title: Planet symbols

text: Moskowitz, who designed symbols for the trans-Neptunian dwarf planets, also designed symbols for the smaller trans-Neptunian objects Varuna, Ixion, and Salacia. Others have proposed symbols for even more trans-Neptunian objects, e.g. Zane Stein for Varda. Although mentioned in the Unicode proposal for the other dwarf planets, they lack broader adoption.


title: International cricket in 2022–23

text: The 2022–23 international cricket season is from September 2022 to April 2023. Currently, 27 Tests, 93 One Day Internationals (ODIs) and 104 Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) are scheduled to be held in this season. In women's international cricket 19 Women's One Day Internationals (WODIs) and 28 Women's Twenty20 Internationals (WT20Is) are scheduled to be held in this season. Additionally, a number of other T20I/WT20I matches are also scheduled to be played in series involving associate nations. The 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, the 2022 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup, and the 2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup are all scheduled to take place during this time.


title: International cricket in 2022–23

text: In the round-robin stage of 2022 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup, Thailand beat Pakistan by 4 wickets to register their first ever win in international cricket against the opponents.


title: International cricket in 2022–23

text: In July 2022, South Africa withdrew from the three-match ODI series against Australia, after the fixtures clashed with their new domestic T20 league. As a result, Cricket Australia relocated some of its home schedule to include venues that would have hosted the ODI matches. The matches would have formed part of the 2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League, with Cricket South Africa and the International Cricket Council (ICC) agreeing to award the points to Australia.


title: International cricket in 2022–23

text: In July 2022, South Africa withdrew from the three-match ODI series against Australia, after the fixtures clashed with their new domestic T20 league. The World Cup Super League points for the three matches were awarded to Australia.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: The British shilling, abbreviated "1/-", was a unit of currency and a denomination of sterling coinage worth of one pound, or twelve pence. It was first minted in the reign of Henry VII as the testoon, and became known as the shilling, from the Old English , sometime in the mid-16th century. It circulated until 1990. The word "bob" was sometimes used for a monetary value of several shillings, e.g. "ten-bob note". Following decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the coin had a value of five new pence, and a new coin of the same value but labelled as "five new pence" or "five pence" was minted with the same size as the shilling until 1990, after which the shilling no longer remained legal tender. It was made from silver from its introduction in or around 1503 until 1946, and thereafter in cupronickel.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: Before Decimal Day in 1971, sterling used the Carolingian monetary system ("£sd"), under which the largest unit was a pound (£) divided into 20 shillings (s), each of 12 pence (d).


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: Although the coin was not minted until the 16th century, the value of a shilling had been used for accounting purposes since the early medieval period. The value of one shilling equalling 12 pence (12 d) was set by the Normans following the conquest; before this various English coins equalling 4, 5, and 12 pence had all been known as shillings.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: The notation for a number of shillings and pence was widely used (e.g., "19/11" for nineteen shillings and eleven pence). The form was used for a number of shillings and zero pence (e.g., "5/–" for five shillings exactly).


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: The first coins of the pound sterling with the value of 12d were minted in 1503 or 1504 and were known as testoons. The testoon was one of the first English coins to bear a real (rather than a representative) portrait of the monarch on its obverse, and it is for this reason that it obtained its name from an Italian coin known as the "testone", or "headpiece", which had been introduced in Milan in 1474. Between 1544 and 1551 the coinage was debased repeatedly by the governments of Henry VIII and Edward VI in an attempt to generate more money to fund foreign wars. This debasement meant that coins produced in 1551 had one-fifth of the silver content of those minted in 1544, and consequently the value of new testoons fell from 12d to 6d. The reason the testoon decreased in value is that unlike today, the value of coins was determined by the market price of the metal contained within them. This debasement was recognised as a mistake, and during Elizabeth's reign newly minted coins, including the testoon (now known as the shilling), had a much higher silver content and regained their pre-debasement value.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: Shillings were minted during the reigns of every English monarch after Edward VI, as well as during the Commonwealth, with a vast number of variations and alterations appearing over the years. The Royal Mint undertook a massive recoinage programme in 1816, with large quantities of gold and silver coin being minted. Previous issues of silver coinage had been irregular, and the last issue, minted in 1787, was not intended for issue to the public, but as Christmas gifts to the Bank of England's customers. New silver coinage was to be of .925 (sterling) standard, with silver coins to be minted at 66 shillings to the troy pound. Hence, newly minted shillings weighed  troy ounce, equivalent to 87.273 grains or 5.655 grams.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: The Royal Mint debased the silver coinage in 1920 from 92.5% silver to 50% silver. Shillings of both alloys were minted that year. This debasement was done because of the rising price of silver around the world, and followed the global trend of the elimination, or the reducing in purity, of the silver in coinage. The minting of silver coinage of the pound sterling ceased completely (except for the ceremonial Maundy Money) at the end of 1946 for similar reasons, exacerbated by the costs of the Second World War. New "silver" coinage was instead minted in cupronickel, an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: Beginning with Lord Wrottesley's proposals in the 1820s there were various attempts to decimalise the pound sterling over the next century and a half. These attempts came to nothing significant until the 1960s when the need for a currency more suited to simple monetary calculations became pressing. The decision to decimalise was announced in 1966, with the pound to be redivided into 100, rather than 240, pence. Decimal Day was set for 15 February 1971, and a whole range of new coins was introduced. Shillings continued to be legal tender with a value of 5 new pence until 31 December 1990.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: Testoons issued during the reign of Henry VII feature a right-facing portrait of the king on the obverse. Surrounding the portrait is the inscription , or similar, meaning "Henry, by the Grace of God, King of England and France". All shillings minted under subsequent kings and queens bear a similar inscription on the obverse identifying the monarch (or Lord Protector during the Commonwealth), with the portrait usually flipping left-facing to right-facing or vice versa between monarchs. The reverse features the escutcheon of the Royal Arms of England, surrounded by the inscription , or a variant, meaning "I have made God my helper".


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: Henry VIII testoons have a different reverse design, featuring a crowned Tudor rose, but those of Edward VI return to the Royal Arms design used previously. Starting with Edward VI the coins feature the denomination printed next to the portrait of the king. Elizabeth I and Mary I shillings are exceptions to this; the former has the denomination printed on the reverse, above the coat of arms, and the latter has no denomination printed at all. Some shillings issued during Mary's reign bear the date of minting, printed above the dual portraits of Mary and Philip.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: Early shillings of James I feature the alternative reverse inscription , meaning "Let God arise and His enemies be scattered", becoming , meaning "What God hath put together let no man put asunder" after 1604.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: A slang name for a shilling was a "bob" (plural as singular, as in "that cost me two bob"). The first recorded use was in a case of coining heard at the Old Bailey in 1789, when it was described as cant, "well understood among a certain set of people", but heard only among criminals and their associates.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: In the Gambia, white people are called "toubabs", which may derive from the colonial practice of paying locals two shillings for running errands. An alternate etymology holds that the name is derived from French "toubib", i.e. "doctor".


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: To "take the King's shilling" was to enlist in the army or navy, a phrase dating back to the early 19th century.


title: Shilling (British coin)

text: To "cut someone off with a shilling", often quoted as "cut off "without" a shilling" means to disinherit. Although having no basis in English law, some believe that leaving a family member a single shilling in one's will ensured that it could not be challenged in court as an oversight.


title: Shona language

text: Shona (; ) is a Bantu language of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. It was codified by the colonial government in the 1950s. According to "Ethnologue", Shona, comprising the Zezuru, Korekore and Karanga dialects, is spoken by about 7.5 million people. The Manyika dialect of Shona is listed separately by "Ethnologue", and is spoken by 1,025,000 people.


title: Shona language

text: The larger group of historically related languages—called Shona languages by linguists—also includes Ndau (Eastern Shona) and Kalanga (Western Shona).


title: Shona language

text: Shona is a written standard language with an orthography and grammar that was codified during the early 20th century and fixed in the 1950s. In the 1920s, the Rhodesian administration was faced with the challenge of preparing schoolbooks and other materials in the various languages and dialects and requested the recommendation of South African linguist Clement Doke.


title: Shona language

text: The first novel in Shona, Solomon Mutswairo's "Feso", was published in 1957. Shona is taught in the schools, but is not the general medium of instruction in other subjects. It has a literature and is described through monolingual and bilingual dictionaries (chiefly Shona – English). Standard Shona is based on the dialect spoken by the Karanga people of Masvingo Province, the region around Great Zimbabwe, and Zezuru people of central and northern Zimbabwe. However, all Shona dialects are officially considered to be of equal significance and are taught in local schools.


title: Shona language

text: Shona is a member of the large family of Bantu languages. In Guthrie's zonal classification of Bantu languages, zone S.10 designates a dialect continuum of closely related varieties, including Zezuru, Karanga, Manyika, Ndau and Budya, spoken in Zimbabwe and central Mozambique; Tawara and Tewe, found in Mozambique; and Nambya and Kalanga in Botswana and Western Zimbabwe.


title: Shona language

text: Shona is used to refer to a standardised language based on the central dialects of the Shona region. Shona languages form a dialect continuum from the Kalahari desert in the west to the Indian Ocean in the east and the Limpopo river in the south and the Zambezi in the north. While the languages are related, evolution and separation over the past 1000 years has meant that mutual intelligibility is not always possible without a period of acculturation. Therefore, Central Shona speakers have a difficult time understanding Kalanga speakers even though lexical sharing can be over 80% with some western Karanga dialects. In the same manner eastern dialects (Shanga) spoken along the Indian Ocean are also very divergent. There are many dialect differences in Shona, but a standardized dialect is recognized. According to information from Ethnologue (when excluding S16 Kalanga):


title: Shona language

text: Languages with partial intelligibility with Shona, of which the speakers are considered to be ethnically Shona, are the S15 Ndau language, spoken in Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and the S13 Manyika language, spoken in eastern Zimbabwe, near Mutare specifically Chipinge. Ndau literacy material has been introduced into primary schools.


title: Shona language

text: Maho (2009) recognizes Korekore, Zezuru, Manyika, Karanga, and Ndau as distinct languages within the Shona cluster, with Kalanga being more divergent. Manyika gave birth to a smaller language group dialect chibarwe originally spoken in mashonaland east.


title: Shona language

text: All syllables in Shona end in a vowel. Consonants belong to the next syllable. For example, "mangwanani" ("morning") is syllabified as "ma.ngwa.na.ni;" "Zimbabwe" is "zi.mba.bwe." No silent letters are used in Shona.


title: Shona language

text: Shona's five vowels are pronounced as in Spanish: . Each vowel is pronounced separately even if they fall in succession. For example, "Unoenda kupi?" (Where do you go?) is pronounced . Vowels in Shona always make the same sound.


title: Shona language

text: Shona and other languages of Southern and Eastern Africa include whistling sounds, (this should not be confused with whistled speech).


title: Shona language

text: Whistled sibilants stirred interest among the Western public and media in 2006, due to questions about how to pronounce the name of Morgan Tsvangirai, the leader of the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai in Zimbabwe. The BBC Pronunciation Unit recommended the pronunciation "chang-girr-ayi" .


title: Shona language

text: From 1931 to 1955, Unified Shona was written with an alphabet developed by linguist Professor Clement Martyn Doke. This included these letters:


title: Shona language

text: In 1955, these were replaced by letters or digraphs from the basic Latin alphabet. For example, today or is used for and or is used for .


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: House on Haunted Hill is a 1999 American supernatural horror film directed by William Malone and starring Geoffrey Rush, Famke Janssen, Taye Diggs, Ali Larter, Bridgette Wilson, Peter Gallagher, and Chris Kattan. The plot follows a group of strangers who are invited to a party at an abandoned insane asylum, where they are offered $1 million each by an amusement park mogul if they are able to survive the night. Produced by Robert Zemeckis and Joel Silver, it is a remake of the 1959 film of the same title directed by William Castle, and features special effects by famed make-up artists Gregory Nicotero and Dick Smith.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: "House on Haunted Hill" marked the producing debut of Dark Castle Entertainment, a production company that went on to produce numerous other horror films, including additional remakes. "House on Haunted Hill" premiered on Halloween weekend in 1999.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In the tradition of William Castle's theater gimmicks, Warner Bros. Pictures supplied promotional scratchcards to cinemas showing the film, offering ticket buyers a chance to win a money prize, similar to the movie's characters. The film received middling reviews from major critics, but was a commercial success, opening number one at the box office and grossing $43 million worldwide.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In 2007, the film was followed by a direct-to-DVD sequel, "Return to House on Haunted Hill", which was released in both rated and unrated editions.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In 1931, the patients at the Vannacutt Psychiatric Institute for the Criminally Insane revolt against the staff headed by the sadistic Dr. Richard B. Vannacutt. The patients start a fire which engulfs the building, killing all of the inmates and all but five of Vannacutt’s staff.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In 1999, Evelyn Stockard-Price is in a disintegrating marriage with Steven Price, an amusement park mogul. At Evelyn's insistence, Price stages her birthday party at the long-abandoned hospital. The building's owner, Watson Pritchett, is convinced it is evil, having lived there as a child when it was converted to a private residence. Five guests arrive for the party: film producer Jennifer Jenzen; baseball player Eddie Baker; former television personality Melissa Marr; Donald Blackburn, a physician; and Pritchett himself. The guests are not the ones Price invited and neither of the Prices know who they are. Despite this, Price continues the party's advertised theme, offering $1 million to each guest who remains in the house until morning; those who flee forfeit their $1 million to the others.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: The building's security system is mysteriously tripped, locking everyone inside – a stunt which Price blames on Evelyn. Jennifer, Eddie and Pritchett search the basement for the control panel. While exploring the labyrinthine basement, Jennifer confesses to Eddie that her real name is Sara Wolfe, the recently fired assistant to the real Jennifer. She impersonated Jennifer hoping to win the prize money. Shortly after, Sara is nearly drowned in a tank of blood by a ghost impersonating Eddie, but the real Eddie arrives in time to save her. Melissa subsequently disappears, leaving behind a massive trail of blood. Price visits his assistant Schechter, who is supposed to be managing the party stunts, but finds him horribly mutilated. On the surveillance monitor he sees the ghost of Dr. Vannacutt walking around with a bloody saw.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Evelyn seemingly dies in front of the others, strapped to an electroshock therapy table. Price pulls a gun on the guests, demanding to know who killed his wife. Eddie knocks him out and they lock Price in the "Saturation Chamber", an archaic zoetrope device that Vannacutt used to treat schizophrenics. Blackburn volunteers to guard Price. When the others leave, he turns the chamber on, leaving Price to be tortured by the moving images and ghostly hallucinations. In Vannacutt's office, Sara and Eddie find a portrait of the hospital's head staff and realize that the party guests are descendants of the five survivors of the 1931 fire. Pritchett deduces that the spirits themselves hacked the guest list on Price's computer. The only exception is Blackburn, whose name does not appear among the staff.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Blackburn is revealed as Evelyn's lover. They have faked Evelyn's death, plotting to frame Price for the murders, hoping one of the guests will kill him in self-defense. Evelyn heartlessly kills Blackburn, adding another victim, then releases a delirious Price from the chamber. Sara finds Price, covered in blood and with Blackburn's severed head nearby, and shoots him. Eddie and Pritchett arrive and bring Sara upstairs, after which Evelyn approaches Price to gloat. Price, protected by a bulletproof vest and posing as dead, attacks Evelyn. As they scuffle, Evelyn is thrown through a decaying door, revealing the evil entity of the house – The Darkness.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: The shape-shifting creature, composed of the spirits in the house, consumes Evelyn, adding her spirit to its mass. Price then discovers Melissa's body. Shortly after, Pritchett is also killed by The Darkness, allowing Price to flee. Price tells Sara and Eddie that the only escape is through the attic. The Darkness seeps through the house, following them. Price opens a window in the attic, then sacrifices himself to give the others time to escape. Sara gets out, but The Darkness closes an iron gate, trapping Eddie.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: As The Darkness entity prepares to assimilate Eddie, he reveals that he is adopted, and not a true descendant of the original staff. Pritchett's ghost appears and opens the iron gate. The Darkness is distracted by Pritchett long enough for Eddie to escape. Pritchett's ghost and The Darkness fades away as Sara and Eddie watch the sun rise. They find an envelope on the ledge, containing all five checks, made out to cash.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In a post-credits scene, a black and white film is shown, depicting the spirits of the 1931 patients torturing the Prices for eternity.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Rush's name "Price" as well as Rush's appearance is a nod to actor Vincent Price, who played the similar lead role, then named Frederick Loren in the original film.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: "House on Haunted Hill" was the first film produced by American production company Dark Castle Entertainment. Joel Silver and Robert Zemeckis had discussed remaking William Castle's 1959 film as early as 1997. Castle's daughter Terry Castle served as co-producer on the remake. Director William Malone was a fan of the original film, which he had seen in his childhood, which served as the impetus for his directing. Malone and producer Dick Beebe worked on the film's screenplay for a year and a half. According to Malone, he wrote approximately twenty percent of the screenplay, though he did not take a writing credit on it.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Co-producer Gilbert Adler noted that he felt the film was "totally different" from the original, but retained the spirit of the original, in terms of "how we're telling the story, and the basic tenets of the story itself. We contemporize it as much as possible." The unethical psychiatry methods and experimental procedures featured in the film were loosely based on medical experiments conducted by the Nazis.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Geoffrey Rush signed on to appear as Steven Price, the theme park mogul in the film. Taye Diggs was subsequently cast as Eddie, the ex-professional baseball player attending the party, and agreed to appear in the film after Rush signed onto the project. Ali Larter, who had previously appeared in "Varsity Blues" (1999), was cast as Sara Wolfe, a woman who poses as her ex-boss, film executive Jennifer Jensen; the film marked Larter's third screen appearance. Famke Janssen was cast as Price's aloof wife, while "Saturday Night Live" star Chris Kattan was cast as Watson Pritchett, the caretaker of the building. Terry Castle stated that Kattan was cast in the part for the sake of comic relief, and that the filmmakers allowed Kattan to "just [be] who he is."


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: The film was shot in late 1998 and early 1999 in Los Angeles, California, with exteriors of the house's driveway being shot in Griffith Park near the Griffith Park Observatory. Adler commented on the unorthodox nature of the house: "Instead of being a typical sort of haunted house, this [one] is much more modern, with a touch of Deco. It's not what you'd expect to see." Larter stated in an on-set interview: "The set is dark and dirty, and everyone's been sick, and [Taye Diggs] and Chris [Kattan] keep me laughing. We really have had a good time."


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: The "Terror Incognita" roller coaster at Price's amusement park featured in the beginning of the film is actually The Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal's Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Some reviewers noted that the surrealistic jerking, twitching effect of the ghosts featured in the film was similar to the effects in Adrian Lyne's film "Jacob's Ladder" (1990). The special effects in the film were designed by Gregory Nicotero and Robert Kurtzman, with additional makeup design by Dick Smith in his last film credit. One of the monster figures featured in the film during Price's underwater hallucination sequence was a creation of Smith's that was intended to be used in "Ghost Story" (1981) but was ultimately not featured. Malone, struck by the figure, which consisted of a human face consisting only of an enlarged mouth, was granted permission from Smith to use it in the film.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: The tentacular morphing mass of ghosts featured at the film's climax was designed by KNB Effects, and was inspired by the visuals of H.P. Lovecraft's novels, as well as resembling the Rorschach inkblots used in psychiatry. According to Malone, much of the visual elements were actually not computer-generated, and were actually made up of footage shot by the production crew, which was grafted together to form the mass.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Other practical visual effects included the use of a spinning saw blade being held in front of a camera lens to achieve a fluttering look to the hallucinatory sequences experienced by Price in the Saturation Chamber.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Several key scenes were taken out of the final cut of the film. This included an exposition scene in which Sara Wolfe (Ali Larter) is fired by her boss, Jennifer Jenzen (played by Debi Mazar), the feisty vice president of a motion picture company. Two versions of the scene were shot, both taking place on a film set where Wolfe hands Jenzen a bag delivered for her; inside is a music box with a jack-in-a-box-trigger which cuts the handler's finger. Jenzen throws the box in the garbage, and Wolfe discovers the invitation to Price's party inside of it. This is why in the final cut of the film, Wolfe hesitantly introduces herself to Price as Jennifer Jenzen; in the final cut of the film, she later confesses to Eddie Baker about posing as Jenzen in order to receive her $1,000,000, but details surrounding the circumstances in which she received the invitation are sparsely revealed.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Another scene removed from the film last-minute, according to director Malone, was a scene in which Wolfe falls through a collapsing floor when she and Baker are being chased by the Darkness. After falling two stories below, Wolfe awakens in a subterranean crematorium filled with the ashes and corpses of the hospital's dead patients. There, she is attacked by reanimated corpses who rise out of the ashes, terrorizing her and tearing off her overcoat. As a result of the scene's removal, there remains a continuity error in the final cut of the film, in which Wolfe's overcoat disappears from her body in-between scenes.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: A final epilogue scene completing the Jennifer Jenzen story arc was also filmed, featuring Jenzen arriving at the house with a realtor, which she was claimed to now inherited. As she enters the front door, a bloodcurdling scream is heard, and the realtor is revealed to be Dr. Vannacutt. Director Malone said the scene ultimately was removed after the cutting of Jenzen's exposition scene, as well as for having a comical tone that did not fit with the rest of the film.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: All three deleted scenes from the film were included on the 2000 Warner Bros. Home Video release of the film on DVD in the bonus features section.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In keeping with the spirit of William Castle's tradition of releasing each of his films with a marketing gimmick, Warner Bros. and Dark Castle supplied movie theatres with scratch-off tickets that would be given to moviegoers. The scratch-off ticket would give each patron a chance to win money, like the characters in the film. The cash prizes totaled $1 million, including rentals from Blockbuster.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Dark Castle had originally intended to release each of their films with a gimmick much like Castle had done. They had considered releasing the remake "Thirteen Ghosts" in 3-D with special glasses similar to the ones used by the characters in the film. These plans were scrapped and "House on Haunted Hill" remains the only film released with a special marketing gimmick.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: "House on Haunted Hill" premiered in Los Angeles on October 27, 1999, at the Mann Village Theater. Janssen, Kattan, Larter and Wilson were in attendance with director Malone, as well as producers Silver and Adler.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: It was released theatrically in the United States two days later, on October 29, opening at number one at the U.S. box office and earning over $15 million in sales its opening weekend.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: "House on Haunted Hill" received generally negative reviews. In contrast to the original's 78% score on Rotten Tomatoes, the remake received a 31% rating, based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 4.80/10. The site's consensus reads, "Unsophisticated and unoriginal film fails to produce scares." Metacritic reports a score of 28 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" said, ""House on Haunted Hill" is the kind of horror movie that's not a bit scary and quite a bit gross. Yet it's also mildly, even pleasantly, entertaining, at least by the diminished standard set by this summer's "The Haunting" ... [it] sets up hostile relationships between the characters, which allows the audience to wonder who is doing what to whom. Finding out is not so interesting, but getting there isn't so bad." Maitland McDonough of "Film Journal" gave the film a similar review, saying "The proceedings are all utterly conventional, but watching them unfold is mildly diverting if you're in the right frame of mind, as many moviegoers apparently were over the Halloween weekend," also favorably comparing the film to Jan de Bont's remake of "The Haunting", which was released several months prior.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B− rating, calling it "trash, but creepier than you expect." Joe Leydon of "Variety" gave the film a favorable review, noting its "cheap scares," but adding: "Given the irredeemable cheesiness of the original 1958 "House on Haunted Hill", the makers of the remake had nowhere to go but up. So it's not exactly a stunning surprise to find the new horror opus is a slicker and scarier piece of work."


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In their review, "The New York Times" called the film "a sorry reincarnation" of the original, and said: "This film wastes the talents of actors like Geoffrey Rush and Peter Gallagher in hollow roles and relies heavily on its sets and special effects to do the work that should have been accomplished by its director and writer." "The Austin Chronicle"s Marc Savlov echoed a similar sentiment, writing: "The nicest thing I can say about this remake of William Castle's 1958 shocker is that Geoffrey Rush, god bless him, sure can do a fine imitation of Vincent Price's original mustache, even better than John Waters' -- which is no mean feat."


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: Warner Home Video released "House on Haunted Hill" on VHS and a special edition DVD in April 2000. On October 9, 2018, Scream Factory released the film on Blu-ray for the first time in North America as a collector's edition featuring new interviews with Malone and other crew, among various other features. This is the revered edition amongst fans, as previous releases had inferior transfers and colour palettes.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: The soundtrack for the film was commercially released on the label Varèse Sarabande, containing selections from the original score by Don Davis.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: The song "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Marilyn Manson is not on the soundtrack but plays during the scene lead up to the Asylum and end credits.


title: House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)

text: In 2007, the film was followed up with a direct-to-DVD sequel, "Return to House on Haunted Hill", which was released in both rated and unrated editions. The film had no involvement from William Malone and received poor reviews, mainly due to plot holes, continuity in the building design and various other features of the film, but it was praised for its state-of-the-art Blu-Ray feature in which the viewer can change the path of the story.


title: Royston Langdon

text: Royston William Langdon (born 1 May 1972) is an English musician who is the lead singer and bassist of the English-American glam rock band Spacehog.


title: Royston Langdon

text: Langdon was born on 1 May 1972 in Leeds. When he was young, he and his older brother Antony joined the Leeds Parish Church choir; the two of them would later found Spacehog in 1994, with Antony playing rhythm guitar in the band. Langdon wanted to become a photographer and artist and dreamed of attending Saint Martin's School of Art in London. At the age of 16, he was kicked out of school. Shortly after Spacehog was formed, Langdon came to New York City, where he met Bryce Goggin; the two became friends, and Goggin would later produce Spacehog's best known song, "In the Meantime".


title: Royston Langdon

text: From 25 March 2003 to April 2008 he was married to actress Liv Tyler, with whom he has a son, Milo William Langdon (born 14 December 2004).


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) is an AI accelerator application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed by Google for neural network machine learning, using Google's own TensorFlow software. Google began using TPUs internally in 2015, and in 2018 made them available for third party use, both as part of its cloud infrastructure and by offering a smaller version of the chip for sale.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: The tensor processing unit was announced in May 2016 at Google I/O, when the company said that the TPU had already been used inside their data centers for over a year. The chip has been specifically designed for Google's TensorFlow framework, a symbolic math library which is used for machine learning applications such as neural networks. However, as of 2017 Google still used CPUs and GPUs for other types of machine learning. Other AI accelerator designs are appearing from other vendors also and are aimed at embedded and robotics markets.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: Google's TPUs are proprietary. Some models are commercially available, and on February 12, 2018, "The New York Times" reported that Google "would allow other companies to buy access to those chips through its cloud-computing service." Google has said that they were used in the AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol series of man-machine Go games, as well as in the AlphaZero system, which produced Chess, Shogi and Go playing programs from the game rules alone and went on to beat the leading programs in those games. Google has also used TPUs for Google Street View text processing and was able to find all the text in the Street View database in less than five days. In Google Photos, an individual TPU can process over 100 million photos a day. It is also used in RankBrain which Google uses to provide search results.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: Compared to a graphics processing unit, it is designed for a high volume of low precision computation (e.g. as little as 8-bit precision) with more input/output operations per joule, without hardware for rasterisation/texture mapping. The TPU ASICs are mounted in a heatsink assembly, which can fit in a hard drive slot within a data center rack, according to Norman Jouppi. Different types of processors are suited for different types of machine learning models, TPUs are well suited for CNNs while GPUs have benefits for some fully-connected neural networks, and CPUs can have advantages for RNNs.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: Google provides third parties access to TPUs through its "Cloud TPU" service as part of the Google Cloud Platform and through its notebook-based services Kaggle and Colaboratory.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: The first-generation TPU is an 8-bit matrix multiplication engine, driven with CISC instructions by the host processor across a PCIe 3.0 bus. It is manufactured on a 28 nm process with a die size ≤ 331 mm. The clock speed is 700 MHz and it has a thermal design power of 28–40 W. It has 28 MiB of on chip memory, and 4 MiB of 32-bit accumulators taking the results of a 256×256 systolic array of 8-bit multipliers. Within the TPU package is 8 GiB of dual-channel 2133 MHz DDR3 SDRAM offering 34 GB/s of bandwidth. Instructions transfer data to or from the host, perform matrix multiplications or convolutions, and apply activation functions.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: The second-generation TPU was announced in May 2017. Google stated the first-generation TPU design was limited by memory bandwidth and using 16 GB of High Bandwidth Memory in the second-generation design increased bandwidth to 600 GB/s and performance to 45 teraFLOPS. The TPUs are then arranged into four-chip modules with a performance of 180 teraFLOPS. Then 64 of these modules are assembled into 256-chip pods with 11.5 petaFLOPS of performance. Notably, while the first-generation TPUs were limited to integers, the second-generation TPUs can also calculate in floating point. This makes the second-generation TPUs useful for both training and inference of machine learning models. Google has stated these second-generation TPUs will be available on the Google Compute Engine for use in TensorFlow applications.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: The third-generation TPU was announced on May 8, 2018. Google announced that processors themselves are twice as powerful as the second-generation TPUs, and would be deployed in pods with four times as many chips as the preceding generation. This results in an 8-fold increase in performance per pod (with up to 1,024 chips per pod) compared to the second-generation TPU deployment.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: On May 18, 2021, Google CEO Sundar Pichai spoke about TPU v4 Tensor Processing Units during his keynote at the Google I/O virtual conference. TPU v4 improved performance by more than 2x over TPU v3 chips. Pichai said "A single v4 pod contains 4,096 v4 chips, and each pod has 10x the interconnect bandwidth per chip at scale, compared to any other networking technology.”


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: In July 2018, Google announced the Edge TPU. The Edge TPU is Google's purpose-built ASIC chip designed to run machine learning (ML) models for edge computing, meaning it is much smaller and consumes far less power compared to the TPUs hosted in Google datacenters (also known as Cloud TPUs). In January 2019, Google made the Edge TPU available to developers with a line of products under the Coral brand. The Edge TPU is capable of 4 trillion operations per second with 2 W of electrical power.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: The product offerings include a single-board computer (SBC), a system on module (SoM), a USB accessory, a mini PCI-e card, and an M.2 card. The SBC Coral Dev Board and Coral SoM both run Mendel Linux OS – a derivative of Debian. The USB, PCI-e, and M.2 products function as add-ons to existing computer systems, and support Debian-based Linux systems on x86-64 and ARM64 hosts (including Raspberry Pi).


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: The machine learning runtime used to execute models on the Edge TPU is based on TensorFlow Lite. The Edge TPU is only capable of accelerating forward-pass operations, which means it's primarily useful for performing inferences (although it is possible to perform lightweight transfer learning on the Edge TPU). The Edge TPU also only supports 8-bit math, meaning that for a network to be compatible with the Edge TPU, it needs to either be trained using the TensorFlow quantization-aware training technique, or since late 2019 it's also possible to use post-training quantization.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: On November 12, 2019, Asus announced a pair of single-board computer (SBCs) featuring the Edge TPU. The Asus Tinker Edge T and Tinker Edge R Board designed for IoT and edge AI. The SBCs officially support Android and Debian operating systems. ASUS has also demonstrated a mini PC called Asus PN60T featuring the Edge TPU.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: On January 2, 2020, Google announced the Coral Accelerator Module and Coral Dev Board Mini, to be demonstrated at CES 2020 later the same month. The Coral Accelerator Module is a multi-chip module featuring the Edge TPU, PCIe and USB interfaces for easier integration. The Coral Dev Board Mini is a smaller SBC featuring the Coral Accelerator Module and MediaTek 8167s SoC.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: On October 15, 2019, Google announced the Pixel 4 smartphone, which contains an Edge TPU called the Pixel Neural Core.


title: Tensor Processing Unit

text: Google followed the Pixel Neural Core by integrating an Edge TPU into a custom system-on-chip named Google Tensor, which was released in 2021 with the Pixel 6 line of smartphones. The Google Tensor SoC demonstrated "extremely large performance advantages over the competition" in machine learning-focused benchmarks; although instantaneous power consumption also was relatively high, the improved performance meant less energy was consumed due to shorter periods requiring peak performance.


title: Dolmen

text: A dolmen () or portal tomb is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more upright megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table". Most date from the early Neolithic (40003000 BCE) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus (burial mound). Small pad-stones may be wedged between the cap and supporting stones to achieve a level appearance. In many instances, the covering has eroded away, leaving only the stone "skeleton".


title: Dolmen

text: The Korean Peninsula is home to the world's highest concentration of dolmens, including "cemeteries" consisting of 30–100 examples located in close proximity to each other; with over 35,000 dolmens, Korea alone (for unknown reasons) accounts for approximately 40% of the global total.


title: Dolmen

text: It remains unclear when, why and by whom the earliest dolmens were made. The oldest known are found in Western Europe, dating from c. 7,000 years ago. Archaeologists still do not know who erected these dolmens, which makes it difficult to know why they did it. They are generally all regarded as tombs or burial chambers, despite the absence of clear evidence for this. Human remains, sometimes accompanied by artefacts, have been found in or close to the dolmens which could be scientifically dated using radiocarbon dating. However, it has been impossible to prove that these remains date from the time when the stones were originally set in place.


title: Dolmen

text: The word "dolmen" entered archaeology when Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne used it to describe megalithic tombs in his (1796) using the spelling "dolmin" (the current spelling was introduced about a decade later and had become standard in French by about 1885). The "Oxford English Dictionary" does not mention "dolmin" in English and gives its first citation for "dolmen" from a book on Brittany in 1859, describing the word as "The French term, used by some English authors, for a cromlech ...". The name was supposedly derived from a Breton language term meaning 'stone table' but doubt has been cast on this, and the "OED" describes its origin as "Modern French". A book on Cornish antiquities from 1754 said that the current term in the Cornish language for a cromlech was ('hole of stone') and the OED says that "There is reason to think that this was the term inexactly reproduced by Latour d'Auvergne [sic] as "dolmen", and misapplied by him and succeeding French archaeologists to the "cromlech"". Nonetheless it has now replaced "cromlech" as the usual English term in archaeology, when the more technical and descriptive alternatives are not used. The later Cornish term was "quoit" – an English-language word for an object with a hole through the middle preserving the original Cornish language term of – the name of another dolmen-like monument is in fact Mên-an-Tol 'stone with hole' (SWF: "Men An Toll".)


title: Dolmen

text: Dolmens are known by a variety of names in other languages, including , Galician and , , , Afrikaans and , , Abkhaz: , Adyghe: , Danish and , , , and . "Granja" is used in Portugal, Galicia, and some parts of Spain. The rarer forms "anta" and "ganda" also appear. In Catalan-speaking areas, they are known simply as , but also by a variety of folk names, including ('cave'), ('crate' or 'coffin'), ('table'), ('chest'), ('hut'), ('hut'), ('slab'), ('pallet slab'), ('rock') or ('stone'), usually combined with a second part such as ('of the Arab'), ('of the Moor/s'), ('of the thief'), ('of the devil'), ('of Roland'). In the Basque Country, they are attributed to the "jentilak", a race of giants.


title: Dolmen

text: The etymology of the and – with "/" meaning 'giant' – all evoke the image of giants buried (// = 'bed/grave') there. Of other Celtic languages, Welsh was borrowed into English and "quoit" is commonly used in English in Cornwall.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: The Rhode Island School of Design (RISD , pronounced "Riz-D") is a private art and design school in Providence, Rhode Island. The school was founded as a coeducational institution in 1877 by Helen Adelia Rowe Metcalf, who sought to increase the accessibility of design education to women. Today, RISD offers bachelor's and master's degree programs across 19 majors and enrolls approximately 2,000 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. The Rhode Island School of Design Museum—which houses the school's art and design collections—is one of the largest college art museums in the United States.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: The Rhode Island School of Design is affiliated with Brown University, whose campus sits immediately adjacent to RISD's on Providence's College Hill. The two institutions share social and community resources and since 1900 have permitted cross-registration. Together, RISD and Brown offer dual degree programs at the graduate and undergraduate levels.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: As of 2022, RISD alumni have received 10 MacArthur Genius fellowships, five Primetime Emmy Awards, and three Academy Awards. A 2016 analysis of the most successful American artists at auction found that the vast plurality held undergraduate degrees from RISD.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: The Rhode Island School of Design's founding is often traced back to Helen Adelia Rowe Metcalf's 1876 visit to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. At the exposition, Metcalf visited the Women's Pavilion. Organized by the "Centennial Women," the pavilion showcased the work of female entrepreneurs, artists, and designers. Metcalf's visit to the pavilion profoundly impacted her and motivated her to address a deficiency in design education accessible to women.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Following the exhibition, the RI committee of the Centennial Women had $1,675 remaining in funds; the group spent some time negotiating how best to use the surplus. Metcalf lobbied the group to use the money to establish a coeducational, design school in Providence. On January 11, 1877, a majority of women on the committee voted for Metcalf's proposal.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: On March 22, 1877, the Rhode Island General Assembly ratified "An Act to Incorporate the Rhode Island School of Design", "[f]or the purpose of aiding in the cultivation of the arts of design". Over the next 129 years, the following original by-laws set forth these following primary objectives:


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Metcalf directed the school until her death in 1895. Her daughter, Eliza Greene Metcalf Radeke, then took over until her own death in 1931.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: The school opened in October 1877 in Providence. The first class consisted of 43 students, the majority of whom were women.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: For the first 15 years of its existence, RISD occupied a suite of six rooms on the fourth floor of the Hoppin Homestead Building in Downtown Providence. On October 24, 1893, the school dedicated a new brick building at 11 Waterman Street on College Hill. Designed by Hoppin, Reid & Hoppin, this building served as the first permanent home for the school.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Students at RISD played a key part in the national protest of the Vietnam War, producing various notable anti-war protest art from 1968-1973 and taking several on tour as part of a mobile artwork petition. The most well known is "Leave the Fear of Red to Horned Beasts", a reference to Victor Hugo novel Les Misérables in the form of a watercolor-on-canvas painting of a charging red bull. An original print of this painting is on permanent display at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in a section dedicated to international protest of the Vietnam War, and also features subtly as a bar mural in Vietnam War film "Point Man (film)".


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: In 1969 the Black Student Community of RISD published a manifesto demanding of university faculty the establishment of "a meaningful liaison with the spirit and expression of Black culture." RISD subsequently hired administrators to begin recruiting and admitting increased numbers of students of color.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: After the outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent closure of the RISD campus in March 2020, RISD suggested a future of a hybrid of classes online and in-person.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: In July 2020, President Somerson began negotiations with the RISD faculty union over the avoidance of possible layoffs by suggesting cost-cutting measures. The part-time faculty union, the National Education Association, rejected the initial proposal.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: In the summer of 2020, after the Black Lives Matter and George Floyd protests, RISD students and alumni came forward to voice outrage at the institution for failing at social equity and inclusion. They formed a student-led RISD Anti-Racism Coalition (ARC) alongside BIPOC faculty. As a result, in July 2020, RISD announced they would hire 10 new faculty members that would specialize in "race and ethnicity in arts and design", the RISD museum would return to Nigeria a sculpture that was once looted, expand and diversify the curriculum, and the school would, "remain committed to reform".


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: RISD's current president is Crystal Williams. She was preceded by Rosanne Somerson who served in the role from 2015 to 2021.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: In 2014, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked RISD first amongst Fine Arts programs. In 2021, RISD was ranked 4th by the "QS World University Rankings" of Art & Design programs. The school's undergraduate architecture program ranked 6 in DesignIntelligence's ranking of the Top Architecture Schools in the US for 2019. In 2018, the institution was also named among "Forbes"’ America's Top Colleges and the Chronicle of Higher Education's Top Producers of US Fulbright Scholars.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: RISD's 2020 acceptance rate for admission applications received in the fall of 2020 was 20%. In August of 2019, the school announced it would be adopting a test-optional policy for admissions.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: In the past, RISD buildings were mostly located at the western edge of College Hill, between the Brown University campus and the Providence River. In recent decades, RISD has acquired or built buildings on the downslope nearer the river, or in Downtown Providence just on the other side of the waterway. The main library, undergrad dormitories, and graduate studios of the college are now located downtown.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: The RISD Museum was founded in 1877 on the belief that art, artists, and the institutions that support them play pivotal roles in promoting broad civic engagement and creating more open societies. With a permanent collection numbering approximately 100,000 works, the RISD museum is the third largest art museum attached to an educational facility.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: RISD has many athletic clubs and teams. The symbolism used for their teams is unique. The hockey team is called the "Nads", and their cheer is "Go Nads!" The logo for the Nads features a horizontal hockey stick with two hockey pucks at the end of the stick's handle.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: The basketball team is known simply as the "Balls", and their slogan is, "When the heat is on, the Balls stick together." The Balls' logo consists of two balls next to one another in an irregularly shaped net.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Lest the sexual innuendo of these team names and logos be lost or dismissed, the 2001 creation of the school's unofficial mascot, Scrotie, ended any ambiguity. Despite the name, Scrotie is not merely a representation of a scrotum, but is a 7-foot tall penis.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Notable RISD alumni in the fine arts Kara Walker (MFA 1994), Jenny Holzer (MFA 1977), Dale Chihuly (MFA 1968), Nicole Eisenman (BFA 1987), Do-Ho Suh (BFA 1994), Julie Mehretu (MFA 1997), Roni Horn (BFA 1975), Shahzia Sikander (MFA 1995), Glenn Ligon, and Janine Antoni (MFA 1989). Graduates in photography include Francesca Woodman (BFA 1978), Deana Lawson (MFA 2004), and Todd Hido.


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Among the school's alumni in illustration are Brian Selznick (BFA 1988), Chris Van Allsburg (MA 1975), Roz Chast (BFA 1977), and David Macaulay (BArch 1969). Alumni in graphic design include Shepard Fairey (BFA 1992) Tobias Frere-Jones (BFA 1992). Among the alumni of the school's architecture department are Hashim Sarkis (BArch 1987) Deborah Berke (BFA 1975, BArch 1977), Preston Scott Cohen (BArch 1983), and Nader Tehrani (BArch 1986).


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Prominent RISD graduates in film and television include James Franco (MFA 2012), Seth MacFarlane (BFA 1995), Jemima Kirke (BFA 2008), Bryan Konietzko (BFA 1998), Michael Dante DiMartino (BFA 1996), Gus Van Sant (BFA 1975), and Robert Richardson (BFA 1979). Graduates in music include bassist Syd Butler (BFA 1996) and the three founding members of Talking Heads: David Byrne, Tina Weymouth (BFA 1974), and Chris Frantz (BFA 1974).


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Among the school's alumni in business are Airbnb co-founders Joe Gebbia (BFA 2004) and Brian Chesky (BFA 2004).


title: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Notable RISD faculty include photographers Diane Arbus and Aaron Siskind, sculptor Simone Leigh, painter Jennifer Packer, architect Friedrich St. Florian, designer Victor Papanek, and Pulitzer Prize-winning author Jhumpa Lahiri.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Saint Lawrence or Laurence (, "laurelled"; 31 December AD 225 – 10 August 258) was one of the seven deacons of the city of Rome under Pope Sixtus II who were martyred in the persecution of the Christians that the Roman Emperor Valerian ordered in 258.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: St. Lawrence is thought to have been born on 31 December AD 225, in Valencia (or less probably, in Huesca), the town from which his parents came in the later region of Aragon that was then part of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis. The martyrs Orentius (Modern Spanish: ) and Patientia (Modern Spanish: ) are traditionally held to have been his parents.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Lawrence encountered the future Pope Sixtus II, a famous teacher born in Greece, in Caesaraugusta ( Zaragoza), and they travelled together from Spain to Rome. When Sixtus became the Pope in 257, he ordained the young Lawrence who was only 22, as a deacon, and later and appointed him as "archdeacon of Rome", the first among the seven deacons who served in the cathedral church. This was a position of great trust that included the care of the treasury and riches of the Church and the distribution of alms to the indigent.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: St. Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, noted that the at the time, the norm was that Christians who were denounced were executed, and all their goods confiscated by the Imperial treasury. At the beginning of August 258, the Emperor Valerian issued an edict that all bishops, priests, and deacons should immediately be put to death. Pope Sixtus II was captured on 6 August 258, at the cemetery of St. Callixtus while celebrating the liturgy and executed immediately.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: After the death of Sixtus, the prefect of Rome demanded that Lawrence turn over the riches of the Church, and St. Ambrose wrote that Lawrence asked for three days to gather the wealth., distribute as much Church property to the poor, presented himself and the city's poor to the Prefect as the true wealth of the church, and was martyred on the 10th.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: As a deacon in Rome, Lawrence was responsible for the material goods of the Church and the distribution of alms to the poor. Ambrose of Milan related that when the treasures of the Church were demanded of Lawrence by the prefect of Rome, he brought forward the poor, to whom he had distributed the treasure as alms. "Behold in these poor persons the treasures which I promised to show you; to which I will add pearls and precious stones, those widows and consecrated virgins, which are the Church's crown." The prefect was so angry that he had a great gridiron prepared with hot coals beneath it and had Lawrence placed on it, hence Lawrence's association with the gridiron. After the martyr had suffered pain for a long time, the legend concludes, he cheerfully declared: "I'm well done on this side. Turn me over!" From this, St. Lawrence derives his patronage of cooks, chefs, and comedians.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Lawrence was sentenced at San Lorenzo in Miranda and imprisoned in San Lorenzo in Fonte, where he baptized fellow prisoners. He was martyred in San Lorenzo in Panisperna, and was buried in San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. The Almanac of Filocalus for 354 states that he was buried in the Catacomb of Cyriaca on the Via Tiburtina by Hippolytus and Justin the Confessor, a presbyter. One of the early sources for his martyrdom was the description of Aurelius Prudentius Clemens in his "Peristephanon", Hymn 2.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Despite the Church being in possession of the actual gridiron, historian Patrick J. Healy opines that the traditional account of how Lawrence was martyred is "not worthy of credence," as the slow, lingering death cannot be reconciled "with the express command contained in the edict regarding bishops, priests, and deacons ("animadvertantur") which ordinarily meant decapitation." A theory of how the tradition arose is proposed that as the result of a mistake in transcription, the omission of the letter "p" – "by which the customary and solemn formula for announcing the death of a martyr – "passus est" ["he suffered," that is, was martyred] – was made to read "assus est" [he was roasted]." The "Liber Pontificalis", which is held to draw from sources independent of the existing traditions and "Acta" regarding Lawrence, uses "passus est" concerning him, the same term it uses for Pope Sixtus II, who was martyred by decapitation during the same persecution 4 days earlier.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Emperor Constantine I is held to have erected a small oratory in honour of Lawrence, which was a station on the itineraries of the graves of the Roman martyrs by the seventh century. Pope Damasus I rebuilt or repaired the church, now the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, while the Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo in Panisperna was erected over the site of his martyrdom. The gridiron of the martyrdom was placed by Pope Paschal II in the Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo in Lucina.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: The Roman Catholic Church erected six churches on the sites in Rome traditionally associated with his martyrdom:


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Also in Rome are three other significant churches that are dedicated to Saint Lawrence but not associated with his life:


title: Saint Lawrence

text: The life and miracles of Lawrence were collected in "The Acts of St Lawrence" but those writings have been lost. The earliest existing documentation of miracles associated with him is in the writings of Gregory of Tours (538–594), who mentions the following:


title: Saint Lawrence

text: The mediaeval Church of St Mary Assumed (Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta) in the small commune of Amaseno, Lazio, Italy houses the famous reliquary of the "ampulla" containing relics of Lawrence, namely a quantum of his blood, a fragment of his flesh, some fat and ashes. Tradition holds that annually, on the Feast of St. Lawrence, and sometimes on other occasions, the blood in the ampulla miraculously liquefies during the Feast and re-coagulates by the following day.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Due to his conspiring to hide and protect the written documents of the Church, Lawrence is known as the patron saint of archivists and librarians.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Lawrence is one of the most widely venerated saints of the Roman Catholic Church. Legendary details of his death were known to Damasus, Prudentius, Ambrose, and Augustine. Devotion to him was widespread by the fourth century. His liturgical celebration on 10 August has the rank of feast in the General Roman Calendar, consistent with the oldest of Christian calendars, e. g. the Almanac of Philocalus for the year 354, the inventory of which contains the principal feasts of the Roman martyrs of the middle of the fourth century. He remains one of the saints enumerated in the "Roman Canon" of the Holy Mass as celebrated in the Latin Church.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Lawrence is especially honoured in the city of Rome, of which he is considered the third patron after St. Peter and St. Paul. The church built over his tomb, the Papal Minor Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, became one of the seven principal churches of Rome and a favourite place of Roman pilgrimages. The area proximate to the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura is named the "Quartiere San Lorenzo".


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Because the Perseid Meteor Shower typically occurs annually in mid-August on or proximate to his feast day, some refer to the shower as the "Tears of St Lawrence".


title: Saint Lawrence

text: His intercession to God is invoked by librarians, archivists, comedians, cooks and tanners as their patron. He is the patron saint of Ampleforth Abbey, whose Benedictine monks founded one of the world's leading public schools for Catholics, located in North Yorkshire (North East England).


title: Saint Lawrence

text: On his feast the reliquary containing his burnt head is displayed in the St. Peter's Basilica for veneration.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Within Anglicanism Lawrence's name is traditionally spelled "Laurence or Lawrence". His feast is on 10 August which is in the calendar of the "Book of Common Prayer", the volume of prayers which, in its 1662 format, was the founding liturgical document of a majority of Anglican provinces. In the "Book of Common Prayer" the feast is titled "S Laurence, Archdeacon of Rome and Martyr". His feast on 10 August has been carried into the contemporary calendars of most Anglican provinces, Laurence is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival under the title "Laurence, deacon, martyr, 258" on 10 August.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Anglo-Catholics venerate Lawrence, who is the patron of many Anglican parish churches, including 228 in England. A major church in Sydney, Australia, in the former civil parish of St Laurence, is known as "Christ Church St Laurence". The Anglican charitable society, Brotherhood of St Laurence also bears his name.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: According to Francesco Moraglia the role of deacon is distinguished by service of the poor. He is destined both to the service of the table (corporal works of mercy) and to the service of the word (spiritual works of mercy). "The beauty, power and the heroism of [d]eacons such as Lawrence help to discover and come to a deeper meaning of the special nature of the diaconal ministry."


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Many churches, schools, parishes, towns, and geographic features throughout the world are named for Lawrence of Rome. Depending on locality they are named "St. Lawrence", "St. Laurence", "San Lorenzo", "St. Laurent", "St. Lorenz" or similarly in other languages. San Lorenzo del Escorial, the monastery built by King Philip II of Spain, commemorates his victory at the Battle of St. Quentin (1557) on the Feast of St. Lawrence. The monastery and the attached palace, college, and library are laid out in a grid pattern that resembles the gridiron of Lawrence's martyrdom. The gridiron of Lawrence is also thought the basis of the design of the Certosa di San Lorenzo di Padula, which is a monastery in Padula, Salerno, Italy. Two universities bear his name: St. Lawrence University (non-Catholic) in Canton, St. Lawrence County, New York, United States, and St. Lawrence University in Kampala, Uganda. There is a school named after him in Kolkata named St.Lawrence High School,Kolkata.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: On his second voyage, French explorer Jacques Cartier, arriving in the river estuary of the North American Great Lakes on the Feast of St. Lawrence in 1535, named it the "Gulf of St. Lawrence".


title: Saint Lawrence

text: The river emptying into the gulf was named the "St. Lawrence River". Many names in what are now Québec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada are references to this important seaway, e. g., the "Laurentian mountains" north of the city of Montreal, Saint-Laurent (borough), Saint Lawrence Boulevard which spans the width of the Island of Montreal, and St. Lawrence County, New York, United States near Lake Ontario. The Laurentian Mountains gave rise to the name for the Laurential Plateau, or the Canadian Shield. In Switzerland, Saint Lawrence is represented on the coat of arms of the city of Bülach with a gridiron.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: The rescue operation for the miners trapped in the 2010 Copiapó mining accident in Chile was named "Operacíon San Lorenzo" after Lawrence, patron saint of miners.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: In Freemasonry the "Order of St. Lawrence the Martyr" is a masonic degree whose ritual is based upon the story of Lawrence. It is one of the constituent degrees of the Allied Masonic Degrees.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Bernalillo, New Mexico celebrates three days of devotions to the Saint, in honor a devotional promise made by Spanish settlers during the 1692 Pueblo Revolt. Among the festivities are a set of dances performed by matachines. An image of the saint is kept in the house of a local family throughout the year, and a vigil and feast are held from 9–11 August. It is one of the oldest dancing processions in the New World.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: In "Fargo", season 1, episode 3, Lorne Malvo notes the stained glass window of St Lawrence in Stavros' office, in response to which Stavros narrates his martyrdom, in "A Muddy Road".


title: Saint Lawrence

text: In the video game "Dota 2" created by Valve, Lina the Slayer's dying voice line "Turn me over... I'm done" is a reference to Lawrence of Rome.


title: Saint Lawrence

text: In a scene in the 1992 film, "Lorenzo's Oil", Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo tell a story about St Lawrence and refer to his Feast Day as "The Night of The Shooting Stars."


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Marc-Antoine Charpentier, "Motet de Saint Laurent," H.321, for 1 voice, 2 treble instruments and contino (mid-1670s?)


title: Saint Lawrence

text: Several other saints were also named "Lawrence" (or the corresponding local variant), so one might also occasionally encounter something named after one of them.


title: It's Raining Men

text: "It's Raining Men" is a song by the American musical duo the Weather Girls from their third studio album, "Success" (1983). It was released as the album's lead single on September 10, 1982, through Columbia Records and CBS Records International. Paul Jabara wrote the song in collaboration with Paul Shaffer, and produced the song in collaboration with Bob Esty. "It's Raining Men" is a Hi-NRG and post-disco song that incorporates elements of R&B, soul, and 1970s-style electronic dance music. Its lyrics describe an excitement and enjoyment of many different types of men.


title: It's Raining Men

text: "It's Raining Men" was a number-one dance hit in the United States, and reached the top ten in various other countries worldwide. VH1 listed the song as one of the Greatest Songs of the 1980s as well as one of the Greatest Songs of the 2000s decade. At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards (1983), "It's Raining Men" received a nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.


title: It's Raining Men

text: Paul Jabara and Paul Shaffer wrote the song over the course of one afternoon in 1979, intending it for Donna Summer, who had scored a hit with "Last Dance" (1978). However, as Shaffer later recalled, Summer had recently become a born-again Christian and rejected the song as "blasphemous". The song was then offered to Diana Ross, Cher, and Barbra Streisand, all of whom declined it.


title: It's Raining Men

text: In 1982, the song was offered to the Two Tons (formerly known as Two Tons o Fun). Wash and Armstead of the Two Tons also dismissed the song. Wash recounted "We thought it was a crazy song — in fact, too crazy to record. I kept saying, 'It's raining men? Really? Are you kidding me?'... I just did not think people would buy it... That's why I kept saying no." The duo eventually recorded the song in ninety minutes after Jabara persistently pleaded with them to record the song. The Waters Sisters (Julia Waters-Tillman and Maxine Waters-Willard), Stephanie Spruill, and Zenobia Conkerite performed background vocals on the chorus of the song.


title: It's Raining Men

text: According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing, "It's Raining Men" is a Hi-NRG and disco song, composed in the key of F minor. It incorporates R&B, soul, and 1970s-style electronic dance music. The song's tempo is a moderate beats per minute, in common time. Wash sang the lead vocals in the song. Wash's vocal range spans around two octaves in the song, from the low note of F3 to the high note of F5. "It's Raining Men" uses one minor chord, F minor, with the rest of the notes in major chords.


title: It's Raining Men

text: "It's Raining Men" was first released to dance club DJs in the United States in mid-1982. The single was then released for 7" single and 12" single in the United States on September 10, 1982. Shortly after the release of the single, the Two Tons changed their name to the Weather Girls after much confusion by press and fans due to the duo introducing themselves as "the weather girls" in the introduction of the song. In 1993, a then-newly recorded version of "It's Raining Men" was released by the Weather Girls, now composed of Izora Armstead and her daughter Dynelle Rhodes, on their sixth album "Double Tons of Fun" (1993).


title: It's Raining Men

text: In 2005, a live version of the song was released on the Weather Girls' ninth album "Totally Wild!". This version features vocals by Dynelle Rhodes and then-newly added member Ingrid Arthur. In 2012, the same lineup of the Weather Girls released "It's Raining Men - 2012" (stylized as "It's Raining Men 2K12"). The song is based in the house music genre produced by Sebo Reed.


title: It's Raining Men

text: VH1 ranked the song at thirty-five on their list of the "100 Greatest Dance Songs" in 2000, and also at thirty-five in their "100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 1980s" in 2009. "Paste Magazine" ranked the song twelve in their list of the "60 Best Dancefloor Classics" in February 2017. "Rolling Stone" listed it number 90 in their ranking of "The 100 Greatest Debut Singles of All Time" in 2020 and number 88 in their list of "200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time" in 2022.


title: It's Raining Men

text: "It's Raining Men" has often been perceived as a gay anthem. A campaign was launched on Facebook on January 19, 2014, to get the song to UK number one in response to a UKIP councillor blaming recent UK floods and adverse weather on divine retribution for the British government's introduction of gay marriage. The campaign was reported widely by some press and the Weather Girls' version reached number 21 on the first day of the chart week. The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart in 2014 at number 31. In 2017, "Rolling Stone" included the song on their "25 Essential LGBTQ Pride Songs" list. In 2018, "Billboard" ranked the song at number forty-seven on their "50 Best Gay Anthems Of All Time" list. "The Gay UK" ranked the song at number two on their "Top 40 Gay Anthems for Pride" list. And "Time Out" ranked it number nineteen in their list of "The 50 Best Gay Songs to Celebrate Pride All Year Long" in 2022.


title: It's Raining Men

text: In 1983, "It's Raining Men" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal. In June 2017, "It's Raining Men" entered on the Spotify Rewind charts and peaked at number one.


title: It's Raining Men

text: "It's Raining Men" was a commercial success in the United States. The song spent a total of eleven weeks on "Billboard"'s Hot 100, ultimately peaking at forty-six on March 5, 1983. Although it hadn't yet been released to retail stores, the single gained much attention based on heavy rotation alone. On the chart dated December 24, 1982, "It's Raining Men" reached number one on the Billboard Dance chart and held the top position for a total of two weeks. The song spent a total of twenty-two weeks on the Dance chart. After eighteen weeks on the R&B charts, "It Raining Men" peaked at number thirty-four. The song was also a huge success in the United Kingdom. The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, and became certified Gold-status for sales exceeding 400,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


title: It's Raining Men

text: The music video for "It's Raining Men", released in the winter of 1982, was directed by Gary Keys and filmed in an abandoned building in New York City. Due to limited support from Columbia Records, "It's Raining Men" was a low-budget video. Wash described the video's conception: "God, that was a cheesy video! We filmed it in an abandoned building [in NYC] in the dead of winter. There was no heat and everybody was wearing [winter] coats. That part in the video where we fall out of the sky, well, we landed on these mattresses and found out [the next day] they were infested with bugs. For days afterwards Izora and I were scratching [ourselves]! It was awful!"


title: It's Raining Men

text: The opening sequence of the video features the Weather Girls in a news station. The duo give a forecast prediction that it will rain men from the sky. After looking out of the station window to see the sky raining men, the Weather Girls leap out of the window with their umbrellas to join the men. Several dancers are seen in the music video performing choreography. Another scene features the Weather Girls wearing lingerie on a heart-shaped bed surrounded by and being adored by men. The closing scene shows the duo performing with the male dancers and extras in the music video.


title: It's Raining Men

text: "It's Raining Men" was covered by Weather Girls' member Martha Wash and American drag queen and singer RuPaul in 1998. The song was retitled "It's Raining Men... The Sequel", and released as the lead single for Wash's compilation album "The Collection" (1998). The song was also released on RuPaul's "Go-Go Box Classics" (1998).


title: It's Raining Men

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote that Wash "sounds like she's having a blast as she revisits a hit from her heyday as half of the Weather Girls." He noted that "the novel hook of this new recording is the appearance of RuPaul, whose freewheeling vamps are saucy good fun." He also added that Producer Gary "Headman" Haas "doesn't deviate far from the original recording's disco sound, leaving a posse of remixers to investigate a variety of more trendy ideas."


title: It's Raining Men

text: The opening sequence of the accompanying music video for "It's Raining Men... The Sequel" features Martha Wash and RuPaul as the news anchors of the Weather Center. The duo give a forecast prediction that it will rain men from the sky, with several field reporters also reporting similar information. Wash, as a meteorologist and weatherwoman, performs the song in front of a digital map. Several people from around the world start to feel the effects of the forecast and some women are even shown collecting men that fall from the sky into baskets. Several men also appear in the music video, dancing to the song.


title: It's Raining Men

text: "It's Raining Men" was released on April 30, 2001, as the first single from British singer Geri Halliwell's second solo album, "Scream if You Wanna Go Faster" (2001). It was also featured as the lead single internationally to the soundtrack of the 2001 film "Bridget Jones's Diary". The single became Halliwell's fourth consecutive number-one hit single on the UK Singles Chart and became her most successful solo single to date. "Feels Like Sex", another song from the album, was originally slated as the lead single, but after "It's Raining Men" was offered to Halliwell, the song was released as the first single, and was added to "Scream if You Wanna Go Faster".


title: It's Raining Men

text: Halliwell commented: "It was really odd because I was all ready to go with my new album. I had the single, I had the video idea all ready and then the producers of the movie said to me, 'do you want to record It's Raining Men for the soundtrack?' I thought it would be fun and I love Bridget Jones cos I've read both books and so I just did it really quickly. They all loved it and wanted it to be a single and I thought it was a bit of a gift, so I released it".


title: It's Raining Men

text: Halliwell's version received positive reviews by music critics, experienced international success and hit the top ten in over two dozen countries around the world, going to number one in several of them. In the United Kingdom, "It's Raining Men" debuted at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for two weeks. It became Halliwell's fourth consecutive number-one single in the UK, selling 155,000 units in its first week and 80,000 in its second week. Halliwell became the first solo British female artist to have four number one singles in the United Kingdom, a record she held until 2014. Overall the single went on to sell 449,000 copies in Britain alone, becoming the 13th best seller of 2001 and Halliwell's most successful single worldwide.


title: It's Raining Men

text: The song was successful outside the United Kingdom. In Flemish Belgium, the song stayed at number one for four weeks and was the best-selling single of 2001. The single reached number one in France for five weeks receiving a Diamond certification from the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). With this song, Geri Halliwell won the "International Song of the Year" award at the 2002 NRJ Music Awards in France. The cover was also a major success in Walloon Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Switzerland.


title: It's Raining Men

text: A remix of the song, The Almighty Mix from the Toshiba-EMI series "Dance Mania", volume 20 was also featured in the 2002 Japanese video games, DDRMAX2 Dance Dance Revolution 7thMix and Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME. This version of the song was used as the theme song in the advertisements for New Talent Singing Awards Vancouver Audition 2003. In July 2006 the song entered at seventy-nine on the Mexican Digital Sales Chart, spending two weeks inside the Top 100.


title: It's Raining Men

text: To promote the single, Halliwell performed the song on "Top of the Pops", "Comet Awards" 2001, "Musica Sí", "Big Brother Germany", "Party in the Park", "Live & Kicking", "Loft Story", "Pepsi Chart Russia", "" and "Tickled Pink". Halliwell also performed the song on The Return of the Spice Girls world tour as her solo number.


title: It's Raining Men

text: These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "It's Raining Men" by Geri Halliwell.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: Jesse James Hollywood (born January 28, 1980) is an American former drug dealer who kidnapped and ordered the murder of Nicholas Markowitz in 2000. He was arrested in 2005 and is serving life without parole at Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego, California.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: Jesse James Hollywood was born to Jack and Laurie Hollywood and was raised in West Hills, a neighborhood in the western San Fernando Valley region of the City of Los Angeles, California. As a child he was involved in junior baseball league. Hollywood attended Pinecrest Woodland Hills, in Woodland Hills, California, where he excelled in reading and baseball. Here, he also became best friends with another boy from an affluent family and the two of them became a duo, referring to themselves as "The Pros." They were often seen wearing baggy jeans with that moniker spray painted along the legs, as was fashionable at the time. His father moved the family to Colorado in an attempt to run a restaurant in the mid-1990s, but returned to West Hills in 1995.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: During his adolescent years he started power lifting and ingesting muscle supplements to help build up his muscle mass. His coach would later describe him as an "emotional kid" who was later expelled for erupting into a violent fit of rage at one of his teachers near the end of his sophomore year. He transferred to Calabasas High School where he played on the varsity baseball team until he injured his back and leg, forcing him to give up the sport.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: Investigators believe he started selling illegal drugs a year before he ordered the murder of Nicholas Markowitz. He recruited his former high school friends William Skidmore, Brian Affronti, Benjamin Markowitz, and Jesse Rugge to dispense narcotics for him and build up a profitable illicit drug operation. He had been a close friend of Benjamin Markowitz, playing on the same junior baseball league and would visit the same Malibu, California gymnasium to exercise together.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: On August 6, 2000, Hollywood and some of his crew, including Jesse Rugge and William Skidmore, kidnapped Nicholas Markowitz. Nicholas was half-brother to Ben Markowitz, who owed Hollywood $36,000 (according to the L.A. County Sheriffs Department) in drug debt. The intention was to use Nicholas as leverage in order to get Ben Markowitz to pay the debt. Nicholas was taken from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara, and held for three days. Hollywood became concerned about his circumstances after consulting a lawyer who told him that anyone involved with the kidnapping was looking at a life sentence. Hollywood ordered Ryan Hoyt, one of his subordinates, to kill Markowitz, giving Hoyt a TEC-9 gun with which to do it.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: On August 9, Hoyt and other associates of Hollywood took Markowitz to a rural location in the mountains north of Santa Barbara and killed him, burying his body in a shallow grave. The body was found three days later.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: When Ryan Hoyt was arrested, Hollywood fled the country into Canada and then went to Brazil with help from his father, his godfather Richard Dispenza (who was unaware he was a fugitive at the time), and his girlfriend. Law enforcement agencies and the Markowitz family offered a reward of for information leading to Hollywood's capture, an amount which was later raised to . Hollywood lived on Copacabana Beach, where he assumed the identity of "Michael Costa Giroux". He claimed to be a native of Rio de Janeiro, and later on, of Saquarema.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: To blend in, Hollywood learned the Portuguese language. He earned money in Brazil by putting up posters advertising a nightclub and later got jobs teaching private English language classes and as a dog walker. Yet the bulk of the money he lived on came from a monthly stipend from his father.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: He was profiled on "America's Most Wanted" in September 2000 and June 2004, and twice in 2005 after he was captured. The story was featured on NBC's "Dateline"."


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: He developed a relationship with Marcia Reis, and in November 2004 she got pregnant. Hollywood thought her pregnancy would prevent him from being extradited to the United States, as he believed Brazilian law included a provision that protected the father of a native Brazilian from extradition. This had been true, but the law was changed after the international controversy involving fugitive criminal Ronnie Biggs. Additionally, since he had arrived in the country with a false passport he was an illegal immigrant, which meant he could be deported regardless of his fathering a child with a native Brazilian.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: United States authorities worked with Brazilian agents and discovered that Hollywood was planning to meet a cousin at a mall. He was arrested by Brazilian authorities in Saquarema in March 2005. In July 2005 Reis gave birth to Hollywood's son, named John Paul Hollywood-Reis.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: In 2005, on the same day Jesse James Hollywood was arrested in Brazil, his father was arrested for manufacturing the illicit narcotic GHB, but the charge was later thrown out of court. Jack Hollywood remained in custody on an outstanding 2002 warrant for a marijuana-related charge, and later received 18 months in an Arizona prison.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: In their South America-based book of correspondence "Five Years", Christian Kracht and David Woodard frequently discuss Jesse James Hollywood’s predicament between the years 2004 and 2006.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: While Hollywood had been in Brazil, all of the other participants in the murder were arrested and tried. Ryan Hoyt is currently on death row at San Quentin State Prison. Graham Pressley was released from the California Youth Authority Facility in 2007. By July 2, 2013, Jesse Rugge had been granted parole. William Skidmore was released in April 2009 after serving 9 years behind bars for the kidnapping.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: In 2006, the movie "Alpha Dog", based on Jesse Hollywood and the kidnap and murder of Nicholas Markowitz, premiered. During filming, Santa Barbara County Deputy District Attorney Ronald J. "Ron" Zonen provided copies of many documents on the case and served as an unpaid consultant to the film, citing his desire to have Hollywood captured. Zonen prosecuted Hollywood’s co-defendants and was poised to prosecute Hollywood. James Blatt, Hollywood's defense attorney, claimed there was a conflict of interest, and the California Court of Appeal for the Second District ruled on October 5, 2006 that, based on Zonen's disclosure of the files and consultant service he should be recused from further involvement in prosecuting Hollywood. On December 20, 2006, the California Supreme Court granted review on the case effectively staying the order to recuse Zonen.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: On May 12, 2008, the California Supreme Court ruled that Zonen need not be recused. Nonetheless, Zonen was replaced with Joshua Lynn, who was serving as lead prosecution attorney. While in jail, Hollywood began signing his mail as "Alpha Dog" and had mentioned an "Alpha Dog World Tour."


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: After the Court review, in June 2008 his trial date was set to begin February 19, 2009, but it was delayed. Three months later the murder trial officially started on Friday, May 15. The defense's opening statements stated that Hollywood was not involved with the murder. In his opening statement, Santa Barbara County Deputy Dist. Atty. Joshua Lynn described Hollywood as "a ruthless coward."


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: On Monday, May 18, witnesses called to the stand included Jeff Markowitz (the victim's father), Pauline Mahoney (who was driving with her sons when she saw a group of men attacking Markowitz), and Brian Affonti (a one time friend of Hollywood's who was picked up after the kidnapping). Affonti told the jury that he knew about Hollywood's gun, a TEC-9, which is the alleged murder weapon. Chas Salsbury, Hollywood's getaway driver, testified at trial that following the murder "Hollywood seemed remorseful, depressed, and at some points even suicidal."


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: Saulsbury continued on the fifth day with Kelly Carpenter discussing the actions of Rugge and Pressley's mother. The following day saw testimony from Rugge's childhood friend, Richard Hoeflinger, who spoke about what he witnessed. Subsequently, several Santa Barbara residents told the jury about events leading to Nick Markowitz’s murder.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: At the start of the second week Michelle Lasher, Hollywood's former girlfriend, testified that she still loved Hollywood and was hostile to the prosecution. Lasher also admitted to lying to police because she did not want Hollywood to be caught. The Hollywood family friend, attorney Stephen Hogg, told the jury about "a tense conversation in the attorney's Simi Valley backyard" wherein Hogg told Hollywood "that kidnapping can carry a life sentence." Graham Pressley's testimony about the events followed Hogg's appearance. Pressley testified that Rugge "told me that Jesse Hollywood offered him $2,000 to kill Nick, but [Rugge said] that that was crazy, [Hollywood] was crazy." Pressley's testimony, important for the prosecution, continued Friday and early into the third week. During this time, Ben Markowitz took the stand. After that, witness Casey Sheehan stated that, while he and his longtime friend, Hollywood, dined at an Outback Steakhouse, Hollywood told him that the situation "had been taken care of." In the following days, various medical experts and law enforcement officials testified. At this point, the prosecution rested their case on Wednesday of the third week.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: Hollywood's defense began on the Monday of the third week. Hollywood took the stand on the first day of the defense, denying any role in the murder and saying that he was angry when Hoyt told him about the murder at a birthday party. Hollywood recounted the kidnapping, the events that led up to it, and discussed his life on the run. Hollywood's testimony lasted four days with the prosecution cross-examining Hollywood about making threats, closing bank accounts, withdrawing money, and selling his home. Hollywood spent much of his time on the stand denying the testimony of previous witnesses. The last witness the defense called was District Attorney investigator Paul Kimes, who was questioned by co-counsel Alex Kessel about phone records. Closing arguments began on Tuesday and Wednesday of the fourth week, after which the case went to the jury. During closing statements, the defense said that Hollywood's associates lied, while the prosecution called Hollywood "a child killer." The jury considered three different charges, with penalties ranging from 8 years in prison to the death penalty.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: On July 8, 2009, following three days of deliberation, the jury reached a verdict. The jury found Hollywood guilty of kidnapping and first-degree murder with special circumstances, for which he could face the death penalty. On Monday July 13, the jury began the penalty phase of the trial. The mothers of the defendant and of the victim took the stand, as did brothers of the defendant and the victim. Closing arguments began during the second day of the penalty phase. On July 15, 2009, Hollywood was sentenced according to the jury's recommendation of life in prison.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: Hollywood has continued to file for motions of appeal for both his trial and sentencing in various courts since his initial judgement. On February 5, 2010, the judge upheld Hollywood's sentence to life in prison without the possibility of parole. On February 12, 2012, an appellate court upheld the conviction and denied a motion for a new trial. Hollywood's defense alleged he was not guilty because Markowitz could have left at any time of his own will and chose not to do so, ending Hollywood's responsibility at the time he last saw Markowitz.


title: Jesse James Hollywood

text: On January 19, 2014, Hollywood married Melinda Enos, a woman who began writing to him after his sentencing. The ceremony was held in the visitor's room. With the release of Rugge in October 2013, Hollywood and Hoyt are the only two still serving prison sentences for the crimes surrounding Markowitz's kidnapping and death.


title: Air France Flight 8969

text: Air France Flight 8969 was an Air France flight that was hijacked on 24 December 1994 by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA) at Houari Boumediene Airport, Algiers. The terrorists murdered three passengers and their intention was either to blow up the plane over the Eiffel Tower in Paris or crash the plane into it. When the aircraft reached Marseille, the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (GIGN), a counter-terror unit of the French National Gendarmerie, stormed the plane and killed all four hijackers.


title: Air France Flight 8969

text: This was the second Air France Airbus A300 to be hijacked since Air France Flight 139 in Entebbe, Uganda, in 1976, known as Operation Entebbe.


title: Air France Flight 8969

text: Algeria was in a state of civil war at the time of the hijacking. Aircraft flying to Algeria faced the possibility of missile attacks. As a result, Air France's flights to Algeria had crews composed entirely of people who volunteered for the route. Air France had asked government officials if it absolutely had to continue flying to Algeria; by the time of the hijacking, it had not received a reply.


title: Air France Flight 8969

text: Bernard Delhemme, aged 51, was the captain of the flight. Jean-Paul Borderie was the copilot, and Alain Bossuat was the flight engineer. The Airbus A300B2-1C, registered F-GBEC, had first flown on 28 February 1980.


title: Air France Flight 8969

text: On 24 December 1994, at Houari Boumedienne Airport in Algiers, four armed men boarded Air France Flight 8969 which was due to depart for Orly Airport, Paris at 11:15a.m. The men were dressed as Algerian presidential police; they wore blue uniforms with Air Algérie logos. Their presence originally did not cause any alarm. Two of the men began inspecting the passengers' passports while one went into the cockpit and the fourth stood guard. Claude Burgniard, a veteran flight attendant, recalled noticing that the "police" were armed and one of them had dynamite showing, which she considered to be unusual as the Algerian police were not normally armed when carrying out checks. The Algerian military felt suspicious on noticing that the Air France flight appeared to have an unauthorised delay, so they began surrounding the aircraft. Zahida Kakachi, a passenger, recalled seeing members of the Special Intervention Group (GIS), known as "ninjas", outside the aircraft. Kakachi recalled hearing one of the "police" say "Tāghūt ()," an Arabic word for "tyrant", upon seeing the GIS men gathering outside the A300; she then realised that the four men on board the plane were terrorists. The four hijackers then revealed that they were not police, but mujahideen seeking to establish an Islamic state in Algeria. They had hijacked the aircraft because the national airline Air France was a symbol of France, which they viewed as infidel foreign invaders.


title: Air France Flight 8969

text: The leader, Abdul Abdullah Yahia, already a notorious murderer, and the other three members of the Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé, or GIA) brandished firearms and explosives and announced their allegiance to the GIA, demanding co-operation from the 220 passengers and 12 flight crew. The hijackers had Kalashnikov assault rifles, Uzi submachine guns, pistols, homemade hand grenades and two 10-stick dynamite packs. Later, at one point during the flight, the men placed one pack of dynamite in the cockpit and one pack under a seat in the middle of the aircraft, then linked them with detonator wire. They also took the uniforms of the pilots to confuse Algerian army snipers.


title: Air France Flight 8969

text: Burgniard recalled that the hijackers, in particular one called "Lotfi", disliked seeing a lack of adherence to their Islamic beliefs; according to Burgniard, the hijackers objected to men and women sitting together and sharing the same toilets and women having their heads uncovered. Once they had taken control of the aircraft, the hijackers forced the women to cover their heads, including the cabin crew members. Women who did not have veils used aircraft blankets as head coverings. An elderly Algerian man told the "TF1" network that the hijackers "had a kind of art in their terror. Twenty minutes of relaxation and twenty minutes of torture. You never knew what was next."