title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The following weekend, the Reds welcomed Burnley to Anfield, aware that only a win would be acceptable after City's win over Watford. However, the team got off to a poor start after Ashley Westwood scored directly from a corner after just six minutes, though replays revealed that Allison had been impeded by Clarets defender James Tarkowski in the build-up. Liverpool forced themselves back into the match 13 minutes later after Firmino took advantage of a fumbled shot from opposite goalkeeper Tom Heaton. Liverpool then took the lead just before the 30-minute mark through Mané. Firmino added his second goal of the match after the hour mark, again taking advantage of an error from Heaton, before Burnley pulled a second goal back in the first minute of added time through Icelandic midfielder Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson. However, Liverpool were not to be denied and deservedly won the match just two minutes later after Mané scored his second goal of the game. The victory ensured that the Reds remained just one point behind City with eight matches to play.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The next match saw Liverpool travel to Germany and the Allianz Arena for the second leg of their Champions League last-16 match against Bayern Munich. After an even 25-minute opening period, the Reds opened the scoring through Mané, who continued his fine scoring form with a fantastic finish that saw him manage to sidestep goalkeeper Manuel Neuer before firing into the goal. However, the German side fought back, levelling the score 13 minutes later through a Matip own goal, though the Reds would still be going through on away goals scored. Despite Bayern increasing the pressure in the second half, it was Liverpool who added to their lead through a Van Dijk header just before the 70-minute mark. Ten minutes later, Mané scored his second goal of the night to resolve the tie and send the Reds into the quarter-finals for the second-straight year and ensuring they would join fellow English sides Manchester City, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur in the draw. Just days later, the draw was made for both the quarter-finals and the semi-finals, with Liverpool being drawn with Porto for the second season running with the possibility of facing either Manchester United or Barcelona in the semi-finals.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: In their final match before the international break, the Reds travelled back down to London to face strugglers Fulham at Craven Cottage, a match that saw the Merseyside club return to the top of the table with a 2–1 win. Despite putting in a poor performance and being pegged back to 1–1 with 15 minutes to play — Ryan Babel scoring against his former club after a mix-up between Allison and Van Dijk — a 26th-minute goal from Mané and then an 81st-minute penalty from Milner ensured all three points for the Reds.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The Reds' last match of the month saw them welcome Tottenham at Anfield, aware that the title race was really heating up and that any dropped points could see the club miss out once again on their first Premier League title. After an even start, Firmino ended his goalless run by smashing in a shot in the 16th minute to give his side the lead. Tottenham deservedly equalised in the 70th minute through Lucas Moura after a strong second half up to that point and looked set to earn a point. However, Belgian defender Toby Alderweireld inadvertently scored an own goal in the 90th minute to ensure Liverpool earned the win. The Reds went two points clear entering the last two months of the season.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: For their first match of the penultimate month of the season, Liverpool travelled to St Mary's Stadium on the south-coast to face Southampton, who had largely picked up form since the reverse match in September in part thanks to the appointment of former RB Leipzig manager Ralph Hasenhuttl. The Saints scored first, with Shane Long netting in the ninth minute to put the Reds under pressure. However, their lead lasted for less than 30 minutes after Keïta scored his first Liverpool goal to pull the Merseyside club level, despite Salah appearing to be offside in the build-up. Despite attempts from Southampton to bring themselves back into the match, goals from Salah and Henderson — the former ending a nine-game drought and the latter scoring his first goal of the season — ultimately consigned the Saints to defeat and ensured Liverpool once again returned to the top of the table, albeit with Manchester City yet again having a game in hand. The result also mathematically ensured a top-four finish for the Reds and confirmed their place in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The Reds' next match came four days later as they hosted Porto in the first leg of their Champions League quarter-final draw. The result of the match was a comfortable 2–0 win for Liverpool, with Keïta scoring his second goal for the club in as many matches after just five minutes and Firmino doubling the lead just before the half-hour mark to give the side the advantage in the tie.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool then followed this up with arguably their toughest remaining league match of the season as they welcomed Chelsea to Anfield one day before the 30th anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster. After City comfortably won at Crystal Palace in the earlier Sunday kick-off, the pressure was on the home side to return to the top of the table against a Chelsea side who had not lost in any competition at Anfield since 2012. After a goal-less first half, Liverpool came firing out in the second and scored two quick-fire goals in succession, Mané heading the first goal in on the 51st minute mark and then Salah — just days after it had emerged that Chelsea fans in Prague had been recorded singing a racially discriminatory song about the Egyptian forward — scoring the second two minutes later, scoring a stunning goal into the top left corner of the net from 25 yards out. The scoreline remained the same until the final whistle, Chelsea going close twice through Eden Hazard but being unable to find the back of the net. The result once again saw Liverpool return to the top of the table.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The next match saw the Reds travel to Portugal for the second leg of their Champions League tie with Porto. Despite making a slow start and having to weather several Porto attacks, the team took the lead in the 28th minute through a Mané strike that appeared offside but was finally given by VAR. Salah scored the second goal in the second half only for defender Éder Militão to score for the home side just a couple of moments later. However, the match was finally put to bed by two headers, the first from Firmino and the second from Van Dijk, sending Liverpool into the semi-finals for the second season running to face Barcelona.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool's next match fell on Easter Sunday as they travelled to Wales to face Cardiff City, who had seen their battle to avoid relegation rejuvenated with an impressive away victory in their previous match which they won 2–0 away to Brighton & Hove Albion. After a goal-less first half that saw the Bluebirds deal with the attacking threat from the Reds very well, the away side finally got the goal they needed, Wijnaldum scoring with a wonderful finish in the 56th minute. Cardiff very nearly equalized after seven minutes only for captain Sean Morrison to miscue his header and send the ball wide. With less than ten minutes to play, Morrison proceeded to concede a penalty by holding onto Salah in the penalty area for a good couple of seconds, a penalty that Milner calmly converted. The match finished 2–0 to Liverpool, again sending them to the top of the table but for only a couple of days, with Manchester City winning 2–0 in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford on 24 April, two days before Liverpool's home match against already-relegated Huddersfield Town.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: April came to an end on a high as Liverpool hosted already-relegated Huddersfield at Anfield, preparing for the first leg of their Champions League semi-final tie with a comfortable 5–0 win. Keïta started the scoring after just 15 seconds by taking advantage of a Huddersfield mishap, with Mané scoring the second goal in the 23rd minute and Salah securing the third goal in added time at the end of the first half. Only two goals were scored in the second hand, both Mané and Salah scoring their second goals of the match in the 55th and 82nd minute respectively, but it gave the Reds their 16th home league win of the season and extended their unbeaten Anfield league run to 39 matches. The squad received a further boost after midfielder Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain came on as a substitute in the second half after over a year out of play with a serious knee injury.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The Reds opened the final month of the season away at the Camp Nou to Barcelona on 1 May in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals. In an initially close first 25 minutes, former Liverpool player Luis Suárez opened the scoring. The second half was dominated with continued attacking pressure from Liverpool, but no goals came until Lionel Messi scored from close range after Suárez had hit the bar. Only minutes later, Messi scored once again, this time a spectacular 30-yard free kick, as Barcelona completed a 3–0 victory.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool's next match was three days later on 4 May, away against Newcastle United in the Premier League. The Reds opened the scoring with a goal from Van Dijk, only for Christian Atsu to level the match a few minutes later, tapping home the rebound after Alexander-Arnold appeared to handle Salomón Rondón's shot on the goal-line. A goal from Salah just several minutes later restored their lead as the first half drew to a conclusion. Not long after the second half began, Salomón Rondón scored to bring the match level. Only minutes before the final whistle, substitute Origi headed in Shaqiri's free-kick as the Reds won 3–2, ensuring that the Premier League title race would go down to the final match.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Three days later, Liverpool faced Barcelona in the second leg of the Champions League semi-finals. Trailing with a 3–0 deficit and having had both Firmino and Salah injured prior to the game, many pundits and general media believed that it was highly unlikely for Liverpool to overturn the result. The Reds took the lead through Origi within a few minutes into the match and the score stayed as such once the first half concluded. In the second half, substitute Wijnaldum scored twice within the space of 122 seconds to even the tie. Ten minutes before the final whistle, Origi struck again following a quickly taken corner from Alexander-Arnold, completely overturning the tie into the Reds' favour as Liverpool won 4–0 to advance into their second successive Champions League Final and their third overall European final under Klopp.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool's final league match of the season was on 12 May against Wolverhampton Wanderers. As title rivals Manchester City were playing at the same time against Brighton & Hove Albion, the Reds required a miracle in order to claim the league title. However, despite winning 2–0 with both goals from Mané, they ultimately finished in second place as City easily won their match 4–1, with the Reds being just one point away from winning their first league title in 29 years. Liverpool's total of 97 points was the highest number of points a second-placed team had ever finished with in the Premier League and in any of Europe's top league flights.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: On 1 June, in their second successive Champions League Final, Liverpool defeated fellow English club Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 to secure a sixth European Cup victory and the club's first since 2005. Just over a minute in Liverpool were awarded a penalty after Moussa Sissoko was judged to have handled Mané's cross. Salah then scored from the spot to give the Reds the lead after just two minutes. Liverpool had some good chances to score, with Alexander-Arnold and Milner shooting just wide of the post in either half. At the other end Alisson made two great saves, notably to deny Christian Eriksen after the latters free-kick was pushed away by the Liverpool keeper. Then with just three minutes left, a poorly cleared corner found Origi just inside the penalty-area and he scored into the bottom right corner of the net to win the trophy for Klopp's team.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool revealed pre-season fixtures against Chester, Tranmere Rovers, Bury, Blackburn Rovers, Napoli and Torino. They also competed in the International Champions Cup against Borussia Dortmund, Manchester City and Manchester United.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Mohamed Salah and Sadio Mané shared the Premier League Golden Boot with Arsenal's Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang, scoring 22 league goals apiece; goalkeeper Alisson kept 21 clean sheets to win the Premier League Golden Glove; and four Liverpool players were included in the PFA Team of the Year, including Virgil van Dijk, who won both the PFA Players' Player of the Year and Premier League Player of the Season awards. Four Liverpool players were in the Ballon d'Or top-seven. Van Dijk was named as runner-up, Mané placed fourth, Salah fifth and Alisson seventh, while Alisson also won the inaugural Yashin Trophy, presented to the best performing goalkeeper.


title: 2018–19 Liverpool F.C. season

text: At The Best FIFA Football Awards, Van Dijk and Alisson were named in the FIFA FIFPro Men's World XI, with Alisson being named as The Best FIFA Men's Goalkeeper, Van Dijk finishing as runner-up for The Best FIFA Men's Player and manager Jürgen Klopp being named as The Best FIFA Men's Coach. At the UEFA Club Football Awards, Alisson was named as the UEFA Goalkeeper of the Season, and Van Dijk was named as the UEFA Defender of the Season and awarded the UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award. Six Liverpool players featured in the 20-man UEFA Squad of the Season.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Sutlej River in Bhakra Village near Bilaspur in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh in northern India. The dam forms the Gobind Sagar reservoir.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The dam, located at a gorge near the (now submerged) upstream Bhakra village in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh of height 226 m. The length of the dam (measured from the road above it) is 518.25 m and the width is 9.1 m. Its reservoir known as "Gobind Sagar" stores up to 9.34 billion cubic metres of water. The 90 km long reservoir created by the Bhakra Dam is spread over an area of 168.35 km. In terms of quantity of water, it is the third largest reservoir in India, the first being Indira Sagar dam in Madhya Pradesh with capacity of 12.22 billion cu m and second Nagarjunasagar Dam.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Described as "New Temple of Resurgent India" by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, the dam attracts tourists from all over India. Bhakra dam is 15 km from Nangal town, Punjab and 106 km from Bilaspur


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Nangal Dam is another dam in Punjab downstream of Bhakra Dam. However, sometimes both the dams together are called Bhakra-Nangal Dam though they are two separate dams.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The Bhakra-Nangal multipurpose dams were among the earliest river valley development schemes undertaken by India after independence though the project had been conceived long before India became a free nation. The agreement for this project had been signed by the then Punjab Revenue Minister, Sir Chhotu Ram in November 1944 with Raja of Bilaspur and finalised the project plan on 8 January 1945. Preliminary works commenced in 1946. Construction of the dam started in 1948; Jawaharlal Nehru poured the first bucket of concrete into the dry riverbed of the Sutlej on 17 November 1955, as a symbolic initiation of the work. Addressing a gathering there, he said, "This is a gift to the people of India and to the future generations from the workers who built this dam", calling for "rais[ing] a memorial" at the dam "in honour" of the workers. The dam was completed by the end of 1963. Successive stages were completed by the early 1970s.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Initially, the construction of the dam was started by Sir Louis Dane, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab. But the project got delayed and was restarted soon after independence under the chief architect Rai Bahadur Kunwar Sen Gupta. It was financed entirely by the union government. The Control Board for the project included representatives from union government, and of the governments of Punjab, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Bilaspur and Himachal Pradesh. The organisation evolved for the purpose of design and construction was divided into three parts. The Designs Directorate provided the designs and drawings. The Construction and Plant Design Directorate was to look after its execution and installing of the plant, while the Directorate of Inspection and Control ensured that the specifications are accorded to safety requirements were met.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: In October 1963, at the ceremony to mark the dedication of the Bhakra–Nangal project to the nation, Prime Minister Nehru said, "This dam has been built with the unrelenting toil of man for the benefit of mankind and therefore is worthy of worship. May you call it a Temple or a Gurdwara or a Mosque, it inspires our admiration and reverence". On 22 October 2013, the Government of India approved the release of a commemorative stamp to mark the 50th anniversary of the Bhakra Dam. As how successful India was at that time that it was the only dam in Asia which could produce 1500 MW power.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The dam, at 741 ft (226 m), is one of the highest gravity dams in the world (compared to USA's largest Oroville Dam at 770 ft). The 166 km Gobindsagar Reservoir, named after Guru Gobind Singh, is created by this dam which is the third largest reservoir in India the first being Indira Sagar Dam and second Nagarjunasagar Dam. The river Satluj used to flow through a narrow gorge between two hills, Naina Devi ki dhar and Ramgarh ki dhar, and the site was chosen to dam the river. The large map http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nh-43-03.jpg shows the location of the original Bhakra village that was submerged in the lake formed behind the dam.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Bhakra dam was part of the larger multipurpose Bhakra Nangal Project whose aims were to prevent floods in the Satluj-Beas river valley, to provide irrigation to adjoining states and also to provide hydro-electricity. It also became a tourist spot for the tourists during later years because of its huge size and uniqueness.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: It also has four spillway gates that are only used when the reservoir exceeds the maximum allowed level.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The dam holds excess waters during the monsoon and provides a regulated release during the year. It also prevents damage due to monsoon floods. The Bhakra Canal fed by this dam provides irrigation to 10 million acres of (40,000 km) fields in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Water flows from Bhakra Dam downstream Nangal dam where it is controlled and released into Nangal Hydel Channel that later becomes Bhakra Main Line after Ganguwal and Kotla power plants. The Bhakra main line is a canal that mostly supplies irrigation water to the state of Haryana.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Bhakra Dam has ten power generators with five on each side. Generators for the left power house were originally supplied by Hitachi, Japan and upgraded to the present capacity by Sumitomo, Hitachi and Andritz. Generators for the right side were originally supplied by Soviet Union and later upgraded to the present capacity by Russia. The two power houses have a total capacity of 1325 MW. The left power house contain 3 x 108 MW and 2 x 126 MW Francis turbines while the right has 5 x 157 MW.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The power generated at Bhakra Dam is distributed among partner states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Three additional power plants are on the two canals Nangal Hydel Channel and Anandpur Sahib Hydel Channel that originate from Nangal dam. Their generation capacities are : Ganguwal - 77.65 MW, Kotla - 77.65 MW and Anandpur - 134 MW.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The reservoir of the Dam, Gobind Sagar, homes fishes of different species including endangered Mahseer. Commercial fishing by Local fisherman is also common in Gobind Sagar.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) was constituted in 1966 for the administration, maintenance and operation of Bhakra Nangal Project from 1 October 1967. It manages the operation of both the dams. Its members are appointed by the government of India and by the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Union territories of Delhi, and Chandigarh. Bhakra Management Board was renamed Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) on 15 May 1976 to also manage dams on the river Beas. Since then the Bhakra Beas Management Board is engaged in the regulation of the supply of water and power from Bhakra Nangal Project and Beas Projects to the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh government.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The Bhakra Beas Management Board regulates, operates and manages Bhakra Dam, Dehar Hydroelectric Project, Pong dam, Ganguwal and Kotla power stations.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: Being the fourth largest dam in India after Tehri Dam, it attracts a large number of tourists who visit its reservoir and attractive location. However, for security reasons, visitors to Bhakra-Nangal Dam has been banned since Board (BBMB) are also run the Bhakhra Tourism Railway run on narrow gauge railway line just like Darjeeling himalayan railway, from bhakhra dam to nangal dam , there are 8 railway stations, traveling is absolutely free.


title: Bhakra Dam

text: The large reservoir created by the dam displaced a large population from the district of Bilaspur. About 371 villages were submerged. After 50 years of its completion, there is still a question of full resettlement of oustees.


title: Megan Park

text: Megan Park (born July 24, 1986) is a Canadian actress and director. She is known for her portrayal of Grace Bowman in the television series "The Secret Life of the American Teenager". In 2021, Park made her feature directorial debut with "The Fallout", which won three awards at South by Southwest and was later released on HBO Max.


title: Megan Park

text: Born in Lindsay, Ontario, Park began her acting career with small parts starting at age 6. She attended Oakridge Secondary School, in London, Ontario. She was also a part of the Original Kids Theatre program.


title: Megan Park

text: Her first major roles came with a guest spot on the Lifetime series "Angela's Eyes" and a minor role in the indie movie "Charlie Bartlett".


title: Megan Park

text: Park completed a guest starring role on the popular Disney channel Family show "Life with Derek" as Amy, a love interest of Derek and head cheerleader ex-girlfriend to Max. Her largest role to date has been in the ABC Family series "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", where she plays one of the main characters, Grace Bowman, a conservative Christian teen and cheerleader who, along with her boyfriend, struggle with her purity vow until marriage.


title: Megan Park

text: In 2013, Park lost the role of Nicki in the sitcom "Undateable" to Briga Heelan. Heelan had originally been cast in the role but was believed to be unable to continue when her sitcom "Ground Floor" was renewed for a second season. The part was recast with Park, however when Heelan's schedule was adjusted to allow her to appear on both shows, Heelan took back the role.


title: Megan Park

text: In 2015, Park portrayed Lindsay in the Hallmark Channel movie "A Wish Come True", directed by Mark Rosman.


title: Megan Park

text: In 2009, Park and singer Codi Caraco formed a band called Frank and Derol, in which she sang and played bass guitar.


title: Megan Park

text: In 2010, Park left the band to focus on her acting career. Park also appeared, together with Tyler Hilton, in a music video called "(Kissed You) Good Night" recorded by American country music group Gloriana.


title: Megan Park

text: In July 2006, Park started dating actor and singer Tyler Hilton after meeting him on the set of "Charlie Bartlett". They became engaged in December 2013 and married on October 10, 2015. On December 20, 2019, they welcomed a daughter.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Ludwig III (Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; 7 January 1845 – 18 October 1921) was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918. Initially he served in the Bavarian military as a lieutenant and went on to hold the rank of Oberleutnant during the Austro-Prussian War. He entered politics at the age of 18 becoming a member of the Bavarian Legislature and was a keen participant in politics, supporting electoral reforms. Later in life he served as regent and "de facto" head of state from 1912 to 1913, ruling for his cousin, Otto. After the Bavarian parliament passed a law allowing him to do so, Ludwig deposed Otto and assumed the throne for himself. He led Bavaria during World War I. His short reign was seen as championing conservative causes and he was influenced by the Catholic encyclical "Rerum novarum".


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: After the German Revolution of 1918, the German Empire was dissolved and the Weimar Republic was created. As a result of this revolution, the Bavarian throne was abolished along with the other monarchies of the German states, ending the House of Wittelsbach's 738-year reign over Bavaria. Fearing that he might be a victim of an assassination, Ludwig fled to Hungary, Liechtenstein and then Switzerland. He returned to Bavaria in 1920 and lived at Wildenwart Castle. Ludwig would die shortly after, when he was staying at Nádasdy Mansion in Sárvár.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Ludwig was born in Munich, the eldest son of Prince Luitpold of Bavaria and of his wife, Archduchess Augusta of Austria (daughter of Grand Duke Leopold II of Tuscany). He was a descendant of both Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror. Hailing from Florence, Augusta always spoke in Italian to her four children. Ludwig was named after his grandfather, King Ludwig I of Bavaria.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Ludwig spent his first years living in the Electoral rooms of the Munich Residenz and in the Wittelsbacher Palace. From 1852 to 1863, he was tutored by Ferdinand von Malaisé. When he was ten years old, the family moved to the Leuchtenberg Palace.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: In 1861 at the age of sixteen, Ludwig began his military career when his uncle, King Maximilian II of Bavaria, gave him a commission as a lieutenant in the 6th Jägerbattalion. A year later, he entered the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he studied law and economics. When he was eighteen, he automatically became a member of the Senate of the Bavarian Legislature as a prince of the royal house.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: In 1866, Bavaria was allied with the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War. Ludwig held the rank of Oberleutnant. He was wounded at the Battle of Helmstadt, taking a bullet in his thigh. The incident contributed to the fact that he was rather averse to the military. He received the Knight's Cross 1st Class of the Bavarian Military Merit Order.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: In June 1867, Ludwig visited Vienna to attend the funeral of his cousin, Archduchess Mathilda of Austria (daughter of his father's sister Princess Hildegard of Bavaria). While there, Ludwig met Mathilde's eighteen-year-old step-cousin Maria Theresia, Archduchess of Austria-Este, the only daughter of the late Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este (1821–1849) and his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1831–1903), and they married on 20 February 1868 at St. Augustine's Church in Vienna.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Until 1862, Ludwig's uncle had reigned as King Otto I of Greece. Although Otto had been deposed, Ludwig was still in line of succession to the Greek throne. Had he ever succeeded, this would have required that he renounce his Roman Catholic faith and become Greek Orthodox. Maria Theresa's uncle, Duke Francis V of Modena, was a staunch Roman Catholic. He required that as part of the marriage agreement Ludwig renounce his rights to the throne of Greece, and so ensure that his children would be raised Roman Catholic. In addition, the 1843 Greek Constitution forbade the Greek sovereign to be simultaneously ruler of another country. Consequently, Ludwig's younger brother Leopold technically succeeded upon their father's death to the rights of the deposed Otto I, King of Greece.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: By his marriage, Ludwig became a wealthy man. Maria Theresa had inherited large properties from her father. She owned the estate of Sárvár in Hungary and the estate of Eiwanowitz in Moravia (now Ivanovice na Hané in the Czech Republic). The income from these estates enabled Ludwig to purchase an estate at Leutstetten in Bavaria. Over the years, Ludwig expanded the Leutstetten estate until it became one of the largest and most profitable in Bavaria. Ludwig was sometimes derided as "Millibauer" (dairy farmer) due to his interest in agriculture and farming.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Although they maintained a residence in Munich at the Leuchtenberg Palace, Ludwig and Maria Theresa lived mostly at Leutstetten. They had a happy and devoted marriage which resulted in 13 children:


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: On the death of her uncle Francis in 1875, Maria Theresa inherited his Jacobite claim to the thrones of England and Scotland, and is called either "Queen Mary IV and III" or "Queen Mary III" by Jacobites.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Throughout his life, Ludwig took a great interest in agriculture. From 1868, he was the Honorary President of the Central Committee of the Bavarian Agricultural Society. In 1875, he bought Leutstetten Castle and made it a model farm. He was also very interested in technology, particularly water power. In 1891 at his initiation, the Bavarian Canal Society was established. In 1896 Prince Ludwig was appointed honorary member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: As a prince of the royal house he was automatically a member of the Senate of the Bavarian Legislature; there he was a great supporter of the direct right to vote. Since 23 June 1863 already, Ludwig had been a member of the Chamber of the "Reichsräte". In 1870 he voted as a member of the Reichsrat for the acceptance of the November treaties to join the North German Confederation. In 1871 he ran unsuccessfully for the first Reichstag elections as a candidate of the Bavarian Patriot Party. In 1906 he supported the Bavarian electoral reform, which the SPD founder August Bebel praised: "The German people, if the Kaiser were to be chosen from one of the German princes, would presumably elect Wittelsbach Ludwig and not Prussia's Wilhelm."


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: On 12 December 1912, Ludwig's father Luitpold died. Luitpold had been an active participant in the deposition of his nephew, King Ludwig II, and had also acted as prince regent for his other nephew, King Otto. Although Otto had nominally been king since 1886, he had been under medical supervision since 1883 and it had long been understood that he would never be mentally capable of actively reigning. Ludwig III immediately succeeded his father as regent.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Almost immediately, certain elements in the press and other groups in society called for Ludwig to take the throne himself. The Bavarian Legislature was not, however, currently in session, and did not meet until 29 September 1913. On 4 November 1913, the Legislature amended the constitution of Bavaria to include a clause specifying that if a regency for reasons of incapacity had lasted for ten years with no prospect of the king ever being able to reign, the regent could proclaim the end of the regency and assume the crown himself, with such action to be ratified by the Legislature. The amendment received broad party support in the Lower Chamber where it was carried by a vote of 122 in favour, and 27 against. In the Senate there were only six votes against the amendment. The next day, 5 November 1913, Ludwig proclaimed the end of the regency, deposed his cousin and proclaimed his own reign as Ludwig III. The Legislature duly ratified this action, and Ludwig took his oath on 8 November.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: The constitutional amendment of 1913 brought a determining break in the continuity of the king's rule in the opinion of historians, particularly as this change had been granted by the Landtag as a House of Representatives. Historians believe this marked a definitive step from constitutional monarchy to figurehead. Bavaria had already taken a step toward full parliamentary government a year earlier, when Georg von Hertling headed the first government that depended on a majority in the legislature.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Ludwig's short reign was conservative and influenced by the Catholic encyclical "Rerum novarum". Prime Minister Georg von Hertling, appointed by Luitpold in 1912, remained in office. Also as King Ludwig lived in the Wittelsbacher Palais rather than in the Munich Residenz.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Ludwig sent an official dispatch to Berlin to express Bavaria's solidarity. Later Ludwig even claimed annexations for Bavaria (Alsace and the city of Antwerp in Belgium, to receive an access to the sea). His hidden agenda was to maintain the balance of power between Prussia and Bavaria within the German Empire after a victory.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: A spurious story holds that, a day or two after Germany's declaration of war, Ludwig received a petition from a 25-year-old Austrian, asking for permission to join the Bavarian Army. The petition was promptly granted, and Adolf Hitler thereupon joined the Bavarian Army, eventually settling into the 16th Reserve Bavarian Infantry Regiment, where he served the remainder of the war. However, this account is based on Hitler's recollections in "Mein Kampf". Historian Ian Kershaw holds that Hitler's story is simply not credible on its face, due to the remarkable bureaucratic effort it would have required to attend to this minor matter during days of extreme crisis. Kershaw suggests that bureaucratic error, rather than bureaucratic efficiency, was responsible for Hitler's enlistment; indeed, as a national of an allied country, he should have been sent to Austria for service in that army. Based on Bavarian government investigations in 1924, the more likely scenario in Kershaw's view is that Hitler applied for enlistment, along with thousands of other youths, on or about 5 August 1914, was initially turned away because the authorities were overwhelmed with applicants and had no place to assign him, and eventually was recalled to serve in the 2nd Infantry Regiment (2nd Battalion), before being assigned to Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (the List Regiment), which was principally made up of raw recruits.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: In 1917, when Germany's situation had gradually worsened due to World War I, Hertling became German Chancellor and Prime Minister of Prussia and Otto Ritter von Dandl was made "Minister of State of the Royal Household and of the Exterior" and "President of the Council of Ministers" on 11 November 1917, a title equivalent to Prime Minister of Bavaria. Accused of showing blind loyalty to Prussia, Ludwig became increasingly unpopular during the war. As the war drew to a close, the German Revolution broke out in Bavaria.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Already discussed since September 1917, on 2 November 1918, an extensive constitutional reform was established by an agreement between the royal government and all parliamentary groups, which, among other things, envisaged the introduction of proportional representation. Ludwig III, approved on the same day the transformation of the constitutional into a parliamentary monarchy. For the first time on November 3, 1918, initiated by the USPD, a thousand people gathered to protest on the Theresienwiese for peace and demanded the release of detained leaders. On 7 November 1918, Ludwig fled from the Residenz Palace in Munich with his family and took up residence in "Schloss Anif", near Salzburg, for what he hoped would be a temporary stay. He was the first of the monarchs in the German Empire to be deposed. The next day, the People's State of Bavaria was proclaimed.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: On 12 November 1918, a day after the Armistice, Prime Minister Dandl went to Schloss Anif to see the king. Ludwig gave Dandl the Anif declaration "(Anifer Erklärung)" in which he released all government officials, soldiers and civil officers from their oath of loyalty to him. He also stated that as a result of recent events, he was "no longer in a position to lead the government." The declaration was published by the newly formed republican government of Kurt Eisner when Dandl returned to Munich the next day. Ludwig's declaration was not a statement of abdication, as Dandl had demanded. However, Eisner's government interpreted it as such and added a statement that Ludwig and his family were welcome to return to Bavaria as private citizens as long as they did not act against the "people's state." This statement effectively dethroned the Wittelsbachs and ended the family's 738-year rule over Bavaria.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: Ludwig III returned to Bavaria. His wife, Maria Theresia, died 3 February 1919 at Wildenwart Castle/Chiemgau.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: In February 1919, Eisner was assassinated; fearing that he might be the victim of a counter-assassination, Ludwig fled to Hungary, later moving on to Liechtenstein and Switzerland. He returned to Bavaria in April 1920 and lived at Wildenwart Castle again. There he remained until September 1921 when he took a trip to his castle Nádasdy in Sárvár in Hungary. He died there on 18 October.


title: Ludwig III of Bavaria

text: On 5 November 1921, Ludwig's body was returned to Munich together with that of his wife. In spite of fears a state funeral might spark a move to restore the monarchy, the pair were honored with one in front of the royal family, Bavarian government, military personnel, and an estimated 100,000 spectators. Burial was in the crypt of the Munich Frauenkirche alongside their royal ancestors. Prince Rupprecht did not wish to use the occasion of the passing of his father to reestablish the monarchy by force, preferring to do so by legal means. Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber, Archbishop of Munich, in his funeral speech, made a clear commitment to the monarchy while Rupprecht only declared that he had stepped into his birthright.


title: Genital wart

text: Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). They are generally pink in color and project out from the surface of the skin. Usually they cause few symptoms, but can occasionally be painful. Typically they appear one to eight months following exposure. Warts are the most easily recognized symptom of genital HPV infection.


title: Genital wart

text: HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for causing majority of genital warts whereas HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 are also occasionally found. It is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, usually during oral, genital, or anal sex with an infected partner. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and can be confirmed by biopsy. The types of HPV that cause cancer are not the same as those that cause warts.


title: Genital wart

text: Some HPV vaccines can prevent genital warts as may condoms. Treatment options include creams such as podophyllin, imiquimod, and trichloroacetic acid. Cryotherapy or surgery may also be an option. After treatment warts often resolve within six months. Without treatment, in up to a third of cases they resolve on their own.


title: Genital wart

text: About 1% of people in the United States have genital warts. Many people, however, are infected and do not have symptoms. Without vaccination nearly all sexually active people will get some type of HPV at one point in their lives. The disease has been known at least since the time of Hippocrates in 300 BC.


title: Genital wart

text: They may be found anywhere in the anal or genital area, and are frequently found on external surfaces of the body, including the penile shaft, scrotum, or labia majora of the vagina. They can also occur on internal surfaces like the opening to the urethra, inside the vagina, on the cervix, or in the anus.


title: Genital wart

text: They can be as small as 1-5mm in diameter, but can also grow or spread into large masses in the genital or anal area. In some cases they look like small stalks. They may be hard ("keratinized") or soft. Their color can be variable, and sometimes they may bleed.


title: Genital wart

text: In most cases, there are no symptoms of HPV infection other than the warts themselves. Sometimes warts may cause itching, redness, or discomfort, especially when they occur around the anus. Although they are usually without other physical symptoms, an outbreak of genital warts may cause psychological distress, such as anxiety, in some people.


title: Genital wart

text: HPV is most commonly transmitted through penetrative sex. While HPV can also be transmitted via non-penetrative sexual activity, it is less transmissible than via penetrative sex. There is conflicting evidence about the effect of condoms on transmission of low-risk HPV. Some studies have suggested that they are effective at reducing transmission. Other studies suggest that condoms are not effective at preventing transmission of the low-risk HPV variants that cause genital warts. The effect of condoms on HPV transmission may also be sex-dependent; there is some evidence that condoms are more effective at preventing infection of males than of females.


title: Genital wart

text: The types of HPV that cause warts are highly transmissible. Roughly three out of four unaffected partners of patients with warts develop them within eight months. Other studies of partner concordance suggest that the presence of visible warts may be an indicator of increased infectivity; HPV concordance rates are higher in couples where one partner has visible warts.


title: Genital wart

text: Although 90% of HPV infections are cleared by the body within two years of infection, it is possible for infected cells to undergo a latency (quiet) period, with the first occurrence or a recurrence of symptoms happening months or years later. Latent HPV, even with no outward symptoms, is still transmissible to a sexual partner. If an individual has unprotected sex with an infected partner, there is a 70% chance that he or she will also become infected.


title: Genital wart

text: In individuals with a history of previous HPV infection, the appearance of new warts may be either from a new exposure to HPV, or from a recurrence of the previous infection. As many as one-third of people with warts will experience a recurrence.


title: Genital wart

text: Anal or genital warts may be transmitted during birth. The presence of wart-like lesions on the genitals of young children has been suggested as an indicator of sexual abuse. However, genital warts can sometimes result from autoinoculation by warts elsewhere on the body, such as from the hands. It has also been reported from sharing of swimsuits, underwear, or bath towels, and from non-sexual touching during routine care such as diapering. Genital warts in children are less likely to be caused by HPV subtypes 6 and 11 than adults, and more likely to be caused by HPV types that cause warts elsewhere on the body ("cutaneous types"). Surveys of pediatricians who are child abuse specialists suggest that in children younger than 4 years old, there is no consensus on whether the appearance of new anal or genital warts, by itself, can be considered an indicator of sexual abuse.


title: Genital wart

text: The diagnosis of genital warts is most often made visually, but may require confirmation by biopsy in some cases. Smaller warts may occasionally be confused with molluscum contagiosum.


title: Genital wart

text: Genital warts, histopathologically, characteristically rise above the skin surface due to enlargement of the dermal papillae, have parakeratosis and the characteristic nuclear changes typical of HPV infections (nuclear enlargement with perinuclear clearing).


title: Genital wart

text: DNA tests are available for diagnosis of high-risk HPV infections. Because genital warts are caused by low-risk HPV types, DNA tests cannot be used for diagnosis of genital warts or other low-risk HPV infections.


title: Genital wart

text: Some practitioners use an acetic acid solution to identify smaller warts ("subclinical lesions"), but this practice is controversial. Because a diagnosis made with acetic acid will not meaningfully affect the course of the disease, and cannot be verified by a more specific test, a 2007 UK guideline advises against its use.


title: Genital wart

text: Gardasil (sold by Merck & Co.) is a vaccine that protects against human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18. Types 6 and 11 cause genital warts, while 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer. The vaccine is preventive, not therapeutic, and must be given before exposure to the virus type to be effective, ideally before the beginning of sexual activity. The vaccine is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in both males and females as early as 9 years of age.


title: Genital wart

text: In the UK, Gardasil replaced Cervarix in September 2012 for reasons unrelated to safety. Cervarix had been used routinely in young females from its introduction in 2008, but was only effective against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, neither of which typically causes warts.


title: Genital wart

text: There is no cure for HPV. Existing treatments are directed towards the removal of visible warts, but these may also regress on their own without any therapy. There is no evidence to suggest that removing visible warts reduces transmission of the underlying HPV infection. As many as 80% of people with HPV will clear the infection within 18 months.


title: Genital wart

text: A healthcare practitioner may offer one of several ways to treat warts, depending on their number, sizes, locations, or other factors. All treatments can cause depigmentation, itching, pain, or scarring.


title: Genital wart

text: Treatments can be classified as either physically ablative, or topical agents. Physically ablative therapies are considered more effective at initial wart removal, but like all therapies have significant recurrence rates.


title: Genital wart

text: Many therapies, including folk remedies, have been suggested for treating genital warts, some of which have little evidence to suggest they are effective or safe. Those listed here are ones mentioned in national or international practice guidelines as having some basis in evidence for their use.


title: Genital wart

text: Physically ablative methods are more likely to be effective on keratinized warts. They are also most appropriate for patients with fewer numbers of relatively smaller warts.


title: Genital wart

text: Podophyllin, podofilox and isotretinoin should not be used during pregnancy, as they could cause birth defects in the fetus.


title: Genital wart

text: Isotretinoin taken orally has been shown to treat recalcitrant condylomata acuminata (RCA) of the cervix.


title: Genital wart

text: Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence in the US of 10–20% and clinical manifestations in 1% of the sexually active adult population. US incidence of HPV infection has increased between 1975 and 2006. About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17–33. Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove the HPV, so warts can recur after treatment (about 50–73% of the time). Warts can also spontaneously regress (with or without treatment).


title: Genital wart

text: Traditional theories postulated that the virus remained in the body for a lifetime. However, studies using sensitive DNA techniques have shown that through immunological response, the virus can either be cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. One study testing genital skin for subclinical HPV using PCR found a prevalence of 10%.


title: Genital wart

text: A "condyloma acuminatum" is a single genital wart, and "condylomata acuminata" are multiple genital warts. The word roots mean 'pointed wart' (from Greek κόνδυλος 'knuckle', Greek -ωμα "-oma" 'disease', and Latin "acuminatum" 'pointed'). Although similarly named, it is not the same as condyloma latum, which is a complication of secondary syphilis.


title: June Squibb

text: June Louise Squibb (born November 6, 1929) is an American actress. In 2013, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film "Nebraska".


title: June Squibb

text: Squibb has appeared in the films "Alice", "In & Out", "About Schmidt", "Would You Rather", "I'll See You in My Dreams", "Other People", "Table 19", "Summer '03", "Blow the Man Down", "Palm Springs", "Hubie Halloween", "Godmothered", "Palmer", and "The Humans". She also provided voice acting roles for the animated films "Ralph Breaks the Internet", "Toy Story 4" and "Soul".


title: June Squibb

text: In television, she had recurring roles on series's "Ghost Whisperer", "The Young and the Restless", "Shameless", "Good Girls", and "Little Voice".


title: June Squibb

text: Squibb was born in Vandalia, Illinois. Her mother, JoyBelle, was a silent film pianist. Her father, Lewis, was an insurance agent. Squibb married Edward Sostek in 1953. They divorced in 1959. Squibb married acting teacher Charles Kakatsakis. They have a son, Harry, a filmmaker whose short film is "Admissions". Squibb converted to Judaism in the 1950s. When asked about ageism in show business, she said, "Well, it's like anything else. I always feel, rules are meant to be broken."


title: June Squibb

text: Squibb worked at The Muny and trained at HB Studio. She works at the Cleveland Play House, and starred in productions of "Marseilles", "The Play's the Thing", "Goodbye, My Fancy", "The Heiress", "Detective Story", "Antigone", "Ladies in Retirement" and "Bloomer Girl". She played Dulcie in the 1958 off-Broadway "The Boy Friend" and starred in the 1959 Off-Broadway revival of "Lend an Ear". She replaced Electra for her Broadway debut in the original production of "". Squibb appeared in the 1968 Broadway version of "The Happy Time". The musical was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical. She did modeling work for romance novels and appeared in the 1995 Broadway for "Sacrilege". She played Stella Gordon in "Dividing the Estate" at the Dallas Theater Center and received standout reviews. She played Old Josie in the 2018 Broadway production of "Waitress". Squibb was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture, among other accolades for the film "Nebraska". She was inducted into the Cleveland Play House Hall of Fame. She starred in the Disney+ film "Godmothered". She also played Vivian in the 2021 Apple TV film Palmer. In her role, she was the grandmother of Eddie Palmer which was played by Justin Timberlake.


title: Percent-encoding

text: Percent-encoding, also known as URL encoding, is a method to encode arbitrary data in a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) using only the limited US-ASCII characters legal within a URI. Although it is known as "URL encoding", it is also used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Uniform Resource Name (URN). As such, it is also used in the preparation of data of the codice_1 media type, as is often used in the submission of HTML form data in HTTP requests.


title: Percent-encoding

text: The characters allowed in a URI are either "reserved" or "unreserved" (or a percent character as part of a percent-encoding). "Reserved" characters are those characters that sometimes have special meaning. For example, forward slash characters are used to separate different parts of a URL (or more generally, a URI). "Unreserved" characters have no such meanings. Using percent-encoding, reserved characters are represented using special character sequences. The sets of reserved and unreserved characters and the circumstances under which certain reserved characters have special meaning have changed slightly with each revision of specifications that govern URIs and URI schemes.


title: Percent-encoding

text: When a character from the reserved set (a "reserved character") has a special meaning (a "reserved purpose") in a certain context, and a URI scheme says that it is necessary to use that character for some "other" purpose, then the character must be "percent-encoded". Percent-encoding a reserved character involves converting the character to its corresponding byte value in ASCII and then representing that value as a pair of hexadecimal digits (if there is a single hex digit, a leading zero are added). The digits, preceded by a percent sign (codice_2) as an escape character, are then used in the URI in place of the reserved character.


title: Percent-encoding

text: The reserved character codice_3, for example, if used in the "path" component of a URI, has the special meaning of being a delimiter "between" path segments. If, according to a given URI scheme, codice_3 needs to be "in" a path segment, then the three characters codice_5 or codice_6 must be used in the segment instead of a raw codice_3.


title: Percent-encoding

text: Reserved characters that have no reserved purpose in a particular context may also be percent-encoded but are not semantically different from those that are not.


title: Percent-encoding

text: In the "query" component of a URI (the part after a codice_8 character), for example, codice_3 is still considered a reserved character but it normally has no reserved purpose, unless a particular URI scheme says otherwise. The character does not need to be percent-encoded when it has no reserved purpose.


title: Percent-encoding

text: URIs that differ only by whether a reserved character is percent-encoded or appears literally are normally considered not equivalent (denoting the same resource) unless it can be determined that the reserved characters in question have no reserved purpose. This determination is dependent upon the rules established for reserved characters by individual URI schemes.


title: Percent-encoding

text: URIs that differ only by whether an unreserved character is percent-encoded or appears literally are equivalent by definition, but URI processors, in practice, may not always recognize this equivalence. For example, URI consumers "should not" treat codice_10 differently from codice_11 or codice_12 differently from codice_13, but some do. For maximal interoperability, URI producers are discouraged from percent-encoding unreserved characters.


title: Percent-encoding

text: Because the percent character ( codice_2 ) serves as the indicator for percent-encoded octets, it must be percent-encoded as codice_15 for that octet to be used as data within a URI.


title: Percent-encoding

text: Most URI schemes involve the representation of arbitrary data, such as an IP address or file system path, as components of a URI. URI scheme specifications should, but often don't, provide an explicit mapping between URI characters and all possible data values being represented by those characters.


title: Percent-encoding

text: Since the publication of RFC 1738 in 1994 it has been specified that schemes that provide for the representation of binary data in a URI must divide the data into 8-bit bytes and percent-encode each byte in the same manner as above. Byte value 0x0F, for example, should be represented by codice_16, but byte value 0x41 can be represented by codice_11, or codice_10. The use of unencoded characters for alphanumeric and other unreserved characters is typically preferred, as it results in shorter URLs.


title: Percent-encoding

text: The procedure for percent-encoding binary data has often been extrapolated, sometimes inappropriately or without being fully specified, to apply to character-based data. In the World Wide Web's formative years, when dealing with data characters in the ASCII repertoire and using their corresponding bytes in ASCII as the basis for determining percent-encoded sequences, this practice was relatively harmless; it was just assumed that characters and bytes mapped one-to-one and were interchangeable. The need to represent characters outside the ASCII range, however, grew quickly, and URI schemes and protocols often failed to provide standard rules for preparing character data for inclusion in a URI. Web applications consequently began using different multi-byte, stateful, and other non-ASCII-compatible encodings as the basis for percent-encoding, leading to ambiguities and difficulty interpreting URIs reliably.


title: Percent-encoding

text: For example, many URI schemes and protocols based on RFCs 1738 and 2396 presume that the data characters will be converted to bytes according to some unspecified character encoding before being represented in a URI by unreserved characters or percent-encoded bytes. If the scheme does not allow the URI to provide a hint as to what encoding was used, or if the encoding conflicts with the use of ASCII to percent-encode reserved and unreserved characters, then the URI cannot be reliably interpreted. Some schemes fail to account for encoding at all and instead just suggest that data characters map directly to URI characters, which leaves it up to implementations to decide whether and how to percent-encode data characters that are in neither the reserved nor unreserved sets.


title: Percent-encoding

text: Arbitrary character data is sometimes percent-encoded and used in non-URI situations, such as for password-obfuscation programs or other system-specific translation protocols.


title: Percent-encoding

text: The generic URI syntax recommends that new URI schemes that provide for the representation of character data in a URI should, in effect, represent characters from the unreserved set without translation and should convert all other characters to bytes according to UTF-8, and then percent-encode those values. This suggestion was introduced in January 2005 with the publication of RFC 3986. URI schemes introduced before this date are not affected.


title: Percent-encoding

text: Not addressed by the current specification is what to do with encoded character data. For example, in computers, character data manifests in encoded form, at some level, and thus could be treated as either binary or character data when being mapped to URI characters. Presumably, it is up to the URI scheme specifications to account for this possibility and require one or the other, but in practice, few, if any, actually do.


title: Percent-encoding

text: There exists a non-standard encoding for Unicode characters: codice_42, where "xxxx" is a UTF-16 code unit represented as four hexadecimal digits. This behavior is not specified by any RFC and has been rejected by the W3C. The 13th edition of ECMA-262 still includes an codice_43 function that uses this syntax, which applies UTF-8 encoding to a string, then percent-escapes the resulting bytes.


title: Percent-encoding

text: When data that has been entered into HTML forms is submitted, the form field names and values are encoded and sent to the server in an HTTP request message using method GET or POST, or, historically, via email. The encoding used by default is based on an early version of the general URI percent-encoding rules, with a number of modifications such as newline normalization and replacing spaces with codice_44 instead of codice_25. The media type of data encoded this way is codice_1, and it is currently defined in the HTML and XForms specifications. In addition, the CGI specification contains rules for how web servers decode data of this type and make it available to applications.


title: Percent-encoding

text: When HTML form data is sent in an HTTP GET request, it is included in the query component of the request URI using the same syntax described above. When sent in an HTTP POST request or via email, the data is placed in the body of the message, and codice_1 is included in the message's Content-Type header.


title: Percent-encoding

text: The following specifications all discuss and define reserved characters, unreserved characters, and percent-encoding, in some form or other:


title: Darren Sharper

text: Darren Mallory Sharper (born November 3, 1975) is an American convicted serial rapist and a former football safety who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons. He played college football at William & Mary and was selected in the second round of the 1997 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers, where he spent eight seasons. Sharper played his next four seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, while his final two seasons were as a member of the New Orleans Saints. Recognized as one of the league's top defensive backs during his career, Sharper was a five-time Pro Bowl selection and a two-time first-team All-Pro, along with being named to the second-team of the 2000s All-Decade Team. He ranks sixth in interceptions and is tied with Charles Woodson and Rod Woodson for the most defensive touchdowns.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Following Sharper's 2010 retirement, allegations surfaced that he drugged and raped several women across various states, leading to him being charged in 2014. Sharper pled guilty to the rape and drug-related charges and was sentenced in 2016 to 20 years in prison. As a result of his guilty plea, he was removed from the William & Mary Athletics Hall of Fame, while debate has loomed over whether his Pro Football Hall of Fame eligibility should be disqualified.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Sharper has an older sister, Monica, and an older brother, Jamie. The Sharpers attended Hermitage High School in Henrico County, Virginia. Jamie played for the high school football team as a linebacker. Darren played for the varsity football and basketball teams. He was named to the honor roll, had perfect attendance in three of his four years, and was active in the foreign language club and student council. Hermitage honored Sharper with a display on their "Wall of Fame". Sharper graduated from Hermitage in 1993.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Sharper attended the College of William and Mary, where he played for the William & Mary Tribe football team. In high school, Sharper primarily played quarterback. He wanted to be a quarterback at William & Mary, as well. The college coach, Jimmye Laycock, hinted to him that, as an alternative, Sharper might join the NFL (as a defensive back). During his college career, he earned All-America honors twice and was named first-team All-Yankee Conference selection three times. As a senior in 1996, he was the Yankee Conference Defensive Player of the Year after intercepting 10 passes for a season. He finished his college career with a school record 24 career interceptions and a I-AA record 468 career interception return yards. He also set the school record with 1,027 career punt return yards.


title: Darren Sharper

text: The Green Bay Packers selected Sharper in the second round (60th overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft. Sharper was the fifth safety drafted in 1997 and his brother, Jamie Sharper, was also selected in the second round (34th overall).


title: Darren Sharper

text: During training camp, Sharper competed to be the starting free safety against veteran Eugene Robinson. Head coach Mike Holmgren officially named Sharper the backup free safety, behind Eugene Robinson, to begin the regular season.


title: Darren Sharper

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Green Bay Packers' season-opening 38–24 win against the Chicago Bears. On September 21, 1997, Sharper made his first career tackle during a 38–32 win against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 4. On November 2, 1997, Sharper made one tackle and returned his first career interception for his first touchdown during a 20–10 loss to the Detroit Lions in Week 10. Sharper made his first career interception off a pass by Lions' quarterback Scott Mitchell and returned it for a 50-yard touchdown in the second quarter. In Week 13, he recorded a season-high two combined tackles and returned a fumble recovery for a 34-yard touchdown during a 45–17 win against the Dallas Cowboys. On December 30, 1997, Sharper made two combined tackles, forced a fumble, and returned an interception for his third defensive touchdown of the season as the Packers defeated the Buffalo Bills 31–21 in Week 17. Sharper intercepted a pass by Buffalo Bills' quarterback Alex Van Pelt and returned it for a 20-yard touchdown to seal the Packers' victory in the fourth quarter. Sharper broke the Green Bay Packers franchise record for most defensive touchdowns by a rookie which stood for 64 years. He also tied the franchises record for most defensive touchdowns that was set by Herb Adderley in 1964. He finished his rookie season in 1997 with three defensive touchdowns, two interceptions and a fumble recovery in 14 games and zero starts.


title: Darren Sharper

text: The Green Bay Packers finished first in the NFC Central with a 13–3 record and earned a first round bye. On January 4, 1998, Sharper played in his first career playoff game and recorded three combined tackles in the Packers' 21–7 victory against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Divisional Round. The Packers reached Super Bowl XXXII after they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 23–10 in the NFC Championship Game. On January 25, 1998, Sharper appeared in Super Bowl XXXII as the Packers lost to the Denver Broncos 31–24 and failed to repeat as Super Bowl Champions.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Sharper entered training camp slated as the starting free safety in 1998. Head coach Mike Holmgren officially named Sharper the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety LeRoy Butler. He made his first career start in the Green Bay Packers' season-opener against the Detroit Lions and made three combined tackles in their 38–19 victory. On October 15, 1998, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles during a 27–20 loss at the Detroit Lions in Week 7. He started in all 16 games in 1998 and recorded 73 combined tackles. The Green Bay Packers finished the 1998 season second in the NFC Central with an 11–5 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 13, 1998, Sharper started his first career playoff game and recorded four combined tackles, deflected a pass, made a sack, forced a fumble, and made an interception during the Packers' 25–15 victory at the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Wildcard Game.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On January 8, 1999, it was announced that head coach Mike Holmgren had accepted the general manager/head coaching position with the Seattle Seahawks. On January 12, 1999, the Green Bay Packers hired Philadelphia Eagles' head coach Ray Rhodes as the new head coach for the 1999 season. Defensive coordinator Emmitt Thomas retained Sharper and LeRoy Butler as the starting safeties to start the regular season. On November 14, 1999, Sharper recorded 11 combined tackles and made his first career sack on quarterback Jason Garrett during a 27–13 loss at the Dallas Cowboys in Week 10. On December 26, 1999, Sharper collected a season-high 12 combined tackles during a 29–10 loss at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 16. He started in all 16 games for the second consecutive season and finished the 1999 season with a career-high 113 combined tackles and three interceptions.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On January 2, 2000, the Green Bay Packers fired head coach Ray Rhodes and his coaching staff after they failed to qualify for the playoffs and finished with an 8–8 record. On January 17, 2000, the Green Bay Packers announced the hiring of Seattle Seahawks' offensive coordinator Mike Sherman as their new general manager/head coach. Sherman previously held the tight ends coaching positional from 1997 to 1999. Sharper and LeRoy Butler returned as the Packers' starting safeties for the third consecutive season, but their first under new defensive coordinator Ed Donatell. On September 24, 2000, Sharper collected a season-high ten combined tackles and intercepted two passes by Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer during a 29–3 victory at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 4. In Week 10, he recorded seven combined tackles and intercepted two pass attempts by quarterback Daunte Culpepper in the Packers' 26–20 win against the Minnesota Vikings. On December 14, 2000, it was announced that Sharper was selected to play in the 2001 Pro Bowl as part of the NFC roster, marking the first Pro Bowl selection of his career. He started in all 16 games in 2000 and recorded 92 combined tackles, one sack, and led the entire league with nine interceptions.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On February 21, 2001, the Green Bay Packers signed Sharper to a six-year, $30 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $7 million.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Head coach Mike Sherman retained Sharper and LeRoy Butler as the starting safety duo in 2001. He started in the Green Bay Packers' season-opener against the Detroit Lions and recorded four solo tackles, deflected two passes, and intercepted two passes by quarterback Charlie Batch in their 28–6 victory. On October 4, 2001, he made ten combined tackles (eight solo), two pass deflections, and an interception in 31–23 win against the Baltimore Ravens in Week 5. In Week 14, Sharper collected a season-high ten combined tackles (nine solo) during a 26–20 loss at the Tennessee Titans. Sharper started in all 16 games in 2001 and recorded 94 combined tackles (70 solo), 17 pass deflections, six interceptions, two sacks, and a forced fumble.


title: Darren Sharper

text: The Green Bay Packers finished second in the NFC Central with a 12–4 record. On January 13, 2002, Sharper made nine combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made a sack in a 25–15 win against the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made seven combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Kurt Warner during a 45–17 loss at the St. Louis Rams in the NFC Divisional Round.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Head coach Mike Sherman named Sharper the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety Marques Anderson. This became Sharpers' first season without LeRoy Butler who retired due to a shoulder injury. Sharper was inactive for two games (Weeks 6–7) due to a hamstring injury. On November 4, 2002, Sharper recorded seven combined tackles, deflected two passes, and returned an interception for a touchdown as the Packers defeated the Miami Dolphins 24–10 in Week 7. Sharper intercepted a pass by Dolphins' quarterback Ray Lucas and returned it for an 89-yard touchdown in the third quarter. In Week 15, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles during a 20–14 win at the San Francisco 49ers. He was sidelined during the Packers' Week 17 loss at the New York Jets after injuring his hamstring the previous week. On December 19, 2002, Sharper was announced as a 2003 Pro Bowl selection. He finished the 2002 season with 68 combined tackles (51 solo), seven interceptions, two pass deflections, and a touchdown in 13 games and 13 starts.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Sharper returned as the starting free safety in his fourth year under defensive coordinator Ed Donatell. He was paired with strong safety Antuan Edwards and played alongside cornerbacks Al Harris and Mike McKenzie. On September 21, 2003, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles during the Packers' 20–13 loss at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 3. The following week, he recorded six solo tackles and made a career-high two sacks on Bears' quarterback Kordell Stewart in a 38–23 win at the Chicago Bears in Week 4. In Week 15, he tied his season-high of nine combined tackles, deflected a pass, and returned an interception by quarterback Drew Brees for a 50-yard gain during a 38–21 win at the San Diego Chargers. Sharper finished the 2003 season with 82 combined tackles (69 solo), 13 pass deflections, five interceptions, two sacks, and two forced fumbles in 15 games and 15 starts.


title: Darren Sharper

text: The Green Bay Packers finished first in the NFC North with a 10–6 record. On January 4, 2004, Sharper recorded 11 combined tackles (nine solo) in the Packers' 33–27 overtime victory in the NFC Wildcard Game against the Seattle Seahawks and led by his former head coach Mike Holmgren. The following week, he made eight combined tackles, deflected two passes, and recorded a sack during a 20–17 overtime loss at the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Divisional Round.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On January 16, 2004, head coach Mike Sherman announced the dismissal of defensive coordinator Ed Donatell after the Packers' defense ranked 17th in 2003 and allowed the Philadelphia Eagles to convert on fourth and 26th in the NFC Divisional Round. Sherman elected to promote defensive backs coach Bob Slowik to defensive coordinator. Sharper was retained as the starting free safety in 2003, but was paired with strong safety Mark Roman.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On September 26, 2004, Sharper collected a season-high nine combined tackles in a 45–31 loss at the Indianapolis Colts in Week 3. On October 17, 2004, he made four combined tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 38–10 victory at the Detroit Lions. Sharper intercepted a pass by Lions' quarterback Joey Harrington and returned it for a 36-yard touchdown in the third quarter. Sharper was inactive for the Packers' Week 8 victory at the Washington Redskins due to an injury to his shin. In Week 15, he recorded six combined tackles and returned a fumble recovery for a 15-yard touchdown in the second quarter of a 28–25 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 15. In Week 17, Sharper recorded five combined tackles, deflected a pass, and returned an interception by Chad Hutchinson for a 43-yard touchdown in the second quarter of the Packers' 31–14 win at the Chicago Bears. He finished the 2004 season with 70 combined tackles (57 solo), seven pass deflections, four interceptions, three interceptions, two forced fumbles, and a fumble recovery. He tied the franchise record of three defensive touchdowns he set in his rookie season in 1997.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On January 24, 2005, the Green Bay Packers replaced defensive coordinator Bob Slowik with Jim Bates. On March 10, 2005, the Green Bay Packers released Sharper after he declined to take a pay cut. The Packers avoided paying him a $2.60 million roster bonus and cleared $3.40 million in salary cap space by releasing him. He finished his eight-year career in Green Bay ranked fifth with 36 interceptions. He also recorded 616 combined tackles, six sacks, and 677 interception return yards.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On March 12, 2005, the Minnesota Vikings signed Sharper to a four-year, $10.60 million contract that includes a signing bonus $4 million.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Sharper entered training camp slated as the starting free safety. Head coach Mike Tice officially named Sharper the starter to begin the regular season, along with strong safety Corey Chavous and cornerbacks Fred Smoot and Brian Williams.


title: Darren Sharper

text: He started in the Minnesota Vikings' season-opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and collected a season-high nine combined tackles, deflected two passes, forces a fumble, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 24–13 loss. Sharper intercepted a pass by quarterback Brian Griese and returned it for an 88-yard touchdown in the first quarter. He was sidelined for two games (Weeks 3–4) after injuring his quadriceps. On November 13, 2005, Sharper recorded four combined tackles, deflected five passes, made a career-high three interceptions, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 24–21 win at the New York Giants in Week 10. Sharper intercepted a pass by Giants' quarterback Eli Manning and returned it for a 92-yard touchdown in the first quarter. On December 20, 2005, it was announced that Sharper was selected to the 2006 Pro Bowl. He finished his first season with the Minnesota Vikings with a total of 51 combined tackles (41 solo), 16 pass deflections, tied his career-high of nine interceptions, forced a fumble, and scored two touchdowns in 14 games and 14 starts.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On January 2, 2006, the Minnesota Vikings fired head coach Mike Tice after they finished with a 9–7 record in 2005. On January 6, 2006, the Minnesota Vikings announced the hiring of former Philadelphia Eagles' offensive coordinator Brad Childress as their new head coach. Defensive coordinator Mike Tomlin installed the Tampa 2 defense and chose to move Sharper to strong safety. Head coach Brad Childress named Shaper the starting strong safety to begin the regular season, alongside free safety Tank Williams. Dwight Smith replaced Williams to begin the regular season due to an injury.


title: Darren Sharper

text: In Week 8, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles, deflected a pass, and made an interception during a 31–7 loss to the New England Patriots. On November 11, 2006, in a game against the Miami Dolphins, Sharper bumped a member of the officiating crew, but he was not immediately penalized, later the following week the NFL fined him $15,000 for the infraction. On December 17, 2006, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles during a 26–13 loss to the New York Jets in Week 15. He started in all 16 games in 2006 and recorded 67 combined tackles (55 solo), nine pass deflections, four interceptions, and a sack.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On February 8, 2007, the Minnesota Vikings hired Indianapolis Colts' defensive backs coach Leslie Frazier to be the new defensive coordinator after Mike Tomlin accepted the head coaching position with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Frazier opted to run the Tampa 2 defense and retained Sharper and Dwight as the starting safeties in 2007.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On September 16, 2007, Sharper collected a season-high eight solo tackles, deflected two passes, and made two interceptions during a 20–17 overtime loss at the Detroit Lions in Week 2. His two interceptions brought his career total to 50 and earned him the distinction as the 22nd player to surpass 50 interceptions. In Week 12, he made two solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception for a touchdown in the Vikings' 41–17 win at the New York Giants. Sharper intercepted a pass by quarterback Eli Manning and returned it for a 20-yard touchdown in the first quarter. On December 18, 2007, Sharper was announced as a 2008 Pro Bowl selection. He started in all 16 games in 2007 and recorded 63 combined tackles (49 solo), eight pass deflections, four interceptions, and a forced fumble.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Head coach Brad Childress named Sharper the starting strong safety to begin the 2008 season, alongside free safety Madieu Williams. In Week 14, he collected a season-high eight solo tackles during a 20–16 win at the Detroit Lions. Sharper started in all 16 games for the third consecutive season and recorded 69 combined tackles (60 solo), five pass deflections, and an interception. He finished his four-year career in Minnesota with 18 interceptions, 250 tackles, 359 interception yards, three touchdowns, and a sack.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On March 18, 2009, the New Orleans Saints signed Sharper to a one-year, $1.20 million contract. Throughout training camp, Sharper competed to be the starting free safety against Usama Young. Head coach Sean Payton named Sharper the starting free safety to begin regular season, alongside strong safety Roman Harper and cornerbacks Jabari Greer and Tracy Porter.


title: Darren Sharper

text: He started in the New Orleans Saints' season-opener against the Detroit Lions and recorded one tackle, deflected two passes, and made two interceptions off pass attempts by quarterback Matthew Stafford during a 45–27 victory. The following week, Sharper recorded three solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception by quarterback Kevin Kolb for a 97-yard touchdown during the fourth quarter of a 48–22 win at the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 2. On October 4, 2009, Sharper made nine combined tackles, two pass deflections, two interceptions, and a touchdown during a 24–10 win against the New York Jets in Week 4. Sharper intercepted a pass by Jets' quarterback Mark Sanchez and returned it for a 99-yard touchdown in the second quarter. The return for touchdown became his second 95+ yard interception return of the season. In Week 7, Sharper made four combined tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception by Chad Henne for a 42-yard touchdown during a 46–34 win at the Miami Dolphins. Sharper was inactive for the Saints' Week 10 victory at the St. Louis Rams after straining his left knee. On December 27, 2009, Sharper made seven combined tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception by Josh Freeman for a 21-yard gain during a 20–17 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 16. The 21-yard interception brought his season return yards to 376-yards and earned him the record for most interception return yards in a single season. He surpassed Ed Reed who set the record in 2004. It was the 63rd interception of Sharper's NFL career, tying him for sixth on the all-time list. On December 29, 2009, it was announced that Sharper was selected to play in the 2010 Pro Bowl. Sharper finished the season with 71 combined tackles (51 solo), 15 pass deflections, nine interceptions, three touchdowns, and was credited with half a sack in 14 games and 14 starts.


title: Darren Sharper

text: The New Orleans Saints finished first in the NFC South with a 13–3 record and earned a first round bye. They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 45–14 in the NFC Divisional Round. On January 24, 2010, Sharper recorded 11 combined tackles (seven solo) as the Saints defeated the Minnesota Vikings 31–28 in the NFC Championship Game. On February 7, 2010, Sharper started in Super Bowl XLIV and made three combined tackles during a 31–17 victory against the Indianapolis Colts. The game was decided when cornerback Tracy Porter intercepted a Peyton Manning pass late in the fourth quarter and returned it 74-yards for the game-winning touchdown.


title: Darren Sharper

text: During the offseason, Shaper underwent micro-fracture arthroscopic surgery on his left knee. On March 5, 2010, Sharper became an unrestricted free agent and went on a visit with the Jacksonville Jaguars. On May 3, 2010, the New Orleans Saints signed Sharper to a one-year, $2.25 million contract with a signing bonus of $75,000. Throughout training camp, Sharper competed to retain his position as the starting free safety against Malcolm Jenkins who was converted from cornerback.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On September 3, Sharper was placed on the physically unable to perform (PUP) list, causing him to miss the first six weeks of the 2010 NFL season. He was activated on October 24, but he later missed another two games after a further injury. Sharper finished the 2010 season with 16 combined tackles (11 solo) and a pass deflection in eight games and one start. He was selected as a second-team All Pro, despite having missed much of the season.


title: Darren Sharper

text: After workouts with the Denver Broncos, New England Patriots, and Green Bay Packers without a contract offer, Sharper reportedly announced his retirement after a 14-year career. He finished with 63 career regular season interceptions, placing him sixth all time. He took 11 of them back for touchdowns, which ranks him tied for second with Charles Woodson and only behind Hall of Famer Rod Woodson, with 12. Sharper's 13 career defensive touchdowns (11 interception returns, two fumble returns) is tied for first in NFL history with Woodson and Woodson.


title: Darren Sharper

text: In 2016, he became eligible for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, leading to a debate as to whether his criminal convictions disqualify him. "Sports Illustrated" writer Peter King, who is on the Hall of Fame voting committee, has said that Sharper must be considered because voters are prohibited from taking off-field issues into account.


title: Darren Sharper

text: In August 2012, after retiring, Sharper worked briefly for WWL-TV as an analyst before leaving to take a position with NFL Network. On February 28, 2014, Sharper was officially fired from NFL Network in connection with his arrest for aggravated rape.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On January 17, 2014, Sharper was arrested in Los Angeles on two separate counts of sexual assault. The alleged incidents were said to have happened in October 2013 and January 2014.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On February 14, 2014, Sharper was officially charged with two counts of rape, by use of drugs, and five related felony counts. Sharper was released on $200,000 bond, which at the request of the prosecution was raised to $1,000,000. Sharper pleaded not guilty to the charges. Conditions of his bail required him not to frequent any drinking establishment, as well as not to be alone with any women he had no relationship with prior to October 13, 2013, the date of his first alleged rape under these charges. Sharper faced up to 30 years in prison if convicted of all counts.


title: Darren Sharper

text: In January 2014, "USA Today" reported the New Orleans Police Department was investigating a sexual assault allegation against Sharper which was filed on September 24, 2013.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Officials in Orleans Parish, Louisiana, filed two charges of aggravated rape against Sharper and another two counts against Erik Nunez, 26, on February 27, 2014, related to the alleged September 2013 incident in New Orleans. Investigators said a second woman came forward with a complaint following an initial report shortly after the alleged rape. WDSU noted, "Louisiana law states that a person convicted of committing aggravated rape shall be punished by life imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation or suspension of sentence." Also on February 27, 2014, Sharper surrendered to the police in Los Angeles after an arrest warrant was issued by the authorities in Louisiana.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On December 12, 2014, an Orleans Parish grand jury indicted Sharper on two counts of aggravated rape, stating that, if convicted, he will face a mandatory life sentence. On the same day, a federal grand jury in the US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana returned an indictment for conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance (1 count) and distribution of a controlled substance (2 counts).


title: Darren Sharper

text: On March 12, 2014, Sharper was charged with sexual assault in Arizona. Under Arizona state law, a person commits sexual assault by knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse or oral sexual contact with another person without that person's consent. No consent was given if the victim was incapable of consenting by reason of drugs, alcohol, sleep, or a similar impairment, and such impairment was known or should have been known to the defendant.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On March 20, 2015, Sharper was charged with two sexual assaults in Las Vegas. The purported crimes took place in January 2014 and involved two women. Nevada state legislation provides that a person subjecting another person to sexual penetration against that person's will, or under conditions in which the perpetrator knows


title: Darren Sharper

text: or should know that the victim is mentally or physically incapable of resisting or understanding the nature of the perpetrator's conduct, is guilty of sexual assault. The notion of sexual penetration includes sexual intercourse in its ordinary meaning.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Later on March 20, Sharper's lawyer said that Sharper had reached a plea agreement to resolve all of the charges against him. He appeared in court in Los Angeles on March 23 to enter guilty pleas to sexual assault in Arizona, by video-conferencing, and no contest in California to raping two women he knocked out with a potent sedative mixed with alcohol. The Arizona judge sentenced him immediately to nine years in prison, with no chance for early release.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On November 29, 2016, Sharper was sentenced to 20 years in prison by Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Michael Pastor. Sharper's plea deal allows serving half that time, minus time already served. As a non-violent criminal, Sharper might also be eligible for parole since raping an intoxicated person is a non-violent crime in the state of California.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On March 24, 2015, Sharper pleaded guilty to a single count of attempted sexual assault on two women in Las Vegas. He agreed to serve three to eight years for this crime. He was formally sentenced on October 27, 2016.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On May 29, 2015, Sharper pleaded guilty, in federal court, to conspiracy to distribute alprazolam, diazepam and zolpidem with intent to commit rape and two counts of distributing these substances with intent to commit rape. He accepted a nine-year sentence in a plea deal for all charges against him. However, on February 18, 2016, U.S. District Judge Jane Triche-Milazzo rejected the deal saying, "This court cannot accept this plea agreement", and noted that a federal pre-sentence report called for a range of 15–20 years. On March 22, 2016, judge Triche-Milazzo approved a new deal under which the proposed length of imprisonment fits the above range.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On August 18, 2016, Sharper was sentenced to 220 months (18 years and 4 months) of incarceration, followed by 3 years of supervised release, and a $20,000 fine. The following week, he was sentenced by a Louisiana State judge to 20 years in prison, stemming from three counts of rape.


title: Darren Sharper

text: All imprisonments will run concurrently, time served will count towards every charge in every state as if running all at the same time. Once out of prison, Sharper must register as a sex offender and comply with a "sex treatment condition", as part of the 3-year supervision program. Court records list the total of 9 victims involved, nationwide. But, according to the judge, there may be as many as 16.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Two accomplices — Brandon Licciardi, of Meraux, Louisiana, and Erik Nunez, of New Orleans — pleaded guilty in connection with the alleged drug-and-rape plot. Licciardi is a former sheriff's deputy in the New Orleans suburb of St. Bernard Parish. He had been on the force since 2002, but resigned after charges were filed.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On February 27, 2014, Nunez was arrested and charged, in state court, with two counts of aggravated rape purportedly taking place September 23, 2013, at Sharper's residence in New Orleans. Additionally, he was charged with obstruction of justice between September 23, 2013, and February 28, 2014.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On December 12, 2014, Licciardi was indicted by a federal grand jury on six criminal counts including tampering with a witness (2 counts), impeding an investigation, conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance, and


title: Darren Sharper

text: On February 6, 2015, Licciardi pleaded innocent to state charges against him, including aggravated rape on February 2, 2013, and three counts of human trafficking to facilitate sexual conduct. Additionally, he was charged with battery using a dangerous weapon.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On July 24, 2015, Nunez was federally charged with conspiracy to impede an investigation. On July 11, 2016, in exchange for a 10-year sentence, he pleaded guilty, before judge Triche-Milazzo, to conspiracy to distribute controlled substances without victim's knowledge and with the intent to commit a sexual battery, to which he entered two separate guilty pleas in a state court of Louisiana. Under Louisiana state law, sexual battery includes touching of the victim's private body parts while the victim is incapable of understanding the nature of the act, and this inability is, or should have been, known to the defendant.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On July 15, 2016, Licciardi pleaded guilty, before the same judge, to conspiracy to distribute controlled substances with the intent to commit crimes of violence, including rape. In state court, he pleaded guilty to three counts of human trafficking and one count of forcible rape. He agreed to a 17-year prison sentence.


title: Darren Sharper

text: On October 20, 2016, both men were formally sentenced by the federal court. On October 27, they were sentenced on Louisiana state charges. Criminal District Judge Karen Herman ordered that each defendant's prison term mirror and run concurrently with his federal sentence.


title: Darren Sharper

text: Since February 27, 2014 – Sharper's last day at liberty – the lingering question was how he managed to hurt at least nine women over many months and still avoid incarceration despite investigation being already underway.


title: Darren Sharper

text: A criminal justice official speculated that the answer may lie in the perpetrator's high social and financial status affording him well-qualified lawyers prosecutors hesitated to confront. "If his name was John Brown, he would have been in jail", the official said. "If a woman says, 'He's the guy that raped me,' and you have corroborating evidence to show they were together and she went to the hospital and she can identify him, that guy goes to jail".


title: Darren Sharper

text: Another official elaborated: "The D.A.'s position and the administration's position was, because this was a high-profile case, we want to make sure we do this the right way. It was mainly because of the celebrity-ness".


title: Darren Sharper

text: Over time, Sharper's actions became more and more sophisticated. He did not make self-incriminating statements. He traveled often. His criminal activity spanned four states, making it hard to detect. Prescription sedatives mixed with alcohol made the victims unconscious and unable to remember, undermining their credibility with the police.


title: Darren Sharper

text: In July 2019, Sharper filed a motion to undo his 2016 plea deal arguing that he was not adequately advised by his previous lawyers on the consequences of his guilty plea. However, the judge dismissed his motion citing that Sharper had twice admitted in open court that he understood the terms of his plea agreement.


title: Directive Principles

text: The Directive Principles of State Policy of India are the guidelines to be followed by the government of India for the governance of the country. They are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down there in are considered 'Fundamental' in the governance of the country, which makes it the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws to establish a just society in the country. The principles have been inspired by the Directive Principles given in the Constitution of Ireland which are related to social justice, economic welfare, foreign policy, and legal and administrative matters.


title: Directive Principles

text: Directive Principles are classified under the following categories: Economic and Socialistic, Political and Administrative, Justice and Legal, Environmental, Protection of Monuments, Peace and Security.


title: Directive Principles

text: The History of Ireland, particularly the Irish Home Rule Movement; hence, the Directive Principles of the Indian constitution have been greatly influenced by the Directive Principles of Social Policy. The idea of such policies "can be traced to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaimed by Revolutionary France and the Declaration of Independence by the American Colonies."


title: Directive Principles

text: The Indian constitution was also influenced by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


title: Directive Principles

text: Indians, who were seeking independence from British rule and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland from British rule and the development of the Irish constitution. Also, the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Irish Constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent Indian Government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population.


title: Directive Principles

text: In 1928, the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of all Indian political parties, proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio-economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom, committing themselves to socialism.