title: Feminist movement

text: Early feminists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton concentrated almost solely on "making women equal to men." However, the Christian feminist movement chose to concentrate on the language of religion because they viewed the historic gendering of God as male as a result of the pervasive influence of patriarchy. Rosemary Radford Ruether provided a systematic critique of Christian theology from a feminist and theist point of view. Stanton was an agnostic and Reuther is an agnostic who was born to Catholic parents but no longer practices the faith.


title: Feminist movement

text: Islamic feminism is concerned with the role of women in Islam and aims for the full equality of all Muslims, regardless of gender, in public and private life. Although rooted in Islam, the movement's pioneers have also used secular and Western feminist discourses. Advocates of the movement seek to highlight the deeply rooted teachings of equality in the Quran and encourage a questioning of the patriarchal interpretation of Islamic teaching through the Quran, "hadith" (sayings of Muhammad), and "sharia" (law) towards the creation of a more equal and just society.


title: Feminist movement

text: Jewish feminism seeks to improve the religious, legal, and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience and leadership for Jewish women. In its modern form, the movement can be traced to the early 1970s in the United States. According to Judith Plaskow, who has focused on feminism in Reform Judaism, the main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all-male prayer group or "minyan", the exemption from positive time-bound "mitzvot", and women's inability to function as witnesses and to initiate divorce.


title: Feminist movement

text: Feminist activists have established a range of feminist businesses, including women's bookstores, feminist credit unions, feminist presses, feminist mail-order catalogs, and feminist restaurants. These businesses flourished as part of the second and third-waves of feminism in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Although the range of feminist businesses has increased significantly, a study stated that women-owned businesses are frequently described as underperforming, in that, their business remain small and marginal. Women still have high level of barrier to become an entrepreneur compared to males.


title: Pentacle

text: A pentacle (also spelled and pronounced as "pantacle" in Thelema, following Aleister Crowley, though that spelling ultimately derived from Éliphas Lévi) is a talisman that is used in magical evocation, and is usually made of parchment, paper, cloth, or metal (although it can be of other materials), upon which a magical design is drawn. Protective symbols may also be included (sometimes on the reverse), a common one being the six-point form of the Seal of Solomon.


title: Pentacle

text: Pentacles may be sewn to the chest of one's garment, or may be flat objects that hang from one's neck or are placed flat upon the ground or altar. Pentacles are almost always shaped as disks or flat circles. In the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, though, a pentacle is placed within the triangle of evocation.


title: Pentacle

text: Many varieties of pentacle can be found in the grimoire called the "Key of Solomon". Pentacles are also used in the neopagan magical religion called Wicca, alongside other magical tools. In the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and Wicca, pentacles symbolize the classical element earth. In the 1909 Rider–Waite–Smith tarot deck (the pentacles of which were designed by Arthur Edward Waite), and subsequent tarot decks that are based upon it, and in Wicca, pentacles prominently incorporate a pentagram in their design. This form of pentacle is formed upon a disk which may be used either upon an altar or as a sacred space of its own.


title: Pentacle

text: The first documents to depict pentacles were the 1500s grimoires called the "Heptameron" by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano, and the "Key of Solomon". In the "Heptaméron", there is only one pentacle, whereas in the "Key of Solomon", there are dozens of different pentacles. The "Heptameron" pentacle is a hexagram that is embellished by patee crosses and letters, whereas the "Key of Solomon" pentacles have a very broad variety of designs, only two of which are pentagrammic. That contrasts with the later popular definitions of pentacles from the 1900s, which state that pentacles are inherently pentagrammic.


title: Pentacle

text: Gerald Gardner, known by some as the 'Father of Wicca', got his concept of pentacles in large part from the 1909 Rider–Waite–Smith tarot deck, in which the pentacles are disks that are covered with a pentagram. In Gardner's 1949 book "High Magic's Aid" and 1954 book "Witchcraft Today", Gardner defined a pentacle as a "five-pointed star", intending to mean a pentagram. In his 1959 book "The Meaning of Witchcraft", Gardner defined a pentacle as a synonym of 'pentagram'.


title: Pentacle

text: There is a particular definition of 'pentacle' among many latter-day Wiccans: Namely, a 'pentacle' refers to a 'pentagram' circumscribed by a circle.


title: Pentacle

text: The word is first recorded in English usage in 1561, from earlier French use. The French word had the meaning of "talisman". The French word is in turn from the Latinized word 'pentaculum' (using the Latin diminutive suffix "-culum"), which is in turn from the Italian word 'pentacolo'.


title: Pentacle

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" in earlier editions (2nd edition 1989) went on to say that "some would connect it" with the Middle French word 'pentacol' (1328) or 'pendacol' (1418), a jewel or ornament worn around the neck (from "pend-" hang, "à" to, "col" or "cou" neck). This is the derivation the Theosophical Society employ in their glossary:


title: Pentacle

text: ...it seems most likely that it comes through Italian and French from the root pend- "to hang", and so is equivalent to a pendant or charm hung about the neck. From the fact that one form of pentacle was the pentagram or star-pentagon, the word itself has been connected with the Greek pente (five).


title: Pentacle

text: "Pentacles", despite the sound of the word, often had no connotation of "five" in the old magical texts, but were, rather, magical talismans inscribed with any symbol or character. When they incorporated star-shaped figures, these were more often hexagrams than pentagrams. Pentacles showing a great variety of shapes and images appear in the old magical grimoires, such as the "Key of Solomon"; as Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa summarises it, their use was to "fore-know all future things, & command whole nature, have power over devils, and Angels, and do miracles." Agrippa attributes Moses' feats of magic in part to his knowledge of various pentacles.


title: Pentacle

text: A "Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy" (c. 1565), which was falsely attributed to Agrippa, gives detailed instructions as to how pentacles should be formulated:


title: Pentacle

text: But we now come to speak of the holy and sacred Pentacles and Sigils. Now these pentacles, are as it were certain holy signes preserving us from evil chances and events, and helping and assisting us to binde, exterminate, and drive away evil spirits, and alluring the good spirits, and reconciling them unto us. And these pentacles do consist either of Characters of the good spirits of the superiour order, or of sacred pictures of holy letters or revelations, with apt and fit versicles, which are composed either of Geometrical figures and holy names of God, according to the course and maner of many of them; or they are compounded of all of them, or very many of them mixt.


title: Pentacle

text: Francis Barrett, in his influential work "The Magus" of 1801 (Book 2, part 2), repeats these instructions almost verbatim.


title: Pentacle

text: In the Golden Dawn magical system, the Earth Pentacle is one of four elemental "weapons" or tools of an Adept. These weapons are "symbolical representations of the forces employed for the manifestation of the inner self, the elements required for the incarnation of the divine."


title: Pentacle

text: Other pentacles for the evocation of spirits are also employed in the Golden Dawn system; these are engraved with the name and sigil of the spirit to be invoked, inside three concentric circles, having painted on their reverse a circle and cross like a celtic cross.


title: Pentacle

text: According to Aleister Crowley's instructions for the A∴A∴, the pentacle is a disc of wax, gold, silver-gilt or Electrum Magicum, eight inches diameter and half an inch thick; the Neophyte should "by his understanding and ingenium devise a symbol to represent the Universe", and engrave this on the disc.


title: Pentacle

text: There is, therefore, nothing movable or immovable under the whole firmament of heaven which is not included in this pantacle, though it be but "eight inches in diameter, and in thickness half an inch." Fire is not matter at all; water is a combination of elements; air almost entirely a mixture of elements; earth contains all both in admixture and in combination. So must it be with this Pantacle, the symbol of earth.


title: Pentacle

text: A pentacle is also employed as a magical tool within Wicca, generally to summon certain energies or summon spirits.


title: Pentacle

text: In many old grimoires dealing with magical evocation, the pentacle is described as being hung about the neck, providing protection and authority to the operator. Johannes Trithemius has the magician donning the pentacle just before casting the protective circle:


title: Pentacle

text: Then taking your ring and pentacle, put the ring on the little finger of your right hand; hang the pentacle round thy neck; (Note, the pentacle may be either wrote on clean virgin parchment, or engraven on a square plate of silver and suspended from thy neck to the breast)...


title: Pentacle

text: One version of the "Key of Solomon" mentions both a "Great Pentacle" which is drawn in a book, as well as a collection of other pentacles which are drawn in ink on separate pieces of parchment for use as amulets:


title: Pentacle

text: Thou shalt preserve them to suspend from thy neck, whichever thou wilt, on the day and hour wherein thou wast born, after which thou shalt take heed to name every day ten times, the Name which is hung from thy neck, turning towards the East, and thou mayest be assured that no enchantment or any other danger shall have power to harm thee.


title: Pentacle

text: The pentacle is of central importance in the evocation of spirits. A fairly typical evocation involves a series of conjurations of increasing potency, each involving the display of the pentacle:


title: Pentacle

text: <poem>... If they then immediately appear, it is well; if not, let the master uncover the consecrated pentacles which he should have made to constrain and command the spirits, and which he should wear fastened round his neck, holding the medals (or pentacles) in his left hand, and the consecrated knife in his right; and encouraging his companions, he shall say with a loud voice:


title: Pentacle

text: If they appear at this time, show them the pentacles, and receive them with kindness, gentleness, and courtesy; reason and speak with them, question them, and ask from them all things which thou hast proposed to demand.


title: Pentacle

text: But if, on the contrary, they do not yet make their appearance, holding the consecrated knife in the right hand, and the pentacles being uncovered by the removal of their consecrated covering, strike and beat the air with the knife as if wishing to commence a combat, comfort and exhort thy companions, and then in a loud and stern voice repeat the following conjuration: ...</poem>


title: Pentacle

text: Once the spirit has appeared and been constrained, the pentacle is covered again, but is uncovered whenever demands are made of the spirit or when it is compelled to depart.


title: Pentacle

text: In the Golden Dawn system, the pentacles are not suspended from the neck, but wrapped in a cloth covering. Instead of wearing a pentacle, the magician wears fastened to their breast a lamen.


title: Pentacle

text: In the tarot, the Minor Arcana are divided into four suits (much like conventional playing cards), which are swords, batons, cups, and coins. Following the innovation of Éliphas Lévi, many English-language writers on tarot divination now call the coins "pentacles" (and the batons "wands"). The first published tarot deck to use an "actual" suit of pentacles was the 1909 Rider–Waite–Smith tarot deck. That deck inspired the creation of subsequent tarot decks which likewise have a suit of pentacles. In the Rider–Waite–Smith tarot deck, Arthur Edward Waite designed the pentacles as golden disks with a pentagram on them. The Wiccan style of pentacle, which is a disk that is covered by a pentagram symbol, was based upon the pentacles from the Rider–Waite–Smith tarot deck.


title: Pentacle

text: The term "pentacle" is used in "Tilings and Patterns" by Grumbaum and Shepard to indicate a five-pointed star composed of ten line segments, similar to a pentagram but containing no interior lines.


title: Mal Evans

text: Malcolm Frederick Evans (27 May 1935 – 5 January 1976) was an English road manager and personal assistant employed by the Beatles from 1963 until their break-up in 1970.


title: Mal Evans

text: In the early 1960s, Evans was employed as a telephone engineer, and also worked part-time as a bouncer at the Cavern Club. The Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, later hired Evans as the group's assistant roadie, in tandem with Neil Aspinall. Evans contributed to recordings, and appeared in some of the films the group made. After the Beatles stopped touring in 1966, Evans carried on assisting them until their break-up in 1970. From 1969, Evans also found work as a record producer (most notably with Badfinger's top 10 hit "No Matter What").


title: Mal Evans

text: At age 40, Evans was shot and killed by police at his home in Los Angeles, when he threatened officers with what turned out to be an air rifle.


title: Mal Evans

text: Malcolm Frederick Evans was born in Liverpool to Frederick and Joan Evans and grew up in Waldgrave Road, Wavertree, Liverpool, and had a sister Pam. He could also play the banjo. Other details of Evans' early life are unknown, apart from his birth date. No book has been written about him, although he wrote his memoirs, "Living The Beatles' Legend", from which extracts were released on 20 March 2005. What is known about him starts in 1961, when Evans married a Liverpool girl, Lily, after meeting her at a funfair in New Brighton opposite Liverpool on the Wirral. Their first child, Gary, was born in the same year. Their daughter, Julie, was born five years later in 1966. The Beatles were the resident group at Liverpool's Cavern Club when Evans first heard them perform during his lunch break. He was then living in Hillside Road, Allerton and working as a telephone engineer for the Post Office. He became a committed fan, even though his musical hero at the time was Elvis Presley.


title: Mal Evans

text: He first befriended George Harrison, who put forward Evans' name to the Cavern Club's manager, Ray McFall, when he needed a doorman. The 27-year-old Evans was accepted, even though he wore thick-framed glasses, but mainly because of his burly frame, which was an asset when holding back unruly fans at the Cavern's door. He was later nicknamed the "Gentle Giant" and "Big Mal". In 1962, Evans wrote that it was "a wonderful year", as he had Lily (his wife), his son Gary, a house, a car, and he was working at the Cavern Club, which he wrote into a 1963 Post Office Engineering Union diary, which also had information concerning Ohm's law and Post Office pay rates.


title: Mal Evans

text: On 11 August 1963, Evans began working for the Beatles in the combined role of roadie/bodyguard. Evans and Aspinall's duties were to drive the van while on tour, and to set up and test the equipment. Evans' telephone engineering experience was valuable in setting up and maintaining the electrical equipment. The Beatles were being driven back to Liverpool from London by Evans through heavy fog on 21 January 1963, when the windscreen was hit by a pebble and glazed over; Evans had to break a large hole in it to see the road ahead. This was in winter, so the group had to lie one on top of the other in the back with a bottle of whisky and try to stay warm in the freezing temperatures, something Paul McCartney later referred to as a "Beatle sandwich".


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans had many other duties as well as acting as a bodyguard; he was sent to buy anything they needed, such as suits, boots, meals, or drinks. If John Lennon said "Socks, Mal", Evans would have to rush to a local store and buy pairs of cotton socks for him. In 1967, Evans wrote in his diaries that he "bought Ringo [Starr] some undies for his visit to the doctor". Although Beatles' memorabilia are in continuous demand, a full set of autographs by all four could be forgeries: Evans and Aspinall used to sign many of them when Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr were too busy.


title: Mal Evans

text: The Beatles started their first European tour in January 1964, and Evans was allowed to take his wife and son with him, but was involved in a "big punch-up" with photographers in Paris while protecting them.


title: Mal Evans

text: Epstein's associate, Alistair Taylor, once asked him why he was driving an Austin Princess limousine, rather than a Daimler, a Bentley, or a Rolls-Royce. Evans explained that the Beatles were forced to choose an Austin, because they had tested every car to see how wide the doors would open as they (literally) had to "dive into the car" to escape their fans.


title: Mal Evans

text: The Beatles, and Evans, were introduced to cannabis by Bob Dylan in New York City in 1964. McCartney and Evans, both high for the first time, frantically searched until they found a pencil and paper so McCartney could write down his cannabis-influenced thoughts about life. He entrusted the writing to Evans only to discover the next morning that he'd only written, with no further explanation, "There are seven levels!" He later guessed it was rooted in a general concept shared by some world religions although he admitted he wouldn't have known anything about them at that point. The Beatles attended "The Night of 100 Stars" at the London Palladium on 23 July 1964, and during the show Evans constantly supplied them with whisky and Coca-Cola, which he delivered to them balanced on a wooden oar he had found backstage.


title: Mal Evans

text: The Beatles were always assisted by Evans on their American tours, and when they played two shows at the Hollywood Bowl in the summer of 1965 Epstein arranged for them all to have a four-day rest in a luxurious horseshoe-shaped house on stilts in Benedict Canyon off Mulholland Drive in Los Angeles. They spent their time there smoking cannabis joints. Evans and Lennon swam in the large outdoor swimming pool with cigarettes in their mouths, to see who could keep them alight the longest. After recording sessions in London, Lennon, Harrison, and Starr would be chauffeured back to their houses in the "stockbroker belt" of southern England, but Evans, Aspinall, and McCartney would drive to a late-night club to eat steak, chips, and mushy peas. The Bag O'Nails nightclub was one of their favourites, at 8 Kingly Street in Soho, London, as it also presented live music. In his memoirs Evans wrote: 19 January and 20: "Ended up smashed in Bag O'Nails with Paul [McCartney] and Neil [Aspinall]. Quite a number of people attached themselves, oh that it would happen to me... freak out time baby for Mal."


title: Mal Evans

text: In July 1966, the Beatles toured the Philippines, and unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady, Imelda Marcos. After the supposed snub was broadcast on Philippine television and radio, all of the Beatles' police protection disappeared. The group and their entourage had to make their way to Manila airport on their own. At the airport, road manager Evans was beaten and kicked, and the group members were pushed and jostled about by a hostile crowd. Once the group boarded the plane, Tony Barrow and Evans were ordered off, and Evans said, "Tell Lil I love her," thinking he was about to be jailed or killed. Epstein was forced to give back all the money that the group had earned while they were there before being allowed on the plane.


title: Mal Evans

text: The Beatles' last concert was at Candlestick Park, San Francisco, on 29 August 1966, but Evans continued to work for them in the studio, and to run errands. After recording "Revolver" in 1966, McCartney went by himself on holiday to France, but asked to meet Evans in Bordeaux, at the Grosse Horloge church (on the corner of cours Victor Hugo and rue St. James). At exactly the pre-arranged time of one o'clock, Evans was standing under the church clock when McCartney arrived. They then drove to Madrid together but, after feeling bored, McCartney phoned Epstein's office in London and asked to be booked on a safari holiday in Kenya. When they arrived they visited the Amboseli Reserve at the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro, and also stayed at the exclusive Treetops Hotel, where the rooms are built on the branches of trees.


title: Mal Evans

text: They spent their final night in Nairobi at a YMCA, before they returned to London. The Beatles—according to McCartney—needed a new name, so on the flight back to England, Evans and McCartney played with words to see if they could come up with something new. Evans innocently asked McCartney what the letters "S" and "P" stood for on the pots on their meal trays, and McCartney explained that it was for salt and pepper, which led to the "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" name. They arrived back in London on 19 November 1966. Before the cover of "Sgt. Pepper" could be completed by Peter Blake, Evans and Aspinall were sent out to find photographs of all of the people that were to be shown on the front cover.


title: Mal Evans

text: In the spring of 1967—after the album was completed—Evans flew with McCartney to Los Angeles to see McCartney's then-girlfriend, Jane Asher, who was acting there with the Old Vic theatre company. The three of them went on a trip to the Rockies, returning to LA in Frank Sinatra's jet. Evans: "We left Denver in Frank Sinatra's Lear Jet, which he very kindly loaned us. A beautiful job with dark black leather upholstery and, to our delight, a well-stocked bar." When they were back in LA, they were invited to visit the house of Michelle and John Phillips, from the Mamas & the Papas. Brian Wilson was also there, as he was working on the Beach Boys' "Smile" album. Evans wrote about singing "On Top of Old Smokey" with McCartney and Wilson, but was not impressed by Wilson's avant-garde attitude to music: "Brian [Wilson] then put a damper on the spontaneity of the whole affair by walking in with a tray of water-filled glasses, trying to arrange it into some sort of session."


title: Mal Evans

text: The Beatles and Evans flew to Greece in late 1967, with encouragement from Greek-born "Magic Alex", the director of Apple Electronics, to buy an island or a group of islands. The general idea was that the Beatles would live on the islands in their own separate homes, but would be connected to each other by tunnels leading to a central dome. Evans and his family were included in the plan, but it was abandoned as being unworkable after McCartney refused to participate. As McCartney had no housekeeper in 1967, Evans moved in with him at 7 Cavendish Avenue, St John's Wood, which is near Abbey Road Studios. It was at Cavendish Avenue that McCartney bought his first Old English sheepdog, Martha, although Evans often complained about the dog fouling the beds. Evans later bought a house in Sunbury-on-Thames, which was situated between McCartney's, Lennon's, Harrison's and Starr's houses.


title: Mal Evans

text: While working on the "Magical Mystery Tour" film, Evans wrote about his work duties: "I would get requests from the four of them to do six different things at one time, and it was always a case of relying on instinct and experience in awarding priorities. They used to be right sods for the first few days, until they realised that everything was going to go smoothly and they could get into the routine of recording. ... Then I would find time between numerous cups of tea and salad sandwiches and baked beans on toast to listen to the recording in the control room."


title: Mal Evans

text: After the "Magical Mystery Tour" recordings, Evans flew to Nice with McCartney to shoot "The Fool on the Hill" promotional film, although McCartney set off without luggage or a passport. McCartney got past customs by saying "You know who I am", but he and Evans were not allowed into a hotel restaurant in Nice because they "didn't look the part", and had to eat dinner in Evans' room. Because the money they had with them had been spent on clothes (NEMS was supposed to send them more), they arranged for credit over two nights in a nightclub. Evans: "We took advantage of our credit standing, as money had still not arrived from England. News about Paul's [McCartney] visit to the club the previous night had spread, and the place was jammed. Now Paul, being a generous sort of person, had built up quite a bar bill, when the manager of the club arrived demanding that we pay immediately. On explaining who Paul was and what had happened, he answered, 'You either pay the bill, or I call the police.' It certainly looked like we were going to get thrown in jail. It was ironical, sitting in a club with a millionaire, unable to pay the bill."


title: Mal Evans

text: The Beatles flew to India in February 1968, to visit the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram (after first meeting him on 24 August 1967, at the London Hilton hotel). Evans arrived in India a few days earlier to inspect the ashram, but as soon as Starr got off the plane, he demanded that Evans find a doctor, as his inoculation shots were causing him pain. Evans: "When we arrived at the local hospital, I tried to get immediate treatment for him [Starr], to be told curtly by the Indian doctor, 'He is not a special case and will have to wait his turn.' So off we go to pay a private doctor ten rupees for the privilege of hearing him say 'It will be all right'." Evans wrote in his diary on 17 February 1968: "The press really tried kicking down the gates into the Ashram, the Indian people on the Ashram called me half way through, but as soon as an Indian reporter told me "No bloody foreigner is going to stop me in my own country", I cooled it." Evans' diary says that he enjoyed his time in India: "It's hard to believe that a week has already passed. I suppose the peace of mind and the serenity one achieves through meditation makes the time fly," and that he also enjoyed the food, unlike Starr, who had brought a suitcase full of baked beans with him. After leaving India, Harrison and Evans flew to New York, visiting Bob Dylan and The Band, who were rehearsing at their Big Pink house/studio, in Woodstock.


title: Mal Evans

text: When Apple was formed in 1968, Evans was promoted from road manager to personal assistant, although his weekly £38 salary remained the same.


title: Mal Evans

text: After Evans and Peter Asher (A&R head of Apple Records) saw the rock band the Iveys perform at London's Marquee Club, Evans constantly suggested that the Beatles sign the band to the Apple label. This eventually happened in July 1968, when the Iveys became the first band to be signed to the label. Some of the first Apple recording sessions were produced by Evans and the band eventually changed their name to Badfinger. Evans: Evans' financial problems started to become such a problem that he had to ask Harrison for money: "April 24: "Had to tell George [Harrison]—'I'm broke'. Really miserable and down because I'm in the red, and the bills are coming in, poor old Lil [his wife] suffers as I don't want to get a rise. Not really true don't want to ask for a rise, fellows are having a pretty tough time as it is."


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans was the only member of the Apple entourage to be invited to attend (and be a witness) when McCartney and Linda Eastman were married at Marylebone Registry Office on 12 March 1969. Evans wrote in his diary that he was due to be there at 9.45 am, but McCartney's brother, Michael's train from Birmingham was late. Peter Brown and Evans passed the register office at 9.15, and saw that there were only a few photographers and ardent fans standing in the rain, but when they left, after the wedding at 11.30 am, they were mobbed by a crowd of about 1,000 people. When the Beatles played on the roof of Apple's offices in Savile Row, Evans was told to delay the policemen (who had arrived to stop the concert), as long as was possible.


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans enjoyed an executive position at Apple until 1969, when Allen Klein was hired as a manager to reorganise the whole company. Evans was fired by Klein the next year, because Klein complained to Lennon that Aspinall and Evans were "living like kings; like fucking emperors". Evans was later reinstated after McCartney, Harrison and Starr complained. On 13 September 1969, Evans accompanied Lennon, Yoko Ono, Klaus Voormann, Alan White and Eric Clapton to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, for the Toronto Rock and Roll Revival concert. He later wrote: "I was really enjoying myself. It was the first show I had roadied for three years and I was really loving every minute of plugging the amps in and setting them up on stage, making sure that everything was right. Everyone wanted the show to go particularly well because Allen Klein, who had flown over, had organised for the whole of John's performance to be filmed. This was on top of it being video-taped by Dan Richter."


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans contributed to many recordings, including singing in the chorus of "Yellow Submarine". He played single organ notes on "You Won't See Me", and harmonica on "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" McCartney explained that he showed Evans where the notes were on the organ, and then nodded his head when he wanted Evans to play, and shook it when he wanted him to stop.


title: Mal Evans

text: On "A Day in the Life", Evans controlled an alarm clock; counting the measures in the original 24-bar pause, and was one of the five piano players simultaneously hitting the last chord of the song. He played tambourine on "Dear Prudence", and trumpet on "Helter Skelter", where he played a double solo with Lennon, even though neither was proficient on the instrument. Evans contributed background vocals, and stirred a bucket of gravel (as part of the rhythm), on "You Know My Name (Look Up The Number)". He also contributed to the White Album out-take "What's the New Mary Jane", and hit an anvil on "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", because Starr could not lift the hammer high enough to get the right sound and keep in time with the song.


title: Mal Evans

text: According to Evans' diaries, he helped to compose songs for the "Sgt. Pepper" album. He wrote, on 27 January 1967: "Sgt Pepper. Started writing song with Paul [McCartney] upstairs in his room, he on piano" and "Did a lot more of "where the rain comes in" [a lyric from "Fixing a Hole"]. Hope people like it. Started Sergeant Pepper". On 1 February: "Sergeant Pepper sounds good. Paul tells me that I will get royalties on the song—great news, now perhaps a new home." On 2 February: "Recording voices on Captain Pepper. All six of us doing the chorus in the middle, worked until about midnight."


title: Mal Evans

text: Keith Badman—author of "The Beatles off the Record"—referred to a tape recording of Evans speaking shortly before his death, on which Evans reiterated some of the statements made in the diary. According to Badman, Evans was asked at the time if it would be a problem that he was not credited as a writer, because the Lennon–McCartney writing name was "a really hot item". For reasons unclear, Evans did not receive any royalties and stayed at his £38-a-week pay (£ in modern currency).


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans appeared in four (out of five) Beatles' films. During the filming of the Beatles' first feature film, "A Hard Day's Night", Evans appeared in a cameo role, carrying an upright bass in between John Lennon and Millie in the backstage scene in which Millie mistakes Lennon for someone else. In "Help!", Evans played a confused channel swimmer who pops up through an ice-hole in Austria, and on a beach in the Bahamas. Evans and Aspinall were asked to find and hire the actors that were needed to perform in the "Magical Mystery Tour" film, and to hire an old 60-seater coach, on which they were told to paint the "Magical Mystery Tour" logo, which McCartney had designed. Evans later appeared in the film as one of the magicians, who cast mysterious spells on the passengers of the bus.


title: Mal Evans

text: In the "Let It Be" film, Evans can be seen playing the anvil during early versions of "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", and can be seen talking to police officers on the Savile Row rooftop when they came to stop the performance. Before the concert, Evans placed a camera and a microphone in a corner of Apple's reception area, so that when the police came in to complain about the noise—which was expected—they could be filmed and recorded. McCartney then saved Evans from police arrest. The Beatles were often filmed by Evans during his time with them (without sound), and a collection of his own film recordings was later released on DVD.


title: Mal Evans

text: In 1968, Evans had seen the group Badfinger (then known as The Iveys) play live, and suggested that they be signed to Apple. Evans then produced several of their songs in 1969 and 1970, the most notable of which was "No Matter What", which charted on Billboard's Top 10 in December 1970. Evans also discovered the group Splinter and brought them to the Apple label, although they would subsequently move to George Harrison's Dark Horse Records. Evans' other production credits include Jackie Lomax' 1969 single "New Day" (on Apple) and some of the tracks on Keith Moon's only solo album "Two Sides of the Moon" (1975).


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans separated from his wife in 1973 and moved to Los Angeles where Lennon had moved to live with May Pang after his own separation from Yoko Ono. Evans is credited on Harrison's "All Things Must Pass" and the "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band" album as providing "tea and sympathy". Evans cowrote "You and Me (Babe)" with Harrison. The track appeared on Starr's 1973 solo album "Ringo". He also cowrote the Splinter song "Lonely Man", the musical centrepiece of "Little Malcolm", an Apple feature film produced by Harrison. A rare interview appearance by Evans was included in the 1975 ABC television special "".


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans was asked to produce the group Natural Gas, and was working on a book of memoirs called "Living the Beatles' Legend" which he was due to deliver to his publishers, Grosset & Dunlap, on 12 January 1976. Evans was depressed about the separation from his wife (who had asked for a divorce before Christmas) even though he was then living with his new girlfriend, Fran Hughes, in a rented motel apartment at 8122 West 4th Street in Los Angeles.


title: Mal Evans

text: On 5 January 1976, Evans was so despondent that Hughes phoned John Hoernie, Evans' co-writer for his biography, and asked him to visit them. Hoernie saw Evans "really doped-up and groggy" but Evans told Hoernie to make sure he finished "Living the Beatles' Legend". Hoernie helped Evans up to an upstairs bedroom, but during an incoherent conversation, Evans picked up an air rifle. Hoernie struggled with Evans, but Evans, being much stronger, held onto the weapon.


title: Mal Evans

text: Hughes then phoned the police and told them that Evans was confused, had a rifle, and was on Valium. Four police officers arrived and three of them, David D. Krempa, Robert E. Brannon and Lieutenant Higbie, went up to the bedroom. They later reported that as soon as Evans saw the three police officers he pointed a rifle at them. The officers repeatedly told Evans to put down the weapon but Evans refused. The police fired six shots, four hitting Evans and killing him. Evans previously had been awarded the badge of "Honorary Sheriff of Los Angeles County", but in the "Los Angeles Times", he was referred to as a "jobless former road manager for the Beatles".


title: Mal Evans

text: Evans was cremated on 7 January 1976, in Los Angeles. None of the former Beatles attended his funeral, but Harry Nilsson, George Martin, Neil Aspinall and other friends did. George Harrison arranged for Evans' family to receive £5,000, as Evans had not maintained his life insurance premiums, and was not entitled to a pension.


title: Mal Evans

text: When Evans' ashes were sent by post back to England, they were misplaced and lost in the postal system but were eventually returned to his family. Upon learning of the lost remains, John Lennon reportedly joked by saying, "They should look in the dead letter file."


title: Mal Evans

text: In 1986, a trunk containing Evans' diaries and other effects was found in the basement of a New York publisher, and then sent to his family in London. In 1992, Lennon's original pages of lyrics to "A Day in the Life" were sold by the Evans estate for £56,600 at Sotheby's in London.


title: Mal Evans

text: In 2010, a double-sided sheet of paper containing the hand-written lyrics and notes to "A Day in the Life" were sold at auction at Sotheby's in New York to an anonymous American buyer for $1.2m (£810,000). Other lyrics collected by Evans have been subject to legal action over the years: In 1996, McCartney went to the High Court in England and prevented the sale of the original lyrics to "With a Little Help from My Friends" that Evans' ex-wife had tried to sell, by claiming that the lyrics were collected by Evans as a part of his duties, and therefore belonged to the Beatles, collectively. A 2004 report of the discovery of a further collection of Evans's Beatles' memorabilia proved to be false.


title: Mal Evans

text: A notebook in which McCartney wrote the lyrics for "Hey Jude" was sold in 1998, for £111,500. The notebook also contains lyrics for "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and "All You Need Is Love". It also contained lyrics, notes, drawings and poems by Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr, as well as by Evans.


title: Mal Evans

text: Actor Nik Wood-Jones wrote and performed a one-man play, "Beatle Mal," about Evans; it premiered at the Cavern Club in 2012.


title: Mal Evans

text: In December 2021 it was reported that a biography of Evans, written by Beatles scholar Kenneth Womack, was to be published by Harper Collins's Day Street in 2023, followed the next year by material from Evans' diary and archives.


title: Sun Pictures

text: Sun Pictures is an Indian film distribution and production studio based in Chennai, India. It is a unit of Sun TV Network a part of the Sun Group. Founded in 2000, it started producing the TV film "Siragugal" and later it started producing and distributing Tamil-language films.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest prehistoric animals include both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Many of them are described below, along with their typical range of size (for the general dates of extinction, see the link to each). Many species mentioned might not actually be the largest representative of their clade due to the incompleteness of the fossil record and many of the sizes given are merely estimates since no complete specimen have been found. Their body mass, especially, is largely conjecture because soft tissue was rarely fossilized. Generally the size of extinct species was subject to energetic and biomechanical constraints.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The herbivorous "Alierasaurus" was the largest caseid and the largest amniote to have lived at the time, with an estimated length around . "Cotylorhynchus hancocki" is also large, with an estimated length and weight of at least and more than .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest edaphosaurids were "Lupeosaurus" at long and "Edaphosaurus", which could reach even more than in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The biggest carnivorous synapsid of Early Permian was "Dimetrodon", which could reach and . The largest members of the genus "Dimetrodon" were also the world's first fully terrestrial apex predators.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The Middle Permian "Tappenosaurus" was estimated at in length, nearly as large as the largest dinocephalians.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The plant-eating dicynodont "Lisowicia bojani" is the largest-known of all non-mammalian synapsids, at about long, tall, and in body mass.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Among the largest carnivorous non-mammalian synapsids was the dinocephalian "Anteosaurus", which was long, and weighed . Fully grown "Titanophoneus" from the same family Anteosauridae likely had a skull of long. Another enormous dinocephalian was the Late Permian "Eotitanosuchus" (a possible synonym to "Biarmosuchus"). Adult specimens could reach in length and over in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Inostrancevia latifrons" is the largest known gorgonopsian, with a skull length of more than , a total length approaching and a mass of . "Rubidgea atrox" is the largest African gorgonopsian, with skull of nearly long. Other large gorgonopsians include "Dinogorgon" with skull of ~ long, "Leontosaurus" with skull of almost long, and "Sycosaurus" with skull of ~ long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest gobiconodont and the largest well-known Mesozoic mammal was "Repenomamus". The known adult of "Repenomamus giganticus" reached a total length of around and an estimated mass of . With such parameters it surpassed in size several small theropod dinosaurs of the Early Cretaceous. "Gobiconodon" was also a large mammal, it weighed , had a skull of in length, and had in presacral body length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest multituberculate "Taeniolabis taoensis" is the largest non-therian mammal known, at a weight possibly exceeding .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known cimolestan is "Coryphodon", high at the shoulder, long and up to of mass. "Barylambda" was also a huge mammal, at . "Wortmania" and "Psittacotherium" from the group Taeniodonta were among the largest mammals of the Early Paleocene. Lived as soon as half a million years after K–Pg boundary, "Wortmania" reached in body mass. "Psittacotherium", which appeared two million years later, reached .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest leptictid ever discovered is "Leptictidium tobieni" from the Middle Eocene of Germany. It had a skull long, head with trunk long, and tail long. Close European relatives from the same family Pseudorhyncocyonidae had skulls of in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known dinoceratan was "Eobasileus" with skull length of , tall at the back and tall at the shoulder. Another huge animal of this group was "Uintatherium", with skull length of , tall at the shoulder, in length and , the size of a rhinoceros. Despite their large size, "Eobasileus" as well as "Uintatherium" had a very small brain.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest hyaenodont was "Simbakubwa" at . Another giant hyaenodont, "Megistotherium" reached and had a skull of in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Some mesonychians reached a size of a bear. Such large were "Mongolonyx" from Asia and "Ankalagon" from North America. Another large mesonychian is "Harpagolestes" with a skull length of a half a meter in some species.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Found in Quaternary deposits of South and Central Americas, "Desmodus draculae" had a wingspan of and a body mass of up to . Such proportions make it the largest vampire bat that ever evolved.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known animal of the group Eulipotyphla was "Deinogalerix", measuring up to in total length, with a skull up to long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: According to reports, Steller's sea cows have grown to long as adults, much larger than any extant sirenians. The weight of Steller's sea cows is estimated to be .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known arsinoitheriid was "Arsinoitherium". "A. zitteli" would have been tall at the shoulders, and long. "A. giganteum" reached even larger size than "A. zitteli."


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Some of the prehistoric hyraxes were extremely large compared to modern small relatives. The largest hyracoid ever evolved is "Titanohyrax ultimus". With the mass estimation in rage of to over it was close in size to Sumatran rhinoceros. Another enormous hyrax is "Megalohyrax" which had skull of in length and reached the size of tapir. More recent "Gigantohyrax" was three times as large as the extant relative "Procavia capensis", although it is noticeably smaller than earlier "Megalohyrax" and "Titanohyrax".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known desmostylian was a species of "Desmostylus", with skull length of and comparable in size to the Steller's sea cow.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest cingulate known is "Doedicurus", at long, high and reaching a mass of approximately . The largest species of "Glyptodon", "Glyptodon clavipes", reached in length and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known pilosan ever was "Megatherium", a ground sloth with an estimated average weight of and a height of which is almost as big as the African bush elephant. Several other sloths grew to large sizes as well, such as "Eremotherium", but none as large as "Megatherium".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Some of the largest known astrapotherians weighed about , including the genus "Granastrapotherium" and some species of "Parastrapotherium" ("P. martiale"). The skeleton remains suggests that the species "Hilarcotherium miyou" was even larger, with a weight of .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known litoptern was "Macrauchenia", which had three hoofs per foot. It was a relatively large animal, with a body length of around .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest notoungulate known of complete remains is "Toxodon". It was about in body length, and about high at the shoulder and resembled a heavy rhinoceros. Although is not complete, the preserved fossils suggests that "Mixotoxodon" were the most massive member of the group, with a weight about .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest mammal of the South American order Pyrotheria was "Pyrotherium" at in length and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest freshwater turtle of all time was the Miocene podocnemid "Stupendemys", with an estimated parasagittal carapace length of and weight of up to . "Carbonemys cofrinii" from the same family had a shell that measured about , complete shell was estimated at .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest macrobaenids were the Early Cretaceous "Yakemys", Late Cretaceous "Anatolemys", and Paleocene "Judithemys". All reached in carapace length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest meiolaniid was "Meiolania". "Meiolania platyceps" had a carapace long and probably reached over in total body length. An unnamed Late Pleistocene species from Queensland was even larger, up to in carapace length. "Ninjemys oweni" reached in carapace length and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest nothosaur as well as the largest Triassic sauropterygian was "Nothosaurus giganteus" at in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Proterosuchus fergusi" is the largest known proterosuchid with a skull length of and a possible body length of .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Some of the largest known phytosaurs include "Redondasaurus" with a length of and "Smilosuchus" with a length of more than .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The Late Cretaceous "Aegisuchus" is the main contender for the title of the largest crocodylomorph ever recorded. It reached in length by the lower estimate and as much as by the upper estimate, although a length of over 15 m is likely an overestimate.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Redondavenator" was the largest Triassic crocodylomorph ever recorded, with a skull of at least in length. Another huge basal crocodylomorph was "Carnufex" at long even through that is immature.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known choristoderan, "Kosmodraco dakotensis" (previously known as "Simoedosaurus dakotensis") is estimated to have had a total length of around .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest species of thalattosaur, "Miodentosaurus brevis" grew to more than in length. The second largest member of this group is "Concavispina" with a length of .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known ichthyosaur and the largest marine reptile was the Late Triassic "Shastasaurus sikanniensis" at in length and in weight. In April 2018, paleontologists announced the discovery of a previously unknown ichthyosaur that may have reached lengths of making it one of the largest animals known, rivaling some blue whales in size. Another, larger ichthyosaur was found in 1850 in Aust. Its remains seemed to surpass the measurements of the other ichthyosaur, but the researchers commented that the remains were too fragmentary for a size estimate to be made. Another huge ichthyosaur was "Shonisaurus popularis" at in length and in weight. The largest Middle Triassic ichthyosaur as well as the largest animal of that time was "Cymbospondylus youngorum" at in length and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Largest pareiasaurs reached up to in length. Such sizes had Middle Permian "Bradysaurus", "Embrithosaurus", and "Nochelesaurus" from South Africa, and the Late Permian "Scutosaurus" from Russia. The most robust "Scutosaurus" had in body mass.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The heavy built "Moradisaurus grandis", with a length of , is the largest known captorhinid. The second largest captorhinid was "Labidosaurikos" with the largest adult skull specimen long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest of non-sauropod sauropodomorphs ("prosauropod") was "Euskelosaurus". It reached in length and in weight. Another huge sauropodomorph "Yunnanosaurus youngi" reached long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Other huge sauropods include "Argentinosaurus", "Alamosaurus", and "Puertasaurus" with estimated lengths of and weights of . "Patagotitan" was estimated at in length and in average weight, and was similar in size to "Argentinosaurus" and "Puertasaurus". Giant sauropods like "Supersaurus", "Sauroposeidon", and "Diplodocus" probably rivaled them in length but not in weight. "Dreadnoughtus" was estimated at in weight and in length but the most complete individual was immature when it died. "Turiasaurus" is considered of being the largest dinosaur from Europe, with an estimated length of and a weight of . However, with lower estimate at and it was smaller than Portuguese "Lusotitan" that reached in length and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest-known thyreophoran was "Ankylosaurus" at in length and in weight. "Stegosaurus" was also long but around tonnes in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest pachycephalosaur was the nominate "Pachycephalosaurus". Previously claimed to be at in length, it was later estimated about long and a weight of about .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest ceratopsian known is "Triceratops horridus", along with the closely related "Eotriceratops xerinsularis" both with estimated lengths of . "Pentaceratops" and several other ceratopsians rival them in size. "Titanoceratops" had one of the longest skull of any land animal, at long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known birds of all time might have been the elephant birds of Madagascar. Both were about tall and in weight. Nearly the same size was the Australian "Dromornis stirtoni" (see below). The tallest bird ever was the giant moa at tall.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The widest known wingspan of any flight-capable bird was "Pelagornis sandersi" with a wingspan of , and a body weight of . The heaviest flight-capable bird was the giant teratorn, "Argentavis magnificens" which had a somewhat-smaller wingspan at around but was far heavier, with accepted maximums around .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: One of the largest enantiornitheans was "Enantiornis", with a length in life of around , hip height of , weight of , and wingspan comparable to some of the modern gulls, around . "Gurilynia" was the largest Mesozoic bird from Mongolia, with a length of , hip height of , and weight of .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The Late Cretaceous "Avisaurus" was almost as large as "Enantiornis". It had a wingspan around , a length of , hip height of , and weight of . Even larger could be the "Soroavisaurus". One tibiotarsus (PVL-4033) indicates an animal with a length of , hip height of , and weight of . "Mirarce" was comparable in size to a turkey, much larger than most of other enantiornitheans.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: One of the biggest Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird was "Pengornis" at in length and skull length of .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Gargantuavis" is the largest known bird of the Mesozoic, a size ranging between the cassowary and the ostrich, and a mass of like modern ostriches. In 2019 specimens MDE A-08 and IVPP-V12325 were measured at in length, in hip height, and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Large individuals of "Gastornis" (also known as "Diatryma") reaged up to in height. Weight of "Gastornis" ranges from to and sometimes to for European specimens and from to for North American.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Possibly flightless, the Miocene "Garganornis ballmanni" was larger than any extant members of Anseriformes, with in body mass. Another huge anseriform was the flightless New Zealand goose ("Cnemiornis"). It reached , approaching in size to small species of moa.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest swan of ever evolved was the Pleistocene giant swan ("Cygnus falconeri"), it reached bill-to-tail length of about , weighed around and had a wingspan of about . The New Zealand swan ("Cygnus sumnerensis") weighed up to , much more than related black swan at only . The giant "Annakacygna yoshiiensis" from the Miocene of Japan was much bigger than the extant mute swan.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Finsch's duck ("Chenonetta finschi") reached in weight, surpassing related modern Australian wood duck ().


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The Early Pliocene "Pelecanus schreiberi" was larger than most extant pelicans. "Pelecanus odessanus" from the Late Miocene was probably the same size as "P. schreiberi", its tarsometatarsus is long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known of Ciconiiformes was "Leptoptilos robustus", standing tall and weighing an estimated .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: A huge true crane (Gruinae) from the late Miocene (Tortonian) of Germany was equal in size to the biggest extant cranes and resembled the long-beaked Siberian crane ("Leucogeranus leucogeranus").


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Miomancalla howardi" was the largest charadriiform of all time, weighing approximately (?) more than the great auk with a height of approximately .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: One of the heaviest flying bird ever was "Argentavis" from the family Teratornithidae. The immense bird had a wingspan estimated up to and a weight up to . "Argentavis" humerus was only slightly shorter than an entire human arm. Another huge teratorn was "Aiolornis", it had a wingspan around . The Pleistocene "Teratornis merriami" reached and in wingspan. Even with lower estimates, it was larger than the observed California condor ("Gymnogyps californianus") of nowadays.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known-ever Cariamiforme and largest phorusrhacid or "terror bird" (highly predatory, flightless birds of America) was "Brontornis", which was about tall at the shoulder, could raise its head above the ground and could have weighed as much as . The immense phorusrhacid "Kelenken" stood tall with a skull long ( of which was beak), had the largest head of any known bird. South American "Phorusrhacos" stood nearly tall, and probably weighed nearly , as much as a male ostrich. The largest North American phorusrhacid is "Titanis", which is about tall, as tall as a forest elephant.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known bird of prey ever was the enormous Haast's eagle ("Hieraaetus moorei"), with a wingspan of , relatively short for their size. Total length was probably up to in female and they weighed about . Another giant extinct hawk was "Titanohierax" about that lived in the Antilles and The Bahamas, where it was among the top predators. An unnamed late Quaternary eagle from Hispaniola could be 15–30% larger than the modern golden eagle ("Aquila chrysaetos"). Some extinct species of "Buteogallus" surpassed their extant relatives in size. "Buteogallus borrasi" was about 33% larger than the modern great black hawk ("B. urubitinga"). "B. daggetti", also known as "walking eagle", was around 40% larger than the savanna hawk ("B. meridionalis"). Eyles's harrier ("Circus eylesi") from the Pleistocene-Holocene of New Zealand was more than twice heavier than the extant "C. approximans".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The tallest known bird was the South Island giant moa ("Dinornis robustus"), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct about 500 years ago. It stood up to tall, and weighed approximately half as much as a large elephant bird due to its comparatively slender frame.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: MPLK-03, a tinamou specimen that existed during the Late Pleistocene in Argentina, possibly belongs to the modern genus "Eudromia" and surpacces extant "E. elegans" and "E. formosa" in size by 2.2-8% and 6-14%, respectively.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds ("Vorombe", "Aepyornis") of Madagascar, which were related to the ostrich. They exceeded in height and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: With in body mass, "Pachystruthio dmanisensis" from the lower Pleistocene of Crimea was the largest bird ever recorded in Europe. Despite its giant size, it was a good runner. A possible specimen of "Pachystruthio" from the lower Pleistocene of Hebei Province (China) was about in weight, twice heavier than the common ostrich ("Struthio camelus"). Remains of the massive asian ostrich ("Struthio asiaticus") from the Pliocene indicate a size 20% bigger than adult male of the extant "Struthio camelus".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest pigeon relative known was the dodo ("Raphus cucullatus"), possibly exceeding in height and weighing as much as , although recent estimates have indicated that an average wild dodo weighed much less at approximately .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known of the Odontopterygiformes— a group which has been variously allied with Procellariiformes, Pelecaniformes and Anseriformes and the largest flying birds of all time other than "Argentavis" were the huge "Pelagornis", "Cyphornis", "Dasornis", "Gigantornis" and "Osteodontornis". They had a wingspan of and stood about tall. Exact size estimates and judging which one was largest are not yet possible for these birds, as their bones were extremely thin-walled, light and fragile, and thus most are only known from very incomplete remains.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known woodpecker is the possibly extinct imperial woodpecker ("Campephilus imperialis") with a total length of about .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known parrot is the extinct "Heracles inexpectatus" with a length of about 1 meter (3.3 feet).


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known penguin of all time was "Palaeeudyptes klekowskii" of Antarctica, its body length (tip of the bill to tip of the tail) is estimated about and body weight is estimated about . Another large penguin is "Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi" of New Zealand and Antarctica. Its body length is estimated and was in weight. There is also an estimate that one remain of "Anthropornis" can reach that body length of and in weight. Similar in size were the New Zealand giant penguin ("Pachydyptes pondeorsus") with a height of and weighing possibly around and over, and "Icadyptes salasi" at tall.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known frog ever was an as yet unnamed Eocene species that was about . The Late Cretaceous "Beelzebufo" grew to at least (snout-vent length), which is around the size of a modern African bullfrog.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known diacectid, herbivorous "Diadectes", was a heavily built animal, up to long, with thick vertebrae and ribs.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The longest member of this group was "Eogyrinus attheyi", species sometimes placed under genus "Pholiderpeton". Its skull had length about .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known temnospondyl amphibian is "Prionosuchus", which grew to lengths of . Another huge temnospondyl was "Mastodonsaurus giganteus" at long. Unnamed species of temnospondyl from Lesotho is partial, but possible body length estimation is .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Some members of Psammosteidae such as "Obruchevia" and "Tartuosteus" are estimated to reached up to .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Although known from partial materials, "Thelodus parvidens" (="T. macintoshi") is estimated to reached up to .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest of the now-extinct Acanthodii was "Xylacanthus grandis", an ischnacanthiform based on a ~ long jaw bone. Based on the proportions of its relative "Ischnacanthus", "X. grandis" had an estimated total length of .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known placoderm was the giant predatory "Dunkleosteus". The largest and most well known species was "D. terrelli", which grew almost in length and in weight. Its filter feeding relative, "Titanichthys", may have rivaled it in size. "Titanichthys" reached a length of though in older paper it was estimated at .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The Cenozoic "Hemipristis serra" was considerably larger than its modern-day relatives and had much larger teeth. Its total length is estimated to be at long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: One of the largest hybodontiforms was the Jurassic "Asteracanthus" with body length of up to . "Crassodus reifi" is known from less materials, however it is estimated that reached over .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known eugeneodont is an as-yet unnamed species of "Helicoprion" discovered in Idaho. The specimens suggest an animal that possibly exceeded in length. Another fairly large eugeneodont is "Parahelicoprion". Being more slimmer than "Helicoprion", it reached nearly the same size, possibly up to in length. Both had the largest sizes among the animals of Paleozoic era.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest coelacanth is Cretaceous "Mawsonia gigas" with estimated total length up to . Jurassic "Trachymetopon" may have reached size close to that, about . An undetermined mawsoniid from the Maastrichtian deposits of Morocco probably reached in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known ray-finned fish and largest bony fish of all time was the pachycormid, "Leedsichthys problematicus", at around long. Earlier estimates have had claims of larger individuals with lengths over .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known of ichthyodectiform fish was "Xiphactinus", which measured up to long. "Ichthyodectes" reached long, twice lesser than "Xiphactinus".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The Late Cretaceous "Bawitius" was likely the largest bichir of all time. It reached up to in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Megalampris" was likely the largest fossil opah. This fish was around in length when alive, which is twice the length of the largest living opah species, "Lampris guttatus".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The longest known graptoloid graptolite is "Stimulograptus halli" at . It found in Silurian deposits of the United Kingdom.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Cambrian kinorhynchs from Qingjiang biota, also known as "mud dragons", reached in length, much larger than extant relatives that grow only a few millimeters in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Based on the findings of mouthparts, the Cambrian gilled lobopodian "Omnidens amplus" is estimated to have been . It is also known as the largest Cambrian animal known to exist.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest chasmataspidids were the Ordovician "Hoplitaspis" at in length and similar in size range "Chasmataspis".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Retifacies" probably reached up to . "Tegopelte" is another one example of large non-trilobite artiopod, reached long and was the largest of the Burgess Shale bilaterians, surpassing all other benthic organisms by at least twice.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Some of these extinct marine arthropods exceeded in length. A nearly complete specimen of "Isotelus rex" from Manitoba attained a length over , and an "Ogyginus forteyi" from Portugal was almost as long. Fragments of trilobites suggest even larger record sizes. An isolated pygidium of "Hungioides bohemicus" implies that the full animal was long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known myriapod by far was "Arthropleura". Measuring long and wide. Some specimens could have been even larger, up to in length and in weight.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest cyclid was "Opolanka decorosa", the Late Triassic "Halicyne"-like cycloid which reached over across the carapace.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Tesnusocaris" had body length at least , larger than every living remipedes which could reach up to .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Extinct as recently as after 1967 and also submitted as the Holocene subfossils, the Saint Helena giant earwig ("Labidura herculeana", with synonym "Labidura loveridgei") reached in length uncluding forceps long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Chresmodidae had long specialized legs like of the modern Gerridae family. One of the Chresmodidae, "Chresmoda obscura" could reached a size of about .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: One of the largest known fossil beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea is "Protognathinus spielbergi". It had total length including mandibles about . The largest fossil scarabaeid was "Oryctoantiquus borealis" with an estimated body length of .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Related to modern orthopterans, titanopterans from the Triassic period were much larger. The wingspan of "Gigatitan vulgaris" was up to . "Clatrotitan andersoni" also reached a huge size, having a forewing of long.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Makarkinia adamsi" from the Crato Formation is estimated to have the longest forewings of any neuropteran species, estimated at .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known palaeodictyopteran was "Mazothairos", with an estimated wingspan of up to . If subcircular wing known from Piesberg Quarry belongs to palaeodictyopteran, it possibly had single wing length at least .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: "Websteroprion" is the largest known fossil eunicidan annelid, with estimated length ranges , however comparison with closely related extant taxa indicates length around . It also had the biggest scolecodonts of any prehistoric polychaete, up to in length and possibly larger.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest and longest known of nautiloids was "Endoceras giganteum" with a shell length of . There is a record of individual whose shell length had reached , but it is doubtful.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known ammonite was "Parapuzosia seppenradensis". A partial fossil specimen found in Germany had a shell diameter of , but the living chamber was incomplete, so the estimated shell diameter was probably about and weighed about when it was alive. However, later study estimates shell diameter up to around .


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest known belemnite was "Megateuthis gigantea", reaching about in maximum diameter and length of rostrum, respectively.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest brachiopod ever evolved was "Striatifera striata" from Akkermanovka Quarry, Russia, with height up to . Another huge brachiopod was the Carboniferous "Gigantoproductus giganteus", with shell width from to over . "Titanaria costellata" had large and long shell in width, nearly as large as "Gigantoproductus".


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: The largest fossil jellyfish is Cambrian "Cordubia gigantea", with diameter of . Specimens from the Cambrian of Wisconsin reached in length.


title: Largest prehistoric animals

text: Longest specimens of "Trepassia wardae" (also known as "Charnia wardi") reached in length. "Charnia masoni" is known from specimens as small as only , up to the largest specimens of in length.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, bordering Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a short section in the north.


title: Anhui

text: With a population of 63.65 million, Anhui is the 8th most populous province in China. It is the 22nd largest Chinese province based on area, and the 12th most densely-populated region of all 34 Chinese provincial regions. Anhui's population is mostly composed of Han Chinese. Languages spoken within the province include Jianghuai Mandarin, Wu, Hui, Gan and small portion of Zhongyuan Mandarin Chinese.


title: Anhui

text: The administration of Anhui is composed of the provincial administrative system, led by the Governor, Provincial Congress, the People's Political Consultative Conference, and the Provincial Higher People's Court. Anhui is known as a province with political tradition in China's government system. Aside from managing provincial government departments, the provincial government manages 16 cities, 62 counties, 43 county-level districts and 1,522 townships.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui Province was established in the sixth year of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1667); before that, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". The province also has another name, "Wan", because, during the Spring and Autumn Period (722–481 B.C.), a small country named "Wan" was here and a mountain called "Wanshan" (aka Mount Tianzhu) is in the province.


title: Anhui

text: Before Anhui was established, this land had a long history. 20,000 years ago, human beings inhabited this area, proven by some findings in Fanchang County. Archaeologists have identified the cultural domains of Yangshao and Longshan, dated to the Neolithic Age (between 4,000 and 10,000 years ago). In relation to these cultures, archeologists have discovered through excavation a 4500-year-old city called the Nanchengzi Ruins in Guzhen County, after they discovered a Neolithic city wall and a moat that was part of a much larger and integrated city in the region during their 2013 disinterment.


title: Anhui

text: There are many historic sites found in the province from the period of the Xia dynasty (2070 B.C.) to the Warring Kingdoms (475–221 B.C.). After the Qin dynasty unified China, this area belonged to different prefectures such as the Jiujiang, Zhang, Tang and Sishui Prefectures. Anhui became parts of Yang, Yu, and Xu prefectures during Han dynasties. In the period of the Three Kingdoms (222–280 A.D.), Anhui was separately dominated by the Wu State and Wei State. During the Jin dynasty, Northern and Southern dynasties and the Sui dynasty, Anhui was part of Yang, Xu and Yu prefectures, respectively. Later on, the Hui area flourished quickly and the economy and culture of Hui Prefecture created great influence during the Song Dynasty.


title: Anhui

text: During the Yuan dynasty, ruled by the Mongolian emperor, Anhui area was a part of Henan province. During the Ming dynasty, the area was directly managed by the administration of the Capital of Nanjing. Shortly after the Qing dynasty was established, this area and Jiangsu province were merged as one province until the sixth year (1666 or 1667) of the Kangxi Emperor's reign in the Qing dynasty.


title: Anhui

text: Later during the Qing dynasty, Anhui played an important role in the Self-Strengthening Movement led by Li Hongzhang, an important Prime Minister during the later Qing Dynasty. At this time, many western weapons, factories and modern government concepts were introduced into China. Over the next 50 years, Anhui became one of the most aggressive areas with liberal thought. Within this environment, many ideologists appeared in Anhui. Several of them impacted the future of China including, Hu Shih, a Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat, and Chen Duxiu, founder of the Chinese Communist Party and the first General Secretary of the CCP.


title: Anhui

text: In 1938, the north and central areas of the province were heavily damaged because Chiang Kai-shek, the then-President of the Republic of China, broke the dam of Yellow River, hoping this strategy could slow down the invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army. Within only ten days of the dam breaking, the water and sands drowned all of north and middle area of this province, 500,000 to 900,000 Chinese people died, along with an unknown number of Japanese soldiers. The flood prevented the Japanese Army from taking Zhengzhou.


title: Anhui

text: Following the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, the capital city of Anhui province moved to what was then a small town, Hefei. At the same time, the provincial government made significant investments to develop this new capital city, which has become a China Top 25 city (of 660 cities over all of China) in the 2010s. After 1949, the government also launched many Water Projects to repair damage from World War II. In addition, many other areas of China supported Anhui's development. In the later 1990s, the province has become one of the fastest growing provinces in China. In the 2010s, the province became a part of China Yangtze River Delta Economic Area which is the most developed area of China. And the capital city, Hefei, is set as the sub-central city of this Economic Area, only after Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou.


title: Anhui

text: In terms of culture, Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain together with modern-day Henan province, northern Jiangsu and southern Shandong provinces. Central Anhui was densely populated and constituted mostly of fertile land from the Huai River watershed. In contrast, the culture of Southern Anhui, bordered mostly along the Yangtze, was closer to Jiangxi and southern Jiangsu provinces. The hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui is topographically diverse. The north is part of the North China Plain while the north-central areas are part of the Huai River watershed. Both regions are flat, and densely populated. The land becomes more uneven further south, with the Dabie Mountains occupying much of southwestern Anhui and a series of hills and ranges cutting through southeastern Anhui, between which is the Yangtze River. The highest peak in Anhui is Lotus Peak, part of Huangshan in southeastern Anhui. It has an altitude of 1873 m.


title: Anhui

text: Major rivers include the Huai River in the north and the Yangtze in the south. The largest lake is Lake Chaohu situated in the center of the province, with an area of about . The southeastern part of the province near the Yangtze River has many lakes as well.


title: Anhui

text: As with topography, the province differs in climate from north to south. The north is more temperate with more distinct seasons. January temperatures average at around −1 to 2 °C north of the Huai River, and 0 to 3 °C south of the Huai River; in July temperatures average 27 °C or above. Plum rains occur in June and July and may cause flooding.


title: Anhui

text: The Anhui elm", Ulmus" "gaussenii" , is a medium size deciduous tree whose natural range is restricted to the valleys of the Langya limestone mountains of Chu Xian. The tree was most commonly found on the flood plains, indicating a tolerance of periodic inundation. "U. gaussenii" is now the world's rarest and most endangered elm species, with only approximately 30 trees known to survive in the wild in 2009.


title: Anhui

text: The province is also home to the Chinese alligator ("Alligator sinensis", ), also known as the Yangtze alligator, China alligator, or historically the muddy dragon, a critically endangered crocodilian.


title: Anhui

text: These 16 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 105 county-level divisions (44 districts, 6 county-level cities, and 55 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,845 township-level divisions (972 towns, 634 townships, nine ethnic townships, and 230 subdistricts).


title: Anhui

text: The Politics of Anhui Province is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.


title: Anhui

text: The Governor of Anhui () is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Anhui. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Anhui Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary (), colloquially termed the "Anhui Party Chief".


title: Anhui

text: Most provincial government departments and the Governor office are located at No.1 Zhongshan Road, moved from old downtown of Hefei since 2016. Provincial government is responsible to manage 16 prefecture-level cities, 105 counties, 1845 townships and different departments in Anhui. The National People's Congress (NPC) is just located near provincial government. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (C.P.P.C.C.) is located at No.317, Suzhou Road. The Provincial Higher People's Court is located at no. 472 Changjiang Rd.


title: Anhui

text: Typically, annual provincial congress meeting is held in the first quarter of each year shortly before national congress meeting and the annual meeting of C.P.P.C.C. is held in the first quarter or the fourth quarter of each year.


title: Anhui

text: Agriculture in Anhui varies according to the climate zones. To the north of the Huai River, wheat and sweet potatoes are grown, while to the south it is rice and wheat instead.


title: Anhui

text: Natural resources of Anhui include iron in Ma'anshan, coal in Huainan, and copper in Tongling. There are industries related to these natural resources (e.g. steel industry at Ma'anshan). One of the famous Anhui-based corporations is the automobile company Chery, which is based in Wuhu.


title: Anhui

text: Compared to its more prosperous neighbours to the east, Zhejiang and Jiangsu, Anhui has lagged markedly behind in economic development, with a GDP per capita around half of those two provinces in 2017 rapidly improved from 1/3 of those two provinces in 2010. However, the provincial GDP per capita is based on the population registered in the province (that is, with local Hukou), but not necessarily residing there. There is significant regional disparity, where much of the wealth is concentrated in industrial regions close to the Yangtze River, such as Hefei, Wuhu, and Ma'anshan.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui's nominal GDP for 2016 was approximately 2.4 trillion yuan (US$365.8 billion) in the year of 2016. It is considered as a mid-size economy in terms of economic output. The province is home to a large cluster of white goods manufacture such as Haier, Hisense, Whirlpool, Gree, Royalstar, and Meling.


title: Anhui

text: Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone is located in the southwest of Hefei and was established in 1993. It is located close to Hefei Luogang International Airport.


title: Anhui

text: Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in October 1990 and approved by the State Council as a state-level Development Zone in March 1991. In 1997, the Development Zone was ratified as an APEC Science and Technology Industrial Park, with special open policies to APEC and EU members. Hefei High Tech Park was also approved as a National High Tech Export Base in 2000 and obtained the award of an Advanced High Tech Zone under the Torch Program in 2003. So far, more than 100 hi-tech enterprises have entered the zone. Industries encouraged in the zone include chemical production and processing, electronics assembly & manufacturing, instruments & industrial equipment, medical Equipment and telecommunications.


title: Anhui

text: Established in 1993, Wuhu Economic and Technological Development Zone was the first state-level development zone approved by central government in Anhui, utilising the transportation advantage of the Yangtse Delta at Wuhu.


title: Anhui

text: Wuhu Export Processing Zone was approved to be a national level export processing zone, with a total planned area of .


title: Anhui

text: Historically, Anhui's transport network was hampered by the lack of bridges across the Yangtze River, which divides the province into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the Yangtze in Anhui, the Tongling Yangtze River Bridge, was completed in 1995. As of October 2014, Anhui had four bridges across the Yangtze, at Ma'anshan, Wuhu, Tongling, and Anqing.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui lacked a developed railway network until this century: most cities are now connected by a high-speed train system. Hefei South railway station is the high-speed train hub.


title: Anhui

text: Hefei and Wuhu have subway systems. The Hefei Metro has 2 completed lines, 3 lines under construction and another 10 lines planned. The Wuhu Metro has 2 subway lines under construction and another 3 lines planned.


title: Anhui

text: The province has 5 major commercial airports and another 4 are under construction. Hefei Xinqiao International Airport and Huangshan International Airport are the 2 international airports. The 5 airports in operation are:


title: Anhui

text: Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population. The Hui and She are the two largest minorities.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui has a highly unbalanced gender ratio. According to a 2009 study published in the "British Medical Journal", in the 1–4 age group, there are 138 boys for every 100 girls, making it among the most unbalanced of provinces in China.


title: Anhui

text: The predominant religions in Anhui are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 4.64% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 5.30% of the population identifies as Christian. According to a 2010 survey, Muslims constitute 0.58% of the population of Anhui.


title: Anhui

text: The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 89.48% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and folk religious sects.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui spans many geographical and cultural regions. The northern, flatter parts of the province, along the Huai River and further north, are most akin to neighboring provinces like Henan, Shandong and northern Jiangsu. In contrast, the southern, hilly parts of the province are more similar in culture and dialect to other southern, hilly provinces, like Zhejiang and Jiangxi.


title: Anhui

text: Mandarin dialects are spoken over the northern and central parts of the province, north of the Yangtze river. Dialects to the north (e.g. Bengbu dialect) are classified as Zhongyuan Mandarin, together with dialects in provinces such as Henan and Shandong; dialects in the central parts (e.g. Hefei dialect) are classified as Jianghuai Mandarin, together with dialects in the central parts of neighboring Jiangsu province. Non-Mandarin dialects are spoken to the south of the Yangzi: dialects of Wu are spoken in Xuancheng prefecture-level city, though these are rapidly being replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin; dialects of Gan are spoken in a few counties in the southwest bordering Jiangxi province; and the Huizhou dialects are spoken in about ten counties in the far south, a small but highly diverse and unique group of Chinese dialects.


title: Anhui

text: Huangmeixi, which originated in the environs of Anqing in southwestern Anhui, is a form of traditional Chinese opera popular across China. Huiju, a form of traditional opera originating in the Huizhou-speaking areas of southern Anhui, is one of the major precursors of Beijing Opera; in the 1950s, Huiju (which had disappeared) was revived. Luju is a type of traditional opera found across central Anhui, from east to west.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. Combining elements of cooking from northern Anhui, south-central Anhui, and the Huizhou-speaking areas of southern Anhui, Anhui cuisine is known for its use of wild game and herbs, both land and sea, and comparatively simple methods of preparation.


title: Anhui

text: Anhui has a high concentration of traditional products related to calligraphy: Xuanzhou (today Xuancheng) and Huizhou (today Huangshan City) are revered for producing Xuan Paper and Hui Ink, respectively, which are traditionally considered the best types of paper and ink for Chinese calligraphy. She County is famous for the She Inkstone, one of the most preferred types of inkstones (a required tool in traditional calligraphy).


title: Anhui

text: Anhui has some good universities. Most universities in Anhui are located in Hefei, Wuhu, Bengbu, Maanshan, some of them are pretty well known. Specifically, Hefei is one of the most important research central cities in China with leading basic scientific research capability.


title: Anhui

text: In 2008, France helped the Anhui Provincial Tourism Bureau develop a rural tourism demonstration project.


title: Lincoln Center

text: Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts (also simply known as Lincoln Center) is a complex of buildings in the Lincoln Square neighborhood on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. It has thirty indoor and outdoor facilities and is host to 5 million visitors annually. It houses internationally renowned performing arts organizations including the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Ballet, and the Juilliard School.


title: Lincoln Center

text: John D. Rockefeller III, built Lincoln Center as part of the "Lincoln Square Renewal Project" during Robert Moses's program of New York's urban renewal in the 1950s and 1960s. Respected architects were contracted to design the major buildings on the site.


title: Lincoln Center

text: Rockefeller was appointed as the Lincoln Center's inaugural president in 1956, and once he resigned, became its chairman in 1961. He is credited with raising more than half of the $184.5 million in private funds needed to build the complex, including drawing from his own funds; the Rockefeller Brothers Fund also contributed to the project. Numerous architects were hired to build different parts of the center (see ). The center's first three buildings, David Geffen Hall (formerly Avery Fisher Hall, originally named Philharmonic Hall), David H. Koch Theater (formerly the New York State Theater), and the Metropolitan Opera House were opened in 1962, 1964, and 1966, respectively.


title: Lincoln Center

text: It is unclear whether the center was named as a tribute to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln or for its location in the Lincoln Square Neighborhood. The name was bestowed on the area in 1906 by the New York City Board of Aldermen, but records give no reason for choosing that name. There has long been speculation that the name came from a local landowner, because the square was previously named Lincoln Square. However, property records from the New York Municipal Archives from that time have no record of a Lincoln surname; they only list the names Johannes van Bruch, Thomas Hall, Stephen De Lancey, James De Lancey, James De Lancey Jr. and John Somerindyck. One speculation is that references to President Lincoln were omitted from the records because the mayor in 1906 was George B. McClellan Jr., son of General George B. McClellan, who was general-in-chief of the Union Army early in the American Civil War and a bitter rival of Lincoln's.


title: Lincoln Center

text: In 1955, the first city institution to commit to be part of the Lincoln Square Renewal Project, an effort to revitalize the city's west side with a new performing arts complex that would become the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, was the Fordham Law School of Fordham University. In 1961, Fordham Law School was the first building to open as part of the renewal project, and in 1968, Fordham College at Lincoln Center welcomed its first students.


title: Lincoln Center

text: The development of the condominium at 3 Lincoln Center, completed in 1991, designed by Lee Jablin of Harman Jablin Architects, made possible the expansion of The Juilliard School and the School of American Ballet.


title: Lincoln Center

text: The center's cultural institutions also have since made use of facilities located away from the main campus. In 2004, the center expanded through the addition of Jazz at Lincoln Center's newly built facilities, the Frederick P. Rose Hall, at the new Time Warner Center, located a few blocks to the south. In March 2006, the center launched construction on a major redevelopment plan that modernized, renovated, and opened up its campus. Redevelopment was completed in 2012 with the completion of the President's Bridge over West 65th Street.


title: Lincoln Center

text: When first announced in 1999, Lincoln Center's campus-wide redevelopment was to cost $1.5 billion over 10 years and radically transform the campus. The center management held an architectural competition, won by the British architect Norman Foster in 2005, but did not approve a full scale redesign until 2012, in part because of the need to raise $300 million in construction costs and the New York Philharmonic's fear that it might lose audiences and revenue while it was displaced. Among the architects that have been involved were Frank Gehry; Cooper, Robertson & Partners; Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; Beyer Blinder Belle; Fox & Fowle; Olin Partnership; and Diller & Scofidio.


title: Lincoln Center

text: In March 2006, the center launched the 65th Street Project – part of a major redevelopment plan continuing through the fall of 2012 – to create a new pedestrian promenade designed to improve accessibility and the aesthetics of that area of the campus. Additionally, Alice Tully Hall was modernized and reopened to critical and popular acclaim in 2009 and Film at Lincoln Center expanded with the new Elinor Bunin Munroe Film Center. Topped by a sloping lawn roof, the film center is part of a new pavilion that also houses a destination restaurant named Lincoln, as well as offices. Subsequent projects were added which addressed improvements to the main plazas and Columbus Avenue Grand Stairs. Under the direction of the Lincoln Center Development Project, Diller Scofidio + Renfro in association with FXFOWLE Architects and Beyer Blinder Belle Architects provided the design services. Additionally, Turner Construction Company and RCDolner, LLC were the construction managers for the projects. Another component to redevelopment was the addition of the David Rubenstein Atrium designed by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects, a visitors' center and a gateway to the center that offers free performances, day-of-discount tickets, food, and free Wi-Fi.


title: Lincoln Center

text: Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts (LCPA) is one of the eleven resident organizations, and serves as presenter of artistic programming, leader in arts and education and community relations, and manager of the center's campus. LCPA has some 5,000 programs, initiatives, and events annually, and its programs include American Songbook, Great Performers, Lincoln Center Festival, Lincoln Center Out of Doors, Midsummer Night Swing, the Mostly Mozart Festival, Target Free Thursdays, the White Light Festival and the Emmy Award–winning "Live from Lincoln Center".


title: Lincoln Center

text: In July 2006, the LCPA announced it would join with publishing company John Wiley & Sons to publish at least 15 books on performing arts, and would draw on the Lincoln Center Institute's educational background and archives.


title: Lincoln Center

text: Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund is the first of its kind as a grant program that seeks to make the arts accessible to all people, focusing on those who live in some of New York City's poorest neighborhoods. Partnering with the Rockefeller Foundation, the new pilot grant program offers one-time grants to non-profit organizations to provide cultural activities in these communities in the diverse neighborhoods of Central Brooklyn and the South Bronx. Each of the 12 grantees will receive support and financial backing for their project based on organizational budget size. These are one-year long projects, and grant amounts range from $50,000-$100,000. The over-all goal of the program is to support non-profit organizations in creating cultural innovative strategies that cultivate participation in the arts as well as increase the range and availability of cultural activities to underserved communities.


title: Luc Montagnier

text: Luc Montagnier (; , ; 18 August 1932 – 8 February 2022) was a French virologist and joint recipient, with and , of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). He worked as a researcher at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and as a full-time professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.


title: Luc Montagnier

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Montagnier promoted the conspiracy theory that SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, was deliberately created and escaped from a laboratory. Such a claim has been rejected by other virologists. He has been criticised by other academics for using his Nobel prize status to "spread dangerous health messages outside his field of knowledge".


title: Luc Montagnier

text: Montagnier was born in Chabris. Montagnier became interested in science as a teenager. He studied science at the University of Poitiers, France, and then became an assistant in the Faculty of Sciences at Sorbonne University, where he obtained a PhD.


title: Luc Montagnier

text: In 1960 Montagnier moved to Carshalton, UK as a postdoctoral fellow at the now defunct Virus Research Unit of the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom). In 1963, he moved to the then Institute of Virology in Glasgow. He developed a soft agar culture medium to culture viruses.


title: Luc Montagnier

text: From 1965 until 1972 he was Laboratory Chief at the Institut Curie, then moved to the Institut Pasteur working on the effects of interferon on viruses.


title: Luc Montagnier

text: In 1982, Willy Rozenbaum, a clinician at the "Hôpital Bichat" hospital in Paris, asked Montagnier for assistance in establishing the cause of a mysterious new syndrome, AIDS (known at the time as "gay-related immune deficiency" or GRID). Rozenbaum had suggested at scientific meetings that the cause of the disease might be a retrovirus. Montagnier and members of his group at the Pasteur Institute, notably including Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Jean-Claude Chermann, had extensive experience with retroviruses. Montagnier and his team examined samples taken from Rozenbaum's AIDS patients and found the virus that would later become known as HIV in a lymph node biopsy. They named it "lymphadenopathy-associated virus", or LAV, since it was not then clear that it was the cause of AIDS, and published their findings in the journal "Science" on 20 May 1983.


title: Luc Montagnier

text: A team led by Robert Gallo of the United States published similar findings in the same issue of "Science" and later confirmed the discovery of the virus and presented evidence that it caused AIDS. Gallo called the virus "human T-lymphotropic virus type III" (HTLV-III) because of perceived similarities with HTLV-I and -II, which had previously been discovered in his lab. Because of the timing of the discoveries, whether Montagnier's or Gallo's group was first to isolate HIV was for many years the subject of an acrimonious dispute. HIV isolates usually have a high degree of variability because the virus mutates rapidly. In comparison, the first two-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates, Lai/LAV (formerly LAV, isolated at the Pasteur Institute) and Lai/IIIB (formerly HTLV-IIIB, isolated from a pooled culture at the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology (LTCB) of the National Cancer Institute) were strikingly similar in sequence, suggesting that the two isolates were in fact the same, or at least shared a common source.