title: Adam-12

text: The personal lives of Malloy and Reed came up on occasion and were often tied in to their duties, though they rarely extended past conversations in the cruiser or at the station. Malloy is a bachelor who has at least five girlfriends over the course of the series, the last being Judy (Aneta Corsaut), while Reed is married to a woman named Jean (played by several actresses, including Mikki Jamison and Kristin Nelson); in the second season, they have a son, Jimmy.


title: Adam-12

text: The police cars used in the series were central to the show; Webb "wanted the vehicle itself to be considered a character". As patrol officers, Malloy and Reed spent much of their time in their cruiser, and their time driving on patrol or responding to a call was central to most episodes. Most officers in the series drove recent-model sedans, while Sergeant MacDonald always used a station wagon version of Adam-12's vehicle.


title: Adam-12

text: In the pilot episode, Adam-12 used a 1967 Plymouth Belvedere; for the rest of the first season, a 1968 Plymouth Belvedere was used instead, later updated to a 1969 Plymouth Belvedere for the second and third seasons. In the fourth season, Adam-12 used a 1971 Plymouth Satellite. Starting with the fifth season, and for the rest of the series, Adam-12 used a 1972 AMC Matador.


title: Adam-12

text: "1-Adam-12" is an LAPD callsign that is a combination of three elements: the unit's patrol division, the type of patrol unit, and the daily assigned reporting district.


title: Adam-12

text: The "1" means the patrol car operates in Division 1 (Central Division), serving Downtown Los Angeles. The LAPD assigns two-officer patrol units the letter "A"; in the LAPD phonetic alphabet, the letter "A" is spoken as "Adam". The "12" comes from the daily assigned reporting district, or beat. Adam-12's shop number from the first season to the third season was "80817", but all cars from the fourth season onwards used a more accurate shop number ending in "012" (the Satellite used "83012", the Matador used "85012").


title: Adam-12

text: Though the "1-Adam-12" radio callsign identified it as a Central Division unit, the show is set in the Rampart Division, which uses "2" as its prefix number. Additionally, there was never a standard patrol unit with the callsign of "1-Adam-12", as all LAPD reporting districts are odd-numbered.


title: Adam-12

text: Universal Studios co-produced the show with Mark VII Limited. The series' first episode, "Log 1: The Impossible Mission", was filmed in September 1967, a year before the pilot was picked up.


title: Adam-12

text: The production of "Adam-12" involved showing all aspects of correct police procedures. The show centered around police cruisers, as "Webb wanted the vehicle itself to be considered a character", and helped reinforce "the sound of radio as an anti-crime technology." The police vehicles used in the production of the show were purchased from local dealerships and outfitted by the prop department to accurate LAPD cruiser specifications.


title: Adam-12

text: Most scenes in the older seasons were filmed at the Universal Studios Lot, mostly Courthouse Square and Colonial Street. Starting with the third and fourth seasons, the series gradually shifted to filming in actual locations in Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley. The garage used tow trucks from the LAPD's North Hollywood Division, close to Universal Studios.


title: Adam-12

text: The police station used in the series was the Rampart Police Station, located at 2710 West Temple Street. The station was built in 1966, two years before the series began, and could thus be considered "state of the art" for most of the series' run. Rampart Police Station was closed in 2008, and Rampart Division moved to the newer and larger Rampart Community Police Station. The old station was renovated to serve as the headquarters for the LAPD Metropolitan Division, the specialized division that operates the department's SWAT, K-9, and Mounted platoons. The renovated building, now known as the LAPD Metropolitan Division Facility, opened in 2016.


title: Adam-12

text: The driving scenes were filmed on public streets using a dedicated camera platform mounted to the hood of the cruiser, which was towed by a station wagon. The platform held three cameras: the center camera would film both Milner and McCord in one shot, while the left and right cameras would film Milner and McCord, respectively, on a cross-angle. All three cameras were remote-controlled and would roll simultaneously. For the pilot, Webb did not like the reflections of the sky on the windshield (which made Milner and McCord difficult to see), so the windshield of the vehicle was removed; however, this made the actors' hair blow and caused issues with the audio recording equipment. The prop department's solution was to reinstall the windshield and build an overhead shield that extended over the hood and windshield of the car to block the reflections. Sides were added to create a large "black box" over the front of the car with both ends "open", which allowed for more controlled filming circumstances. During filming, the script supervisor would lie on the floor in the back of the car to read script dialogue for the voices coming from the police radio, which Milner and McCord would respond to. The director and the sound man would ride in the back of the station wagon towing the police car.


title: Adam-12

text: In 1974, during the production of the seventh season, Martin Milner signed to play Karl Robinson on the short-lived series "The Swiss Family Robinson". Several options were tested over the course of this season which would allow the series to continue should a proposed eighth season (1975–1976) move forward. Jo Ann Pflug, Mark Harmon, and Michael Warren were all tested in police officer roles, in episodes where McCord served as their training officer or partner. Another idea proposed that the series be continued with Officer Ed Wells (Gary Crosby) replacing Malloy, who would be written off with a promotion to Sergeant at another division. However, the birth of Kent McCord's son three days before the seventh season's finale aired took McCord off the show as well, forcing the series to end with the seventh season.


title: Adam-12

text: The police vehicles were central characters in that "mobile patrol units [became] associated with the black and white units made famous in such television shows as "Adam-12". It was one of the shows that portrayed "the professionalism of the officers and police departments". Ronald Wayne Rodman pointed out that the theme of "Adam-12" referred to a "military style topic while portraying a sense of contemporary action". Douglas Rushkoff noted, ""Adam-12" also marked [the] last gasp of the righteous style of cop TV." Their set was not a squad room or an office, but the actors "watched the changes in American culture through the windshield of their squad car".


title: Adam-12

text: In 2003, the Los Angeles Police Department activated an actual 1-Adam-12 unit, in service with Central Division. The unit was not a standard patrol unit and was only assigned to officers who demonstrated "outstanding duty performance". It is unknown if the unit is still active as of 2022.


title: Adam-12

text: Milner and McCord made cameo appearances as their "Adam-12" characters in various episodes of the fifth season of "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In".


title: Adam-12

text: "Nashville Beat", a 1989 made-for-television film about an LAPD detective teaming up with his former partner to stop a dangerous gang in Nashville, Tennessee, starred Milner and McCord. Though the pair being former partners in the LAPD is a nod to "Adam-12", the characters have different names, and the show is not mentioned or directly referenced.


title: Adam-12

text: Both Milner and McCord would make two appearances in a revival of "Adam-12" that ran over two seasons from 1990 to 1991. In one episode, both actors made cameo appearances as the owners of a store. In the season one episode "Crack House", Martin Milner guest-starred as Malloy, now a captain; in the following episode, "R.T.D. 211", Kent McCord guest-starred as Reed, now a lieutenant.


title: Adam-12

text: In 1999, Mattel produced a die-cast toy police car based on "Adam-12" as part of their "Star Car" series.


title: Adam-12

text: In the 4th OVA episode (“Revenge Road”) of the anime "Bubblegum Crisis" (1987) the callsign of one of the A.D. Police helicopters is “Adam-12”.


title: Adam-12

text: "Adam-12", "Dragnet", and "Emergency!" take place in the same universe and depict different aspects of the public safety infrastructure of Los Angeles. There are several crossover episodes on each series with characters from other Mark VII shows.


title: Adam-12

text: Malloy and Reed appear in the "Dragnet" episode "Internal Affairs: DR-20", "The D.A." episode "The People vs. Saydo" (the conclusion to a crossover that begins in "The Radical"). Sergeant MacDonald appears in the "Dragnet" episode "Personnel: The Shooting".


title: Adam-12

text: The "Adam-12" episode "Lost And Found" was set at Rampart General Hospital and featured the "Emergency!" cast. Malloy and Reed appeared in the "Emergency!" pilot movie, "The Wedsworth-Townsend Act". Despite the apparent relation between these shows, in one "Emergency!" episode, "Adam-12" is depicted as a television show that the paramedics like to watch, which contradicts the officers' appearances in their aforementioned crossovers.


title: Adam-12

text: Several years after "Adam-12"'s finale, Kent McCord was signed to appear in a planned third series of "Dragnet" playing Sgt. Friday's partner, but the project was cancelled due to Jack Webb's sudden death in December 1982. Since none of the scripts Webb wrote for the project were ever produced or released, it is not clear if he intended McCord to play Jim Reed or a different character, though in the final episode of "Adam-12", the two-part "Something Worth Dying For", Reed mentions applying to join the Detective Bureau.


title: Adam-12

text: A revival of "Adam-12" by The Arthur Company, titled "The New Adam-12", aired in first-run syndication in tandem with "The New Dragnet", another revival of a Jack Webb series. Like "The New Dragnet", "The New Adam-12" had entirely different characters, music, and format compared to the original series, and starred Ethan Wayne as Officer Matt Doyle and Peter Parros as Officer Gus Grant (seemingly unrelated to the Motor Officer Gus Grant seen in the original show, played by William Elliott). Martin Milner and Kent McCord also had minor cameo roles as shop owners and their respective characters from the original show. Fifty-two episodes were aired over two seasons. The first season aired from September 24, 1990 to March 18, 1991; the second season aired from March 25, 1991 to September 16, 1991.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 8, "Log 72: El Presidente" guest-stars James Sikking, later of "Hill Street Blues" fame (Lt. Howard Hunter) and other various character roles, as an armed robber.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 10, "Log 132: Producer", stars Karen Black ("Easy Rider", "Five Easy Pieces", "Airport 1975", "Dogtown") and James McEachin (DJ in "Play Misty for Me"). McEachin also appeared in five additional episodes, each time in a different role, as well as several episodes of "Emergency!" as a Sheriff's Detective.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 22, "Log 152: A Dead Cop Can't Help Anyone", stars Barry Williams (Greg Brady of "The Brady Bunch").


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 25, "Log 92: Tell Him He Pushed Back a Little Too Hard" guest-stars Dick Sargent (Darrin Stephens #2 of "Bewitched") and Jacqueline Scott (who played Donna Taft, the sister of Dr. Richard Kimble, in four episodes of "The Fugitive").


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 26, "Log 22: So This Little Guy Goes into This Bar, and..." guest-stars Harry Dean Stanton as a welfare hustler.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 43, "Log 24: A Rare Occasion" stars David Cassidy of "The Partridge Family" as a neighbor of Reed's who falls victim to a drug pusher.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 53, "Loan Sharks" guest-stars Eve McVeagh, film actress of "High Noon", "Tight Spot", and television series "The Clear Horizon" and "Faraway Hill".


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 57, "Cigarettes, Cars, and Wild, Wild Women" features Tony Dow (Wally from "Leave It to Beaver") as a young United States Marine who is a victim of a car theft ring.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 60, "Log 105, Elegy for a Pig" guest-stars Mark Goddard (Major Don West of Lost In Space) as Malloy's friend and police academy classmate, Officer Tom Porter; and shows a great deal of Malloy's backstory, as well as what happens when an LAPD officer is killed in the line of duty.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 66, "Log 115: Gang War" guests-stars Trini Lopez as a local Latino priest who tries to help the officers prevent a rumble between two Latino gangs. Lopez would also appear the following year as "Steve Hernandez" in Episode 95, :"The Parole Violator".


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 77, "Log 88 - Reason to Run" guest-stars Randolph Mantooth as "Neil Williams"; and in an "Emergency!" cross-over episode as paramedic "John Gage", Episode 106, "Lost and Found" This episode also guest-starred Linda Kaye Henning of "Petticoat Junction".


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 78, "Log 125: Safe Job" guest-stars Larry Linville (later of "M*A*S*H" fame as Frank Burns) as a police detective whom Malloy and Reed assist on an ongoing case.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 80, "The Million Dollar Buff", guests-stars Lindsay Wagner ("The Bionic Woman") as a jewelry counter attendant.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 81, "The Grandmother" guest-starred Ozzie Nelson of "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" fame. He also directed this episode.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 82, "The Radical" guest-starred Robert Conrad as Paul Ryan of the DA's office. This episode was a crossover with Conrad's series, "The D.A."


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 91, "The Pickup" guest-starred Barbara Hale of "Perry Mason" and Kathy Garver of "Family Affair".


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 98, "Sub-Station" guest-starred Frank Sinatra, Jr., portraying a disturbed man who takes a stewardess hostage and demands a meeting with a Hollywood director. He would also guest-star in a later season episode as an officer in the same division.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 100, "Who Won" guest-starred Dick Clark of "American Bandstand" and "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" fame as Benson, the drag strip owner.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 103, "Dirt Duel" guest-starred Edd Byrnes of "77 Sunset Strip" and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees as bikers.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 104, "The Late Baby" guest-stars both Tina Sinatra and Frank Sinatra, Jr. as unrelated characters.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 108, "Badge Heavy" features Jack Bailey, host of "Queen for a Day" and "Truth or Consequences."


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 131, "Venice Division" guest-stars Laurette Spang of the original Battlestar Galactica (1978) as a woman who fears for her life after receiving obscene phone calls.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 137, "Northwest Division" guest-stars Johnny Whitaker of "Family Affair" as a juvenile on a minibike. In addition, Martin Milner's real-life son Andrew played Whitaker's stunt double in the minibike chase scene.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 149, "L.A. International" Season 6, Episode 23, This Episode aired 12 March 1974 with Guest star Tina Cole who played Katie from "My Three Sons".


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 150, "Clinic on Eighteenth Street" guest-stars Sharon Gless, later of "Cagney & Lacey" fame and most recently co-star of "Burn Notice" on USA Network and Frank Sinatra Jr. in his third role on the show.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 158, "X-Force" guest-stars Paul Gleason as a father of a kidnapped girl. Gleason guest-starred in other various roles throughout the series.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 159, "Alcohol" guest-stars Dick Van Patten, later of "Eight Is Enough" fame, as a belligerent drunk who believes himself to be Albert Einstein.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 164, "Victim of the Crime" features Martin Milner's real-life daughter Amy Milner as Debbie McMahon, the shopkeeper's daughter.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 170, "Operation Action" features Kent McCord's real-life daughter Kristen McCord as a child named Debra, who is playing hopscotch when Reed pulls up behind Malloy's abandoned car.


title: Adam-12

text: Episode 172, "Dana Hall", features Jo Ann Pflug of the movie M*A*S*H as Officer Dana Hall, a probationary police officer Acting Watch Commander Malloy teams with Reed in 1-Adam-12.


title: Adam-12

text: In fall 2008, Shout! Factory acquired the distribution rights through an agreement with Universal. They have subsequently released the remaining 6 seasons, with season 7 packaging titled "The Final Season".


title: Adam-12

text: As of January 5, 2015, episodes of "Adam-12" air on Cozi TV. The series had been airing on MeTV from May 2013 until January 1, 2015, when its place in the network's weekday afternoon line up was taken by "Adventures of Superman". "Adam-12" previously aired on Me-TV's competitor Antenna TV until April 2013, on Retro Television Network, and on i: Independent Television before that. On January 1, 2020, the show returned to MeTV as part of their afternoon block of programming alongside "Dragnet" at 5/4C ("Dragnet" aired periodically in the AM).


title: Adam-12

text: Episodes from "Adam-12"s first four seasons are available for on-line streaming on Hulu in some regions. Amazon and Apple's iTunes Store offer Season 1 available for sale as permanent downloadable files.


title: Miracle Whip

text: Miracle Whip is a sauce condiment manufactured by Kraft Heinz and sold throughout the United States and Canada. It is also sold by Mondelēz International (formerly also Kraft Foods) as "Miracel Whip" throughout Germany. It was developed as a less expensive alternative to mayonnaise in 1933.


title: Miracle Whip

text: Premiering at the Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago in 1933, Miracle Whip soon became a success as a condiment for fruits, vegetables, and salads. Its success was bolstered by Kraft's advertising campaign, which included sponsorship of a series of two-hour radio programs. At the end of its introductory period, Miracle Whip was outselling all mayonnaise brands.


title: Miracle Whip

text: According to Kraft archivist Becky Haglund Tousey, Kraft developed the product in house, using a patented "emulsifying machine", invented by Charles Chapman, to create a product that blended mayonnaise and less expensive salad dressing, sometimes called "boiled dressing" and "salad dressing spread". The machine, dubbed "Miracle Whip" by Chapman, ensured that the ingredients, including more than 20 spices, were thoroughly blended.


title: Miracle Whip

text: Another story claims that Miracle Whip was invented in Salem, Illinois, at Max Crosset's Cafe, where it was called "Max Crossett's X-tra Fine Salad Dressing", and that Crosset sold it to Kraft Foods in 1931 for $300 (). While stating that Kraft did buy many salad dressings, Tousey disputes the claim that X-tra Fine was Miracle Whip.


title: Miracle Whip

text: Since 1972, Miracle Whip has been sold as Miracel Whip in Germany. It was formerly produced by Kraft Foods, and is now made by Mondelēz International, in Bad Fallingbostel.


title: Miracle Whip

text: Miracle Whip is made from water, soybean oil, high-fructose corn syrup, vinegar, modified corn starch, eggs, salt, natural flavor, mustard flour, potassium sorbate, spice, and dried garlic. The original Miracle Whip is produced using less oil compared to traditional mayonnaise, thus has around half of the calories. Due to added corn syrup it is also sweeter compared to mayonnaise.


title: Miracle Whip

text: In the late 2000s and early 2010s, Miracle Whip attempted to appeal to younger audiences, with Miracle Whip advertising featuring prominently in the Electronic Arts video game "Skate 3", including a dedicated trick, contest, and an achievement called "Don't Be So Mayo".


title: Miracle Whip

text: Kraft paid Lady Gaga to include Miracle Whip in the music video for her song "Telephone". Television adverts described Miracle Whip as an alternative to "real boring" mayonnaise. Criticism by Stephen Colbert led to Miracle Whip buying ad time on his show, "The Colbert Report", and attacking Colbert for being a "mayo lover". This also included publishing an open letter stating the attack was "raising hell, man". Eventually, this advertising was dropped.


title: Miracle Whip

text: In 2018, the town of Mayo, Florida, temporarily changed its name to Miracle Whip as a promotional stunt.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: The 2019 Pulwama attack occurred on 14 February 2019, when a convoy of vehicles carrying Indian security personnel on the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber at Lethapora in the Pulwama district of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir. The attack killed 40 Indian Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel as well as the perpetrator—Adil Ahmad Dar—who was a local Kashmiri youth from the Pulwama district. The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist group, Jaish-e-Mohammed. India blamed neighbouring Pakistan for the attack, while the latter condemned the attack and denied having any connections to it. The attack dealt a severe blow to India–Pakistan relations, consequently resulting in the 2019 India–Pakistan military standoff. Subsequently, Indian investigations identified 19 accused. By August 2021, the main accused along with six others had been killed, and seven had been arrested.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Kashmir is a disputed territory, claimed both by India and Pakistan with both countries administering part of the territory. Pakistan has sought to gain control of Indian-administered Kashmir. An insurgency began to proliferate in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s. Pakistan provided the insurgency with material support. Since 1989, about 70,000 people have been killed in the uprising and the Indian crackdown. According to "Time", unrest in Kashmir grew in 2016 after India killed a popular militant leader, Burhan Wani. A rising number of young locals from Indian administered Kashmir have joined the militancy. Many sources state that the majority of militants in Kashmir are now local, not foreign. In 2018 alone, the death toll included 260 militants, 160 civilians and 150 government forces.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Since 2015, Pakistan-based militants in Kashmir have increasingly taken to high-profile suicide attacks against the Indian security forces. In July 2015, three gunmen attacked a bus, and police station in Gurdaspur. Early in 2016, four to six gunmen attacked the Pathankot Air Force Station. In February and June 2016, the militants killed nine and eight security personnel respectively in Pampore. In September 2016, four assailants attacked an Indian Army brigade headquarters in Uri killing 19 soldiers. On 31 December 2017, the Commando Training Centre at Lethpora was also attacked by militants killing five security personnel. These attacks took place in the vicinity of the Jammu Srinagar National Highway.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: On 14 February 2019, a convoy of 78 vehicles transporting more than 2,500 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel from Jammu to Srinagar was travelling on National Highway 44. The convoy had left Jammu around 03:30 IST and was carrying a large number of personnel due to the highway having been shut down for two days prior. The convoy was scheduled to reach its destination before sunset.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: At Lethpora near Awantipora, around 15:15 IST, a bus carrying security personnel was rammed by a car carrying explosives. It caused a blast which killed 40 CRPF personnel of the 76th Battalion and injured many others. The injured were moved to the army base hospital in Srinagar.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Pakistan-based militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed claimed responsibility for the attack. They also released a video of the assailant Adil Ahmad Dar, a 22-year-old from Kakapora who had joined the group a year earlier. Dar's family had last seen him in March 2018, when he left his house on a bicycle one day and never returned. Pakistan denied any involvement, though Jaish-e-Mohammed's leader, Masood Azhar, is known to operate in the country.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: The perpetrator was identified as Adil Ahmad Dar, a 22-year old from Kakapora. According to Dar's parents, Dar became radicalized after he was beaten by Indian police. Between September 2016 and March 2018, Adil Dar was reportedly arrested six times by Indian authorities. However, each time he was released without any charges.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: The National Investigation Agency (NIA) dispatched a 12-member team to probe the attack, working with the Jammu and Kashmir Police.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Initial investigations suggested the car was carrying more than of explosives, including of RDX, a high explosive, and ammonium nitrate. Lt Gen Hooda said that the explosives might have been stolen from a construction site. He initially said that it was not possible that they were smuggled from across the border, but later said that he could not rule it out.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: National Investigation Agency was able to establish and confirm the identity of suicide bomber as DNA samples from "meagre fragments of the car" used in suicide attack matched with Adil Ahmad Dar's father. However, even after a year of investigation, NIA was unable to trace the source of explosives. The charge-sheet filed by the NIA in August 2020 named 19 accused.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: State funerals of security personnel killed in the attack were held in their respective native places. The government of Punjab announced ex gratia compensation of each to the families of the killed security personnel from the state and a government job to the next of kin. India revoked Pakistan's most favoured nation status. The customs duty on all Pakistani goods imported to India were raised to 200%. The government of India urged the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) to put Pakistan on the blacklist. The FATF decided to keep it on the 'grey list' and gave Pakistan time till October 2019 to comply with the 27 conditions it had laid down in June 2018, when it was put on the 'grey list', with an attending caveat. If Pakistan failed to comply, it would be added to the blacklist. On 17 February, the state administration revoked security provisions for separatist leaders.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Protests, bandhs and candle light marches were held across India. There were violent protests in Jammu resulting in a curfew being imposed starting 14 February. The Indian community in the United Kingdom held protests outside the Pakistan High Commission in London. A delegation of Indian doctors cancelled their visit to Pakistan for the 13th Association of Anaesthesiologists Congress, organised by the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, in Lahore on 7 March. Indian broadcaster DSport said it would no longer broadcast Pakistan Super League cricket matches. The All Indian Cine Workers Association announced a ban on Pakistani actors and artists in the Indian film industry, and stated that strong action would be taken on any organisation violating it. The Indian Film and Television Directors Association also announced a ban on Pakistani artists in films and music produced in India; the president of the organisation threatened to "vandalise" the sets of any Indian film production with Pakistani artists.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: On 20 February 2019, Pakistani prisoner Shakarullah, who was serving a life term in India's Jaipur Central Jail under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, was stabbed and beaten to death by four other inmates. India claimed that Shakarullah was allegedly killed in a brawl among the inmates over television volume. Pakistan claimed that he was killed in retaliation of the Pulwama incident.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Following intelligence inputs, in the early morning hours of 18 February, a joint team comprising 55 Rashtriya Rifles, CRPF and Special Operations Group of India killed two terrorists and two supporters in an anti-terrorism encounter operation in the ensuing manhunt for the perpetrators in Pulwama. One of them, Abdul Rasheed Ghazi alias Kamran, was identified as a Pakistani national and was considered the mastermind of the attack and a commander of the terrorist group Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM). In addition, local JeM recruit Hilal Ahmed, along with two sympathisers who housed Ghazi and Ahmed to evade capture, were also shot dead in the encounter. Four security personnel were killed in the gunfight.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Kashmiri students living in other parts of India faced a backlash after the attack, including violence and harassment, and eviction from their homes. In response, many Indians offered to house Kashmiris who may have been evicted.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: It was reported that number of Kashmiris fleeing from the rest of India had reached "hundreds". Jammu and Kashmir Students Organisation reported that 97% of Kashmiri students in Dehradun had been evacuated. Two Indian colleges in Dehradun announced that no new Kashmiri students will receive admission. One of those colleges, Alpine College, suspended its dean, who is a Kashmiri, after some groups called for him to be fired.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Tathagata Roy, the governor of the Indian state Meghalaya, tweeted support for a boycott of "everything Kashmiri". Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad disagreed with this view. A Kashmiri merchant was beaten in Kolkata; the attack was condemned by West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Kashmir police chief Dilbagh Singh said they had asked affected states to protect students." Former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister Omar Abdullah met with Rajnath Singh seeking assistance.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: On 26 February, twelve Mirage 2000 jets of the Indian Air Force crossed the Line of Control and dropped bombs into Balakot, Pakistan. India claimed that it attacked a Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp and killed a large number of terrorists, reported to be between 300 and 350. Pakistan claimed that they quickly scrambled jets to intercept the IAF jets, who dropped their payloads to quickly return over the Line of Control.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: On 27 February, Pakistan Air Force conducted an airstrike into Jammu and Kashmir in retaliation for the Indian airstrike the day before. Both Pakistan and India agreed that no damage was caused by Pakistan's airstrike. However, in an ensuing dogfight between Indian and Pakistani jets, an Indian MiG-21 was shot down over Pakistan and its pilot captured. Pakistan released the pilot on 1 March.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: On 5 March, Pakistan arrested 44 members of various groups, including the Jaish-e-Muhammad. Some of those arrested had been named by India in a dossier it gave to Pakistan in the aftermath of the Pulwama attack. Pakistan said those arrested will be held for at least 14 days, and if India provided further evidence they would be prosecuted. Among those arrested were relatives of JeM leader Masood Azhar, including his son Hamad Azhar and his brother Abdul Rauf.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: By August 2021, Indian security forces had killed seven of the accused, including Saifullah, while seven had been arrested.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi condemned the attack and expressed solidarity with the victims and their families. Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh assured that a strong response will be given to the terror attack. India blamed Pakistan for the attack. "BBC News" has said that the involvement of the Jaish-e-Mohammed in the bombing "directly links" Pakistan to the attack, while also pointing out that Jaish-e-Mohammed had attacked Pakistani military targets in the past. It is widely accepted among security analysts that Jaish-e-Mohammed is the creation of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence. Pakistan banned the group in 2002, but it has resurfaced under different names and retains ISI's support. The "New York Times" questioned the nature of the link to Pakistan, pointing out that the bomber came from Indian-administered Kashmir and the explosives may also have been locally procured.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: The Indian Finance Minister Arun Jaitley has said that India would completely isolate Pakistan in the diplomatic community.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Pakistan denied the allegation of a link to the attack, and Pakistani foreign minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi condemned the bombing. Fawad Chaudhry, Pakistan's federal information minister, said that Pakistan was taking action against Jaish-e-Muhammad and that Pakistan would be able to assist India in taking action against terrorist groups. "The Nation", a Pakistani newspaper, called the assailant a "freedom fighter" who eliminated members of an "occupying force". Pakistan and India both recalled their ambassadors for "consultations" in a tit-for-tat move.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: On 19 February 2019, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan said that providing safe haven to terrorists was not in Pakistan's interest. He asked for proof of Pakistani involvement and warned India that any military response would be met with retaliation. Indian Ministry of External Affairs responded by criticising him for not condemning the attack and not offering any condolences for the victims. It said that claims by Adil Ahmad Dar and Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed was sufficient proof. It said that promises of investigation was unconvincing due to a lack of progress in Mumbai and Pathankot attack investigations. In response to Indian criticism, the newspaper "Dawn" pointed out that Pakistani Foreign Minister Qureshi had expressed sympathies with the victims soon after the attack.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Following the attack on the Indian territory, the producers of the Indian Hindi films, including "Notebook", "Kabir Singh" and "Satellite Shankar", decided not to release the films in Pakistan.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Former Indian cricket players and Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) called for the boycott on the 2019 World Cup group match fixture between India and Pakistan with raising concerns on banning Pakistan cricket team from playing in the 2019 Cricket World Cup tournament. However, after conducting a press meet in Dubai, the International Cricket Council (ICC) rejected BCCI's statement regarding banning Pakistan from the World Cup and assured that the scheduled match will go ahead as planned despite the ongoing standoff between the two nations.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: On 8 March 2019, the India national cricket team wore camouflage military caps in tribute to the CRPF personnel killed in the attack during the third ODI against Australia at Ranchi. The players also donated their match fees to the National Defence Fund. The Pakistan Cricket Board wrote to the ICC to protest the gesture. The ICC stated that BCCI had asked for, and received, permission to wear the caps.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: The United States condemned the attack and added it would work with India in counterterrorism efforts. It asked Pakistan to stop sheltering terrorists and urged it to cooperate with the investigation and punish those responsible. Pakistan said it was ready to cooperate with such an investigation. A statement from the US Department of State noted that Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) had claimed responsibility for the attack. Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, France, Hungary, Israel, Maldives, Nepal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom condemned the attack, as did the United Nations Secretary-General. China and Turkey also defended Pakistan's efforts to fight terrorism. China placed a temporary block on a UN Security Council resolution following the attack, which was backed by all other permanent members of the council, to designate JeM leader Masood Azhar as a global terrorist.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi met with India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj and referring to both the 2019 Pulwama attack and the 2019 Khash–Zahedan suicide bombing, he stated that Iran and India would work together to prevent future attacks.


title: 2019 Pulwama attack

text: The Indian cricket team paid tribute to the 40 soldiers killed in the Pulwama attack by wearing the camouflage caps instead of the usual sky blue team India cap, during the third One Day International match with Australia in Ranchi. Pakistan objected to this gesture and Pakistani Information Minister Fawad Chaudhry and Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi called the International Cricket Council (ICC) to ban the Indian team for allegedly mixing cricket with politics. After a complaint from the Pakistani Cricket Board, The ICC clarified that the Indian team had requested and was granted permission to wear the camouflage caps as a part of fundraising drive and to pay tribute to the soldiers killed in the attack.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Kumbhalgarh (literally "Kumbhal fort") also known as the Great Wall of India is a Mewar fortress on the westerly range of Aravalli Hills, just about 48 km from Rajsamand city in the Rajsamand district of the Rajasthan state in western India. It is located about 84 km from Udaipur. It is a World Heritage Site included in Hill Forts of Rajasthan. It was built during the 15th century by Rana Kumbha.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: In 2013, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Kumbhalgarh Fort, along with five other forts of Rajasthan, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the group Hill Forts of Rajasthan.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: The chief architect who built this fort was Mandan, who documented his style of work in his text, Rajvallabh.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: The early history of the fort could not be ascertained on account of lack of evidence. Before Rana Kumbha built the new fort, there was a small fort, limited to small hilly area, believed to have been built by King Samprati of the Maurya and was known as Matsyaendra Durg. Rana Lakha won this entire area and plains of Godwar from Chauhan Rajputs of Nadol in late 14th century.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Kumbhalgarh, as the fort we see it was built by Rana Kumbha who was the Rana of Mewar from the Sisodia rajput clan. Rana Kumbha took the aid of the famous architect of the era, "Mandan". Rana Kumbha's kingdom of Mewar stretched from Ranthambore to Gwalior and included large tracts of what is now Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Out of the 84 forts in his dominion, Rana Kumbha is said to have built 32 of them, of which Kumbhalgarh is the largest and most elaborate.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Kumbhalgarh also separated Mewar and Marwar from each other and was used as a place of refuge for the rulers of Mewar at times of danger. A notable instance was in the case of Prince Udai, the infant king of Mewar who was smuggled here in 1535, when Chittor was under siege. Prince Udai later succeeded to the throne. The fort remained impregnable to direct assault.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Ahmed Shah I of Gujarat attacked the fort in 1457, but found the effort futile. There was a local belief then that the Banmata deity in the fort protected it and hence he destroyed the temple. There were further attempts in 1458–59 and 1467 by Mahmud Khalji, but it also proved futile. Akbar's general, Shahbaz Khan, attacked this fort in October 1577 and after the siege of 6 months, he was able to capture the fort in April 1577. But it was recaptured by Pratap in 1578. In 1818, an armed band of "sanyasis" formed a garrison to protect the fort, but was convinced by James Tod and the fort was taken over by the British and later returned to Udaipur State. There were additions made by Maharanas of Mewar, but the original structure built by Maharana Kumbha remains. The residential buildings and temples are well-preserved. The fort is also known to be the birthplace of Maharana Pratap.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Built on a hilltop above sea level on the Aravalli range, the fort of Kumbhalgarh has perimeter walls that extend , making it among the longest walls in the world. The frontal walls are fifteen feet thick. Kumbhalgarh has seven fortified gateways. There are over 70 temples within the fort, both Jain and Hindu Temples. From the palace top, it is possible to see Kilometres into the Aravalli Range.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Aaret Pol was the first entry gate of the fort. Halla Pol is on the downward slope from the entrance. Just after Halla Pol is Badshahi Bavdi, a stepped tank, built after the invasion of Shahbaz Khan in 1578, the general of Mughal emperor Akbar to provide water to the troops.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Hanuman Pol, the next gate is half a KM away from Halla Pol. Hanuman Pol is a double-storeyed gate with octagonal bastions. The gate got its name from the stone image of Hanuman located in front of the gate, which was brought by Maharana Kumbha.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Ram Pol is the main entrance of the fort, there is another entrance towards the east, called Vijay Pol.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: There are five more gates between Ram Pol to Badal Mahal, the Palace built on the highest point of the fort. Names of these gates are Bhairon Pol, Nimboo Pol, Chaugan Pol, Pagda Pol and Ganesh Pol.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: The Rajasthan Tourism Department organises a three-day annual festival in the fort in remembrance of the passion of Maharana Kumbha towards art and architecture. Sound and light shows are organised with the fort as the background. Various concerts and dance events are also organised to commemorate the function. The other events during the festival are Heritage Fort Walk, turban tying, tug-of war and "mehendi mandana" among others.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: Six forts of Rajasthan, namely, Amber Fort, Chittor Fort, Gagron Fort, Jaisalmer Fort, Kumbhalgarh and Ranthambore Fort were included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list during the 37th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Phnom Penh during June 2013. They were recognized as a serial cultural property and examples of Rajput military hill architecture.


title: Kumbhalgarh

text: This fort (Kumbhalgarh) is previously described as , as painted by William Westall with an engraving in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836


title: Diadochi

text: The Diadochi (; singular: Diadochus; from , ) were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC. The Wars of the Diadochi mark the beginning of the Hellenistic period from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River Valley.


title: Diadochi

text: The most notable Diadochi include Ptolemy, Antigonus, Cassander, and Seleucus as the last remaining at the end of the Wars of the Successors, ruling in Egypt, Asia-Minor, Macedon and Persia respectively, all forging dynasties lasting several centuries.


title: Diadochi

text: In ancient Greek, is a noun (substantive or adjective) formed from the verb, "diadechesthai", "succeed to," a compound of "dia-" and "dechesthai", "receive." The word-set descends straightforwardly from Indo-European *dek-, "receive", the substantive forms being from the o-grade, *dok-. Some important English reflexes are dogma, "a received teaching," decent, "fit to be received," paradox, "against that which is received." The prefix "dia-" changes the meaning slightly to add a social expectation to the received. The "diadochos" expects to receive it, hence a successor in command or any other office, or a succeeding work gang on work being performed by relays of work gangs, or metaphorically light being the successor of sleep.


title: Diadochi

text: It was exactly this expectation that contributed to strife in the Alexandrine and Hellenistic Ages, beginning with Alexander. Philip had married a woman who changed her name to Olympias to honor the coincidence of Philip's victory in the Olympic Games and Alexander's birth, an act that suggests love may have been a motive as well. Macedon's chief office was the "basileia", or monarchy, the chief officer being the "basileus", now the signatory title of Philip. Their son and heir, Alexander, was raised with care, being educated by select prominent philosophers. Philip is said to have wept for joy when Alexander performed a feat of which no one else was capable, taming the wild horse, Bucephalus, at his first attempt in front of a skeptical audience including the king. Amidst the cheering onlookers Philip swore that Macedonia was not large enough for Alexander. When Philip was on campaign Alexander would lament at the report of each victory that his father would leave him nothing of note to do.


title: Diadochi

text: Philip fell in love with a young woman, Cleopatra. He married her apparently for love when he was too old for marriage, having divorced Olympias. By that time Philip had built Macedonia into the leading military state of the Balkans. He had acquired his expertise fighting for Thebes and Greek freedom under his patron, Epaminondas. When Alexander was a teen-ager, Philip was planning a military solution to the contention with the Persian Empire. In the opening campaign against Byzantium he made Alexander "regent" ("kurios") in his absence. Alexander used every opportunity to further his father's victories, expecting that he would be a part of them. There was a source of disaffection, however. Plutarch reports that Alexander and his mother bitterly reproached him for his numerous affairs among the women of his court.


title: Diadochi

text: Alexander was at the wedding banquet when Attalus, Cleopatra's uncle, made a remark that seemed inappropriate to him. He asked the Macedonians to pray for an "heir to the kingship" ("diadochon tes basileias"). Rising to his feet Alexander shouted, using the royal "we," "Do we seem like bastards ("nothoi") to you, evil-minded man?" and threw a cup at him. The inebriated Philip, rising to his feet, drawing his sword, presumably to defend his wife's uncle, promptly fell. Making a comment that the man who was preparing to cross from Europe to Asia could not cross from one couch to another, Alexander departed, to escort his mother to her native Epirus and to wait himself in Illyria. Not long after, prompted by Demaratus the Corinthian to mend the dissension in his house, Philip sent Demaratus to bring Alexander home. The expectation by virtue of which Alexander was "diadochos" was that as the son of Philip, he would inherit Philip's throne.


title: Diadochi

text: After a time the king was assassinated. In 336 BC, at the age of 20, Alexander "received the kingship" ("parelabe ten basileian"). In the same year Darius succeeded to the throne of Persia as "Šâhe Šâhân", "King of Kings," which the Greeks understood as "Great King." The role of the Macedonian "basileus" was changing fast. Alexander's army was already multinational. Alexander was acquiring dominion over state after state. His presence on the battlefield seemed to ensure immediate victory.


title: Diadochi

text: When Alexander the Great died on June 10, 323 BC, he left behind a huge empire which comprised many essentially independent territories. Alexander's empire stretched from his homeland of Macedon itself, along with the Greek city-states that his father had subdued, to Bactria and parts of India in the east. It included parts of the present day Balkans, Anatolia, the Levant, Egypt, Babylonia, and most of the former Achaemenid Empire, except for some lands the Achaemenids formerly held in Central Asia.


title: Diadochi

text: An army on campaign changes its leadership at any level frequently for replacement of casualties and distribution of talent to the current operations. The institution of the companion cavalry or "Hetaĩroi" () gave the ancient Macedonian army a flexible capability in this regard. There were no fixed ranks of Hetairoi except as the term meant a special unit of cavalry. The Hetairoi were simply a fixed pool of de facto general officers, without any or with changing de jure rank, whom Alexander could assign where needed. They were typically from the nobility, many related to Alexander. A parallel flexible structure in the Achaemenid army facilitated combined units.


title: Diadochi

text: Staff meetings to adjust command structure were nearly a daily event in Alexander's army. They created an ongoing expectation among the Hetairoi of receiving an important and powerful command, if only for a short term. At the moment of Alexander's death, all possibilities were suddenly suspended. The Hetairoi vanished with Alexander, to be replaced instantaneously by the Diadochi, men who knew where they had stood, but not where they would stand now. As there had been no definite ranks or positions of Hetairoi, there were no ranks of Diadochi. They expected appointments, but without Alexander they would have to make their own.


title: Diadochi

text: For purposes of this presentation, the Diadochi are grouped by their rank and social standing at the time of Alexander's death. These were their initial positions as Diadochi. They are not necessarily significant or determinative of what happened next.


title: Diadochi

text: Craterus was an infantry and naval commander under Alexander during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire. After the revolt of his army at Opis on the Tigris in 324, Alexander ordered Craterus to command the veterans as they returned home to Macedonia. Antipater, commander of Alexander's forces in Greece and regent of the Macedonian throne in Alexander's absence, would lead a force of fresh troops back to Persia to join Alexander while Craterus would become regent in his place. When Craterus arrived at Cilicia in 323 BC, news reached him of Alexander's death. Though his distance from Babylon prevented him from participating in the distribution of power, Craterus hastened to Macedonia to assume the protection of Alexander's family. The news of Alexander's death caused the Greeks to rebel in the Lamian War. Craterus and Antipater defeated the rebellion in 322 BC. Despite his absence, the generals gathered at Babylon confirmed Craterus as Guardian of the Royal Family. However, with the royal family in Babylon, the Regent Perdiccas assumed this responsibility until the royal household could return to Macedonia.


title: Diadochi

text: Antipater was an adviser to King Philip II, Alexander's father, a role he continued under Alexander. When Alexander left Macedon to conquer Persia in 334 BC, Antipater was named Regent of Macedon and General of Greece in Alexander's absence. In 323 BC, Craterus was ordered by Alexander to march his veterans back to Macedon and assume Antipater's position while Antipater was to march to Persia with fresh troops. Alexander's death that year, however, prevented the order from being carried out. When Alexander's generals gathered at the Partition of Babylon to divide the empire between themselves, Antipater was confirmed as General of Greece while the roles of Regent of the Empire and Guardian of the Royal Family were given to Perdiccas and Craterus, respectively. Together, the three men formed the top ruling group of the empire.


title: Diadochi

text: Originally the Epigoni (/ɪˈpɪɡənaɪ/; from "offspring") were the sons of the Argive heroes who had fought in the first Theban war. In the 19th century the term was used to refer to the second generation of Diadochi rulers.


title: Diadochi

text: Without a clear chosen successor, there was almost immediately a dispute among Alexander's generals as to who his successor should be. Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. A compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become King, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become Regent of the entire Empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control.


title: Diadochi

text: The other cavalry generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the Empire. Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia. Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipater, who had governed them for Alexander, and Craterus, Alexander's most able lieutenant, while Alexander's old secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, was to receive Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.


title: Diadochi

text: In the east, Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact – Taxiles and Porus governed over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes governed Gandara; Sibyrtius governed Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor governed Aria and Drangiana; Philip governed Bactria and Sogdia; Phrataphernes governed Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates governed northern Media; Archon got Babylonia; and Arcesilaus governed northern Mesopotamia.


title: Diadochi

text: Meanwhile, the news of Alexander's death had inspired a revolt in Greece, known as the Lamian War. Athens and other cities joined together, ultimately besieging Antipater in the fortress of Lamia. Antipater was relieved by a force sent by Leonnatus, who was killed in action, but the war did not come to an end until Craterus's arrival with a fleet to defeat the Athenians at the Battle of Crannon on September 5, 322 BC. For a time, this brought an end to any resistance to Macedonian domination. Meanwhile, Peithon suppressed a revolt of Greek settlers in the eastern parts of the Empire, and Perdiccas and Eumenes subdued Cappadocia.


title: Diadochi

text: Soon, however, conflict broke out. Perdiccas' marriage to Alexander's sister Cleopatra led Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, and Ptolemy to join together in rebellion. The actual outbreak of war was initiated by Ptolemy's theft of Alexander's body and its transfer to Egypt. Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during an invasion of Egypt.


title: Diadochi

text: Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Partition of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia, to which was added Lycaonia. Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace, while the three murderers of Perdiccas—Seleucus, Peithon, and Antigenes—were given the provinces of Babylonia, Media, and Susiana respectively. Arrhidaeus, the former Regent, received Hellespontine Phrygia. Antigonus was charged with the task of rooting out Perdiccas's former supporter, Eumenes. In effect, Antipater retained for himself control of Europe, while Antigonus, as leader of the largest army east of the Hellespont, held a similar position in Asia.


title: Diadochi

text: Soon after the second partition, in 319 BC, Antipater died. Antipater had been one of the few remaining individuals with enough prestige to hold the empire together. After his death, war soon broke out again and the fragmentation of the empire began in earnest. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. A civil war soon broke out in Macedon and Greece between Polyperchon and Cassander, with the latter supported by Antigonus and Ptolemy. Polyperchon allied himself to Eumenes in Asia, but was driven from Macedonia by Cassander, and fled to Epirus with the infant king Alexander IV and his mother Roxana. In Epirus he joined forces with Olympias, Alexander's mother, and together they invaded Macedon again. They were met by an army commanded by King Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice, which immediately defected, leaving the king and Eurydice to Olympias's not so tender mercies, and they were killed (317 BC). Soon after, though, the tide turned, and Cassander was victorious, capturing and killing Olympias, and attaining control of Macedon, the boy king, and his mother.


title: Diadochi

text: The Wars of the Diadochi were a series of conflicts, fought between 322 and 275 BC, over the rule of Alexander's empire after his death.


title: Diadochi

text: The Battle of Ipsus at the end of the Fourth War of the Diadochi finalized the breakup of the unified Empire of Alexander. Antigonus I Monophthalmus and his son Demetrius I of Macedon were pitted against the coalition of three other companions of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia. Antigonus was killed, but his son Demetrius took a large part of Macedonia and continued his father's dynasty. After the death of Cassander and Lysimachus, following one another in fairly rapid succession, the Ptolemies and Seleucids controlled the vast majority of Alexander's former empire, with a much smaller segment controlled by the Antigonid dynasty until the 1st century.


title: Diadochi

text: This division was to last for a century, before the Antigonid Kingdom finally fell to Rome, and the Seleucids were harried from Persia by the Parthians and forced by the Romans to relinquish control in Asia Minor. A rump Seleucid kingdom survived in Syria until finally conquered by Pompey in 64 BC. The Ptolemies lasted longer in Alexandria, though as a client under Rome. Egypt was finally annexed to Rome in 30 BC.


title: Diadochi

text: In the formal "court" titulature of the Hellenistic empires ruled by dynasties we know as Diadochs, the title was not customary for the Monarch, but has actually been proven to be the "lowest" in a system of official rank titles, known as Aulic titulature, conferred – ex officio or nominatim – to actual courtiers "and" as an honorary rank (for protocol) to various military and civilian officials. Notably in the Ptolemaic Kingdom, it was reported as the lowest aulic rank, under Philos, during the reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes.


title: Diadochi

text: Diadochi (Διάδοχοι) is an ancient Greek word that currently modern scholars use to refer primarily to persons acting a role that existed only for a limited time period and within a limited geographic range. As there are no modern equivalents, it has been necessary to reconstruct the role from the ancient sources. There is no uniform agreement concerning exactly which historical persons fit the description, or the territorial range over which the role was in effect, or the calendar dates of the period. A certain basic meaning is included in all definitions, however.


title: Diadochi

text: The New Latin terminology was introduced by the historians of universal Greek history of the 19th century. Their comprehensive histories of ancient Greece typically covering from prehistory to the Roman Empire ran into many volumes. For example, George Grote in the first edition of "History of Greece", 1846–1856, hardly mentions the Diadochi, except to say that they were kings who came after Alexander and Hellenized Asia. In the edition of 1869 he defines them as "great officers of Alexander, who after his death carved kingdoms for themselves out of his conquests."


title: Diadochi

text: Grote cites no references for the use of Diadochi but his criticism of Johann Gustav Droysen gives him away. Droysen, "the modern inventor of Hellenistic history," not only defined "Hellenistic period" ("hellenistische ... Zeit"), but in a further study of the "successors of Alexander" ("nachfolger Alexanders") dated 1836, after Grote had begun work on his history, but ten years before publication of the first volume, divided it into two periods, "the age of the Diadochi," or "Diadochi Period" ("die Zeit der Diodochen" or "Diadochenzeit"), which ran from the death of Alexander to the end of the "Diadochi Wars" ("Diadochenkämpfe", his term), about 278 BC, and the "Epigoni Period" ("Epigonenzeit"), which ran to about 220 BC. He also called the Diadochi Period "the Diadochi War Period" ("Zeit der Diadochenkämpfe"). The Epigoni he defined as "Sons of the Diadochi" ("Diadochensöhne"). These were the second generation of Diadochi rulers. In an 1843 work, "History of the Epigoni" ("Geschichte der Epigonen") he details the kingdoms of the Epigoni, 280-239 BC. The only precise date is the first, the date of Alexander's death, June, 323 BC. It has never been in question.


title: Diadochi

text: Grote uses Droysen's terminology but gives him no credit for it. Instead he attacks Droysen's concept of Alexander planting Hellenism in eastern colonies: "Plutarch states that Alexander founded more than seventy new cities in Asia. So large a number of them is neither verifiable nor probable, unless we either reckon up simple military posts or borrow from the list of foundations really established by his successors." He avoids Droysen's term in favor of the traditional "successor". In a long note he attacks Droysen's thesis as "altogether slender and unsatisfactory." Grote may have been right, but he ignores entirely Droysen's main thesis, that the concepts of "successors" and "sons of successors" were innovated and perpetuated by historians writing contemporaneously or nearly so with the period. Not enough evidence survives to prove it conclusively, but enough survives to win acceptance for Droysen as the founding father of Hellenistic history.


title: Diadochi

text: M. M. Austin localizes what he considers to be a problem with Grote's view. To Grote's assertion in the Preface to his work that the period "is of no interest in itself," but serves only to elucidate "the preceding centuries," Austin comments "Few nowadays would subscribe to this view." If Grote was hoping to minimize Droysen by not giving him credit, he was mistaken, as Droysen's gradually became the majority model. By 1898 Adolf Holm incorporated a footnote describing and evaluating Droysen's arguments. He describes the Diadochi and Epigoni as "powerful individuals." The title of the volume on the topic, however, is "The Graeco-Macedonian Age...", not Droysen's "Hellenistic".


title: Diadochi

text: Droysen's "Hellenistic" and "Diadochi Periods" are canonical today. A series of six (as of 2014) international symposia held at different universities 1997–2010 on the topics of the imperial Macedonians and their Diadochi have to a large degree solidified and internationalized Droysen's concepts. Each one grew out of the previous. Each published an assortment of papers read at the symposium. The 2010 symposium, entitled "The Time of the Diadochi (323-281 BC)," held at the University of A Coruña, Spain, represents the current concepts and investigations. The term Diadochi as an adjective is being extended beyond its original use, such as "Diadochi Chronicle," which is nowhere identified as such, or Diadochi kingdoms, "the kingdoms that emerged," even past the Age of the Epigoni.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The "Mistral" class is a class of five amphibious assault ships built by France. Also known as helicopter carriers, and referred to as "projection and command ships" ( or BPC), a "Mistral"-class ship is capable of transporting and deploying 16 NH90 or Tiger helicopters, four landing barges, up to 70 vehicles including 13 Leclerc tanks, or a 40-strong Leclerc tank battalion, and 450 soldiers. The ships are equipped with a 69-bed hospital, and are capable of serving as part of a NATO Response Force, or with United Nations or European Union peace-keeping forces.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Three ships of the class are in service in the French Navy: , , and . A deal for two ships for the Russian Navy was announced by then French President Nicolas Sarkozy on 24 December 2010, and signed on 25 January 2011. On 3 September 2014, French President François Hollande announced the postponement of delivery of the first warship, , due to the Russia–Ukraine crisis. On 5 August 2015, President Hollande and Russian president Vladimir Putin announced that France would refund payments and keep the two ships; the two ships were later sold to Egypt.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In 1997, the DCNS started a study for a multi-purpose intervention ship ("bâtiment d'intervention polyvalent" or BIP). At the same time, the French doctrine of amphibious operations was evolving and being defined as the CNOA (, "National design for amphibious operations"). The BIP was to renew and increase the amphibious capabilities of the French Navy, which at the time consisted of two and two landing platform docks.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The CNOA was to assert the French Navy's capability to perform amphibious assaults, withdrawals, demonstrations, and raids. This would allow the French Navy to further integrate into the doctrinal frameworks described by NATO's "Allied Tactical Publication" 8B (ATP8) and the European Amphibious Initiative. While the CNOA made air capabilities a priority, it also recommended an increase in the number of vehicles and personnel that could be transported and deployed; the CNOA fixed the aim to project a force comprising four combat companies (1,400 men, 280 vehicles, and 30 helicopters) for ten days, in a 100 kilometre-deep sector; this force should be able to intervene either anywhere within 5000 kilometres of Metropolitan France , or in support of French oversea territories or allies. As well as joint operations with NATO and EU forces, any proposed ship had to be capable of inter-service operations with the Troupes de Marine brigades of the French Army.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The studies for a multi-purpose intervention ship (, BIP) began during a time where the defence industries were preparing to undergo restructuring and integration. The BIP was intended to be a modular, scalable design that could be made available to the various European Union nations and constructed cooperatively, but political issues relating to employment and repartition of contracts caused the integration of the European nations with naval engineering expertise to fail, and saw the BIP project revert to a solely French concern.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In 1997, several common ship designs referred to as (NTCD), loosely based on the aborted PH 75 nuclear helicopter carrier, were revealed. The largest design, BIP-19, was the future basis of the "Mistral" class. The BIP-19 included a long flush deck, with a beam, a draught of , and a displacement of 19,000 tonnes; dimensions which exceeded the requirements of the NTCD concept. Three smaller ship designs were also revealed, basically scaled-down BIP-19 versions, with a common beam of : BIP-13 (13,000 tonnes, ), BIP-10 (10,000 tonnes, ), and BIP-8 (8,000 tonnes, ). BIP-8 incorporated features of the Italian amphibious transports, but with a helicopter hangar.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: At the design stage, the NTCD concept featured an aircraft lift on the port side (like the U.S. ), another on the starboard side, one in the centre of the flight deck, and one forward of the island superstructure. These were later reduced in number and relocated: a main lift towards the aft of the ship was originally located to starboard but then moved to centre, and an auxiliary lift behind the island superstructure. Concept drawings and descriptions created by "Direction des Constructions Navales" (DCN), one of the two shipbuilders involved, showed several aircraft carrier-like features, including a ski-jump ramp for STOBAR aircraft (like the AV-8B Harrier II and F-35B fighters), four or five helicopter landing spots (including one strengthened to accommodate V-22 Osprey or CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters), and a well deck capable of accommodating a , or two LCAC hovercraft. A French Senate review concluded that STOBAR aircraft were outside the CNOA's scope, requiring design changes.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The NTCD was renamed "Porte-hélicoptères d'intervention" (PHI, for "intervention helicopter carrier") in December 2001, before being eventually named "Bâtiment de projection et de commandement" (BPC) to emphasize the amphibious and command aspects of the concept.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: At Euronaval 1998, France confirmed plans to build vessels based on the BIP-19 concept. Approval for construction of two ships, "Mistral" and "Tonnerre", was received on 8 December 2000. A construction contract was published on 22 December and, after getting the public purchase authority's approval ("Union des groupements d'achats publics", UGAP) on 13 July 2001, was awarded to DCN and Chantiers de l'Atlantique in late July. An engineering design team was established at Saint-Nazaire in September 2001 and, following consultation between DCA and the "Délégation Générale pour l'Armement" (General Delegation for Ordnance, DGA), began to adapt the BIP-19 design. In parallel, the concept was refined by DGA, DCN, the Chief of the Defence Staff and Chantiers de l'Atlantique. During the design validation process, a 1/120th scale model was built and tested in a wind tunnel, revealing that in strong crosswinds, the ship's height and elongated superstructures created turbulence along the flight deck. The design was altered to minimise the effects and provide better conditions for helicopter operations.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The ships were constructed at various locations in two major and several minor components and united on completion. DCN, the head of construction and responsible for 60% of the value of construction and 55% of the work time, assembled the engines in Lorient, combat systems in Toulon, and the rear half of the ship, including the island superstructure, in Brest. STX Europe, a subsidiary of STX Shipbuilding of South Korea, constructed the forward halves of each ship in Saint-Nazaire, and was responsible for transporting them to DCN's Brest shipyard for final assembly. Other companies were involved in the construction: some work was outsourced to Stocznia Remontowa de Gdańsk, while Thales supplied radars and communications systems. Each ship was predicted to take 34 months to complete, with design and construction for both costing 685 million Euros (approximately the same cost for a single ship based on or , and approximately the same cost as the preceding "Foudre"-class amphibious ships, which displaced half the tonnage of the "Mistral" class and took 46.5 months to complete).


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Starting from "Dixmude", the rest of the French "Mistral"s and the two Russian "Mistral"s were built in Saint-Nazaire by STX France, which is jointly owned by STX Europe, Alstom and the French government, with STX Europe having a majority stake. DCNS will provide the combat system. The Russian ships' sterns were built in Saint Petersburg, Russia, by Baltic Shipyard.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: DCN laid the keels for the aft part of both ships in 2002; "Mistral" on 9 July, and "Tonnerre" on 13 December. Chantiers de l'Atlantique laid the keel of the forward part of "Mistral" on 28 January 2003, and of "Tonnerre" later. The first block of the rear of "Tonnerre" was put in a dry dock on 26 August 2003, and that of "Mistral" on 23 October 2003. The two aft sections were assembled side by side in the same dry dock. The forward section of "Mistral" left Saint-Nazaire under tow on 16 July 2004 and arrived in Brest on 19 July 2004. On 30 July, the combination of the two-halves through a process similar to jumboisation began in dock no. 9. "Tonnerre"'s forward section arrived in Brest on 2 May 2005 and underwent the same procedure.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: "Mistral" was launched on schedule on 6 October 2004, while "Tonnerre" was launched on 26 July 2005. Delivery was scheduled for late 2005 and early 2006 respectively, but was postponed for over a year due to issues with the SENIT 9 sensor system and deterioration to the linoleum deck covering of the forward sections. They were commissioned into the French Navy on 15 December 2006 and 1 August 2007, respectively.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The 2008 French White Paper on Defence and National Security forecast that two more BPCs would be in French Navy service by 2020. In 2009, a third ship was ordered earlier than expected as part of the French government's response to the recession which began in 2008. Construction began on 18 April 2009 in Saint-Nazaire; the entire ship was built there due to cost constraints. On 17 December 2009, it was announced that this third ship would be named "Dixmude". It had been suggested to use the historic name of "Jeanne d'Arc" following the decommissioning of the helicopter cruiser of that name in 2010, but it was opposed by some French naval circles. The possibility of a fourth Mistral class ship was officially abandoned in the 2013 French White Paper on Defence and National Security.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Based on displacement tonnage, "Mistral" and "Tonnerre" are the largest ships in the French Navy after the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier , for roughly the same height above water.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The flight deck of each ship is approximately . The deck has six helicopter landing spots, one of which is capable of supporting a 33-tonne helicopter. The hangar deck can hold 16 helicopters, and includes a maintenance area with an overhead crane. To aid launch and recovery, a DRBN-38A Decca Bridgemaster E250 landing radar and an Optical Landing System are used.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The flight and hangar decks are connected by two aircraft lifts, each capable of lifting 13 tonnes. The main lift is located near the stern of the ship, on the centreline, and is large enough for helicopters to be moved with their rotors in flight configuration. The auxiliary lift is located aft of the island superstructure.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Every helicopter operated by the French military is capable of flying from these ships. On 8 February 2005, a Westland Lynx of the Navy and a Cougar landed on "Mistral". The first landing of a NH90 took place on 9 March 2006. Half of the air group of the BPCs is to be constituted of NH-90s, the other half being composed of Tigre attack helicopters. On 19 April 2007, Puma, Écureuil and Panther helicopters landed on "Tonnerre". On 10 May 2007, a MH-53E Sea Dragon of the US Navy landed on her reinforced helicopter spot off the U.S. Naval Station Norfolk.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: According to "Mistral"s first commanding officer, "Capitaine de vaisseau" Gilles Humeau, the size of the flight and hangar decks would allow the operation of up to thirty helicopters. "Mistral" aviation capabilities approach those of the s, for roughly 40% the cost and crew requirements of the American ship.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: "Mistral"-class ships can accommodate up to 450 soldiers, although this can be doubled for short-term deployments. The vehicle hangar can carry a 40-strong Leclerc tank battalion, or a 13-strong Leclerc tank company and 46 other vehicles. By comparison, "Foudre"-class ships can carry up to 100 vehicles, including 22 AMX-30 tanks, in the significantly smaller deck.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The well deck can accommodate four landing craft. The ships are capable of operating two LCAC hovercraft, and although the French Navy appears to have no intention of purchasing any LCACs, this capability improves the class' ability to interoperate with the United States Marine Corps and the British Royal Navy. Instead the DGA ordered eight French-designed 59-tonne EDA-R (Engin de débarquement amphibie rapide) catamarans for operation from the "Mistral"-class. The EDA-S Amphibious Standard Landing Craft (Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards) were subsequently ordered to replace CTM landing craft. These landing craft began delivery in 2021. Eight are envisaged for operation from the "Mistral"-class and they have a payload capacity of 65 to 80 tonnes and a maximum speed of 11 knots (at full load).


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: "Mistral"-class ships can be used as command and control ships, with a command centre which can host up to 150 personnel. Information from the ship's sensors is centralised in the SENIT system ("Système d'Exploitation Navale des Informations Tactiques", "System for Naval Usage of Tactical Information"), a derivative of the US Navy's Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS). Problems in the development of the SENIT 9 revision contributed to the one-year delay in the delivery of the two ships. SENIT 9 is based around Thales' tri-dimensional MRR3D-NG Multi Role Radar, which operates on the C band and incorporates IFF capabilities. SENIT 9 can also be connected to NATO data exchange formats through Link 11, Link 16 and Link 22.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: For communications, the "Mistral"-class ships use the SYRACUSE satellite system, based on French satellites SYRACUSE 3-A and SYRACUSE 3-B which provide 45% of the Super High Frequency secured communications of NATO. From 18 to 24 June 2007, a secure video conference was held twice a day between "Tonnerre", then sailing from Brazil to South Africa, and VIP visitors at the Paris Air Show.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: As built, the two "Mistral"-class ships were armed with two Simbad launchers for Mistral missiles and four 12.7 mm M2-HB Browning machine guns. Two Breda-Mauser 30 mm/70 guns are also included in the design, though not installed as of 2009. Following the experiences of French naval commanders during "Opération Baliste", the French deployment to aid European citizens in Lebanon during the 2006 war, proposals to improve the self-defence capabilities of the two "Mistral"-class ships were supported by one of France's chiefs of staff. One suggestion is to upgrade the dual-launching, manual Simbad launchers to quadruple-launching, automatic Tetral launchers.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Incidents such as the near-loss of the Israeli corvette to a Hezbollah-fired anti-ship missile during the 2006 Lebanon War have shown the vulnerability of modern warships to asymmetric threats, with the "Mistral"-class ships considered under-equipped for self-defence in such a situation. Consequently, "Mistral" and "Tonnerre" cannot be deployed into hostile waters without sufficient escorting ships. This problem is compounded by the small number of escort ships in the French Navy; there is a five-year gap between the decommissioning of the s and the commissioning of their replacements, the and FREMM frigates.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In late 2011, the French Navy selected the NARWHAL20 remote weapon station (RWS) to equip "Mistral" ships for close-in self-defense. Nexter Systems will deliver two NARWHAL20B guns for each ship, chambered in 20×139mm ammunition, with one gun covering the port bow and the other covering the starboard stern. "Dixmude" was the first of the vessels outfitted with the cannons in March 2016.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In late 2013, the French Navy equipped all three "Mistral"s with two M134 Miniguns each; intended for close-in self-defence against asymmetric threats faced during anti-piracy operations, such as speedboats and suicide boats.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In December 2014, the French Navy awarded a contract to Airbus to study the integration of the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) on "Mistral"s. This is to increase the ships' naval fire support capabilities, as 76 mm and 100 mm guns have been determined to have insufficient range and lethality. The MLRS is in French Army service, using a GPS-guided rocket with a range of and a unitary high-explosive warhead.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Each ship carries a NATO Role 3 medical facility, "i.e.," equivalent to the field hospital of an Army division or army corps, or to the hospital of a 25,000-inhabitant city, complete with dentistry, diagnostics, specialist surgical and medical capabilities, food hygiene and psychological capabilities. A Syracuse-based telemedicine system allows complex specialised surgery to be performed.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The hospital provides 20 rooms and 69 hospitalisation beds, of which 7 are fit for intensive care. The two surgery blocks come complete with a radiology room providing digital radiography and ultrasonography, and that can be fitted with a mobile CT scanner. 50 medicalised beds are kept in reserve and can be installed in a helicopter hangar to extend the capacity of the hospital in case of emergency.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The "Mistral" class are the first ships of the French Navy to use azimuth thrusters. The thrusters are powered by electricity from five 16-cylinder Wärtsilä 16V32 diesel alternators, and can be oriented in any angle. This propulsion technology gives the ships significant manoeuvering capabilities, as well as freeing up space normally reserved for propeller shafts.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The long-term reliability of azimuth thrusters in military use is yet to be rigorously studied, but the technology has been employed aboard ships in several navies, including the Dutch , the Spanish , and the Canadian .


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The space gained by the use of the azimuth thrusters allowed for the construction of accommodation areas where no pipes or machinery are visible. Located in the forward section of the ship, crew cabins aboard "Mistral"-class ships are comparable in comfort levels to passenger cabins aboard contemporary cruise ships. Each of the fifteen officers have an individual cabin. Senior non-commissioned officers share two-man cabins, while junior crew and embarked troops use four- or six-person cabins. Conditions in these accommodation areas are said to be better than in most barracks of the French Foreign Legion, and when United States Navy vice-admiral Mark Fitzgerald inspected one of the "Mistral"-class ships in May 2007, it was claimed that he would have used the same accommodation area to host a crew three times the size of "Mistral"s complement.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The BPCs are certified as members of the naval component of the NATO Response Force, which allows them to take part in a Combined Joint Task Force. France provided forces to NRF-8 in January 2007, including a Commander Amphibious Task Force and eight ships. The next contribution took place in January 2008 in NRF-10, after exercises Noble Midas which tested link 16 and the SECSAT system which operationally controls submarines. The forces can be set up on 5 to 30 days' notice.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: "Mistral" made her maiden voyage from 21 March to 31 May 2006, cruising in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Following the start of the 2006 Lebanon War, "Mistral" was one of four French ships deployed to the waters off Lebanon as part of "Opération Baliste". These ships were to protect, and if necessary evacuate, French citizens in Lebanon and Israel. "Mistral" embarked 650 soldiers and 85 vehicles, including 5 AMX-10 RC and about 20 VABs and VBLs. Four helicopters were also loaded aboard, with another two joining the ship near Crete. During her deployment, "Mistral" evacuated 1,375 refugees.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: "Tonnerre"s maiden voyage occurred between 10 April and 24 July 2007. During this voyage, "Tonnerre" was involved in "Opération Licorne", the French co-deploying complement to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire following the Ivorian Civil War. Gazelle and Cougar helicopters of the French Air Force operated from the ship during 9 July.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: At the start of 2008, "Tonnerre" was involved in the Corymbe 92 mission (see Standing French Navy Deployments), a humanitarian mission in the Gulf of Guinea. During this deployment, "Tonnerre" acted on tip-offs from the European Maritime Analysis Operation Centre – Narcotics, and intercepted of smuggled cocaine: from a fishing vessel from Monrovia on 29 January, and from a cargo ship off Conakry.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis struck Burma; the worst natural disaster to hit the region. "Mistral", which was operating in the East Asia area at the time, loaded humanitarian aid supplies, and sailed to Burma. The ship was refused entry to the nation's ports; the 1,000 tons of humanitarian supplies had to be unloaded in Thailand and handed over to the World Food Program.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: French Foreign Minister Alain Juppé announced on 23 May 2011 that "Tonnerre" would be deployed with attack helicopters to the Libyan coast to enforce UN resolution 1973.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In September/October 2021, "Tonnerre" and "Mistral" deployed together for a major military exercise incorporating two helicopter groups (with 25 helicopters), an amphibious engagement group and two escort vessels (the frigates and ). The exercise was designed to permit units of the navy and army to train "in a high intensity setting" for joint operations.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Since 1997, and particularly since the Euronaval 2007, the "Mistral" type has been promoted for export. The "BPC family" comprises the BPC 140 (13,500 tonnes), the BPC 160 (16,700 tonnes) and the BPC 250 (24,542 tonnes, long). The BPC 250 was the design from which the final "Mistral"-class design was derived: the reduction in length and other modifications were a price-saving exercise.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: The BPC 250 concept was one of two designs selected for the "Canberra"-class amphibious warfare ships, to be constructed for the Royal Australian Navy. The design finally chosen was the Spanish "Buque de Proyección Estratégica"-class amphibious ship.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In 2012, the Royal Canadian Navy showed "strong interest" in buying two "Mistral" ships. The two Canadian ships were to be built by SNC Lavalin, with an option to buy a third. The project represented a total investment of $2.6 billion. Canada had also pursued the two former Russian vessels, and Canada's defence minister held a face to face exchange at the NATO Ministerial in June 2015. Canada's attempt to purchase Mistral ship was dropped due to budgetary constraints. As of late 2011, the Polish Navy has been working closely with the Polish Ministry of Defense to purchase one "Mistral" ship. The Indian Navy has also expressed interest in the design of the "Mistral" type as a Multi-Role Support Vessel. Brazil and Turkey could in time consider purchasing BPCs, but in the end Turkey also chose a derivative of Navantia's "Juan Carlos I", . Algeria is also considering the purchase of two BPCs. South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and Singapore also reportedly expressed interest in the "Mistral" class.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In August 2009, General Nikolai Makarov, Chief of the Russian General Staff, suggested Russia planned to purchase one ship and intended to later construct three further ships in Russia. In February 2010, he said that construction would start sometime after 2015 and would be a joint effort with France. French President Nicolas Sarkozy favoured the building of the first two ships in France and only the second two in Russia. According to Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, the first ship would be entirely built and assembled in France from 2013, the second would also be built in France, delivered in 2015, but with a higher proportion of Russian components. Two more would be built in Russia by a DCNS/Russian United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) joint-venture. On 1 November 2010, Russia's USC and France's DCNS and STX France signed an agreement to form a consortium, including technology transfer, the USC president stated that it was linked to the "Mistral" deal.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: On 24 December 2010, after eight months of talks, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev approved the purchase by Rosoboronexport of two "Mistral"-class ships (and an option for two more) from France for €1.37 billion (€720 million for the 1st ship; €650 million for the second). The first ship was expected to be delivered in late 2014 or early 2015; Russia made an advance payment in early 2011 pursuant to 25 January 2011 memorandum of understanding between the two parties. On 25 January 2011, the final agreement between Russia and France was signed.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In the United States, six Republican senators, including John McCain, complained to the French ambassador in Washington about the proposed sale; Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, the top Republican on the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, introduced a resolution that "France and other member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union should decline to sell major weapons systems or offensive military equipment to the Russian Federation." On 8 February 2010, Defense Secretary Robert Gates told French officials that the US was "concerned"; however, accompanying US officials said there is little the US could do to block the deal, and that it "did not pose a major problem." The same day, the deal was granted by France's DGA. It was the first major arms deal between Russia and a NATO country since the Soviet Union's acquisition of Rolls-Royce Nene and Rolls-Royce Derwent turbojet engines in 1947. NATO members Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia protested the deal; Lithuania's Defence Minister Rasa Jukneviciene stated that "[i]t's a mistake. This is a precedent, when a NATO and EU member sells offensive weaponry to a country whose democracy is not at a level that would make us feel calm."


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Some design changes were needed, such as for compatibility with Russian Ka-52 and Ka-27 helicopters. In 2013, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin stated that the ships would not be able to operate in Russia's climate, and required a grade of diesel fuel not produced in Russia. Russian General Staff General Nikolai Makarov announced that the first ship would be deployed to the Russian Pacific Fleet, and could transport troops to the Kuril Islands if sought. According to Nikolai Makarov, the chief reason for the "Mistral" purchase over domestic producers was that Russia required an unacceptable delay of ten years to develop the technologies needed. In March 2011, the deal stalled on Russian demands for sensitive NATO technologies to be included with the ships. In April 2011, the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev fired the senior Navy official overseeing the talks with France. On 17 June 2011, the two nations signed an agreement for two ships for $1.7 billion.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: In September 2014, the "Mistral" sale was put on hold by French President Francois Hollande due to an arms embargo of Russia over the illegal Russian annexation of Crimea. French foreign minister Laurent Fabius evaluated the deal in response to the Crimean referendum and the enactment of "phase two" economic sanctions; cancelling the "Mistral" contract was considered to be "phase three"; Fabius noted that cancelling would damage France's economy. In May 2014, Paris had guaranteed the two ships' completion. In November 2014, the Hollande government placed a hold on the first delivery to Russia and set two conditions: a ceasefire in Ukraine and a political agreement between Moscow and Kyiv. In December 2014, Russia gave the French government a choice to deliver the two ships or refund the $1.53 billion purchase price. On 26 May 2015, Russian news agencies quoted Oleg Bochkaryov, deputy head of the Military Industrial Commission, as saying "Russia won't take them, it's an accomplished fact. Now there's only one discussion—concerning the money sum that should be returned to Russia." On 5 August 2015 it was announced that France shall return Russia's partial payments and keep the two ships intended for Russia.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: On 7 August 2015, a French diplomatic source confirmed that President Hollande discussed the matter with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during his visit to Egypt during the inauguration of the New Suez Canal in Ismailia. Subsequently, Egypt and France concluded the deal to acquire the two former Russian "Mistral"s for roughly 950 million euros, including the costs of training Egyptian crews. Speaking on RMC Radio, Jean-Yves Le Drian, French Defence Minister, said that Egypt had already paid the whole price for the helicopter carriers. Egypt also purchased the Russian helicopters that were planned for the ships.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: DCNS unveiled a model of a smaller version of the standard "Mistral BPC 210" ship called the "Mistral 140" in September 2014 at the Africa Aerospace and Defence 2014 exhibition in Pretoria, South Africa. Compared to the full-sized ship's 21,500 tons displacement and length with six helicopter landing spots, the 140 would have a displacement of 14,000 tons, long with five helicopter landing spots. It would be wide with a range of at 15 knots.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: Like the original plans for the "Mistral BPC 210" that have not yet come to fruition, the "Mistral 140" would have naval guns at the left stern and at the right side of the bow, with heavy machine gun posts on both sides. There would be a well dock in the stern for landing craft, and two alcoves on each side to launch rigid-hulled inflatable boats, along with a crane positioned amidships behind the superstructure. The hangar deck would have space for ten helicopters, with a 400 m joint operations centre for a command staff. There would be accommodation for about 500 troops as well as over 30 vehicles and a 30-bed hospital. Propulsion would be provided by two azimuth pods and a bow thruster, probably an all-electric propulsion system like the BPC 210.


title: Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

text: DCNS is advertising the "Mistral 140" as "a political tool for civilian and military action" for countries that cannot afford the standard "Mistral" vessels. Roles listed include humanitarian and peacekeeping operations, crisis management, force protection, joint headquarters command, medical and logistics support and transport of military forces. The company is pitching the ship to countries less likely to engage in combat operations which need something more like a multi-role support or logistics ship, particularly the South African Navy.


title: Daisuke Namikawa

text: He is the official Japanese dub-over voice artist for American actor Elijah Wood and Canadian actor Hayden Christensen. He has also dubbed over some roles that were performed by other fellow actors such as: Leonardo DiCaprio, Tony Jaa, Edward Furlong, and Kevin Zegers in Japanese. He made his directorial debut for "Wonderful World," a live-action film that opened in Japan in early summer of 2010. He also starred in the film itself, alongside Mamoru Miyano, Tomokazu Sugita, Tomokazu Seki, Rikiya Koyama, Yuka Hirata, Toshiyuki Morikawa, Kōichi Yamadera, Showtaro Morikubo and Yūko Kaida.


title: Daisuke Namikawa

text: Namikawa married in 2001. In 2017, "Shūkan Bunshun" reported that Namikawa had been involved in an on-and-off extramarital affair with a female employee from his previous agency since 2004, whom he met when she had still been a teenager. Namikawa later confirmed the report and apologized.


title: Variable-sweep wing

text: A variable-sweep wing, colloquially known as a "swing wing", is an airplane wing, or set of wings, that may be swept back and then returned to its original straight position during flight. It allows the aircraft's shape to be modified in flight, and is therefore an example of a variable-geometry aircraft.


title: Variable-sweep wing

text: A straight wing is most efficient for low-speed flight, but for an aircraft designed for transonic or supersonic flight it is essential that the wing is swept. Most aircraft that travel at those speeds usually have wings (either swept wing or delta wing) with a fixed sweep angle. These are simple and efficient wing designs for high speed flight, but there are performance tradeoffs. One is that the stalling speed is increased, necessitating long runways (unless complex high-lift wing devices are built in). Another is that the aircraft's fuel consumption during subsonic cruise is higher than that of an unswept wing. These tradeoffs are particularly acute for naval carrier-based aircraft. A variable-sweep wing allows the pilot to use the optimum sweep angle for the aircraft's current speed, slow or fast. The more efficient sweep angles available offset the weight and volume penalties imposed by the wing's mechanical sweep mechanisms. Its greater complexity and cost make it practical mostly for military aircraft.