title: Storyboard

text: Many large budget silent films were storyboarded, but most of this material has been lost during the reduction of the studio archives during the 1970s and 1980s. Special effects pioneer Georges Méliès is known to have been among the first filmmakers to use storyboards and pre-production art to visualize planned effects. However, storyboarding in the form widely known today was developed at the Walt Disney studio during the early 1930s. In the biography of her father, "The Story of Walt Disney" (Henry Holt, 1956), Diane Disney Miller explains that the first complete storyboards were created for the 1933 Disney short "Three Little Pigs". According to John Canemaker, in "Paper Dreams: The Art and Artists of Disney Storyboards" (1999, Hyperion Press), the first storyboards at Disney evolved from comic book-like "story sketches" created in the 1920s to illustrate concepts for animated cartoon short subjects such as "Plane Crazy" and "Steamboat Willie", and within a few years the idea spread to other studios.


title: Storyboard

text: According to Christopher Finch in "The Art of Walt Disney" (Abrams, 1974), Disney credited animator Webb Smith with creating the idea of drawing scenes on separate sheets of paper and pinning them up on a bulletin board to tell a story in sequence, thus creating the first storyboard. Furthermore, it was Disney who first recognized the necessity for studios to maintain a separate "story department" with specialized storyboard artists (that is, a new occupation distinct from animators), as he had realized that audiences would not watch a film unless its story gave them a reason to care about the characters. The second studio to switch from "story sketches" to storyboards was Walter Lantz Productions in early 1935; by 1936 Harman-Ising and Leon Schlesinger Productions also followed suit. By 1937 or 1938, all American animation studios were using storyboards.


title: Storyboard

text: "Gone with the Wind" (1939) was one of the first live-action films to be completely storyboarded. William Cameron Menzies, the film's production designer, was hired by producer David O. Selznick to design every shot of the film.


title: Storyboard

text: Storyboarding became popular in live-action film production during the early 1940s and grew into a standard medium for the previsualization of films. Pace Gallery curator Annette Micheloson, writing of the exhibition "Drawing into Film: Director's Drawings", considered the 1940s to 1990s to be the period in which "production design was largely characterized by the adoption of the storyboard". Storyboards are now an essential part of the creative process.


title: Storyboard

text: A film storyboard (sometimes referred to as a shooting board), is essentially a series of frames, with drawings of the sequence of events in a film, similar to a comic book of the film or some section of the film produced beforehand. It helps film directors, cinematographers and television commercial advertising clients visualize the scenes and find potential problems before they occur. Besides this, storyboards also help estimate the cost of the overall production and save time. Often storyboards include arrows or instructions that indicate movement. For fast-paced action scenes, monochrome line art might suffice. For slower-paced dramatic films with an emphasis on lighting, color impressionist style art might be necessary.


title: Storyboard

text: In creating a motion picture with any degree of fidelity to a script, a storyboard provides a visual layout of events as they are to be seen through the camera lens. In the case of interactive media, it is the layout and sequence in which the user or viewer sees the content or information. In the storyboarding process, most technical details involved in crafting a film or interactive media project can be efficiently described either in a picture or in additional text.


title: Storyboard

text: A common misconception is that storyboards are not used in theatre. Directors and playwrights frequently use storyboards as special tools to understand the layout of the scene. The great Russian theatre practitioner Stanislavski developed storyboards in his detailed production plans for his Moscow Art Theatre performances (such as of Chekhov's "The Seagull" in 1898). The German director and dramatist Bertolt Brecht developed detailed storyboards as part of his dramaturgical method of "fabels."


title: Storyboard

text: In animation and special effects work, the storyboarding stage may be followed by simplified mock-ups called "animatics" to give a better idea of how a scene will look and feel with motion and timing. At its simplest, an animatic is a sequence of still images (usually taken from a storyboard) displayed in sync with rough dialogue (i.e., scratch vocals) or rough soundtrack, essentially providing a simplified overview of how various visual and auditory elements will work in conjunction to one another.


title: Storyboard

text: This allows the animators and directors to work out any screenplay, camera positioning, shot list, and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed by the production staff until the storyboard is finalized. Editing at the animatic stage can help a production avoid wasting time and resources on the animation of scenes that would otherwise be edited out of the film at a later stage. A few minutes of screen time in traditional animation usually equates to months of work for a team of traditional animators, who must painstakingly draw and paint countless frames, meaning that all that labor (and salaries already paid) will have to be written off if the final scene simply does not work in the film's final cut. In the context of computer animation, storyboarding helps minimize the construction of unnecessary scene components and models, just as it helps live-action filmmakers evaluate what portions of sets need not be constructed because they will never come into the frame.


title: Storyboard

text: Often storyboards are animated with simple zooms and pans to simulate camera movement (using non-linear editing software). These animations can be combined with available animatics, sound effects, and dialog to create a presentation of how a film could be shot and cut together. Some feature film DVD "special features" include production animatics, which may have scratch vocals or may even feature vocals from the actual cast (usually where the scene was cut after the vocal recording phase but before the animation production phase).


title: Storyboard

text: Animatics are also used by advertising agencies to create inexpensive test commercials. A variation, the "rip-o-matic", is made from scenes of existing movies, television programs or commercials, to simulate the look and feel of the proposed commercial. Rip, in this sense, refers to ripping-off an original work to create a new one.


title: Storyboard

text: A Photomatic (probably derived from 'animatic' or photo-animation) is a series of still photographs edited together and presented on screen in a sequence. Sound effects, voice-overs, and a soundtrack are added to the piece to show how a film could be shot and cut together. Increasingly used by advertisers and advertising agencies to research the effectiveness of their proposed storyboard before committing to a 'full up' television advertisement.


title: Storyboard

text: The Photomatic is usually a research tool, similar to an animatic, in that it represents the work to a test audience so that the commissioners of the work can gauge its effectiveness.


title: Storyboard

text: Originally, photographs were taken using a color negative film. A selection would be made from contact sheets and prints made. The prints would be placed on a rostrum and recorded to videotape using a standard video camera. Any moves, pans or zooms would have to be made in-camera. The captured scenes could then be edited.


title: Storyboard

text: Digital photography, web access to stock photography and non-linear editing programs have had a marked impact on this way of filmmaking also leading to the term 'digimatic'. Images can be shot and edited very quickly to allow important creative decisions to be made 'live'. Photo composite animations can build intricate scenes that would normally be beyond many test film budgets.


title: Storyboard

text: Photomatix was also the trademarked name of many of the booths found in public places which took photographs by coin operation. The Photomatic brand of the booths was manufactured by the International Mutoscope Reel Company of New York City. Earlier versions took only one photo per coin, and later versions of the booths took a series of photos. Many of the booths would produce a strip of four photos in exchange for a coin.


title: Storyboard

text: Some writers have used storyboard type drawings (albeit rather sketchy) for their scripting of comic books, often indicating staging of figures, backgrounds, and balloon placement with instructions to the artist as needed often scribbled in the margins and the dialogue or captions indicated. John Stanley and Carl Barks (when he was writing stories for the Junior Woodchuck title) are known to have used this style of scripting.


title: Storyboard

text: Storyboards used for planning advertising campaigns such as corporate video production, commercials, a proposal or other business presentations intended to convince or compel to action are known as presentation boards. Presentation boards will generally be a higher quality render than shooting boards as they need to convey expression, layout, and mood. Modern ad agencies and marketing professionals will create presentation boards either by hiring a storyboard artist to create hand-drawn illustrated frames or often use sourced photographs to create a loose narrative of the idea they are trying to sell. Storyboards can also be used to visually understand the consumer experience by mapping out the customer's journey brands can better identify potential pain points and anticipate their emerging needs.


title: Storyboard

text: Some consulting firms teach the technique to their staff to use during the development of client presentations, frequently employing the "brown paper technique" of taping presentation slides (in sequential versions as changes are made) to a large piece of kraft paper which can be rolled up for easy transport. The initial storyboard may be as simple as slide titles on Post-It notes, which are then replaced with draft presentation slides as they are created.


title: Storyboard

text: Storyboards also exist in accounting in the ABC System activity-based costing (ABC) to develop a detailed process flowchart which visually shows all activities and the relationships among activities. They are used in this way to measure the cost of resources consumed, identify and eliminate non-value-added costs, determine the efficiency and effectiveness of all major activities, and identify and evaluate new activities that can improve future performance.


title: Storyboard

text: A "quality storyboard" is a tool to help facilitate the introduction of a quality improvement process into an organization.


title: Storyboard

text: "Design comics" are a type of storyboard used to include a customer or other characters into a narrative. Design comics are most often used in designing websites or illustrating product-use scenarios during design. Design comics were popularized by Kevin Cheng and Jane Jao in 2006.


title: Storyboard

text: Occasionally, architectural studios need a storyboard artist to visualize presentations of their projects. Usually, a project needs to be seen by a panel of judges and nowadays it’s possible to create virtual models of proposed new buildings, using advanced computer software to simulate lights, settings, and materials. Clearly, this type of work takes time – and so the first stage is a draft in the form of a storyboard, to define the various sequences that will subsequently be computer-animated.


title: Storyboard

text: Storyboards are now becoming more popular with novelists. Because most novelists write their stories by scenes rather than chapters, storyboards are useful for plotting the story in a sequence of events and rearranging the scenes accordingly.


title: Storyboard

text: More recently the term "storyboard" has been used in the fields of web development, software development, and instructional design to present and describe, in written, interactive events as well as audio and motion, particularly on user interfaces and electronic pages.


title: Storyboard

text: Storyboarding is used in software development as part of identifying the specifications for a particular set of software. During the specification phase, screens that the software will display are drawn, either on paper or using other specialized software, to illustrate the important steps of the user experience. The storyboard is then modified by the engineers and the client while they decide on their specific needs. The reason why storyboarding is useful during software engineering is that it helps the user understand exactly how the software will work, much better than an abstract description. It is also cheaper to make changes to a storyboard than an implemented piece of software.


title: Storyboard

text: Storyboards are used in linguistic fieldwork to elicit spoken language. An informant is usually presented with a simplified graphical depiction of a situation or story, and asked to describe the depicted situation, or to re-tell the depicted story. The speech is recorded for linguistic analysis.


title: Storyboard

text: One advantage of using storyboards is that it allows (in film and business) the user to experiment with changes in the storyline to evoke stronger reaction or interest. Flashbacks, for instance, are often the result of sorting storyboards out of chronological order to help build suspense and interest.


title: Storyboard

text: Another benefit of storyboarding is that the production can plan the movie in advance. In this step, things like the type of camera shot, angle, and blocking of characters are decided.


title: Storyboard

text: The process of visual thinking and planning allows a group of people to brainstorm together, placing their ideas on storyboards and then arranging the storyboards on the wall. This fosters more ideas and generates consensus inside the group.


title: Storyboard

text: Storyboards for films are created in a multiple-step process. They can be created by hand drawing or digitally on a computer. The main characteristics of a storyboard are:


title: Storyboard

text: If drawing by hand, the first step is to create or download a storyboard template. These look much like a blank comic strip, with space for comments and dialogue. Then sketch a "thumbnail" storyboard. Some directors sketch thumbnails directly in the script margins. These storyboards get their name because they are rough sketches not bigger than a thumbnail. For some motion pictures, thumbnail storyboards are sufficient.


title: Storyboard

text: However, some filmmakers rely heavily on the storyboarding process. If a director or producer wishes, more detailed and elaborate storyboard images are created. These can be created by professional storyboard artists by hand on paper or digitally by using 2D storyboarding programs. Some software applications even supply a stable of storyboard-specific images making it possible to quickly create shots that express the director's intent for the story. These boards tend to contain more detailed information than thumbnail storyboards and convey more of the mood for the scene. These are then presented to the project's cinematographer who achieves the director's vision.


title: Storyboard

text: Finally, if needed, 3D storyboards are created (called 'technical previsualization'). The advantage of 3D storyboards is they show exactly what the film camera will see using the lenses the film camera will use. The disadvantage of 3D is the amount of time it takes to build and construct the shots. 3D storyboards can be constructed using 3D animation programs or digital puppets within 3D programs. Some programs have a collection of low-resolution 3D figures which can aid in the process. Some 3D applications allow cinematographers to create "technical" storyboards which are optically-correct shots and frames.


title: Storyboard

text: While technical storyboards can be helpful, optically-correct storyboards may limit the director's creativity. In classic motion pictures such as Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane" and Alfred Hitchcock's "North by Northwest", the director created storyboards that were initially thought by cinematographers to be impossible to film. Such innovative and dramatic shots had "impossible" depth of field and angles where there was "no room for the camera" – at least not until creative solutions were found to achieve the ground-breaking shots that the director had envisioned.


title: Confit

text: Confit (, ) (from the French word "confire", literally "to preserve") is any type of food that is cooked slowly over a long period as a method of preservation.


title: Confit

text: Confit as a cooking term describes when food is cooked in grease, oil or sugar water (syrup), at a lower temperature, as opposed to deep frying. While deep frying typically takes place at temperatures of , confit preparations are done at a much lower temperature, such as an oil temperature of around , or sometimes even cooler. The term is usually used in modern cuisine to mean long slow cooking in oil or fat at low temperatures, many having no element of preservation, such as in dishes like confit potatoes.


title: Confit

text: For meat, this method requires the meat to be salted as part of the preservation process. After salting and cooking in fat, confit can last for several months or years when sealed and stored in a cool, dark place. Confit is a specialty of southwestern France.


title: Confit

text: The word comes from the French verb "confire" (to preserve), which in turn comes from the Latin word ("conficere"), meaning "to do, to produce, to make, to prepare". The French verb was first applied in medieval times to fruits cooked and preserved in sugar.


title: Confit

text: Fruit confit are candied fruit (whole fruit, or pieces thereof) preserved in sugar. The fruit must be fully infused with sugar, to its core; larger fruit take considerably longer than smaller ones to candy. Thus, while small fruit such as cherries are "confits" whole, it is quite rare to see whole large fruit, such as melon "confits", since the time and energy involved in producing large "fruit confits" makes them quite expensive.


title: Confit

text: Confit of goose ("confit d'oie") and duck ("confit de canard") are usually prepared from the legs of the bird. The meat is salted and seasoned with herbs, and slowly cooked submerged in its own rendered fat (never to exceed ), in which it is then preserved by allowing it to cool and storing it in the fat. Turkey and pork may be treated in the same manner. Meat confit is a specialty of the southwest of France (Toulouse, Dordogne, etc.) and is used in dishes such as cassoulet. Confit preparations originated as a means of preserving meat without refrigeration.


title: Confit

text: In a restaurant context, confit is usually served after further preparation. Whole confit leg is baked to crisp the skin or added to a casserole-type dish. Confit duck leg is used to make rillettes.


title: Confit

text: Traditional meat for confit include both waterfowl such as goose and duck, and pork. Duck gizzards are also commonly cooked in the confit method. Varying forms of this delicacy thrive throughout southern France.


title: Confit

text: "Confit country" is the area of Occitan France where goose fat is used to cook, as opposed to olive oil which is used in Provence where olives were plentiful and thus cheap.


title: Confit

text: Confit country is divided roughly into regions where one type of meat predominates the confit preparations. Goose confit is associated with the Béarn and Basque regions with their classic specialties of cassoulet and garbure, hearty and earthy dishes of confit and beans. Saintonge and Brantôme feature duck confit, often with potatoes and truffles.


title: Confit

text: Non-waterfowl meats are frequently treated to the confit process, but they are not classically considered true confits. The French refer only to duck and goose confits as true confits; other meats poached in duck or goose fat are considered "en confit" ("in confit"). For example, chicken cooked in goose fat is called "poulet en confit". Pork is often confit and shredded to create rillettes.


title: Confit

text: Italian cooking uses a number of "condiment confits", such as onion confit, chili confit, and garlic confit.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: Rupinder Singh "Gippy" Grewal (born 2 January 1983), is an Indian actor, singer, film director and producer whose works span over Punjabi and Hindi film industry.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: His single "Phulkari" was very successful in the Punjabi music industry. He made his acting debut in the 2010 movie, "Mel Karade Rabba", and which he followed with "Carry On Jatta", "Lucky Di Unlucky Story", "Bhaji in Problem" and "Jatt James Bond". He revived "PTC Best Actor Award" in 2011 for his performance in the 2011 film " Jihne Mera Dil Luteya". He received the "PIFAA Best Actor Award" in 2012 along with Diljit Dosanjh and received "PTC Best Actor Award" in 2015 for "Jatt James Bond" along with Diljit Dosanjh. He is owner of production houses "Humble Motion Pictures" and "Big Daddy Films" along with his brother Sippy Grewal.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: Grewal was born in Ludhiana and his hometown is Koom Kalan, Ludhiana. He did his schooling from Nankana Sahib Public School, Kot Gangu Rai and studied at North India Institute of Hotel Management, Panchkula. His brother Sippy Grewal is a distributor based in Australia.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: Like many other Indians his ancestors roots are found in Pakistan. In Jan 2020, he visited Nankana sahib, his village in Lahore and after 2 days he went back to India. His travel started from wagah border and then ended there.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: Grewal made his debut with the album "Chakkh Lai" was produced by Atul Sharma. He followed with the albums Aaja Ve Mitraa,Mele Mitraan De, Phulkari 2 and many more. He become a famous name in Punjabi Music among the audience. In 2021, his eighth album "Desi Rockstar" produced by Aman Hayer was a huge hit and was very much loved by Audience. After the album he released song " Angreji Beat" with Yo Yo Honey Singh which proved to be the biggest song of his career. He enjoyed his prime time of stardom during 2010-2014 making him leading artist in Punjabi Music Industry . In 2012 his song "Angreji Beat", featured in the Bollywood film "Cocktail".


title: Gippy Grewal

text: The video for his 2013 single "Hello Hello" was shot in Las Vegas, Nevada. He performed at the Sandwell and Birmingham Mela in 2014.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: Before his fame though he was a wedding singer. He frequently performed at weddings in Punjab, India.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: Grewal made his film debut in a supporting role in 2010 Punjabi-language film "Mel Karade Rabba". He followed that up with a lead role in "Jihne Mera Dil Luteya" which became the biggest hit in Punjabi cinema when it released. In April 2012 his film "Mirza – The Untold Story" released with the highest opening for a Punjabi film at the time.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: His next movie "Carry On Jatta" released in July 2012 and had the second highest opening and total collections for Punjabi film. In 2013, Grewal released the action film "Singh vs Kaur", comedy film "Lucky Di Unlucky Story" and "Best of Luck" and the comedy movie "Bhaji in Problem".


title: Gippy Grewal

text: In 2014, he appeared in the dramatic thriller "Jatt James Bond". His second film of 2014 was the comedy film "Double Di Trouble".


title: Gippy Grewal

text: He dubbed a voice in the Punjabi version of "A Good Day to Die Hard" which was the first Hollywood movie to be dubbed in Punjabi.


title: Gippy Grewal

text: In 2015, Grewal entered Bollywood with a guest appearance, portraying pop star Manjeet Manchala in the comedy-drama film "Dharam Sankat Mein". He then made his full acting debut in Bollywood with the romantic-comedy film "Second Hand Husband".


title: Gippy Grewal

text: In 2016, he launched own production house Humble Motion Pictures with his first directional debut "Ardaas".


title: Gippy Grewal

text: In September 2017 Gippy Grewal starred in his most recent Hindi movie, "Lucknow Central", along with Farhan Akhtar. "Carry on Jatta 2" released on 1 June 2018.


title: Sarnath

text: Sarnath (Hindustani pronunciation: ], also referred to as Sarangnath, Isipatana, Rishipattana, Migadaya, or Mrigadava) is a place located northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Sarnath

text: Sarnath is where Gautama Buddha taught his first sermon after attaining enlightenment, and where the Buddhist "sangha" came into existence through the enlightenment of his first five disciples (Kaundinya, Assaji, Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama). According to the "Mahaparinibbana Sutta" ("Sutta" 16 of the "Digha Nikaya"), the Buddha mentioned Sarnath as one of the four places of pilgrimage his devout followers should visit.


title: Sarnath

text: Singhpur, a village approximately north of Sarnath, is believed to be the birthplace of Shreyansanatha, the 11th "tirthankara" of Jainism. A temple dedicated to Shreyansanatha in Sarnath is an important pilgrimage site for Jains.


title: Sarnath

text: The name "Sarnath" derives from the Sanskrit word "Sāranganātha", which means "Lord of the Deer". The name relates to ancient Buddhist legend, in which the Bodhisattva is a deer and offers his life to a king instead of the doe the latter is planning to kill. The king was so moved that he created the park as a sanctuary for deer.


title: Sarnath

text: "Isipatana" is the name used to refer to Sarnath in Pali, the language of the Pali Canon. This name corresponds to the name "Rishipattana" in the Sanskrit language.


title: Sarnath

text: The terms "isi" (Pali) and "rishi" (Sanskrit) refer to an accomplished and enlightened person. "Isipatana" and "Rishipattana" therefore translate to "the place where holy men descended".


title: Sarnath

text: Other names used to refer to Sarnath throughout its long history include Sarangnath, Mrigadava, and Migadaya.


title: Sarnath

text: Buddhism flourished in Sarnath because of kings and wealthy merchants based in Varanasi. By the 3rd century of the Common Era, Sarnath had become an important centre for the arts, which reached its zenith during the Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries CE). When Xuanzang visited Sarnath in the 7th century, he found that "There are about 1500 priests here, who study the Little Vehicle according to the Sammatiya school.


title: Sarnath

text: Sarnath became a major centre of the Sammatiya school of Buddhism, one of the early Buddhist schools. However, the presence of images of Heruka and Tara indicate that Vajrayana Buddhism was (at a later time) also practised here. Also, images of Hindu gods as Shiva and Brahma were found at the site, and there is still a Jain temple located very close to the Dhamek Stupa.


title: Sarnath

text: Kumaradevi, the Gahadvala queen, constructed the last structures at Sarnath. In 1193, her grandson, Jayachandra was defeated by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a general of Muhammad Ghori. At the end of the 12th century, Sarnath was sacked by Turkish Muslims, and the site was subsequently plundered for building materials.


title: Sarnath

text: Islamic invasions , especially under the Ghurid Empire general Qutb-ud-din Aibek in 1193, bought massive plunder and destructions. Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualities of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm.


title: Sarnath

text: Sarnath is the birthplace of the 11th Tirthankara Shri Shreyansanatha Bhagwan. It is the place where 4 of the 5 kalyanak (auspicious life events) of Shri Shreyansanatha Bhagwan took place.


title: Sarnath

text: It is the place of 4 "kalyanak" of Shri Shreyansnath Bhagwan. A huge "ashtakod" stoop (octagonal pillar), in height is still present showing its historical establishment. It is considered to be 2200 years old. The main deity of this temple is a blue-coloured idol of Shri Shreyansnath Bhagwan, in height, in Padmāsana.


title: Sarnath

text: Most of the ancient buildings and structures at Sarnath were damaged or destroyed by the Turks. However, amongst the ruins can be distinguished:


title: Sarnath

text: For Buddhists, Sarnath (or Isipatana) is one of four pilgrimage sites designated by Gautama Buddha, the other three being Kushinagar, Bodh Gaya, and Lumbini.


title: Sarnath

text: Sarnath has been developed as a place of pilgrimage, both for Buddhists from India and abroad. A number of countries in which Buddhism is a major (or the dominant) religion, such as Thailand, Japan, Tibet, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar, have established temples and monasteries in Sarnath in the style that is typical for the respective country. Thus, pilgrims and visitors have the opportunity to experience an overview of Buddhist architecture from various cultures. There is a 24-m-tall (80-foot) statue of Buddha constructed over 14 years (1997-2011) by joint Indo-Thai efforts. It is said to be inspired by the Buddhas of Bamiyan.


title: Sarnath

text: The plate, based on a picture by Samuel Prout, of which Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem "Sarnat a Boodh Monument" is an illustration, shows its then run-down condition, and her words, comparing the religions of the world, pick up on the apparent weakness of Buddhism in the country of its origin at that time (1832).


title: Sarnath

text: Sarnath is one of the locations of Rudyard Kipling's 1901 novel "Kim". Teshoo Lama stays at the Temple of the Tirthankhars in Sarnath when not on his pilgrimages. Kim meets him there after he leaves Saint Xavier's school.


title: Sarnath

text: H.P. Lovecraft in his story titled The Nameless City, described the ruins of an ancient civilization so old that other now collapsed civilizations where not yet built when it saw its last day. Amongst the list of cities was Sarnath, which Lovecraft described as "Sarnath The Doomed".


title: UBlock Origin

text: uBlock Origin (; "" ) is a free and open-source browser extension for content filtering, including ad blocking. The extension is available for Chrome, Chromium, Edge, Firefox, Opera, Pale Moon, as well as versions of Safari prior to 13. uBlock Origin has received praise from technology websites and is reported to be much less memory-intensive than other extensions with similar functionality. uBlock Origin's stated purpose is to give users the means to enforce their own (content-filtering) choices.


title: UBlock Origin

text: uBlock was initially named "μBlock" but the name was later changed to "uBlock" to avoid confusion as to how the Greek letter μ (Mu/Micro) in "μBlock" should be pronounced. Development started by forking from the codebase of HTTP Switchboard along with another blocking extension called uMatrix, designed for advanced users. uBlock was developed by Raymond Hill to use community-maintained block lists, while adding features and raising the code quality to release standards. First released in June 2014 as a Chrome and Opera extension, by winter 2015, the extension had expanded to other browsers.


title: UBlock Origin

text: The uBlock project official repository was transferred to Chris Aljoudi by original developer Raymond Hill in April 2015, due to frustration of dealing with requests. However, Hill immediately self-forked it and continued the effort there. This version was later renamed uBlock Origin and it has been completely divorced from Aljoudi's uBlock. Aljoudi created ublock.org to host and promote uBlock and to request donations. In response, uBlock's founder Raymond Hill stated that "the donations sought by ublock.org are not benefiting any of those who contributed most to create uBlock Origin." The development of uBlock stopped in August 2015 and it has been sporadically updated since January 2017. In July 2018, ublock.org was acquired by AdBlock, and since February 2019, uBlock began allowing "Acceptable Ads", a program run by Adblock Plus that allows some ads which are deemed "acceptable", and for which the larger publishers pay a fee.


title: UBlock Origin

text: Raymond Hill, the founder and original author of uBlock, , continued to work on the extension under the name uBlock Origin, sometimes stylized as uBlock, and abbreviated as uBO.


title: UBlock Origin

text: A joint Sourcepoint and comScore survey reported an 833% growth rate over a ten-month tracking period ending in August 2015, the strongest growth among software listed. The report attributed the growth to the desire of users for pure blockers outside the "acceptable advertising" program.


title: UBlock Origin

text: In January 2016, uBlock Origin was added to the repositories for Debian 9 and Ubuntu 16.04. The extension was awarded "Pick of the Month" by Mozilla for May 2016.


title: UBlock Origin

text: On December 11, 2016, Nik Rolls released a fork of uBlock Origin for the Microsoft Edge browser (now known as Microsoft Edge Legacy). In April 2020, this fork was deprecated as Microsoft replaced Microsoft Edge Legacy with a Chromium-based Edge.


title: UBlock Origin

text: , the uBlock Origin Chrome extension had over 10 million active users and the Firefox version had 5 million active users.


title: UBlock Origin

text: The project specifically refuses donations and instead advises supporters to donate to maintainers of block lists.


title: UBlock Origin

text: uBlock Origin supports the majority of Adblock Plus's filter syntax. The popular filter lists EasyList and EasyPrivacy are enabled by default, along with the malware domain blocklist URLHaus. The extensions are capable of importing hosts files and a number of community-maintained lists are available at installation. Among the host files available, Peter Lowe's ad servers & tracking list and lists of malware domains are also enabled as default. Some additional features include dynamic filtering of scripts and iframes and a tool for webpage element hiding.


title: UBlock Origin

text: Site-specific switches to toggle the blocking of pop-ups, strict domain blocking, cosmetic filtering, blocking remote fonts, and JavaScript disabling were also added to uBlock Origin. The Firefox version of uBlock Origin has an extra feature which helps to foil attempts by web sites to circumvent blockers.


title: UBlock Origin

text: In November 2019, a uBlock Origin user reported a novel technique used by some sites to bypass third-party tracker blocking. These sites link to URLs that are sub-domains of the page's domain, but those sub-domains resolve to third-party hosts via a CNAME record. Since the initial URL contained a sub-domain of the current page, it was interpreted by browsers as a first-party request and so was allowed by the filtering rules in uBlock Origin (and in similar extensions). The uBlock Origin developer came up with a solution using a DNS API which is exclusive to Firefox 60+. The new feature was implemented in uBlock Origin 1.25, released on February 19, 2020.


title: UBlock Origin

text: Technology websites and user reviews for uBlock Origin have regarded the extension as less resource-intensive than extensions that provide similar feature sets such as Adblock Plus. A benchmark test, conducted in August 2015 with ten blocking extensions, showed uBlock Origin as the most resource-efficient among the extensions tested.


title: UBlock Origin

text: uBlock Origin surveys what style resources are required for an individual web page rather than relying on a universal style sheet. The extension takes a snapshot of the filters the user has enabled, which contributes to accelerated browser start-up speed when compared to retrieving filters from cache every time.


title: Zach King

text: Zachary King (born February 4, 1990) is an American internet personality based in Los Angeles. He is most known for his "magic vines," which are six-second videos digitally edited to look as if he is doing magic. He calls his videos "digital sleight of hand." He began posting videos on YouTube in 2008 and in 2013 he started posting videos to Vine. King posted his first video to TikTok in 2016, and has since attracted over 90 million followers, making him the sixth most-followed individual on the platform.


title: Zach King

text: King won the Hewlett-Packard commercial contest in 2010, and got a trip to the red carpet at the London Film Festival. In 2013, he won YouTube's "NextUp Creators contest". In 2015, King and his wife Rachel Holm competed in the 28th season of the American reality game show "The Amazing Race". They were eliminated during the ninth leg of the race being placed sixth in the overall standings.


title: Zach King

text: King was born and raised in Portland, Oregon. He is of half Chinese descent from his paternal side, one quarter Austrian and one quarter Nicaraguan descent from his maternal side. King's mother homeschooled him and his three sisters, including one adopted sister, while his father worked in their home office. When he was seven, King made his first film using a home video camera. When he was fourteen, he purchased video equipment including a Mac computer, cameras as well as a tripod and started making and editing videos. He graduated from Biola University with a Cinema and Media Arts Major in December 2012.


title: Zach King

text: King started his website, FinalCutKing.com in 2008, to offer training and tips about using the editing software Final Cut Pro as he was unable to find tutorials for the software on the Internet. At the same time, he started using his YouTube channel to give tutorials for visual effects using the Software. After gaining an audience for his website, he began selling training seminars and used the money to pay for his college. He participated as a contestant on an episode of "Viral Video Showdown" that aired on Syfy in 2012. In December 2019, King baffled the internet with a video of himself apparently flying on a broomstick. The video was viewed over 2.1 billion times on TikTok in 4 days.


title: Zach King

text: In 2011, he posted a video titled "Jedi Kittens" on YouTube that he produced with a college friend. The video showed two cats fighting with lightsabers. The video gained over a million views in three days and went on to have over 18 million views. A sequel of the video titled "Jedi Kittens Strike Back" gained over 27 million views. A third part of the video, "Jedi Kittens – The Force Awakens" was posted in 2013, which has gained over 28 million views. King's official YouTube channel is named "Zach King".


title: Zach King

text: He was named by YouTube as one of the 25 most promising young film-makers in America in May 2013. As part of its "Next Up Creators contest", YouTube awarded King $35,000 as well as a trip to New York City for a four-day YouTube Creator Camp. His submission to the contest was titled "Contest Entry Gone Wrong". In the video, he appeared to dodge an assault by airstrikes and ground fire as he pleaded his case to be selected for the YouTube award. As of July 2021, he has 11.2 million subscribers and 1.19 billion views within 350 videos.


title: Zach King

text: King made his account on Vine on September 9, 2013, when he saw that many of his friends had an account on the social media website. After creating an account on Vine, he decided to create one Vine each day for the next thirty days. After the success of his first few Vines, he decided to continue with creating and posting new Vines.


title: Zach King

text: He appeared on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on January 29, 2014, and made several Vines with the crew of the show. King formerly created Vine videos for a living and worked out of his garage. In an interview with The Independent, he said that he would want to direct feature films, preferably action-adventure movies, in the future.


title: Zach King

text: King has been featured in multiple media outlets for his Vines. Chez Pazienza wrote about King that "this guy's stuff is pure magic (or at least the work of some very clever editing.)" Mashable's Laura Vitto wrote of his work, "Vine star and filmmaker Zach King may not perform magic in the traditional sense, but his expertly-edited six-second videos could put David Blaine to shame."


title: Zach King

text: Writing for "Complex" magazine, J. Duaine Hahn wrote that "While people have hit Vine stardom for skits, or splicing together commentary with popular YouTube videos, King has gone the extra mile to use his six seconds to create magic, or the closest thing you can get to it with on a smartphone."


title: Zach King

text: In an interview, Zach said that “producing a Vine usually takes upwards of 24 hours, with three to four hours of filming”.


title: Zach King

text: King posted his first video to TikTok, formerly known as Musical.ly, on February 28, 2016, which was him escaping a jail cell. His video caption was "Need help posting bail, oh wait nevermind." As of November 2021, he has amassed a following of over 66.3 million followers on the popular app, making him the third most followed user on TikTok.


title: Zach King

text: Zach King also posted the most viewed TikTok on December 9, 2019. The video was of him riding a broomstick, where he later shows he was actually using a mirror. The caption of the video was "They rejected my application to Hogwarts but I still found a way to be a wizard." The video received an estimate of 2 billion views.


title: Zach King

text: When King was seven, his family converted to Christianity, which he states is one of the "greatest things" that has happened in his life. He considers himself as a devout Christian, such as attempting to read parts of the Bible when he wakes up every morning. He is also vocal with his faith, even incorporating his religion into his videos. King attended Biola University, a Protestant University, and had led youth groups at various Christian camps.


title: Zach King

text: King proposed to his girlfriend, Rachel Holm, while pretending to create a video advertisement for one of her brands. They got married in 2014. In 2016, they competed together on "The Amazing Race 28" and placed 6th. As of 2017, they lived in Rossmoor, an unincorporated community in Orange County, California. Both King and his wife have adopted siblings, which would later inspire her to work as a case manager for adoptive and foster-care. The couple have fostered a few children, as well as having both an adopted and a biological son.


title: Nick Cordero

text: Nicholas Eduardo Alberto Cordero (September 17, 1978 – July 5, 2020) was a Canadian actor and singer. He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his role as Cheech in the 2014 Broadway musical "Bullets Over Broadway" and was twice nominated for Drama Desk Awards. His career also included television roles and film roles.


title: Nick Cordero

text: Cordero died from COVID-19-related complications after more than three months in the hospital, at age 41.


title: Nick Cordero

text: Cordero was born and raised in Hamilton, Ontario, to a Canadian mother and a father from Costa Rica. Cordero graduated from Westdale Secondary School in Hamilton and attended Ryerson University in Toronto for two years before dropping out to perform in the band Lovemethod.


title: Nick Cordero

text: Cordero's acting debut was in the title role in the off-Broadway production of "The Toxic Avenger". He also played the role of Dennis in "Rock of Ages" on Broadway in 2012 and on tour. Cordero appeared on Broadway in 2014 in the musical "Bullets Over Broadway" in the role of Cheech, for which he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical. He won the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical and a Theatre World Award for the role.


title: Nick Cordero

text: In March 2016, he joined the Broadway production of "Waitress", playing the role of Earl. He left "Waitress" to join the Broadway premiere of the musical "A Bronx Tale", playing Sonny at the Longacre Theatre starting on November 3, 2016. For this role, Cordero was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical in 2017. In 2017, he portrayed Victor Lugo in "Out of the Blue" and "Heavy Is the Head", the fourth and tenth episodes of the eighth season of the CBS police procedural drama "Blue Bloods". He reprised the role in 2018 in "Your Six", the twentieth episode of the eighth season of the show. In March 2020 Cordero moved to Los Angeles to work in a production of "Rock of Ages".


title: Nick Cordero

text: On September 3, 2017, Cordero married dancer Amanda Kloots in a formal ceremony. Their son was born in 2019.


title: Nick Cordero

text: Cordero was initially diagnosed with pneumonia while staying with his wife and son at the guest house of former "Bullets Over Broadway" co-star Zach Braff, and admitted to a hospital on March 30, 2020, where he was later diagnosed with COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Los Angeles in critical condition, on a ventilator, and being treated with dialysis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). On April 18, 2020, his right leg was amputated due to a blood clot as a result of complications from his illness. By May 1, 2020, he had major lung damage including "holes in his lungs" and lung scarring, and had a tracheostomy tube placed.


title: Nick Cordero

text: On July 5, 2020, after 95 days in the hospital, Cordero died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles at age 41. His body was cremated.


title: Nick Cordero

text: On July 7, 2020, an effort was launched to rename the Longacre Theatre in Manhattan after Cordero. On September 2, 2021, the Broadway production of "Waitress" paid tribute to Cordero, with Kloots and the show's cast performing his single "Live Your Life". Additionally, the "Live Your Life Pie" has become a permanent part of the show's set and script. A film of a rooftop performance of a song from Bullets Over Broadway is dedicated to his memory, commemorating his portrayal of Cheech.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel is a free and open-source PHP web framework, created by Taylor Otwell and intended for the development of web applications following the model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern and based on Symfony. Some of the features of Laravel are a modular packaging system with a dedicated dependency manager, different ways for accessing relational databases, utilities that aid in application deployment and maintenance, and its orientation toward syntactic sugar.


title: Laravel

text: Taylor Otwell created Laravel as an attempt to provide a more advanced alternative to the CodeIgniter framework, which did not provide certain features such as built-in support for user authentication and authorization. Laravel's first beta release was made available on June 9, 2011, followed by the Laravel 1 release later in the same month. Laravel 1 included built-in support for authentication, localisation, models, views, sessions, routing and other mechanisms, but lacked support for controllers that prevented it from being a true MVC framework.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 2 was released in September 2011, bringing various improvements from the author and community. Major new features included the support for controllers, which made Laravel 2 a fully MVC-compliant framework, built-in support for the inversion of control (IoC) principle, and a templating system called "Blade". As a downside, support for third-party packages was removed in Laravel 2.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 3 was released in February 2012 with a set of new features including the cmd command-line interface (CLI) named "Artisan", built-in support for more database management systems, database migrations as a form of version control for database layouts, support for handling events, and a packaging system called "Bundles". An increase of Laravel's userbase and popularity lined up with the release of Laravel 3.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 4, codenamed "Illuminate", was released in May 2013. It was made as a complete rewrite of the Laravel framework, migrating its layout into a set of separate packages distributed through Composer, which serves as an application-level package manager. Such a layout improved the extensibility of Laravel 4, which was paired with its official regular release schedule spanning six months between minor point releases. Other new features in the Laravel 4 release include database seeding for the initial population of databases, support for message queues, built-in support for sending different types of email, and support for delayed deletion of database records called "soft deletion".


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 5 was released in February 2015 as a result of internal changes that ended up in renumbering the then-future Laravel 4.3 release. New features in the Laravel 5 release include support for scheduling periodically executed tasks through a package called "Scheduler", an abstraction layer called "Flysystem" that allows remote storage to be used in the same way as local file systems, improved handling of package assets through "Elixir", and simplified externally handled authentication through the optional "Socialite" package. Laravel 5 also introduced a new internal directory tree structure for developed applications.


title: Laravel

text: Lumen 5.0 is the initial release of the Lumen framework, a light derivative of Laravel optimized for speed. This initial release is based on the Laravel 5.x series of PHP components, and following versions reflect the Laravel versions with which it shares common infrastructure. As of 2022, authors no longer recommend the use of Lumen for gaining these advantages, and promote Laravel Ocotone instead.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 5.1, released in June 2015, was the first release of Laravel to receive long-term support (LTS). New LTS versions were planned for one every two years.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 5.3 was released on August 23, 2016. The new features in 5.3 are focused on improving developer speed by adding additional out of the box improvements for common tasks.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 5.4 was released on January 24, 2017, with many new features like Laravel Dusk, Laravel Mix, Blade Components and Slots, Markdown Emails, Automatic Facades, Route Improvements, Higher Order Messaging for Collections, and many others.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 6 was released on September 3, 2019, shift blueprint code generation, introducing semantic versioning, compatibility with Laravel Vapor, improved authorization responses, improved job middleware, lazy collections, and sub-query improvements. The frontend scaffolding was removed from the main package and moved into the laravel/ui package.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 7 was released on March 3, 2020, with new features like Laravel Sanctum, Custom Eloquent Casts, Blade Component Tags, Fluent String Operations and Route Model Binding Improvements.


title: Laravel

text: Laravel 8 was released on September 8, 2020, with new features like Laravel Jetstream, model factory classes, migration squashing, Tailwind CSS for pagination views and other usability improvements.


title: Laravel

text: Versions designated LTS are supported with bug fixes for 2 years and security fixes for 3 years. Other releases are supported with bug fixes for 6 months and security fixes for 1 year.


title: Laravel

text: The following features serve as Laravel's key design points (where not specifically noted, descriptions refer to the features of Laravel 3):


title: Laravel

text: Laravel's command-line interface (CLI), called "Artisan", was initially introduced in Laravel 3 with a limited set of capabilities. Laravel's later migration to a Composer-based architecture allowed Artisan to incorporate different components from the Symfony framework, resulting in the availability of additional Artisan features in Laravel 4.


title: Laravel

text: The features of Artisan are mapped to different subcommands of the command-line utility, providing functionality that aids in managing and building Laravel-based applications. Common uses of Artisan include managing database migrations and seeding, publishing package assets, and generating boilerplate code for new controllers and migrations; the latter frees the developer from creating proper code skeletons. The functionality and capabilities of Artisan can also be expanded by implementing new custom commands, which, for example, may be used to automate application-specific recurring tasks.


title: Laravel

text: "Laracon" is the official Laravel conference centered around the Laravel framework, covering its development, uses, and related general software development topics. Laracon has taken place in the United States, Europe and online in the past. Typically, the conference happens in the United States and Europe every year. 2017 was the first year a Laracon was held as an online event only. 2018 was the first year a Laracon was held in Australia. Each year the conference has a different variety of sponsors and organizers, but Laravel, Laravel News and UserScape are usually the primary organizers.


title: Laravel

text: While the numerous Laracon conferences are officially run, a number of other conferences are run under the name of Laravel Live. Currently, there are yearly held Laravel Live UK and Laravel Live India conferences. While these are not officially run, they have the permission of Taylor Otwell to use the name Laravel.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Drew Walter Peterson (born January 5, 1954) is an American convicted murderer and former police sergeant who was found guilty in 2012 of the murder of his third wife, Kathleen Savio, a few months after their 2003 divorce. Peterson first received national publicity in 2007 when his fourth wife, Stacy Ann Cales Peterson, disappeared. Although the police and Stacy Ann's family suspect foul play, she has never been found.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Suspicions in Stacy Ann's case were fueled in part by the death of Savio, whose bruised body was found in a dry bathtub in her home in 2004 with a large gash to her scalp. Initially, Savio's official cause of death was found to be accidental drowning. In 2009, in light of Stacy Ann's disappearance, Peterson was indicted for Savio's murder after a second autopsy showed evidence of a struggle. Upon conviction he was sentenced to 38 years in prison on February 21, 2013.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On February 9, 2015, Peterson was charged with two additional felonies—solicitation of murder and solicitation of murder for hire—for attempting to have James Glasgow, the state's attorney handling his prosecution, killed. Peterson was convicted on May 31, 2016, and sentenced to an additional 40 years on July 29, 2016. On February 21, 2017, he was transferred from Illinois Department of Corrections custody to the United States Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana. In December 2019, Peterson was transferred to an undisclosed out-of-state facility.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Drew Peterson graduated in 1972 from Willowbrook High School in Villa Park, Illinois, where he ran cross country. He joined the United States Army after graduation and briefly attended the College of DuPage in 1974 before moving to Falls Church, Virginia, to train as a military police officer. Peterson began his 30-year career with the local police force in Bolingbrook, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, in 1977. In 1978, he was assigned to the Metropolitan Area Narcotics Squad, and in 1979 he received a "Police Officer of the Year" award from the department. Peterson retired in November 2007 at age 53 with the rank of sergeant and was given a (tax-free) $79,000-a-year pension (almost $6,600-a-month). His pension was terminated following his second conviction in May 2016.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Peterson met Carol Brown in high school and they attended his senior prom together. They married in 1974, but divorced six years later after Brown learned about Peterson's infidelity. Together they had sons Stephen Paul Peterson (1980) and Eric Drew Peterson.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Peterson married his second wife, Victoria "Vicki" Connolly, in 1982. They operated a bar together in Romeoville. Connolly alleged a history of domestic violence during her ten-year marriage to Peterson, as did her daughter, who lived in the household until she turned 17. In the wake of Stacy Ann's disappearance, Connolly told police that during their marriage, Peterson threatened to kill her and make it look like an accident. She divorced Peterson after he started dating Kathleen Savio. Their divorce was finalized on February 18, 1992.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Peterson married accountant Savio (born June 13, 1963 in Glendale Heights, Illinois) on May 3, 1992, just a few months after his divorce from Connolly. Together they had two sons, Thomas (January 5, 1993) and Kristopher (August 8, 1994). Their divorce was finalized on October 10, 2003. It was reported that between 2002 and 2004, police were called out to the Peterson house eighteen times on domestic disturbance calls, including calls for returning children late after visitation.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On March 1, 2004, Savio's body was found in a waterless bathtub. Her death was initially ruled an accidental drowning by a coroner's jury that included a police officer who personally knew Peterson and assured the other jurors that he was a good man who would never hurt his wife. However, following Stacy Peterson's later disappearance, Savio's body was exhumed and underwent forensic examination on November 16, 2007. Michael Baden, a former New York City medical examiner who conducted the examination at the request of Savio's relatives and Fox News, concluded that she died of drowning following a struggle when her body was placed in the bathtub. Postmortem photos showed extensive bruising and scraping to her back, torso, and face, as well as a large, unexplained gash in her scalp. The results of the official autopsy ordered by the county have yet to be released to the public. Will County State's Attorney James Glasgow told the press that, after examining evidence in the case, he believed that the death was a "homicide staged to look like an accident". On February 21, 2008, Glasgow announced that a pathologist had determined that Savio's death was a homicide, adding that the death had been investigated as such since reopening the case following the exhumation.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Reverend Neil Schori, a pastor at Stacy's church, reported that Stacy had told him that Drew had killed Savio and had made it look like an accident, and that she was afraid of her husband. Stacy had provided Drew's alibi for his whereabouts on the evening on which Savio died. Peterson's trial, proceeding in July 2012, was jeopardized when prosecutors attempted to introduce evidence that was not allowed. The "Chicago Tribune" reported that the judge would rule on a mistrial on August 2, 2012. On August 15, Peterson told a judge that he wanted to withdraw a request for a mistrial. His lawyers said that he wanted the current jury to decide if he killed his third wife. On September 6, Peterson was convicted of killing Savio. On February 21, 2013, he was denied a mistrial and sentenced to 38 years in prison.


title: Drew Peterson

text: At age 49, Peterson married 19-year-old hotel receptionist Stacy Ann Cales (born January 20, 1984, in Downers Grove, Illinois) on October 18, 2003, and she subsequently changed her last name to Peterson. Together they had two children, Anthony (born 2003) and Lacy (born 2005). Stacy legally adopted Savio's children, and treated them like they were her own. She was close to completing her nursing degree from Joliet Junior College at the time of her disappearance on Sunday, October 28, 2007. Stacy was officially reported missing in the early hours of Monday, October 29, after her sister, Cassandra Cales, failed to hear from her when expected. Peterson claims that Stacy called him at 9 p.m. on Sunday to tell him that she had left him for another man and that she had left her 2002 Pontiac Grand Am at Bolingbrook's Clow International Airport. Stacy is still considered a missing person. Her family has launched a website to help find her. While talking with Marcia Clark during "Marcia Clark Investigates The First 48", defense attorney Joel Brodsky claims to know what happened to Stacy and that he believes that after Drew passes away, Stacy will be found. However, he refuses to elaborate further.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Several leads were followed in the investigation by Illinois State Police with FBI involvement. Four search warrants were issued and carried out on Peterson's property following Stacy's disappearance, including the seizure of his firearms and both his and Stacy's vehicles. Peterson announced his plans to retire as a Bolingbrook police sergeant effective December 2007. On November 15, the Bolingbrook Police Pension Board voted to allow Peterson to collect his pension of $6,067.71 per month, stating current law gave them no option, as he had not been convicted of a crime.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Rick Mims, Peterson's long-time friend, admitted that he and Peterson bought three blue plastic containers from a cable company where they both worked part-time in 2003, and provided photos of these containers to police. Mims also sold his story to tabloid newspapers for an undisclosed sum of money. Peterson's stepbrother, Thomas Morphey, who has a history of drug and alcohol addiction, attempted suicide two days after allegedly helping Peterson carry a plastic container from Peterson's Bolingbrook home to his SUV, fearing he may have helped dispose of Stacy's body. Neighbors reported seeing Peterson and another man hauling a 55-gallon barrel, large enough to hold a person, out of the house shortly after the disappearance.


title: Drew Peterson

text: Cassandra Cales, Stacy's sister, said she wanted Peterson to take a lie detector test about his knowledge of a blue container that she saw in his garage two days before Stacy disappeared. Joel Brodsky, Peterson's attorney, denied that any container was missing from Peterson's home. There were also reports of truckers referring to the containers, but their stories were treated as not credible after it was discovered that they had not been in the Bolingbrook area at the times they claimed.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On January 23, 2008, Peterson and his attorney, Joel Brodsky, called in to the show of Chicago radio personality Steve Dahl, who had been lampooning Peterson since the case began. Brodsky suggested that Dahl host an on-air "dating game" with Peterson the following day, but WJMK managers and Dahl decided not to go through with it. Peterson appeared on CNN's "Larry King Live" on April 11, 2008, with Brodsky again present to advise which questions Peterson should answer. The interview reran on May 9, 2009, two days after Peterson's arrest. Peterson subsequently made guest appearances (including one from county jail) on radio station WLS-AM with Mancow Muller. After that radio appearance, Will County Judge Stephen White severely limited Peterson's access to the media.


title: Drew Peterson

text: In December 2008, Peterson's publicist Glenn Selig confirmed Peterson was engaged to a 23-year-old, Christina Raines; she would have been his fifth wife. On January 30, 2009, it was made public that Raines had moved out of Peterson's house. Her father, Ernie Raines, had issued an ultimatum to his daughter out of concern about the way Peterson tried to control her and what he feared Peterson could do. Raines moved out of Peterson's home "when she came to her senses", calling the engagement a publicity stunt designed to keep Peterson in the media spotlight.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On May 7, 2009, Peterson was indicted by a Will County grand jury and arrested for the murder of Savio. Bail was set at $20 million. In October 2009, Peterson sued JP Morgan Chase for revoking a home equity credit line that he wanted to use to pay legal expenses, claiming his income of "nearly $109,000 per year" was not sufficient. In July 2010, Judge White ruled that Peterson would remain in the Will County Jail for the remainder of his trial and appeals process. Prosecutors argued he could pose a danger if released.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On July 21, 2010, it was revealed that hearsay statements indicating Peterson killed two of his wives were not reliable enough for a jury to hear at his trial. After presiding over a lengthy hearing, Judge White issued a four-page sealed ruling in May obtained by the "Daily Herald". White ruled that prosecutors proved Peterson killed both Savio and Stacy "by a preponderance of the evidence," but nearly all statements attributed to Stacy "do not provide sufficient safeguards of reliability." (The standard of proof in homicide cases is "beyond a reasonable doubt"; "preponderance of the evidence" is the standard for fact-finding on questions of admissibility of evidence, even in a criminal case.) Stacy's statements were crucial to the prosecution's case, as it lacked significant direct evidence. In April 2012, an Illinois appellate court ruled that prosecutors could use eight statements made by both the victim prior to her death and by Peterson's still-missing fourth wife Stacy prior to her disappearance, reversing White's earlier decision. Peterson's defense had contended that introduction of these alleged hearsay comments constituted a violation of his Sixth Amendment right to confront any witnesses testifying against him.


title: Drew Peterson

text: The Illinois State Legislature attempted to help the prosecution with the passage of a new Illinois law, 725 ILCS 5/115-10.6, or "Drew's Law", which allows prosecutors to enter hearsay statements into evidence under certain conditions. Passed while investigators were looking for Stacy, the legislation permits courts to consider statements from "unavailable witnesses," provided that prosecutors are able to prove that the witness was killed to prevent his or her testimony and that the hearsay statements are reliable. Analysis by the trial court under this new law led to eight out of fourteen hearsay statements being ruled inadmissible because they were insufficiently reliable. On appeal, however, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court, ruling that the common law doctrine of forfeiture by wrongdoing, which is less restrictive than "Drew's Law", would allow the statements to be admitted.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On August 22, 2012, Jeff Pachter, a witness at Peterson's murder trial, said Peterson offered him $25,000 to hire someone to kill Savio and told him it would be a secret he would take to his grave.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On September 6, 2012, Peterson was found guilty of the premeditated murder of Savio. Jurors admitted that the most compelling evidence was based on the hearsay statements allowed under "Drew's Law". On February 21, 2013, Peterson was sentenced to 38 years in prison for the murder of his third wife. He was incarcerated at Menard Correctional Center in Chester, Illinois, but later moved to the Federal Correctional Institution, Terre Haute in Terre Haute, Indiana. Within a month, he was attacked by another prisoner who hoped to sell his belongings on eBay.


title: Drew Peterson

text: In December 2019, Peterson was released from federal custody and transferred to a state facility outside of Illinois. His location is not being disclosed for security reasons.


title: Drew Peterson

text: The Illinois Department of Corrections stated, "Drew Peterson has transferred from the Federal Bureau of Prisons to a state facility outside Illinois. He remains under the jurisdiction of the Illinois Department of Corrections. For safety and security purposes, the department does not discuss details concerning the placement of offenders who have transferred under the terms of the Interstate Corrections Compact Agreement."


title: Drew Peterson

text: In October 2021, Peterson filed a hand-written Petition for Post Conviction Relief with the Will County Circuit Clerk. The petition alleges, amongst other claims, that State's Attorney James Glasgow had intimidated witnesses during Peterson's 2012 murder trial. The petition also revealed Peterson's current location of incarceration: The Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Indiana where he is known as Inmate #279193.


title: Drew Peterson

text: On February 9, 2015, Peterson was charged with attempting to put a hit on James Glasgow, the Chicago-area lead prosecutor in his murder trial, after a fellow inmate tipped off prosecutors to the plan and wore a wire to capture evidence against Peterson. In May 2016, he was found guilty of solicitation of murder and solicitation of murder for hire. He was subsequently sentenced to an additional 40 years in prison.


title: Drew Peterson

text: In May 2022, it was revealed that Drew Peterson's former defense attorney, Joel Brodsky, is considering the release of confidential information protected by attorney-client privilege. Stacey Peterson's sister, Cassandra, was annoyed by the possibility that Brodsky could face legal penalties for revealing such information, as she felt that it may be the needed information to solve Stacey's cold case. Cassandra argued that she would stand by Brodsky and support his actions if he came forward. Brodsky had temporarily lost his legal license in 2019 (for reasons unrelated to the Drew Peterson case), and is under a continued gag order not to disclose anything that Drew Peterson shared with him in confidentiality. It is unclear if Brodsky actually knows any information about the whereabouts of Stacy Peterson, although he has claimed that he does, stating, "I know everything about both of his wives – "everything". I feel bad about Drew still not taking responsibility and Stacy still being missing. I’m thinking about maybe revealing what happened to Stacy and where she is."


title: Book of Proverbs

text: The Book of Proverbs (, , "Proverbs (of Solomon)") is a book in the third section (called Ketuvim) of the Hebrew Bible and a book of the Christian Old Testament. When translated into Greek and Latin, the title took on different forms: in the Greek Septuagint (LXX) it became (, "Proverbs"); in the Latin Vulgate the title was , from which the English name is derived.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: Proverbs is not merely an anthology but a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium. It is an example of the biblical wisdom literature, and raises questions of values, moral behaviour, the meaning of human life, and right conduct, and its theological foundation is that "the fear of God (meaning submission to the will of God) is the beginning of wisdom". Wisdom is praised for her role in creation; God acquired her before all else, and through her he gave order to chaos; and since humans have life and prosperity by conforming to the order of creation, seeking wisdom is the essence and goal of life.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: "Proverb" is a translation of the Hebrew word "mashal", but "mashal" has a wider range of meanings than the short, catchy saying implied by the English word. Thus, roughly half the book is made up of "sayings" of this type, while the other half is made up of longer poetic units of various types. These include "instructions" formulated as advice from a teacher or parent addressed to a student or child, dramatic personifications of both Wisdom and Folly, and the "words of the wise" sayings, longer than the Solomonic "sayings" but shorter and more diverse than the "instructions".


title: Book of Proverbs

text: The first section (chapters 1–9) comprises an initial invitation to young men to take up the course of wisdom, ten "instructions", and five poems on personified Woman Wisdom. Verses 1:1-7 constitute an introduction to the whole of this section. Proverbs 10:1–22:16, with 375 sayings, consists of two parts, the first part (10–14) contrasting the wise man and the fool (or the righteous and the wicked), the second (15–22:16) addressing wise and foolish speech. Verse 22:17 opens ‘the words of the wise’, until verse 24:22, with short moral discourses on various subjects. An additional section of sayings which "also belong to the wise" follows in verses 24:23-34. Chapters 25–29, attributed to the editorial activity of "the men of Hezekiah", contrast the just and the wicked and broach the topic of rich and poor. Chapter 30:1-4, the "sayings of Agur", introduces creation, divine power, and human ignorance.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: It is impossible to offer precise dates for the sayings in Proverbs, a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium. The phrase conventionally used for the title is taken from chapter 1:1, "mishley shelomoh", Proverbs of Solomon (the phrase is repeated at 10:1 and 25:1), is likely more concerned with labeling the material than ascribing authorship.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: The book is an anthology made up of six discrete units. The "Proverbs of Solomon" section, chapters 1–9, was probably the last to be composed, in the Persian or Hellenistic periods. This section has parallels to prior cuneiform writings. The second, chapters 10–22:16, carries the superscription "the proverbs of Solomon", which may have encouraged its inclusion in the Hebrew canon. The third unit, 22:17–24:22, is headed "bend your ear and hear the words of the wise". A large part of this section is a recasting of a second-millennium BCE Egyptian work, the Instruction of Amenemope, and may have reached the Hebrew author(s) through an Aramaic translation. Chapter 24:23 begins a new section and source with the declaration, "these too are from the wise". The next section at chapter 25:1 has a superscription to the effect that the following proverbs were transcribed "by the men of Hezekiah", indicating at face value that they were collected in the reign of Hezekiah in the late 8th century BCE. Chapters 30 and 31 (the "words of Agur," the "words of Lemuel," and the description of the ideal woman) are a set of appendices, quite different in style and emphasis from the previous chapters.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: The "wisdom" genre was widespread throughout the ancient Near East, and reading Proverbs alongside the examples recovered from Egypt and Mesopotamia reveals the common ground shared by international wisdom. The wisdom literature of Israel may have been developed in the family, the royal court, and houses of learning and instruction; nevertheless, the overwhelming impression is of instruction within the family in small villages.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: Along with the other examples of the biblical wisdom tradition – Job and Ecclesiastes and some other writings – Proverbs raises questions of values, moral behavior, the meaning of human life, and righteous conduct. The three retain an ongoing relevance for both religious and secular readers, Job and Ecclesiastes through the boldness of their dissent from received tradition, Proverbs in its worldliness and satiric shrewdness. Wisdom is as close as biblical literature comes to Greek philosophy, of which it was a contemporary; it shares with the Greeks an inquiry into values and reflections on the human condition, although there is no discussion of ontology, epistemology, metaphysics, and the other abstract issues raised by the Greeks.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: The rabbinic college almost excluded the Book of Proverbs from the Bible in the late first century. They did this because of its contradictions (the result of the book's origins as not just an anthology but an anthology of anthologies). The reader is told, for example, both to "not answer a fool according to his folly", according to 26:4, and to "answer a fool according to his folly", as 26:5 advises. More pervasively, the recurring theme of the initial unit (chapters 1–9) is that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, but the following units are much less theological, presenting wisdom as a transmissible human craft, until with 30:1–14, the "words of Agur", we return once more to the idea that God alone possesses wisdom.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: "The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom" (Proverbs 9:10 – the phrase implies submission to God's will). Wisdom is praised for her role in creation ("God by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding, he established the heavens" – Proverbs 3:19). God acquired her before all else, and through her, he gave order to chaos ("When [God] established the heavens… when he drew a circle on the face of the Deeps… when he marked out the foundations of the earth, then I was beside him" – Proverbs 8:27–31). Since humans have life and prosperity by conforming to the order of creation, seeking wisdom is the essence and goal of the religious life. Wisdom, or the wise person, is compared and contrasted with foolishness or the fool, meaning one who is lacking in wisdom and uninterested in instruction, not one who is merely silly or playful (though see the words of Agur for a "fool" who has wisdom and could be seen as playful).


title: Book of Proverbs

text: For the most part, Proverbs offers a simplistic view of life with few grey areas: a life lived according to the rules brings reward, and life in violation of them is certain to bring disaster. In contrast, Job and Ecclesiastes appear to be direct contradictions of the simplicities of Proverbs, each in its own way all but dismissing the assumptions of the "wise". Noteworthy also is the fact that the "mighty acts of God" (the Exodus, the giving of the Torah at Sinai, the Covenant between God and Israel, etc.) which make up Israel's history are completely or almost completely absent from Proverbs and the other Wisdom books: in contrast to the other books of the Hebrew Bible, which appeal to divine revelation for their authority ("Thus says the Lord!"), wisdom appeals to human reason and observation.


title: Book of Proverbs

text: The pre-Exilic (i.e. pre-586 BCE) Old Testament allowed no equals to YHWH in heaven, despite the continued existence of an assembly of subordinate servant-deities. The post-Exilic writers of the Wisdom tradition developed the idea that Wisdom existed before creation and was used by God to create the universe: "Present from the beginning, Wisdom assumes the role of master builder while God establishes the heavens, restricts the chaotic waters, and shapes the mountains and fields." Borrowing ideas from Greek philosophers who held that reason bound the universe together, the Wisdom tradition taught that God's Wisdom, Word and Spirit were the ground of cosmic unity. Christianity in turn adopted these ideas and applied them to Jesus: the Epistle to the Colossians calls Jesus "...image of the invisible God, first-born of all creation...", while the Gospel of John identifies him with the creative word ("In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God").


title: Book of Proverbs

text: In the 4th century, when Christianity was caught up in heresies and still developing the creeds which would define its beliefs, Proverbs 8:22 was used both to support and refute the claims of the Arians. The Arians, assuming that Christ could be equated with the "Wisdom of God" (1 Corinthians 1:24), argued that the Son, like Wisdom, was "created", and therefore subordinate to the Creator; their opponents, who argued that the relevant Hebrew word should be translated as "begot", won the debate, and the Nicene Creed declared that the Son was "begotten, not made", meaning that God and Christ were consubstantial.


title: Kirby Morrow

text: Kirby Robert Morrow (1973 – November 18, 2020) was a Canadian actor, comedian and writer. In animation, he was known as the voice of Miroku from "InuYasha", its four movies, and "", Van Fanel from the Ocean dub of "Escaflowne", Cyclops from "", Jay from "Class of the Titans", Teru Mikami from "Death Note", Trowa Barton from "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing", Ryo Takatsuki from "Project ARMS", Goku from Ocean's dub of "Dragon Ball Z" (from Episode 160 onwards), Hot Shot from "" and his main role as Cole from "". On camera, he was known for the recurring role of Captain Dave Kleinman from "Stargate Atlantis".


title: Kirby Morrow

text: Morrow was born in Jasper, Alberta in 1973, and graduated with a degree in theatre at Mount Royal University in Calgary. He worked in Vancouver, British Columbia, for most of his acting career.


title: Kirby Morrow

text: Morrow died at the age of 47 on November 18, 2020, just eight days after the death of his father, Tom Morrow. His death was announced on Facebook by his brother, Casey Morrow. The cause of his death was related to a long history of alcohol abuse.


title: Kirby Morrow

text: On December 4, 2020, Casey Morrow established the Kirby Morrow Memorial Scholarship Fund to help anyone pursuing an education in the performing arts.


title: COBRA (British TV series)

text: COBRA is a British drama series on Sky One that premiered in January 2020. The first, six-part series is written by Ben Richards and stars Robert Carlyle and Victoria Hamilton. The show premiered on PBS in the United States on 4 October 2020. In February 2020, it was renewed for a second series, which was broadcast in the UK in late 2021 and then on PBS in the US early on streaming in February 2022 and then officially premiered on July 10, 2022.


title: COBRA (British TV series)

text: A massive solar flare strikes Europe, blowing the electric grid and navigational systems, leaving much of Britain without power and creating social and political chaos. As a result, Prime Minister Robert Sutherland must decide how and where to distribute a limited number of relief generators to provide power. Meanwhile, his daughter Ellie's best friend dies after consuming cocaine and fentanyl Ellie provided. In order to avoid scandal and potentially prison, Ellie is encouraged to lie by Press Secretary Peter Mott and her mother, Rachel Sutherland, to say the dead friend brought the drugs.


title: COBRA (British TV series)

text: The outage continues in Northumberland, leading to a vigilante force blockading access to the region, hijacking trucks of fuel and water, and calling for an overthrow of the government. Anna Marshall, Sutherland's Chief of Staff, is unexpectedly visited by an old flame from her days as a war correspondent and finds the passion still exists. Upon finding that he could be associated with a Bosnian mobster, Marshall confides her liaison to Eleanor James, Head of the Joint Intelligence Committee, whose loyalties lie more with the Home Secretary than with the Prime Minister. Meanwhile, Home Secretary Archie Glover-Morgan works to unseat Sutherland by exploiting every possible angle, including the death of Ellie's friend and Marshall's indiscretion, to embarrass and discredit him.


title: COBRA (British TV series)

text: Sutherland uses the British Army to break the Northumberland blockade by any means necessary, including the controversial decision to authorise deadly force, and a young photojournalist is killed. Condemning the handling of the crisis, Glover-Morgan orchestrates a vote of no confidence, then tries to bribe Sutherland into manoeuvring staff into his favour in return for his support during the vote. But after delivering on a promise and successfully restoring power to a beleaguered hospital, series 1 ends with Sutherland calling for a general election, confident he will win.


title: COBRA (British TV series)

text: An explosion on a sunken World War II ammunition ship devastates the north Kent coastline, causing hundreds of deaths including that of the area's local MP. Rescue attempts are blocked by a cyber attack that brings mobile communications down, which the government believes may have been orchestrated by Russia in retaliation for Britain's arrest of two people believed to be responsible for the killing of a Ukrainian oligarch that also killed a local rugby coach. As more cyber attacks continue, targeting Border Security at Dover and the Kent water supply, Sutherland and his government (with a narrow majority of nine votes) must find out who is responsible whilst dealing with chaos and panic in the streets. Sutherland must also deal with political threats from both a reinvigorated Labour Party and Glover-Morgan, whom he reluctantly returns the whip to in order to bolster the Tory majority.


title: COBRA (British TV series)

text: The series has been filmed in Merseyside, Greater Manchester, Yorkshire and London. Scenes set in Kent (implied within the programme to be Sheerness) in Series 2 were filmed in New Brighton, Wirral and Fleetwood, Lancashire.


title: COBRA (British TV series)

text: "The Telegraph" gave the first episode 3/5 stars and called it a gripping thriller, yet "implausible and clichéd". "The Independent" gave the series 2/5 stars, calling it a "(C)heap-looking series "(which)" creaks and clunks along", and the best parts are the breaks for commercials. Australia's TV Tonight said it "can’t quite settle on whether it's a political thriller or a disaster mini-series. I’m reminded of Irwin Allen films, or even National Geographic’s "American Blackout", with more satisfying results."


title: Penelope Knatchbull, Countess Mountbatten of Burma

text: Penelope Meredith Mary Knatchbull, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (née Eastwood; born 16 April 1953), known between 1979 and 2005 as Lady Romsey and between 2005 and 2017 as The Lady Brabourne, is a British aristocrat and the wife of Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Since 2010, she has served as High Steward of Romsey.


text: Born in London, she is the only daughter of Reginald Eastwood (1912–1980), founder of Angus Steakhouse, and Marian Hood (1926–2020). She had one younger brother, Peter Eastwood (1955–2013). She grew up and was educated in Switzerland. In 1976, she graduated from the London School of Economics.


text: On 20 October 1979 at Romsey Abbey, she married Lord Romsey, son and heir of the 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma and the 7th Lord Brabourne. The groom's second cousin, Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III), served as best man. The wedding took place two months after the assassination of her husband's grandfather, the 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, by an IRA bomb. The family seat is Broadlands, Hampshire.


text: In 2010, she succeeded her husband in the honorary position of High Steward of Romsey after he stepped down due to illness. The position had previously been filled by the 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. She was inaugurated on 2 March 2011. Following the death of her daughter, she founded Leonora Children's Cancer Fund which in 2010 merged with The Edwina Mountbatten Trust, founded in memory of Leonora's great-grandmother. The merged charities were renamed The Edwina Mountbatten and Leonora Children's Foundation on 20 February 2014. She has taken on the running of Broadlands following her husband's diagnosis with Alzheimer's disease.


text: Since her marriage, Lady Mountbatten has been in close contact with the British royal family. She frequently attends the Royal Windsor Horse Show as a guest of the royal family. She was particularly close to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh from the 1990s when they participated in carriage driving competitions. She was one of only 30 mourners at his funeral on 17 April 2021 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. At her daughter's wedding in 2016, the Prince of Wales gave the bride away. With her daughter Lady Alexandra Hooper, Lady Mountbatten attended the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II on 19 September 2022.


text: Lady Mountbatten is portrayed by Natascha McElhone in the fifth season of the Netflix series "The Crown".


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: Greenleaf was a weekly prime time Soap Opera/mystery television series created by Craig Wright, and executive produced by Oprah Winfrey and Lionsgate Television. Clement Virgo also serves as an executive producer and director. It stars Keith David, Lynn Whitfield, and Merle Dandridge. "Greenleaf" premiered on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) on June 21, 2016.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: On November 23, 2018, OWN renewed the series for a fourth season. The fourth season premiered on September 3, 2019. On November 15, 2019, OWN confirmed the renewal of a fifth and final season of the series, which premiered on June 23, 2020. A spinoff of "Greenleaf" is in works on OWN, and will focus on Whitfield's character and her new role as senior pastor.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: "Greenleaf" follows the unscrupulous world of the Greenleaf family with scandalous secrets and lies, their palatial family mansion compound, and their sprawling Memphis megachurch with predominantly African-American members. The series' lead characters are Bishop James Greenleaf (David) and Lady Mae Greenleaf (Whitfield), who are the patriarch and matriarch of the Greenleaf family, and Grace Greenleaf (Dandridge), their estranged daughter who has returned home after 20 years following the mysterious death of her sister, Faith. Deep down, this family cares for and loves each other, but secrets, lies, adultery, sibling rivalry and other issues swarm the family as they try to keep themselves together. There are a variety of people who try to run the family out of their beloved church but they lay it all on the line to keep each other tight and close like any family.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: On July 30, 2015, OWN announced that it had ordered "Greenleaf"—a new drama following an African-American megachurch run by the eponymous family in Memphis, Tennessee. Both "Greenleaf" and another series announced that year, "Queen Sugar", were the first scripted series acquired by OWN that were not produced by Tyler Perry. The series was created by "Lost" and "Six Feet Under" writer Craig Wright and executive produced by Oprah Winfrey with Wright and Lionsgate Television, with 13 episodes for the first season set for production later in 2015. On September 9, 2015, "The Book of Negroes" writer and director Clement Virgo joined the series as executive producer and director of the pilot episode.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: Filming of the first season began in October, 2015 in Atlanta, and ended on March 24, 2016. On January 21, 2016, it was announced that the series would debut with a two-night premiere at 10 p.m. Tuesday, May 24, 2016 and 10 p.m. Wednesday, May 25, and would regularly air on Wednesdays at 10 p.m. Later premiere was moved to June 21, 2016 and June 22, 2016. The world premiere of "Greenleaf" was during the Tribeca Film Festival in April, before its television debut in June, of 2016.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: In 2020, it was announced that Craig Wright is writing a spinoff for series. The series will focus on Lady Mae’s new role as pastor of a church.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: Casting advertising began in August 2015. On August 24, 2015, it was announced that Lynn Whitfield, Merle Dandridge and Desiree Ross are the first actors cast in series. Emmy Award winner Whitfield will star as Lady Mae Greenleaf, Bishop Greenleaf's wife, steely and power and money hungry matriarch of the family, while Dandridge play her estranged daughter who returns to home with her teenage daughter (played by Ross). On September 3, 2015, Keith David was cast in the leading role of Bishop James Greenleaf, the family patriarch and leader of Calvary Fellowship World Ministries. On September 4, 2015 Tye White has been cast as son-in-law of the Bishop. On September 9, 2015, Lamman Rucker, Kim Hawthorne and Deborah Joy Winans have landed the last three regular roles. Rucker plays eldest son, Jacob, while Hawthorne stars as his controlling wife, Kerissa. Winans plays Charity, the youngest daughter of the Bishop.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: On September 24, 2015, it was announced that series' executive producer Oprah Winfrey joined "Greenleaf" in a recurring role as Mavis McCready, the sister of Lady Mae Greenleaf. Whitfield and Winfrey previous co-starred in the 1989 miniseries "The Women of Brewster Place". On November 20, 2015 Anna Diop was cast as a teacher who is engaged to Greenleaf Estate's manager. Three days later, it was announced that Terri J. Vaughn will recur as chief housekeeper at Greenleaf mansion.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: For the second season, Lovie Simone and GregAlan Williams were promoted to series regulars after appearing as recurring in almost all episodes in first season.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: Ahead of its television premiere, on April 21, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on March 15, 2017. Season 2 returned with new episodes on a two-night premiere beginning on August 15, 2017. On August 7, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered in a two-night premiere on August 28 and August 29, 2018 and ran until November 21, 2018. On September 19, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season. On May 3, 2020, OWN announced that a fifth and final season, which premiered on June 23, 2020.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: A one-hour special titled "Greenleaf: Goin' Up Yonder" premiered on June 16, 2020. A post-finale special titled "Greenleaf: The Homegoing Celebration" premiered on August 11, 2020.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: The first season of "Greenleaf" received mainly positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised the acting performances of the series' lead actress, Merle Dandridge, as well as Lynn Whitfield and Keith David. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season of "Greenleaf" has an approval rating of 79%, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Immersed in a unique megachurch setting, Greenleaf is a juicy family soap bolstered by a provocative spirituality." Metacritic gave season one of the show a score of 68 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: Maureen Ryan, television critic for "Variety" stated "Dandridge is naturalistic in her portrayal of a practical, cautious woman re-examining her family history and her own choices and mistakes, while Whitfield has the imperious aura of a grand soap opera diva in the tradition of Joan Collins." Daniel Fienberg from "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote in his review "effectively balance the melodrama, vast ensemble and church details and contribute a level of technical proficiency that goes far beyond what the Tyler Perry Factory brings to "The Haves and the Have Nots", OWN's big scripted hit." "The Boston Globe"s Matthew Gilbert compared "Greenleaf" with primetime soaps like "Revenge" and the similarly black-cast "Empire".


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: "Greenleaf" has received positive reviews from critics, with most praising Dandridge, Whitfield and David's performances. The series premiere drew 3.04 million viewers, making it the No. 1 series debut in OWN history. On April 21, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season ahead of its television premiere. The second season premiered on March 15, 2017. On August 7, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season. The third season premiered in a two-episode special on August 28 and August 29, 2018. On September 19, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season.


title: Greenleaf (TV series)

text: The gospel songs recorded by the cast were released on iTunes, as an album entitled "Greenleaf" (Gospel Companion Soundtrack, Vol. 1).


title: Redding, California

text: Redding is the economic and cultural capital of the Shasta Cascade region of Northern California and the county seat of Shasta County. Redding lies along the Sacramento River, north of Sacramento, and south of California's northern border with Oregon. Its population is 95,542 as of the 2022 census, up from 89,861 from the 2010 census.


title: Redding, California

text: During the Gold Rush, the area that now comprises Redding was called Poverty Flats. In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad, a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding, bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad so that it could build a northern terminus there. In the process of building the terminus, the railroad also built a town in the same area, which they named Redding in honor of Benjamin Redding.


title: Redding, California

text: In 1874 there was a dispute over the name by local legislators and it was changed for a time to Reading, in order to honor Pierson B. Reading, who arrived in the area in 1843, owned the Buenaventura land grant on which Redding sits, and had died only a few years before, in 1868. The name was officially changed back to Redding by 1880.


title: Redding, California

text: Before European settlers came to the area, it was inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu. At their height, the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area.


title: Redding, California

text: Although Europeans had been to California as early as 1542, when Juan Cabrillo sailed to what is now the San Diego Bay, the indigenous natives were probably the only inhabitants of far Northern California region until Russian fur trappers came through the area in 1815.


title: Redding, California

text: The first European settlement in the area was established in 1844 by Pierson B. Reading, an early California pioneer who received a Rancho Buena Ventura Mexican land grant for that is now covered by Redding and Cottonwood, California. At the time, it was the northernmost nonnative settlement in California.