which exerted influence was the Cistercians, founded in 1098 and named after Cîteaux, their first monastery, situated in Burgundy. The Cistercians created Burgundy's largest wall-surrounded vineyard, the Clos de Vougeot, in 1336. More importantly, the Cistercians, extensive vineyard owners as they were, were the first to notice that different vineyard plots gave consistently different wines. They therefore laid the earliest foundation for the naming of Burgundy "crus" and the region's "terroir" thinking.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Since Burgundy is land-locked, very little of its wine left the region in Medieval times, when wine was transported in barrels, meaning that waterways provided the only practical means of long-range transportation. The only part of Burgundy which could reach Paris in a practical way was the area around Auxerre by means of the Yonne. This area includes Chablis, but had much more extensive vineyards until the 19th century. These were the wines referred to as "vin de Bourgogne" in early texts. The wines from Côte d'Or would then be called "(vin de) Beaune". These wines first became famous in the 14th century, during the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy in Avignon, which was reachable by Saône and Rhône after some overland transport. In the extravagance of the papal court, "Beaune" was generally seen as the finest wine, and better than anything available in Rome at that time.


title: Burgundy wine

text: The status of Burgundy wines continued in the court of the House of Valois, which ruled as Dukes of Burgundy for much of the 14th and 15th centuries. Their ban on the import and export of non-Burgundian wines, effectively shutting out the then popular wines of the Rhone Valley from north European markets, gave a considerable boost to the Burgundy wine industry. It was during this era that the first reliable references to grape varieties in Burgundy were made. Pinot noir was first mentioned in 1370 under the name Noirien, but it was believed to have been cultivated earlier than that, since no other grape variety associated with Medieval Burgundy is believed to have been able to produce red wines of a quality able to impress the papal court. On 6 August 1395, Duke Philip the Bold issued a decree concerned with safeguarding the quality of Burgundy wines. The duke declared the "vile and disloyal Gamay"—which was a higher-yielding grape than Pinot noir in the 14th century, as it is today—unfit for human consumption and banned the use of organic fertilizer (manure), which probably increased yields even further to the detriment of quality. High-quality white Burgundy wines of this era were probably made from Fromenteau, which is known as a quality grape in northeastern France in this time. Fromenteau is probably the same variety as today's Pinot gris. Chardonnay is a much later addition to Burgundy's vineyards.


title: Burgundy wine

text: In the 18th century, the quality of roads in France became progressively better, which facilitated commerce in Burgundy wines. The first "négociant" houses of the region were established in the 1720s and 1730s. In the 18th century, Burgundy and Champagne were rivals for the lucrative Paris market, to which Champagne had earlier access. The two regions overlapped much in wine styles in this era, since Champagne was then primarily a producer of pale red still wines rather than of sparkling wines. A major work on Burgundy wines written by Claude Arnoux in 1728 deals with the famous red wines of Côte de Nuits and the Œil-de-Perdrix pink wines of Volnay, but only briefly mentions white wines.


title: Burgundy wine

text: After Burgundy became incorporated in the Kingdom of France, and the power of the church decreased, many vineyards which had been in the church's hands were sold to the "bourgeoisie" from the 17th century. After the French revolution of 1789, the church's remaining vineyards were broken up and from 1791 sold off. The Napoleonic inheritance laws then resulted in the continued subdivision of the most precious vineyard holdings, so some growers hold only a row or two of vines. This led to the emergence of "négociants" who aggregate the produce of many growers to produce a single wine. It has also led to a profusion of increasingly smaller, family-owned wineries, exemplified by the dozen-plus "Gros" family "domaines".


title: Burgundy wine

text: The awareness of the difference of quality and style of Burgundy wines produced from different vineyards goes back to Medieval times, with certain "climats" being more highly rated than others. An early author on this aspect of Burgundy wines was Denis Morelot with his "La Vigne et le Vin en Côte d'Or" from 1831. In 1855, the same year as the famous Bordeaux Wine Official Classification was launched, Dr. Jules Lavalle published an influential book, "Histoire et Statistique de la Vigne de Grands Vins de la Côte-d'Or", which included an unofficial classification of the Burgundy vineyards in five classes and which built on Morelot's book. In decreasing order, Lavalle's five classes were "hors ligne", "tête de cuvée", "1 cuvée", "2 cuvée" and "3 cuvée". Lavalle's classification was formalized in modified form by the Beaune Committee of Agriculture in 1861, and then consisted of three classes. Most of the "first class" vineyards of the 1861 classification were made into "Grand Cru" "appellations d'origine contrôlées" when the national AOC legislation was implemented in 1936.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Burgundy wine has experienced much change over the past 75 years. Economic depression during the 1930s was followed by the devastation caused by World War II. After the War, the "vignerons" returned home to their unkempt vineyards. The soils and vines had suffered and were sorely in need of nurturing. The growers began to fertilize, bringing their vineyards back to health. Those who could afford it added potassium, a mineral fertilizer that contributes to vigorous growth. By the mid-1950s, the soils were balanced, yields were reasonably low and the vineyards produced some of the most stunning wines in the 20th century.


title: Burgundy wine

text: For the next 30 years, they followed the advice of renowned viticultural experts, who advised them to keep spraying their vineyards with chemical fertilizers, including potassium. While a certain amount of potassium is natural in the soil and beneficial for healthy growth, too much is harmful because it leads to low acidity levels, which adversely affect the quality of the wine.


title: Burgundy wine

text: As the concentration of chemicals in the soil increased, so did the yields. In the past 30 years, yields have risen by two-thirds in the "appellations contrôlées" vineyards of the Côte d'Or, from 29 hectoliters per hectare (hl/ha) (yearly average from 1951 to 1960) to almost 48 hl/ha (1982–91), according to a study by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine. With higher yields came wines of less flavor and concentration. Within 30 years, the soils had been significantly depleted of their natural nutrients.


title: Burgundy wine

text: The period between 1985 and 1995 was a turning point in Burgundy. During this time, many Burgundian "" renewed efforts in the vineyards and gradually set a new course in winemaking, producing deeper, more complex wines. Today, the Burgundy wine industry is reaping the rewards of those efforts.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Burgundy is in some ways the most "terroir"-oriented region in France; immense attention is paid to the area of origin, and in which of the region's 400 types of soil a wine's grapes are grown. As opposed to Bordeaux, where classifications are producer-driven and awarded to individual "chateaux", Burgundy classifications are geographically-focused. A specific vineyard or region will bear a given classification, regardless of the wine's producer. This focus is reflected on the wine's labels, where appellations are most prominent and producers' names often appear at the bottom in much smaller text.


title: Burgundy wine

text: The main levels in the Burgundy classifications, in descending order of quality, are: "Grand crus, Premier crus", village appellations, and finally regional appellations:


title: Burgundy wine

text: Chablis wines are labeled using a similar hierarchy of "Grand Cru, Premier Cru", and Village wines, plus "Petit" Chablis as a level below Village Chablis. Wines from Beaujolais are treated still differently.


title: Burgundy wine

text: In general, producers are always allowed to declassify their wine in steps to a lower-ranked AOC if they wish to do so. Thus, a wine from a "Grand Cru" vineyard may be sold as a "Premier Cru" from that vineyard's village, a "Premier Cru" wine may be sold as a Village wine, and so on. This practice will almost invariably mean the declassified wine will have to be sold at a lower price, so this is only practiced when something is to be gained overall in the process. One motive may be to only include vines of a certain age in a "Grand" Cru wine, to improve its quality and raise its prestige and price, in which case the wine coming from younger vines may be sold as a "Premier Cru" at a lower price. Overall, such a practice may allow a producer to keep a higher average price for the wine sold.


title: Burgundy wine

text: In total, around 150 separate AOCs are used in Burgundy, including those of Chablis and Beaujolais. While an impressive number, it does not include the several hundred named vineyards ("lieux-dits") at the Village and "Premier Cru" level, which may be displayed on the label, since at these levels, only one set of appellation rules is available per village. The total number of vineyard-differentiated AOCs that may be displayed is well in excess of 500.


title: Burgundy wine

text: In 2003, the Burgundy vineyards (including Chablis but excluding Beaujolais) covered a total of . Côte d'Or as a whole, including Hautes Côtes de Beaune and Hautes Côtes de Nuits, covered , of which the heartland of Côte de Nuits covered and Côte de Beaune .


title: Burgundy wine

text: In 2000, Burgundy had a total of 3,200 wine "domaines" (compared to 50 in the early 19th century), of which 520 were in the department of Yonne, 1,100 in Côte-d'Or and 1,570 in Saône-et-Loir. Generally, the small growers sell their grapes to larger producers, merchants called "négociants", who blend and bottle the wine. The roughly 115 "négociants" who produce the majority of the wine only control around 8% of the area. Individual growers have around 67% of the area, but produce and market only around 25% of the wine. Some small wineries produce only 100–200 cases/year, while many producers make a few thousand cases/year.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Grower/producer-made wines can be identified by the terms "Mis en bouteille au domaine", "Mis au domaine", or "Mis en bouteille à la propriété". The largest producer is Maison Louis Latour in Beaune with 350,000 cases/year. The "négociants" may use the term "Mis en bouteille dans nos caves" (bottled in our cellars), but are not entitled to use the estate-bottled designation of the grower/producers. Most "négociants" tend to use the term "Mis en bouteille par..." (bottled by...).


title: Burgundy wine

text: Of the white grapes, Chardonnay is the most common. Another grape found in the region, Aligoté, tends to produce cheaper wines which are higher in acidity. Aligoté from Burgundy is the wine traditionally used for the Kir drink, where it is mixed with black currant liqueur. Sauvignon blanc is also grown in the Saint Bris appellation. Chablis, Mâcon wines and the Côte d'Or whites are mostly produced from 100% Chardonnay grapes.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Of the red grapes, the majority of production in the Côte d'Or is focused on the Pinot noir grape, while the Gamay grape is grown in Beaujolais. In the Côte de Nuits region, 90% of the production is red grapes.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Rules for the red Burgundy appellations, from regional to "Grand Cru" level, generally allow up to 15% of the white grape varieties Chardonnay, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris to be blended in, but this is not widely practiced today.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Burgundy is home to some of the most expensive wines in the world, including those of Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Domaine Leroy, Henri Jayer, Domaine Leflaive and Domaine Armand Rousseau.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Its renown goes back many centuries; in 1522 Erasmus wrote: "O happy Burgundy which merits being called the mother of men since she furnishes from her mammaries such a good milk" This was echoed by Shakespeare, who refers in "King Lear" to "the vines of France and milk of Burgundy".


title: Burgundy wine

text: British wine critic Jancis Robinson has stated that "price is an extremely unreliable guide" and "what a wine sells for often has more to do with advertising hype and marketing decisions than the quality contained in the bottle." While "Grand Crus" often command steep prices, village level wines from top producers can be found at lower price points.


title: Burgundy wine

text: In 2010, the Burgundy region experienced a notable increase in internet coverage thanks to official efforts like the online broadcast of the famous "Hospices de Beaune", as well as the efforts of independent wine aficionados, such as "Bourgogne Live". Some burgundies are also increasingly valued as investment wines.


title: Burgundy wine

text: Fans of Burgundy wine have been organizing events celebrating its virtues for decades. The most famous of these is "La Paulée de Meursault".


title: Municipal Corporation of Delhi

text: Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is the municipal corporation that governs most of Delhi, India. The MCD is among the largest municipal bodies in the world providing civic services to an estimated population of more than 11 million citizens in the capital city. MCD is one of three municipalities in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the others being New Delhi Municipal Council, and Delhi Cantonment Board. The municipal corporation covers an area of 1,397.3 km² (539.5 mi²).


title: Municipal Corporation of Delhi

text: MCD came into existence on 7 April 1958 under an Act of Parliament. Prior to that DMC (Delhi Municipal Committee) was the principal civic body of Delhi. Guru Radha Kishan served for the longest consecutive period as a councillor of the MCD (initially Delhi Municipal Committee). The first elected Mayor of Delhi was Pt. Trilok Chand Sharma served as First Mayor of Delhi. Since then, the Municipal Body has always been alive in its constitution and functioning to the growing needs of citizens. The 1993 amendment of the Act brought about fundamental changes in composition, functions, governance and administration of the corporation.


title: Municipal Corporation of Delhi

text: On 13 January 2012, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi was 'trifurcated', i.e. split into three smaller municipal corporations. The new North Delhi Municipal Corporation and South Delhi Municipal Corporation each contain 104 municipal wards, while the smaller East Delhi Municipal Corporation contains 64 wards.


title: Municipal Corporation of Delhi

text: In March 2022, the state Election Commission indefinitely deferred the municipal elections that were scheduled to be held in April 2022. On 22 March, the Union Government approved the Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill to merge the 3 municipal corporations back to a single body. The Lok Sabha passed the Bill on 30 March 2022, while it was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 5 April 2022. The unified Municipal Corporation of Delhi formally came into existence on 22 May 2022 with IAS officers Ashwani Kumar and Gyanesh Bharti taking charge as Special Officer and Commissioner, respectively.


title: Municipal Corporation of Delhi

text: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments were introduced in 1992 and were meant to facilitate greater decentralization at the rural and urban level respectively. They did so through providing legal status to local assemblies and entrusting them with more functions and greater powers. The inclusion of certain social categories that had historically been marginalized from policy making and implementing structures was fundamental to the project of decentralization. These social categories were the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women. While the 73rd Amendment applies to the Panchayati Raj system, the 74th Amendment applies to Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats depending on the size of the city. The 74th Amendment states that:


title: Municipal Corporation of Delhi

text: According to the system of rotation, the existing one-third seats would be de-reserved and another set of one-third seats would be reserved, and so on, in a cyclical manner in every successive election. However, before the 2002 elections, the BJP government then in power in Delhi state managed to freeze rotations, thus maintaining the existing pattern and location of reserved wards for all groups.


title: Municipal Corporation of Delhi

text: India census, Delhi Municipal Corporation had a population of 11,007,835. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Delhi Municipal Corporation has an average literacy rate of 87.6%, higher than the national average of 74.0%: male literacy is 91.44% and, female literacy is 83.20%. In Delhi Municipal Corporation, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.


title: Joanna Krupa

text: Joanna Krupa (; born April 23, 1979) is a Polish-born American model and actress. She is known internationally as the host and head judge of Polish "Top Model" as well as for appearances on reality television shows "Dancing with the Stars" and "The Real Housewives of Miami."


title: Joanna Krupa

text: Krupa was born in Warsaw on April 23, 1979. She was raised Roman Catholic. She has a younger sister, Marta, who is also a model. Krupa moved to Illinois with her family at the age of five. In Chicago, she attended Mary Lyon Public School, Glenbard East High School, followed by Steinmetz High School. Later, the family settled in Los Angeles.


title: Joanna Krupa

text: As a child, she trained in classical dance, and later became interested in modeling. As a 13-year-old, she was enrolled by her mother in a modeling school.


title: Joanna Krupa

text: Under the pseudonym Regina Bartkowski, she appeared briefly in a 2002 pornographic movie "Girls Gone Wild" featuring Snoop Dogg She later underwent breast augmentation surgery and began working as a photomodel. She appeared on the covers of many magazines around the world and participated in photo shoots, published in magazines: "Glamour" (in October 2010, September 2015), "Playboy" (in the American edition in July 2005, and in the Polish edition in August 2005), "CKM" (May 2001, June 2006, August 2007, October 2008, December 2011), "FHM" (in the French edition in May 2013), "Most Fitness Magazine", "GQ", "Personal", "Inside Sport", "Stuff", "Steppin Out", "Cosmopolitan", "InStyle", "Maxim" (in the Belgian edition in 2004, in the German edition in 2008 and in the American edition in 2009), "Grazia" or "Viva!". She was one of two Polish women (alongside Sandra Kubicka) whose nudes were published by "Treats!" magazine. (2017). Being pregnant, she ended up on the cover of "Wprost" (August 26, 2019) and "Viva!" (September 5, 2019).


title: Joanna Krupa

text: In 2005-2007, she was ranked 78th, 61st and 66th, respectively, in the list of the 100 hottest women of "Maxim" magazine. In 2007, she was among the 25 sexiest women in the world according to "Playboy" magazine. In July 2008, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of "CKM" magazine, she took third place in the list of the ten sexiest Polish women, created by readers. The German magazine "Maxim" chose her as "woman of the year 2004." With her sister Marta, she was "Miss Howard TV" December 2007 on Howard TV and "The Howard Stern Show".


title: Joanna Krupa

text: Since 2010, Krupa hosts and serves as the head judge on the Polish version of "Top Model". She was the host of the TVN show "Misja pies" (2017) and one episode of the Showmax talk show "SNL Poland" (2018).


title: Joanna Krupa

text: She was a contestant on the ninth edition of ABC's entertainment program "Dancing with the Stars" (2009) and one episode of TVN's reality show "Starsza pani musi fiknąć" (2019), in which she starred with her mother, as well as a character on the reality show "The Real Housewives of Miami" (2012-2013). She has been a frequent guest on the breakfast show "Dzień dobry TVN". She was a guest on the talk-shows Kuba Wojewódzki (2011), "Świat się kręci" (2014) and "Gwiazdy Cejrowskiego" (2017), as well as the protagonist of a series of reports aired on the show "Uwaga!" (2011-2012).


title: Joanna Krupa

text: On December 2, 2009, animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) released a print ad campaign for dog adoption featuring Krupa as an angel floating in a Catholic church filled with dogs and holding a crucifix covering her breasts and genitalia. Krupa had previously appeared in a PETA ad campaign against the use of natural fur. In an April 2009 cover story with "Aventura Business Monthly", Krupa said she was first motivated to promote PETA when she saw video of animals being skinned alive for their fur in China. She posed covered in body paint for PETA in 2015, this time for its campaign to boycott SeaWorld. She also founded an animal rescue group, Angels For Animal Rescue, with her friend Gabi Gutierrez.


title: Joanna Krupa

text: After several years of dating, Krupa became engaged to nightclub owner and businessman Romain Zago in 2010. They married on June 13, 2013, in Aviara, Carlsbad, California. On July 10, 2017, she filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized several weeks later on August 17. On March 25, 2018, she announced her engagement to Douglas Nunes on Instagram. They married on August 4, 2018, in a private ceremony at the Benedictine Abbey in Kraków, Poland. They welcomed daughter Asha-Leigh Nunes on November 2, 2019.


title: Joanna Krupa

text: Due to illness Derek Hough was unable to perform; Joanna Krupa performed this dance with Maksim Chmerkovskiy.


title: That Girl

text: That Girl is an American sitcom that ran on ABC from September 8, 1966 to March 19, 1971. It starred Marlo Thomas as the title character Ann Marie, an aspiring (but only sporadically employed) actress, who moves from her hometown of Brewster, New York, to try to make it big in New York City. Ann has to take a number of offbeat "temp" jobs to support herself in between her various auditions and bit parts. Ted Bessell played her boyfriend Donald Hollinger, a writer for "Newsview Magazine". Lew Parker and Rosemary DeCamp played Lew Marie and Helen Marie, her concerned parents. Bernie Kopell, Ruth Buzzi, and Reva Rose played Ann and Donald's friends. "That Girl" was developed by writers Bill Persky and Sam Denoff, who had served as head writers on "The Dick Van Dyke Show" (with which Thomas' father, Danny Thomas, was closely associated) earlier in the 1960s.


title: That Girl

text: "That Girl" was one of the first sitcoms to focus on an unmarried woman who was not a domestic or living with her parents. Some consider this show the forerunner of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", and an early indication of the changing roles of American women in feminist-era America. Thomas' goofy charm, together with Bessell's dry wit, made "That Girl" a solid performer on the ABC Television Network, and while the series, in the overall ratings, never made the top thirty during its entire five-year run, it did respectably well.


title: That Girl

text: At the end of the 1969–1970 season, "That Girl" was still doing moderately well in the ratings, but after four years Thomas had grown tired of the series and wanted to move on. ABC convinced her to do one more year. In the beginning of the fifth season, Don and Ann became engaged, but they never actually married. The decision to leave the couple engaged at the end of the run was largely the idea of Thomas. She did not want to send a message to young women that marriage was the ultimate goal for them, and she worried that it would have undercut the somewhat feminist message of the show.


title: That Girl

text: Every episode started with a small cold open; the dialogue would always turn to Ann Marie, as one of the characters would make an assertive reference to her as "that girl;" the camera would freeze frame on a surprised Ann Marie (although it is sometimes a picture or a reflection of her in a mirror). This was followed by the opening credits and theme music (written by Earle Hagen). During the first four seasons, the theme song was instrumental only; in the fifth and final season, lyrics (written by Denoff) were added:


title: That Girl

text: According to Marlo Thomas, she was approached by ABC executive Edgar Scherick, who saw her in a screen test for a failed pilot, but still wanted to feature her in a project. Scherick gave Thomas several scripts to read, none of which she liked, as they all focused on a woman who was either a traditional girlfriend, wife or secretary to someone else; Thomas wanted a show in which the main character was a young, modern woman focused on her own dreams and aspirations.


title: That Girl

text: Although never officially credited as such (Persky and Denoff were the series' creators and official executive producers), Thomas was also a "de facto" executive producer of the series through her Daisy Productions, which she formed specifically for the series; it was credited on-screen as the production company. She originally wanted to name the sitcom "Miss Independence", the nickname given to her by her parents.


title: That Girl

text: Manhattan exterior shots were filmed in several days. The apartment - initially - was located off the East River on the Upper East Side, in the former East End Hotel (originally known as the Junior League Hotel for Working Women) at 78th Street and the FDR Drive, as seen in several first season episodes, including "What's in a Name" where Ann Marie can be seen exiting a taxicab. In the episode entitled "Señorita," Ann Marie lists her address as 627 East 54th Street. In the second-season - with a new exterior - in the episode "Nothing to Be Afreud of but Freud Himself", Donald gives out her address as 344 West 78th Street, Apartment D. Ann Marie's acting school was modeled after the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre on East 54th Street between First and Second Avenues. "That Girl" was filmed at Desilu-Cahuenga Studios (for many years called Ren-Mar Studios and now called Red Studios Hollywood), located at 846 North Cahuenga Boulevard in Hollywood.


title: That Girl

text: Five complete seasons of "That Girl" aired, with the series finale airing on March 19, 1971. Over the five seasons, a total of 136 episodes aired. Thomas' sister Terre, her brother Tony, and father Danny Thomas all appeared in a 1969 episode


title: That Girl

text: The only episode never shown during the series' original network run was the pilot produced in 1965. The major differences were evident in its opening credits. Bessell's character was Don Blue Sky, Ann Marie's talent agent who was part Cherokee, and Harold Gould and Penny Santon played her parents. By the time the series aired on ABC, Thomas and Bessell were the only actors to receive top billing.


title: That Girl

text: The pilot episode centered on Ann Marie's attempt to adopt a stage name based on her agent's suggestion. After her use of "Marie Brewster" (the names of her family and hometown combined) was met with disapproval from her parents, she decided to not make the change in the end. This storyline and numerous scenes were recycled into the 11th episode of Season 1 titled "What's in a Name?" from November 17, 1966.


title: That Girl

text: The pilot was included in the 5-disc set of "That Girl": Season One, which was released by Shout! Factory in 2006. It has since been added to the series' broadcast syndication package; it led off a New Year's Day marathon on MeTV at the start of 2012.


title: That Girl

text: On January 1, 2012, "That Girl" reruns returned to national television on MeTV with episodes shown on weekday mornings and Sunday afternoons until September 1, 2013. On September 1, 2014, the show returned to MeTV. Reruns have previously aired on TV Land from the network's launch in 1996 to 1998. The series is distributed by CBS Television Distribution. Beginning January 2, 2020, the show currently airs on Antenna TV. As of 2020, the series is available on Tubi and Amazon Prime.


title: That Girl

text: Shout! Factory has released all five seasons on DVD in Region 1. Each release contains extensive bonus features including episodic promos, featurettes, commentary tracks and the original pilot episode.


title: That Girl

text: In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all five seasons on DVD in Australia/New Zealand. On April 21, 2010, Madman released "That Girl: The Complete Series", a 21-disc box set that features all 136 episodes, as well as extensive bonus features.


title: That Girl

text: In 1973, Rankin/Bass produced "That Girl in Wonderland", an animated television special in which Marlo Thomas reprised the role of Ann Marie. It aired as an episode of "The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie" on January 13, 1973. The special also featured the voices of Patricia Bright, Dick Hehmeyer, Rhoda Mann, and Ted Schwartz.


title: That Girl

text: The series' theme song and opening visuals have been parodied in pop culture several times. They appeared as a series of T-shirts, then as a "Saturday Night Live" skit featuring Danitra Vance in an African American remake "That Black Girl", and as a sequence on episodes of "Animaniacs", "The Simpsons", "Family Guy", "Clarissa Explains It All", "Arthur", "Friends" and "Roseanne".


title: That Girl

text: It was also parodied in the cold opening of an episode of "The Nanny" where Maxwell's mother encounters Fran at the florist.


title: That Girl

text: The 2011 advertising campaign for the launch of Fox's sitcom "New Girl" featured posters of that sitcom's star, Zooey Deschanel, in the make-up, pose and graphic look of Marlo Thomas from the original "That Girl" series.


title: That Girl

text: An episode from "Ugly Betty" had Fabia forcing Wilhelmina Slater into making an exchange: she'll give up her wedding date to Wilhelmina in exchange for the services of Wilhelmina's assistant, Marc St. James, after Fabia evokes the opening lines.


title: That Girl

text: In 1968, shortly after the feminist protest against bras and other feminine products at the Miss America pageant, Marlo Thomas began going braless on "That Girl". "God created women to bounce," Thomas said. "So be it."


title: That Girl

text: In season 7, episode 2 of "Mad Men", episode 80 of "That Girl" ("There Was a Time Ann Met a Pie Man") which originally aired February 13, 1969 can be seen playing in Donald Draper's home.


title: That Girl

text: An episode of Friends S3E9, "The One With the Football", the cast plays a game of touch football for the coveted Geller Cup. Phoebe is wearing a "That Girl" t-shirt during the game.


title: Bioavailability

text: In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.


title: Bioavailability

text: By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is generally lower than that of intravenous due to intestinal endothelium absorption and first-pass metabolism. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation. AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation.


title: Bioavailability

text: Bioavailability of a drug is an average value; to take population variability into account, deviation range is shown as ±. To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation. To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow therapeutic window.


title: Bioavailability

text: For dietary supplements, herbs and other nutrients in which the route of administration is nearly always oral, bioavailability generally designates simply the quantity or fraction of the ingested dose that is absorbed.


title: Bioavailability

text: Bioavailability is a term used to describe the percentage of an administered dose of a xenobiotic that reaches the systemic circulation.


title: Bioavailability

text: In nutritional science, which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of the nutritional status and physiological state of the subject, resulting in even greater differences from individual to individual (inter-individual variation). Therefore, bioavailability for dietary supplements can be defined as the proportion of the administered substance capable of being absorbed and available for use or storage.


title: Bioavailability

text: In both pharmacology and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the area under curve (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.


title: Bioavailability

text: Bioavailability is the measure by which various substances in the environment may enter into living organisms. It is commonly a limiting factor in the production of crops (due to solubility limitation or absorption of plant nutrients to soil colloids) and in the removal of toxic substances from the food chain by microorganisms (due to sorption to or partitioning of otherwise degradable substances into inaccessible phases in the environment). A noteworthy example for agriculture is plant phosphorus deficiency induced by precipitation with iron and aluminum phosphates at low soil pH and precipitation with calcium phosphates at high soil pH. Toxic materials in soil, such as lead from paint may be rendered unavailable to animals ingesting contaminated soil by supplying phosphorus fertilizers in excess. Organic pollutants such as solvents or pesticides may be rendered unavailable to microorganisms and thus persist in the environment when they are adsorbed to soil minerals or partition into hydrophobic organic matter.


title: Bioavailability

text: Absolute bioavailability compares the bioavailability of the active drug in systemic circulation following non-intravenous administration (i.e., after oral, buccal, ocular, nasal, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or sublingual administration), with the bioavailability of the same drug following intravenous administration. It is the fraction of the drug absorbed through non-intravenous administration compared with the corresponding intravenous administration of the same drug. The comparison must be dose normalized (e.g., account for different doses or varying weights of the subjects); consequently, the amount absorbed is corrected by dividing the corresponding dose administered.


title: Bioavailability

text: In pharmacology, in order to determine absolute bioavailability of a drug, a pharmacokinetic study must be done to obtain a "plasma drug concentration vs time" plot for the drug after both intravenous (iv) and extravascular (non-intravenous, i.e., oral) administration. The absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under curve ("AUC") non-intravenous divided by "AUC" intravenous. The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, "F", of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where "D" is dose administered).


title: Bioavailability

text: Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute bioavailability of 100% ("f" = 1), whereas drugs given by other routes usually have an absolute bioavailability of "less" than one.


title: Bioavailability

text: If we compare the two different dosage forms having same active ingredients and compare the two drug bioavailability is called comparative bioavailability.


title: Bioavailability

text: Although knowing the true extent of systemic absorption (referred to as absolute bioavailability) is clearly useful, in practice it is not determined as frequently as one may think. The reason for this is that its assessment requires an "intravenous reference"; that is, a route of administration that guarantees all of the administered drug reaches systemic circulation. Such studies come at considerable cost, not least of which is the necessity to conduct preclinical toxicity tests to ensure adequate safety, as well as potential problems due to solubility limitations. These limitations may be overcome, however, by administering a very low dose (typically a few micrograms) of an isotopically labelled drug concomitantly with a therapeutic non-isotopically labelled oral dose (the isotopically-labelled intravenous dose is sufficiently low so as not to perturb the systemic drug concentrations achieved from the non-labelled oral dose). The intravenous and oral concentrations can then be deconvoluted by virtue of their different isotopic constitution, and can thus be used to determine the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics from the same dose administration. This technique eliminates pharmacokinetic issues with non-equivalent clearance as well as enabling the intravenous dose to be administered with a minimum of toxicology and formulation. The technique was first applied using stable-isotopes such as C and mass-spectrometry to distinguish the isotopes by mass difference. More recently, C labelled drugs are administered intravenously and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) used to measure the isotopically labelled drug along with mass spectrometry for the unlabelled drug.


title: Bioavailability

text: There is no regulatory requirement to define the intravenous pharmacokinetics or absolute bioavailability however regulatory authorities do sometimes ask for absolute bioavailability information of the extravascular route in cases in which the bioavailability is apparently low or variable and there is a proven relationship between the pharmacodynamics and the pharmacokinetics at therapeutic doses. In all such cases, to conduct an absolute bioavailability study requires that the drug be given intravenously.


title: Bioavailability

text: Intravenous administration of a developmental drug can provide valuable information on the fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters of volume of distribution ("V") and clearance ("CL").


title: Bioavailability

text: In pharmacology, relative bioavailability measures the bioavailability (estimated as the "AUC") of a formulation (A) of a certain drug when compared with another formulation (B) of the same drug, usually an established standard, or through administration via a different route. When the standard consists of intravenously administered drug, this is known as absolute bioavailability (see above).


title: Bioavailability

text: Relative bioavailability is one of the measures used to assess bioequivalence ("BE") between two drug products. For FDA approval, a generic manufacturer must demonstrate that the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the mean responses (usually of "AUC" and the maximum concentration, "C") of its product to that of the "brand name drug" is within the limits of 80% to 125%. Where "AUC" refers to the concentration of the drug in the blood over time "t" = 0 to "t" = ∞, "C" refers to the maximum concentration of the drug in the blood. When "T" is given, it refers to the time it takes for a drug to reach "C".


title: Bioavailability

text: While the mechanisms by which a formulation affects bioavailability and bioequivalence have been extensively studied in drugs, formulation factors that influence bioavailability and bioequivalence in nutritional supplements are largely unknown. As a result, in nutritional sciences, relative bioavailability or bioequivalence is the most common measure of bioavailability, comparing the bioavailability of one formulation of the same dietary ingredient to another.


title: Bioavailability

text: The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extravascular route, is usually less than one (i.e., "F"< 100%). Various physiological factors reduce the availability of drugs prior to their entry into the systemic circulation. Whether a drug is taken with or without food will also affect absorption, other drugs taken concurrently may alter absorption and first-pass metabolism, intestinal motility alters the dissolution of the drug and may affect the degree of chemical degradation of the drug by intestinal microflora. Disease states affecting liver metabolism or gastrointestinal function will also have an effect.


title: Bioavailability

text: Each of these factors may vary from patient to patient (inter-individual variation), and indeed in the same patient over time (intra-individual variation). In clinical trials, inter-individual variation is a critical measurement used to assess the bioavailability differences from patient to patient in order to ensure predictable dosing.


title: Bioavailability

text: In comparison to drugs, there are significant differences in dietary supplements that impact the evaluation of their bioavailability. These differences include the following: the fact that nutritional supplements provide benefits that are variable and often qualitative in nature; the measurement of nutrient absorption lacks the precision; nutritional supplements are consumed for prevention and well-being; nutritional supplements do not exhibit characteristic dose-response curves; and dosing intervals of nutritional supplements, therefore, are not critical in contrast to drug therapy.


title: Bioavailability

text: In addition, the lack of defined methodology and regulations surrounding the consumption of dietary supplements hinders the application of bioavailability measures in comparison to drugs. In clinical trials with dietary supplements, bioavailability primarily focuses on statistical descriptions of mean or average AUC differences between treatment groups, while often failing to compare or discuss their standard deviations or inter-individual variation. This failure leaves open the question of whether or not an individual in a group is likely to experience the benefits described by the mean-difference comparisons. Further, even if this issue were discussed, it would be difficult to communicate meaning of these inter-subject variances to consumers and/or their physicians.


title: Bioavailability

text: One way to resolve this problem is to define "reliable bioavailability" as positive bioavailability results (an absorption meeting a predefined criterion) that include 84% of the trial subjects and "universal bioavailability" as those that include 98% of the trial subjects. This reliable-universal framework would improve communications with physicians and consumers such that, if it were included on products labels for example, make educated choices as to the benefits of a formulation for them directly. In addition, the reliable-universal framework is similar to the construction of confidence intervals, which statisticians have long offered as one potential solution for dealing with small samples, violations of statistical assumptions or large standard deviations.


title: Weeping Angel

text: The Weeping Angels are a race of predatory creatures from the long-running science fiction series "Doctor Who". They were introduced in the 2007 episode "Blink", making repeat appearances in later episodes. They also appeared in the spin-off series "Class". Since their initial appearance, they have been persistently nominated as one of the most popular and frightening Doctor Who monsters. Steven Moffat attributes their appeal to childhood games such as Grandmother's Footsteps and the notion that every statue might secretly be a disguised Weeping Angel.""


title: Weeping Angel

text: In their usual form, Weeping Angels resemble silent human-sized stone statues in the form of winged angels in draped clothing, such as might appear as tomb statuary in a Victorian graveyard. As they close in on more aware victims they transform to a more horrific, bestial, and demonic aspect with wide-open mouths, vampiric teeth, and clawed hands. It is also implied that Weeping Angels can mimic the forms or dimensions of a broader range of statuary if required: in "The Angels Take Manhattan" (2012), one Weeping Angel takes the form (or hijacks the existing form) of the Statue of Liberty (manifesting as a full-size Liberty with Weeping Angel features) and the final moments of "Blink" (2007) suggest that "any" statue might be a disguised Weeping Angel.


title: Weeping Angel

text: In the episode "The Angels Take Manhattan", another form of Weeping Angel is shown, the cherubim. Unlike the Weeping Angels, the cherubim are not silent, making a childlike giggling and having audible footsteps. It is not explicitly stated that these are young Weeping Angels, but they are referred to as "the babies".


title: Weeping Angel

text: When they are not being observed by another being, Weeping Angels can move very quickly and silently. Their phenomenal speed allows them to close distances of metres literally in the blink of an eye. However, when they are being observed they become "quantum-locked", occupying a single position in space and becoming stone. In this state, they are frozen and difficult to destroy.


title: Weeping Angel

text: Weeping Angels are physically very strong, although they rarely physically kill a victim since this wastes the time-potential energy which the Weeping Angels would otherwise consume. They prefer to take their energy from live victims, but if required, they can drain other forms such as that from electric lights or other electronics.


title: Weeping Angel

text: Weeping Angels have also exhibited a startling ability to project themselves through images. Using this ability, the Weeping Angels appear to manifest themselves from anything from videos to drawings. Weeping Angels can also imprint a mental image of themselves into a person's mind by usually looking straight into their eyes: the image then gestates and takes over the person's body to manifest as a new Weeping Angel.


title: Weeping Angel

text: In a poll conducted by the BBC, taking votes from 2,000 readers of the "Doctor Who Adventures" magazine, the Weeping Angels were voted the scariest monsters of 2007 with 55% of the vote; The Master and the Daleks took second and third place with 15% and 4% of the vote. The Daleks usually come out on top in such polls. Moray Laing, Editor of "Doctor Who Adventures", praised the concept of escaping a monster by not blinking, something both simple and difficult to do. In a 2012 poll of over ten thousand respondents conducted by the "Radio Times", the Weeping Angels were again voted the best "Doctor Who" monster with 49.4% of the vote. The Daleks came in second place with 17%.


title: Weeping Angel

text: The Weeping Angels came in at number three in Neil Gaiman's "Top Ten New Classic Monsters" in "Entertainment Weekly". They were also rated the third "baddie" in "Doctor Who" by "The Telegraph", behind the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks. The Angels were listed as the third scariest television characters by TV Squad. In 2009, "SFX" named the climax of "Blink" with the Weeping Angels advancing on Sally and Larry the scariest moment in "Doctor Who" history. They also listed the Angels in their list of favourite things of the revival of "Doctor Who", writing, "Scariest. Monsters. Ever."


title: Weeping Angel

text: "Weeping Angel" is the name of a hacking tool revealed in Vault 7, co-developed by the CIA and MI5, used to exploit smart TVs for the purpose of covert intelligence gathering. Once installed in a suitable TV, the tool enables the television to record its surroundings while appearing to be turned off (so-called "Fake-Off"). The tool was developed in 2014 as part of a joint CIA/MI5 workshop, and there's no evidence that it was ever operational.


title: Weeping Angel

text: Weeping Angels are described as quantum-locked entities that do not exist if one attempts to observe them. Observation also plays an important role in the theory of quantum mechanics (see "Schrödinger's cat"). Bell's theorem is a no-go theorem of quantum mechanics that concerns the existence or non-existence local hidden variables. It can be argued that hidden variables do not exist until they are observed.


title: Billlie

text: Billlie (; stylized as Bi11lie or Billlǃə) is a South Korean girl group formed by Mystic Story. Billlie debuted on November 10, 2021, with the extended play (EP) "". The group originally consisted of six members: Moon Sua, Suhyeon, Haram, Tsuki, Siyoon and Haruna. A seventh member, Sheon, later joined the group.


title: Billlie

text: The name Billlie is spelled with three Ls due to the fact that the name can be broken down into "'Bi'" (Korean word for rain), "'11"', and "'lie' — Bi11lie." The number '11' came from their group's legend; "When the "11th" bell rings in the middle of a purple "rain", something strange happens", where the members "lie" about what happened in order to keep the event a secret. The name also reflects their "B-sides, the inner-self that everyone has inside them", which they express in hope to empathize with the audience.


title: Billlie

text: The members of Billlie were known as Mystic Rookies — a rookie development program under Mystic Story. On September 14, Mystic Story announced plans to debut Mystic rookies in November 2021. On October 11, It was revealed that the group would be called 'Billlie'.


title: Billlie

text: Prior to debut, Moon Sua was a YG Entertainment trainee for 10 years. She participated in the music competition program "Unpretty Rapstar 2" finishing as the third runner-up. Suhyeon participated in the Mnet survival program "Produce 101" placing 69th and eliminated in the fifth episode. She also participated in the JTBC survival program "Mix Nine" and starred in the web drama "A-Teen" in 2018, and its 2019 sequel "A-Teen 2". Haram and Tsuki are former SM Entertainment trainees. Additionally, Tsuki worked as a model for the magazine "Popteen" and released the single "Magic" with the modeling group MAGICOUR in 2020. Sheon participated in the Mnet survival program "Girls Planet 999", and was eliminated in the final episode placing tenth. Siyoon participated in the talent show "K-pop Star 5" and also worked as a model for the magazine "Popteen".


title: Billlie

text: On October 28, it was announced that their debut EP "" would be released on November 10. A fan song titled "Flowerld", which was also included on the EP, was also released on the same day.


title: Billlie

text: On November 10, their debut EP "The Billage of Perception: Chapter One" was released featuring lead single "Ring X Ring" and five B-side tracks.


title: Billlie

text: On November 19, it was announced that Kim Su-yeon, who had participated in "Girls Planet 999", would join the group under the stage name Sheon (션) as the seventh member, and would officially join the group for their next album. On November 27, Sheon made a surprise appearance performing title track "Ring X Ring" along with the other members on South Korean music show "Show! Music Core", marking her first appearance with the group.


title: Billlie

text: On December 14, the group released their first digital single album "The Collective Soul and Unconscious: Snowy Night" with "Snowy Night" as the lead single. The single is the group's first release to feature member Sheon.


title: Billlie

text: On February 11, 2022, it was announced that Billlie would be releasing their second EP "," featuring lead single "GingaMingaYo (The Strange World)" on February 23. On March 1, the group released their first soundtrack album "".


title: Billlie

text: On August 8, 2022, it was announced the group would be releasing a direct sequel to their first EP. On August 16, it was announced that their third EP "", featuring lead single "Ring Ma Bell (What a Wonderful World)", would be released on August 31.


title: Lee El

text: Lee El (born Kim Ji-hyun on June 26, 1982) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her supporting roles in the film "Inside Men" (2015), the television series "It's Okay, That's Love", "" (2016–2017), "A Korean Odyssey" (2017-2018), and "Black" as well as her leading roles in the film "What a Man Wants" (2018) and television series "My Liberation Notes" (2022).


title: Mansion

text: A mansion is a large dwelling house. The word itself derives through Old French from the Latin word "mansio" "dwelling", an abstract noun derived from the verb "manere" "to dwell". The English word "manse" originally defined a property large enough for the parish priest to maintain himself, but a mansion is no longer self-sustaining in this way (compare a Roman or medieval villa). "Manor" comes from the same root—territorial holdings granted to a lord who would "remain" there.


title: Mansion

text: Following the fall of Rome, the practice of building unfortified villas ceased. Today, the oldest inhabited mansions around the world usually began their existence as fortified houses in the Middle Ages. As social conditions slowly changed and stabilised fortifications were able to be reduced, and over the centuries gave way to comfort. It became fashionable and possible for homes to be beautiful rather than grim and forbidding allowing for the development of the modern mansion.


title: Mansion

text: In British English, a mansion block refers to a block of flats or apartments designed for the appearance of grandeur. In many parts of Asia, including Hong Kong and Japan, the word mansion also refers to a block of apartments. In modern Japan, a "manshon" (), stemming from the English word "mansion", is used to refer to a multi-unit apartment complex or condominium.


title: Mansion

text: In Europe, from the 15th century onwards, a combination of politics and advances in weaponry negated the need for the aristocracy to live in fortified castles. As a result, many were transformed into mansions without defences or demolished and rebuilt in a more modern, undefended style. Due to intermarriage and primogeniture inheritance amongst the aristocracy, it became common for one noble to often own several country houses. These would be visited rotationally throughout the year as their owner pursued the social and sporting circuit from country home to country home. Many owners of a country house would also own a town mansion in their country's capital city. These town mansions were referred to as 'houses' in London, 'hôtels particuliers' in Paris, and 'palaces' in most European cities elsewhere. It might be noted that sometimes the house of a clergyman was called a "mansion house" (e.g., by the Revd James Blair, Commissary in Virginia for the Bishop of London, 1689–1745, a term related to the word "manse" commonly used in the Church of Scotland and in Non-Conformist churches. H.G. Herklots, The Church of England and the American Episcopal Church).


title: Mansion

text: As the 16th century progressed and the Renaissance style slowly spread across Europe, the last vestiges of castle architecture and life changed; the central points of these great houses became redundant as owners wished to live separately from their servants, and no longer ate with them in a Great hall. All evidence and odours of cooking and staff were banished from the principal parts of the house into distant wings, while the owners began to live in airy rooms, above the ground floor, with privacy from their servants, who were now confined, unless required, to their specifically delegated areas—often the ground and uppermost attic floors. This was a period of great social change, as the educated prided themselves on enlightenment.


title: Mansion

text: The uses of these edifices paralleled that of the Roman villas. It was vital for powerful people and families to keep in social contact with each other as they were the primary moulders of society. The rounds of visits and entertainments were an essential part of the societal process, as painted in the novels of Jane Austen. State business was often discussed and determined in informal settings. Times of revolution reversed this value. During July/August 1789, a significant number of French country mansions (chateaux) were destroyed by the rural population as part of the Great Fear—a symbolic rejection of the feudal rights and restraints in effect under the Ancien Régime.


title: Mansion

text: Until World War I it was not unusual for a moderately sized mansion in England such as Cliveden to have an indoor staff of 20 and an outside staff of the same size, and in ducal mansions such as Chatsworth House the numbers could be far higher. In the great houses of Italy, the number of retainers was often even greater than in England; whole families plus extended relations would often inhabit warrens of rooms in basements and attics. Most European mansions were also the hub of vast estates.


title: Mansion

text: The 19th century saw the continuation of the building of mansions in the United States and Europe. Built by self-made men, these were often smaller than those built by the old European aristocracy. These new builders of mansions did not confine themselves to just the then-fashionable Gothic tastes in architecture, but also experimented with 19th-century versions of older Renaissance and Tudoresque styles; The Breakers in Rhode Island is a fine example of American Renaissance revivalism.


title: Mansion

text: During the 19th century, like the major thoroughfares of all important cities, Fifth Avenue in New York City, was lined with mansions. Many of these were designed by the leading architects of the day, often in European Gothic Revival style, and were built by families who were making their fortunes, and thus achieving their social aspirations. However, nearly all of these have now been demolished, thus depriving New York of a boulevard to rival, in the architectural sense, those in Paris, London or Rome—where the many large mansions and palazzi built or remodeled during this era still survive. Mansions built in the countryside were not spared either. One of the most spectacular estates of the U.S., Whitemarsh Hall, was demolished in 1980, along with its extensive gardens, to make way for suburban developments.


title: Mansion

text: Grand Federal style mansions designed by Samuel McIntire inhabit an area that, in 2012, is the largest collection of 17th- and 18th-century structures in the United States of America. This district in Salem, Massachusetts, is called the McIntire Historic District with the center being Chestnut Street. McIntire's training came from his father and from books. He and his brothers, Joseph and Angler, began their careers as housewrights and carpenters while in their teens but, early on, Samuel's work caught the eye of Salem's pre-eminent merchant, Elias Hasket Derby. Over the next quarter century, McIntire built or remodelled a number of homes for Derby and members of his extended family. McIntire also worked occasionally on Derby's vessels, and wasn't averse to fixing a wagon or building a birdhouse if his patron so desired. Hamilton Hall is a National Historic Landmark at 9 Chestnut Street in Salem, Massachusetts. Hamilton Hall was built in 1805 by Samuel McIntire and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. "King" Derby's stamp of approval opened many other doors for McIntire, who went on to design and build mansions for John Gardner, Jerethmiel Peirce, Simon Forrester, and other wealthy Salem shipowners. He also built, on elegant Chestnut Street, a function hall (named for Alexander Hamilton) and church for the town's merchant class. McIntire also designed the former Salem Court House and Registry of Deeds.


title: Mansion

text: After 1793, Samuel McIntire worked exclusively in the architectural style developed by Robert Adam in Great Britain and brought to America by the great Boston architect, Charles Bulfinch. The delicate Adam style, which emphasized decorative elements and ornamentation, was tailor-made for McIntire, whose unerring sense of design and proportion was exceeded only by his skill as a woodcarver. Carved swags, rosettes, garlands, and his signature sheaths of wheat dominate wood surfaces in McIntire homes built between 1793 and his death in 1811.


title: Mansion

text: Even in Europe, some 19th-century mansions were often built as replicas of older houses, the Château de Ferrières in France was inspired by Mentmore Towers, which in turn is a copy of Wollaton Hall. Other mansions were built in the new and innovative styles of the new era such as the arts and crafts style: The Breakers is a pastiche of an Italian Renaissance palazzo; Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire is a faithful mixture of various French châteaux. One of the most enduring and most frequently copied styles for a mansion is the Palladian – particularly so in the 18th century. However, the Gothic style was probably the most popular choice of design in the 19th century. The most bizarre example of this was probably Fonthill Abbey which actually set out to imitate the mansions which had truly evolved from medieval Gothic abbeys following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century.


title: Mansion

text: Mansions built during and after the 19th century were seldom supported by the large estates of their predecessors. These new mansions were often built as the week-end retreats of businessmen who commuted to their offices by the new railways, which enabled them to leave the city more easily.


title: Mansion

text: In Latin America, the grand rural estate, the Hacienda, Estancia, in Portuguese speaking Brazil Fazenda or Estância, with the mansion as its stately center, is a characteristic feature.


title: Mansion

text: Mansions tended to follow European architectural styles. Whereas until the second half of the 19th century, Portugal and Spain as the colonial (or former colonial) powers were the eminent models for architecture and upper-class lifestyle, towards the end of the 19th century they were sometimes replaced by then more dominant powers like France or England.


title: Mansion

text: In comparably developed, densely populated countries like Mexico, feudal estates and their mansions were as grand and stately as in the Mediterranean old world, whereas where estates were founded in the sparsely populated remote areas like the Pampa of Argentina or Uruguay, where iron pillars, doors, windows, and furniture had to be brought from Europe by ship and afterwards ox cart, buildings were smaller, but normally still aspiring to evoke a stately impression, often featuring, like their earlier Italian counterparts, a morador.


title: Mansion

text: In Venezuela, the traditional Spanish mansions with a garden in the center of the property are usually referred as "Quinta".


title: Mansion

text: Some realtors in the US term mansions as houses that have a minimum of of floor space. Others claim a viable minimum could instead be of floor space, especially in a city environment.


title: Kelly Rowan

text: Kelly Rowan (born October 26, 1965) is a Canadian film and television actress and former fashion model. A native of Ottawa, Rowan studied acting in London and New York City before working as a model. She was featured in the horror film "The Gate" (1987) before earning critical acclaim for her performance in the Canadian television film "Adrift", for which she won a Gemini Award for Best Actress. After a lead role in "" (1995), Rowan starred as Mattie Shaw on the series "" (1996–1997).


title: Kelly Rowan

text: Rowan went on to garner international fame for her portrayal of California real estate developer Kirsten Cohen on the American television series "The O.C.", which ran from 2003 to 2007. She had a leading role on the crime series "Perception" from 2012 to 2015.


title: Kelly Rowan

text: Rowan was born October 26, 1965 in Ottawa, Ontario, and is a graduate of Toronto's Northern Secondary School. She left the University of Western Ontario to pursue acting, and studied at the British American Drama Academy in the United Kingdom and at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. While in New York, Rowan worked as a model to earn a living.


title: Kelly Rowan

text: After studying acting and modeling in New York, Rowan went on to appear in films such as "The Gate" (1987), "Hook" (1991), "Three to Tango" (1999), and "One Eight Seven" (1997).


title: Kelly Rowan

text: Rowan guest-starred in television series such as "The Outer Limits", "Growing Pains", "Da Vinci's Inquest", "" and "Dallas". In 1993, she won a Gemini Award for her work in the television movie "Adrift". In 1995–96 she played Matty Shaw, a funeral parlor operator and gun smith, in the TV series "". In 2002, Rowan guest-starred in four episodes of "Boomtown", playing "Marian", the deceived wife of David McNorris (Neal McDonough). In 2003, she was cast as Kirsten Cohen, a loving mother and businesswoman on Fox's teen drama series "The O.C.". In 2006, she won a Prism Award for this role. From 2012 to 2015, she starred as Natalie Vincent in the TNT series, "Perception".


title: Kelly Rowan

text: Her credits as executive producer include the 2008 television film "The Good Times Are Killing Me" and the 2007 television film "She Drives Me Crazy", which was her third project for Lifetime.


title: Kelly Rowan

text: Rowan announced her engagement to David Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet in late June 2007. They broke off their engagement before Rowan, then age 42, gave birth to their daughter on April 28, 2008 in Los Angeles.


title: Vikings (season 2)

text: The second season of the historical drama television series "Vikings" premiered on February 27, 2014 on History in Canada, and concluded on May 1, 2014, consisting of ten episodes. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.


title: Vikings (season 2)

text: The second season follows Ragnar's struggles with rival Vikings and his rise from Earl to King. The Vikings raid farther into England, and for the first time are offered land for settlement.


title: Vikings (season 2)

text: An Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, "Vikings" was developed and produced by Octagon Films and Take 5 Productions. Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Steve Wakefield and Keith Thompson. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney are co-producers.


title: Vikings (season 2)

text: The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Joan Bergin, visual effects supervisors Julian Parry and Dominic Remane, stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designers Tom Conroy for the first to sixth episodes, and Mark Geraghty for the seventh to tenth episodes, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth episodes, and Don Cassidy for the second, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth episodes, and cinematographer PJ Dillon.


title: Vikings (season 2)

text: The musical score for the second season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik, Steve Tavaglione and Brian Kilgore. The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song "If I Had a Heart" by Fever Ray.


title: Vikings (season 2)

text: Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes "Eye For an Eye", "Blood Eagle", "Boneless" and "The Lord's Prayer". The featured tracks—which were not included in the soundtrack release—are "EhwaR", "Algir — Tognatale", "Dagr", "Bjarkan", "Løyndomsriss", "Heimta Thurs", "IngwaR", "Solringen", "Helvegen", "Sowelu" and "Gibu".


title: Vikings (season 2)

text: The second season of "Vikings" received positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has a 92% approval rating with an average rating of 8.2/10 based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Vikings makes up for its slow pace with captivating characters and visual appeal". Metacritic which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 77 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Deodorant

text: A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask body odor due to bacterial breakdown of perspiration or vaginal secretions, for example in the armpits, groin, or feet. A subclass of deodorants, called antiperspirants, prevents sweating itself, typically by blocking sweat glands. Antiperspirants are used on a wider range of body parts, at any place where sweat would be inconvenient or unsafe, since unwanted sweating can interfere with comfort, vision, and grip (due to slipping). Other types of deodorant allow sweating but prevent bacterial action on sweat, since human sweat only has a noticeable smell when it is decomposed by bacteria.


title: Deodorant

text: In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.


title: Deodorant

text: The first commercial deodorant, Mum, was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Edna Murphey. The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the US. The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which "Time" magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".


title: Deodorant

text: Use of deodorant with aluminium compounds has been suspected of being linked to breast cancer, but research has not proven any such link.


title: Deodorant

text: The human body produces perspiration (sweat) via two types of sweat gland: eccrine sweat glands which cover much of the skin and produce watery odourless sweat, and apocrine sweat glands in the armpits and groin, which produce a more oily "heavy" sweat containing a proportion of waste proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrates, that can be metabolized by bacteria to produce compounds that cause body odor. In addition the vagina produces secretions which are not a form of sweat but may be undesired and also masked with deodorants.


title: Deodorant

text: Human perspiration of all types is largely odorless until its organic components are fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and sweat glands readily provide moisture containing a fraction of organic matter, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its protective acid mantle (pH 4.5–6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. Many bacteria are adapted to the slightly alkaline environment within the human body, so they can thrive within this elevated pH environment. This makes the skin more than usually susceptible to bacterial colonization. Bacteria on the skin feed on the waste proteins and fatty acids in the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor.


title: Deodorant

text: Underarm hair wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore reduces bacterial odor. The apocrine sweat glands are inactive until puberty, which is why body odor often only becomes noticeable at that time.


title: Deodorant

text: Deodorant products work in one of two ways – by preventing sweat from occurring, or by allowing it to occur but preventing bacterial activity that decomposes sweat on the skin.


title: Deodorant

text: In 1888, the first modern commercial deodorant, Mum, was developed and patented by a U.S. inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Edna Murphey. The small company was bought by Bristol-Myers in 1931 and in the late 1940s, Helen Barnett Diserens developed an underarm applicator based on the newly invented ball-point pen. In 1952, the company began marketing the product under the name Ban Roll-On. The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S., but it is once again available at retailers in the U.S. under the brand Ban. In the UK it is sold under the names Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray. Chattem acquired Ban deodorant brand in 1998 and subsequently sold it to Kao Corporation in 2000.


title: Deodorant

text: In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry. The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or a similar compound. This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s". "Stopette" gained its prominence as the first and long-time sponsor of the game show "What's My Line?", and was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.


title: Deodorant

text: Between 1942 and 1957, the market for deodorants increased 600 times to become a $70 million market. Deodorants were originally marketed primarily to women, but by 1957 the market had expanded to male users, and estimates were that 50% of men were using deodorants by that date. The Ban Roll-On product led the market in sales.


title: Deodorant

text: In the early 1960s, the first aerosol antiperspirant in the marketplace was Gillette's Right Guard, whose brand was later sold to Henkel in 2006. Aerosols were popular because they let the user dispense a spray without coming in contact with the underarm area. By the late 1960s, half of all the antiperspirants sold in the U.S. were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales to 82% by the early 1970s. However, the late 1970s saw two developments which greatly reduced the popularity of these products. First, in 1977 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the active ingredient used in aerosols, aluminium zirconium chemicals, due to safety concerns over long term inhalation. Second, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency limited the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants used in aerosols due to awareness that these gases can contribute to depleting the ozone layer. As the popularity of aerosols slowly decreased, stick antiperspirants became more popular.


title: Deodorant

text: In the United States, deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are designed to eliminate odor. Deodorants are often alcohol based. Alcohol initially stimulates sweating but may also temporarily kill bacteria. Other active ingredients in deodorants include sodium stearate, sodium chloride, and stearyl alcohol. Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such as triclosan that slow bacterial growth or with metal chelant compounds such as EDTA. Deodorants may contain perfume fragrances or natural essential oils intended to mask the odor of perspiration. In the past, deodorants included chemicals such as zinc oxide, acids, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and formaldehyde, but some of these ingredients were messy, irritating to the skin, or even carcinogenic.


title: Deodorant

text: Over-the-counter products, often labeled as "natural deodorant crystal", contain the chemical rock crystals potassium alum or ammonium alum, which prevents bacterial action on sweat. These have gained popularity as an alternative health product, in spite of concerns about possible risks related to aluminum (see below – all alum salts contain aluminum in the form of aluminum sulphate salts) and contact dermatitis.


title: Deodorant

text: Vaginal deodorant, in the form of sprays, suppositories, and wipes, is often used by women to mask vaginal secretions. Vaginal deodorants can sometimes cause dermatitis.


title: Deodorant

text: In the United States, deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as drugs by the FDA. Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. Aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, and aluminium-zirconium compounds, most notably aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly and aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrex gly, are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants. Aluminium-based complexes react with the electrolytes in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural sloughing of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminium salts interact with the keratin fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching the skin's surface. Aluminium salts also have a slight astringent effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin. The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person. Methenamine in the form of cream or spray is effective in the treatment of excessive sweating and attendant odor. Antiperspirants are usually best applied before bed.


title: Deodorant

text: Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, aerosol sprays are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms. In North America, solid or gel forms are dominant.


title: Deodorant

text: After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an allergic, axillary granuloma response. Antiperspirants with propylene glycol, when applied to the axillae, can cause irritation and may promote sensitization to other ingredients in the antiperspirant. Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made potassium alum were found to be a weak irritant to the skin. Unscented deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin. Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the synthetic musk galaxolide.


title: Deodorant

text: Many deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminium in the form of aluminium salts such as aluminium chlorohydrate.


title: Deodorant

text: The US Food and Drug Administration, in a 2003 paper discussing deodorant safety, concluded that "despite many investigators looking at this issue, the agency does not find data from topical and inhalation chronic exposure animal and human studies submitted to date sufficient to change the monograph status of aluminum containing antiperspirants", therefore allowing their use and stating they will keep monitoring the scientific literature. Members of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission concluded similarly in 2015, that "due to the lack of adequate data on dermal penetration to estimate the internal dose of aluminium following cosmetic uses, risk assessment cannot be performed." In the light of new data in 2020 the SCCS considered aluminium compounds safe up to 6.25% in non-spray deodorants or non-spray antiperspirants and 10.60% in spray deodorants or spray antiperspirants.


title: Deodorant

text: Common myths and marketing claims for aluminium in deodorants (including aluminum in alum products) include claims:


title: Deodorant

text: Of note, the parts of the body which are commonly shaved and also commonly treated with deodorants, such as the armpits, contain substantial deposits of subcutaneous fat. Shaving cuts would be extremely unlikely to penetrate sufficiently beyond the very outer layers of the skin, for much if any product to enter the bloodstream.


title: Deodorant

text: A 2014 review of 469 peer-reviewed studies examining the effect of exposure to aluminum products concluded "that health risks posed by exposure to inorganic depend on its physical and chemical forms and that the response varies with route of administration, magnitude, duration and frequency of exposure. These results support previous conclusions that there is little evidence that exposure to metallic Al, the Al oxides or its salts increases risk for Alzheimer's disease, genetic damage or cancer".


title: Deodorant

text: The claim that breast cancer is believed to be linked with deodorant use has been widely circulated and appears to originate from a spam email sent in 1999; however, there is no evidence to support the existence of such a link. The myth circulates in two forms:


title: Deodorant

text: It is possible that there has been confusion between sweat glands, and the lymph nodes deep within the armpits which form part of the immune system and help filter toxins, but if so, there is no evidence at all of such "blocking" of lymph nodes, nor any scientifically plausible route by which this could result from deodorant use.


title: Deodorant

text: The National Cancer Institute states that "no scientific evidence links the use of these products to the development of breast cancer" and that "no clear evidence that the use of aluminum-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of breast cancer", but also concludes that studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research would be needed to determine whether a relationship exists".


title: Deodorant

text: Another constituent of deodorant products that has given cause for concern are parabens, a chemical additive. According to the American Cancer Society, "studies have not shown any direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer".


title: Deodorant

text: The FDA has "acknowledge[d] that small amounts of aluminium can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin", leading to a warning "that people with kidney disease may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminium may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminium in the product." The agency warns people with kidney dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminum.


title: Deodorant

text: If aerosol deodorant is held close to the skin for long enough, it can cause an aerosol burn—a form of frostbite. In controlled tests, spray deodorants have been shown to cause temperature drops of over 60 °C in a short period of time.


title: Deodorant

text: Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. Underarm liners are an antiperspirant alternative that does not leave stains.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: Dimethylformamide is an organic compound with the formula (CH)NC(O)H. Commonly abbreviated as DMF (although this initialism is sometimes used for dimethylfuran, or dimethyl fumarate), this colourless liquid is miscible with water and the majority of organic liquids. DMF is a common solvent for chemical reactions. Dimethylformamide is odorless, but technical-grade or degraded samples often have a fishy smell due to impurity of dimethylamine. Dimethylamine degradation impurities can be removed by sparging samples with an inert gas such as argon or by sonicating the samples under reduced pressure. As its name indicates, it is structurally related to formamide, having two methyl groups in the place of the two hydrogens. DMF is a polar (hydrophilic) aprotic solvent with a high boiling point. It facilitates reactions that follow polar mechanisms, such as S2 reactions.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: As for most amides, the spectroscopic evidence indicates partial double bond character for the C-N and C-O bonds. Thus, the infrared spectrum shows a C=O stretching frequency at only 1675 cm, whereas a ketone would absorb near 1700 cm.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: The ambient temperature H NMR spectrum shows two methyl signals, indicative of hindered rotation about the (O)C-N bond. At temperatures near 100 °C, the 500 MHz NMR spectrum of this compound shows only one signal for the methyl groups.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: DMF is miscible with water. The vapour pressure at 20 °C is 3.5 hPa. A Henry's law constant of 7.47 × 10 hPa m mol can be deduced from an experimentally determined equilibrium constant at 25 °C. The partition coefficient log "P" is measured to −0.85. Since the density of DMF (0.95 g cm at 20 °C) is similar to that of water, significant flotation or stratification in surface waters in case of accidental losses is not expected.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: DMF is hydrolyzed by strong acids and bases, especially at elevated temperatures. With sodium hydroxide, DMF converts to formate and dimethylamine. DMF undergoes decarbonylation near its boiling point to give dimethylamine. Distillation is therefore conducted under reduced pressure at lower temperatures.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: In one of its main uses in organic synthesis, DMF was a reagent in the Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, which is used to formylate aromatic compounds. The process involves initial conversion of DMF to a chloroiminium ion, [(CH)N=CH(Cl)], known as a Vilsmeier reagent, which attacks arenes.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: Organolithium compounds and Grignard reagents react with DMF to give aldehydes after hydrolysis in a reaction named after Bouveault.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: Dimethylformamide forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as the soft acid I, and the hard acid phenol. It is classified as a hard Lewis base and its ECW model base parameters are E= 2.19 and C= 1.31. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: DMF was first prepared in 1893 by the French chemist Albert Verley (8 January 1867 – 27 November 1959), by distilling a mixture of dimethylamine hydrochloride and potassium formate.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: DMF is prepared by combining methyl formate and dimethylamine or by reaction of dimethylamine with carbon monoxide.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: Although currently impractical, DMF can be prepared from supercritical carbon dioxide using ruthenium-based catalysts.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: The primary use of DMF is as a solvent with low evaporation rate. DMF is used in the production of acrylic fibers and plastics. It is also used as a solvent in peptide coupling for pharmaceuticals, in the development and production of pesticides, and in the manufacture of adhesives, synthetic leathers, fibers, films, and surface coatings.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: Reactions including the use of sodium hydride in DMF as a solvent are somewhat hazardous; exothermic decompositions have been reported at temperatures as low as 26 °C. On a laboratory scale any thermal runaway is (usually) quickly noticed and brought under control with an ice bath and this remains a popular combination of reagents. On a pilot plant scale, on the other hand, several accidents have been reported.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: Dimethylformamide vapor exposure has shown reduced alcohol tolerance and skin irritation in some cases.


title: Dimethylformamide

text: On the 20 of June 2018, the Danish Environmental Protective Agency published an article about the DMF's use in squishies. The density of the compound in the toy resulted in all squishies being removed from the Danish market. All squishies were recommended to be thrown out as household waste.


title: World Environment Day

text: World Environment Day (WED) is celebrated annually on 5 June and encourages awareness and action for the protection of the environment. It is supported by many non-governmental organizations, businesses, government entities, and represents the primary United Nations outreach day supporting the environment.


title: World Environment Day

text: First held in 1973, it has been a platform for raising awareness on environmental issues as marine pollution, overpopulation, global warming, sustainable development and wildlife crime. World Environment Day is a global platform for public outreach, with participation from over 143 countries annually. Each year, the program has provided a theme and forum for businesses, non government organizations, communities, governments and celebrities to advocate environmental causes.


title: World Environment Day

text: World Environment Day was established in 1972 by the United Nations at the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment ( 5–16 June 1972), that had resulted from discussions on the integration of human interactions and the environment. One year later, in 1973 the first WED was held with the theme "Only One Earth".


title: World Environment Day

text: For almost five decades(January 2016), World Environment Day has been raising awareness, supporting action, and driving changes for the environment. Here is a timeline of key accomplishments in WEDs' history:


title: World Environment Day

text: The theme for the 2005 World Environment Day was "Green Cities" and the slogan was "Plant for the Planet!".


title: World Environment Day

text: The slogan emphasised the importance of protecting drylands. The main international celebrations of the World Environment Day 2006 were held in Algeria.


title: World Environment Day

text: The topic for World Environment Day for 2007 was "Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?" During International Polar Year, WED 2007 focused on the effects that climate change is having on polar ecosystems and communities, on other ice- and snow-covered areas of the world, and the resulting global impacts.


title: World Environment Day

text: The main international celebrations of the WED 2007 were held in the city of Tromsø, Norway, a city north of the Arctic Circle.


title: World Environment Day

text: The host for World Environment Day 2008 was New Zealand, with the main international celebrations scheduled for Wellington. The slogan for 2008 was "CO, Kick the Habit! Towards a Low Carbon Economy." New Zealand was one of the first countries to pledge to achieve carbon-neutrality, and will also focus on forest management as a tool for reducing greenhouse gases.


title: World Environment Day

text: The Chicago Botanic Garden served as the North American host for World Environment Day on 5 June 2008.


title: World Environment Day

text: The theme for WED 2009 was 'Your Planet Needs You – UNite to Combat Climate Change', and Michael Jackson's 'Earth Song' was declared 'World Environment Day Song'. It was hosted in Mexico.


title: World Environment Day

text: It celebrated the diversity of life on Earth as part of the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. It was hosted in Rwanda. Thousands of activities were organized worldwide, with beach clean-ups, concerts, exhibits, film festivals, community events and much more. Each continent (except Antarctica) had a "regional host city", the U.N. chose Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as the host for all North.


title: World Environment Day

text: The world environment day of 2011 was hosted by India. It was the 1st time for India to host the day. The theme for 2011 was 'ForestsNature At Your Service'. Thousands of activities were organized worldwide, with beach clean-ups, concerts, exhibits, film festivals, community events, tree plantings and much more.


title: World Environment Day

text: The theme aimed to invite people to examine their activities and lifestyle and see how the concept of a "Green Economy" fits into it. The host country for the year's celebrations was Brazil.


title: World Environment Day

text: The campaign addressed the huge annual wastage and losses in food, which, if conserved, would release a large quantity of food as well as reduce the overall carbon footprint. The campaign aimed to bring about awareness in countries with lifestyles resulting in food wastage. It also aimed to empower people to make informed choices about the food they eat so as to reduce the overall ecological impact due to the worldwide production of food. The host country for the year's celebrations was Mongolia.


title: World Environment Day

text: The Theme of the 2014 WED was International Year of Small Islands Developing States (SIDS). By choosing this Theme the UN General Assembly aimed to highlight the development Challenges and successes of the SIDS. In 2014, the World Environment Day focused on global warming and its impact on ocean levels. The Slogan of the WED 2014 is "Raise your voice not the sea level", as Barbados hosted the global celebrations of the 42nd edition of the World Environment Day. The UN Environment Programme named actor Ian Somerhalder as the official Goodwill ambassador of the WED 2014.


title: World Environment Day

text: The Slogan of the 2015 edition of the World Environment Day is "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care". The slogan was picked through a voting process on social media. In Saudi Arabia, 15 women recycled 2000 plastic bags to crochet a mural in support of the WED 2015. In India, Narendra Modi planted a Kadamb sapling to celebrate the World Environment Day and raise awareness for Environment. Italy is the host country of the 43rd edition of the WED. The celebrations took place as part of Milan Expo around the theme: Feeding the Planet – Energy for Life.


title: World Environment Day

text: The 2016 WED was organized under the theme "Go wild for life". This edition of the WED aims to reduce and prevent the illegal trade in wildlife. Angola was chosen as the host country of the 2016 WED during the COP21 in Paris.


title: World Environment Day

text: The theme for 2017 was 'Connecting People to Nature – in the city and on the land, from the poles to the equator'. The host nation was Canada.