title: Physicist

text: A standard undergraduate physics curriculum consists of classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, non-relativistic quantum mechanics, optics, statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, and laboratory experience. Physics students also need training in mathematics (calculus, differential equations, linear algebra, complex analysis, etc.), and in computer science.


title: Physicist

text: Any physics-oriented career position requires at least an undergraduate degree in physics or applied physics, while career options widen with a Master's degree like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci.


title: Physicist

text: For research-oriented careers, students work toward a doctoral degree specializing in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical astrophysics, atomic physics, biological physics, chemical physics, condensed matter physics, cosmology, geophysics, gravitational physics, material science, medical physics, microelectronics, molecular physics, nuclear physics, optics, particle physics, plasma physics, quantum information science, and radiophysics.


title: Physicist

text: The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, Professors, Sr./Jr. Scientist, or postdocs. As per the American Institute of Physics, some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education. A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (e.g. finance). Job titles for graduate physicists include Agricultural Scientist, Air Traffic Controller, Biophysicist, Computer Programmer, Electrical Engineer, Environmental Analyst, Geophysicist, Medical Physicist, Meteorologist, Oceanographer, Physics Teacher/Professor/Researcher, Research Scientist, Reactor Physicist, Engineering Physicist, Satellite Missions Analyst, Science Writer, Stratigrapher, Software Engineer, Systems Engineer, Microelectronics Engineer, Radar Developer, Technical Consultant, etc.


title: Physicist

text: The majority of Physics terminal bachelor's degree holders are employed in the private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching.


title: Physicist

text: Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involve research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment, computing and software development, etc.


title: Physicist

text: The highest honor awarded to physicists is the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. National physical societies have many prizes and awards for professional recognition. In the case of the American Physical Society, as of 2017, there are 33 separate prizes and 38 separate awards in the field.


title: Physicist

text: Chartered Physicist (CPhys) is a chartered status and a professional qualification awarded by the Institute of Physics. It is denoted by the postnominals "CPhys".


title: Physicist

text: Achieving chartered status in any profession denotes to the wider community a high level of specialised subject knowledge and professional competence. According to the Institute of Physics, holders of the award of the Chartered Physicist (CPhys) demonstrate the "highest standards of professionalism, up-to-date expertise, quality and safety" along with "the capacity to undertake independent practice and exercise leadership" as well as "commitment to keep pace with advancing knowledge and with the increasing expectations and requirements for which any profession must take responsibility".


title: Physicist

text: Chartered Physicist is considered to be equal in status to Chartered Engineer, which the IoP also awards as a member of the Engineering Council UK, and other chartered statuses in the UK. It is also considered a "regulated profession" under the European professional qualification directives.


title: Physicist

text: The Canadian Association of Physicists can appoint an official designation called the P. Phys. which stands for Professional Physicist, similar to the designation of P. Eng. which stands for Professional Engineer. This designation was unveiled at the CAP congress in 1999 and already more than 200 people carry this distinction.


title: Physicist

text: To get the certification, at minimum proof of honours bachelor or higher degree in physics or a closely related discipline must be provided. Also, the physicist must have completed, or be about to complete, three years of recent physics-related work experience after graduation. And, unless exempted, a professional practice examination must also be passed. An exemption can be granted to a candidate that has practiced physics for at least seven years and provide a detailed description of their professional accomplishments which clearly demonstrate that the exam is not necessary.


title: Physicist

text: Work experience will be considered physics-related if it uses physics directly or significantly uses the modes of thought (such as the approach to problem-solving) developed in your education or experience as a physicist, in all cases regardless of whether the experience is in academia, industry, government, or elsewhere. Management of physics-related work qualifies, and so does appropriate graduate student work.


title: Physicist

text: The South African Institute of Physics delivers a certification of Professional Physicists (Pr.Phys). At a minimum, the owner must possess a 3-year bachelors or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of six years' experience in a physics-related activity; or an Honor or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of five years' experience in a physics-related activity; or master or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of three years' experience in a physics-related activity; a Doctorate or equivalent degree in Physics or a related field; or training or experience which, in the opinion of the Council, is equivalent to any of the above.


title: Physicist

text: Physicists may be a member of a physical society of a country or region. Physical societies commonly publish scientific journals, organize physics conferences and award prizes for contributions to the field of physics. Some examples of physical societies are the American Physical Society, the Institute of Physics, with the oldest physical society being the German Physical Society.


title: Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake

text: Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake is an upcoming American animated streaming television series. It is a spin off of the Cartoon Network series "Adventure Time", which was created by Pendleton Ward. The third series in the franchise, it was announced on August 17, 2021 and will be released via HBO Max. The show will focus on the titular characters, Fionna the Human and Cake the Cat, alternative versions of main characters from the original series who had previously appeared in several episodes. The series will be executive produced by Adam Muto, who had served as showrunner for the latter half of "Adventure Time" and oversaw production of the "" specials. Ten half-hour episodes have been confirmed.


title: Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake

text: The idea for "Fionna the Human" and "Cake the Cat" evolved from drawings that "Adventure Time" character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri had posted online during the show's earliest seasons. Reception to the gender-swapped characters was so positive that the "Adventure Time" producers decided to write the characters into the series. They debuted in season three's "Fionna and Cake", which functioned as both "a jab [and] a huge celebration of, the feeling of being a fan" and "allowing something completely ridiculous to make your heart tighten". The characters would make additional appearances in season five's "Bad Little Boy", season six's "The Prince Who Wanted Everything", season eight's "Five Short Tables", and season nine's "Fionna and Cake and Fionna".


title: Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake

text: "Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake" is a spin-off of "Adventure Time", the latter of which follows the adventures of Finn the Human and Jake the Dog. This series follows Finn and Jake's gender-swapped complements, Fionna the Human and Cake the Cat. The series also stars Simon Petrikov, a character who for most of "Adventure Time" had been well known as the Ice King. "Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake" sees the trio travel throughout the multiverse, while also being chased by "a powerful new antagonist" who is "determined to track them down and erase them from existence."


title: Ken Wahl

text: Ken Wahl (born October 31, 1957) is a retired American film and television actor, popular in the 1980s and 1990s, best known for the CBS television crime drama "Wiseguy".


title: Ken Wahl

text: Wahl, who was born in Chicago, Illinois, is elusive about his personal life, and has given more than one birthdate. A Newspaper Enterprise Association syndicated article in 1988, citing records checked by the CBS publicist for Wahl's television series "Wiseguy", gives February 14, 1957, a date that corresponds with the year of his high school graduation: "A call to Bremen High School in the Chicago suburb of Midlothian reveals Wahl graduated from there in June 1975, presumably at age 18." In 2004, "Entertainment Weekly" noted the confusion surrounding Wahl's date of birth and added that "Ken Wahl is not actually Ken Wahl. At least he wasn't when he was born. While he declines to disclose his birth name, he does say that the moniker he's gone by for the past 25 years is the name of the person who saved his father's life in the Korean War".


title: Ken Wahl

text: According to Wahl, he was born "in a tiny apartment on the south side of Chicago, in the late Fifties". The 1988 NEA article states that Wahl was the ninth of 11 children from a blue-collar German/Italian family and "attended different high schools as the family moved to the [Chicago] suburbs of Midlothian and Worth." According to "Entertainment Weekly", Wahl played baseball, as a shortstop, in unspecified venues that might have included youth leagues and high school teams, before crashing a motorcycle and hurting his knee at age 16. After moving to Los Angeles, he worked as an extra on movies including "The Buddy Holly Story" (1978).


title: Ken Wahl

text: By 1981, Wahl's father had remarried. Between acting jobs, Wahl stayed in Chicago with his father and stepmother or with his sister.


title: Ken Wahl

text: Wahl first gained recognition in 1979 when he was cast in the leading role of director Philip Kaufman's film "The Wanderers" (1979). He was subsequently cast opposite Paul Newman in "Fort Apache, The Bronx" (1981), and went on to play the lead in movies including "Race for the Yankee Zephyr" (1981), "The Soldier" (1982), "Jinxed!" (1982), "Purple Hearts" (1984) and other films. In 1984, he then suffered another motorcycle crash, while on his way to meet with Diane Keaton about the role that eventually went to Mel Gibson in the film "Mrs. Soffel". Not wearing a helmet, Wahl was injured badly enough to require 89 stitches in his scalp.


title: Ken Wahl

text: After appearing in the ensemble of the TV-movie "" (1985) and co-starring with Billy Dee Williams in the six-episode TV series "Double Dare", Wahl was cast in the lead role of Vinnie Terranova in the television series "Wiseguy" in 1987. Wahl said the following year, "The feature market dried up for me. When 'Wiseguy' came along I was hesitant to do it, but I thought the quality was good. I had to


title: Ken Wahl

text: make a living, so I decided to do it. I didn't have to audition or anything." The show ran until 1990 and brought Wahl a Golden Globe Award, as well as an Emmy Award nomination. Wahl wrote an episode of "Wiseguy" in 1989 and directed an episode in 1990.


title: Ken Wahl

text: During the second season, he injured himself again, on an episode directed by Jan Eliasberg. As Wahl recalled in 2004, "She had me walking into my own POV shot, and ... I was stepping up, and the [camera] wheel caught my right heel and it just ripped out the Achilles tendon. ... But she wanted to do it again, so I said, 'Okay, you're the boss.'" Series creator Steven J. Cannell said the camera ran over Wahl a second time, leaving him in such pain Cannell replaced him for three episodes while Wahl healed.


title: Ken Wahl

text: Wahl went on to star in "The Taking of Beverly Hills" (1991) and "The Favor" (1994), as well as a "Wiseguy" reunion TV-movie in 1996.


title: Ken Wahl

text: Wahl's acting career was derailed by a broken neck. He initially said that in 1992 he had endured another motorcycle crash, but later said he had fallen down a flight of stairs at the home of comedian Rodney Dangerfield's girlfriend and eventual wife, Joan Child. "We were dating casually ... I stayed over at her house one night, fell down these stairs, and she begged me not to say that in the press", Wahl said in 2004.


title: Ken Wahl

text: Blaming a "botched" undisclosed surgery and the refusal of doctors to prescribe pain medication, Wahl said in an interview that he told himself, "Okay, I can't get a prescription, so I'll get a bottle of vodka. I was in such chronic, agonizing pain 24 hours a day that I started drinking to kill the pain." After gaining weight through lack of exercise, and with a growing alcohol problem, he worked 16 days on the "Wiseguy" reunion movie "and barely got through it. That's when I knew I couldn't do it anymore."


title: Ken Wahl

text: Wahl married his first wife, former "Penthouse" Pet of the Year Corinne Alphen, in 1983. With Alphen, he had a son, Raymond, and a step-son, Louis, from Alphen's previous marriage. They divorced in 1991.


title: Ken Wahl

text: Traci Lords revealed in her autobiography, "", that she had a brief affair with Wahl in 1988 after she had a guest appearance on his TV series. Lords said of Wahl’s that he “was tall, dark, and brooding with a mischievous smile. He took me to dinner that night at a down-home Italian joint near my hotel. It had a low-key vibe and sensational food. He was a star with simple tastes, which impressed me. He was kind to people and bantered easily with the staff as he leaned back in his chair… He was one sexy man.” She further added that he “was the first civilian I’d made love to post-porn” and that he made her think differently about relationships.


title: Ken Wahl

text: In 1995, Wahl was charged with disturbing the peace and arrested on an outstanding warrant for a drunken-driving charge, eventually pleaded no contest to both charges and receiving probation. A year later, he was arrested for allegedly threatening a bartender with a hunting knife for refusing to serve him alcohol. He pleaded no contest again and was ordered to enter a live-in alcohol rehabilitation program.


title: Ken Wahl

text: Wahl married his second wife, glamour model Shane Barbi, in 1997. Wahl says he and Barbi married after attending 12-step meetings together.


title: Ken Wahl

text: In 2009, Wahl sued his former business manager, Henry Levine, alleging that Levine conspired with Wahl's first wife, Corinne Alphen, to defraud him.


title: Ken Wahl

text: On 19 January 2010, he offered his Golden Globe Award as part of a reward then being assembled by the Second Chance Rescue Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, to help find and convict the person who glued a 7-month-old orange tabby to Minnesota State Highway 60, where travelers found it on 18 December 2009; the cat, which rescuers called Timothy, died days later.


title: Ken Wahl

text: In 2012, Wahl stood against the Hayden Law Repeal, which would have revoked the Hayden Law for shelter pets in California, which had extended the number of days owners had to find their lost pets or for injured animals to receive donations or to be adopted.


title: Ken Wahl

text: For Memorial Day 2012, Wahl sent a message saluting the military, alongside the group Pets for Patriots, supporting adoption of pets for veterans. Later that year, he took part in the documentary "Saving America's Horses", about both wild and domestic horses and the issues that plague them. In December 2012, he reiterated the need to support wounded veterans, and help reduce suicide rates, by pairing rescued animals with veterans.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B is a water-soluble B vitamin and therefore an essential nutrient. All animals require pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA) – essential for fatty acid metabolism – as well as to, in general, synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Pantothenic acid is the combination of pantoic acid and β-alanine. Its name derives from the Greek "pantos", meaning "from everywhere", as minimally, at least small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food. Human deficiency is very rare. As a dietary supplement or animal feed ingredient, the form commonly used is calcium pantothenate because of chemical stability, and hence long product shelf life, compared to sodium pantothenate or free pantothenic acid.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, one of the B vitamins. It is synthesized from the amino acid β-alanine and pantoic acid (see biosynthesis and structure of coenzyme A figures). Unlike vitamin E or vitamin K, which occurs in several chemically related forms known as vitamers, pantothenic acid is only one chemical compound. It is a starting compound in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a cofactor for many enzyme processes.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Pantothenic acid is a precursor to CoA via a five-step process. The biosynthesis requires pantothenic acid, cysteine, four equivalents of ATP (see figure).


title: Pantothenic acid

text: This pathway is suppressed by end-product inhibition, meaning that CoA is a competitive inhibitor of pantothenate kinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Coenzyme A is necessary in the reaction mechanism of the citric acid cycle. This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids, for fuel. CoA is important in energy metabolism for pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) as acetyl-CoA, and for α-ketoglutarate to be transformed to succinyl-CoA in the cycle. CoA is also required for acylation and acetylation, which, for example, are involved in signal transduction, and various enzyme functions. In addition to functioning as CoA, this compound can act as an acyl group carrier to form acetyl-CoA and other related compounds; this is a way to transport carbon atoms within the cell. CoA is also required in the formation of acyl carrier protein (ACP), which is required for fatty acid synthesis. Its synthesis also connects with other vitamins such as thiamin and folic acid.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: The US Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for B vitamins in 1998. At that time there was not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs for pantothenic acid. In instances such as this, the Board sets Adequate Intakes (AIs), with the understanding that at some later date, AIs may be replaced by more exact information.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: The current AI for teens and adults ages 14 and up is 5 mg/day. This was based in part on the observation that for a typical diet, urinary excretion was approximately 2.6 mg/day, and that bioavailability of food-bound pantothenic acid was roughly 50%. AI for pregnancy is 6 mg/day. AI for lactation is 7 mg/day. For infants up to 12 months the AI is 1.8 mg/day. For children ages 1–13 years the AI increases with age from 2 to 4 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).


title: Pantothenic acid

text: While for many nutrients, the US Department of Agriculture uses food composition data combined with food consumption survey results to estimate average consumption, the surveys and reports do not include pantothenic acid in the analyses. Less formal estimates of adult daily intakes report about 4 to 7 mg/day.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the US. For women and men over age 11 the Adequate Intake (AI) is set at 5 mg/day. AI for pregnancy is 5 mg/day, for lactation 7 mg/day. For children ages 1–10 years the AI is 4 mg/day. These AIs are similar to the US AIs.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of pantothenic acid there is no UL, as there is no human data for adverse effects from high doses. The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and reached the same conclusion as in United States – that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for pantothenic acid.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For pantothenic acid labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 10 mg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 5 mg to bring it into agreement with the AI.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by 1 January 2020 for manufacturers with US$10 million or more in annual food sales, and by 1 January 2021 for manufacturers with lower volume food sales. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Food sources of pantothenic acid include animal-sourced foods, including dairy foods and eggs. Potatoes, tomato products, oat-cereals, sunflower seeds, avocado and mushrooms are good plant sources. Whole grains are another source of the vitamin, but milling to make white rice or white flour removes much of the pantothenic acid, as it is found in the outer layers of whole grains. In animal feeds, the most important sources are alfalfa, cereal, fish meal, peanut meal, molasses, rice bran, wheat bran, and yeasts.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Dietary supplements of pantothenic acid commonly use pantothenol (or "panthenol"), a shelf-stable analog, which is converted to pantothenic acid once consumed. Calcium pantothenate – a salt – may be used in manufacturing because it is more resistant than pantothenic acid to factors that deteriorate stability, such as acid, alkali or heat. The amount of pantothenic acid in dietary supplement products may contain up to 1,000 mg (200 times the Adequate Intake level for adults), without evidence that such large amounts provide any benefit. According to WebMD, pantothenic acid supplements have a long list of claimed uses, but there is insufficient scientific evidence to support any of them.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: As a dietary supplement, pantothenic acid is not the same as pantethine, which is composed of two pantothenic acid molecules linked by a disulfide bridge. Sold as a high-dose supplement (600 mg), pantethine may be effective for lowering blood levels of LDL cholesterol – a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases – but its long-term effects are unknown, requiring that its use be supervised by a physician. Dietary supplementation with pantothenic acid does not have the same effect on LDL.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: According to the Global Fortification Data Exchange, pantothenic acid deficiency is so rare that no countries require that foods be fortified.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: When found in foods, most pantothenic acid is in the form of CoA or bound to acyl carrier protein (ACP). For the intestinal cells to absorb this vitamin, it must be converted into free pantothenic acid. Within the lumen of the intestine, CoA and ACP are hydrolyzed into 4'-phosphopantetheine. The 4'-phosphopantetheine is then dephosphorylated into pantetheine. Pantetheinase, an intestinal enzyme, then hydrolyzes pantetheine into free pantothenic acid. Free pantothenic acid is absorbed into intestinal cells via a saturable, sodium-dependent active transport system. At high levels of intake, when this mechanism is saturated, some pantothenic acid may also be additionally absorbed via passive diffusion. As a whole, when intake increases 10-fold, absorption rate decreases to 10%.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Pantothenic acid is excreted in urine. This occurs after its release from CoA. Urinary amounts are on the order of 2.6 mg/day, but decreased to negligible amounts when subjects in multi-week experimental situations were fed diets devoid of the vitamin.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Pantothenic acid deficiency in humans is very rare and has not been thoroughly studied. In the few cases where deficiency has been seen (prisoners of war during World War II, victims of starvation, or limited volunteer trials), nearly all symptoms were reversed with orally administered pantothenic acid. Symptoms of deficiency are similar to other vitamin B deficiencies. There is impaired energy production, due to low CoA levels, which could cause symptoms of irritability, fatigue, and apathy. Acetylcholine synthesis is also impaired; therefore, neurological symptoms can also appear in deficiency; they include sensation of numbness in hands and feet, paresthesia and muscle cramps. Additional symptoms could include restlessness, malaise, sleep disturbances, nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: In animals, symptoms include disorders of the nervous, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, reduced growth rate, decreased food intake, skin lesions and changes in hair coat, and alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. In rodents, there can be loss of hair color, which led to marketing of pantothenic acid as a dietary supplement which could prevent or treat graying of hair in humans (despite the lack of any human trial evidence).


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Pantothenic acid status can be assessed by measuring either whole blood concentration or 24-hour urinary excretion. In humans, whole blood values less than 1 μmol/L are considered low, as is urinary excretion of less than 4.56 mmol/day.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Calcium pantothenate and dexpanthenol (D-panthenol) are European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approved additives to animal feed. Supplementation is on the order of 8–20 mg/kg for pigs, 10–15 mg/kg for poultry, 30–50 mg/kg for fish and 8–14 mg/kg feed for pets. These are recommended concentrations, designed to be higher than what are thought to be requirements. There is some evidence that feed supplementation increases pantothenic acid concentration in tissues, i.e., meat, consumed by humans, and also for eggs, but this raises no concerns for consumer safety.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: No dietary requirement for pantothenic acid has been established in ruminant species. Synthesis of pantothenic acid by ruminal microorganisms appears to be 20 to 30 times more than dietary amounts. Net microbial synthesis of pantothenic acid in the rumen of steer calves has been estimated to be 2.2 mg/kg of digestible organic matter consumed per day. Supplementation of pantothenic acid at 5 to 10 times theoretical requirements did not improve growth performance of feedlot cattle.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Bacteria synthesize pantothenic acid from the amino acids aspartate and a precursor to the amino acid valine. Aspartate is converted to β-alanine. The amino group of valine is replaced by a keto-moiety to yield α-ketoisovalerate, which, in turn, forms α-ketopantoate following transfer of a methyl group, then D-pantoate (also known as pantoic acid) following reduction. β-alanine and pantoic acid are then condensed to form pantothenic acid (see figure).


title: Pantothenic acid

text: The industrial synthesis of pantothenic acid starts with the aldol condensation of isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde. The resulting hydroxypivaldehyde is converted to its cyanohydrin derivative. which is cyclised to give racemic pantolactone. This sequence of reactions was first published in 1904.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: Synthesis of the vitamin is completed by resolution of the lactone using quinine, for example, followed by treatment with the calcium or sodium salt of β-alanine.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: The term "vitamin" is derived from the word "vitamine", which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a complex of water-soluble micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. When this presumption was later determined not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name, hence "vitamin". Vitamin nomenclature was alphabetical, with Elmer McCollum calling these fat-soluble A and water-soluble B. Over time, eight chemically distinct, water-soluble B vitamins were isolated and numbered, with pantothenic acid as vitamin B.


title: Pantothenic acid

text: The essential nature of pantothenic acid was discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1933 by showing it was required for the growth of yeast. Three years later Elvehjem and Jukes demonstrated that it was a growth and anti-dermatitis factor in chickens. Williams dubbed the compound "pantothenic acid", deriving the name from the Greek word "pantothen", which translates as "from everywhere". His reason was that he found it to be present in almost every food he tested. Williams went on to determine the chemical structure in 1940. In 1953, Fritz Lipmann shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism", work he had published in 1946.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: The UEFA European Women's Championship, also called the UEFA Women's Euro, held every four years, is the main competition in women's association football between national teams of the UEFA confederation. The competition is the women's equivalent of the UEFA European Championship.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: In 1957 in West Berlin, a European Championship was staged by the International Ladies Football Association. Four teams, representing West Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, and the eventual winners, England, played the tournament at the Poststadion, at a time when women's football teams were officially forbidden by the German Football Association, a ban that was widely defied.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: The FICF, which eventually merged into the Italian Football Federation, organised a European tournament in Italy in 1969 for women's national teams, a tournament won by the home team, Italy, who beat Denmark 3–1 in the final. The two nations were also the finalists of the 1970 Women's World Cup in Italy.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: Italy hosted another European women's tournament a decade later, the 1979 European Competition for Women's Football – won by Denmark.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: UEFA displayed little enthusiasm for women's football and were particularly hostile to Italy's independent women's football federation. Sue Lopez, a member of England's squad, contended that a lack of female representation in UEFA was a contributory factor:


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: At a conference on 19 February 1980 UEFA resolved to launch its own competition for women's national teams. The meeting minutes had registered the 1979 competition as a "cause for concern". The first UEFA-run international tournament began only in 1982, when the 1984 European Competition for Women's Football qualification was launched. The 1984 Finals were won by Sweden. Norway won the 1987 Finals. Since then, the UEFA Women's Championship has been dominated by Germany, which has won eight out of ten events. Norway won in 1993 and the Netherlands in 2017. Germany's 2013 win had been their sixth in a row. In 2022, England won UEFA Women's Euro 2022, becoming the country's first senior association football team of either gender to win a major tournament since the men's team won the 1966 FIFA World Cup.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: The tournament was initially played as a four-team event. The 1997 edition was the first that was played with eight teams. The third expansion happened in 2009 when 12 teams participated. From 2017 onwards 16 teams compete for the championship.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: The first three tournaments of the UEFA competition in the 1980s had the name "European Competition for Representative Women's Teams". With UEFA's increasing acceptance of women's football, this competition was given European Championship status by UEFA around 1990. Only the 1991 and 1995 editions have been used as European qualifiers for a FIFA Women's World Cup; starting in 1999, women's national teams adopted the separate used in men's qualifiers.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: In the 1987, 1989, 1991 and 1993 tournaments there was a third place playoff. Since 1995, both losing semi-finalists are counted as bronze.


title: UEFA Women's Championship

text: In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss. As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Teams are ranked by total points, then by goal difference, then by goals scored.


title: Kinematics

text: Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move. Kinematics, as a field of study, is often referred to as the "geometry of motion" and is occasionally seen as a branch of mathematics. A kinematics problem begins by describing the geometry of the system and declaring the initial conditions of any known values of position, velocity and/or acceleration of points within the system. Then, using arguments from geometry, the position, velocity and acceleration of any unknown parts of the system can be determined. The study of how forces act on bodies falls within kinetics, not kinematics. For further details, see analytical dynamics.


title: Kinematics

text: Kinematics is used in astrophysics to describe the motion of celestial bodies and collections of such bodies. In mechanical engineering, robotics, and biomechanics kinematics is used to describe the motion of systems composed of joined parts (multi-link systems) such as an engine, a robotic arm or the human skeleton.


title: Kinematics

text: Geometric transformations, also called rigid transformations, are used to describe the movement of components in a mechanical system, simplifying the derivation of the equations of motion. They are also central to dynamic analysis.


title: Kinematics

text: Kinematic analysis is the process of measuring the kinematic quantities used to describe motion. In engineering, for instance, kinematic analysis may be used to find the range of movement for a given mechanism and, working in reverse, using kinematic synthesis to design a mechanism for a desired range of motion. In addition, kinematics applies algebraic geometry to the study of the mechanical advantage of a mechanical system or mechanism.


title: Kinematics

text: The term kinematic is the English version of A.M. Ampère's "cinématique", which he constructed from the Greek "kinema" ("movement, motion"), itself derived from "kinein" ("to move").


title: Kinematics

text: Kinematic and cinématique are related to the French word cinéma, but neither are directly derived from it. However, they do share a root word in common, as cinéma came from the shortened form of cinématographe, "motion picture projector and camera", once again from the Greek word for movement and from the Greek "grapho" ("to write").


title: Kinematics

text: Particle kinematics is the study of the trajectory of particles. The position of a particle is defined as the coordinate vector from the origin of a coordinate frame to the particle. For example, consider a tower 50 m south from your home, where the coordinate frame is centered at your home, such that east is in the direction of the "x"-axis and north is in the direction of the "y"-axis, then the coordinate vector to the base of the tower is r = (0 m, −50 m, 0 m). If the tower is 50 m high, and this height is measured along the "z"-axis, then the coordinate vector to the top of the tower is r = (0 m, −50 m, 50 m).


title: Kinematics

text: In the most general case, a three-dimensional coordinate system is used to define the position of a particle. However, if the particle is constrained to move within a plane, a two-dimensional coordinate system is sufficient. All observations in physics are incomplete without being described with respect to a reference frame.


title: Kinematics

text: The position vector of a particle is a vector drawn from the origin of the reference frame to the particle. It expresses both the distance of the point from the origin and its direction from the origin. In three dimensions, the position vector formula_1 can be expressed as


title: Kinematics

text: where formula_3, formula_4, and formula_5 are the Cartesian coordinates and formula_6, formula_7 and formula_8 are the unit vectors along the formula_3, formula_4, and formula_5 coordinate axes, respectively. The magnitude of the position vector formula_12 gives the distance between the point formula_13 and the origin.


title: Kinematics

text: The direction cosines of the position vector provide a quantitative measure of direction. In general, an object's position vector will depend on the frame of reference; different frames will lead to different values for the position vector.


title: Kinematics

text: The "trajectory" of a particle is a vector function of time, formula_15, which defines the curve traced by the moving particle, given by


title: Kinematics

text: where formula_17, formula_18, and formula_19 describe each coordinate of the particle's position as a function of time.


title: Kinematics

text: The velocity of a particle is a vector quantity that describes the magnitude as well as direction of motion of the particle. More mathematically, the rate of change of the position vector of a point with respect to time is the velocity of the point. Consider the ratio formed by dividing the difference of two positions of a particle by the time interval. This ratio is called the average velocity over that time interval and is defined as


title: Kinematics

text: where formula_21 is the change in the position vector during the time interval formula_22. In the limit that the time interval formula_22 approaches zero, the average velocity approaches the instantaneous velocity, defined as the time derivative of the position vector,


title: Kinematics

text: where the dot denotes a derivative with respect to time (e.g. formula_25). Thus, a particle's velocity is the time rate of change of its position. Furthermore, this velocity is tangent to the particle's trajectory at every position along its path. Note that in a non-rotating frame of reference, the derivatives of the coordinate directions are not considered as their directions and magnitudes are constants.


title: Kinematics

text: where formula_27 is the arc-length measured along the trajectory of the particle. This arc-length must always increase as the particle moves. Hence, formula_28 is non-negative, which implies that speed is also non-negative.


title: Kinematics

text: The velocity vector can change in magnitude and in direction or both at once. Hence, the acceleration accounts for both the rate of change of the magnitude of the velocity vector and the rate of change of direction of that vector. The same reasoning used with respect to the position of a particle to define velocity, can be applied to the velocity to define acceleration. The acceleration of a particle is the vector defined by the rate of change of the velocity vector. The average acceleration of a particle over a time interval is defined as the ratio.


title: Kinematics

text: The acceleration of the particle is the limit of the average acceleration as the time interval approaches zero, which is the time derivative,


title: Kinematics

text: Thus, acceleration is the first derivative of the velocity vector and the second derivative of the position vector of that particle. Note that in a non-rotating frame of reference, the derivatives of the coordinate directions are not considered as their directions and magnitudes are constants.


title: Kinematics

text: The magnitude of the acceleration of an object is the magnitude |a| of its acceleration vector. It is a scalar quantity:


title: Kinematics

text: A relative position vector is a vector that defines the position of one point relative to another. It is the difference in position of the two points.


title: Kinematics

text: The position of one point "A" relative to another point "B" is simply the difference between their positions


title: Kinematics

text: then the position of point "A" relative to point "B" is the difference between their components: formula_36


title: Kinematics

text: If point "A" has velocity components formula_38 and point "B" has velocity components formula_39 then the velocity of point "A" relative to point "B" is the difference between their components:


title: Kinematics

text: Alternatively, this same result could be obtained by computing the time derivative of the relative position vector r.


title: Kinematics

text: In the case where the velocity is close to the speed of light "c" (generally within 95%), another scheme of relative velocity called rapidity, which depends on the ratio of "v" to "c", is used in special relativity.


title: Kinematics

text: The acceleration of one point "C" relative to another point "B" is simply the difference between their accelerations.


title: Kinematics

text: then the acceleration of point "C" relative to point "B" is the difference between their components: formula_44


title: Kinematics

text: Alternatively, this same result could be obtained by computing the second time derivative of the relative position vector r.


title: Kinematics

text: Assuming that the initial conditions of the position, formula_45, and velocity formula_46 at time formula_47 are known, the first integration yields the velocity of the particle as a function of time.


title: Kinematics

text: Additional relations between displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time can be derived. Since the acceleration is constant,


title: Kinematics

text: A relationship between velocity, position and acceleration without explicit time dependence can be had by solving the average acceleration for time and substituting and simplifying


title: Kinematics

text: where formula_54 denotes the dot product, which is appropriate as the products are scalars rather than vectors.


title: Kinematics

text: The dot product can be replaced by the cosine of the angle between the vectors (see Geometric interpretation of the dot product for more details) and the vectors by their magnitudes, in which case:


title: Kinematics

text: In the case of acceleration always in the direction of the motion and the direction of motion should be in positive or negative, the angle between the vectors () is 0, so formula_57, and


title: Kinematics

text: This can be simplified using the notation for the magnitudes of the vectors formula_59 where formula_60 can be any curvaceous path taken as the constant tangential acceleration is applied along that path, so


title: Kinematics

text: This reduces the parametric equations of motion of the particle to a Cartesian relationship of speed versus position. This relation is useful when time is unknown. We also know that formula_62 or formula_60 is the area under a velocity–time graph. We can take formula_60 by adding the top area and the bottom area. The bottom area is a rectangle, and the area of a rectangle is the formula_65 where formula_66 is the width and formula_67 is the height. In this case formula_68 and formula_69 (note that the formula_66 here is different from the acceleration formula_71). This means that the bottom area is formula_72. Now let's find the top area (a triangle). The area of a triangle is formula_73 where formula_67 is the base and formula_75 is the height. In this case, formula_76 and formula_77 or formula_78. Adding formula_79 and formula_80 results in the equation formula_60 results in the equation formula_82. This equation is applicable when the final velocity is unknown.


title: Kinematics

text: It is often convenient to formulate the trajectory of a particle r("t") = ("x"("t"), "y"("t"), "z"("t")) using polar coordinates in the "X"–"Y" plane. In this case, its velocity and acceleration take a convenient form.


title: Kinematics

text: Recall that the trajectory of a particle "P" is defined by its coordinate vector r measured in a fixed reference frame "F". As the particle moves, its coordinate vector r("t") traces its trajectory, which is a curve in space, given by:


title: Kinematics

text: where "i", "j", and "k" are the unit vectors along the "X", "Y" and "Z" axes of the reference frame "F", respectively.


title: Kinematics

text: Consider a particle "P" that moves only on the surface of a circular cylinder "r"("t") = constant, it is possible to align the "Z" axis of the fixed frame "F" with the axis of the cylinder. Then, the angle "θ" around this axis in the "X"–"Y" plane can be used to define the trajectory as,


title: Kinematics

text: where the constant distance from the center is denoted as "R", and "θ" = "θ"("t") is a function of time.


title: Kinematics

text: The cylindrical coordinates for r("t") can be simplified by introducing the radial and tangential unit vectors,


title: Kinematics

text: In general, the trajectory r("t") is not constrained to lie on a circular cylinder, so the radius "R" varies with time and the trajectory of the particle in cylindrical-polar coordinates becomes:


title: Kinematics

text: Where "R", "θ", and "z" might be continuously differentiable functions of time and the function notation is dropped for simplicity. The velocity vector v is the time derivative of the trajectory r("t"), which yields:


title: Kinematics

text: The term formula_94 acts toward the center of curvature of the path at that point on the path, is commonly called the centripetal acceleration. The term formula_95 is called the Coriolis acceleration.


title: Kinematics

text: If the trajectory of the particle is constrained to lie on a cylinder, then the radius "R" is constant and the velocity and acceleration vectors simplify. The velocity of v is the time derivative of the trajectory r("t"),


title: Kinematics

text: A special case of a particle trajectory on a circular cylinder occurs when there is no movement along the "Z" axis:


title: Kinematics

text: The movement of components of a mechanical system are analyzed by attaching a reference frame to each part and determining how the various reference frames move relative to each other. If the structural stiffness of the parts are sufficient, then their deformation can be neglected and rigid transformations can be used to define this relative movement. This reduces the description of the motion of the various parts of a complicated mechanical system to a problem of describing the geometry of each part and geometric association of each part relative to other parts.


title: Kinematics

text: Geometry is the study of the properties of figures that remain the same while the space is transformed in various ways—more technically, it is the study of invariants under a set of transformations. These transformations can cause the displacement of the triangle in the plane, while leaving the vertex angle and the distances between vertices unchanged. Kinematics is often described as applied geometry, where the movement of a mechanical system is described using the rigid transformations of Euclidean geometry.


title: Kinematics

text: The coordinates of points in a plane are two-dimensional vectors in R (two dimensional space). Rigid transformations are those that preserve the distance between any two points. The set of rigid transformations in an "n"-dimensional space is called the special Euclidean group on R, and denoted SE("n").


title: Kinematics

text: The position of one component of a mechanical system relative to another is defined by introducing a reference frame, say "M", on one that moves relative to a fixed frame, "F," on the other. The rigid transformation, or displacement, of "M" relative to "F" defines the relative position of the two components. A displacement consists of the combination of a rotation and a translation.


title: Kinematics

text: The set of all displacements of "M" relative to "F" is called the configuration space of "M." A smooth curve from one position to another in this configuration space is a continuous set of displacements, called the motion of "M" relative to "F." The motion of a body consists of a continuous set of rotations and translations.


title: Kinematics

text: The combination of a rotation and translation in the plane R can be represented by a certain type of 3×3 matrix known as a homogeneous transform. The 3×3 homogeneous transform is constructed from a 2×2 rotation matrix "A"("φ") and the 2×1 translation vector d = ("d", "d"), as:


title: Kinematics

text: These homogeneous transforms perform rigid transformations on the points in the plane "z" = 1, that is, on points with coordinates r = ("x", "y", 1).


title: Kinematics

text: In particular, let r define the coordinates of points in a reference frame "M" coincident with a fixed frame "F". Then, when the origin of "M" is displaced by the translation vector d relative to the origin of "F" and rotated by the angle φ relative to the x-axis of "F", the new coordinates in "F" of points in "M" are given by:


title: Kinematics

text: Homogeneous transforms represent affine transformations. This formulation is necessary because a translation is not a linear transformation of R. However, using projective geometry, so that R is considered a subset of R, translations become affine linear transformations.


title: Kinematics

text: If a rigid body moves so that its reference frame "M" does not rotate ("θ" = 0) relative to the fixed frame "F", the motion is called pure translation. In this case, the trajectory of every point in the body is an offset of the trajectory d("t") of the origin of "M," that is:


title: Kinematics

text: Thus, for bodies in pure translation, the velocity and acceleration of every point "P" in the body are given by:


title: Kinematics

text: where the dot denotes the derivative with respect to time and v and a are the velocity and acceleration, respectively, of the origin of the moving frame "M". Recall the coordinate vector p in "M" is constant, so its derivative is zero.


title: Kinematics

text: Rotational or angular kinematics is the description of the rotation of an object. In what follows, attention is restricted to simple rotation about an axis of fixed orientation. The "z"-axis has been chosen for convenience.


title: Kinematics

text: This allows the description of a rotation as the angular position of a planar reference frame "M" relative to a fixed "F" about this shared "z"-axis. Coordinates p = ("x", "y") in "M" are related to coordinates P = (X, Y) in "F" by the matrix equation:


title: Kinematics

text: is the rotation matrix that defines the angular position of "M" relative to "F" as a function of time.


title: Kinematics

text: It is convenient to eliminate the coordinates p and write this as an operation on the trajectory P("t"),


title: Kinematics

text: is known as the angular velocity matrix of "M" relative to "F". The parameter "ω" is the time derivative of the angle "θ", that is:


title: Kinematics

text: The equations of translational kinematics can easily be extended to planar rotational kinematics for constant angular acceleration with simple variable exchanges:


title: Kinematics

text: Here "θ" and "θ" are, respectively, the initial and final angular positions, "ω" and "ω" are, respectively, the initial and final angular velocities, and "α" is the constant angular acceleration. Although position in space and velocity in space are both true vectors (in terms of their properties under rotation), as is angular velocity, angle itself is not a true vector.


title: Kinematics

text: Important formulas in kinematics define the velocity and acceleration of points in a moving body as they trace trajectories in three-dimensional space. This is particularly important for the center of mass of a body, which is used to derive equations of motion using either Newton's second law or Lagrange's equations.


title: Kinematics

text: In order to define these formulas, the movement of a component "B" of a mechanical system is defined by the set of rotations [A("t")] and translations d("t") assembled into the homogeneous transformation [T("t")]=[A("t"), d("t")]. If p is the coordinates of a point "P" in "B" measured in the moving reference frame "M", then the trajectory of this point traced in "F" is given by:


title: Kinematics

text: This notation does not distinguish between P = (X, Y, Z, 1), and P = (X, Y, Z), which is hopefully clear in context.


title: Kinematics

text: This equation for the trajectory of "P" can be inverted to compute the coordinate vector p in "M" as:


title: Kinematics

text: The velocity of the point "P" along its trajectory P("t") is obtained as the time derivative of this position vector,


title: Kinematics

text: This formula can be modified to obtain the velocity of "P" by operating on its trajectory P("t") measured in the fixed frame "F". Substituting the inverse transform for p into the velocity equation yields:


title: Kinematics

text: where the vector "ω" is the angular velocity vector obtained from the components of the matrix [Ω]; the vector


title: Kinematics

text: The acceleration of a point "P" in a moving body "B" is obtained as the time derivative of its velocity vector:


title: Kinematics

text: where "α" is the angular acceleration vector obtained from the derivative of the angular velocity matrix;


title: Kinematics

text: is the relative position vector (the position of "P" relative to the origin "O" of the moving frame "M"); and


title: Kinematics

text: Kinematic constraints are constraints on the movement of components of a mechanical system. Kinematic constraints can be considered to have two basic forms, (i) constraints that arise from hinges, sliders and cam joints that define the construction of the system, called holonomic constraints, and (ii) constraints imposed on the velocity of the system such as the knife-edge constraint of ice-skates on a flat plane, or rolling without slipping of a disc or sphere in contact with a plane, which are called non-holonomic constraints. The following are some common examples.


title: Kinematics

text: An object that rolls against a surface without slipping obeys the condition that the velocity of its center of mass is equal to the cross product of its angular velocity with a vector from the point of contact to the center of mass:


title: Kinematics

text: This is the case where bodies are connected by an idealized cord that remains in tension and cannot change length. The constraint is that the sum of lengths of all segments of the cord is the total length, and accordingly the time derivative of this sum is zero. A dynamic problem of this type is the pendulum. Another example is a drum turned by the pull of gravity upon a falling weight attached to the rim by the inextensible cord. An "equilibrium" problem (i.e. not kinematic) of this type is the catenary.


title: Kinematics

text: Reuleaux called the ideal connections between components that form a machine kinematic pairs. He distinguished between higher pairs which were said to have line contact between the two links and lower pairs that have area contact between the links. J. Phillips shows that there are many ways to construct pairs that do not fit this simple classification.


title: Kinematics

text: A lower pair is an ideal joint, or holonomic constraint, that maintains contact between a point, line or plane in a moving solid (three-dimensional) body to a corresponding point line or plane in the fixed solid body. There are the following cases:


title: Kinematics

text: Generally speaking, a higher pair is a constraint that requires a curve or surface in the moving body to maintain contact with a curve or surface in the fixed body. For example, the contact between a cam and its follower is a higher pair called a "cam joint". Similarly, the contact between the involute curves that form the meshing teeth of two gears are cam joints.


title: Kinematics

text: Rigid bodies ("links") connected by kinematic pairs ("joints") are known as "kinematic chains". Mechanisms and robots are examples of kinematic chains. The degree of freedom of a kinematic chain is computed from the number of links and the number and type of joints using the mobility formula. This formula can also be used to enumerate the topologies of kinematic chains that have a given degree of freedom, which is known as "type synthesis" in machine design.


title: Kinematics

text: The planar one degree-of-freedom linkages assembled from "N" links and "j" hinges or sliding joints are:


title: Kinematics

text: For larger chains and their linkage topologies, see R. P. Sunkari and L. C. Schmidt, "Structural synthesis of planar kinematic chains by adapting a Mckay-type algorithm", "Mechanism and Machine Theory" #41, pp. 1021–1030 (2006).


title: Soupy Sales

text: Milton Supman (January 8, 1926 – October 22, 2009), known professionally as Soupy Sales, was an American comedian, actor, radio-television personality, and jazz aficionado. He was best known for his local and network children's television series, "Lunch with Soupy Sales" (later titled "The Soupy Sales Show") (1953–1966), a series of comedy sketches frequently ending with Sales receiving a pie in the face, which became his trademark. From 1968 to 1975, he was a regular panelist on the syndicated revival of "What's My Line?" and appeared on several other TV game shows. During the 1980s, he hosted his own show on WNBC in New York City.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Milton Supman was born in Franklinton, North Carolina, to Irving Supman and Sadie Berman. His father, a Jewish dry goods merchant, emigrated from Hungary in 1894. His was the only Jewish family in town; Sales joked that local Ku Klux Klan members bought the sheets used for their robes from his father's store.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales got his nickname from his family. His older brothers had been nicknamed "Ham Bone" and "Chicken Bone". Milton was dubbed "Soup Bone", which was later shortened to "Soupy". When he became a disc jockey, he began using the stage name Soupy Hines. After he became established, it was decided that "Hines" was too close to the Heinz soup company, so he chose Sales, in part after vaudeville comedian Chic Sale. He graduated from Huntington High School in Huntington, West Virginia, in 1944. He enlisted in the United States Navy and served on the in the South Pacific during the latter part of World War II. He sometimes entertained his shipmates by telling jokes and playing crazy characters over the ship's public address system. One of the characters he created was "White Fang", a large dog that played outrageous practical jokes on the seamen. The sounds for "White Fang" came from a recording of "The Hound of the Baskervilles".


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales enrolled at Marshall University, known as Marshall College at that time, where he earned a master's degree in journalism. While there, he performed in nightclubs as a comedian, singer and dancer.


title: Soupy Sales

text: After graduating from Marshall, Sales began working as a scriptwriter and disc jockey at radio station WHTN (now WVHU) in Huntington. He moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1949, where he was a morning radio DJ and performed in nightclubs. He began his television career on WKRC-TV in Cincinnati with "Soupy's Soda Shop", TV's first teen dance program, and "Club Nothing!", a late-night comedy/variety program.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales is best known for his daily children's television show, "Lunch with Soupy Sales". It was originally called "12 O'Clock Comics", and later known as "The Soupy Sales Show". Improvised and slapstick in nature, it was a rapid-fire stream of comedy sketches, gags and puns, almost all of which resulted in Sales receiving a pie in the face, which became his trademark. He developed pie-throwing into an art form: straight to the face, on top of the head, a pie to both ears from behind, moving into a stationary pie, and countless other variations. He claimed that he and his visitors had been hit by more than 20,000 pies during his career. He recounted a time when a young fan mistakenly threw a frozen pie at his neck and he "dropped like a pile of bricks".


title: Soupy Sales

text: "Lunch with Soupy Sales" began in 1953 from the studios of WXYZ-TV, Channel 7, in the historic Maccabees Building in Detroit. Sales occasionally took the studio cameras to the lawn of the Detroit Public Library, across the street from the studios, and talked with local students walking to and from school. Beginning no later than July 4, 1955, a Saturday version of Sales' lunch show was broadcast nationally on the ABC television network. His lunchtime program on weekdays was moved to early morning opposite "Today" and "Captain Kangaroo".


title: Soupy Sales

text: During the same period that "Lunch with Soupy Sales" aired in Detroit, Sales also hosted a nighttime show, "Soup's On", to compete with 11 O'Clock News programs. The guest star was always a musician, often a jazz performer, at a time when jazz was popular in Detroit and the city was home to 24 jazz clubs. Sales believed his show helped sustain jazz in Detroit, as artists regularly sold out their nightclub shows after appearing on it.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Coleman Hawkins, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Charlie Parker and Stan Getz were among the musicians who appeared on the show; Miles Davis made six appearances. Clifford Brown's appearance on "Soup's On", according to Sales, may be the only extant footage of Brown, and has been included in "Ken Burns' Jazz" and an A&E Network biography about Sales.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales briefly had a third dinnertime show filmed largely in Detroit's Palmer Park area. His three shows were rumored to earn him in excess of $100,000 per year. One of his character puppets was Willy the Worm, a "balloon" propelled worm that emerged from its house and used a high pitched voice to announce birthdays or special events on the noontime show; but the character never appeared when Soupy moved to Los Angeles. In his lunchtime show, Sales always wore an orlon fabric sweater. In many of his shows, he appeared in costume, performed his dance, the Soupy Shuffle, introduced many characters such as Nicky Nooney, the Mississippi Gambler, etc., and took "zillions" of pies in the face.


title: Soupy Sales

text: In 1960, Sales moved to the ABC-TV studios in Los Angeles. ABC cancelled his show in March 1961, but it continued as a local program on KABC-TV until January 1962. It briefly went back on the ABC network as a late night fill-in for "The Steve Allen Show" in 1962, but was canceled after three months. All of the puppets on the show during its Los Angeles run were also operated by Clyde Adler, whom a 1962 TV Guide listing describes as "West Coast disk jockey and comedian". Sales' fame was significant enough that he was hired as a "Tonight Show" guest host in the period between Jack Paar and Johnny Carson.


title: Soupy Sales

text: On September 7, 1964, Sales found a new weekday home at WNEW-TV in New York City. This version was seen locally until September 2, 1966. Screen Gems syndicated 260 episodes to local stations outside the New York market during the 1965–66 season. This show marked the height of Sales' popularity. It featured guest appearances by stars such as Frank Sinatra, Tony Curtis, Jerry Lewis, Judy Garland and Sammy Davis Jr., as well as musical groups like the Shangri-Las, The Supremes and The Temptations.


title: Soupy Sales

text: "The New Soupy Sales Show" appeared in 1978 with the same format, and ran for one season. 65 episodes were briefly syndicated, through Air Time International, to local stations in early 1979. It was taped in Los Angeles at KTLA, with Clyde Adler returning to work as a puppeteer with Sales.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Clyde Adler, the show's floor manager and a film editor at Detroit's WXYZ, performed in sketches and voiced and operated all puppets on Sales' show in Detroit in the 1950s and in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1962, as well as in 1978. Actor Frank Nastasi, who played the part of Gramps on WXYZ-TV's other kids' show "Wixie Wonderland", assumed the role of straight man and puppeteer when Sales took the show to New York from 1964 to 1966. Nastasi was originally from Detroit and had worked with Sales at WXYZ. Appearing on the show were both puppets and live performers.


title: Soupy Sales

text: On January 1, 1965, miffed at having to work on the holiday, Sales ended his live broadcast by encouraging his young viewers to tiptoe into their still-sleeping parents' bedrooms and remove those "funny green pieces of paper with pictures of U.S. presidents" from their pants and pocketbooks. "Put them in an envelope and mail them to me and I'll send you a postcard from Puerto Rico", Sales instructed the children. Several days later, substantial amounts of money had begun arriving in the mail; Sales stated that the total amount received was in the thousands of dollars but qualified that by stating that much of that was Monopoly or play money. Sales said he had been joking, and that whatever real money had been sent would be donated to charity, but as parents' complaints increased, WNEW's management suspended Sales for two weeks.


title: Soupy Sales

text: One of the fans of the Soupy Sales show was Frank Sinatra. It appears Sinatra became a fan after his daughter Nancy begged him to visit the show. When Sinatra started his own record label, Reprise Records, he signed Sales to a recording contract, which produced two albums: "The Soupy Sales Show" in 1961 and "Up in the Air" in 1962.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales' novelty dance record, '"The Mouse", dates from the mid-1960s period of his career, when his show was based in New York. The single, released on the ABC-Paramount label, peaked at #76 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in May 1965. Sales performed "The Mouse" on "The Ed Sullivan Show" in September 1965, just prior to The Beatles' segment on the show. Sales signed with Motown Records in 1969, releasing the single "Muck-Arty Park" (a play on the 1968 hit "MacArthur Park"), as well as the album "A Bag of Soup". Soupy and Frank Nastasi also cut and recorded a comedy and song story disk, "Spy with a Pie", for ABC-Paramount. It was re-released by "Simon Says" children's records.


title: Soupy Sales

text: From 1968 to 1975, Sales was a regular panelist on the syndicated revival of "What's My Line?." (He had been a guest panelist on one episode of the original version in 1965.) He was usually the first panelist introduced and occupied the chair on the far left side (facing the camera), next to Arlene Francis. In 1969, he appeared on "Storybook Squares", a children's version of "Hollywood Squares", as Henry VIII. In 1976, he hosted "Junior Almost Anything Goes", ABC's Saturday morning version of their team-based physical stunt program. He was also a panelist on the 1980 revival of "To Tell the Truth"; he had appeared as a guest on the show during the mid- to late 1970s. Other game show appearances included over a dozen episodes of the original "Match Game" from 1966 to 1969 as well as one week of the revived version in 1976; a week of shows on the 1970s edition of "The Gong Show; a" couple of guest spots on "Hollywood Squares" (December 12, 1977 and April 4, 1978) and a few appearances on the combined version "(Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour)" in 1983–84; and a recurring role in all versions of "Pyramid" from 1973 to 1988 and 1991 (in one famous episode of which he repeatedly uttered the word "bacon", trying to get a confused contestant to say "greasy things"). He was considered as a host in Nickelodeon's game show, "Double Dare", but was deemed too old (the job went to Marc Summers). He also made an appearance on "Pictionary" in 1997.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales hosted a midday radio show on WNBC in New York from March 1985 to March 1987. His program was between the drive time shifts of Don Imus (morning) and Howard Stern (afternoon), with whom Sales had an acrimonious relationship. An example of this was an incident where Stern told listeners he was cutting the strings in Sales' in-studio piano at 4:05 p.m. on May 1, 1985. On December 21, 2007, Stern revealed this was a stunt staged for "theater of the mind" and to torture Sales; in truth, the piano was never harmed. Sales' on-air crew included his producer, Ray D'Ariano, newscaster Judy DeAngelis, and pianist Paul Dver.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales was married twice: first to Barbara Fox, from 1950 until their divorce in 1979. They had two sons, both of whom are rock musicians: bassist Tony Sales and drummer Hunt Sales (who were in the band Tin Machine with David Bowie). In 1980, Sales married dancer Trudy Carson, who survives him.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Sales died on October 22, 2009, at Calvary Hospice in Bronx, New York, aged 83, from cancer. He is buried at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.


title: Soupy Sales

text: Janet Oseroff was Sales' manager in the last years of his life, and continues to represent his estate with Sales' wife Trudy. They license reruns of over 100 shows, including the entirety of "The New Soupy Sales Show" and the extant episodes from Sales' earlier black-and-white shows. Sales' shows have aired since 2011 on Jewish Life Television and since 2013 on Retro Television Network, the latter airing once a week.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: The Boat That Rocked (titled Pirate Radio in North America) is a 2009 British comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis about pirate radio in the United Kingdom during the 1960s. The film has an ensemble cast consisting of Philip Seymour Hoffman, Bill Nighy, Rhys Ifans, Nick Frost and Kenneth Branagh. Set in 1967, it tells the story of the fictional pirate radio station "Radio Rock" and its crew of eclectic disc jockeys, who broadcast rock and pop music to the United Kingdom from a ship anchored in the North Sea while the British government tries to shut them down. It was produced by Working Title Films for Universal Pictures and was filmed on the Isle of Portland and at Shepperton Studios.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: After the world premiere in Leicester Square on 23 March 2009, the film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 April 2009. It was a commercial failure at the British box office making only US$10.1 million in its first three months, just a fifth of its US$50 million production cost. It received mixed reviews and criticism for its length. For its North American release, the film was cut by 20 minutes and retitled "Pirate Radio". Opening on 13 November 2009, it earned only $8 million in the US. When the worldwide theatrical run was finished in January 2010, the film had grossed US$36.6 million.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: In 1966, various pirate radio stations broadcast to the United Kingdom from ships in international waters, specialising in rock and pop music not played on BBC Radio. Seventeen-year-old Carl, recently expelled from school, is sent to stay with his godfather Quentin, who runs the station "Radio Rock" anchored in the North Sea. The eclectic crew of disc jockeys and staffers, led by brash American DJ "The Count", accept Carl as one of their own (although he appears to have no significant duties).


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: Conspiring to help Carl lose his virginity, DJ Doctor Dave arranges for Carl to seduce a female fan in the dark, believing Carl to be Dave, but the plan is foiled, embarrassing Carl.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: In London, government minister Sir Alistair Dormandy resolves to shut down pirate radio stations for their commercialism and immorality, instructing his subordinate Twatt to pursue legal stratagems to accomplish this. They attempt to cut off the pirates' revenue by prohibiting British businesses from advertising on unlicensed stations.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: Quentin counters by bringing massively popular DJ Gavin Kavanagh out of retirement on Radio Rock, enticing advertisers to pay their bills from abroad. Gavin's popularity creates a rivalry with The Count.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: On his eighteenth birthday, Carl becomes smitten with Quentin's niece Marianne, but is heartbroken when she is seduced by Doctor Dave. Carl's roommate "Thick" Kevin observes that the sex, drug, and alcohol-fueled atmosphere of Radio Rock is no place for Carl to get on the straight-and-narrow. He theorises that Carl's mother's true reason for sending him there is that his father – whom Carl has never met – is on the ship, with Quentin being the likeliest suspect.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: DJ "Simple" Simon Swafford marries glamorous fan Elenore in an onboard ceremony, but learns that she only married him to be near Gavin, with whom she is infatuated but refuses to marry anyone. The Count challenges Gavin to a game of chicken in defence of Simon's honour: The stubborn rivals climb the ship's radio mast to a dangerous height, but reconcile after they are both injured jumping into the ocean. Carl's mother Charlotte visits for Christmas, and denies that Quentin is his father. Carl gives her a cryptic message from reclusive late-night DJ "Smooth" Bob Silver, unexpectedly revealing that Bob is his father. Marianne arrives to apologise to Carl for sleeping with Dave, and she and Carl have sex. The following morning, the DJs announce news of the coupling to cheering fans across Britain.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: Meanwhile, Dormandy's vendetta against pirate radio advances when Twatt finds news of a fishing boat whose distress call was blocked by Radio Rock's powerful signal. Twatt proposes the creation of the Marine Offences Act, making pirate radio stations illegal on the grounds that they endanger communication with other vessels. Despite heavy public support for the pirate stations, the Act passes unanimously through Parliament and takes effect at midnight on 1 January 1967. The Radio Rock crew defy the law and continue broadcasting, firing up the ship's engine to evade arrest. The ageing vessel's engine explodes, and the ship sinks. The DJs broadcast their position in hope of aid, and Twatt appeals to Dormandy to send rescue boats, but Dormandy refuses. Carl saves the oblivious Bob from his cabin while The Count vows to broadcast as long as possible.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: With the lifeboats inoperable, the crew gather on the prow as the ship goes down. They are rescued by dozens of fans in a fleet of small boats; Carl is saved by Marianne, Simon by a female fan who genuinely loves him, and Dave by a throng of female fans. The Radio Rock ship disappears beneath the sea, with the Count emerging at the last moment. Though pirate radio in Britain comes to an end, the music lives on, growing increasingly popular in subsequent decades and broadcast over hundreds of 'legal' stations around the world.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: Additional minor roles were played by Ian Mercer as the transfer boatman, Stephen Moore as the Prime Minister, Michael Thomas and Bohdan Poraj as Dormandy's subordinates Sandford and Fredericks, Olegar Fedoro as the Radio Rock ship's captain, Francesca Longrigg and Amanda Fairbank-Hynes as Dormandy's wife and daughter, and Olivia Llewellyn as Marianne's friend Margaret and Felicity's love interest. Giovanna Fletcher plays one of the bridesmaids to Elenore.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: The film was written and directed by Richard Curtis and made by Working Title Films for Universal Studios. The producers for Working Title were Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Hilary Bevan Jones, with Curtis, Debra Hayward and Liza Chasin acting as executive producers. Principal photography started on 3 March and continued until June 2008. Filming took place on the former Dutch hospital ship "Timor Challenger", previously "De Hoop", moored in Portland Harbour, Dorset; the "North Sea" scenes were shot off the coast of Dunbar, East Lothian. Boat interior shots were filmed inside a warehouse in Osprey Quay on the Isle of Portland and at Shepperton Studios. They also visited Squerryes Court in Kent to shoot the scenes of the home of government minister Alistair Dormandy (Kenneth Branagh). The film's production cost exceeded £30 million. It was also filmed on HMS Victory.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: The official synopsis of "The Boat That Rocked" before release stated that it tells the fictional story about a group of DJs in 1966 who are at odds with a traditionalist British government that prefers to broadcast jazz. According to director Richard Curtis, the film, though inspired by real British pirate radio of the 1960s, is a work of historical fiction and does not depict a specific radio station of the period.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: Following the film's commercial failure at the British box office, Focus Features commissioned a re-edited version for release in North American release 13 November 2009. Retitled "Pirate Radio", this version of the film deleted approximately twenty minutes of footage from the original version to address complaints from several critics that the film's running time was excessive. Upon the release of "Pirate Radio" in the United States, Manohla Dargis wrote:


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: Stuffed with playful character actors and carpeted with wall-to-wall tunes, the film makes for easy viewing and easier listening, even if Mr. Curtis, who wrote and directed, has nothing really to say about these rebels for whom rock 'n' roll was both life's rhyme and its reason.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: Robert Wilonsky, reviewing "Pirate Radio" after having seen "The Boat That Rocked" and its UK home video release, said the U.S. theatrical release had had "most of its better bits excised"; according to Wilonsky, "after watching the DVD, "Pirate Radio" feels so slight in its current incarnation. Shorn of the scenes that actually put meat on its characters' frail bones, the resulting product is vaguely cute and wholly insubstantial, little more than a randomly assembled hodge-podge of scenes crammed in and yanked out that amount to yet another movie about rebellious young men sticking it to The Grumpy Old Man—this time, with a tacked-on "Titanic" climax."


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: The marketing campaign for the film's North American release was notable for embellishing the nature of the movie, as well as the historical setting. Trailers had a prominent voice-over announcement stating that "in 1966 the British government banned rock 'n' roll on the radio. Until one American DJ and a band of renegades launched a radio station on the high seas and raided the air waves." In the film, pirate radio transmissions were widespread before Parliament passed the Marine Offences Act, including the station portrayed on the film.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: The trailer in North America also featured dialog from a scene not in the release; chief among which were a British government minister was being told in a voiceover that the American deejay "The Count" is "possibly the most famous broadcaster ever," which wasn't borne by the actual plot. The trailer and commercials also displayed prominent text that stated "inspired by a true story," which was not claimed by either the production or writing staff.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: The film received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a score of 59% based on 167 reviews. "The Daily Telegraph" credited the film with "some magical moments," but called it "muddled" and criticised its length. "Time Out" was also critical of the length and said the film was "disappointing." "The Hollywood Reporter" ran the headline "Rock 'n' roll movie "Boat" just barely stays afloat," declaring the film too long to sustain interest. "Total Film" also criticised the film's length and comedic style. Andrew Neil, writing in "The Observer", remarked that he was disappointed in the "contrived" storyline and the "unnecessarily perverted" history. Channel 4 said the film was "touching," "heartfelt" and an "enjoyable journey" but questioned its coherence.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: The film's British box office revenues in its first 12 weeks of release were £6.1 million, less than a quarter of its production cost.


title: The Boat That Rocked

text: In United States, the film earned less than US$3 million in its first weekend (in a mid-scale release of 882 screens as opposed to 3,404 screens for "2012" and 3,683 screens for "A Christmas Carol") and suffered a 49.7% drop-off on its second weekend, earning only US$1.46 million. The film took about (approximately £5 million) in North America.


title: M. Night Shyamalan filmography

text: Indian-American filmmaker and actor M. Night Shyamalan began his career in 1992 with the student film "Praying with Anger", which he wrote, directed, produced, and starred in. He then wrote the screenplays for the comedy movies "Wide Awake" (1998; also directed) and "Stuart Little" (1999). In 1999, he rose to prominence for writing and directing the supernatural movie "The Sixth Sense", for which he received Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. He then wrote, directed, and produced the superhero movie "Unbreakable", the first entry in the "Eastrail 177 Trilogy" followed by "Split" in 2016 and "Glass" in 2019.


title: M. Night Shyamalan filmography

text: After "Unbreakable", Shyamalan made "Signs" (2002) and "The Village" (2004), which increased his popularity with moviegoers and further established him as a filmmaker known for his original twist endings. The next decade, however, saw a series of critical misfires with "Lady in the Water" (2006), "The Happening" (2008), "The Last Airbender" (2010), and "After Earth" (2013). In 2015, he partnered with Universal Pictures for "The Visit", a commercial success that made $98.5million on a $5million budget. Universal has since released his films "Split", "Glass", and "Old" (2021), and holds the rights to the upcoming "Knock at the Cabin" (2023) and an untitled film dated for 2024.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: <onlyinclude>Celebrity Cruises is a cruise line headquartered in Miami, Florida and a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Group. Celebrity Cruises was founded in 1988 by the Greece-based Chandris Group, and merged with Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1997. Celebrity's signature logo is an "Χ" displayed on the funnel of Celebrity ships, and is the Greek letter chi, for "Chandris".</onlyinclude>


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: Celebrity Cruises was founded in April 1988 as a subsidiary of the Greece-based Chandris Group to operate upmarket cruise ships to Bermuda. Chandris had been involved in cruise traffic since the 1960s, and during the late 1980s the company operated in the United States market under the brand name Chandris Cruises. Chandris Fantasy Cruises targeted the lower end of the cruise passenger market, with fleets consisting of second-hand ocean liners. Celebrity Cruises came into existence when, in April 1988, Home Lines, at the time one of the world's leading premium cruise lines, was sold to Holland America Line. Home Lines' ships had held two of the five contracts offered by the Government of Bermuda to cruise lines, giving the ships priority berthing arrangement and unlimited access of sail to the islands in exchange for the ships sailing to Bermuda between April and October each year. Although these contracts were highly valued, Holland America Line decided to withdraw the former Home Lines ships from this service, leaving an opening for two new ships to gain access. Chandris wanted to acquire the contracts, but the Government of Bermuda was only willing to award them to upmarket cruise lines, which Chandris Fantasy Cruises was not.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In order to gain the Bermuda Government contracts, Chandris created Celebrity Cruises and immediately began negotiating with the Bermuda Government in April 1988. As a result of the negotiations, Celebrity Cruises was awarded the contract for two ships for a five-year period beginning in 1990 In order to fulfill the contract, Chandris Fantasy Cruises' was rebuilt at Lloyd Werft, Germany in 1989, re-entering service as for Celebrity Cruises in February 1990.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: Celebrity Cruises adopted the Chandris "X" which was slightly stylized for their logo. The new line advertised themselves as a “Luxury Cruising by Design", with the strategy of offering and upscale product with mass-market pricing. The ships would have refined interiors, destinations and dining, which included a partnership with famed chef Michel Roux, a unique thing for a cruise line at the time. Quoted by then chairman, John Chandris, "“We will feature comfort and quality, not glitz and glitter."


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: Celebrity cruises second ship "Horizon", that had been ordered in 1988 as a replacement for in the Chandris Fantasy fleet, was transferred to Celebrity Cruises fleet, entering service in May 1990. It would be the lines first purpose built new build. In late 1990 Celebrity Cruises placed an order for a sister ship of the "Horizon", delivered in 1992 as .


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: Celebrity ordered a trio of newbuilds at Meyer Werft, known as the Century-class, with first ship the "Century" debuting in 1996, followed by the "Galaxy" and "Mercury". These would be the last ships designed under the Chandris family management.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In 1997, the Chandris family sold its interests in Celebrity Cruises to Royal Caribbean Cruise Line, leading to the formation of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (later Royal Caribbean Group) as a holding company to keep both brands separate, and the renaming of Royal Caribbean Cruise Line to Royal Caribbean International. Following the delivery of the "Mercury", the lines first ship, the "Meridian," was sold to Singapore-based Sun Cruises.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: Between 2000 and 2002 Celebrity took delivery of a quartet of new ships, the first gas turbine-powered cruise ships, and aptly named "Millennium"-class ships , , and . The new class of ship introduced a new hull livery, with dark blue hull, gold stripes, and red accents on the mast an funnel. The livery was short Iived, and after a few years would revert back to Celebrity's original white hull, dark blue stripe color scheme.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: The Celebrity Expeditions sub-brand was launched in 2001 with the acquisition of , a small boutique ship offering specialized cruises around the Galápagos Islands. In 2005, the "Horizon" was transferred to the fleet Royal Caribbean's United Kingdom-based subsidiary Island Cruises. In the same year, the first ship of what was to be named "Solstice" class was ordered from Meyer Werft. By 2007, three more ships of this class were on order.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In 2006, plans were made to transfer and from the fleet of Pullmantur Cruises to Celebrity Cruises under the names of "Celebrity Quest" and "Celebrity Journey". The ships would have joined the Celebrity Expeditions sub-brand, but in the end the decision was made to form an entirely new line, Azamara Cruises, to operate these ships in 2007. Also in 2007 the "Zenith" was transferred to Pullmantur Cruises 'in exchange' for the Azamara ships. Transfer of the "Zenith" also meant the end of Celebrity Cruises' association with Bermuda for the time being, as no ship was brought in to replace her on the cruises to Bermuda. In April 2010, The "Celebrity Summit" began to reposition yearly to New Jersey to offer cruises to Bermuda.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In 2007–2008, all of Celebrity Cruises' ships were renamed with a "Celebrity" prefix added to the pre-existing ship names.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: "Celebrity Solstice", the first ship in the new "Solstice-"class, was delivered to Celebrity on 24 October 2008. In May 2009 "Galaxy" was transferred to the fleet of TUI Cruises, a joint venture between Celebrity Cruises' owner Royal Caribbean Group and TUI AG and renamed as "Mein Schiff". Two more "Solstice"-class ships entered service – the in 2009 and the in 2010.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In 2011, was sold by Celebrity fleet to become "Mein Schiff 2" for TUI Cruises. The fourth "Solstice"-class ship the entered service in 2011. The was delivered in 2012.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In 2014, Celebrity Cruises launched a blog called "Catalyst," which covered travel, fashion and culture.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: On 4 December 2014, Celebrity Cruises signed of a letter of intent for a new class of vessels. The two 2,900-guest, 117,000 GT ships, would be developed under the project name EDGE and will build upon the brand's "Millennium"-class and "Solstice"-class vessels. The company took delivery of the first "Edge"-class vessel, the , on 31 October 2018, followed by the "Celebrity Apex" in 2020, and enlarged stretched Edge-class "Celebrity Beyond" in 2022. The Edge class class introduced a new livery for the brand, with blue painted hulls that would be incorporated on the rest of the fleet as part of the Celebrity revolution initiative.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In December 2014, Lisa Lutoff-Perlo, a 32-year veteran of Celebrity Cruises, was promoted to president and chief executive officer, making her "the first woman to be named CEO of a major cruise line".


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: On 14 March 2016, Celebrity Cruises announced the planned acquisition of Galápagos Islands tour operator Ocean Adventures and its two ships, the 48-guest MV "Eclipse" (now "Celebrity Xperience") and the 16-guest catamaran MC "Athala II" (now "Celebrity Xploration"). The move expanded Celebrity's guest capacity in the Galápagos by 65 percent.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: Celebrity Cruises announced on 11 October 2017, that it would perform legal same-sex marriages on its ships while in international waters following the legalization of same-sex marriage in Malta, where most of the Celebrity fleet is registered. The company already hosted same-sex marriages while docked in jurisdictions where they are legal, but the change in Maltese law allowed the company's captains to perform legally-recognized marriages while in international waters.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In July 2018, the company announced its intention to invest more than $500 million to refurbish all "Millennium"-class and "Solstice"-class ships in the company's fleet between 2019 and 2023.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: In 2020, due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, sailings were suspended, on various dates in the various regions. On 12 January 2021, a report indicated that sailings were suspended worldwide "through April 30, including the May 1 transatlantic cruise on Celebrity Apex". Between May and October 2021, "Europe and transatlantic cruises on "Celebrity Edge" and "Celebrity Constellation" will also be suspended May through Oct. 2021".


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: On 19 March 2021, Celebrity Cruises announced that it would be resuming its North America cruises in June sailing out of St. Maarten and that in order to board all adults to include crew will be required to show proof that they got a COVID-19 vaccination. Children were allowed to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test within 72 hours. On 26 June, "Celebrity Edge" became the first cruise ship to leave the United States with ticketed passengers since March 2020. It set sail from Port Everglades in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.


title: Celebrity Cruises

text: On 29 August 2022, due to the tugboat strike cause was not able to leave the Port of Vancouver for almost 12 hours of delay.


title: Ska punk

text: Ska punk (also spelled ska-punk) is a fusion genre that mixes ska music and punk rock music together. (sometimes spelled skacore) is a subgenre of ska punk that mixes ska with hardcore punk. Early ska punk mixed both 2 tone and ska with hardcore punk. Ska punk tends to feature brass instruments, especially horns such as trumpets, trombones and woodwind instruments like saxophones, making the genre distinct from other forms of punk rock. It is closely tied to third wave ska which reached its zenith in the mid-1990s.


title: Ska punk

text: Before ska punk began, many ska bands and punk rock bands performed on the same bills together and performed to the same audiences. Some music groups from the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as the Clash, the Deadbeats, the Specials, the Beat, and Madness fused characteristics of punk rock and ska, but many of these were either punk bands playing an occasional ska-flavored song, or are usually considered 2-tone ska bands who played faster songs with a punk attitude. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, ska-punk enjoyed its greatest success, heralded by bands such as Fishbone, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Sublime, Less Than Jake, and more.


title: Ska punk

text: Ska punk had significant mainstream success in the middle-to-late 1990s, with many bands topping pop and rock music charts. The best-selling ska punk record of the era was No Doubt's "Tragic Kingdom", which was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999 and was certified diamond by Music Canada in 1997. By the early 2000s, many of the bands in ska punk had broken up, and the genre lost mainstream appeal, though it continued to have underground popularity and featured a revival in the late 2010s with bands like the Interrupters returning to chart success, when their song "She's Kerosene" reached the top 5 on alternative and rock music charts in Canada and the US.


title: Ska punk

text: Ska punk combines ska music with punk rock music. is a subgenre of ska punk that blends ska with hardcore punk. Early ska punk combined both 2 tone and ska with hardcore punk. Ska punk often features wind instruments, especially horns such as saxophones, trombones and trumpets, making the genre distinct from other forms of punk rock. It is similar to traditional Jamaican ska, but faster and heavier.


title: Ska punk

text: Before ska punk started, many ska bands and punk rock bands performed on the same bills together and appealed to the same audiences. A ska revival occurred simultaneously around the beginning of British punk rock and the near-simultaneous rebirth of the late 1970s British mod and skinhead movements. During the late 1970s and early 1980s in United Kingdom, many punk rock bands mixed punk rock with ska influences. Pioneering punk rock band the Clash incorporated influences from ska alongside a range of other genres on their seminal 1979 post-punk album "London Calling". Songs like 1978's "Kill the Hippies" by the Deadbeats prominently featured horns, although there are no ska elements. Other British bands that were influenced by both punk rock and ska included the Specials, the Beat and Madness. With both films like the 1981 documentary film "Dance Craze" and supportive radio stations like Los Angeles, California's KROQ, ska crossed the Atlantic. Many early ska punk bands mixed 2 tone with hardcore punk. During the 1980s, ska punk was underground. However, Fishbone, one of the earliest ska punk bands, achieved moderate success. Other ska punk bands from the 1980s and early 1990s include Operation Ivy, Culture Shock, Voodoo Glow Skulls, the Porkers, Sublime, Citizen Fish, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, the Suicide Machines, MU330 and Dance Hall Crashers.


title: Ska punk

text: Ska punk broke into the mainstream in the mid-1990s with bands such as Sublime, No Doubt, Goldfinger, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Less Than Jake and Rancid all achieving mainstream success. Sublime's song "Date Rape" became a hit on major California alternative rock radio stations. However, Sublime did not reach its peak of popularity until 1996 with the release of the band's 1996 self-titled album, which was certified 5× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1999. Because of Sublime's popularity, the band's album "40oz. to Freedom" was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA in 2005.


title: Ska punk

text: Another ska punk band that achieved mainstream success during the mid-late 1990s was No Doubt. No Doubt's 1995 album "Tragic Kingdom" was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999 and was certified diamond by Music Canada in 1997. "Tragic Kingdom" sold at least 16,000,000 copies worldwide. Rancid's song "Time Bomb" peaked at number 48 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay chart and the band's 1994 album "...And Out Come the Wolves" was certified platinum by the RIAA. Reel Big Fish's album "Turn the Radio Off", which was released in August 1996, was certified gold by the RIAA in November 1997. Reel Big Fish's song "Sell Out" peaked at number 69 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay chart. Goldfinger's song "Here in Your Bedroom" peaked at number 47 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay chart. The Mighty Mighty Bosstones achieved mainstream success in 1997; their song "The Impression That I Get" peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart, number 19 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, and number 17 on the Adult Pop Songs chart. Also, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones' song "The Rascal King" peaked at number 68 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay chart. The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' album "Let's Face It", which was released in March 1997, was certified platinum by the RIAA in September 1997. In 2000, "Billboard" wrote that according to Nielsen SoundScan, "Let's Face It" sold 1,700,000 copies.