title: Oaxaca City

text: Other notable foods sold in markets include bars of chocolate (primarily used for making hot chocolate), traditional breads, and chapulines (fried grasshoppers with chile). Street foods include tlayudas, which are large, slightly crispy corn tortillas piled high with ingredients such as grilled beef (called tasajo), cheese, tomatoes, avocados, onions etc. Local drinks include those made with water, sugar and a flavoring such as aguamiel (honey water), trocitos de melón (melon), horchata (rice), tuna batida (cactus fruit shake), and nuez (nuts) as well as local fruits such as chilacayota and guanábana. In nearby Tlacolula and Ejutla an indigenous drink called 'tejate' is still prepared and sold in the local market. Known here as the drink of the gods, it is prepared with corn, cacao, cacao flower and the seed of the mamey fruit. As for alcoholic beverages, this area prefers mezcal, which like tequila is made from agave, but unlike tequila can be made from a variety of different species of the plant.


title: Oaxaca City

text: As in other areas in Mexico, chocolate has had special importance here since long before the Conquest. Aside from being a foodstuff, it was also used as medicine and cacao seeds were used as money. The chocolate prepared in this city is well known within Mexico, as it is distinguished by being flavored with cinnamon, almonds and sugar and is usually prepared with hot water or milk, served in large coffee cups with a local sweet roll.


title: Oaxaca City

text: In terms of institutions of higher education Oaxaca has several universities. Oaxaca is the site of the Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, which has buildings in various parts of the city. The most visible building is the Edificio Central de la Universidad (Central Building of the University), which is located in the historic downtown. It is in a building that originally housed the Sciences Institute. It was constructed between 1899 and 1901, in the European Romantic style that was popular for academic institutions at that time. However, indigenous touches, such as the cresting over the portal, can be seen as well. This building houses the Department of Law and Social Studies as well as the gymnasium. Additionally, the Universidad de Mesoamérica has locations in the city. The Universidad Anáhuac Oaxaca was opened in 2000.


title: Oaxaca City

text: Oaxaca-Xoxocotlan airport (IATA code OAX) is approximately 7 km south of the city centre. Most flights are to Mexico City for onward connection, but there are also flights to Huatulco, Cancún, Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Tijuana. In addition both American Airlines and United Airlines have nonstop flights between Oaxaca and their respective hubs in Dallas and Houston.


title: Oaxaca City

text: The city has separate first class and second class bus stations, offering services to most places within the state of Oaxaca, including the coastal resorts of Huatulco, Puerto Escondido, Puerto Ángel and Pinotepa Nacional, and also long-distance services to Puebla and Mexico City and other Mexican locations such as Veracruz. There are several bus lines which run in Oaxaca. The largest is TUSUG, a type of "cooperative" company. All of the drivers own their own buses and are aided by other drivers in purchasing new buses.


title: Oaxaca City

text: The major highways serving Oaxaca are Federal Highways 175 and 131, southwards to the Oaxacan coastal resorts; National Highways 190 and 125, southwest to Pinotepa Nacional; National Highways 190 and 130, to Mexico City; the autopista 150D/131D, offering a quicker route to Mexico City; and National Highway 175 north to the city of Veracruz.


title: Oaxaca City

text: A number of small towns surround the main city and are closely linked economically and culturally with the main city. Some of these towns are known for producing certain crafts that are identified with the three central valleys of Oaxaca. In these towns one can see the workshops and the crafts being produced in the traditional manner although most of these towns' products are sold in the main city. Santa María Atzompa produces glazed, glass-inlaid pottery of green, while San Antonio Arrazola and San Martín Tilcajete make alebrijes, small painted wooden figures. San Bartolo Coyotepec is known for its barro negro pottery, and Teotitlán del Valle works with wool to make tapestry and rugs. These rugs are known for their colors and geometric designs, made traditionally with natural dyes; a wild marigold, "pericon", that grows in the nearby mountains gives a gold yellow, cochineal, a native insect, gives reds and indigo, raised in the hotter regions of the state gives blues. In addition, Oaxaca city and surrounding towns have market days, where one can visit the tianguis (open-air markets) set up for that day. There are markets on each day of the week. Monday in Miahuatlan is for buying daily staples, and Tuesday, in Ayoquezco is noted for wood furniture. On Wednesday, people head to Etla and Zimatlán for dairy products, especially cheese. Thursday is reserved for the two largest "tianguis" in Ejutla and Villa de Zaachila. On Friday, in Coyotepec, Jalietza and Ocotlán cotton textiles, embroidered blouses, corn-husk flowers and glazed pottery from Atzompa are sold. Saturday is reserved for the main city of Oaxaca, and to finish, on Sunday mezcal is sold in Tlacolula.


title: Oaxaca City

text: Arbolada Ilusión, Camino a San Luis Beltrán, Camino Ancho, Casas del Sol, Colonia Buena Vista, El Bajío (Rancho Guadalupe Victoria), El Silencio, Entrada de el Silencio, Gloria Antonio Cruz, Guadalupe Victoria, Guadalupe Victoria Segunda Sección (La Mina), Lachigulera, Las Salinas (El Arco Grande), Loma Bonita, Lomas Panorámicas, Los Ángeles, Los Ángeles Uno, Miravalle, Paraje Caballetiyo, Paraje el Cerrito, Paraje el Pando, Paraje la Canoa, Paraje la Loma, Paraje la Mina, Paraje la Rabonera, Paraje Pio V (Ojito de Agua), Paraje Tierra Colorada, Pueblo Nuevo Parte Alta, Rancho el Chilar, Rancho los Girasoles, San Bernardo, Solidaridad, and Viguera The municipality has a total area of 85.48 km2 and as of 2021 has a population of roughly 715,000 people who live in or around the city limits of Oaxaca. While much of the indigenous population was either massacred or died from European diseases during the colonial era, sixteen different ethnic groups continue to inhabit the municipality. Spanish is the most commonly spoken language but according to the 2005 census, there were 20,109 people who spoke an indigenous language, representing between seven and eight percent of the population.


title: Oaxaca City

text: The municipality is bordered by San Pablo Etla, San Antonio de la Cal, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, San Andrés Huayapam, San Agustín Yatareni, Santa Lucía del Camino, Santa María Atzompa and San Jacinto Amilpas. It is located in the Valley of Oaxaca in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains, at near the geographic center of the state, and at an altitude of about 1550 m (5000 ft). The area is known as the three "Valles Centrales" (Central Valleys) region and is surrounded by thick forests of pine and holm oak.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Andrew Wegman Bird (born July 11, 1973) is an American indie rock multi-instrumentalist, singer, and songwriter. Since 1996, he has released 16 studio albums, as well as several live albums and EPs, spanning various genres including swing music, indie rock, and folk music. He is primarily known for his unique style of violin playing, accompanied by loop and effect pedals, whistling, and voice. In the 1990s, he sang and played violin in several jazz ensembles, including Squirrel Nut Zippers and Kevin O'Donnell's Quality Six. He went on to start his own swing ensemble, Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire, which released three albums between 1998 and 2001. "Weather Systems" (2003) was his first solo album after Bowl of Fire disbandment, and it marked a departure from jazz music into indie music. Bird's 2019 album "My Finest Work Yet" was nominated for "Best Folk Album" at the 2020 Grammy Awards.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Beyond his own record releases, he has collaborated with various artists, including The Handsome Family, Dosh, Fiona Apple, and Nora O'Connor.


title: Andrew Bird

text: He has also had a career in film, as a soundtrack composer as well as an actor. He appeared as "Dr. Stringz" in a 2007 episode of Jack's Big Music Show. In 2010, he appeared on a TED Talk performing his music. He wrote and performed "The Whistling Caruso" for "The Muppets" movie in 2011, and composed the score for the television series "Baskets", released in 2016. In 2019, Andrew Bird was cast for the fourth installment of "Fargo", playing, "a character, written specifically for him, named 'Thurman Smutney'."


title: Andrew Bird

text: Trained in the Suzuki method from the age of four, Bird graduated from Lake Forest High School in 1991 and Northwestern University with a bachelor's degree in violin performance in 1996. That same year he self-released his first solo album, "Music of Hair". Vastly different from his later work, this album showcased his violin skills and paid tribute to his fascination with both American and European folk traditions, as well as jazz and blues. Following this, his initial commercial exposure came through collaborative work with the band Squirrel Nut Zippers, appearing on three of their albums ("Hot", "Sold Out", and "Perennial Favorites") between 1996 and 1998.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Taking on the role of bandleader, Bird released "Thrills" on Rykodisc in 1998 with his group Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire, shortly followed by a second album "Oh! The Grandeur" in 1999. Both albums were heavily influenced by traditional folk, pre-war jazz, and swing, with Bird relying on the violin as his primary musical instrument, as well as providing vocals along with his trademark verbose lyrics. The Bowl of Fire featured musicians from Bird's hometown of Chicago, including Kevin O'Donnell, Joshua Hirsch, Jon Williams, Nora O'Connor, Andy Hopkins, Jimmy Sutton, Colin Bunn, and Ryan Hembrey. During this period, Andrew Bird was a member of the jazz group Kevin O'Donnell's Quality Six, for which he was the lead singer and violinist and contributed to arrangements and songwriting for the albums "Heretic Blues" (Delmark 1999) and "Control Freak" (Delmark 2000) (both Delmark albums were produced by Raymond Salvatore Harmon).


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2001, the Bowl of Fire released their third album, "The Swimming Hour", a dramatic departure from their previous recordings. It featured a mixture of styles, from the zydeco-influenced "Core and Rind" to more straightforward rock songs such as "11:11". Due to this eclectic nature, Bird has often referred to it as his "jukebox album". Although gaining critical praise ("The Swimming Hour" received a 9.0 from indie music website Pitchfork), the band failed to attain commercial success or recognition, playing to audiences as small as 40 people. In 2002, Bird was asked to open for a band in his hometown of Chicago, but fellow Bowl of Fire members were unavailable for the date. The reluctant Bird performed the gig alone, and the surprising success of this solo show suggested potential new directions for his music.


title: Andrew Bird

text: The Bowl of Fire unofficially disbanded in 2003, and Bird went on to radically reinvent himself as a solo artist. His two subsequent albums were released on Ani Difranco's Righteous Babe Records label. 2003's "Weather Systems" (originally released on Grimsey Records) was a sparse record with a dramatic change in musical direction. It featured the tracks "Skin" and "I", proto-versions of songs that would later become "Skin Is, My" ("The Mysterious Production of Eggs") and "Imitosis" ("Armchair Apocrypha"). On May 10, 2004, Andrew appeared on the Woodsongs Old-Time Radio Hour where he performed "First Song" and "Action Adventure" both from the Weather Systems album. He discussed and demonstrated looping, which was how he could perform solo and still have a fully finished sound.


title: Andrew Bird

text: "The Mysterious Production of Eggs" (2005) continued a progression towards an eclectic indie–folk sound, and both records formed a stark stylistic break with Bird's earlier work, swapping the lush backing of a full band for carefully layered samples of sound constructed using multitrack recorders and loop pedals. As his sound changed, Bird made increasing use of guitar, glockenspiel, and whistling in his songwriting, in addition to his traditional violin and vocals.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Bird is noted for improvising and reworking his songs during live performance, as can be seen in his series of self-released live compilations entitled "Fingerlings", "Fingerlings 2", "Fingerlings 3", and "Fingerlings 4", the first of which was released in 2002. Each "Fingerlings" EP was released prior to a studio album, and presented a mixture of live performances from different shows, including old tracks, covers, and previously unreleased songs, some of which have since appeared on studio albums. "Fingerlings 3", released in October 2006, also featured studio outtakes. Fingerlings 2 provided Bird with an unexpected boost in recognition in 2004 when it was named album of the month by "Mojo".


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2005, collaborator Martin Dosh joined Bird's line-up, adding percussion and keyboards to his sound. Jeremy Ylvisaker was later added to the group on bass and backup vocals.


title: Andrew Bird

text: In September 2006, Bird signed to Fat Possum Records, and in March 2007 he released his third post-Bowl of Fire album, "Armchair Apocrypha". The album was recorded in collaboration with electronic musician Martin Dosh, and includes a track composed by Dosh (with lyrics by Bird) entitled "Simple X". This song first appeared without Bird's lyrics as "Simple Exercises" on Dosh's 2004 release "Pure Trash". The album was produced by Ben Durrant (who had worked on Dosh's "The Lost Take"), and also featured Haley Bonar and Chris Morrissey. In advance of the March release date, "Armchair Apocrypha" was leaked to the Internet in January 2007. The album went on to sell over 100,000 copies.


title: Andrew Bird

text: As publicity for "Armchair Apocrypha", Bird made his network television debut on April 10, 2007, performing "Plasticities" (from the new album) on the "Late Show with David Letterman". He also appeared on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" on June 14, 2007, performing "Imitosis" from the same album. In April 2007, he did a "Take-Away Show" acoustic video session shot by Vincent Moon. These appearances were accompanied by an extensive tour, which ended with sell-out performances at the Beacon Theater, New York and the Orpheum Theater, Los Angeles.


title: Andrew Bird

text: In January 2007, Bird made an appearance on the Noggin television network's "Jack's Big Music Show", playing the part of Dr. Stringz and appearing in order to mend Mary's broken dulcimer. Bird sang a brief song called "Dr. Stringz", written specially for the show. He now often plays it live as an introduction to the song "Fake Palindromes".


title: Andrew Bird

text: On May 20, 2007, National Public Radio aired a live concert by Bird from Washington, D.C.'s He also worked with Reverb, a non-profit environmental organization, for his 2007 spring tour.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Five of his songs – "Banking on a Myth" from "The Mysterious Production of Eggs," a medley of "I" from "Weather Systems" and "Imitosis" from "Armchair Apocrypha," and "Skin" and "Weather Systems" from "Weather Systems" – have been licensed for use by Marriott Residence Inn.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Since March 2008, Bird has contributed to "Measure for Measure," a "New York Times" blog in which musicians write about their songwriting process. In it, he has charted the development of the song "Oh No," previewing samples at various stages of development through to the finished album recording. He also discussed the conception of the song "Natural Disaster," the recording of instrumental piece "Hot Math," and previewed "Master Sigh." The first two songs were later released on Bird's 2009 album "Noble Beast", whilst the latter two appeared on its bonus disc "Useless Creatures". "Oh No" was featured in the show Billions.


title: Andrew Bird

text: In November 2008, he appeared in the second series of Nigel Godrich's "From the Basement" alongside Radiohead and Fleet Foxes. His performance included a preview of new song "Section 8 City," a ten-minute re-imagining of "Sectionate City," which originally appeared on the "Soldier on" EP.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Bird's fifth solo album, "Noble Beast," was released on January 20, 2009, and contained fourteen new songs, with bonus tracks available for download from iTunes and eMusic. "The Privateers" is a re-imagining of a very early song entitled "The Confession" from 1999's "Oh! The Grandeur." A limited deluxe edition of the album included alternate packaging and artwork, as well as an all-instrumental companion disc entitled "Useless Creatures." The entirety of "Useless Creatures" was made available via Bird's website during the run-up to the release. "Noble Beast" has been met with generally favourable reviews, receiving a score of 79 out of 100 from review collation site Metacritic.


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2009, he contributed a cover of the song "The Giant of Illinois" to the HIV and AIDS benefit album "Dark Was the Night" produced by the Red Hot Organization. On May 11, 2009, Bird released the EP "Fitz and the Dizzy Spells." It contains "Fitz and the Dizzyspells" from "Noble Beast," as well as other songs from that album's recording sessions. Some of the songs on the EP were previously available for download from iTunes and eMusic as bonus tracks to "Noble Beast."


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2010, Bird recorded with the Preservation Hall Jazz Band, contributing vocals and violin on a cover of "Shake It and Break It" on "Preservation: An Album to Benefit Preservation Hall & The Preservation Hall Music Outreach Program." In August 2010, Bird contributed a charity T-shirt to the Yellow Bird Project to raise money for the Pegasus Special Riders Fund, which provides therapeutic horse riding activities for adults and children with special needs.


title: Andrew Bird

text: In late 2011 Bird signed to the record label Mom + Pop Music. Andrew Bird's first release for the label was the soundtrack to the film Norman, which included his original score as well as songs by other artists. Bird sequenced the soundtrack to flow as a stand-alone album rather than a compilation of music from the film. Its music supervisor, Peymon Maskan, told HitQuarters: "The best compliment I've heard is that without having seen the film, you can imagine it by listening to the soundtrack. The sequence is a big part of that effect."


title: Andrew Bird

text: On December 6, Bird announced a new album "Break it Yourself", the follow up to 2009's "Noble Beast".


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2011 "Andrew Bird: Fever Year", a feature-length concert documentary on Bird's year-long tour, had its World Premiere at Lincoln Center with the prestigious New York Film Festival. The film's festival-only run closed in 2013 after screening in over ninety international festivals and winning nine awards. "Fever Year" depicts Bird and his band during the final months of a tour during which he reportedly suffered from constant fever. When asked on her website if the film will be released on DVD, director Xan Aranda stated that the film was commissioned by and belongs to Bird, thus the release is up to him to decide. "Andrew Bird: Fever Year" also features Martin Dosh, Michael Lewis, Jeremy Ylvisaker, and St. Vincent (Annie Clark).


title: Andrew Bird

text: In September 2012, Bird announced "Hands Of Glory", a companion EP to "Break it Yourself". The album was released on October 30.


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2014, Andrew Bird's song "Pulaski at Night" was featured in the second-season premiere episode of "Orange Is the New Black". "Pulaski at Night" was also featured in the first season of Paolo Sorrentino's "The Young Pope".


title: Andrew Bird

text: On June 10, 2014, Andrew Bird released his album "Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of…", an album of covers of The Handsome Family and Bird's first record that does not contain any of his own compositions.


title: Andrew Bird

text: On April 1, 2016, Bird released his tenth solo album, "Are You Serious" with Loma Vista Recordings. The album featured guest vocals from Fiona Apple and includes Bird's earlier track, "Pulaski at Night", now renamed "Pulaski." A total of 6 songs from the album have been released as singles as of August 2017.


title: Andrew Bird

text: He appeared in episode 14 of the Hulu series "The Path", February 8, 2017, playing "Roma Fade" as part of a "private concert".


title: Andrew Bird

text: On March 22, 2019, Bird released "My Finest Work Yet" via Loma Vista Recordings. Produced by Paul Butler and Bird, the album was recorded live to tape at Barefoot Studios in Los Angeles, CA, emulating the production and sound of mid-20th century jazz recordings engineered by Rudy Van Gelder. Featured singles included "Bloodless", "Sisyphus" and "Manifest". "My Finest Work Yet" was nominated for "Best Folk Album" at the 2019 Grammy Awards.


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2019, Andrew Bird was cast for the fourth installment of "Fargo", playing, "a character, written specifically for him, named 'Thurman Smutney'."


title: Andrew Bird

text: In 2020 he was featured in an episode of "Meditative Story" about the musical turning point in his life that led up to making "Weather Systems", scored with original music.


title: Andrew Bird

text: On October 30, 2020, Bird released "Hark!", his first full-length Christmas-themed album. Six songs from the album initially appeared on an EP, also titled "Hark!", which was released digitally in November 2019.


title: Andrew Bird

text: On June 3, 2022, Bird released "Inside Problems" via Loma Vista Recordings. The album was produced by Mike Viola and recorded live by Bird with his four-piece band. Additional vocal overdubs were provided by Madison Cunningham. The same month, Bird kicked off the co-headlining Outside Problems tour with Iron & Wine, performed at outdoor venues across the United States.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Growing up, Bird was surrounded by classical music. As a child, he was interested in Irish tunes and bluegrass. He also cites English and Scottish folk music as an early influence. His early jazz influences were Johnny Hodges, Lester Young, and Fats Waller. He has also had a number of classical influences such as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and Béla Bartók. Other influences included jazz, swing, calypso, and folk. Bird has stated that, at 22, he found a lot of indie rock and pop music repetitive and boring, but now understands it better.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Andrew Bird appears to have a close relationship with The Handsome Family, an Americana band from Illinois. Covers of their songs have appeared in several of his albums, including "When The Helicopter Comes," on "Hands of Glory", "Tin Foiled," on "Fingerlings 3", and "Don't Be Scared," from "Weather Systems". His album, "Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of…" is a ten-song cover album, with a strong country feeling.


title: Andrew Bird

text: The album's liner notes contain a response from Rennie Sparks, the band's lyricist and singer: "Hearing Andrew's version of our songs feels like suddenly spotting a new and shining doorway in the midst of a room I have spent my life in. It's like finding a stairway in the forest leading upward to the sky. His recasting of our work gives me the strange and wonderful pleasure of understanding my own songs better by hearing him perform them."


title: Andrew Bird

text: One of Bird's primary instruments is a violin which he acquired when he was 16. His "first serious violin," was custom made by a Polish luthier in Chicago, and Bird had to audition to prove he was worthy of playing it. In 2017, following the release of "Are You Serious", he commissioned Peter Seman to build a 5-string violin. The custom instrument features a lower C string (giving it the range of a viola), a unique scroll which bends backwards, and has no corners.


title: Andrew Bird

text: For looping, Andrew Bird uses two Line 6 DL4 delay pedals: one for rhythmic pizzicato, and the other, "is dedicated to the ambient bowed strings." The DL4, on top of being able to loop, can also slow down and speed up loops, lowering or raising the pitch of a recording by an octave in the process. This feature occurs in many of Bird's songs, as well as live performances. He also uses an octave pedal to give the violin the range of a bass.


title: Andrew Bird

text: He began using loop pedals to compensate when performing alone on stage, but later found that looping helped him to "embrace repetition," and compose his songs in a more straightforward manner, since he felt his writing style was too chaotic.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Bird does not have a regular band that he plays with, and personnel changes with each album. Throughout his career, he has performed with a rotating cast of musicians. However, some musicians have appeared on several different albums, and performed with Andrew Bird on multiple tours.


title: Andrew Bird

text: Originally "supposed to be a lark, kind of a between records thing", the Hands of Glory was an old-time band started by Andrew Bird. The group toured and recorded one eponymous album under the name in 2012, and "Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of…"the album of covers of The Handsome Family in 2014.


title: Marian apparition

text: A Marian apparition is a reported supernatural appearance by Mary, the mother of Jesus, or a series of related such appearances during a period of time.


title: Marian apparition

text: In the Catholic Church, in order for a reported appearance to be classified as a Marian apparition, the person or persons who claim to see Mary (the "seers") must claim that they see her visually located in their environment. If the person claims to hear Mary but not see her, this is known as an interior locution, not an apparition. Also excluded from the category of apparitions are dreams, visions experienced in the imagination, the claimed perception of Mary in ordinarily-explainable natural phenomena, and miracles associated with Marian artwork, such as weeping statues.


title: Marian apparition

text: Believers consider such apparitions to be real and objective interventions of divine power, rather than subjective experiences generated by the perceiving individuals, even in cases where the apparition is reportedly seen by only some, not all, of the people present at the event's location.


title: Marian apparition

text: Marian apparitions are considered expressions of Mary's ongoing motherly care for the church. The understood purpose of each apparition is to draw attention to some aspect of the Christian message, given the needs of a particular time and place. Apparitions are often accompanied by other alleged supernatural phenomena, such as medical cures. However, such miraculous events are not considered the purpose of Marian apparitions, but are alleged to exist primarily to validate and draw attention to the message.


title: Marian apparition

text: Each Marian apparition is often associated with one or more titles given to Mary, often based on the location of the apparition, such as Our Lady of Pontmain in Pontmain, France (1871). Others are named using a title which Mary purportedly applies to herself during the alleged apparition, as in the case of the disputed apparition entitled The Lady of All Nations (Netherlands, 1945..1959).


title: Marian apparition

text: Some Marian apparitions have only one purported seer, such as that of Our Lady of Lourdes (France, 1858). Other apparitions have multiple seers; in the case of Our Lady of Fatima (1917), there were only three seers of the apparition itself, but miraculous phenomena were reported by a crowd of approximately 70,000 people, and even by others located miles away. In other cases, the entirety of a large group of people claims to see Mary, as in the case of Our Lady of La Vang (Vietnam, c. 1800). Some modern mass apparitions, claimed to have been witnessed by hundreds of thousands, have also allegedly been photographed, such as Our Lady of Zeitoun (Egypt, 1968..1971).


title: Marian apparition

text: Most alleged apparitions involve the verbal communication of messages, but others are silent, such as the apparition of Our Lady of Knock (Ireland, 1879).


title: Marian apparition

text: Some apparitions are one-time events, such as Our Lady of La Salette (France, 1846). Others recur over an extended period of time, such as Our Lady of Laus (France, 17th/18th centuries), whose seer claimed 54 years of appearances. Public, serial apparitions (in which a seer not only says that they have experienced a vision, but that they expect it will reoccur, causing people to gather to observe) appear to be a relatively recent phenomenon; up until about the seventeenth century, most reported apparitions happened when the individual was alone, or at least no one else was aware of its occurrence.


title: Marian apparition

text: Physical contact is hardly ever reported as part of Marian apparitions. In rare cases, a physical artifact is reportedly left behind, such as the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Mexico, 1531), which is said to have been miraculously imprinted on the cloak of Juan Diego.


title: Marian apparition

text: The Catholic Church believes that it is possible for actually-supernatural Marian apparitions to occur, but also believes that many claimed apparitions are fabricated by the seer or the result of something other than divine intervention. For this reason, the Catholic Church has a formal evaluation process established for assessing claimed apparitions.


title: Marian apparition

text: In 1978, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith promulgated the currently-used investigation guidelines in a document entitled "Norms of the Congregation for Proceeding in Judging Alleged Apparitions and Revelations," better known as , a shortening of its Latin title. Investigations into alleged apparitions can be carried out by the local ordinary (i.e. diocesan bishop), the national episcopal conference, or the Holy See. Apparitions are evaluated on multiple criteria, including the sincerity and moral uprightness of the seers, the theological accuracy of the messages, and positive spiritual benefits resulting from the apparition event.


title: Marian apparition

text: Occasionally, an ecclesial authority will decide not to investigate the veracity of an apparition in itself, but will approve the religious practices that have grown around the alleged apparition, such as by authorizing public veneration connected with the apparition, or by granting a request contained in the apparition messages. Pope Leo XIII, for example, authorized the use of a scapular described in the messages of Our Lady of Pellevoisin (France, 1876), but did not pass judgment on the supernatural character of the apparition itself.


title: Marian apparition

text: Even if a Catholic bishop approves an apparition, belief in the apparition is never required of the Catholic faithful. The Catholic faith is based on so-called Public Revelation, which ended with the death of the last living Apostle. A Marian apparition, however, is considered private revelation, which may emphasize some facet of the received public revelation for a specific purpose, but can never add anything new to the deposit of faith.


title: Marian apparition

text: In the Catholic Church, approval of a Marian apparition is relatively rare. The majority of investigated apparitions are rejected as fraudulent or otherwise false. Recently rejected apparition claims include those of "Our Lady of Surbiton," denounced as fraudulent in 2007, and those associated with Holy Love Ministries in Elyria, Ohio, condemned in 2009. Some whose apparition claims are rejected secede from the Catholic Church as a result and initiate new groups, as for the case of the Mariavite Church, the Palmarian Catholic Church, and the Fraternité Notre-Dame.


title: Marian apparition

text: Marian apparitions, particularly those that are approved officially, often affect Christian piety and the general public. Apparitions can become a part of national identity, as Our Lady of Guadalupe is for the majority-Catholic population of Mexico.


title: Marian apparition

text: In many cases, apparition seers report a request from Mary for the construction of a shrine on the place of the apparition. Such Marian shrines often become popular sites of pilgrimage. The most-visited Marian shrine in the world is the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City, which draws 10 million pilgrims each year. Other popular apparition-related Marian pilgrimage sites include the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima in Portugal (6–8 million per year) and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in France (5 million annually).


title: Marian apparition

text: Apparitions often result in the establishment of Marian confraternities, movements, and societies that seek to heed and spread the messages of a particular apparition, such as the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima.


title: Marian apparition

text: Occasionally, apparitions will introduce prayers that become incorporated into widespread Catholic practice, as for the case of the Fátima prayers, or the legendary revelation of the Rosary to Saint Dominic.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Trumbo is a 2015 American biographical drama film directed by Jay Roach and written by John McNamara. The film stars Bryan Cranston, Diane Lane, Helen Mirren, Louis C.K., Elle Fanning, John Goodman, Michael Stuhlbarg as Edward G. Robinson, Dean O'Gorman as Kirk Douglas, and David James Elliott as John Wayne. The film follows the life of Hollywood screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, and is based on the 1977 biography "Dalton Trumbo" by Bruce Alexander Cook.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: The film was shown in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2015, and was released on November 6, 2015, by Bleecker Street. The film received generally positive reviews, with Bryan Cranston being nominated for several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Actor.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Dalton Trumbo is a screenwriter whose talent places him among the elite of Hollywood. However, his active membership in the Communist Party of the USA draws the contempt of staunchly anti-Soviet entertainment-industry figures such as columnist Hedda Hopper and actor John Wayne.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Trumbo is one of 10 screenwriters subpoenaed to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) regarding Communist propaganda in Hollywood films. They refuse to directly answer questions, confident that a liberal majority on the Supreme Court will overturn their convictions for contempt of Congress. Trumbo's friend Edward G. Robinson, who supports the cause, sells Vincent van Gogh's 1887 painting "Portrait of Père Tanguy" to raise money for their legal defense fund. The unexpected deaths of Justices Wiley Rutledge and Frank Murphy ruin Trumbo's plan to appeal. In 1950, Trumbo serves 11 months in Federal Correctional Institution in Ashland, Kentucky.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: As the Hollywood Blacklist expands to exclude more communists and communist sympathizers from working in the industry, Trumbo and his comrades are abandoned by Robinson and producer Buddy Ross, who disavow them to protect their careers. Trumbo is released from prison, but he remains blacklisted and his finances – and family life – become increasingly strained. He resorts to giving the screenplay for "Roman Holiday" to his friend Ian McLellan Hunter, to take credit and a share of the money, and eventually the Academy Award for Best Story. Selling his idyllic lakeside home and moving to a house in the city, he goes to work as a pseudonymous screenwriter for the low-budget King Brothers Productions, also farming out the writing of B-movie screenplays to fellow blacklisted writers. He puts his wife Cleo and teenage children to work as his support staff, adding to domestic conflict. King Brothers' film "The Brave One", an original story by Trumbo under a pseudonym, receives an Academy Award he cannot claim. His blacklisted friend Arlen Hird dies from cancer, destitute, but an attempt by Hedda Hopper's allies to intimidate the head of King Brothers into firing Trumbo fails completely.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Over time, industry suspicion of Trumbo's ghostwriting develops, but he is careful not to confirm it. In 1960, actor Kirk Douglas recruits him to write the screenplay for his epic film "Spartacus", and director Otto Preminger recruits him to script "Exodus". Both men publicly credit him as the screenwriter, despite Hopper's futile efforts to intimidate Douglas into dropping Trumbo. By early 1961, the effectiveness of the Blacklist had been broken to the point where newly elected US President John F. Kennedy publicly endorsed "Spartacus", and Trumbo and others are able to begin rebuilding their careers. Ten years later, finally receiving his due accolades from Hollywood, Trumbo speaks about how the Blacklist victimized them all: those who stood by their principles and lost their jobs, and also those who compromised their principles to keep them.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: On September 18, 2013, Bryan Cranston joined the cast to play Dalton Trumbo. On April 14, 2014, Helen Mirren joined the cast to play Hedda Hopper. On August 7, 2014, Diane Lane, Elle Fanning, John Goodman, and Michael Stuhlbarg joined the cast. On August 13, 2014, David James Elliott, Peter Mackenzie, and Roger Bart joined the cast to play John Wayne, Robert Kenny, and Buddy Ross, respectively. On September 6, 2014, Louis C.K. joined the cast to play Arlen Hird. On September 22, 2014, Dean O'Gorman joined the cast to play Kirk Douglas. On October 16, 2014, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje joined the cast to play Virgil Brooks. Principal photography began on September 15, 2014, and ended on November 6, 2014.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: On August 13, 2014, it was announced that Bleecker Street would distribute the film. The film had its world premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2015. The film had a limited release on November 6, 2015 before going wide on November 25.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: "Trumbo" grossed $7.9 million in the United States and Canada and $5.4 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $13.3 million.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 205 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's critical consensus states, ""Trumbo" serves as an honorable and well-acted tribute to a brilliant writer's principled stand, even if it doesn't quite achieve the greatness of its subject's own classic screenplays." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, saying, ""Trumbo" may be clumsy and overly simplistic at times, but it's still an important reminder of how democracy can fail (that is, when a fervent majority turns on those with different and potentially threatening values), and the strength of character it takes to fight the system." Lou Lumenick of the "New York Post" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "It's a cracking good story, and Cranston does a great job portraying a man who made great sacrifices for his principles." Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review, saying "Part biopic, part historical gloss, "Trumbo" tells a great-man story with a patchwork of fact and fiction, mixing in the odd bit of newsreel with a great many dull, visually flat and poorly lighted dramatic scenes." Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave the film three out of four stars, saying ""Trumbo" is breezy and pithy without ever undercutting the seriousness of the subject. A certain degree of wit is appropriate in a writer's story, just as any Hollywood tale must at least have a whiff of absurdity, or else it can't be true." Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three out of four stars, saying ""Trumbo" is a corny, well-made B-movie about an A-list screenwriter who had to take jobs writing B-movies after he was blacklisted, but eventually worked his way back to writing A-movies with Kirk Douglas a.k.a. Spartacus as his champion."


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Jordan Mintzer of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, saying "What makes the movie work are the lively performances, both from the supporting cast and from Cranston, who sheds the mimicry and pontificating of earlier scenes to turn "Trumbo" into a wry, self-deprecating and somewhat cheeky older man, even if he continued to stand up for what was right." Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Cranston's performance is the motor that runs "Trumbo", and that motor never idles, never flags in momentum or magnetism or idealistic scorn." Alonso Duralde of "TheWrap" gave the film a positive review, saying "Roach and McNamara fall victim to the occasional phony biopic moment or straight-up moment of didacticism, but overall "Trumbo" is a lively history about the day-in-day-out drudgery of survival during oppressive times. Screenwriters are so rarely taken seriously by the film industry that it's a nice switch to watch them be the heroes." Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Roach's film may be light in places, even sugarcoated in others, but any reminder of the past and its impact on the future is a welcome one. Plus, we get a good Cranston performance in the bargain."


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Despite generally positive reviews, several reviewers criticized the film for being historically misleading or ideologically manipulative. Godfrey Cheshire of the "Roger Ebert Journal" wrote that "Trumbo" is "another of those simplistic, made-to-order films about the Hollywood blacklist in which the blacklisted movie folks are all innocent, in every conceivable way." Cheshire decried the film's insinuation that the House Committee on Un-American Activities created the Hollywood blacklist and that "Sen. Joseph McCarthy had something to do with Congress' pursuit of Hollywood." Cheshire also criticized the film for mainstreaming communism: "it invites us to see the Communist Party USA as just another political party rather than as the domestic instrument of a hostile and ultra-murderous foreign tyranny."


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Other critics raised similar historical concerns. While the film portrays Trumbo as "a New Deal liberal hero defending civil liberties", Ron Capshaw in "The American Spectator" stated the real Trumbo was an outspoken supporter of Soviet-style communism, including Joseph Stalin and North Korean dictator Kim Il-sung. The conservative Pat Buchanan questioned the appropriateness of portraying Trumbo as a "martyr to the first amendment" while overlooking his support for regimes that actively suppress free speech. Armond White of "National Review" went a step further, accusing director Jay Roach of "unrestrained partisanship" for whitewashing the history of communism to invent a hero that supports Roach's political views.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: Bryan Cranston received numerous award nominations for his portrayal of Trumbo, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.


title: Trumbo (2015 film)

text: The film depicts actor Edward G. Robinson betraying his friend Dalton Trumbo and others by naming them as communists before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Robinson testified four times before the committee and eventually stated that he had been a dupe of communist front organizations. According to the transcript of a hearing on April 30, 1952, Robinson gave the following testimony: "Well, you had Albert Maltz, and you have Dalton Trumbo, and you have—what is the other fellow, the top fellow who they say is the commissar out there?", and after being prompted by his questioner (Mr. Walter), Robinson continued: "Yes, John Howard Lawson. I knew Frank Tuttle. I didn't know Dmytryk at all. There are the Buchmans, that I know, Sidney Buchman and all that sort of thing. It never entered my mind that any of these people were Communists." His testimony is re-enacted in the film, but with alterations, including to some of the names and their order. For instance, instead of John Howard Lawson, the composite character, Arlen Hird, is identified as "the commissar".


title: Dalton Gang

text: The Dalton Gang was a group of outlaws in the American Old West during 1890–1892. It was also known as The Dalton Brothers because four of its members were brothers. The gang specialized in bank and train robberies. During an attempted double bank robbery in Coffeyville, Kansas in 1892, two of the brothers and two other gang members were killed; Emmett Dalton survived, was captured, and later pleaded guilty to second-degree murder, although he later asserted that he never fired a shot during the robbery. He was paroled after serving 14 years in prison.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Brothers Bob, "Grat", and Emmett had first worked as lawmen for the federal court at Fort Smith, Arkansas and then for the Osage Nation. They started stealing horses to make more money, and then fled the area. They decided to form a gang and started robbing trains and banks. While their older brother "Bill" Dalton never joined any heists, he served as their spy and informant.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Due to the sensationalism that surrounded the Dalton Gang's exploits, they were accused of robberies all over the country but operated chiefly in California, Kansas, Oklahoma Territory, and Indian Territory. Numerous myths were published about the gang. After Bob and Grat were killed at Coffeyville, Bill Dalton formed another gang with Bill Doolin, known as the Wild Bunch or the Dalton-Doolin Gang.


title: Dalton Gang

text: James Lewis Dalton from Jackson County, Missouri and Kentucky was the father of all four boys. He was a saloon keeper in Kansas City, Missouri when he married Adeline Lee Younger. Through her brother, Adeline was an aunt of Cole and Jim Younger, of the famous James-Younger Gang. Although the Daltons may have been inspired by their famous cousins' exploits, the Youngers were much older and were in prison at the time of the Dalton Gang's activities.


title: Dalton Gang

text: On Nov 27, 1887, Frank Dalton and another deputy marshal, Jim Cole, went across the river from Fort Smith to arrest three whiskey bootleggers. As they approached the camp the bootleggers began to fire on them. Frank shot and killed two, but his gun jammed and he was killed by the remaining bootlegger. His deputy abandoned him after being wounded. Frank is buried in Coffeyville, Kansas.


title: Dalton Gang

text: After Frank's death, Grat moved back from California and took over his brother's job as deputy marshal at Fort Smith. He also brought Bob along as a posse member. In August 1888, the two formed a posse to arrest a man named Charley Montgomery. Montgomery was alleged to be posing as a deputy marshal. Bob discovered his location in Timber Hills while Grat was away searching in Coffeyville and went ahead to lead the posse in making the arrest himself before Montgomery could escape the territory. The stakeout ended in Montomery’s death.


title: Dalton Gang

text: In January 1889, Grat and Bob both became deputies first under Marshal Jones and later under Marshal R.L. Walker in Wichita. Looking to earn more money, Bob also became part of the Osage Nation police force in addition to his job as a deputy. Unlike the marshals office, the Osage Police paid a monthly salary. Bob also hired Emmett under him to guard prisoners.


title: Dalton Gang

text: The low pay that Bob, Grat, and Emmett were receiving from the marshal began to weigh on them, as the marshal was forced to wait for funds to arrive from the federal government before he could pay them. This meant that the Daltons would go without pay for sometimes months at a time. This forced them to rely on Bob's pay from the Osage police and led them to incur debts for their many expenses as deputies. Bob went to Marshal Walker's office in September 1889 to complain about the shortage of pay, but was subsequently fired. Bob would never reveal the fact of his dismissal to the Osage police or even his family, and due to an oversight on Marshal Walker's part, he retained his badge and commission. Not trying to risk the humiliation of being publicly dismissed, Bob moved to patrol the outer reaches of the Osage Nation with Emmett, the latter kept unaware that his brother was no longer a deputy.


title: Dalton Gang

text: For the next several months, the two brothers would stop any suspicious wagon they could find and would frequently discover stashes of illegal liquor. Rather than making any arrests, Bob chose to fine the culprits himself as well as confiscate their liquor. Bob eventually convinced Grat to go with him to Fort Smith to see if the new marshal, Jacob Yoes, would hire them as deputies. Marshal Yoes hired Grat on the spot, but refused to hire Bob as a deputy due to his young age. He instead offered Bob and Emmett both positions as possemen for Deputy Floyd Wilson. Counting on a lack of communication between the Fort Smith and Wichita Marshals, Bob and Emmett returned to the outer Osage Nation where Bob continued to pose as a deputy, while they also worked as possemen under Grat and Deputy Wilson.


title: Dalton Gang

text: The Dalton's good reputation in the Osage Nation began to wane during the winter of 1890, when Bob was witnessed, not only accompanying two bootleggers to a Christmas celebration held by a group of Osages where they sold jugs of whiskey, but also celebrating and becoming heavily drunk himself. Several witnesses at the celebration, including an Osage chief named Chi-sho-wah-hah who owned the home, reported Bob to the marshal. Warrants were issued to Deputy Lafe Shadley for the arrest of both Bob and Emmett on January 7. Shadley was a friend of the Dalton's and, instead of issuing the warrant, warned the boys to remain hidden, which they did for three months. After relying on friends and family for food and shelter, Grat and Deputy Wilson convinced Bob and Emmett to turn themselves in. On March 26, they both appeared for their hearing. Emmett was discharged, but Bob was set to appear in the District Court at Wichita on September 1, his bail set at $1,000. This was immediately paid by Deputy Shadley.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Earlier that same month, on March 6, the Vinita "Indian Chieftain" mentioned an assault committed by Grat against a man named Delonsdale. Grat and Delonsdale had gotten into an altercation in the street shortly after Grat had woken up hungover after a long night of drinking and gambling in Tulsa. Even with these public stains on the Dalton's reputation, Bob and Emmett tried to continue to work as possemen under Grat and Deputy Wilson. With his twenty-first birthday only a short time away, Bob hoped Marshal Yoes would consider making him a deputy and forget about his pending trial. That April, however, Marshal Yoes decided to fire Grat. Bob and Emmett continued working under Deputy Wilson, but they soon gained the impression that they were no longer welcome. On June 20, 1890, Bob told Deputy Wilson that he and Emmett were quitting and the two left Tulsa.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Worried that he would be found guilty at his upcoming trial, Bob discussed a plan with Emmett to travel to their brother Bill's ranch in California and that he would write to their brothers there to see if they could find them some work. Bob, still bitter at the Osage chief Chi-sho-wah-hah for snitching on him for drinking that Christmas Eve, suggested getting revenge by stealing the chief's mules and then using the proceeds to fund their trip. Emmett was reluctant, but was convinced to go along with Bob's plan, always eventually following his older brothers lead.


title: Dalton Gang

text: That July, Bob and Emmett stole two of Chi-sho-wah-hah's mules and twenty other unguarded horses they came upon in Osage territory. They then drove the livestock to Wagoner, Indian Territory, and tried to sell them to a man from Fort Smith. When the man started asking too many questions, Bob and Emmett took the stock and headed on towards Kansas, selling the mules to a man named Emmett Vann near Vinita, before selling the horses in Columbus, Kansas. Bob and Emmett both found the venture so profitable that they decided to steal another forty horses near Claremore from ranchers Bob Rogers and Frank Musgrove.


title: Dalton Gang

text: When they arrived in Columbus to sell the stock, the Daltons had to dodge several curious questions about the many brands on their stock. When their buyer, W.W. Scott, eventually showed up, he offered them way below market price. Not having another buyer and wanting to get rid of the illegal stock, Bob and Emmett were forced to accept the price. Expecting cash, they were disappointed when they were handed a check and told to take it or leave it. Frustrated, Bob took the check to the bank and endorsed it and, not expecting that Scott was suspicious of them, used his real name.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Soon after selling their stock to Scott, Bob and Emmett rounded up another twenty horses in the Osage Nation and planned to bring them to Scott's home at Baxter Springs, Kansas. They planned to sell them to Scott before he could realize that the first band of horses was stolen. On their way to the stockyards, however, Bob and Emmett passed the train depot when they suddenly noticed Scott, Rogers, and Musgrove all conversing near the front. Rogers and Musgrove had just finished proving ownership to Scott of their stolen stock and were preparing to drive their reclaimed animals away. The three men then turned, looked directly at the two boys, and immediately began to point and shout for their cowboys to chase after them. Bob and Emmett barely escaped the posse with their lives as bullets flew around them.


title: Dalton Gang

text: After Baxter Springs, the stockmen began organizing to capture Bob and Emmett, so the two hid out for several months on the bluffs of the Canadian River(near the present day location of Taloga, Oklahoma) about 70 miles northwest of Kingfisher, in a dugout they had made on a ranch owned by a man named Jim Riley. There they were able to safely send to Grat for help. Grat tried to send them food, horses, and ammunition, but was caught and thrown in jail at Fort Smith, where he had formerly placed prisoners. After two weeks, Grat was released in the hopes he would lead the law to his brothers. However, Bob and Emmett had grown tired of hiding and were able to take a train to California. They planned to work at their older brother Bill's ranch near San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County, California, where they would keep a low profile.


title: Dalton Gang

text: When Grat Dalton was released from the jail at Fort Smith, he went to his mothers in Kingfisher for several weeks. Adeline Younger worried her sons were headed down the same path as her famous nephews, so she urged Grat to follow the boys and to look after them. Grat followed his mothers wishes and took the train to California, arriving in January 1891. He first went to visit his brother Lit near Fresno and the two talked about the trouble their younger brothers were in. Bob and Emmett had both visited Lit when they first arrived in California and had bragged to him about robbing the stockmen in Oklahoma and their escape from Baxter Springs. Lit had lectured the two about the trouble they were getting in and had relayed his concerns to their brother Bill. Bill, however, thought he should play along with them, making the case that as long as he didn't break from the boys he could steer them away from trouble. Lit lectured Grat the same, but he did not feel it was much use.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Grat then met Bob and Emmett at their brother Bill's ranch on the Estrella River, in between Paso Robles and San Miguel. Their brother Cole had also arrived at Bill's ranch, and together both Bill and Cole tried to keep their brothers busy with ranch work. While not driving mule teams on Bill's ranch, Bob, Emmett, and Grat spent their time gambling and getting in over a dozen bar fights at saloons in San Miguel, Paso Robles, and San Luis Obispo. Here, they spent most of the $750 they had made from Scott for the stolen horses. Bill was unable to pay the boys for their work on his ranch, so he gave them two of his horses as payment. The boys were broke, and around this time Bob began to have ideas about robbing a train with the help of Emmett and Grat. He figured that if they made enough money train robbing they could then escape to South America. A US dollar was then worth three or four pesos and Bob felt that with a sufficient haul the boys could live large on South American ranches. Emmett was initially against the idea of robbing a train, but agreed to follow Bob's lead.


title: Dalton Gang

text: That February 1891, Bill found out from a passing "vaquero" boss that a nearby Miller and Lux ranch near Firebaugh was hiring ranch hands. Bill wrote a letter to the superintendent there, a friend of his named Davis, and asked him to give his brothers work. Bill then borrowed a horse and saddle from one of his hired men for Grat, and two saddles from his neighbors for Bob and Emmett. The three left, telling Bill they were headed to Firebaugh. After they left however, Bill began to worry that the boys had different intentions. Bill also discovered that while he had been away, the boys had made a trap door out of the ceiling in the closet of his house to get into the attic.


title: Dalton Gang

text: On the night of February 6, 1891, a Southern Pacific Railroad passenger train was held up by two masked men who carried only 44-calibre revolvers, near the town of Alila (present day Earlimart, California). The outlaws had worn masks during the Alila robbery, concealing their identities. Some years later, Lit Dalton asserted that Bob and Emmett had told him many times that they had robbed the train.


title: Dalton Gang

text: The three Daltons left Bill's ranch with what seemed like every intention of finding work. They made their first stop in Cholame, where they watered their horses, got drinks, and bought a six-bit flask of whiskey. They then kept on the road towards Firebaugh until they reached near present-day Tranquility. There, they abandoned the idea of working and instead headed east to Malaga, about four miles south of Fresno. Leaving Emmett in Malaga, Bob and Grat rode fifteen miles northeast to the ranch of Clovis Cole, future co-founder of Clovis, where Lit had been working. Before reaching Lit, Bob turned back to Malaga with Grat's horse, to make it appear as if Grat had walked on foot. Grat knocked on the bunk house where Lit was sleeping, using a knock only the brothers knew. Grat claimed that his horse had gone lame on the way to Firebaugh and that he had walked from Malaga, where the boys were waiting, to see if Lit could furnish him a horse. Lit refused to borrow one of Clovis Cole's horses for what he suspected was a robbery and instead drove Grat back to Malaga so that he could have one more heart-to-heart talk with Bob.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Bob and Emmett were hiding out in a ranch barn a mile west of Malaga, and after arriving the brothers talked until morning. Lit noticed that Grat's horse was indeed limp and agreed to help Grat sell it. Since the horse was lame, they could only get $60 for it and Grat was unable to find another horse afterwards. Grat shipped his saddle and riding rig to Delano and took the train to Traver where he met Bob and Emmett. They played poker all night in Traver and then traveled to Tulare to do the same. They had been following the Southern Pacific pay car as it made its way down the valley from Oakland to Bakersfield to pay railroad employees. This train was always accompanied by a crowd of gamblers and prostitutes looking to make money off the recently paid employees, and Grat and Bob had "followed the pay car" together several times before.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Emmett and Bob then rode to Delano where they met Grat, who had traveled by train, and they spent their time at the saloons. The boys all used assumed names, even though several men had recognized both Bob and Grat from the days when they would travel with their father's race horses and from when they used to gamble and get in bar fights in Tulare. Grat also kept his distance from Bob and Emmett, pretending to not know them, and slept and ate in different places from them because he felt he was too easily recognizable. In Delano, Grat lost $20 playing cribbage and therefore gave up on trying to buy a new horse.


title: Dalton Gang

text: The morning before the robbery, Bob and Emmett had several drinks, bought fifteen sandwiches wrapped in newspaper, and two quarts of whiskey before leaving Delano at 10am. They rode to a slough three miles west of Alila and stopped along the way to ask ranchers about the way around Tulare Lake. They stayed at the slough all day, eating half their lunch and leaving the rest on the ground along with an empty quart whiskey bottle. One of the saddles they had borrowed from Bill's neighbor was a fancy Spanish saddle, and Bob cut the tapaderos off the stirrups and threw it in the sage bushes near camp so that it could not be so easily recognized. In doing so, they also broke off a piece of wood from the side of one of the stirrups. They also cut off wool-covered sheepskin sewed around the bottom of the stirrups.


title: Dalton Gang

text: By that night, Bob and Emmett had been drinking all day and were heavily intoxicated. They rode the mile back to the Southern Pacific line, just a half-mile south of Alila, tied their horses to a telegraph pole and walked up the tracks to town. At the station, the boys snuck aboard the train on the blind baggage, just as it made a quick stop, and then made their way to the engine. Aiming their revolvers at the fireman, George Radliff, and the engineer, Joe Thorne, they boys ordered them to stop the train. Bob was wearing a mask made from a white handkerchief that kept getting in his eyes. In order to see better, he pulled the mask around his neck, but as he did so the fireman opened the door to the firebox and was able to get a good look at Bob's face with the bright light. Emmett then smacked the fireman over the head with his revolver and ordered him to close the door.


title: Dalton Gang

text: The train managed to stop just fifty yards from where the boys horses were tied. They proceeded to march the engineer and fireman down the side of the train to the express car. The expressman, named Haswell, took a look out the door and could see the boys coming. He quickly put out the car lights, locked all the doors and windows and didn't answer anyone. Just then the brakeman walked up with a lantern to see what was happening and Bob ordered it from him. With the light from the lantern, Emmett thought he could see a man through the glass window of the express car. He told Bob, who then began firing at the window. Immediately afterwards, the expressman rested his revolver on the window sill and fired the gun until it was empty. At the same time Bob emptied his gun into the car and one of the bullets ricocheted off a steel bar by the window and grazed Haswell's forehead. As soon as Bob's gun emptied, Emmett began to shoot. They did this so that they wouldn't be caught with both of their guns empty at the same time.


title: Dalton Gang

text: During the shooting, Radliff turned as if he was going to run, so Emmett shot at him at close range. Radliff turned and said that he had been shot, and Emmett noticed that he was indeed mortally wounded. Since he had just fired at him, Emmett assumed that he had shot Radliff, when in actuality Radliff had been hit by the first shot fired by Haswell. Bullets pulled from Radliff's body would later prove this, but it was never mentioned in any newspaper reports. After emptying his gun, the expressman laid on the floor, reloaded, and stayed quiet. After about ten to fifteen minutes of yelling and swearing at the expressman, Bob and Emmett decided that he was probably dead and that there was no way inside. They had no tools to get in, and decided that it would be best to leave. They went to untie their horses, but noticed a deputy sheriff getting off the train in pursuit. Bob fired at the deputy and the two made a quick escape.


title: Dalton Gang

text: At 10pm, Lit Dalton was talking to someone in the Reception Saloon in Fresno when news of the robbery at Alila was written on the bar room blackboard next to results of baseball games and horseraces. At 1:30am, Lit was sitting in the bar room at the Grand Central Hotel when Grat walked in after arriving by train from Delano. It didn't seem possible to Lit that his brothers were not involved in the train robbery, so he took Grat, who had not yet heard news of the robbery, and immediately had him register at the hotel and talk to several people in order to establish an alibi. Grat then hung out at Fresno for a week, expecting to be arrested at any time due to how many people had recognized him between Malaga and Delano.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Upon leaving the scene of the attempted robbery, Bob and Emmett argued as they both believed Emmett had accidentally killed the fireman. They rode west, but soon became lost in the darkness and thick fog around Tulare Lake. After the sun rose the fog lifted, and the two were able to make their way back to Estrella over the next few days, avoiding the main roads and instead traveling through the hills straight to Bill's ranch. Upon reaching Bill's however, they noticed his buckboard was gone and that there was a strange rig beside the corral. Afraid to go inside, they instead went to the ranch of Bill's father in-law, Clark Bliven, where they learned that Bill had been out looking for them.


title: Dalton Gang

text: After arriving at the scene of the Alila robbery, Sheriff Eugene Kay of Tulare County, California, was able to discover the tracks going west from the holdup, but lost them in the thick fog. After taking measurements and sketches of horse and boot tracks, he was convinced the robbers had fled towards the Coast Range. Southern Pacific Railroad detectives were instead convinced the robbers had fled towards the Sierra Nevada, and directed their attention to the east. The only towns of any size to the west of the tracks Sheriff Kay found were Paso Robles and San Miguel, so he decided he would take the train to Huron to cut the robbers off while the rest of his posse followed the tracks west. Upon arriving at the end of the rail in Huron, Kay rode west with his deputy Jim Ford in a buggy.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Knowing that the outlaws would avoid any towns or ranches, Kay drove into the hills west of Alamo Solo without seeing another human being. When they finally ran into someone on the road, they asked where there was anywhere in the hills a traveler could water his horses. The man directed them to a spring in the hills near Cottonwood Pass. Here, Kay discovered two pairs of horse tracks only several hours old that matched the ones Kay had previously measured and drawn at the scene of the robbery. Kay also discovered a small piece of brightly polished hardwood that the two agreed came from a saddle stirrup.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Believing that these were the tracks of the robbers, Kay followed them for two days into San Luis Obispo County until he was about eighteen miles from San Miguel. Having not seen any tracks since leaving the hills, they branched off the main Paso Robles road when their horses began to give out. They agreed that they should stop for the night at the next farmhouse, which they reached just before sundown. Kay knocked on the ranch door and was met by a woman with her two children. She told Kay that her husband wouldn't be home until late, but that they would be welcome to stay the night. Kay and his deputy left their rig beside the corral and went inside for dinner.


title: Dalton Gang

text: After dark, Bill arrived at Bliven's and took Bob and Emmett back to his place. Bill also had no idea who the buggy beside the corral belonged to and told the boys to sleep in the straw hay stack next to the barn while he went inside alone. Bill did not know Kay or his deputy, and the officers did not introduce themselves as lawmen. They had talked for an hour when Bill announced he was going to bed, and offered them the spare bedroom. Bill's wife offered to cook the men breakfast, but Kay said that it was not necessary as they would be gone in the early morning.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Early that morning, as Sheriff Kay was preparing the horses, he decided that it would be courteous to clean out the barn for his hosts. As he began forking a manure pile out of the barn, he discovered the remnants of a saddle buried beneath it. The moisture from the manure had not yet penetrated the leather, so he knew it had been placed there recently. He pulled the saddle out of the manure pile and noticed it had a piece of wood broken from the stirrup. He took out the piece of hardwood he had found at the spring near Cottonwood pass and noticed it was a perfect match. Kay then began to suspect that his host may in fact be associated with the robbers, if not one of the robbers himself. Kay put the saddle in his buggy and his deputy and him both left before Bill was up.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay met with the rest of his posse in Paso Robles and spent the day learning what he could about the Daltons. He discovered that there were five Dalton brothers in the area, and three of them were heavy drinkers and gamblers well known in local saloons. Bill seemed to have a good reputation. He then received a telegram from Tulare and learned that three men had been gambling and following the Southern Pacific pay car from Traver to Delano for three days before the robbery. This was not unusual, but one of the gamblers was positively identified as Grat Dalton, and the rest matched the description of the Paso Robles Dalton's. Kay's deputy, Jim Ford, had also remembered that he had played cards with Bob, Grat, and Emmett while they were in Tulare but hadn't made the connection.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Sheriff Kay was met in Paso Robles by Southern Pacific Railroad detective Will Smith and San Luis Obispo County Sheriff O'Neal, where he told them what he had learned. Kay began assembling a posse that evening to go and surround Bill Dalton's and search the place. Before leaving however, Kay learned from one of O'Neal's deputies that detective Will Smith had already taken the sheriff to arrest the robbers three hours prior. Seeing no use in taking his own posse, Kay waited for Smith to return with Bob and Emmett.


title: Dalton Gang

text: When Smith and O'Neal arrived, Bill recognized both of them. He met them outside while Bob and Emmett climbed in the trap door they had built to the attic in the ceiling of a closet. There was a bed in the attic, and both Bob and Emmett laid quietly on their backs with their feet and six-shooters aimed at the trap door. Sheriff O'Neal asked Bill if they could stay the night, to which Bill felt he couldn't refuse. While Bill and O'Neal put the horses in the barn, Will Smith immediately went in the house and began interrogating Bill's wife and kids about Bob and Emmett's whereabouts. They told Smith the boys had gone to Seattle. When Bill entered, Smith began disputing everything Bill had told him and even bragged about what he would do with Bob and Emmett when he caught them. Bill argued with Smith as loudly as he could to cover any noise the boys were making in the attic as the walls of the house were very thin.


title: Dalton Gang

text: O'Neal soon became disgusted with Smith's behavior and, noticing a guitar and trying to change the subject, asked Bill if he would play for them. This suited Bill perfectly, as he was a skilled guitar player and needed to drown out any noise his brothers might make. Bill sang and played guitar until midnight, while Bob and Emmett laid in the cramped attic afraid to move. At one in the morning, the lawmen finally went to bed and didn't leave until after breakfast at 10am. Bob and Emmett came down from the attic completely irritated with Smith, but soon discovered that the saddle they hid in the manure pile was gone. They didn't know whether it had been discovered by Kay, or O'Neal and Smith, but either way it was solid evidence against them. Bill decided that his brothers should begin arranging to get out of California if they were going to avoid the law. Smith and O'Neal returned to Paso Robles that day empty handed, and Sheriff Kay was furious with Smith.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay returned to Visalia, where he was provided with more evidence against the Daltons. A similar piece of the same stirrup had been found three miles west of Alila, where it appeared the robbers had set up camp. About a week after the robbery, Grat was confronted by railroad detectives Smith and Hickey who then arrested him on the streets of Fresno and put him in the Tulare County jail. After being questioned, Sheriff Kay realized he had in fact met Grat a year before, when Kay had questioned him in the street about a train robbery that occurred in Goshen. He was also convinced by Grat's story, along with what he already knew, that Grat was not at the scene of the robbery. Kay also knew that Grat could probably lead them to Bob and Emmett, so, after releasing him, Kay sent one of his deputies to follow.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Grat went to Hanford to find work but, after finding that none was available there, decided to go to San Jose where he immediately began gambling. The deputy following Grat was afraid to shadow him too closely, so he hired a night watchmen to keep Grat in sight and to alert him if he left the saloon. After Grat ended a midnight poker game, the watchmen challenged Grat to a game of Coon-can for a dollar a game and drinks on the side. After Grat cleared him out in only two hours the watchmen, both mad and drunk, arrested Grat. The deputy awoke the next morning and had no choice but to take Grat back to Visalia.


title: Dalton Gang

text: A few days after Grat's arrest, detective Will Smith and Sheriff O'Neal returned to Bill's ranch. After questioning them awhile, Bill and Cole were both arrested and taken to jail in Visalia. Cole was soon released after being questioned by Kay.


title: Dalton Gang

text: On March 17, 1891, a Tulare County grand jury indicted brothers Bob, Emmett, Grat, and Bill Dalton for the Alila robbery. A $3,000 bounty was placed for the capture of Bob and Emmett. After a hearing, Grat was held for trial for robbing the train at Alila. Bill was soon able to secure bondsmen and was released. He quickly hired attorneys to defend Grat.


title: Dalton Gang

text: In the two weeks following the robbery, Bob and Emmett hid out in the mountains near Bill's ranch. Afraid to go near them, Bill left out supplies and food, while there were several times the boys visited Bill's house at night. Bill went to Paso Robles and bought a saddle, but after that could not afford anything else as he was broke. Bill was finally able to get a loan on some horses from a local rancher, but they were still short one saddle and one of the horses was not fit for a hard ride. The three then rode to the ranch of Clovis Cole, northeast of Fresno, and asked Lit if he could furnish them a horse and saddle. Lit was able to borrow one hundred dollars and a horse from Clovis Cole's business partner Charlie Owen.


title: Dalton Gang

text: The three rode so hard down the valley that Owen's horse soon gave out, so they roped and saddled one of Henry Miller's horses. A rail ticket from California to Indian territory was too expensive for the boys, so Bob and Emmett crossed the Tehachapi's and began riding across the Mojave Desert while Bill went ahead by train to lay out food and supplies for them. The ride from Mojave to Barstow almost cost them their lives, as they only saw water once in those seventy-five miles of desert.


title: Dalton Gang

text: When Bill left Barstow by train towards Needles, he decided the boys could not make the trip by horseback so he stopped in Ludlow to intercept them. The Dalton's couldn't sell their horses in Ludlow and they didn't have enough money for all three of them to take the train to Indian territory, so Bill took the train back to Paso Robles while Bob and Emmett took the train to Salt Lake where they would meet Cole. The boys left their horses in Ludlow, which were then discovered a few weeks later by railroad detectives.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Bill arrived in Paso Robles and was arrested by Sheriff Kay fifteen minutes after getting off the train and was taken to Visalia. After a hearing, Bill was held for trial for the Alila robbery, but he quickly secured bondsmen and was released.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Sheriff Kay soon learned of the horses at Ludlow and that the description of the men who left them matched that of Bob and Emmett. Kay decided to pursue them with his deputy, Jim Ford, and to capture them if possible. Kay was informed by Bill's father-in-law, Clark Bliven, that Bob and Emmett planned to meet Cole in Salt Lake, so Kay headed to Chico where he planned to cut him off. They missed Cole by several hours who had already taken the train to Salt Lake where Kay and his deputy followed. Kay learned at the train depot that Bob and Emmett had bought tickets to Ogden and were carrying large telescope bags with them. Kay knew from this that Cole was able to supply the boys with guns and ammunition.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay and his deputy went to Ogden where they notified the police to keep watch for the Daltons. Soon after, Jim Ford noticed Emmett exit a department store, who quickly ducked back inside upon noticing Kay. Bob and Emmett ran through the back door and ducked into a saloon across the alley. Ford drew his revolver and ran into another store to the alley to cut them off, but soon lost them. Kay sent Ford after Bob and Emmett while he went to the Ogden police to get them to begin searching the city.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay and Ford checked all the stages and trains out of Ogden and telegraphed ahead of all others. Late that night, they received a telegram notifying them that men matching the description of Bob and Emmett were seen taking a southbound train many miles south of Salt Lake. Before they could leave however, they received another telegram notifying them that the two were spotted in the southern part of Utah. Kay believed they did this to throw him off by going south instead of east.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Bob and Emmett were able to steal horses and riding rigs. Knowing that Kay was hot on their trail, they traveled east through Arizona into New Mexico. Kay and his deputy were following only one or two days behind them, but couldn't get any officers at the towns ahead of them to make an arrest. Bob and Emmett then took a train headed back to Needles before stopping at Kingman. There they played poker all night and won $100. Bob pretended not to know Emmett, who then tipped him off to the hands of the others. Kay doubled back to Kingman and learned that the boys had taken a train to Phoenix with the money they made. From Phoenix, Kay followed the Daltons by horse and stage from Prescott, Gila Bend, Tucson, and then to Nogales, Mexico.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay was given a white card from Mexican officials as well as offered a military escort. They missed Bob and Emmett by only twelve hours in Cananea, then lost their trail completely in Fronteras. Kay assumed that they were probably headed to El Paso, so he and Ford reentered the United States at Douglas. In El Paso, they found out that Bob and Emmett had headed to Albuquerque and then took the train to Topeka, Kansas, where the rail ended. Thinking they had lost Kay, Bob and Emmett headed to their mother outside of Kingfisher.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay tracked the Daltons to their mother's home, and kept watch of the house for a few days before being forced to return to Kingfisher because of bad weather. When he returned the next day to watch the house, he discovered that Bob and Emmett had escaped. Kay talked to their mother for several hours and she even invited him in for breakfast. She denied any wrongdoing by her sons, stating that they were in fact lawmen, and told Kay they had gone to Guthrie if he wanted to talk with them.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay and Ford traveled the fifty miles to Guthrie, but soon came into problems when dealing with different tribal jurisdictions. At Guthrie, Kay and Ford noticed that there had been some sort of celebration the night before as they were greeted by three white men hanging from a large tree at the entrance to town and noticed the streets were lined with several groups of black men playing Craps on the sidewalks. Kay found out that, before they had arrived, Bob and Emmett had got into a fight at one of the saloons there and badly beat up two cowboys before leaving for Topeka.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Sheriff Kay was forced to give up the chase in order to return to California for Grat's trial. The Daltons had plenty of friends in the area willing to hide them and easily lost Kay once they were in familiar territory. After they realized they were no longer being pursued, Bob and Emmett began to form what would be known as the Dalton Gang.


title: Dalton Gang

text: For the four months that Bob and Emmett spent trying to lose Sheriff Kay in the desert, Grat sat in the Tulare County jail in Visalia awaiting his trial. After securing bondsmen, Bill immediately went to Merced and hired John W. Beckenridge, the best attorney in the San Joaquin Valley, to defend Grat. What Bill didn't know is that Beckenridge was also a consulting attorney for the Southern Pacific railroad. To help pay him the two thousand dollars he asked for, Bill sold almost all of his horses and mules. Their mother also came to California from Kingfisher to pay Beckenridge after she mortgaged her home and borrowed money from neighbors. She then traveled to Visalia with her two daughters, as well as her sons Ben, Cole, Lit and Bill, for Grat's trial.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Grat's trial didn't start until that June and it lasted three weeks. Though much of the evidence showed that Grat was in Fresno the night of the Alila robbery, including the testimony of several witnesses, the influence of the powerful Southern Pacific Railroad caused him to receive an unfair trial. Beckenridge showed up to the trial late and drunk, and neither the defense, nor the prosecution mentioned that the fireman had been accidentally killed by the expressman. This was unknown to Grat, since the Dalton brothers had all assumed that Emmett had killed the fireman. Almost all of Beckenridge's witnesses were bar keepers, gamblers, saloon hanger-ons, or pimps. Sheriff Kay even pointed out during the trial that Beckenridge had overlooked Grat's rights. Southern Pacific detective Will Smith visited Grat's cell almost every day during the trial trying to get a confession out of him and Grat began to despise Smith.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay knew that, besides Beckenridge's sabotage of the case, Grat would probably be found innocent and their case against Bob and Emmett would fall through.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Towards the end of the trial, Sheriff Kay, Detective Smith, and District Attorney Power talked to Grat while taking him back to his cell from the court room when Beckenridge wasn't present. Kay told Grat that he knew neither Bob or Emmett killed the fireman. He offered to admit this in court if Grat and Bill told the true story of the robbery. Detective Smith decided to chime in, but Grat said he wouldn't say a word while Smith was present. Smith was told to leave and both Bill and Grat agreed to tell their story, but only if they showed that there was no first degree murder in the robbery. The Daltons told their stories, but neither Kay or Beckenridge ever cleared up the murder point and ruined Grat's case.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Grat was taken back to jail to await his sentence. While in jail, a train robbery occurred near Ceres, on September 3, 1891, but was unsuccessful with no money being taken. The only evidence found at the robbery was a coat made from a tailor from Visalia. Kay suspected that this was probably the work of some suspects he had from Visalia, but the railroad detectives demanded the arrest of the remaining Dalton brothers. Kay telegraphed his deputy George Witty and told him to check on Bill Dalton and to immediately notify him when he was found. Kay checked on his Visalia suspects, who at the time were running a livery stable in Modesto, and was convinced they were not involved with the Ceres robbery. He then went to Fresno to check on Lit and Cole Dalton, and was convinced of the same.


title: Dalton Gang

text: When Kay returned to Visalia, he immediately went with detective Smith to the tailor of the coat found at the Ceres robbery. The tailor remembered the coat, but he couldn't remember who had bought it, only that some girl had picked it up once it was clean. After Kay finished talking to the cleaner, Deputy George Witty reported to him that telegrams from the coast said Bill was not in Paso Robles or Estrella. Neither was he in Merced or Livingston. Witty did have a clue from another deputy that two strange men had been seen hanging around after dark on the open plain near Traver and at the abandoned Overland Stage station at Cross Creek. Kay suspected that Bob and Emmett might be back in California to free Grat from jail, and took Deputy Witty with him to the Cross Creek station in his buggy.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Late in the afternoon, Kay and Witty were about four hundred yards from the station when they saw two men crouching as they crossed the road from the old stage barn to the station. Kay's buggy was directly facing the setting sun, so they could not tell who the men were. The road curved behind some willow trees, and Kay told Witty to drive past the house, passing close to the door, and then to drive back. With his revolver in hand, Kay dropped to the ground as they passed the door and slowly entered the station. Maggie Rucker, the woman who once ran the Cross Creek Overland station, was sitting with another girl alone in the front room, silently making dresses. Kay asked Rucker if there was anyone else around and she replied that there wasn't. Right as she said this, Kay heard someone rush across the floor of an adjoining room and through the crack in the door he could see a man taking position at the window.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Kay moved quietly across the floor and pushed the door a little farther open with his revolver. Standing with his back towards him was Bill Dalton, watching the horses and buggy Kay had just left, while nervously working the lever of his winchester. Kay nudged the door open with his elbow, aimed his revolver at Bill and said, "Bill! Hello!". Bill, thrown off his guard, quickly turned around and mimicked the greeting, "Kay! Hello!". He then threw the butt of his winchester to the ground and the two nervously laughed at each other. Kay had Bill put his rifle down, backed him into the front room, and checked him for any other weapons. When they came back into the front room both Maggie Rucker and the girl remained quiet as they both expected Kay to have been killed.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Deputy Witty entered shortly after, and was told by Kay to go in the room and grab Bill's rifle. As Witty entered the room, he heard a noise come from somewhere inside. Thinking it might be Bob, Kay demanded that Bill tell him where he was. Bill told Kay that Bob was not in the country, that he had stopped at Rucker's place alone to spend the night. Kay knew this was untrue as he had seen two men cross the road. He soon discovered a worn place in the carpet and found a trap door hidden underneath. He had Bill lift the carpet and open the trap door and, instead of Bob, they discovered a man named Riley Dean, a saloon hanger-on from Visalia and Traver. It became apparent to Kay that Bill had been busy hiding Dean when he arrived, otherwise they would have heard him come in. Kay decided to place both men under arrest and took them to Visalia.


title: Dalton Gang

text: After Bill and Riley Dean were brought to the Visalia jail, Sheriff Pervis of Stanislaus County, S.P. detective Will Smith, and Wells Fargo detectives Hume and Thacker arrived to bring the two men to Modesto to stand trial for the Ceres robbery. When Bill and Dean were acquitted, Bill was rearrested by Kay after his bondsmen were convinced to withdraw by detective Hume. He was then taken back to Visalia to await his trial for the Alila robbery.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Bill was interviewed by the Fresno "Expositor" in September 1891 saying, "The truth is I am like Paddy Miles' boy --- no matter what goes wrong or what depredation is committed, Bill Dalton is always charged with the same."


title: Dalton Gang

text: Bob and Emmett, meanwhile, had been busy in Oklahoma forming their gang. After their unsuccessful career in California, they decided they could do much better in their home country, and unlike their first attempts, they began carefully planning their robberies. As a former lawman, Bob knew the difficulty officers had enforcing laws in Indian and Oklahoma Territories. While the Indian Nations had their own tribal law enforcement, these agencies had no jurisdiction over non-Indians. The newly formed Oklahoma Territory had organized their own sheriff and city police departments, but there was so far very little cooperation between them. The only agency with jurisdiction over the whole territory was the U.S. Marshals Service, but it was quickly becoming fragmented due to power struggles between newly formed district courts and jealousy between marshals over their different jurisdictions. There was also little incentive among Deputy Marshals to search for potentially dangerous outlaws, their only pay being for fees and a set amount for each criminal they arrested. Unless there was a high enough reward being offered, they would instead choose to focus their attention on petty criminals.


title: Dalton Gang

text: With Bob as the leader, the boys recruited mostly men who had grown up with them in Oklahoma. First recruited were George "Bitter Creek" Newcomb and "Blackfaced" Charlie Bryant, who had received his nickname because of a gunpowder burn on one cheek. Even though Sheriff Kay had given up his pursuit of the boys, they still had a $3000 bounty on their heads posted by Wells Fargo and the Southern Pacific Railroad, encouraging lawmen in the area to pick up where Kay had left off. Leading the pursuit was Bob's old friend, Deputy Marshal Heck Thomas, whose renown skills as a deputy kept the gang constantly on the move and in hiding. Angered by the charges against Grat and Bill which he knew to be false, Bob decided that the best way to help his brothers would be to acquire enough money to pay for their bail and defense. This resulted in the first robbery at Whorton, May 1891, where the gang stole $1200.


title: Dalton Gang

text: Joining afterwards were Bill Doolin, Dick Broadwell, Bill Powers, and Charley Pierce. The gang was also assisted by Bob's lover Eugenia Moore, known by her aliases "Tom King" and "Miss Mundays", who acted as their informant, but was also a notorious horse thief and outlaw.


title: Dalton Gang

text: When not preying on the railroads, the gang spent their time digging out large rooms into the steep hills in the cedar brakes on the Northern Canadian River. This was on the property of a man named Jim Riley, about eight miles from the present-day town of Taloga, Oklahoma. The deep canyons of the area, covered with dwarf cedar and blackjack oaks, made it an ideal hiding place. Riley would feed the outlaws, and would do the same for any passing officers, but he would never reveal each other's whereabouts to either parties.


title: Dalton Gang

text: In August 1891, Charlie Bryant was spotted in Hennessey, Oklahoma, after leaving the gang's hideout to visit his brother in Mulhall. The locals who identified him notified a deputy marshal named Ed Short. He arrested Bryant and took him on a train to be committed to the jail at Wichita, Kansas, without notifying Marshal Grimes at Fort Smith. Ignoring the advice of the people in Hennessy, he also took the prisoner without a guard. After the train left Hennessey, and was approaching the stop at Waukomis, Oklahoma, Short noticed a group of mounted men who looked as if they were trying to beat the train, and feared it was the Dalton Gang coming to free Bryant. Short took the prisoner back and placed him in the baggage car. He then put the baggage man in charge of Bryant and gave him his revolver. Short then went to the rear platform with his rifle. The baggageman carelessly stuck the revolver into a pigeon-hole messagebox and went to work at the other end of the car. Without making any noise, Bryant went to the messagebox and secured the revolver. He then ordered the baggageman to ignore him and to go back to his work. Bryant opened the door to the rear platform, and, while Short had his attention on the mounted men, shot him in the back point blank. Short then turned and the two shot each other to death.


title: Dalton Gang

text: The second train robbery by the Dalton Gang in Oklahoma was at a small station called Lelietta on September 15, 1891, about four miles north of Wagoner, Oklahoma. Here, they secured more than $19,000. Many members of the gang, including Emmett, complained that the $3500 each was not enough to meet their needs. Bill Doolin complained that Bob was not dividing the money fairly, and accused Bob of squandering their money on women and gamblers. Doolin quit the gang, along with Newcomb and Pierce, due to the mismanagement of finances.


title: Dalton Gang

text: On September 21, Grat Dalton was brought into court to face sentencing, but this was instead postponed to October 6. This was a date that Grat had no intention on making. Rumors had circulated for months that Bob had planned to come and liberate Grat, so two of sheriff Kay's deputies, Jim Wagy and Bob Hockett, had been hired by Wells Fargo to guard Grat's cell until he was sentenced and sent to San Quentin. This was in addition to the jailer, J.M. Williams. One night, Jim Wagy heard a noise in the basement and upon investigation discovered that someone had tried to break the lock to the grated window. He decided to watch the outside of the place at night to see if he could catch in the act whoever was trying to open the grating. Wagy hid all night in a yard across the street but saw nothing. Instead he caught a cold from sitting in the fog all night. The next morning, Grat called Wagy over to his cell and asked him where he got such a cold. Wagy told him that he must've slept in a draft, to which Grat replied, "Yes, it must have been pretty cold in the yard over there last night." Grat could not see the yard Wagy had laid in from his cell and the deputy hadn't told anyone what he had done that night. Expecting there to be an escape, and because none of the other deputies would listen to him, Wagy decided to quit.


title: Dalton Gang

text: On the night of September 27, Grat and two cellmates, Arvil Beck and W.B. Smith, escaped from the Tulare County jail in Visalia while Sheriff Kay was in San Francisco. At first, it looked to Kay as if it had been an inside job as it was obvious Grat had simply unlocked the cell door with a key and broke through the basement window to get out. They did however find pieces of a file and a hack saw blade in the prisoner's toilet. Bill had been in a separate cell from Grat, located upstairs. When approached by Kay, Bill told him, "The boys were there when I went to sleep, and when I awakened they had unlocked and gone. Why in the world do you suppose they went away and left me behind?"


title: Dalton Gang

text: Jim Wagy also showed up after the break out to overlook the scene. By that time, Bill had been moved downstairs into what was Grat's cell. When Jim approached Bill said, "Jim, the birds have flown." When they entered the cell, Bill took out his guitar, sat on a soap box, leaned against the bars of the corridor and began to play a popular song he put his own words to and titled, "You'll Never Miss My Brother Till He's Gone". While Bill was playing his guitar, Wagy noticed that he was trying to cover up where the break had been made. One of the bars had been cut out and replaced with a broom handle blackened by soot. Wagy said, "Here is your hole", and kicked the broom handle onto the floor. Bill immediately threw his guitar on the bed and exclaimed, "Now what in the world do you know about that? How did they ever cut that bar out without my knowing it?"


title: Dalton Gang

text: Most officers believed that Grat immediately escaped the county, but Sheriff Kay thought otherwise. After spending a few weeks tracking and arresting Arvil Beck and W.B. Smith, Sheriff Kay learned from them that Grat had actually made the opening in the bars several days before the robbery after being slipped a saw from someone on the outside. The sawing was hid from the jailer by a large box that they would put a blanket over and use to play cards. The cellmates would sing and talk to drown out the sound of the saw. Each time they stopped sawing, they plugged the hole with soap and soot. After making the opening, they ran around the corridors, kitchen, and basement for several nights. This is why Grat was able to notice Deputy Wagy hiding in a yard across the street from the jail. The last night they dug a hole in the brickwall of the woodroom, but found heavy iron bars embedded in the wall that they couldn't get in between. They used the bar they had cut out to pry open the grating in the wood room window and, instead of risking going and putting it back, left the broom handle in its place.