title: Singer Corporation

text: From its opening in 1884 until 1943, the Kilbowie factory produced approximately 36,000,000 sewing machines. Singer was the world leader and sold more machines than all the other makers added together. In 1913, the factory shipped 1.3 million machines. The late 1950s and 1960s saw a period of significant change at the Clydebank factory. In 1958, Singer reduced production at their main American plant and transferred 40% of this production to the Clydebank factory in a bid to reduce costs. Between 1961 and 1964, the Clydebank factory underwent a £4 million modernization program which saw the Clydebank factory cease the production of cast iron machines and focus on the production of aluminium machines for western markets. As part of this modernisation programme, the famous Singer Clock was demolished in 1963. At the height of its productiveness in the mid 1960s, Singer employed over 16,000 workers but by the end of that decade, compulsory redundancies were taking place and 10 years later the workforce was down to 5,000. Financial problems and lack of orders forced the world's largest sewing machine factory to close in June 1980, bringing to an end over 100 years of sewing machine production in Scotland. The complex of buildings was demolished in 1998.


title: Singer Corporation

text: An archive about the factory, the strike and the history of its business in Scotland, is regarded as a recognised collection of national significance by Museums Galleries Scotland.


title: Singer Corporation

text: The Singer sewing machine was the first complex standardized technology to be mass marketed. It was not the first sewing machine, and its patent in 1851 led to a patent battle with Elias Howe, inventor of the lockstitch machine. This eventually resulted in a patent sharing accord among the major firms. Marketing strategies included focusing on the manufacturing industry, gender identity, credit plans, and "hire purchases."


title: Singer Corporation

text: Singer's marketing emphasized the role of women and their relationship to the home, evoking ideals of virtue, modesty, and diligence. Though the sewing machine represented liberation from arduous hand sewing, it chiefly benefited those sewing for their families and themselves. Tradespeople relying on sewing as a livelihood still suffered from poor wages, which dropped further in response to the time savings gained by machine sewing. Singer offered credit purchases and rent-to-own arrangements, allowing people to rent a machine with the rental payments applied to the eventual purchase of the machine, and sold globally through the use of direct-sales door-to-door canvassers to demonstrate and sell the machines.


title: Singer Corporation

text: During World War II, the company suspended sewing machine production to take on government contracts for weapons manufacturing. Factories in the United States supplied the American forces with Norden bomb sights and M1 Carbine rifle receivers, while factories in Germany provided their armed forces with weapons.


title: Singer Corporation

text: In 1939, the company was given a production study by the government to draw plans and develop standard raw material sizes for building M1911A1 pistols. The following April 17, Singer was given an educational order of 500 units with serial numbers S800001 – S800500. The educational order was a program set up by the Ordnance Board in the U.S. to teach companies without gun-making experience to manufacture weapons.


title: Singer Corporation

text: Singer delivered 500 units to the U.S. government. Although Singer was unable to produce 100 guns a day, which the government contract required, the War Department was impressed with the quality of their pistols and asked the company to produce navigation and targeting equipment components. The pistol tooling and manufacturing machines were transferred to Remington Rand whilst some went to the Ithaca Gun Company. Approximately 1.75 million 1911A1 pistols were produced during World War II, making original Singer pistols relatively rare and collectable. In 2017, one sold at auction for $414,000.


title: Singer Corporation

text: In December 1940, Singer won a contract to produce the M5 Antiaircraft Director, a version of the UK-designed Kerrison Predictor. The US Army had previously adopted the M7 Computing Sight for their 37 mm gun M1 anti-aircraft guns, but the gun proved temperamental and Sperry Corporation was too busy producing other systems to build the required number of M7's. After testing in September 1940, the Army accepted the Kerrison as the M5, and later, the Bofors 40 mm gun in place of the M1.


title: Singer Corporation

text: Singer resumed developing sewing machines in 1946. After the not so well received Singer 206k, a first attempt in zig-zag machines, starting production in 1936, They introduced one of their most popular, highest-quality and fully-optioned machines in 1957, the 401 Slant-o-Matic. 2011 marked their 160th anniversary. Currently, they manufacture computerized, heavy duty, embroidery, quilting, serging, and mechanical sewing machines.


title: Singer Corporation

text: In the 1960s, the company diversified, acquiring the Friden calculator company in 1965 and General Precision Equipment Corporation in 1968. Friden became Singer Business Machines which produced the Singer System 10. GPE included Librascope, The Kearfott Company, Inc, and Link Flight Simulation. In 1968 also, Singer bought out GPS Systems and added it to the Link Simulations Systems Division (LSSD). This unit produced nuclear power plant control room simulators in Silver Spring, Maryland: Tech Road building for Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), Parkway building for Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and later moved to Broken Land Parkway in Columbia, Maryland while flight simulators were produced in Binghamton, New York.


title: Singer Corporation

text: For several years in the 1970s, Singer set up a national sales force for CAT phototypesetting machines (of UNIX troff fame) made by another Massachusetts company, Graphic Systems Inc. This division was purchased by Wang Laboratories in 1978.


title: Singer Corporation

text: In 1987, corporate raider Paul Bilzerian made a "greenmail" run at Singer, and ended up owning the company when no "White Knight" rescuer appeared. To recover his money, Bilzerian sold off parts of the company. Kearfott was split, the Kearfott Guidance & Navigation Corporation was sold to the Astronautics Corporation of America in 1988 and the Electronic Systems Division was purchased the Plessey Company in 1988 and renamed Plessey Electronic Systems (and then acquired by GEC-Marconi in 1990, renamed GEC-Marconi Electronic Systems, and later incorporated into BAE Systems). The four Link divisions developing and supporting industrial and flight simulation were sold to Canadian Avionics Electronics (CAE) and became CAE-Link. The nuclear power simulator division became S3 Technologies, and later GSE Systems, and relocated to Eldersburg, MD. The Sewing Machine Division was sold in 1989 to Semi-Tech Microelectronics, a publicly traded Toronto-based company.


title: Singer Corporation

text: Sales and profits grew until the 1940s. The market was affected in several ways. The USA market matured after WWII. Japanese manufacturers ate into the market with zig-zag sewing machines. Under the leadership of Donald P. Kircher, Singer diversified into markets such as office equipment, defense, and aerospace. Revenue of which 90% of revenue from sewing machines was reduced to 35% after diversification.


title: Singer Corporation

text: In 1978 Singer moved its HQ from Rockefeller Plaza to Stamford, Conn. This relocation moved 430 jobs to the new location.


title: Singer Corporation

text: During the 1980s Singer sewing machine markets were being hit with Japanese machines and European brands including Bernina, Pfaff, and Viking. In 1986, the original Singer company spun off its sewing machine business under the name SSMC. In 1989 Semi-Tech Global purchased SSMC renaming SSMC back to Singer. Semi-Tech Global incorporated Singer into Singer N.V. based in Netherlands Antilles owned by the Hong Kong holding company.


title: Singer Corporation

text: Singer N.V. filed bankruptcy in 1999 and was acquired by Kohlberg & Company. In 1997, Singer (Singer N.V.) US operations moved its consumer products to LaVergne, Tennessee. This location also served its wholesale distribution of sewing machines and parts. In 2006 The parent company of Singer - Kohlberg & Company, acquired Husqvarna and Pfaff brands. This merged the three brands into the current company the SVP Group. Its main competitors are Baby Lock, Bernina, Brother, Janome, Juki and Aisin Seiki.


title: Singer Corporation

text: Singer was heavily involved in Manhattan real estate in the 1800s through Edward C. Clark, a founder of the company. Clark had built The Dakota apartments and other Manhattan buildings in the 1880s. In 1900, the Singer company retained Ernest Flagg to build a 12-story loft building at Broadway and Prince Street in Lower Manhattan. The building is now considered architecturally notable, and it has been restored.


title: Singer Corporation

text: The 47-story Singer Building, completed in 1908, was also designed by Flagg, who designed two landmark residences for Bourne. Constructed during Bourne's tenure, the Singer Building (demolished in 1968) was then the tallest building in the world and was the tallest building to be intentionally demolished until the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were destroyed in the September 11 attacks.


title: Singer Corporation

text: At their Clydebank factory, Singer built a clock tower, which stood over the central wing and had the reputation of being the largest four-faced clock in the world. Each face weighed five tons, and it took four men fifteen minutes twice a week to keep it wound. The tower was demolished in 1963,17 years before the factory closed in 1980 and is now the site of Clydebank Business Park. Singer railway station, built to serve the factory, is only one of two railway stations in the UK, named after a factory, and is still in operation today.


title: Singer Corporation

text: The famous Singer House, designed by architect Pavel Suzor, was built in 1902–1904 at Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg as headquarters of the Russian branch of the company. This modern style building (situated just opposite the Kazan Cathedral) is officially recognized as an object of Russian historical-cultural heritage.


title: Singer Corporation

text: In 2018, a large factory fire destroyed a Singer distribution office and warehouse in Seven Hills, Sydney. Singer had manufactured sewing machines in Australia at a purpose-built plant in the western Sydney suburb of Penrith, from 1959 until 1967.


title: Joey Essex

text: Joey Donald Essex (born 29 July 1990) is an English television personality. From 2011 to 2013, he made appearances on the ITV reality series "The Only Way Is Essex". In 2013 he participated in the first series of "Splash!" and the thirteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", where he finished in fourth place. In 2015 he won the Channel 4 series "The Jump". In 2022, he participated in the eighth series of the Australian version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", finishing in sixth place.


title: Joey Essex

text: Essex attended West Hatch High School in Chigwell, Essex. He left school in 2006, having received a U in Drama, a C in Art and a D in Wood Tech at GCSE. Ten years later, as part of a television series, he added a D in GCSE General Studies, commenting that "I still don't really know what GCSE stands for."


title: Joey Essex

text: Essex first appeared in "The Only Way Is Essex" ("TOWIE") as a supporting cast member in the second series with his cousin Chloe Sims, but was then promoted to a main cast member in the third series. In 2011 the "TOWIE" cast recorded and released a single titled "Reem". In 2013 Essex competed in the first series of "Splash!" where he was eliminated during the "splash-off" in the second heat against television presenter Charlotte Jackson. On 13 November 2013 it was announced that Essex had quit "The Only Way Is Essex". Essex also appeared in the thirteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", and was voted out on 6 December 2013 after 20 days in the jungle, finishing in fourth place.


title: Joey Essex

text: In March 2014 Essex starred in a one-off documentary called "Educating Joey Essex", taking place in South Africa, narrated by Phillip Schofield. ITV2 later ordered a full series that began in June 2014. In 2016, ITV announced that the series has been picked up for a seven part second series; the series aired in the summer of that year with the first episode titled "The Queen's 90th Birthday". In 2015 Essex won the second series of Channel 4's reality show "The Jump" in 2015, and in 2016 Essex took part in the E4 reality dating series "Celebs Go Dating". It was later confirmed that Essex would return to the show for its second series in 2017.


title: Joey Essex

text: In 2017 he ranked in fourth place on the "Essex Power 100" list, being named the fourth most powerful person in Essex. In 2018 Essex was a guest in the fourth series of BBC One's "Michael McIntyre's Big Show". In 2020 Essex appeared on the second series of "", as well as MTV's "Celebrity Ex on the Beach". In 2021 he appeared in the E4 series "".


title: Joey Essex

text: In 2022, he participated in the eighth season of the Australian version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", entering the camp as an intruder in the second episode and finishing the show in sixth place.


title: Joey Essex

text: On 8 March 2013, Essex launched a hair products range, Joey Essex: D'Reem Hair. On 23 March 2013, he opened his shop "Fusey" in Brentwood. The shop closed in 2016. On 12 September 2013, Essex launched two fragrances, "Fusey" aftershave for men and "My Girl" perfume for women. In February 2016 Essex appeared in adverts for Batchelors Cup-a-Soup. In May 2017 it was announced that Essex would be launching a clothing line titled DAFDEA.


title: Joey Essex

text: Essex was engaged to fellow "TOWIE" cast member Sam Faiers, but later split up. They reconciled later in 2012. He then proposed to Faiers again in March 2013 and she accepted. However, the couple split up again on-screen in June 2013 following several arguments between the pair. In October 2014 they announced they had split up "for good".


title: Joey Essex

text: Essex, whose mother took her own life when he was ten years old, has been an ambassador for Child Bereavement UK since 2014. He addressed her suicide and his grief in the BBC Three documentary "Joey Essex: Grief and Me" broadcast on 3 June 2021. He lives in Chigwell, Essex.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: The Clydesdale is a Scottish breed of draught horse. It is named for its area of origin, the Clydesdale or valley of the River Clyde, much of which is within the county of Lanarkshire.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: The origins of the breed lie in the eighteenth century, when Flemish stallions were imported to Scotland and mated with local mares; in the nineteenth century, Shire blood was introduced. The first recorded use of the name "Clydesdale" for the breed was in 1826; the horses spread through much of Scotland and into northern England. After the breed society was formed in 1877, thousands of Clydesdales were exported to many countries of the world, particularly to Australia and New Zealand. In the early twentieth century numbers began to fall, both because many were taken for use in the First World War, and because of the increasing mechanisation of agriculture. By the 1970s, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considered the breed vulnerable to extinction. Numbers have since increased slightly.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: It is a large and powerful horse, although now not as heavy as in the past. It was traditionally used for draught power, both in farming and in road haulage. It is now principally a carriage horse. It may be ridden or driven in parades or processions; some have been used as drum horses by the Household Cavalry, while in the United States the Anheuser-Busch brewery uses a matched team of eight for publicity.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: The Clydesdale takes its name from Clydesdale, the old name for Lanarkshire, noted for the River Clyde. In the mid-18th century, Flemish stallions were imported to Scotland and bred to local mares, resulting in foals that were larger than the existing local stock. These included a black unnamed stallion imported from England by a John Paterson of Lochlyloch and an unnamed dark-brown stallion owned by the Duke of Hamilton.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Another prominent stallion was a coach horse stallion of unknown lineage named Blaze. Written pedigrees were kept of these foals beginning in the early nineteenth century, and in 1806, a filly, later known as "Lampits mare" after the farm name of her owner, was born that traced her lineage to the black stallion. This mare is listed in the ancestry of almost every Clydesdale living today. One of her foals was Thompson's Black Horse (known as Glancer), which was to have a significant influence on the Clydesdale breed.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: The first recorded use of the name "Clydesdale" in reference to the breed was in 1826 at an exhibition in Glasgow. Another theory of their origin, that of them descending from Flemish horses brought to Scotland as early as the 15th century, was also promulgated in the late 18th century. However, even the author of that theory admitted that the common story of their ancestry is more likely.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: A system of hiring stallions between districts existed in Scotland, with written records dating back to 1837. This programme consisted of local agriculture improvement societies holding breed shows to choose the best stallion, whose owner was then awarded a monetary prize. The owner was then required, in return for additional monies, to take the stallion throughout a designated area, breeding to the local mares. Through this system and by purchase, Clydesdale stallions were sent throughout Scotland and into northern England.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Through extensive crossbreeding with local mares, these stallions spread the Clydesdale type throughout the areas where they were placed, and by 1840, Scottish draught horses and the Clydesdale were one and the same. In 1877, the Clydesdale Horse Society of Scotland was formed, followed in 1879 by the American Clydesdale Association (later renamed the Clydesdale Breeders of the USA), which served both U.S. and Canadian breed enthusiasts. The first American stud book was published in 1882. In 1883, the short-lived Select Clydesdale Horse Society was founded to compete with the Clydesdale Horse Society. It was started by two breeders dedicated to improving the breed, who also were responsible in large part for the introduction of Shire blood into the Clydesdale.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Large numbers of Clydesdales were exported from Scotland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with 1617 stallions leaving the country in 1911 alone. Between 1884 and 1945, export certificates were issued for 20,183 horses. These horses were exported to other countries in the British Empire, as well as North and South America, continental Europe, and Russia.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: The First World War had the conscription of thousands of horses for the war effort, and after the war, breed numbers declined as farms became increasingly mechanised. This decline continued between the wars. Following the Second World War, the number of Clydesdale breeding stallions in England dropped from more than 200 in 1946 to 80 in 1949. By 1975, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considered them vulnerable to extinction, meaning fewer than 900 breeding females remained in the UK.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Many of the horses exported from Scotland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries went to Australia and New Zealand. In 1918, the Commonwealth Clydesdale Horse Society was formed as the association for the breed in Australia. Between 1906 and 1936, Clydesdales were bred so extensively in Australia that other draught breeds were almost unknown. By the late 1960s, it was noted that "Excellent Clydesdale horses are bred in Victoria and New Zealand; but, at least in the former place, it is considered advisable to keep up the type by frequent importations from England." Over 25,000 Clydesdales were registered in Australia between 1924 and 2008. The popularity of the Clydesdale led to it being called "the breed that built Australia".


title: Clydesdale horse

text: In the 1990s numbers began to rise. By 2005, the Rare Breeds Survival Trust had moved the breed to "at risk" status, meaning that there were fewer than 1500 breeding females in the UK. By 2010 it had been moved back to "vulnerable". In 2010 the Clydesdale was listed as "watch" by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, meaning that fewer than 2500 horses were registered annually in the USA, and there were fewer than 10,000 worldwide. In 2010 the worldwide population was estimated to be 5000, with around 4000 in the US and Canada, 800 in the UK, and the rest in other countries, including Russia, Japan, Germany, and South Africa.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: The conformation of the Clydesdale has changed greatly throughout its history. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was a compact horse smaller than the Shire, Percheron, and Belgian Draught. Beginning in the 1940s, breeding animals were selected to produce taller horses that looked more impressive in parades and shows. Today, the Clydesdale stands high and weighs . Some mature males are larger, standing taller than 183 cm and weighing up to . The breed has a straight or slightly convex facial profile, broad forehead, and wide muzzle.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: It is well-muscled and strong, with an arched neck, high withers, and a sloped shoulder. Breed associations pay close attention to the quality of the hooves and legs, as well as the general movement. Their gaits are active, with clearly lifted hooves and a general impression of power and quality. Clydesdales are energetic, with a manner described by the Clydesdale Horse Society as a "gaiety of carriage and outlook".


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Clydesdales have been identified to be at risk for chronic progressive lymphedema, a disease with clinical signs that include progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis, and fibrosis of distal limbs that is similar to chronic lymphedema in humans. Another health concern is a skin condition on the lower leg where feathering is heavy. Colloquially called "Clyde's itch", it is thought to be caused by a type of mange. Clydesdales are also known to develop sunburn on any pink (unpigmented) skin around their faces.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Clydesdales are usually bay in colour, but a Sabino like pattern (currently an untestable KIT mutation), black, grey, and chestnut also occur. Most have white markings, including white on the face, feet, and legs, and occasional body spotting (generally on the lower belly). They also have extensive feathering on their lower legs. Sabino like ticking, body spotting, and extensive white markings are thought to be the result of sabino genetics. Some Clydesdale breeders want white face and leg markings without the spotting on the body.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: To attempt getting the ideal set of markings, they often breed horses with only one white leg to horses with four white legs and sabino ticking on their bodies. On average, the result is a foal with the desired amount of white markings. Clydesdales do not have the Sabino 1 ("SB1") gene responsible for causing sabino expressions in many other breeds, and researchers theorise that several other genes are responsible for these patterns.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Many buyers pay a premium for bay and black horses, especially those with four white legs and white facial markings. Specific colours are often preferred over other physical traits, and some buyers even choose horses with soundness problems if they have the desired colour and markings. Sabino like horses are not preferred by buyers, despite one draught-breed writer theorising that they are needed to keep the desired coat colours and texture. Breed associations, however, state that no colour is bad, and that horses with roaning and body spots are increasingly accepted.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: The Clydesdale was originally used for agriculture, hauling coal in Lanarkshire, and heavy hauling in Glasgow. Today, Clydesdales are still used for draught purposes, including agriculture, logging, and driving. They are also shown and ridden, as well as kept for pleasure. Clydesdales are known to be the popular breed choice with carriage services and parade horses because of their white, feathery feet.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Along with carriage horses, Clydesdales are also used as show horses. They are shown in lead line and harness classes at county and state fairs, as well as national exhibitions.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Some of the most famous members of the breed are the teams that make up the hitches of the Budweiser Clydesdales. These horses were first owned by the Budweiser Brewery at the end of Prohibition in the United States, and have since become an international symbol of both the breed and the brand. The Budweiser breeding programme, with its strict standards of colour and conformation, have influenced the look of the breed in the United States to the point that many people believe that Clydesdales are always bay with white markings.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: Some Clydesdales are used for riding and can be shown under saddle, as well as being driven. Due to their calm disposition, they have proven to be very easy to train and capable of making exceptional trail horses. Clydesdales and Shires are used by the British Household Cavalry as drum horses, leading parades on ceremonial and state occasions. The horses are eye-catching colours, including piebald, skewbald, and roan. To be used for this purpose, a drum horse must stand a minimum of . They carry the Musical Ride Officer and two silver drums weighing each.


title: Clydesdale horse

text: In the late nineteenth century, Clydesdale blood was added to the Irish Draught breed in an attempt to improve and reinvigorate that declining breed. However, these efforts were not seen as successful, as Irish Draught breeders thought the Clydesdale blood made their horses coarser and prone to lower leg faults. The Clydesdale contributed to the development of the Gypsy Horse in Great Britain. The Clydesdale, along with other draught breeds, was also used to create the Australian Draught Horse. In the early twentieth century, they were often crossed with Dales Ponies, creating mid-sized draught horses useful for pulling commercial wagons and military artillery.


title: Can-can

text: The can-can (also spelled cancan as in the original French ) is a high-energy, physically demanding dance that became a popular music-hall dance in the 1840s, continuing in popularity in French cabaret to this day. Originally danced by couples, it is now traditionally associated with a chorus line of female dancers. The main features of the dance are the vigorous manipulation of skirts and petticoats, along with high kicks, splits, and cartwheels.


title: Can-can

text: The can-can is believed to have evolved from the final figure in the quadrille, a social dance for four or more couples. The exact origin of the dance is obscure, but the steps may have been inspired by a popular entertainer of the 1820s, Charles Mazurier, well known for his acrobatics, including the grand écart or jump splits—both popular features of the can-can.


title: Can-can

text: The dance was considered scandalous, and for a while there were attempts to suppress it. This may have been partly because in the 19th century, women wore pantalettes, which had an open crotch, and the high kicks were intentionally revealing. There is no evidence that can-can dancers wore special closed underwear, although it has been said that the Moulin Rouge management did not permit dancers to perform in "revealing undergarments". Occasionally, people dancing the can-can were arrested, but there is no record of its being banned, as some accounts claim. Throughout the 1830s, it was often groups of men, particularly students, who danced the can-can at public dance-halls.


title: Can-can

text: As the dance became more popular, professional performers emerged, although it was still danced by individuals, not by a chorus line. A few men became can-can stars in the 1840s to 1861 and an all-male group known as the performed in London in 1870. However, women performers were much more widely known.


title: Can-can

text: By the 1890s, it was possible to earn a living as a full-time dancer and stars such as La Goulue and Jane Avril emerged, who were highly paid for their appearances at the Moulin Rouge and elsewhere. The most prominent male can-can dancer of the time was Valentin le Désossé (Valentin the Boneless), a frequent partner of La Goulue. The professional dancers of the Second Empire and the fin de siècle developed the can-can moves that were later incorporated by the choreographer Pierre Sandrini in the spectacular "French Cancan", which he devised at the Moulin Rouge in the 1920s and presented at his own Bal Tabarin from 1928. This was a combination of the individual style of the Parisian dance-halls and the chorus-line style of British and American music halls.


title: Can-can

text: Outside France, the can-can achieved popularity in music halls, where it was danced by groups of women in choreographed routines. This style was imported back into France in the 1920s for the benefit of tourists, and the "French Cancan" was born—a highly choreographed routine lasting ten minutes or more, with the opportunity for individuals to display their "specialities". The main moves are the high kick or battement, the (quick rotary movement of lower leg with knee raised and skirt held up), the (turning on one leg, while grasping the other leg by the ankle and holding it almost vertically), the cartwheel and the grand écart (the flying or jump splits). It has become common practice for dancers to scream and yelp while performing the can-can.


title: Can-can

text: The can-can was introduced in America on 23 December 1867 by Giuseppina Morlacchi, dancing as a part of "The Devil's Auction" at the Theatre Comique in Boston. It was billed as "Grand Gallop Can-Can, composed and danced by Mlles. Morlacchi, Blasina, Diani, Ricci, Baretta ... accompanied with cymbals and triangles by the coryphees and corps de ballet." The new dance received an enthusiastic reception.


title: Can-can

text: By the 1890s the can-can was out of style in New York dance halls, having been replaced by the hoochie coochie.


title: Can-can

text: The can-can became popular in Alaska and Yukon, Canada, where theatrical performances feature can-can dancers to the present day.


title: Can-can

text: The can-can is considered a part of world dance culture. The dance can be physically demanding and tiring to perform, but it retains a bawdy and suggestive element in dance culture.


title: Can-can

text: When the dance appeared in the early 19th century, it was considered scandalous and repulsive, similar to how rock and roll was perceived in the 1950s. In the mid-19th century, it was often viewed as morally reprehensible due to its erotic context, and the taboo that barred the exposure of women's legs in public. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the can-can was viewed as more erotic because the dancers sported the extravagant underwear of the period with contrasting black stockings. They lifted and manipulated their skirts much more, and incorporated a move possibly the most cheeky and provocative: bending over and throwing their skirts over their backs, thus presenting their bottoms to the audience, a gesture often referred to as the "derrière". The Moulin Rouge dancer La Goulue exhibited this move with a heart embroidered on the seat of her drawers.


title: Can-can

text: A can-can dancer would sometimes stand close to a man, and bet that she could remove his hat without using her hands. If he took the bet, she would execute a high kick that would take off his hat, revealing her underwear in the process. It was also a warning that anyone taking unwanted liberties with a dancer could expect a kick in the face.


title: Can-can

text: Early editions of "The Oxford Companion to Music" defined the can-can as a "boisterous and latterly indecorous dance of the quadrille order, exploited in Paris for the benefit of such British and American tourists as will pay well to be well shocked. Its exact nature is unknown to anyone connected with this Companion."


title: Can-can

text: Many composers have written music for the can-can. The most famous is French composer Jacques Offenbach's in his operetta ("Orpheus in the Underworld") (1858). However, the galop is actually another sort of dance. Other examples occur in Franz Lehár's operetta "The Merry Widow" (1905) and Cole Porter's musical play "Can-Can" (1954), which formed the basis for the 1960 musical film "Can-Can" starring Frank Sinatra and Shirley MacLaine. Some other songs that have become associated with the can-can include Aram Khachaturian's "Sabre Dance" from his ballet "Gayane" (1938) and the music hall standard "Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay". In 1955 Jean Renoir's film "French Cancan", starring Jean Gabin as the director of a music hall which features the can-can, was released.


title: Can-can

text: The can-can has often appeared in ballet, such as Léonide Massine's (1919) and (1938), as well as The Merry Widow. Another example is the climax of Jean Renoir's film "French Cancan". A well-known can-can occurs at the finale of the "Dance of the Hours" from the opera by Amilcare Ponchielli.


title: Can-can

text: French painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec produced several paintings and a large number of posters of can-can dancers. Other painters of the can-can included Georges Seurat, Georges Rouault, and Pablo Picasso.


title: Can-can

text: The can-can has appeared in numerous film and TV productions. The 2009 anime series "Fairy Tail" featured the music as one of its themes, while a promotional advertisement for "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends" featured one of its lead characters, Coco, performing the dance before destroying the set around her.


title: Can-can

text: The Cancan tune is used as the Star Power theme in Super Mario Land. Science Bloggers AsapScience made a Periodic Table Song sung to the tune, intending to help kids and students memorize and learn about the chemical elements. In 2022, urbanist blogger Alex Davis made a song explaining the fare system of NJ Transit.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: Dancing with the Stars is the name of various international television series based on the format of the British TV series "Strictly Come Dancing", which is distributed by BBC Studios, the commercial arm of the BBC. Currently the format has been licensed to 60 territories.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: Versions have also been produced in dozens of countries across the world. As a result, the series became the world's most popular television programme among all genres in 2006 and 2007, according to the magazine "Television Business International", reaching the Top 10 in 17 countries.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The show pairs a number of well known celebrities with professional ballroom dancers, who each week compete by performing one or more choreographed routines that follow the prearranged theme for that particular week. The dancers are then scored by a panel of judges. Viewers are given a certain amount of time to place votes for their favorite dancers, either by telephone or (in some countries) online. The couple with the lowest combined score provided by the judges and viewers is eliminated. This process continues until there are only two, three, or four couples left; when they have competed for the last time one couple is declared the champion and wins a trophy.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The Chinese version is a co-production between mainland China's HBS and Hong Kong's TVB, under licence from the BBC. In mainland China it is aired on Hunan Television and in Hong Kong on TVB Jade. The Chinese title () is difficult to translate, but could be rendered as "Miracle Dancing" or "Miracles of Dance Moves". Each broadcaster provides five male and five female dancers, for a total of twenty. Pairs were determined by audience SMS votes.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The programme began airing in late 2007, in order to mark the anniversary of the 1997 handover of Hong Kong from the UK to the People's Republic of China.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The Indian version is called "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa". It was first broadcast in September 2006 on Sony Entertainment Television (SET). A lot of people confuse "Dancing With The Stars" with "Nach Baliye" which airs on StarPlus. "Nach Baliye" and "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" have similar content and presentation but there are minor differences in the concept. The celebrity dancers on "Nach Baliye" are real life couples, and work with an assigned choreographer. The dancers on "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" have one celebrity paired with a trained dancer/choreographer. A notice at the end of the show verifies that the "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" is indeed a version of "Dancing With The Stars".


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: "Dancing with the Star Indonesia" broadcast in March 2011 on Indosiar and hosted by Choky Sitohang & Cathy Sharon.On the 1st Series The 2nd Runner up is Hengky Kurniawan & Melissa, the 1st Runner up is Yuanita Christiani & Wawan, and the winner is Fadli & Trisna. The 2nd Series which is broadcast in October–December 2011 the 2nd Runner Up is Tya Ariestya & Yana, the 1st Runner Up is Melly "SHE" & Wawan and the winner is singer Lucky Widja & Sri


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The Japanese version is called "Shall We Dance?" It has the same title as the 1996 movie by the same name, but it has no relation to it beyond the shared name. Due to the fact that there was already a series-special dancing program, and that many cast members from it also appeared in the new program, the Japanese version was confused with a regularly scheduled version of the series-special, rather than its own version of the TV series. This one ran from 8 April 2006, to 17 March 2007 on NTV-4.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The show () has aired on MBC TV since June 10, 2011, and is hosted by Lee Deok-hwa, with co-host Lee So-ra in Season 1 while former contestant Kim Gyu-ri co-hosted the second season. The first season was won by Moon Hee-joon and his partner Ahn Hye-sang while the second season was won by Choi Yeo-jin and her partner Park Ji-woo. The 3rd Season was won by pop-singer and dancer Fei and her partner Kim Soo Ro.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: "Nachley" (lit. "Dance") is the Pakistani version of "Dancing with the Stars". The show is aired on ARY Digital and its theme is based around traditional Pakistani music and dance concepts.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The first Peruvian reality show based on "Dancing With The Stars" was "" (2005–2006), hosted by Rebeca Escribens and broadcast on Panamericana Televisión (channel 5) on Saturday afternoon. The show had two seasons, then it was cancelled.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The second dancing show was "Bailando por un sueño" (Dancing for a Dream) in 2008, based on a Mexican reality show with the same name, broadcast on Panamericana Televisión, but produced by a different production: GV Producciones. This show was hosted by Gisela Valcárcel and Giancarlo Chichizola and aired every Saturday night (from June to December). The show was like "Dancing With The Stars", but instead of professional dancers, there were amateur dancers. They danced every week in order to win a prize: to achieve a personal/humanitarian goal or "dream". The show had 2 series and the 4 first places of each series had the chance to dance on "Reyes de la Pista".


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The next year (2009), "El Show de los sueños" was shown every Saturday night (from May to December) on América Televisión (channel 4) and hosted by Gisela Valcárcel and Christian Rivero. This reality show was a dancing and singing competition, therefore, there was one star, an amateur dancer, and an amateur singer per group. They performed to achieve a personal/humanitarian goal or "dream". The 3 first places of each series, 1 fourth place of series 1 and an 8th place of series 2 selected by the judges won a chance to perform on "Reyes del Show" (Show Kings).


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: Since 2010, El Gran Show (The Amazing Show) is broadcast on América Televisión (channel 4) every Saturday night (from May to December) and it's hosted by Gisela Valcárcel and Christian Rivero. This reality show is like "Bailando por un Sueño": 2 series and a "top performers series". This time, each amateur dancer represents a Peruvian city. besides, in this show, the pairs (the famous and the amateur dancer) were scored from 1 to 10 by standard judges and "V.I.P judges", who are 12 random people representing the Peruvian audience, they are weekly selected by lottery via website. The 3 first places from each series win a chance to dance on (Show Kings).


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The Russian TV show is called "Танцы со звёздами" ("Tantsy so zvyozdami", transliterated). The first season, which began in 2006, became extremely popular. Its second season is in progress after a long delay. The format of the show is identical to that of other countries. Each pair is composed of a famous celebrity and a professional dancer.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: The Turkish version was called "Yok Böyle Dans". Thirteen couples were participating in the competition. Lilia Kopylova was the head of the judging panel of four. Azra Akın won the competition with her partner Nikolai.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: In Ukraine the show started in September 2006 on television channel 1+1 under the name "Танці з зірками" ("Tantsi z zirkamy") which stands for "Dances With The Stars". The show was hosted by Yuriy Horbunov and Tina Karol. The star contestants were paired with famous Ukrainian dancers, who had won major international competitions. The winners of the show were rewarded with the tour to the Rio Carnival, while the runners-up went to the Carnival on Cuba. The show was extremely popular with Ukrainian viewers. The show finale held on the November 26, 2006 had the TV rating of 26.83% with the share of 54.64%, meaning that a quarter of the Ukrainian population and more than half of all TV viewers at that moment watched the final. The show overall was watched by nearly 16 million Ukrainians. The pair of Volodymyr Zelenskyy (leader of a famous Ukrainian comic troupe and future president of Ukraine) and Olena Shoptenko won the main prize.


title: Dancing with the Stars

text: In the United States, the show is called "Dancing with the Stars", which airs on ABC from 2005 to 2021 and currently on Disney+ featuring athletes, singers, actors, and professional dancers. It is currently hosted by Tyra Banks and Alfonso Ribeiro. The show is a huge hit since it debuted in 2005. The Spanish-language network Univision also has its own version in 2010 under the name "Mira Quien Baila" ("Look Who's Dancing"). The Mirror Ball trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards. In addition, ABC debuted the version of the show on October 7, 2018 with Jordan Fisher and Frankie Muniz as hosts. In September 2019, ABC cancelled the Junior counterpart after one season.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: Tommy Tiernan (; born 16 June 1969) is an Irish comedian, actor, and writer. He is best known for hosting "The Tommy Tiernan Show" (2017–present) and playing Gerry in the sitcom "Derry Girls" (2018–2022).


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: Tiernan was born in Carndonagh on 16 June 1969, the son of a mother from County Limerick and a father from County Kerry. He moved with his family as a child; after spells living in London and Zambia, he attended the Catholic ex-junior seminary St Patrick's Classical School in Navan, where his schoolmates included Hector Ó hEochagáin and Dylan Moran. He later attended the boarding school Garbally College in Ballinasloe.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: Tiernan has appeared several times on "The Late Late Show". In the United States, he has appeared several times on the "Late Show with David Letterman". He has also appeared on "Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow", "The Lee Mack Show", Dave's "One Night Stand", "QI", and joined Eddie Izzard and Ross Noble at Laughs in the Park.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: In "Going to America", the final episode of the clerical sitcom "Father Ted", Tiernan plays a young priest whose suicide attempt is foiled by Ted at a festival named "It's Great Being a Priest '98". He is later cured of depression by the "Theme from Shaft", but subsequently relapses after overhearing the Radiohead song "Exit Music (For a Film)".


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: In the 1999 Channel 4 sitcom "Small Potatoes", Tiernan took the lead role of Ed Blewitt, an underachiever who works in an east London video rental shop. It ran for 13 episodes over 2 seasons, ending in 2001.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: In 2008, Tiernan and Hector Ó hEochagáin formed as a radio duo on "The Tommy and Hector Show" on i102-104FM after hinting at a desire to be on the radio, months before on "The Late Late Show". Speaking about his role, Tiernan said, "I've always wanted to have loads of craic on the radio. What better way to have a mountain of devilment than to do a show with my best friend." Following the success of their show on iRadio Northwest, the show moved to the nationwide slot of Saturday 10am-12pm on 2FM.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: In 2013, Tiernan performed in Vicar Street, Dublin, for his 200th show, in front of an audience of 1,000 people.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: To date Tiernan has eight stand-up comedy DVDs: "Tommy Tiernan Live", "Cracked", "Loose", "", "Ok Baby", "Bovinity", "Crooked Man" and "Stray Sod".


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: When Tiernan started out, he wanted to be like Lenny Bruce. However, unlike Bruce, he does not regard himself as being a comedian "with a message". He had admitted that his sense of humour is controversial, but claims that it is based on instinct and denies there is any malice in it.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: In 2007, some families of people with Down syndrome complained about a routine in Tiernan's act about people with the condition. It had caused some surprise to some of the families as he previously ran a marathon in support of Down Syndrome Ireland.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: An appearance on "The Late Late Show" in 2008 led to complaints about Tiernan's jokes involving a methadone user, Eastern European immigrant accents, buying a motorbike from an injured biker, and a film idea about "gay Traveller spacemen" seeking a cure for gayness, eight of which were upheld by the Broadcasting Complaints Commission. Some of his previous routines which went largely without remark included a comic reference to disproportionate American reaction to 9/11 and the indifferent Israeli attitude to foreign criticism of their occupations of surrounding land.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: In September 2009, while being interviewed by Olaf Tyaransen for "Hot Press" magazine at a pre-performance Q&A session at Electric Picnic in County Laois, Tiernan was asked by an audience member if he had ever been accused of antisemitism. He responded by making remarks about the Holocaust and Jews and the death of Christ. He stated that a comedian should not be looked to for political correctness and said, "These Jews, these fucking Jew cunts come up to me. Fucking Christ-killing bastards. Fucking six million? I would have got 10 or 12 million out of that. No fucking problem! Fuck them." He later suggested in several interviews that his points were intended as a commentary on how somebody's words can easily be taken out of context when a small segment of a dialogue is quoted. The response of the audience was criticised as "disappointing" by Fine Gael's Alan Shatter, who also said, "I would regard it as particularly sad that people found that sort of outburst in any way amusing." Tiernan later released a statement that said he had not meant to cause offence and that his words had been taken out of context. He said that the comments were part of an attempt to explain his belief that comedians have a duty to be "irresponsible and reckless", to allow "whatever lunacy is within you to come out", and that they should never be taken out of context. He added that the statements that had caused controversy had been preceded by a statement not to take the rant seriously.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: Catholic Archbishop Diarmuid Martin criticised the remarks, describing them as "offensive to the Jewish community" and "offensive to all who feel revulsion concerning the Holocaust, one of the most horrific events in human history". He said, "I can only decry the comments as insensitive and hurtful to the suffering of the victims and to a memory which is sacred." Holocaust Education Trust Ireland condemned Tiernan's statements as "appalling". Labour's Ruairi Quinn, chairman of the Trust, said that "as someone in the public eye, he has to take responsibility for his racist comments. We are equally concerned about the report of the audience's reaction, which appears to have endorsed, sustained and enjoyed his comments. We would hope that the Irish public will choose to stay away from such racist 'entertainment' in future". The Trust also said it "utterly condemns Mr Tiernan's anti-Semitic outburst and calls upon him to repudiate completely and apologise unreservedly for the comments about the Holocaust and the Jews he is reported to have made" and "This incident highlights the necessity and relevance of the role of Holocaust education in order to educate and inform people in Ireland about the Holocaust, intolerance and anti-Semitism." Louis Lentin said Tiernan should be denied a visa for his shows in the U.S. in October. Lentin said Tiernan's Electric Picnic comments were "disgraceful", and "extraordinarily racist." "He doesn't realise what he has said. He doesn't realise the seriousness of it. You can't make a joke about the Holocaust and just because you say it is a joke does not make it funny or acceptable".


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: Rabbi and comedian Bob Alper said that Tiernan's statement on the subject was an attempt to "weasel out" of the situation. He said of Tiernan's claim that comedians have a duty to be irresponsible, "To me that's really stupid. I don't think that comedians should be reckless or irresponsible. Comedians should be concerned about the feelings of other human beings. It's hurtful. Comedians in America don't do anti-semitic things. I've rarely heard of it. There are plenty of tasteless comedians out there but none of them pick on a group of people." He also did not consider Tiernan's statement to be an apology, suggesting that Tiernan should say the words "I'm sorry". "Hot Press" editor Niall Stokes defended Tiernan: "To interpret it as anti-Semitism is wrongheaded in the extreme. The way I see it, he is satirising anti-Semitism, while making a more general point that we should all be able to laugh at ourselves." Tyaransen wrote that neither he nor Tiernan had anticipated the response to Tiernan's comments. He said the last question asked from the floor about a "dogged charge of anti-Semitism" led to the comments, and part of Tiernan's response recounted criticism of his routine by a Jewish couple after a show in New York City. Tyaransen said that Tiernan's comments had been taken out of context and that he personally saw the monologue as "very funny".


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: Tiernan married Yvonne McMahon, his partner and manager, on 9 August 2009 in County Monaghan; they had been together since December 2002.


title: Tommy Tiernan

text: In 1996, Tiernan won the Channel 4 "So You Think You're Funny" award. Two years later he was awarded the Perrier Comedy Award at the 1998 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and won the Best Stand-Up Award at the British Comedy Awards. In 2003, he won the Nokia Best of the Fest Award and the Orange People Choice Award at the Edinburgh Comedy Festival. In 2006, he won Ireland's Funniest Living Person Award at the People of the Year Awards.


title: John Connor

text: John Connor is a fictional character in the "Terminator" franchise. Created by writer and director James Cameron, the character is first referred to in the 1984 film "The Terminator" and first appears in its 1991 sequel "" ("T2"). In the character's first appearance, John is portrayed by Edward Furlong as a child, and briefly by Michael Edwards as an adult in a small role. Other actors have portrayed the character in subsequent films, including Nick Stahl, Christian Bale, and Jason Clarke. In addition, Thomas Dekker portrayed John Connor in the television series "".


title: John Connor

text: In a 2021 interview, James Cameron said that the song "Russians" by Sting inspired him to create John Connor: "I remember sitting there once, high on E, writing notes for "Terminator", and I was struck by Sting’s song, that “I hope the Russians love their children too.” And I thought, “You know what? The idea of a nuclear war is just so antithetical to life itself.” That’s where the kid came from."


title: John Connor

text: Over the years, there have been multiple discrepancies, discussions and confusion over the age of John Connor.


title: John Connor

text: In "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", the police computer the T-1000 uses lists John's date of birth as February 28, 1985, consistent with his conception in "The Terminator", taking place in May 1984, making him a 10-year-old in "T2". However, this is contradicted in "T2" when the reprogrammed Terminator tells John he will send it back through time "35 years from now". This would mean the movie is set in 1994 when John is a 9-year-old. Later on it also states that Judgment Day will happen "in three years time", in August 1997. However, the Terminator may have been rounding up.


title: John Connor

text: In the opening narration of "Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines", John states that he was attacked by the T-1000 when he was thirteen. Furthermore, he tells the T-101 that Cyberdyne was destroyed "over 10 years ago", which would make him several years older than what was previously established in the earlier films. This was a mistake made by "T3"'s director, who chose to make the character older to match Edward Furlong's age in "T2". The synopsis on several "T3" DVD covers also incorrectly state that John is 22.


title: John Connor

text: In the pilot episode of "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles", taking place in August 1999, John is fifteen, stating it has been 2 years since they blew up Cyberdyne ("T2" taking place in 1997 in the show, rather than 1995). After time traveling to 2007 with Sarah and Cameron, John turns sixteen in the first season's last episode, placing his date of birth on November 13, 1983, a full seven months before his supposed conception. As the show's last episode takes place in 2009, this would mean John turns seventeen off-screen. In the season 2 episode "Today Is the Day, Part 2", John incorrectly states he was 12 when "T2" took place, contradicting the pilot episode's statement of it being 2 years since the events of "T2" and John being fifteen. As the events of "T2" took place in 1997 in the show's timeline, this would be consistent with his date of birth shown in the film.


title: John Connor

text: The opening scene of "Terminator: Dark Fate" takes place 3 years after "T2", in 1998. Despite John being 3 years older, he hasn't aged as much as he should have. This is likely a mistake made by the film's production team, using Edward Furlong's physical template from "T2" to recreate his facial likeness from 1991.


title: John Connor

text: In the fictional universe's narrative, John Connor is a messianic figure (born on February 28, 1985) who will lead the Resistance to defeat an empire of robotic Terminators amassed by the rogue military AI Skynet, following a cybernetic revolt doomsday event known as Judgment Day. When his mother Sarah Connor was the target of a time travelling Terminator unit (Model 101) in the first film, John sent resistance fighter Kyle Reese to protect Sarah, knowing Kyle and Sarah would later conceive him. With foreknowledge from his parents, John fends off Terminator assassination attempts in the second and third films before Judgment Day. In the fourth film, John fights with the Resistance in a post-apocalyptic setting after Skynet has taken over.


title: John Connor

text: As the series' central plot heavily involves time travel, the story of the character is often non-linear and portrays many possible outcomes, for example "Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines" and television series "Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles" continue from the ending of "Terminator 2" but are depicted as taking place in alternate timelines, while "Terminator Genisys" (2015) revisits and changes the events of the first film. "" also continues from the events of "Terminator 2" in another alternate timeline.


title: John Connor

text: In "The Terminator", John is mentioned and is the basis of the film. The Terminator (Arnold Schwarzenegger) is attempting to kill Sarah Connor (Linda Hamilton) because the latter will be his mother, but John does not make a physical appearance. At the film's end, Sarah is shown to be pregnant with John.


title: John Connor

text: John in his first appearance in "" (a sequel to the first film) is a 10-year-old child living with foster parents (Jenette Goldstein and Xander Berkeley) while Sarah Connor is at a prison hospital of the criminally insane. Though he is informed of his destiny of his future conflict with Skynet, young John is skeptical of his mother's claims of his fate as humanity's leader. While in an arcade with a friend, the Model 101 (Schwarzenegger), a reprogrammed android sent by John's future self; and the T-1000 (Robert Patrick) fight over him. This starts a chase sequence where the Model 101 and John try to lose the T-1000; this event validates John's mother's warning to him about Skynet.


title: John Connor

text: Later that night, Sarah breaks out and he and the Model 101 go to save Sarah, and the three escape. John teaches the Model 101 how to be like a human; teaching sayings like ""hasta la vista", baby!" He forms an emotional bond with the Terminator, coming to regard it as a father figure. John later helps with the destruction of Cyberdyne Systems to avert Skynet's creation by breaking into the safe with Skynet's creator, Miles Dyson, to retrieve the first Terminator's damaged arm and CPU, which Dyson was using to create new technology, unaware of what it would lead to. After Cyberdyne is destroyed and the T-1000 is melted in a steel mill, John throws the remnants of the first Terminator into the molten steel. He begs the Terminator not to destroy itself as well, despite the Terminator's warning that allowing it to continue existing creates the risk to recreate Skynet at some future date. John ultimately bids his friend farewell with a hug, and watches as the Terminator is lowered into molten steel.


title: John Connor

text: John is briefly seen at the film's beginning in a flash-forward as an adult played by Michael Edwards while Dalton Abbot (Linda Hamilton's real-life son) also played the character as a toddler in a dream sequence. An alternate ending takes place in 2027, in which John is a U.S. senator and father to a daughter in a world where Skynet was never able to start its war on humanity.


title: John Connor

text: John is portrayed by Nick Stahl in "" (set 10 years after the second film). Now a young adult, John has been living off-the-grid after the second film's events, even as the original Judgment Day deadline in 1997 came to pass without incident. His mother Sarah eventually developed leukemia and died before the events of the film. In the film, John crosses paths with Katherine "Kate" Brewster (Claire Danes), a former classmate from when he was living with his foster parents. He is attacked by a T-X Terminator (Kristanna Loken), which was sent from the future. Unlike predecessors, the T-X's objective was to terminate his future Resistance officers as secondary targets because John's location was unknown. When the T-X encounters John, the T-X changes priority to focus entirely on him and Kate. Because of this Terminator being dominant and feminine, John personally coins the T-X as "Terminatrix."


title: John Connor

text: A protector T-101 (Schwarzenegger), a doppelgänger of John's previous protector, is also sent back in time to protect him, explaining that Judgment Day had only been delayed and is now only hours away. The T-101 also states being sent from the future by Kate, Scott Mason's fiancé and second-in-command; John had actually been killed by that very Terminator on July 4, 2032, as Skynet believed to be the most suitable for such a mission due to John's emotional attachment to said model. John and Kate intend to halt Skynet's launching. The two mistakenly believe Skynet's core is in a facility, only to find themselves locked and protected in a secure bunker as the first nuclear assault is launched on the United States as a result of Skynet's manipulations. Skynet is pure software and has already spread to every server worldwide, making it impossible to shut down. It is via the radios in this bunker that John begins to broadcast messages to lay the groundwork to help survivors and organize the Resistance.


title: John Connor

text: John is portrayed by Christian Bale in "Terminator Salvation" (which is set in 2018). Now an older, battle-experienced Resistance soldier, Kate Brewster (Bryce Dallas Howard) who serves as a medic and is now pregnant with his child. Kate also assists command with her Tech-Com unit. Since Judgment Day, John has been broadcasting radio messages to both the Resistance forces and surviving refugees in an effort to maintain morale and hope. The story also features new character Marcus Wright (Sam Worthington), and the teenage Kyle Reese (Anton Yelchin). John starts as one of the many foot soldiers who make up the Resistance movement based in California.


title: John Connor

text: Despite having extensive prior knowledge of the machines and Skynet's capabilities, John is largely dismissed by General Hugh Ashdown (Michael Ironside) who runs the resistance organization, considering Connor as a delusional false prophet at best and a dangerous liability to their operations at worst. Nonetheless, there are pockets of people within the Resistance who have come to believe in John's experiences and judgment based on their own first hand experiences serving with him. In addition, the Resistance's majority is gradually losing faith towards the Resistance Command due to Ashdown's ruthless and vicious tactics that cost many of his own soldiers and civilians' lives. Towards the middle of the film, John learns that Kyle has been placed in a detention center by Skynet which is aware of Kyle's future role as John's father, classifying Kyle as its primary target and John as its secondary objective even over the Resistance's current leaders and sets out to rescue Kyle, with Marcus leading him to the base. Upon arrival, John faces off with a T-800 crafted in the unit's image that he and his family have encountered previously. John is hurt during his encounter with the T-800 and receives multiple cuts to the face, mirroring the same scars seen on John's face in the opening scenes of "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" and "Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines". Marcus helps him destroy the T-800 but John's heart is too badly damaged due to injury and Marcus offers his own to John. In addition, after the Resistance Command is caught into Skynet's trap, John's Tech-Com unit takes over the authority with no opposition. John's ending statement is that though this battle has been won, the war is far from over.


title: John Connor

text: John is portrayed by Jason Clarke in "Terminator Genisys" (which alters the last three films' events). Following a confrontation with a T-5000 (Matt Smith) on the war's seemingly final day just as Kyle Reese (Jai Courtney) is being sent back to save Sarah Connor (Emilia Clarke), John is forcibly transformed into the T-3000 cyborg as a result of a Skynet program to use nanites to convert living flesh into machine matter. Although all other recorded test subjects for this process were left irreversibly insane and then died during the transformation, John came through the process reasonably intact, albeit now a sociopath dedicated to ensuring Skynet's rise at humanity's cost.


title: John Connor

text: Skynet then sends the T-3000 back in time to ensure its creation in the altered timeline, John now believing that the future requires man and machine to come together like he has. He travels back in time to 2014 and joins Cyberdyne Systems to help create a new version of Skynet, working with Miles Dyson and Danny Dyson to perfect development of the new Genisys system, turning Skynet into a massive digital network rather than a single computer system. Three years later, despite his superior physical strength, he was destroyed by "Pops" (Schwarzenegger), a T-800 reprogrammed and sent into the past by an unknown party to protect Sarah, when both of them were trapped inside a prototype time machine. With the machine just capable of generating the electromagnetic energy that prevented non-living tissue travelling through time without actually generating a temporal portal, Connor is ripped apart while trapped at the heart of the machine after earlier battle-damage disrupted his ability to maintain his organic shell. It is ambiguous as to whether a version of the character will exist in the altered timeline, with John himself stating that his existence is a paradox that is no longer tied to Sarah and Kyle conceiving him.


title: John Connor

text: John appears briefly in "", which serves as a different sequel to "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", portrayed by Jude Collie with CGI facial capture performed by Furlong, ignoring previous sequels without creator James Cameron's involvement. In the opening scene, set three years after the events of "Judgment Day", it is revealed that even though Skynet was erased from existence with Cyberdyne's destruction, it had sent multiple Terminators back to different points in time to kill John. He and Sarah are found in Guatemala by a T-800, which then shoots John dead in front of Sarah.


title: John Connor

text: Though dead and gone, John's legacy continues to play a crucial role in the story. In the following years, with its mission fulfilled, the same T-800 develops a form of conscience and takes the name "Carl". It atones for John's death by sending Sarah encrypted messages revealing the location of Skynet's future arriving Terminators, while Sarah takes it upon herself to track down and destroy them to avenge John and ensure that their technology will not be used to rebuild Skynet and John's sacrifice will not be in vain. Carl later joins the fight against the Rev-9, a Terminator built by a new A.I. known as Legion. The Rev-9 is sent from the future to kill Daniella "Dani" Ramos, who will take John's place as the future leader of the human resistance against machines. In the future, Dani tells her army that "there is no fate but what we make for ourselves", just as John said to Kyle Reese before sending him back to 1984. As Carl and the Rev-9 are destroyed, Carl's final words to Sarah are "for John", therefore atoning for John's death by sacrificing itself. Like she did with John, Sarah plans to prepare Dani for the coming battles against Legion, explaining her similar role and quotes to John's in the future.


title: John Connor

text: Thomas Dekker portrays John Connor in the parallel universe television series "". He is only fifteen years old at the beginning of the show, turning sixteen in the season one finale, and seventeen throughout season two. As the series progresses, John struggles with his feelings for the Terminator Cameron. John De Vito plays a young John Connor in two episodes "Queen's Gambit" and "To the Lighthouse".


title: John Connor

text: Dekker was cast after Lena Headey secured the role of Sarah Connor. Regarding the "Terminator" films, Dekker says "They are like my favorite films when I was younger. So it's very ironic that I'm getting to do this. And I know for the younger generation and for myself, John was equally important to me as Sarah was, and I know a lot of the people that I hear from really, really care about John". Dekker described his character as "a continuation of Eddie Furlong's character" but "he's in a darker, more mature place now".


title: John Connor

text: The show tells the story of the Connors in an alternate timeline from "Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines". It branches off from the shared back story of "Terminator 2", and according to consulting producer James Middleton, it was a new "version of "T3"."


title: John Connor

text: At the beginning of the series in 1999, John and Sarah try to settle down to normal lives after the events of the second film, but they are in fear of being captured for blowing up Cyberdyne. While at school, John is attacked by a Terminator posing as a teacher, and is protected by a reprogrammed Terminator named "Cameron". John learns that Judgment Day has not been prevented, only postponed to April 21, 2011. John does not want to run anymore and asks Sarah to stop Skynet from being created. Cameron uses time dilation technology (built by "The Engineer" from the future) to send all three of them to 2007, just before Skynet is created, so that they can stop it.


title: John Connor

text: Settling down in 2007, John enrolls in Campo de Cahuenga High School under the name of John Baum, after author L. Frank Baum who wrote "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", a book that Sarah says was John's favorite when he was younger, where he is friends with his fellow students and Riley Dawson. He becomes acquainted with his father's older brother, Derek Reese, who is also a resistance fighter sent back in time to help them. This version of John is shown to be a highly skilled computer hacker (a nod from "Terminator 2"), even being able to hack into 's CPU in order to read the information it contains, as well as easily hacking into the LAPD database. He claims that he could hack a computer system 'in (his) sleep'. He is also proficient in chess, lock-picking, self-defense, and weaponry, all of which were part of his training during his childhood.


title: John Connor

text: The relationship dynamic between John and Cameron is different than with the Model 101 seen in the second film by virtue of her size/gender, with some degree of sexual tension. He also develops a relationship with Riley Dawson, a high school classmate, who, unknown to him, is also from the future and working with Jesse Flores, a resistance fighter and lover of Derek Reese. Jesse's plan was for John to become infatuated with Riley, making her a threat to John's security. This would force Cameron to kill Riley, thereby alienating John from her. Apparently, after Judgment Day, rumors abound of an unnatural relationship between the two that affects John's tactical decision making, and some are unsettled that he has appointed a Terminator as one of his lieutenants.


title: John Connor

text: John Connor appears in the video game "Terminator Salvation", which is set two years before the events of the film. In 2016, John (voiced by Gideon Emery) and Blair Williams (Moon Bloodgood) are on a mission to rescue David Weston (Sean Cory Cooper), until they team up with Angie Salter (Rose McGowan) and Barnes (Common) to fight the machines.


title: John Connor

text: John Connor appears in the video game "Terminator: Resistance", which is set during the original future war depicted in the first two Terminator films. He is voiced by Eric Meyers and serves as the player character, Jacob Rivers's commanding officer within the Tech-Com Resistance group. John makes a physical appearance towards the endgame where he briefs and debriefs Jacob during the final assault on Skynet's base.


title: John Connor

text: Furlong reprised his role from "Terminator 2" in this Universal Studios attraction, in which he and a T-800 attempt to stop Judgment Day. They travel to the future and infiltrate Cyberdyne to prevent the completion of Skynet. After fighting various machines and succeeding in their mission, John is sent back to the present.


title: John Connor

text: The "T2" novel trilogy explores Sarah and John's life while living off-the-grid. The first novel, "T2: Infiltrator", is set six years after the events of "". It sees Sarah and 16-year-old John live a relatively normal life under the assumed names Suzanne and John Krieger, near a small town in Paraguay. They own a successful trucking company and are proficient smugglers. John also attends military school, quickly becoming one of their best students, gaining military skills, weaponry and hacking knowledge. The Connors believed that they had destroyed Cyberdyne Systems for good and prevented the creation of Skynet, until a new T-800 is sent to kill them. To stop Skynet's creation, the Connors team up with their new neighbor Dieter von Rossbach, a former Austrian counterterrorism operative and future model for the T-800 series. They also join forces with FBI agent Jordan Dyson, the brother of Miles Dyson. The group destroys Cyberdyne's most recent facility and the remaining Terminators, although Sarah is wounded by a new Terminator model, the i-950 Infiltrator, who had sent the T-800.


title: John Connor

text: The following novel, "T2: Rising Storm", shows John and Dieter starting up the foundations of the future Resistance a few months after the events of the previous novel. Dieter has been chosen as John's guardian by Sarah while she recovers from her wounds. Dieter, John, and John's new girlfriend, Wendy Dorset, head to a Cyberdyne back-up facility in Montana but they fail to stop Skynet from becoming sentient. Wendy is killed by an i-950, and Skynet begins eradicating humanity after John accidentally uploads a command protocol to make Skynet sentient (Wendy had completed a program to erase Skynet before her death but John uploaded the wrong file at the last minute).


title: John Connor

text: In the final novel, "T2: The Future War", Skynet has killed three billion people and John has become the leader of the Resistance, with Sarah and Dieter having fallen in love and married. The life between the parents of John's eventual father Kyle Reese is explored, with Kyle being born, being captured by a patrol unit as a child and forced to work in a Skynet work camp. The work camp is liberated by John and his Tech-Com unit, freeing Kyle and the other prisoners, while Kyle's parents are killed. John assigns his friend Jack Brock to protect Kyle, as well as becoming his foster father. Kyle grows up fighting alongside John and his Tech-Com unit. In 2029, as the Resistance is about to destroy Skynet's defence grid, Skynet makes a last effort to win the war by sending several Terminators back in time to kill the Connors. Once John finds out about this, he sends the volunteering Kyle back to protect Sarah from the T-800 and a reprogrammed T-800 to protect his younger self from the T-1000. Afterwards, Skynet is effectively destroyed and John is greeted by Sarah, Dieter and the remaining Resistance members as they are relieved that the great ordeal is finally over.


title: John Connor

text: John Connor appears in the non-canon Terminator/Superman comic book crossover "", in which he and Sarah Connor team up with Superman against Skynet and The Cyborg.


title: John Connor

text: Furlong won an MTV Movie Award and a Saturn Award for his performance in "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", while Bale was nominated for a Teen Choice Award for his performance in "Terminator Salvation".


title: John Connor

text: The decision to kill John off in the opening scene of "Dark Fate" was met with an overwhelmingly negative reaction, and many suggested that his death and replacement with Daniella Ramos and Grace was merely a response to feminism, the Me Too movement and social justice warrior politics as opposed to actual character and plot development.


title: John Connor

text: Fred Hawson of "ABS-CBN News" wrote: "By deciding to lose John Connor early on in this one made the emotional heart of the first two classic "Terminator" films stop beating as well." Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" argued that killing John Connor ruined what the previous two films established: "Even though "Dark Fate" tosses aside the third, fourth and fifth entries in the series like a Terminator disposing of a hapless cop, it also undercuts the impact of the first film and the follow-up (which is one of the two or three greatest sequels of all time). First, they get rid of the John Connor character in almost casual fashion." He also stated: "This three-quel, if you will, is so derivative of "Judgment Day", they should have asked us to forget about that movie as well if they wanted us to believe it has anything fresh or original to add to the franchise."


title: John Connor

text: Corey Plante of "Inverse", who was critical of Furlong's portrayal of the character in "Terminator 2", ironically found his character's death off-putting: "The character at the focus of every previous "Terminator" movie — the same young boy I irrationally hated since I was a young boy myself — was dead. Needless to say, it rattled me." He also found that replacing him with new heroes undermined the Connors' importance established in the previous films: "The future that made [Sarah Connor] important died with John, and now there's a new "Terminator" story with a new set of heroes that makes it seem like no matter how many times Skynet or its next iteration sends a murder robot back in time to kill someone, there will always be a new hero waiting to rise up." Robert Yaniz Jr. of "CheatSheet" described the twist as unthinkable: "In an instant, the entire crux of the franchise — the human resistance led by John — is torn away." Dani Di Placido put the killing of John Connor at the top of his list of things wrong with "Dark Fate" and predicted that the film would fail at the box office because of it: "Those first five minutes completely disregard the only sequel that fans love – "Terminator 2". What was the point of all that struggle, all of Sarah's desperate attempts to keep herself, and her son, alive? John Connor might be dead weight at this point, narratively speaking, but he was our main connection to the original films, and his death renders both of those movies pointless."


title: John Connor

text: Matt Goldberg of "Collider" felt the opening did irreparable damage to the legacy of "Terminator 2" by rendering it pointless: "Every sequel since has diminished the ending of "Judgment Day" because the story 'needs' to continue (because studios like money and can't leave well enough alone). But "Terminator: Dark Fate" may be the worst offender thus far as its prologue directly follows "T2" and goes for shock value rather than considering what it means to continue the narrative." Richard Trenholm of "CNET" felt the opening twist summed up everything wrong with "Dark Fate": "The joy [of seeing the de-aged characters] instantly becomes cringeworthy, as this prologue undermines "Terminator 2" by killing a major character in such a cursory fashion it just feels silly."


title: John Connor

text: Ian Sandwell of "Digital Spy" suggested that the twist was not particularly important given that in the other films John Connor only exists to "motivate the other characters and sets the plot in motion", and that John's role as a future leader had already been rendered moot through the elimination of Skynet.


title: John Connor

text: About the controversial scene, Furlong also responded negatively, and expressed his hope of one day reprising the role for an entire future film. Linda Hamilton also opined that John's death scene would upset fans, as she, like many, considered John to be the true main protagonist of the series. Stahl also expressed interest in reprising the role in a possible seventh film.


title: John Connor

text: Fans of the series also accused James Cameron of hypocrisy over the decision to kill off John Connor in the opening scene. In 1986, Cameron directed the film "Aliens", which would later be followed by "Alien 3", which was directed by David Fincher and saw the characters Newt, Hicks and Bishop killed off in the opening scene, a move which was negatively received by audiences and which Cameron decried as a "slap in the face" for fans of the "Alien" franchise. "Terminator" fans claimed that it was hypocritical of Cameron to criticize Fincher when he and Miller later did exactly the same to audiences regarding John Connor in "Dark Fate", claiming that while "Alien 3" was still successful enough to spawn a sequel, "", as the main protagonist Ellen Ripley was still alive, potential sequels to "Dark Fate" were cancelled because fans considered John Connor to be the central character of the "Terminator" franchise and that his death and simple replacement with Dani Ramos following the narrative set in the first two films had rendered the series pointless.


title: Mehwish Hayat

text: Mehwish Hayat (born 6 January 1988) is an Pakistani actress who primarily works in Urdu films and former television. She made her debut in film with comedy "Jawani Phir Nahi Ani" (2015) and later went on to "Actor in Law" (2016). Hayat is since starred in comedy "Punjab Nahi Jaungi" (2017), "Load Wedding" (2018) and "London Nahi Jaunga" (2022) all of which rank among one of highest-grossing Pakistani films.


title: Mehwish Hayat

text: 2012 romantic drama series "Meray Qatil Meray Dildar" marked a significant turning point in Hayat's career, earning her praise and nomination for Best Actress at the Lux Style Awards. She later portraying of a strong headed in Kashif Nisar's acclaim series "Kami Reh Gayi" (2013). She achieved further success by featuring in four of Momina Duraid's romantic dramas—"Phir Chand Pe Dastak" (2011), "Mirat-ul-Uroos" (2012), "Ishq Mein Teray" (2013), "Ru Baru" (2014) and Anjum Shahzad's highly successful family drama "Kabhi Kabhi" (2013). Her last television appearance is Nadeem Baig's tragic romance "Dil Lagi" (2016).


title: Mehwish Hayat

text: Hayat is the recipient of Lux Style Award and was honoured by the Government of Pakistan with the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 2019.


title: Mehwish Hayat

text: Hayat was born on 6 January 1988 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Her mother, Rukhsar Hayat, was a popular television actress during the 1980s, her eldest brother Zeeshan is a singer-composer while her older sister, Afsheen, is a singer as well. Another older brother, Danish Hayat, is an actor and, through him, she's the sister-in-law of Faiza Ashfaq, a model.


title: Terminal lucidity

text: Terminal lucidity, also known as paradoxical lucidity, rallying or the rally, is an unexpected return of mental clarity and memory, or suddenly regained consciousness that occurs in the time shortly before death in patients with severe psychiatric or neurological disorders. This condition has been reported by physicians since the 19th century.


title: Terminal lucidity

text: Several case reports in the 19th century described the unusual condition of an improvement and recovery of the mental state in patients days or weeks before death. William Munk, for instance, in 1887 called the phenomenon "lucidity before death". According to historical reviews headed by the biologist Michael Nahm, who also has an interest in mediumship and near-death experiences, the phenomena have been noted in patients with diseases which cause progressive cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease, but also schizophrenia, tumors, strokes, meningitis, and Parkinson's disease. However, terminal lucidity is not currently listed as a medical term.


title: Terminal lucidity

text: According to Nahm, it may be present even in cases of patients with previous mental disability. Nahm defines two subtypes: one that comes gradually (a week before death), and another that comes rapidly (hours before death), with the former occurring more often than the latter. There may be plenty of cases reported in literature, although the phrase terminal lucidity was coined in 2009. Interest in this condition, which dwindled during the 20th century, has been reignited by further studies. A 2020 research screened for what the authors preferred to call "paradoxical lucidity", a general term for unexpected remissions in dementias, independent of whether it followed a terminality process or not; it found strong association of the condition as a near-death phenomenon and stated that it can overlap the concept of "terminal lucidity" in some cases. Such a paradoxical condition is considered a challenge to the irreversibility paradigm of chronic degenerative dementias such as Alzheimer's.


title: Terminal lucidity

text: The earliest attempt at explanation was issued by Benjamin Rush in 1812, which proposed the hypothesis that a reawakening could be due to a nervous excitation caused by pain or fever, or else because of dead blood vessels, released by a leakage of water in the brain chambers. Johannes Friedreich, in 1839, proposed that the factors causing impairments may be reversed shortly before death, analogous to the reabsorption in terminal patients with hydrocephalus, and that high fever may be a cause of it. According to Macleod (2009) in his observations, explanative causes could not be found for the variety of cases, but it was suggested that due to the modern pharmacology in terminal cases, the condition may be less common today. A recent proposed mechanism includes a non-tested hypothesis of neuromodulation, according to which near-death discharges of neurotransmitters and corticotropin-releasing peptides act upon preserved circuits of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, promoting memory retrieval and mental clarity.


title: Snowball Earth

text: The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that, during one or more of Earth's icehouse climates, the planet's surface became entirely or nearly entirely frozen. It is believed that this occurred sometime before 650 M.Y.A. (million years ago) during the Cryogenian period. Proponents of the hypothesis argue that it best explains sedimentary deposits that are generally believed to be of glacial origin at tropical palaeolatitudes and other enigmatic features in the geological record. Opponents of the hypothesis contest the geological evidence for global glaciation and the geophysical feasibility of an ice- or slush-covered ocean, and they emphasize the difficulty of escaping an all-frozen condition. A number of unanswered questions remain, including whether Earth was a full snowball or a "slushball" with a thin equatorial band of open (or seasonally open) water. The snowball-Earth episodes are proposed to have occurred before the sudden radiation of multicellular bioforms known as the Cambrian explosion. The most recent snowball episode may have triggered the evolution of multicellularity.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Long before the idea of a global glaciation was first proposed, a series of discoveries occurred that accumulated evidence for ancient Precambrian glaciations. The first of these discoveries was published in 1871 by J. Thomson, who found ancient glacier-reworked material (tillite) in Islay, Scotland. Similar findings followed in Australia (1884) and India (1887). A fourth and very illustrative finding, which came to be known as "Reusch's Moraine," was reported by Hans Reusch in northern Norway in 1891. Many other findings followed, but their understanding was hampered by the rejection of continental drift.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958), an Australian geologist and Antarctic explorer, spent much of his career studying the Neoproterozoic stratigraphy of South Australia, where he identified thick and extensive glacial sediments. As a result, late in his career, he speculated about the possibility of global glaciation.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Mawson's ideas of global glaciation, however, were based on the mistaken assumption that the geographic position of Australia, and those of other continents where low-latitude glacial deposits are found, have remained constant through time. With the advancement of the continental drift hypothesis, and eventually plate tectonic theory, came an easier explanation for the glaciogenic sediments—they were deposited at a time when the continents were at higher latitudes.


title: Snowball Earth

text: In 1964, the idea of global-scale glaciation reemerged when W. Brian Harland published a paper in which he presented palaeomagnetic data showing that glacial tillites in Svalbard and Greenland were deposited at tropical latitudes. From this palaeomagnetic data, and the sedimentological evidence that the glacial sediments interrupt successions of rocks commonly associated with tropical to temperate latitudes, he argued that an ice age occurred that was so extreme that it resulted in marine glacial rocks being deposited in the tropics.


title: Snowball Earth

text: In the 1960s, Mikhail Budyko, a Soviet climatologist, developed a simple energy-balance climate model to investigate the effect of ice cover on global climate. Using this model, Budyko found that if ice sheets advanced far enough out of the polar regions, a feedback loop ensued where the increased reflectiveness (albedo) of the ice led to further cooling and the formation of more ice, until the entire Earth was covered in ice and stabilized in a new ice-covered equilibrium.


title: Snowball Earth

text: While Budyko's model showed that this ice-albedo stability could happen, he concluded that it had, in fact, never happened, as his model offered no way to escape from such a feedback loop.


title: Snowball Earth

text: In 1971, Aron Faegre, an American physicist, showed that a similar energy-balance model predicted three stable global climates, one of which was snowball Earth. This model introduced Edward Norton Lorenz's concept of intransitivity, indicating that there could be a major jump from one climate to another, including to snowball Earth.


title: Snowball Earth

text: The term "snowball Earth" was coined by Joseph Kirschvink in a short paper published in 1992 within a lengthy volume concerning the biology of the Proterozoic eon. The major contributions from this work were: (1) the recognition that the presence of banded iron formations is consistent with such a global glacial episode, and (2) the introduction of a mechanism by which to escape from a completely ice-covered Earth—specifically, the accumulation of CO from volcanic outgassing leading to an ultra-greenhouse effect.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Franklyn Van Houten's discovery of a consistent geological pattern in which lake levels rose and fell is now known as the "Van Houten cycle". His studies of phosphorus deposits and banded iron formations in sedimentary rocks made him an early adherent of the "snowball Earth" hypothesis postulating that the planet's surface froze more than 650 million years ago.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Interest in the notion of a snowball Earth increased dramatically after Paul F. Hoffman and his co-workers applied Kirschvink's ideas to a succession of Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in Namibia and elaborated upon the hypothesis in the journal "Science" in 1998 by incorporating such observations as the occurrence of cap carbonates.


title: Snowball Earth

text: In 2010, Francis A. Macdonald, assistant professor at Harvard in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and others, reported evidence that Rodinia was at equatorial latitude during the Cryogenian period with glacial ice at or below sea level, and that the associated Sturtian glaciation was global.


title: Snowball Earth

text: The snowball Earth hypothesis was originally devised to explain geological evidence for the apparent presence of glaciers at tropical latitudes. According to modelling, an ice–albedo feedback would result in glacial ice rapidly advancing to the equator once the glaciers spread to within 25° to 30° of the equator. Therefore, the presence of glacial deposits within the tropics suggests global ice cover.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Critical to an assessment of the validity of the theory, therefore, is an understanding of the reliability and significance of the evidence that led to the belief that ice ever reached the tropics. This evidence must prove three things:


title: Snowball Earth

text: This last point is very difficult to prove. Before the Ediacaran, the biostratigraphic markers usually used to correlate rocks are absent; therefore there is no way to prove that rocks in different places across the globe were deposited at precisely the same time. The best that can be done is to estimate the age of the rocks using radiometric methods, which are rarely accurate to better than a million years or so.


title: Snowball Earth

text: The first two points are often the source of contention on a case-to-case basis. Many glacial features can also be created by non-glacial means, and estimating the approximate latitudes of landmasses even as recently as can be riddled with difficulties.


title: Snowball Earth

text: The snowball Earth hypothesis was first posited to explain what were then considered to be glacial deposits near the equator. Since tectonic plates move slowly over time, ascertaining their position at a given point in Earth's long history is not easy. In addition to considerations of how the recognizable landmasses could have fit together, the latitude at which a rock was deposited can be constrained by palaeomagnetism.


title: Snowball Earth

text: When sedimentary rocks form, magnetic minerals within them tend to align themselves with Earth's magnetic field. Through the precise measurement of this palaeomagnetism, it is possible to estimate the latitude (but not the longitude) where the rock matrix was formed. Palaeomagnetic measurements have indicated that some sediments of glacial origin in the Neoproterozoic rock record were deposited within 10 degrees of the equator, although the accuracy of this reconstruction is in question. This palaeomagnetic location of apparently glacial sediments (such as dropstones) has been taken to suggest that glaciers extended from land to sea level in tropical latitudes at the time the sediments were deposited. It is not clear whether this implies a global glaciation, or the existence of localized, possibly land-locked, glacial regimes. Others have even suggested that most data do not constrain any glacial deposits to within 25° of the equator.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Skeptics suggest that the palaeomagnetic data could be corrupted if Earth's ancient magnetic field was substantially different from today's. Depending on the rate of cooling of Earth's core, it is possible that during the Proterozoic, the magnetic field did not approximate a simple dipolar distribution, with north and south magnetic poles roughly aligning with the planet's axis as they do today. Instead, a hotter core may have circulated more vigorously and given rise to 4, 8 or more poles. Palaeomagnetic data would then have to be re-interpreted, as the sedimentary minerals could have aligned pointing to a 'West Pole' rather than the North Pole. Alternatively, Earth's dipolar field could have been oriented such that the poles were close to the equator. This hypothesis has been posited to explain the extraordinarily rapid motion of the magnetic poles implied by the Ediacaran palaeomagnetic record; the alleged motion of the north pole would occur around the same time as the Gaskiers glaciation.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Another weakness of reliance on palaeomagnetic data is the difficulty in determining whether the magnetic signal recorded is original, or whether it has been reset by later activity. For example, a mountain-building orogeny releases hot water as a by-product of metamorphic reactions; this water can circulate to rocks thousands of kilometers away and reset their magnetic signature. This makes the authenticity of rocks older than a few million years difficult to determine without painstaking mineralogical observations. Moreover, further evidence is accumulating that large-scale remagnetization events have taken place which may necessitate revision of the estimated positions of the palaeomagnetic poles.


title: Snowball Earth

text: There is currently only one deposit, the Elatina deposit of Australia, that was indubitably deposited at low latitudes; its depositional date is well-constrained, and the signal is demonstrably original.


title: Snowball Earth

text: Sedimentary rocks that are deposited by glaciers have distinctive features that enable their identification. Long before the advent of the "snowball Earth" hypothesis many Neoproterozoic sediments had been interpreted as having a glacial origin, including some apparently at tropical latitudes at the time of their deposition. However, it is worth remembering that many sedimentary features traditionally associated with glaciers can also be formed by other means. Thus the glacial origin of many of the key occurrences for snowball Earth has been contested.


title: Snowball Earth

text: As of 2007, there was only one "very reliable"—still challenged—datum point identifying tropical tillites, which makes statements of equatorial ice cover somewhat presumptuous. However, evidence of sea-level glaciation in the tropics during the Sturtian is accumulating.


title: Snowball Earth

text: It appears that some deposits formed during the snowball period could only have formed in the presence of an active hydrological cycle. Bands of glacial deposits up to 5,500 meters thick, separated by small (meters) bands of non-glacial sediments, demonstrate that glaciers melted and re-formed repeatedly for tens of millions of years; solid oceans would not permit this scale of deposition. It is considered possible that ice streams such as seen in Antarctica today could have caused these sequences.