title: The Tubes

text: On November 10, 2009, "Mondo Birthmark," a CD of previously unreleased rarities, was released through the label Fuel 2000. The package was designed by Michael Cotten and Prairie Prince with rare photos and interviews of the group. The demos also feature former member Bob Macintosh on drums.


title: The Tubes

text: On July 24, 2019, Kenny Ortega was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Fee, Michael Cotton and Michael Holman attended the ceremony.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Play Misty for Me is a 1971 American psychological thriller film directed by and starring Clint Eastwood, his directorial debut. Jessica Walter and Donna Mills co-star. The screenplay, written by regular Eastwood collaborators Jo Heims and Dean Riesner, follows a radio disc jockey (Eastwood) being stalked by an obsessed female fan (Walter).


title: Play Misty for Me

text: The film was a critical and mild financial success, with Walter earning praise for her first major film role, earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Dave Garver is a KRML radio disc jockey who broadcasts nightly from a studio in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, often incorporating poetry into his program. After work at his favorite bar, playing a nonsensical game involving corks and bottle caps with the barman as a device, he deliberately attracts the attention of a woman named Evelyn Draper. Dave drives her home, where she reveals that her presence in the bar was not accidental; it was she in fact who sought him out after hearing the bar mentioned on his radio show. He guesses correctly that she is the recurring caller who always requests the jazz standard "Misty." The two have sex.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: A casual relationship begins between Dave and Evelyn. But before long, Evelyn begins to display obsessive behavior. She shows up at Dave's house uninvited, follows him to work, and calls to demand that he not leave her alone for a single minute. The final straw comes when Evelyn disrupts a business meeting, mistaking Dave's lunch companion for his date.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: His efforts to gently sever ties with Evelyn lead her to attempt suicide in his home by slashing her wrists. After Dave rejects her again, Evelyn breaks into his home and his housekeeper Birdie finds her vandalizing his possessions. Evelyn stabs the housekeeper (who is hospitalized but survives) and is subsequently committed to a psychiatric hospital.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: During Evelyn's incarceration, Dave rekindles a relationship with his ex-girlfriend Tobie Williams. A few months later, Evelyn again calls the studio to request "Misty." She tells Dave that she has been released from the mental hospital and is moving to Hawaii for a fresh start in life. She then quotes the Edgar Allan Poe poem "Annabel Lee." That night, while Dave is asleep, she sneaks into his house and tries to kill him with a large knife. He wakes to see her standing over him wielding the knife, and as she screams and stabs downward, he rolls away from the descending knife (which plunges into his pillow) and he falls onto the floor; Evelyn flees, and he contacts the police.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Dave tells Tobie about Evelyn and cautions her to stay away from him until the woman is caught. For her safety, she goes home. There, she meets with a girl who answered her ad for a roommate: Evelyn, using the alias Annabel. Tobie eventually realizes that Annabel is Evelyn when she sees the fresh scars on Evelyn's wrists, but before Tobie can escape, Evelyn takes her hostage. Evelyn kills McCallum, a police detective who had come to check on Tobie.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Dave makes the connection between Tobie's roommate and the quote from "Annabel Lee." When he calls Tobie to warn her, Evelyn answers and says she and Tobie are waiting for him. Dave switches from a live show to taped music and rushes to the house, where he finds Tobie bound and gagged. Evelyn attacks him with the butcher knife, slashing Dave multiple times. He punches Evelyn, knocking her through the window, over a railing, down onto the rocky shore below, killing her. He and Tobie leave the house as his voice on the radio show leads into the song "Misty".


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Jazz musicians Johnny Otis, Joe Zawinul, and Cannonball Adderley appear as themselves in scenes shot at the real-life 1970 Monterey Jazz Festival.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: The script was originally conceived by Jo Heims, a former model and dancer turned secretary, and was polished by Dean Riesner. The story was acquired by Ross Hunter while at Universal Pictures.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Before Malpaso Productions co-founder Irving Leonard died, he and Eastwood discussed a final film, one giving Eastwood the artistic control he desired by making his directorial debut. The film was "Play Misty for Me". Eastwood reflected on his new role:


title: Play Misty for Me

text: After seventeen years of bouncing my head against the wall, hanging around sets, maybe influencing certain camera set-ups with my own opinions, watching actors go through all kinds of hell without any help, and working with both good directors and bad ones, I'm at the point where I'm ready to make my own pictures. I stored away all the mistakes I made and saved up all the good things I learned, and now I know enough to control my own projects and get what I want out of actors.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: The story line was originally set in Los Angeles, but at Eastwood's insistence, the film was shot in the more comfortable surroundings of the actual Carmel-by-the-Sea, where he could shoot scenes at the local radio station, bars and restaurants, and friends' houses. The idea of another love interest, with a level-headed girlfriend Tobie added to the plot, was a suggestion by Sonia Chernus, an editor who had been with Eastwood when he was initially spotted for "Rawhide".


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Filming commenced in Monterey, California, in September 1970, and although this was Eastwood's debut as film director, Don Siegel stood by to help and also had an acting role in the film as a bartender. Frequent collaborators of Siegel's, such as cinematographer Bruce Surtees, editor Carl Pingitore, and composer Dee Barton, made up part of the filming team.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Additional scenes were shot at the Monterey Jazz Festival in September 1970, featuring jazz greats Johnny Otis, Cannonball Adderley, and future Weather Report founder Joe Zawinul. The commentator mentions: "That was the Cannonball Adderley group. They are playing at the Monterey Jazz Festival with Duke Ellington, Woody Herman, Joe Williams, and many others. Now we are gonna hear from 'The Gator Creek Organization' and 'Feeling Fine'..."


title: Play Misty for Me

text: The Sardine Factory is still at the same location as in the film, at Prescott and Wave Streets, just one block up from Cannery Row in Monterey. The radio station, KRML, was an actual jazz station in Carmel, whose studios were relocated to the Eastwood Building at San Carlos and 5th, in the same building as the Hog's Breath Inn (a restaurant that Eastwood owned). After a brief dark period in 2010, the radio station returned to the air in 2011.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: The rights to the song "Misty" were obtained after Eastwood saw Erroll Garner perform at the Concord Music Festival in 1970. Eastwood also paid $2,000 for the use of the song "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack. Meticulous planning and efficient directorship by Eastwood (which would become one of his trademarks) enabled the film to be made nearly $50,000 short of its $1 million budget, and it was completed four or five days ahead of schedule.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: "Play Misty for Me" premiered in October 1971 at the San Francisco Film Festival. It opened in six cities on October 20, 1971 before expanding in November.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: "Play Misty for Me" was released on DVD in many territories. In the United States it was released as a Collector's Edition DVD on September 18, 2001. Extra features include a 49-minute documentary titled ""Play it Again: A Look Back at 'Play Misty for Me'", a brief featurette of the relationship between Eastwood and Don Siegel, photography montage and "Evolution of a Poster" on the marketing and design of the one sheet. It was first released on Blu-ray Disc on November 10, 2015 by Universal Studios with most of the extra features ported over. The film was released in the United Kingdom on Blu-ray by Final Cut Ent. on July 27, 2020 with all-new alternative special features. It was released on Blu-ray in the U.S. by Kino Lorber studio classics on November 10, 2020 with a 2K master. It includes ported over special features from the previous release and an interview with Donna Mills and audio commentary by film historian Tim Lucas.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: It was a mild financial success, grossing $10.6 million at the US and Canadian box office. It grossed $133,000 in its first week from six theaters, finishing tenth for the week at the box office in the United States and Canada.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: The film has been given mostly positive reviews, with an 84% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 37 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads "A coolly calculating psychological thriller that manages to scare the audience even if it is just using textbook thrills."


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Roger Ebert wrote ""Play Misty for Me" is not the artistic equal of "Psycho", but in the business of collecting an audience into the palm of its hand and then squeezing hard, it is supreme."


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Critics such as Jay Cocks in "Time", Andrew Sarris in the "Village Voice", and Archer Winsten in the "New York Post" all praised Eastwood's directorial skills and the film, including his performance in the scenes with Walter.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" called it an "often fascinating suspenser" "when it's not serving as an overdone travelog for the Monterey Peninsula". He also praised the excellent casting.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: In Clint Eastwood's film "Dirty Harry", a cinema marquee that clearly shows the title of "Play Misty for Me" is visible in the very beginning of the film as Insp. Detective Harry Callahan is on his lunchbreak before the bank robbery which opens the movie.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: In "Keeping Up Appearances", Rose asks Emmett to "play Misty for me" while being dragged out of the church while under the influence of tranquilizers.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: In "227"s final season episode, titled "Play Christy for Me", Lester is stalked by a female listener who repeatedly asks him to play the Hoagy Carmichael classic "Stardust".


title: Play Misty for Me

text: In an episode of "That 70's Show", Fez takes a date to a showing of "Play Misty for Me", where she thinks Evelyn is the hero.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: In "Grand Theft Auto III", there is a mission called "Drive Misty for Me" where its silent protagonist Claude must drive prostitute Misty to the son of Don Salvatore Leone named Joey.


title: Play Misty for Me

text: The film's title is parodied in the name of a quest for the 2017 video game "", which is "Slay Misties for Me". "Misties" refers to larger "mist monsters" created by an apocalyptic storm that establishes the game's plot and premise.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Ronald Allan Kelley Poe (August 20, 1939 – December 14, 2004), known professionally as Fernando Poe Jr., and often referred to by his initials FPJ, was a Filipino actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, and politician. His long and successful career as an action star earned him the nickname "Da King" (i.e. the "King of Philippine movies"). He also wrote, directed, and produced several of the films he starred in—under the pseudonyms Ronwaldo Reyes and D'Lanor.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe appeared in around 300 films spanning from 1955 to 2003. The teenage Poe joined the film industry as a stuntman after the untimely death of his father, actor Fernando Poe Sr. His film debut was "Anak ni Palaris" (1955), a sequel to a film that starred his father. His breakout came in the 1956 film "Lo Waist Gang" and went on to star in action films that portrayed him as the "champion and defender of the poor and oppressed". His notable films include: "Only the Brave Know Hell" (1965), Lino Brocka's "Santiago!" (1970), Celso Ad. Castillo's "Asedillo" (1971), "Bato sa Buhangin" (1976), "Durugin si Totoy Bato" (1979), Eddie Romero's "Aguila" (1980); his self-directed "Ang Panday" (1980) and its sequels; "Roman Rapido" and "Isang Bala Ka Lang!" (both 1983), the 1986 films "Iyo ang Tondo, Kanya ang Cavite", "Muslim .357", and "Batang Quiapo"; "Kahit Konting Pagtingin" (1990), "Ang Probinsyano" (1996), "Isusumbong Kita sa Tatay Ko..." (1999), and "Ang Dalubhasa" (2000).


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe's accolades include five FAMAS Awards for Best Actor—a joint record that inducted him into the FAMAS Hall of Fame in 1988. He also won Best Director for his films "Ang Padrino" (1984) and "Kahit Butas ng Karayom, Papasukin Ko" (1995). In 2004, FAMAS posthumously granted him the Natatanging Alagad ng Sining Award. Poe was also posthumously declared a National Artist of the Philippines in 2006 (accepted by his family in 2012).


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe ran for president of the Philippines in the 2004 election. He lost to re-electionist Gloria Macapagal Arroyo by just over one million votes (3.48%)—the closest margin between the winner and runner-up in the history of Philippine presidential elections. Seven months after the elections, Poe died of a stroke; hundreds of thousands attended his wake and funeral.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe was married to actress Susan Roces, who played his onscreen love interest in 17 films. Senator Grace Poe and actress Lovi Poe are his daughters.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Ronald Allan "Ronnie" Kelley Poe was the son of Filipino actor Fernando Poe Sr. (born Allan Fernando Poe y Reyes), a mestizo of Spanish descent from San Carlos, Pangasinan and Elizabeth "Bessie" Kelley, a mestiza with Irish American ancestry. He was born in Manila on August 20, 1939.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: His parents were not legally married when he was born, they were later married in 1940. In 2004, Poe's political opponents tried to derail his bid for the 2004 Philippine presidency when they sought to disqualify him as an illegitimate son of a non-Filipino mother.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: He was the second among six siblings and it from his brother Andy (born Fernando Poe Jr.) - whose given name was used by Poe as his own professional name to bank on the popularity of his father who was a top actor in his time. Conrad Poe was Poe's half-brother, the illegitimate son of Fernando Poe Sr. and actress Patricia Mijares.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: The original spelling of the family surname was Pou, from his paternal grandfather, playwright Lorenzo Pou, a Catalan migrant from Majorca, Spain, who ventured into mining and business in the Philippines.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: In 1953, Poe finished his primary education at San Beda College, Lepanto. For high school, he went to San Sebastian College. He continued his education at Mapua Institute of Technology and University of the East and took the course theater arts.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: When his father died from rabies at age 34, Poe became the family's breadwinner. In order to support his family, he dropped out of the University of the East during his sophomore year.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe dropped out of college to work in the Philippine film industry as a messenger boy, and was given acting roles in subsequent years. Starting as a stuntman for Everlasting Pictures, he was given a starring role in the film "Anak ni Palaris" ("Son of Palaris") at the age of 14. The film was not a big hit. In 1956, the film "Lo' Waist Gang" made him popular, and the film was such a hit that low-waist pants became a fad.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Also known as 'FPJ' from his initials, Poe acted in a number of films which depicted him as the champion of the poor and downtrodden. He also directed films under the pseudonyms D'Lanor and Ronwaldo Reyes. "Reyes" originated from the surname of his paternal grandmother, Martha.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: He established FPJ Productions in 1961 and later organized other film companies. In 1963, he testified against criminal gangs, known as the Big Four, who extorted money from the film industry. In 1965, he shared the lead in "The Ravagers" (in the Philippines this is titled "Only the Brave Know Hell"), a film depicting the United States and the Philippines working together against Japanese war time occupation. The film is considered one of the most influential Filipino films.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe won the most best actor awards at the FAMAS. Among the films that received awards were "Mga Alabok sa Lupa" (1967), "Asedillo" (1971), "Durugin si Totoy Bato" (1979), "Umpisahan Mo, Tatapusin Ko" (1983), and "Muslim .357" (1986).


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe was one of the highest paid film actors in the Philippines in the 1980s (alongside Dolphy and Vilma Santos), with his salary reaching over one million pesos per film. In 1988, Poe partnered with San Miguel Corporation in a near promotional deal for San Miguel Beer, his first endorsement of a product in his entire film career, with the first television commercial airing on January 20.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Among his roles were Flavio in the "Ang Panday" fantasy series, "Kahit Konting Pagtingin", "Dito sa Pitong Gatang" and "Aguila". His last film, "Pakners", also stars 9-ball billiards champion Efren "Bata" Reyes.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Fernando Poe Jr., was the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP)'s candidate for the 2004 presidential election. He accepted nomination in December 2003 and was to be the opposition candidate in the Philippines' 2004 presidential election.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe married actress Susan Roces, the professional name of Jesusa Sonora, in a civil wedding in December 1968. They later married in a religious service and among their primary sponsors were then-President Ferdinand Marcos and First Lady Imelda. Poe and Roces adopted a daughter, Grace Poe, who became a senator.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe was very reclusive about his personal life. However, in February 2004, during the presidential campaign, Poe admitted to having fathered two children out of wedlock. He had an affair with actress Anna Marin and had one son, Ronian and with former actress Rowena Moran and had a daughter, Lourdes Virginia.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Poe was admitted to St. Luke's Medical Center in Quezon City in the evening of December 11, 2004 after complaining of dizziness at a gathering in his production studio during a Christmas party. He suffered from a stroke and slipped into a coma while being treated for a brain clot. Doctors described his condition as a cerebral thrombosis with multiple organ failure. He died at the age of 65 on December 14 at 12:01 am, without regaining consciousness.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: Organizers of the nine-day wake claimed numbers as high as two million. The funeral procession drew tens of thousands who crowded the streets of Quezon City, an event that was reminiscent of the funeral processions of Ninoy Aquino in 1983 and matinee idol Julie Vega in 1985. He was buried in his family plot along with his father and mother in Manila North Cemetery.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: On December 14, 2012, eight years after his death, a monument to Poe was erected at the corner of Roxas Boulevard and Arquiza Street, with widow Susan Roces and daughter Grace Poe attending the unveiling.


title: Fernando Poe Jr.

text: On January 13, 2022, then-President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11608, renaming Roosevelt Avenue in Quezon City as Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue.


title: John Malkovich filmography

text: American actor, director, and producer John Malkovich has appeared in more than 70 motion pictures. He started acting in the 1980s, appearing in the films "Places in the Heart" (1984) with Sally Field, "Death of a Salesman" (1985), "The Glass Menagerie" (1987), "Empire of the Sun" (1987), and "Dangerous Liaisons" (1988) with Glenn Close. His role in "Places in the Heart" earned him an Academy Award nomination. During the 1990s, he starred in the films "Of Mice and Men" (1992) as Lennie Small, "In the Line of Fire" (1993) as Mitch Leary, "Beyond the Clouds" (1995) as The Director, "The Portrait of a Lady" (1996) as Gilbert Osmond, "Con Air" (1997) as Cyrus "The Virus" Grissom, "The Man in the Iron Mask" (1998) as Athos, "Being John Malkovich" (1999) as John Horatio Malkovich, and "" (1999) as Charles VII. His role as Mitch Leary in "In the Line of Fire" earned him his second Academy Award nomination.


title: John Malkovich filmography

text: Malkovich went on to appear in the early 2000s films "Johnny English" (2003) as Pascal Sauvage, "The Libertine" (2004) as Charles II, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (2005) as Humma Kavula, "Eragon" (2006) as Galbatorix, "Klimt" (2006) as Gustav Klimt, "Burn After Reading" (2008) as Osborne Cox, and "Changeling" (2008) as Reverend Briegleb. In 2010, he co-starred with Josh Brolin and Megan Fox in the science fiction Western "Jonah Hex" as Quentin Turnbull. The same year, he also starred in "Secretariat" with Diane Lane, and "RED" with Bruce Willis, Morgan Freeman and Helen Mirren, a role he later reprised in the sequel "RED 2" (2013). Malkovich made an appearance in the science fiction action film "" (2011) as Bruce Brazos. He co-starred in the romantic zombie comedy film "Warm Bodies" (2013) as General Grigio and lent his voice to the animated movie "Penguins of Madagascar" (2014) as the villainous octopus Dave.


title: John Malkovich filmography

text: As a producer, Malkovich has produced the films "Ghost World" (2001), "The Libertine" (2004), "Juno" (2007), and "The Perks of Being a Wallflower" (2012).


title: Wildlife (film)

text: Wildlife is a 2018 American drama film directed and co-produced by Paul Dano (in his directorial debut), from a screenplay by Dano and Zoe Kazan, based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Richard Ford. It stars Carey Mulligan, Jake Gyllenhaal (who also co-produced), Ed Oxenbould, and Bill Camp.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018, and began a limited theatrical release in the United States on October 19, 2018. It received critical acclaim, with praise for Dano's direction and the performances of Mulligan, Gyllenhaal, and Oxenbould. It was nominated for three Independent Spirit Awards, including Best First Feature and Best Female Lead for Mulligan.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: In 1960, Jeannette and Jerry Brinson have recently moved to Great Falls, Montana, with their teenage son Joe. Tensions build after Jerry is fired from a job as a golf pro at a country club. He is offered his old job back but refuses out of pride, and instead of looking for work, he sleeps in his car and watches the local firefighting efforts against a forest fire raging in nearby mountains. To support the family as Jerry looks for a job, Jeannette takes a job as a swimming instructor (although she tries first to get a job teaching at school). Joe gives up football after school to work part-time at a local photography studio. One day, Jerry decides to take a low-paying job fighting the forest fire, which upsets Jeannette and worries Joe. Jeannette speaks openly about her strained marriage with Jerry to Joe, and the stress of the situation takes a minor toll on Joe's school life.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: While Jerry is away, Jeannette tells her son they may have to move to a smaller place as they cannot afford their small rented house. She introduces Joe to Warren Miller, a prosperous older man who owns an automobile dealership. She says she taught him to swim and he has offered her a job.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: Joe is repeatedly left alone as Jeannette spends time with Miller and Jeannette opens up about her dissatisfaction with her husband's restlessness. Joe wakes one morning and his mother is absent. He goes to Miller's car dealership but the receptionist does not know who his mother is.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: One night, after a dinner hosted by Miller, Miller dances with a drunken Jeannette and kisses her; he spends the night at Joe's house, which a shocked Joe discovers later that night. After Miller leaves, Joe confronts Jeannette about the affair. Jeannette does not admit to caring about Miller or no longer loving Jerry, but concedes that the affair will make their life financially better, and she implores Joe to think of a better plan for her. He tells her that he cannot.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: Jerry returns and is met with a lukewarm reception by Jeannette, who reveals that she has begun renting an apartment in town, and Joe is free to stay with her. Devastated and suspecting an affair, Jerry asks Jeannette to admit to her relationship. Furious upon hearing that Miller slept with Jeannette in the family house, Jerry drunkenly goes to Miller's house and tries to set it ablaze. Miller catches him in the act and confronts him, admonishing him about his behavior with Joe present. When an injured Jerry pleads with Joe to help him escape before the police arrive, Joe flees on foot to the police station, where he discovers his father has not been arrested. Returning to the house, he learns from Jerry that Miller will not press charges, but his parents' marriage is over.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: Jeannette moves to Portland, Oregon, to teach, while Joe lives peacefully with Jerry, who has become a successful salesman. Jeannette returns spontaneously one weekend to a strained, but polite, reunion, where she learns Joe has been promoted and is on the honor roll. Joe takes his parents to the photography studio, where he requests that they take a family portrait for his sake. An uncomfortable Jeannette is initially reluctant, but accepts, and the family takes one final portrait together.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: In July 2016, it was announced that Paul Dano would adapt Richard Ford's novel with a script he had co-written with Zoe Kazan, and that neither Dano nor Kazan would act in the film. Dano said, "in Richard's book I saw myself and many others. I have always wanted to make films—and have always known I would make films about family." He has also said that this is the first in a series of films he wants to make about dysfunctional families. The film was produced by June Pictures and Nine Stories Productions.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: In September 2016, it was announced that Jake Gyllenhaal and Carey Mulligan would star in the film. American composer David Lang wrote the score.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: Principal photography took place in Montana and Oklahoma (due to concerns with the winter weather in Montana).


title: Wildlife (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018. Shortly after, IFC Films acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. It screened at the Cannes Film Festival on May 9, 2018. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2018, the New York Film Festival on September 30, 2018, the Woodstock Film Festival on October 13, 2018, and the New Orleans Film Festival on October 18, 2018. "Wildlife" was released in the United States on October 19, 2018.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Wildlife"'s portrait of a family in crisis is beautifully composed by director Paul Dano -- and brought brilliantly to life by a career-best performance from Carey Mulligan." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Wildlife (film)

text: "The New York Times" critic Glenn Kenny called "Wildlife" a "superb film", calling it "a domestic drama both sad and terrifying". Kenny praised the cast for "exceptional" acting, and said that Mulligan "gives the best performance of any I’ve seen in film this year". He called Oxenbould "an exciting find" and stated of Dano's direction as "meticulous in every respect, which enables him to keep the characters at a remove that is both cleareyed and compassionate. The sharp cinematography by Diego Garcia is ideal for Dano’s purpose. The whole of the film is a potent collaboration in every respect, and a remarkable directorial debut."


title: Wildlife (film)

text: Writing for "RogerEbert.com", Brian Tallerico gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "This is an accomplished, moving piece of filmmaking, one that cares about its characters and trusts its performers. It comes from a relatively old school of dramatic storytelling but it connects emotionally because of Dano’s tender but confident work and what he’s able to draw from two of the best performers of their generation." "Variety"'s Owen Gleiberman called Dano "a natural-born filmmaker, with an eye for elegant spare compositions that refrain from being too showy" and gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: David Edelstein, writing for "Vulture" gave the film full marks, calling the film "superb", saying "[Dano] gives his actors space so that the rhythms are their own, and they hold us through the tough final scenes and bittersweet ending." "The Guardian"'s Jordan Hoffman gave the film three stars out of five, saying "It is a quiet, subtle story and, as is so often the case when an actor takes their first trip behind the camera, a showcase for terrific performances."


title: Wildlife (film)

text: On February 14, 2020, it was announced that The Criterion Collection selected the film to be released on DVD and Blu-ray.


title: Wildlife (film)

text: The release includes interviews with director Paul Dano, screenwriter Zoe Kazan, actors Carey Mulligan and Jake Gyllenhaal, cinematographer Diego García, production designer Akin McKenzie, and costume designer Amanda Ford, as well as new conversations on the film's postproduction with Dano, editor Matthew Hannam, and composer David Lang. Also included is a Film at Lincoln Center conversation from 2018 between Dano and novelist Richard Ford about the film's source material and a booklet with an essay by critic Mark Harris.


title: Jane Fonda filmography

text: The following is a complete Jane Fonda filmography. An American actress, writer and former fashion model and fitness guru, Fonda has won two Academy Awards, for "Klute" (1971) and "Coming Home" (1978).


title: Jane Fonda filmography

text: Her early roles included the western comedy "Cat Ballou" (1965), the romantic comedy "Barefoot in the Park" (1967), the science fiction film "Barbarella" (1968), and the psychological drama "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" (1969) for which Fonda received her first Academy Award nomination. In 1971 Fonda starred in the Alan J. Pakula thriller "Klute" portraying prostitute, a role which won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 1977 she showed her range starring in the broad comedy "Fun with Dick and Jane", and the Holocaust drama "Julia". The following year she starred in Hal Ashby's Vietnam war drama "Coming Home" (1978) opposite Jon Voight. She received her second Academy Award for Best Actress.


title: Jane Fonda filmography

text: Fonda continued acting in films such as "California Suite" (1978), "The China Syndrome", and "The Electric Horseman" (both 1979). In 1980, Fonda starred in the smash hit comedy "9 to 5" alongside Lily Tomlin and Dolly Parton. The satirical film revolves around three working women dealing with sexual harassment and discrimination in the workplace. The following year Fonda starred and produced "On Golden Pond" (1980). Fonda appeared with father Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn in the film. She continued to appear in the drama's "Agnes of God" (1985), "The Morning After" (1986), and "Stanley and Iris" (1990).


title: Jane Fonda filmography

text: After a 15 year absence from the screen she starred in the romantic comedy "Monster-in-Law" (2005), a commercial success which rejuvenated her acting career. She acted in the comedies "Georgia Rule" (2007), "Peace, Love & Misunderstanding" (2012), and "This Is Where I Leave You" (2015). She portrayed Nancy Reagan in the Lee Daniel's civil rights drama "The Butler" (2013). She also starred in "Youth" (2015), "Our Souls at Night" (2017), and "Book Club" (2018).


title: Jane Fonda filmography

text: In 1984 she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie for the ABC television movie "The Dollmaker". Fonda also became known for her roles on television including portraying Leona Lansing in Aaron Sorkin's HBO political drama series "The Newsroom" (2013-2015). She received two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series nominations for her performance. She also reunited with Lily Tomlin, both starring in the Netflix comedy series "Grace and Frankie" (2015-2022). For her performance she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series nomination.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back is a 2001 American satirical stoner buddy comedy film written and directed by Kevin Smith, the fifth to be set in his View Askewniverse, a growing collection of characters and settings that developed out of his cult-favorite "Clerks". It focuses on the two eponymous characters, played respectively by Jason Mewes and Smith. The film features cameo appearances from Jason Lee, Ben Affleck, Joey Lauren Adams and Shannen Doherty among many others. The title and logo for "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" are direct references to "The Empire Strikes Back."


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Originally intended to be the last film set in the Askewniverse, or to feature Jay and Silent Bob, "Strike Back" features many characters from the previous Askew films, some in dual roles and reprising roles from the previous entries. The film was a minor commercial success, grossing $33.8 million worldwide from a $22 million budget, and received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Smith announced in February 2017 that he was writing a sequel called "Jay and Silent Bob Reboot" and started filming in February 2019 and was released on October 15 that same year. From February to June 2019, Smith additionally re-adapted the plot of the film to the character of Mindy McCready / Hit-Girl in the relaunched Image comic book series, titled "Hit-Girl: The Golden Rage of Hollywood", with Dave Lizewski filling the role of Banky Edwards.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Dante Hicks and Randal Graves ("Clerks") put a restraining order on Jay and Silent Bob, finally fed up with their drug dealing antics outside the Quick Stop and RST Video. Not allowed within 100 feet of either stores for at least a year, Jay and Silent Bob visit Brodie Bruce ("Mallrats") where they learn that that Miramax Films is adapting "Bluntman and Chronic", the comic book based on their likenesses.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: The pair visit Holden McNeil ("Chasing Amy"), co-writer of "Bluntman and Chronic", and demand royalties from the film, but Holden explains he sold his share of the rights to co-creator Banky Edwards. Seeing the film's negative reception online, the pair set out for Hollywood to prevent the film from tainting their image, or at least to receive the royalties owed to them.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: En route, they befriend an animal liberation group: Justice, Sissy, Missy, Chrissy, and Brent. The organization is a front; Brent is a patsy, who will free animals from a laboratory as a diversion while the girls rob a diamond depository. Jay throws Brent out of the van to get closer to Justice, to whom he is attracted. Justice is fond of the pair, but reluctantly accepts them as new patsies.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: While the girls steal the diamonds, Jay and Silent Bob free the animals, stealing an orangutan named Suzanne. They escape as the police arrive and the van explodes, believing the girls have perished.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Federal Wildlife Marshal Willenholly (whose name is taken from "Land of the Lost" characters ) arrives; oblivious to the diamond heist, he claims jurisdiction due to the escaped animals, all of which have been recovered but the orangutan.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: The officers find footage of a video Sissy recorded of Jay claiming to be "the clit commander", with accompanying literature that "Clit" is an acronym for "Coalition for the Liberation of Itinerant Tree-Dwellers". Willenholly declares the crime an act of terrorism and calls for backup to hunt "the two most dangerous men on the planet."


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Hiding inside a diner, the pair dress Suzanne as their child. Willenholly, facing the political repercussions of "arresting a gay couple", lets them leave but quickly resumes pursuit. The fugitives jump into a sewer system, and Willenholly is tricked into jumping off a dam.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Suzanne is abducted by a Hollywood animal acting agency, and Jay and Silent Bob arrive in Hollywood and find themselves in the background of an "E! News" newscast about their online threat against Miramax. Watching the news, Justice takes the diamonds to Hollywood to fix things, with Willenholly close behind.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Chased by studio security guard Gordon and reclaiming Suzanne from the set of "Scream 4", Jay and Silent Bob end up in the dressing room of Jason Biggs and James Van Der Beek, the actors playing Bluntman and Chronic. Suzanne beats up the actors, and Jay and Silent Bob assume the roles.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Meeting the film's racist director Chaka Luther King, who mistakes them for stunt doubles, Jay and Silent Bob are forced to fight Mark Hamill, playing the supervillain Cocknocker (a combination of Hamill's roles as The Joker, The Trickster, and Luke Skywalker) in a Star Wars-esque battle. Willenholly arrives to capture the pair, but Justice protects them, admitting the CLIT organization was only a diversion.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: The other thieves arrive and a climactic final battle ensues. Jay and Silent Bob get their royalties from Banky after Silent Bob informs him he violated their original likeness rights contract by not getting their permission before selling the film rights to Miramax, and could face serious legal troubles, and Justice turns herself and her former team in to Willenholly in exchange for a shorter sentence and freeing Jay and Silent Bob.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Jay and Silent Bob spend their royalty money locating everyone who expressed negative opinions on the internet about the movie and their characters, including children and clergy, and travel to assault them. The scene cuts to the audience leaving the theater, having just watched the Bluntman and Chronic movie, to poor reception. Jay and Silent Bob, with Justice and Willenholly, go across the street to enjoy the after party, featuring a performance from Morris Day and The Time.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: The film's plot was heavily inspired by "Chasing Dogma", a comic miniseries that Smith wrote in 1998 and 1999 to explore events that happened in the Askewniverse between "Chasing Amy" and "Dogma".


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: The film was originally titled "View Askew 5" and the title was changed to "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back". Filming began on January 14, 2001, and ended on April 19, 2001. Filming took in place in New Jersey, and mostly in California.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: On his podcast "Jay & Silent Bob Get Old", Kevin Smith explained at length about how much of a "headache" the film was to make, mostly owing to Jason Mewes's drug and alcohol abuse turning him into a "ticking time bomb", which threatened to shut the project down at any moment. During pre-production, Mewes would have constant mood swings due to heroin withdrawal, to the point that Smith actually threw him out of his car on their way to the set one day. Mewes would compensate for his lack of drugs by drinking heavily after every day of shooting and nearly got into a fist fight with Scott Mosier when he had to come back one night for a re-shoot while drunk. When the shoot wrapped, Smith told Mewes point-blank to get sober or he would never speak to him again.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" grossed $30.1 million in the United States and Canada and $3.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $33.8 million, against a production budget of $22 million.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: The film grossed $11 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind two other comedy sequels, "American Pie 2" ($12.5 million) and "Rush Hour 2" ($11.6 million).


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 52% based on 151 reviews, with an average rating of 5.60/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fans can expect a good laugh as the cast from Smith's previous films reunite for Jay and Silent Bob's last bow. The loose plotting and crude language may be too much for others though." On Metacritic the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing that "[w]hether you will like 'Jay and Silent Bob' depends on who you are ... Kevin Smith's movies are either made specifically for you, or specifically not made for you". Adam Smith of "Empire" gave the film 3/5 stars, writing that "[w]hen it's good it's very, very good, but when it's bad it's offensive", and noting that "the gag hit/miss ratio is really only about 50/50". Scott Tobias of "The A.V. Club" wrote that "[e]ven at a slim 95 minutes, "Jay And Silent Bob" lets initially funny scenes trail off into long-winded monologues and silly digressions", and Elvis Mitchell of "The New York Times" called the film "[may]be the greatest picture ever made for 14-year-old boys. Mr. Smith may have hit his target, but he aimed very low." In August 2001, Mike Schulz of "River Cities' Reader" wrote that, "for sheer laughs, both mindless and incredibly smart, nothing since 1997's "Waiting for Guffman" has even compared."


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" was released on VHS and Dimension Collector's Series two-disc DVD on February 26, 2002. A Blu-ray version of the film was released on September 19, 2006.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: "Music from the Dimension Motion Picture: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back", the soundtrack to the film, was released on August 14, 2001, by Universal Records. Varèse Sarabande released the original score by James L. Venable. It alternates film dialogue with songs of various genres that appear in the film. It features the 2001 Afroman hit, "Because I Got High", whose music video featured the characters Jay and Silent Bob. 'Tube Of Wonderful' was previously used as the theme song from Smith's 1997 film Chasing Amy.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: In August 2001, three weeks prior to release, the film came under fire from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), for its "overwhelmingly homophobic tone", which included an abundance of gay jokes and characters excessively using the term "gay" to mean something derogatory. The scenes deemed particularly offensive included Jay's vehement refusal of giving oral sex to a male driver when hitchhiking, and Jay chastising Silent Bob for being willing to perform fellatio on him to get the security guard to let them go. Following an advance screening of the film, former GLAAD media director Scott Seomin asked Smith to make a $10,000 donation to the Matthew Shepard Foundation, as well as to include a reference to GLAAD's cause in the ending credits.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: On the bonus DVD (176 minutes), Smith explains in the on-camera intros of the deleted scenes that several scenes had to be cut from the theatrical release, due to the film initially receiving an NC-17 rating from the MPAA. He also mentions in the audio commentary of the feature film that it took three submissions to the MPAA for the film to earn an R rating.


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: According to Ethan Alter of "Film Journal International", Smith did not intend to make another View Askewniverse film upon completion of "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back", but only decided to do so several years later, following the unsuccessful release of "Jersey Girl".


title: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: Will Ferrell would later star in the 2009 film adaptation of "Land of the Lost" as Dr. Rick Marshall alongside Danny McBride as Will Stanton and Anna Friel as Holly Cantrell.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: The Pillars of the Earth is an eight-part 2010 TV miniseries, adapted from Ken Follett's 1989 novel of the same name. It debuted in the U.S. on Starz and in Canada on The Movie Network/Movie Central on July 23, 2010. Its UK premiere was on Channel 4 in October 2010 at 9pm. In 2011, the series was nominated for 3 Golden Globes, including Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television, Ian McShane for Best Actor and Hayley Atwell for Best Actress at the 68th Annual Golden Globe Awards.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: Like the novel on which it is based, the miniseries centres on the construction of a cathedral in the fictional town of Kingsbridge during a tumultuous period of English history known as The Anarchy in the 12th century.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: A number of character changes were made for the series. For example, Waleran is older and Remigius is younger in the series than the novel. Similarly the actors playing Alfred, Jack, Richard, and Aliena are initially older than those portrayed in the novel. Also, the characters of Henry of Blois, Andrew Sacrist, Milius the kitchener, and Thomas Becket are not introduced in the series. The incestuous fixation of Regan to her son William is not introduced in the novel. The story of young Philip and Francis' rescue by Abbot Peter after the death of their parents during a war in Wales is omitted and Prior James is said to be the one who brought the boy Philip to the priory. Further, the thief character who attacks Martha and steals their pig is merged to become the monk Johnny Eightpence. Jack and Aliena only have one child in the series.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: Character events were also modified on occasion. Shareburg, Ellen's lover and the father of Jack, is not hanged but burnt at the stake, and does not sing the minstrel song seen in the novel. In the TV series, Ellen is not pregnant at that time (but holds a baby) and does not use a cockerel during her curse. The romantic tryst between Ellen and Tom in the woods after the death of Agnes as per the novel does not occur, rather they become closer after Ellen states that Jack needs a master builder to whom to apprentice. Similarly, Alfred is also not seen physically bullying Martha or Jack in the series. The execution scene of Bartholomew (and Aliena's appeal to Stephen for mercy, and Stephen's offer of a knighthood to Richard) in episode 3 does not occur in the novel, where he simply languishes and dies alone in prison. Also, Jack does not duel Walter for the rights to the quarry as shown in episode 3, nor have his hand broken. In the novel, Percy Hamleigh dies of unknown causes, whereas in episode 4, he is bled to death by his ambitious wife Regan. The poisoning of Jack in episode 6 was added by the series.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: Several plot changes also happened. For example, the body of the saint in the burning church is not saved as per the novel, but the body-less skull is lost in the inferno. Also, in the series, Tom tells Jack to sculpt a stone statue of St. Adolphus. In the novel Henry of Blois (and not Stephen) visits the cathedral work-site, and in episode 4, it is Jack (and not Richard as per the novel) who accompanies Philip to Lincoln. Episode 5's lake scene where Aliena swims and later rescues Alfred from drowning is not seen in the novel. The tales of Jack and Aliena travelling in Spain are not shown in episode 7. Further, rather than being given a weeping statue in Toledo as detailed in the novel, Jack carves one himself from wood and a rejected stone from St. Denis. Philip's loss of the priorship to Remegius, Cuthbert's assassination attempt on Jack, and William murdering Regan are also creations seen in episode 7 of the series.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: In the novel, William becomes Sheriff when he is old. He then tries to arrest Richard for murdering Alfred. Richard then claims sanctuary in the cathedral and then decides to leave on a crusade, and Aliena takes over the Earldom. Waleran becomes disgraced for his part in the murder of Thomas Becket and tells Jack who his father was. William hangs for his part in the murder of Becket. Jonathan becomes Prior of Kingsbridge and Philip becomes Bishop.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: In the series, William becomes Sheriff almost immediately after he loses the Earldom. Waleran makes Alfred cut himself with a knife and blame it on Jack to get him arrested. Unknown to Alfred, the knife was poisoned so that Jack could be charged for murder. William then successfully arrests Jack, and is put on a public trial. Waleran leads the trial, ultimately charging Jack guilty of murder and sentences him to hang. However, just in time, Jack's mother arrives at the trial, and talks about how Waleran was the man in charge of setting Jack's father up for murder. She then reveals that she has gotten hold of the letter that Jack's father was about to send to the King, and that it told how Jack's father saw Waleran and the Hamleighs being present on the "White Ship" and murdering the young prince and his wife before sailing away safely. Extremely frustrated, William tries to attack Aliena, but is held back by the crowd. Jack's mother unties the noose from Jack's neck and the crowd put William Hamleigh there instead, where he is then hanged. Meanwhile, Waleran escapes and tries to run away, but the crowd corners him into the cathedral. Trying in vain to escape via the roof, Waleran falls off the cathedral and dies. Philip remains Prior of Kingsbridge.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: The miniseries took about a year to produce, at a cost of US$40 million. The project was funded by the German production company Tandem Communications, the Canadian film company Muse Entertainment Enterprises, and the UK and U.S. based Scott Free Productions. It was filmed in Austria and Hungary in 2009. The final aerial shot is of modern-day Salisbury with a CGI cathedral combining elements of Salisbury Cathedral and Wells Cathedral, to represent the complete fictional Kingsbridge Cathedral, which were the two cathedrals which inspired Follett during the writing of the novel. The series was followed by an adaptation of the sequel "World Without End" in 2012.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: Several historical timelines of The Anarchy were modified or invented for the series, and in the view of one reviewer "great liberties are taken with the actual history". For example, the birth of Henry II and the death of his grandfather Henry I timelines are shortened in episode 1, given that young Henry was born in March 1133, and the older Henry died in December 1135. Further, geographically, Henry II was living in Maine when Henry I fell ill in Normandy while hunting. Similarly in episode 4, both King Stephen and Robert of Gloucester are captured at the Battle of Lincoln. While it is accurate that Stephen was captured in Lincoln in early February 1141 (and later imprisoned in Bristol), Gloucester was not captured until more than seven months later in the Rout of Winchester in mid-September.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: Similarly, other historical characters were given premature deaths. For example, the nameless Archbishop of Canterbury seen in episodes 1-6 (historically Theobald of Bec) was not murdered, but served throughout the period of The Anarchy from 1138 to 1161, and he died after a long illness. Similarly Maud's illegitimate half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, did not die nor was beheaded on the battlefield as shown in episode 7. Rather he died in 1147 at Bristol Castle, where he had previously imprisoned King Stephen. Finally, while Eustace does precede his father Stephen in death, it was not at the hands of his cousin Henry in battle as shown in episode 8, but probably due to a fit or seizure.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: The premiere was simulcast on both Starz and Encore. On Starz 423,000 people watched, and on Encore 267,000 people watched, for a total of 690,000 total viewers. In the Starz broadcast, episodes 1 and 2, as a series premiere, and episodes 7 and 8, as a series finale, were broadcast together as a single episode. In the 2011 broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the series was re-cut into nine episodes. In December 2012, the series was shown in Australia by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in four parts at weekly intervals, combining pairs of episodes each with a single introduction.


title: The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 77% approval rating based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 5.92/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "With its talented cast and strong production values, "Pillars of the Earth" is the kind of satisfying, eventful miniseries that is rarely seen these days."


title: Ford FE engine

text: The Ford FE engine is a Ford V8 engine used in vehicles sold in the North American market between 1958 and 1976. The FE was introduced to replace the short-lived (in the USA) Ford Y-block engine, which American cars and trucks were outgrowing. It was designed with room to be significantly expanded, and manufactured both as a top-oiler and side-oiler, and in displacements between and .


title: Ford FE engine

text: "FE" derives from 'Ford-Edsel.' Versions of the FE line designed for use in medium and heavy trucks and school buses from 1964 through 1978 were known as "FT," for 'Ford-Truck,' and differed primarily by having steel (instead of nodular iron) crankshafts, larger crank snouts, smaller ports and valves, different distributor shafts, different water pumps and a greater use of iron for its parts.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The FE series engines were used in cars, trucks, buses, and boats, as well as for industrial pumps and other equipment. Ford produced the engine from 1958 and ceased production in 1976. Aftermarket support has continued, with replacement parts as well as many newly engineered and improved components.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In Ford vehicles, the FE primarily powered full and midsize cars and trucks. Some of the models in which the FE was installed:


title: Ford FE engine

text: Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt, and F-Series trucks though typically only those 1 ton and lesser in capacity.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In addition to its use in Ford and Mercury branded vehicles, the FE was also sold to third parties for use in their own products such as buses, and boats. Also, the FE was used to power irrigation pumps, generators and other machinery where long-running, low-rpm, reliable service was required.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Ford regularly made updates to the design of the FE which appear as engineering codes or variations in casting numbers of parts. In addition to production casting codes, Ford also made use of "SK" and "XE" numbers if the parts were one-offs or developmental designs not approved for production. Many parts attached to Ford's racing engines carried SK and XE numbers.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The FE block was manufactured using a thinwall casting technique, where Ford engineers determined the required amount of metal and re-engineered the casting process to allow for consistent dimensional results. A Ford FE from the factory weighed with all iron components, while similar seven-liter offerings from GM and Chrysler weighed over . With an aluminum intake and aluminum water pump the FE could be reduced to under . This weight saving was significant to boaters and racers. The FE was popular in V-drive marine applications, available as a factory option in Century boats.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Beginning in 1968, the U.S. Navy SEALS used twin 427 FEs to power their Light SEAL Support Craft (LSSC).


title: Ford FE engine

text: Specific models that used FE engines include the AC Cobra MKIII, GT40s, the AC Frua, as well as various factory racing versions of Ford Mustangs, Ford Galaxies, Ford Fairlanes, and Ford Thunderbirds.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In the 1960s, most organized racing events required either stock components or components that were readily available to the general public. For NASCAR racing, rules required that at least 500 vehicles be sold to the general public equipped as raced. Many drag racing and road racing organizations had similar rules, which contributed to a wide range of performance parts being made available through Ford dealership parts counters. In addition, aftermarket suppliers produced performance parts and accessories.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The use of the FE by Ford itself as the powerplant in many of its racing programs and performance vehicles resulted in constant improvements and engineering changes over the course of its life. Racing-inspired changes to the FE which later made it to production engines included the side-oiler block, which directed oil first to the lower portions of the block.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In 1963, the 427 Galaxies dominated NASCAR primarily because in January 1963 G.M. told its divisions to get out of racing. Tiny Lund won the biggest race of the year, the Daytona 500, with 427s finishing first through fifth. Ford won 23 races to Plymouth's 19. The Plymouths earned all their victories on the short tracks while Ford dominated the super speedways, Chevrolet finished with eight wins and Pontiac had four.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In 1964, Ford had their best season ever, with 30 wins. Dodge was second with 14, while Plymouth had 12. Adding the five wins that Mercury had, the 427 had a total of 35 NASCAR Grand National wins for the 1964 season. Fred Lorenzen won the Atlanta 500 and proceeded to beat Dodges and Plymouths, which were using 426 Hemi engines, in six of the next seven races. Ford was using the high-riser intake and matching heads, which were allowed by NASCAR for one season (1964).


title: Ford FE engine

text: In 1965, NASCAR banned Ford's high-riser version of the engine, claiming they did not fit under "stock" hoods. Chrysler's 426 Hemi was banned as well, returning in 1966 after a de-tuned version was installed in a production vehicle that year. For the 1965 season, Ford developed its own version of a hemi-chambered engine, the 427 single overhead cam (SOHC) "Cammer" which used a single chain-driven overhead camshaft per head to operate the valves in its hemi. NASCAR banned the engine. Then Ford developed the medium-riser intake and head, which fit under stock hoods and was accepted by NASCAR. Ned Jarrett, driving for Ford, was the 1965 Grand National champion and Ford won the NASCAR crown.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Also in 1965, Ford and Carroll Shelby began production of a new and improved Cobra using a 427 cubic inch (7.0 L) FE side-oiler in place of the original's 289 cubic inch Windsor small-block. A new chassis was built enlarging 3" main tubing to 4", with coil springs all around. The new car also had wide fenders and a larger radiator opening. The S/C (for semi-competition) "street" engine was rated at , which provided a top speed of 164 mph (262 km/h), and the competition version (csx 6000) with a top speed of . Cobra Mark III production began on 1 January 1965, and was used for racing into the 1970s. An original S/C sold in 2011 for US$1.5 million, making it one of the most valuable Cobra variants.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In 1966, the 427 cubic inch Ford GT40 Mk II dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, with a one-two-three result.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In 1967, Parnelli Jones, in a Holman-Moody prepped Fairlane, won the season-opening Riverside 500 road race. Then, Mario Andretti captured the Daytona 500 in a Fairlane, with Fred Lorenzen a close second in his Holman-Moody Ford. The FE again powered the 24 Hours of Le Mans winner. In 1968, the rules of the race were changed, limiting displacement to 302 cubic inches under certain circumstances. Ford won the following two years using its Ford Windsor smallblock in the GT40.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Ford's racing partner, privately owned Holman-Moody, also developed a version of the FE for the Can-Am racing series. It used factory-supplied tunnel port heads, a mechanical fuel injection system mounted on a crossram intake manifold, and a revised dry sump oiling system, but met with only limited success.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Organized drag racing (NHRA, AHRA and even NASCAR dabbled in drag racing in the mid-1960s) was a major venue for the FE in its various forms. Many of the most innovative products were developed and used for 1/4 mile drag racing as aftermarket suppliers eagerly supported the engine design with products such as special intakes, camshafts, superchargers, manifolds, cylinder heads, water and fuel pumps, and exhaust headers. But it was the Ford company itself which developed the most potent products and platforms for the drag-racer. Beginning in 1962 and continuing through 1964, Ford made lightweight versions of its popular Galaxie model using aluminum, fiberglass and specially chosen components emphasizing light weight over comfort or style. Many parts were simply not put on the vehicle, such as a passenger side windshield wiper, sound deadening, armrests, heater, and radio.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In late 1964, Ford contracted Holman & Moody to prepare ten 427-powered Mustangs to contest the National Hot Rod Association's (NHRA) A/Factory Experimental Class in the 1965 drag racing season. Five of these special Mustangs made their competition debut at the 1965 NHRA Winternationals, where they qualified in the Factory Stock FX Eliminator Class for (FX cars only). The car driven by Bill Lawton won the class.


title: Ford FE engine

text: For the 1964 model year, Ford introduced the two-door Fairlane 500 sedan-based Thunderbolt. Modified to accept a 427 high-riser engine, it featured a teardrop-shaped bubble hood to clear the induction system and drivetrain components from the larger Galaxie model. The two inner headlights were eliminated and replaced with air inlets ducted directly to the two four-barrel carbs. It was an industry first, the only time that a turn key drag car was made available to the general public. However, the extensive modifications to the car did not meet Ford appearance quality standards.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The 1964 NHRA Super Stock meeting was captured with a Thunderbolt. However, all three NHRA Top Stock Eliminator titles were won by Chrysler's Race Hemi. Nearly half a century later, in 2013, a Thunderbolt set a new SS/A record of 8.55 seconds in the quarter mile, with a closing speed of 154 mph,


title: Ford FE engine

text: In 1963, Dick Brannan set the NHRA Super/Stock National record at 12.42 on a hot July day. In the biggest race of the year, the INDY Nationals, Ed Martin's lightweight Galaxie lost the Super Stock trophy run to John Barker's Dodge but at the teardown, the Dodge was found to have an illegal cam. In drag racing, the 427 Ford Galaxie was a winner in three consecutive National Events: the '64 Indy Nationals, the 1965 WinterNationals and the 1965 Indy Nationals. It was Mike Schmitt driving the Desert Motors Galaxie to the AA/SA Class win at the 1964 Indy Nationals. At the 1965 Winternationals it was a clean sweep as Doug Butler's four-speed took the win in AA/S with a 12.77 @ 114.21 and Bill Hanyon won on the automatic side with a 12.24 @ 117.95. Additionally, Bud Schellenberger's "Double A Stock" 1964 Galaxie was the 1965 Indy Nationals Top Stock Eliminator with a 12.16 @ 114.21. The Shelby Super Snake top fuel dragster, powered by a 427 supercharged SOHC, became the first car in NHRA competition to break the six-second quarter-mile time barrier. It was the winner of the 1966 NHRA Spring Nationals. In every decade since, the FE has held drag-racing records. In 2011, the new decade opens with the NHRA SS/F (class rules include stock compression ratio, stock valve sizes, stock carb sizing and other OEM-type equipment limitations) national record: the quartermile in 9.29 seconds, with a closing speed of 143.63 mph.


title: Ford FE engine

text: In 1970, an FE-powered vehicle set the land speed record for the U.K. Tony Densham set the new British land speed record of just over over the flying kilometer (the average of two runs in opposite directions within an hour) and then held onto the record for over 30 years. The FE-powered vehicle beat the official British wheel-driven record over the flying 500 and kilometer distances, until then held by Sir Malcolm Campbell, of 174.883 mph


title: Ford FE engine

text: The FE engine is used extensively in custom installations. The extensive availability of multi-carburetor and other exotic intakes, as well as many other "dress-up parts", has contributed to its use where the engine would be shown off. FEs powered the original Batmobiles built by George Barris for the 1966 TV series. It fit under the hood along with the Bat-ray, Bat-ram, a nose-mounted aluminum chain slicer and all the associated support hardware of the 5,500-pound vehicle. One dragstrip version was equipped with a Holman-Moody prepped 427 FE with dual quads, which would be launched in second gear and spin its tires the entire quarter-mile length of the track. In 1968 Carroll Shelby created a custom Mustang using a California Special model and an experimental Ford 428 FE (known as a CJX, precursor to the 428 Cobra Jet). This "Green Hornet" had a custom independent rear suspension, four-wheel disc brakes and a Conelec electronically controlled port fuel injection system. It had a 5.7 sec 0-60 time and 157 mph top speed, versus a factory 428 cu in FE Shelby GT500's 6.5 second 0-60 and 128 mph top speed.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The FE and FT engines are Y-block designs—so-called because the cylinder block casting extends below the crankshaft centerline, giving great rigidity and support to the crankshaft's bearings. In these engines, the casting extends below the crankshaft centerline, which is more than an inch below the bottom of the crank journals.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Blocks were cast in two major groups: top-oiler and side-oiler. The top-oiler block sent oil to the top center first, the side-oiler block sent oil along a passage located on the lower side of the block first.


title: Ford FE engine

text: All FE and FT engines have a bore spacing (distance between cylinder centers) of , and a deck height (distance from crank center to top of block) of . The main journal (crankshaft bearing) diameter is . Within the family of Ford engines of the time, the FE was neither the largest nor smallest block.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Because the FE was never a completely static design and was constantly being improved by Ford, references to a particular version of the FE can become difficult. Generally though, most FEs can be described using the following descriptors:


title: Ford FE engine

text: 1) Carburetor count, i.e. single 2V (two-barrel), single 4V, dual quad (two 4V carburetors), tripower (three 2V carburetors) or Weber (four 2V Weber carburetors).


title: Ford FE engine

text: 2) Top-oiler or side-oiler block (though there are known instances of side-oiler blocks drilled at the factory as top-oilers; perhaps to salvage blocks with quality control issues that prevented them from being completed as side-oilers).


title: Ford FE engine

text: 3) Head type: low-riser, medium-riser, high-riser, tunnelport, or SOHC. These descriptions actually refer to the intakes used with the heads...a low-riser intake, designed to fit under a low hoodline was the earliest design. The high-riser intake required a bubble in the hood of cars it was installed in for clearance. While the low and medium riser heads could be used in combination with either low or medium riser intakes, the high riser head required a high-riser intake due to the increased height of the intake port. The medium riser's intake port is actually shorter in height, though wider, than the low-riser's port. The high-riser's ports are taller than either the low or medium-riser ports. Low-riser intakes have the carburetor placed relatively low so that the air-fuel mix must follow a more convoluted path to the chamber. A high-riser's intake places the carburetor approximately higher so the air-fuel mixture has a straighter path to the chamber. The tunnelport and SOHC heads both bolted onto FE blocks of either variety but required their own matching intakes. Within the major head groups, there were also differences in chamber designs, with small chambers, machined chambers and large chambers. The size and type of chamber affected the compression ratio, as well as the overall performance characteristics of the engine.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The smallest displacement FE engine was the "332", with a bore and stroke. It was used in Ford-brand cars in 1958 and 1959, domestically marketed U.S.- and Canadian-built Edsel-brand cars in 1959, and in export-configured 1958 and 1959 Edsels. The two-barrel version produced , a Holley or Autolite four-barrel version .


title: Ford FE engine

text: 1st generation FE block shouldn't be confused with 383, 410, 430 Mercury MEL blocks, which had a wedge shaped combustion chamber in their blocks, not in the head as in FE blocks.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Introduced in 1958 as part of the Interceptor line of Ford V8 engines, the Ford 352 of actual displacement was the replacement for the Lincoln Y-block. It is a stroked 332 with stroke and a bore, and was rated from with a 2-barrel carburetor to over on the 4-barrel models. When these engines were introduced, they were called Interceptor V-8 on the base models and Interceptor Special V-8 on the 4-barrel models. The 1958 H vin coded 352 was designated as Interceptor V-8 Thunderbird Special according to the 1958 Ford V8 Cars & Thunderbird Service Manual pg 483. The Interceptor was the base-performance engine in 1958. For the 1959 model year, the FE engine series was renamed the Thunderbird V-8 and the Thunderbird Special V-8. When installed in Mercury vehicles, these engines were named "Marauder". This series of engines usually weighed over . In 1960 Ford created a high-performance version of the 352 rated at it featured an aluminum intake manifold, Holley 4160 4-barrel (4-choke) carburetor, cast iron header-style exhaust manifolds, 10.5:1 compression ratio, and solid lifters.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Edsel 361 engines were assembled in Cleveland Ohio, and Dearborn Michigan. They were standard equipment in the 1958 Edsel Ranger, Pacer, Villager, Roundup and Bermuda.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The Edsel 361 was the very first FE block engine to be offered for sale in any market, having been introduced to the public in the U.S. on September 4, 1957, almost two months before any 1958 Fords were sold.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The 361 cid 4V FE engine was also sold on 1959 Edsels in the U.S. and Canada, and 1958 and 1959 Ford and Meteor brand automobiles in Canada in place of the 352 cid, which was not available with any Ford Motor Company of Canada brand until the 1960 model year. Edsel 361 engines were available to U.S. law enforcement agencies and state and municipal emergency services purchasing fleet Fords as the 1958 Ford "Police Power Pack."


title: Ford FE engine

text: The 361/360, of actual displacement, was introduced in 1968 and phased out at the end of the 1976-year run; it was used in the Ford F Series trucks and pickups. It has a bore of a 390 () and used the 352's rotating assembly. 361s & 360s were also constructed with heavy duty internal components for truck use. Use of a standard 352/390 cam for use in passenger cars along with carburetor and distributor adjustment allowed the 360 to give performance similar to that of the 352 and 390 car engines. Rated at at 4100 rpm and of torque @2600 rpm (2-barrel carb, 1968). The 360 used the same block, heads and other parts as a 390, this makes them indistinguishable from each other unless the stroke is measured.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The 390, with true displacement, had a bore of and stroke of . It was the most common FE engine in later applications, used in many Ford cars as the standard engine as well as in many trucks including the Thunderbird. It was a popular high-performance engine; although not as powerful as the 427 and 428 models, it provided good performance, particularly in lighter-weight vehicles. The 2v is rated at @ 4,100 rpm, while the 4v version was rated at @ 4,100 rpm in certain applications. Certain 1967 & 68 Mustangs had 390 4v engines rated at , as did some Fairlane GTs and S code Mercury Cougars. When the 390 was first offered for 1961 model there was a High Performance version that featured an aluminum 4bbl intake manifold, cast iron "header" style exhaust manifolds, 10.5:1 compression ratio and a solid lifter valve train. Many of these cars came with an aluminum 3x2bbl intake manifold in the trunk that was meant to be installed by the dealer and raised the engine's output to .


title: Ford FE engine

text: The 406 engine used a new bore with the 390's stroke, giving a displacement of , rounded up to "406" for the official designation. The larger bore required a new block casting design allowing for thicker walls, but otherwise was very similar to the 390 block.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Testing of the 406, with its higher power levels, led to cross-bolted mains – that is, main bearing caps that were secured not only by bolts at each end coming up from beneath, but also by bolts coming in from the sides through the block. A custom fit spacer was used between the cap and the block face. This design prevented the main bearing caps from "walking" under extreme racing conditions, and can be found today in many of the most powerful and modern engines from many manufacturers.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The 410 engine, used in 1966 and 1967 Mercurys (see Ford MEL engine regarding 1958 senior series Edsels), used the same bore as the 390 engine, but with the 428's stroke, giving a real displacement. The standard 428 crankshaft was used, which meant that the 410, like the 428, used external balancing. A compression ratio of 10.5:1 was standard.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The "427" V8 was produced as both a top-oiler and side-oiler. Introduced in 1963, its true displacement was 425.98 cubic inches, but Ford called it the 427 because was the maximum displacement allowed by several racing organizations at the time. The stroke was the same as the 390 at , but the bore was increased to . The block was made of cast iron with an especially thickened deck to withstand higher compression. The cylinders were cast using cloverleaf molds— the corners were thicker all down the wall of each cylinder. Many 427s used a steel crankshaft and all were balanced internally. Most 427s used solid valve lifters with the exception of the 1968 block which was drilled for use with hydraulic lifters. Space-saving tunnel-port heads with matching intakes were available, which routed pushrods through the intake's ports in brass tunnels. As an engine designed for racing, it had many performance parts available both from the factory and the aftermarket. A race-ready NASCAR 13.6-1 high-riser was good for some +550 hp, depending on tune. This engine was also used in the A/FX-cars like the famous Fairlane Thunderbolt.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Two different 427 blocks were produced, the "top oiler" and "side oiler". The top oiler version was the earlier and delivered oil to the cam and valvetrain first and the crank second. The side oiler, introduced in 1965, sent oil to the crank first and the cam and valvetrain second. This was similar to the oiling design from the earlier Y-block. The engine was available with low-rise, medium-rise, or high-rise heads, and either single or double four-barrel carburetors on an aluminum manifold matched to each head design. Ford never released an official power rating.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The side-oiler powered Ford GT40 MkIIs to a 1-2-3 finish in the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans, and the winner's podium in 1967.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The Ford single overhead cam (SOHC) 427 V8 engine, familiarly known as the "Cammer", was released in 1964 in an effort to maintain NASCAR dominance by seeking to counter the enormously large block Chrysler 426 Hemi "elephant" engine. The Ford 427 block was closer dimensionally to the smaller 392 cu. in. first generation Chrysler ; the Ford FE's bore spacing was compared to the Chrysler 392's . The Ford FE's deck height of was lower than that of the Chrysler 392 at . For comparison, the 426 Hemi has a deck height of and bore spacing of ; both Chrysler Hemis have decks more than taller than the FE.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The engine was based on the high performance 427 side-oiler block, providing race-proven durability. The block and associated parts were largely unchanged, but an idler shaft replaced the camshaft in the block, which necessitated plugging the remaining camshaft bearing oiling holes.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The cast-iron heads were designed with hemispherical combustion chambers and a single overhead camshaft over each head, operating shaft-mounted roller rocker arms. The valvetrain consisted of valves larger than those on Ford wedge head engines, made out of stainless steel and with sodium-filled exhaust valves to prevent the valve heads from burning, and dual valve springs. This design allowed for high volumetric efficiency at high engine speed.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The in the block in place of the camshaft was driven by the timing chain and drove the distributor and oil pump in conventional fashion. An additional sprocket on this shaft drove a second "serpentine" timing chain, long, which drove both overhead camshafts. The length of this chain made precision timing of the camshafts an issue at high RPM.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The engine also had a dual-point distributor with a transistorized ignition amplifier system, running 12 amps of current through a high-output ignition coil.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The engines were essentially hand-built for racing, with combustion chambers fully machined to reduce variability. Nevertheless, Ford recommended blueprinting before use in racing applications. With a single four-barrel carburetor they weighed and were rated at at 7,000 rpm & of torque @ 3,800 rpm, with dual four-barrel carburetors at 7,500 rpm & of torque @ 4,200 rpm. Ford sold them via the parts counter, the single four-barrel model as part C6AE-6007-363S, the dual carburetor model as part C6AE-6007-359J for $2350.00 (as of October, 1968).


title: Ford FE engine

text: Ford's hopes to counter Chrysler were, however, cut short. Although enough 427 SOHCs were sold to have the design homologated, Chrysler protests succeeded in getting NASCAR to effectively legislate the engine out of competition. This was due to the motor not being available in a factory production motor vehicle. It was not the only engine ever banned from NASCAR; the 1963 Chevrolet 427 ‘mystery motor’, the 1965 426 ‘Race Hemi’ and the Chrysler A-925 DOHC Hemi were also banned during the 1960s for the same reason. This scuttled the awaited 1965 SOHC versus Hemi competition at the Daytona 500 season opener.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Nevertheless, the SOHC 427 found its niche in non-stock drag racing, powering many altered-wheelbase A/FX Mustangs, and becoming the basis for a handful of supercharged Top Fuel dragsters, including those of Connie Kalitta, Pete Robinson, and Lou Baney (driven by Don "the Snake" Prudhomme). In 1967 Connie Kalitta's SOHC-powered "Bounty Hunter" slingshot dragster won Top Fuel honors at AHRA, NHRA and NASCAR winter meets, becoming the only "triple crown" winner in drag racing history. It was also used in numerous nitro funny cars including those of Jack Chrisman, "Dyno" Don Nicholson, Eddie Schartman, Kenz & Leslie, and in numerous injected gasoline drag racing vehicles.


title: Ford FE engine

text: With its bore size, the 427 block was expensive to manufacture as the slightest shifting of the casting cores could make a block casting unusable. Therefore, Ford combined attributes that had worked well in previous incarnations of the FE – a stroke and a bore – to create an easier-to-make engine with nearly identical displacement. The engine used a cast nodular iron crankshaft and external balancer.


title: Ford FE engine

text: (badged simply as '7 Litre') and Thunderbirds in the 1966 and 1967 model years. It was also found in Mustangs, Mercury Cougars, some AC (Shelby) Cobras and various other Fords from 1968. This engine was also available as standard equipment in 1966 and 1967 in the Mercury S-55.


title: Ford FE engine

text: The "428 Cobra Jet" was a performance version of the 428 FE. Launched in April 1968, it was built on a regular production line using a variety of cylinder heads combined with a 735 CFM Holley four-barrel carburetor. The Cobra Jet used heavier connecting rods with a 13/32 rod bolt and a nodular iron crankshaft casting #1UB. A Holman and Moody specially prepared "stripper", which carried no sound deadener, undercoating, or any optional factory equipment, was used as the introductory press car in 1968.


title: Ford FE engine

text: Historical road test data on actual production 428 CJ cars suggest peak output in the neighborhood of 275 SAE Net ("as installed") HP, using published trap speed and "as tested" weights, and Hale's trap speed formula. Period road tests revealed quarter mile performance in the low 14-second to very high 13-second range, with trap speeds around :


title: Ford FE engine

text: Despite urban legend suggesting that this engine produced 410 HP in production line stock form, meticulously prepared but primarily faithful to production line stock examples prove otherwise:


title: Ford FE engine

text: The 428 Cobra Jet engine (modified to the NHRA Stock and Super Stock technical specifications) made its drag racing debut at 1968 NHRA Winternationals, held from February 2–4, 1968, at the Auto Club Raceway at Los Angeles County Fairgrounds, in Pomona, California. Ford Motor Company sponsored five drivers (Gas Ronda, Jerry Harvey, Hubert Platt, "Dyno Don" Nicholson, Kenneth McLellan, and Al Joniec) to race six 428 CJ-equipped Mustangs. They raced in classes C Stock Automatic (C/SA, ), based on advertised horsepower) and Super Stock E (SS/E or SS/EA, manual or automatic transmission, respectively, at , based on factored horsepower). The engine lived up to expectations as four of the cars made it to their respective class finals. Al Joniec won both his class (defeating Hubert Platt in an all-CJ final) and the overall Super Stock Eliminator title (defeating Dave Wren who ‘red lighted’ in his faster 426 Race Hemi Plymouth).


title: Ford FE engine

text: The "428 Super Cobra Jet" (also known as the 428SCJ) used the same top end, pistons, cylinder heads, camshaft, valve train, induction system, exhaust manifolds, and engine block as the 428 Cobra Jet. However, the crankshaft and connecting rods were strengthened and associated balancing altered for drag racing. A nodular iron crankshaft casting #1UA was used as well as heavier 427 "Le Mans" connecting rods with capscrews instead of bolts for greater durability. The heavier connecting rods and the removal of the centre counterweight on the stock 428 Cobra Jet crankshaft (1UA), required an external weight on the snout of the crankshaft for balancing. A 428 Super Cobra Jet engine with oil cooler was standard equipment when the "Drag Pack" option (which came when selecting either a 3.91 or 4.30 rear end gear ratio) was ordered with cars manufactured from 13 November 1968. In addition, while the CJ and SCJ engines used the same autothermic piston casting, the piston-to-bore clearance specification between the CJ and SCJ 428 engines is slightly different, with the SCJ engines gaining a slightly looser fit to permit higher operating temperature. Horsepower measurements at a "street" rpm level remained the same. The 428 Super Cobra Jet engine was never offered with factory air conditioning due to the location of its engine oil cooler.


title: Ford FE engine

text: By the mid-1970s the FE had been widely used in Ford vehicles for nearly two decades. To replace it, Ford had developed the 335-series engines, commonly referred to as "Cleveland" engines, and the 385-series engines. These were produced in displacements ranging from up to , including , giving Ford V8s of , , and . The last FE was installed in a production vehicle in 1976, and in the late 1970s the Dearborn Engine Plant that produced the FE engines was completely retooled to produce the 1.6 L engine introduced in the Ford Escort in 1981.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Sher Bahadur Deuba (, ; born 13 June 1946) is a Nepali politician serving as the prime minister of Nepal since 13 July 2021. He has also been serving as the president of the Nepali Congress since 2016. Deuba has previously served four terms as the prime minister (1995–1997, 2001–2002, 2004–2005, and 2017–2018) and is the Member of Parliament for the parliamentary constituency of Dadeldhura 1.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Born and raised in Ashigram, a remote village in Dadeldhura, Deuba completed his primary education there and secondary education in Doti. He completed his higher education from Tri-Chandra College In 1991, he was elected to the House of Representatives and served as the Minister of Home Affairs in the cabinet led by Girija Prasad Koirala. Deuba become prime minister after Manmohan Adhikari tried to dissolve the parliament for a second time in two years in 1995. He oversaw the signature of the Mahakali treaty with India during his first term. His second premiership started in July 2001 amidst the rise of the Maoists and he later declared a state of emergency and listed the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) as a "terrorist organisation". He was dismissed by King Gyanendra in October 2002, but after public backlash, he was reappointed prime minister in June 2004. He was arrested after 2005 coup d'état by the King Gyanendra, and was released in February 2006 after the Supreme Court declared his arrest unlawful.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Deuba was sworn in as prime minister for a fourth stint in June 2017, as per an agreement to form a rotational government by Congress and CPN (Maoist Centre). His government successfully conducted the elections of all three levels of government in different phases in 2017. On 12 July 2021, the Supreme Court ordered the appointment of Deuba as prime minister within 28 hours, and he was appointed prime minister for a fifth term by President Bidya Devi Bhandari in accordance with Article 76(5) of the Constitution of Nepal the next day.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Deuba was born on 13 June 1946 in Ashigram, a remote village in Dadeldhura district of far-western Nepal (present-day Ganyapdhura Rural Municipality, Sudurpashchim Province). He received his primary education from Asigram Primary School and secondary education from Mahendra Higher Sec. School and Sitaram Higher Secondary School in Doti. After completing SLC, Deuba was enrolled in the Tri-Chandra College for higher education.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: He registered at the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1989, under the "research fee" category which allowed him "to use the LSE library, and have a professor assigned for general guidance, but not take classes". His professor was Fred Halliday and he was assigned to complete some work on parliamentary democracies. Deuba, however, never published any work at the LSE. Deuba was in London when the 1990 revolution broke out where he campaigned for the revolution. The Socialist International had cancelled his stipend; subsequently, he had to depend on a loan given by Nepalis, worked for the BBC Nepali irregularly, and temporarily lived at a restaurant. He left the school in 1990.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: He began his political career as a student and alongside others founded the Nepal Student Union, a student wing of the Nepali Congress. From 1971 to 1980, he served as president of the student wing. During the 1960s and 1970s, Deuba was jailed intermittently for nine years for working against the Panchayat system.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Deuba was an active campaigner during the 1990 revolution which dissolved the partyless Panchayat system and ushered in the beginning of multiparty democracy. In the next year's general elections, he was elected to the House of Representatives from Dadeldhura 1. He served as the Minister of Home Affairs in the cabinet of Girija Prasad Koirala. After Koirala dissolved the parliament and his government was defeated in the 1994 mid-term elections, Deuba was elected parliamentary party leader of the Nepali Congress. After Manmohan Adhikari tried to dissolve the parliament again in 1995 which was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, Deuba was appointed Prime Minister in 1995 and led a coalition government with the Rastriya Prajatantra Party.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: On 12 February 1996, he signed the Mahakali treaty with the Government of India regarding the development of the watershed of the Mahakali River. His administration, which witnessed the beginning of the Maoist insurgency, fell in March 1997 and he was succeeded by Lokendra Bahadur Chand who led a minority coalition government.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Following the resignation of Girija Prasad Koirala as prime minister, Deuba defeated Sushil Koirala to become the parliamentary party leader of the Nepali Congress and was appointed Prime Minister for a second time on 26 July 2001. He became prime minister shortly after the royal massacre and during the heights of the Maoist insurgency, and he soon announced a ceasefire with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). In August 2001, he began peace talks with the Maoists, but after the Maoists pulled out of talks and attacked the army in November 2001, Deuba declared a state of emergency, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was listed as a "terrorist organisation".


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: In early 2002, Deuba requested a dissolution of the parliament in order to hold fresh elections. The same year, he founded the breakaway party, Nepali Congress (Democratic). In October 2002, King Gyanendra took over the democratically elected Government led by Sher Bahadur Deuba.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: After two other governments in two years, Deuba was reappointed as prime minister by King Gyanendra on 4 June 2004. A year later, following the 2005 Nepal coup d'état led by the king, who suspended the constitution and assumed direct authority, Deuba and his cabinet members were put under house arrest, and "key constitutional rights were suspended, soldiers enforced complete censorship, and communications were cut". In July 2005, he was sentenced to two years in prison by former King Gyanendra but was subsequently released on 13 February 2006 after the prison sentence was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Nepal. In September 2007, Deuba dissolved his splinter party and rejoined the Nepali Congress.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: In the Constituent Assembly election held on 10 April 2008, Deuba was nominated by the Nepali Congress as its candidate for both Dadeldhura 1 and Kanchanpur 4 constituencies. He won from both the constituencies and gave up his Kanchanpur 4 seat, where he was replaced by Harish Thakulla of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), who he defeated in the general election, after a by-election.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: In the subsequent vote for prime minister held in the Constituent Assembly on 15 August 2008, Deuba was nominated as the Nepali Congress candidate but was defeated by Pushpa Kamal Dahal of the UCPN (Maoist). Deuba received 113 votes, while Dahal received 464.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: In 2009, after the fall of the Dahal-led government and the ailing health of party president Girija Prasad Koirala, Deuba put up his candidacy to become the parliamentary party leader of the Nepali Congress in a bid to become the prime minister again but was defeated by Ram Chandra Poudel.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Deuba, a veteran leader of Nepali Congress was chosen party president for the first time from the 13th general convention of the party beating Ram Chandra Paudel. He ran alongside Senior Congress Leader Arjun Narasingha KC as his General Secretary and Sita Devi Yadav as his Treasurer.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: He eventually assigned Bimalendra Nidhi as party Vice-president, Purna Bahadur Khadka as general secretary and Prakash Sharan Mahat deputy general secretary.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: After the death of Sushil Koirala, in 2016, Deuba was elected president of the Nepali Congress at the party's thirteenth general convention defeating his intra-party rival, Ram Chandra Poudel, receiving almost 60% of the votes cast.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: In August 2016, Deuba struck a deal with Pushpa Kamal Dahal to lead a rotational government led by the CPN (Maoist Centre) and the Nepali Congress for nine months each in the lead to the general elections in late 2017. Per the agreement, he was sworn in as Prime Minister for a fourth stint on 7 June 2017. On 17 October 2017, all ministers from the CPN (Maoist Centre) left the cabinet after they formed an electoral alliance with the CPN (UML) in preparation for the general election and rescinded support to the Deuba government.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Deuba was in charge of the government that successfully conducted elections of all three levels (parliamentary, provincial, and local) in different phases in 2017. He resigned on 15 February 2018, paving way for KP Sharma Oli, leader of the Communist Party of Nepal (UML), the largest party in the 2017 polls, to become prime minister.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: On 21 May 2021, after prime minister KP Sharma Oli failed to obtain a vote of confidence in the House of Representatives, the opposition alliance – comprising the Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), the Madhav Kumar Nepal faction of the CPN (UML) and Upendra Yadav faction of the People's Socialist Party, Nepal – asked the president to appoint Deuba prime minister, per Article 76 (5) of the Constitution of Nepal, presenting signatures of majority members of the House of Representatives to stake claim to a new government. The president denied this claim, stating neither Deuba nor Oli could be appointed prime minister after Oli also demanded to be reappointed. The president also dissolved the lower house for the second time in five months and called for fresh elections later in November.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: On 12 July 2021, the constitutional bench of the Supreme Court, formed to hear writs against the dissolution of the House of Representatives filed by the opposition alliance, ruled that president Bidya Devi Bhandari's decision to dissolve the House of Representatives on the recommendation of prime minister Oli was unlawful and ordered the appointment of Deuba as prime minister within 28 hours, legitimising his earlier claim.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: President Bhandari appointed Deuba as the prime minister in accordance with Article 76 (5) of the Constitution of Nepal, and he was sworn in for a fifth term on 13 July 2021. Required to win a vote of confidence in the House of Representatives within thirty days of his appointment per Article 76 (6) of the constitution, Deuba did so on 18 July 2021, receiving 165 votes in his favour and 83 against in the 275-member house. This guaranteed his government to remain in office for at least a year and a half, until the next general elections will be held in late 2022.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Deuba was elected second time as party president of Nepali Congress. Deuba was unable to win in the first round after none was able to secure 51% votes as per the Constitution of the party. The condition went against him when his close confidant and party vice president Bimalendra Nidhi filed candidacy for the post.In the second round he was elected president for the second time after receiving support from Prakash Man Singh and Bimalendra Nidhi. Garnering nearly 60% votes, Deuba was elected party president for the second time.


title: Sher Bahadur Deuba

text: Deuba is married to Arzu Rana Deuba and has a son Jaiveer Singh. In November 2016, Deuba was conferred an honorary doctorate degree by Jawaharlal Nehru University in India.