title: Simulation video game

text: Simulation games can provide increased insights into how the world is seen, like the moral and intellectual idiosyncrasies of others. They may also increase empathy for others and help develop awareness of personal and interpersonal values by allowing players to see moral and ethical implications of the choices they make. As such, they can be used to change and improve students attitudes toward self, environment, and classroom learning.


title: Simulation video game

text: Many games are designed to change and develop specific skills of decision making, problem solving and critical thinking (such as those involved in survey sampling, perception and communication).


title: Simulation video game

text: "The Sumerian Game" (1964), a text-based early mainframe game designed by Mabel Addis, based on the ancient Sumerian city-state of Lagash, was the first economic simulation game. Another early economic sim by Danielle Bunten Berry, "M.U.L.E.", released in 1983.


title: Simulation video game

text: In the 1980s, it became a trend for arcade video games to use hydraulic motion simulator arcade cabinets. The trend was sparked by Sega's "taikan" games, with "taikan" meaning "body sensation" in Japanese. Sega's first game to use a motion simulator cabinet was "Space Tactics" (1981), a space combat simulator that had a cockpit cabinet where the screen moved in sync with the on-screen action. The "taikan" trend later began when Yu Suzuki's team at Sega (later known as Sega AM2) developed "Hang-On" (1985), a racing video game where the player sits on and moves a motorbike replica to control the in-game actions. Suzuki's team at Sega followed it with hydraulic motion simulator cockpit cabinets for rail shooters such as "Space Harrier" (1985), racing games such as "Out Run" (1986), and combat flight simulators such as "After Burner" (1987) and "" (1990). One of the most sophisticated motion simulator cabinets in arcades was Sega's R360 (1990), which simulated the full 360-degree rotation of an aircraft. Sega have since continued to manufacture motion simulator cabinets for arcade games through to the 2010s.


title: Simulation video game

text: In the mid-1980s, Codemasters and the Oliver Twins released a number of games with "Simulator" in the title, including "BMX Simulator" (1986), "Grand Prix Simulator" (1986), and "Pro Boxing Simulator" (1988). Richard and David Darling of Codemasters were inspired by Concertmaster's best-selling games, which were based on real sports such as football and BMX racing, which had a pre-existing popularity. In a parody of the established "simulator" cliche, "Your Sinclair" released a game titled "Advanced Lawnmower Simulator" in 1988.


title: Simulation video game

text: While many credit simulation games beginning with Will Wright and "SimCity" in 1989, the true progenitor of the genre was "Fortune Builder", released in 1984 for ColecoVision. Games such as "SimLife" and "SimEarth" were subsequently created and are capable of teaching players the basics of genetics and global ecosystems.


title: Simulation video game

text: A study of adolescents who played "SimCity 2000" found that those players had a greater appreciation and expectation of their government officials after playing.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name, performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper. It was released on October 5, 2018, by Interscope Records. Cooper teamed up with Gaga's recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow, and an assortment of country musicians, including Lukas Nelson, who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper's band. The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell, Mark Ronson, Diane Warren, and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack is a pop and blues rock album containing songs about love and its struggles. Commercially, the album has topped the charts in more than 15 countries, attaining gold and platinum certifications from many of them, while selling over six million copies worldwide as of June 2019. The track "Shallow" was released as the soundtrack's lead single on September 27, 2018, while "Always Remember Us This Way" and "I'll Never Love Again" also received a limited release in selected countries.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: "A Star Is Born" was nominated for a total of seven Grammy Awards, winning Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media for the song "Shallow", and a year later Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media and another Best Song Written for Visual Media, this time for "I'll Never Love Again (Film Version)". It also won Best Film Music at the 72nd British Academy Film Awards. In just over a year, the soundtrack managed to become the 33rd biggest album of the 2010s on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: In March 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Bradley Cooper was in talks to make his directorial debut with "A Star Is Born", the fourth iteration of the 1937 film of the same name. Lady Gaga was officially attached to the film in August 2016, with the studio green-lighting the project to begin production in early 2017. Cooper plays Jackson Maine, "a veteran country singer who discovers and eventually falls in love with a struggling singer-songwriter named Ally, played by Gaga." Gaga "helped inform Cooper's performance as a musician".


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: Cooper spent two-and-a-half years prepping for the film and determining what kind of musician his character would be. He worked with a number of musicians and vocal coach Roger Love. Cooper said, "by the end he just kind of started developing into his own sort of creation. If I had another year of prep, it would have been complete rock, but now it's some sort of hybrid."


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: Cooper described the soundtrack "an evolution, like the story." Gaga and Cooper were writing songs for the soundtrack during filming, leading to "so many different incarnations of each song." Cooper added that "the music really became a character in the movie. There is no lyric that's ever in any point of the movie that doesn't have exactly to do with where one of them is or hopes to be or regrets being. That was our launching pad and then it was just about discovering what songs fit in the right places." Jason Isbell wrote a song for Cooper's character, which became "the sword with which a lot of the music spawned from [Cooper]". Isbell sent the song through Dave Cobb, a Nashville-based producer with whom Cooper had been collaborating.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: Cooper approached Lukas Nelson (son of country music singer Willie Nelson) after seeing him perform at Desert Trip in October 2016 and asked him to work on the film as a music consultant. Nelson said he began "writing songs for the movie, just for the heck of it, and sending them over to the producer, and they started liking them. Then Lady Gaga came by and I met her and we clicked. We became good friends, and we started writing together." Gaga, in turn, provided backing vocals on two tracks on Nelson's self-titled album released in 2017. Nelson and his band, Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real, appear in the film as Cooper's backing band. Gaga reunited with producer Mark Ronson and songwriter Hillary Lindsey, who had both contributed to her previous studio album "Joanne" (2016). She worked with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow on the soundtrack's more pop-oriented numbers performed by her character Ally. Much of the album was recorded live on set, at Gaga's insistence.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack has been described as primarily a pop and blues rock album. It also incorporates elements of country, rock, folk rock, electropop, and dance-pop. "Billboard" says its lyrics are about wanting change, its struggle, love, romance, and bonding, describing the music as "timeless, emotional, gritty and earnest. They sound like songs written by artists who, quite frankly, are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener."


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack's track list and release date were announced on August 30, 2018. Interscope Records tweeted that the album "features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film."


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: "Shallow" was released alongside a music video on September 27, 2018, as the soundtrack's lead single, and also appears in the film A Star Is Born, it is sung by Lady Gaga, and Bradley Cooper. The single was also nominated for multiple awards, and both singers went on to give a performance of the single at the 2019 Oscars. It is also one of the longest running singles in radio history, and stayed within the top ten on multiple charts, in multiple countries for several months.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: Two radio-only singles followed in selected countries. "Always Remember Us This Way" and "I'll Never Love Again" were distributed across Europe as radio-only singles on January 4, 2019, and May 27, 2019, respectively. All three singles have been nominated for a minimum of one Grammy Award.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack received a positive response from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has an average score of 78, based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In a positive review, "The Washington Post" called the soundtrack a "five-star marvel" and stated that it is a possible contender to win a Grammy Award. Ben Beaumont-Thomas of "The Guardian" gave the album a positive review, acknowledging "Bradley Cooper shows he can sing as well as act and direct", but that "it is Lady Gaga's pop prowess that lifts each track, be it spectacular piano ballads or heart-rending duets"


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: In a positive review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for AllMusic, said "All the songs make sense narratively and on their own, so they hold together well and would amount to a first-rate soundtrack", but criticized the dialogue included in the album. "Rolling Stone" Brittany Spanos gave the soundtrack four stars out of a possible five, saying "The music Gaga helps write for this stretch in Ally's career...is gorgeous--romantic without being trite and powerful." Nick Reilly of "NME" complimented the album's "emotionally charged songs that feel entirely appropriate for this heartfelt tale of doomed romance", adding that the album is "one of the best Hollywood soundtracks of recent years."


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: Writing for "The Daily Telegraph", Neil McCormick gave the album a moderately positive review, saying the soundtrack was enjoyable, but criticized the "slightly awkward journey from rock balladry to slickly superficial pop" and stated that "there is also a weird disconnect as the soundtrack shifts gear to anodyne modern pop". Jeremy Winograd of "Slant Magazine", in a mixed review, was critical of the album, saying "There's undoubtedly a strong 10-song album lodged at the core of "A Star Is Born", but unlike the film, wherein an outsized sense of sentimentality is rendered affecting by the more grounded performances, there's not nearly enough substance here to justify all the bombast."


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: "A Star is Born" original soundtrack has sold more than 1.2 million copies worldwide. It was the fourth best-selling album of 2019 globally, and ranked second among female artists, behind Taylor Swift's "Lover" (3.2 million). Fuelled by the success of the soundtrack, Gaga also ranked as the ninth best-selling artist of 2019 globally, and fourth female overall, behind Swift, Billie Eilish and Ariana Grande. Worldwide, the album went on to sell 3.1 million copies by the end of 2019, and a total six million equivalent units.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: "A Star Is Born" opened atop the US "Billboard" 200 with 231,000 album-equivalent units, including 162,000 pure album sales. It had the biggest overall sales week for a soundtrack in over three years, and is Gaga's fifth US number-one album as well as Cooper's first. Beside its pure album sales, "A Star Is Born" earned 37,000 in stream-equivalent units and 32,000 from track-equivalent units. The soundtrack spent a second week at number one there with 143,000 album-equivalent units (86,000 being pure sales), and became Gaga's second album to top the chart for two consecutive weeks after "Born This Way" (2011). It then held the country's summit for a third week in a row with 109,000 equivalent units (61,000 pure sales), becoming the first soundtrack since "High School Musical 2" in 2007 to top the chart for its first three weeks. Additionally, it became Gaga's longest running chart-topping album in the country. "A Star Is Born" was displaced one week later by Andrea Bocelli's "Sì". The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it double platinum for selling over two million album-equivalent units and by March 2019, pure sales also crossed over a million copies. Following the 91st Academy Awards, the soundtrack returned to the top of "Billboard" 200 for a fourth non-consecutive week with 128,000 album-equivalent units (76,000 pure sales) on the chart dated March 9, becoming Gaga's longest running number-one album in the country and the first soundtrack to do so since "Frozen" (2013). The soundtrack went on to remain on the chart for 103 weeks. As of August 2019, the soundtracks has sold 1,148,000 copies within the United States, while it has earned 2.7 million equivalent album units in the country, according to "Billboard"s report in September 2020.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack entered at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 18,000 equivalent units, earning the top sales and digital song download honors and the seventh highest on-demand streams for the week. It was Gaga's third album to reach the summit in the nation and her first since "Born This Way". "A Star Is Born" held the top position for the next week, with another 12,000 equivalent units and was also the top-selling album. It had an 11% increase in sales during the third week and remained atop the charts, selling close to 14,000 equivalent units. Like in the United States, the soundtrack became Gaga's longest running chart-topping album in Canada. By the year-end, the soundtrack had sold 92,000 copies (155,000 equivalent units) in the country according to Nielsen SoundScan, and was certified Platinum by Music Canada. The Academy Awards boosted the soundtrack up to its tenth week at the top of the charts, selling another 12,000 units.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: "A Star Is Born" faced competition in the United Kingdom from Twenty One Pilots' fifth studio album, "Trench", with the midweek chart suggesting the latter to emerge as the top album. "A Star Is Born" pulled ahead at the last moment according to Alan Jones from "Music Week", and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with 31,816 units (including 6,178 from stream-equivalent units). It became Gaga's fourth album to reach number one in the nation and first since "Artpop" (2013), as well as Cooper's first entry on the chart. The soundtrack fell to number two the following week behind Jess Glynne's "Always In Between", selling 24,732 equivalent units. For the week ending November 1, 2018, the soundtrack moved back atop the chart with 24,982 copies sold (including 6,645 from sales-equivalent streams). "Shallow" also reached the top of the UK Singles Chart that week, making Gaga and Cooper score an Official UK Chart double, this being Gaga's third time to do so. The soundtrack received a 2× Platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling over 600,000 units in the country.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: "A Star Is Born" opened at number one in both Ireland and Scotland, and was Gaga's third number one in the former. During its eleventh week atop the Irish chart, the soundtrack attained its highest sales tally, helped by the release of the Special Deluxe Edition. In France, the soundtrack sold 8,700 copies and debuted at number seven on the SNEP Albums Chart, and reached the top of the charts after 20 weeks with sales of 9,700 copies. It was the 22nd best-selling album of the year in France in 2018. The Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) certified the record Diamond for 500,000 equivalent units and it had sold a total of 200,000 pure copies by May 2019.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: In Australia, "A Star Is Born" entered at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart, giving Gaga her seventh top 10 album in the country and her sixth to reach the top three. Two weeks later, the soundtrack reached the top of the charts, becoming Gaga's third album to reach the Australian charts summit after "The Fame Monster" and "Born This Way". The soundtrack debuted at number six in the New Zealand Albums Chart, and after two weeks reached the top. "A Star Is Born" became the year's longest running number-one album in Australia at 11 weeks (ranking at number three on the year-end charts) and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for selling over 210,000 units. In New Zealand it topped the charts for 16 weeks, breaking the record for most consecutive weeks at the top, previously held by "÷", Ed Sheeran's third studio album, and was certified triple platinum for selling 45,000 units by the Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ).


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: "A Star Is Born" was nominated for a total of seven Grammy Awards, including a winning for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media and two Song of the Year nominations, winning the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance with "Shallow" and Best Song Written for Visual Media with both "Shallow" and "I'll Never Love Again". It also won the British Academy Film Awards for Best Film Music and was nominated in the category of Best Soundtrack Album at the 9th Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Julianne Jordan and Julia Michels won in the categories for Outstanding Music Supervision at the same awards.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: Uproxx website ranked the soundtrack at number four on their list of 20 Must-Hear Pop Albums From 2018, with Chloe Gilke from the publication adding that ""A Star Is Born" could have gotten away with a lesser soundtrack, but it's all the more impressive for featuring some of the best pop music of 2018." Katie Atkinson from "Billboard" picked "A Star Is Born" as the 21st best release on their ranking of the 50 Best Albums of 2018, saying that "like the best soundtracks, this one truly resonates because it re-transports you to the world of [the film], thanks to a combination of live and studio recordings that include ambient noise and audience feedback and put you right back onstage with Jackson and Ally." James Rettig from "Stereogum" listed it as one of the Noteworthy Movie Soundtracks From 2018, adding that "As far as massive music blockbusters go, you can't do much better than "A Star Is Born", which is sad and entertaining and romantic and ends up being pretty good at all of it."


title: We Happy Few

text: We Happy Few is an action-adventure survival horror video game developed by Compulsion Games and published by Gearbox Publishing. In 2016, an early access version was released for Microsoft Windows, with the full game seeing wide release for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One in August 2018.


title: We Happy Few

text: Played from a first-person perspective, the game combines role-playing, survival, and light roguelike elements. Taking place within the mid-1960s, following an alternative version of World War II, players take control over one of three characters, each of whom seek to complete a personal task while escaping the fictional city of Wellington Wells – a crumbling dystopia on the verge of societal collapse, due to the overuse of a hallucinogenic drug that keeps its inhabitants blissfully unaware about the truth of their world, while leaving them easily manipulated and lacking morals.


title: We Happy Few

text: The developers focused on creating a story with strong narratives, while underlining gameplay with a sense of paranoia, and designing in-game decisions that are of moral gray areas and weight, which influence and affect later parts of the game. Design of the game's setting was based on various elements of 1960s British culture, with the developer, Compulsion Games, seeking inspiration on dystopian societies from various influences in the media, such as "Brazil", "Nineteen Eighty-Four", "Animal Farm", "Fahrenheit 451", "Brave New World", and heavily on the "MaddAddam" trilogy. Work on the game began with a Kickstarter funding campaign in 2015, before the developers were acquired by Microsoft Studios in 2018, supporting the developers to work on a version for the Xbox One.


title: We Happy Few

text: It received mixed reception upon release, with praise mostly focusing on its themes, story and characters, while being criticized for its gameplay mechanics, perceived repetitiveness, and various technical issues.


title: We Happy Few

text: "We Happy Few" is an action game played from the first-person perspective that includes elements of stealth and survival games. Players control one of three characters in the game's three different acts, each having their own skills and abilities, and their own reasons for escaping the village of Wellington Wells. There is Arthur Hastings, a well-balanced character adept at crafting weapons; Sally Boyle, adept at sneaking and crafting chemical concoctions; and Ollie Starkey, a strong melee fighter adept at crafting powerful explosives.


title: We Happy Few

text: The game uses procedural generation to create the layouts of some parts of the game world at the start of each playthrough. Each Act presents the player with a main story goal, with a series of main quests to follow, but several optional side quests can also be completed to gain additional rewards. Completing objectives can earn the player-character rewards as well as skill points which the player can allocate among a skill tree to improve the character's attributes or give them new abilities.


title: We Happy Few

text: Throughout the game, the player can collect melee weapons, items, food and drink, and wealth. Items are used to craft various tools to help progress in the world, like lockpicks, or medication, like healing balms. Food is used to maintain nourishment or thirst; staying nourished improves certain character attributes, while being hungry or thirsty can negatively impact these attributes. The player also must make sure the character gets rest to also maintain these attributes. The player is able to gain access to safe houses for recovery as well as to fast travel between other unlocked safe houses. Wealth can be used or gained through various vendors in exchange for items.


title: We Happy Few

text: A core element of "We Happy Few" is Joy, an addictive hallucinogenic drug used by most of the citizens of Wellington Wells. If the player opts to have their character use Joy, they will see the town in a colorful, joyful environment, and will be able to walk through the town without attracting undue attention from its citizens, but this does impair some of the character's abilities. As their Joy depletes, the town will revert to its dismal, war-torn state, and while the character will have full control of their abilities, they will be seen as a "downer", an enemy of Wellington Wells, and either must fight off the "Wellies" police force through melee, or use stealth to sneak around the town; furthermore, the player-character will suffer withdrawal effects from coming off Joy, impacting their health and thirst. Should the player-character take too much damage from enemies or the environment, they will have to restart at a recent checkpoint. Optionally, the game allows the player to enable permadeath, requiring them to restart the game should the player-character die. The player also must consider the type of residents in each district within Wellington Wells and make sure they also do not stand out due to clothing or other appearance aspects. Residents of a wealthy district may become suspicious of the player-character if they are dressed in rags, even if they have taken their Joy.


title: We Happy Few

text: Arcade Mode was added as part of the 1.7 update and added three new game-modes: Survival, The Night Watch, and Sandbox. They can be accessed on the new tab on the main menu named Arcade. The player can save Survival and Sandbox (unless permadeath is on, in which case you cannot save), but not The Night Watch.


title: We Happy Few

text: Survival mode focuses more on the game's survival features and requires close attention to the chosen character's physical needs. The player spawns on one of several islands of different sizes (the player can choose from a small, medium or large island) with different layouts; the islands are a mix of the Garden District and Hamlyn Village. The player can choose one of the three characters from the campaign to play as they progress through the campaign. On each Island there are two notable locations (a black circle with an eye on it) which each contain either a bridge key-card or a boat capacitor, and they have to use the key cards to unlock the bridges to the other islands. The player's score depends on how long they survive and if they managed to escape by collecting the five boat capacitors located around the map and repairing a boat in the boat house. The player has to find safe houses on the island, but they cannot sleep in an occupied house (the occupants will awake immediately). They can also fast travel to any safe-house that they have located, from anywhere on the map (unless they are in combat). The player must explore others houses and buildings around the map to find food and water to avoid starving, which will end the game.


title: We Happy Few

text: The Night Watch mode focuses on the game's combat features and instead of being a downer, the player plays as a Bobby named John Constable (or "Constable Constable" for short). The player spawns on a randomly generated island in the Village of Hamlyn and there are no bridges off the island. The mode is round-based and to advance the rounds the player must eliminate all enemies that spawn in until the rounds timer ends in which the player can use a Bobby Popper to end the round. The player earns money (pounds) by eliminating enemies (including Wastrels and Downers, Headboys, Ploughboys, Plague Wastrels, and Plague Soldiers) to get a various amount of it. Witches can spawn, serving as mini-bosses are the most dangerous of all the enemies and deal the most damage but also give major rewards when defeated. As well as spending their money on the vending machines, players must spend their money on Joy which they need to do regularly as their Joy Meter goes down and if they run out of Joy the Game ends. Joy starts at £20 but the price goes up every round. The player always takes Blackberry Flavour of Joy, a rarer version of the drug which is made by Sally Boyle who left Wellington Wells which meant production of this flavour would have stopped. This could explain why it cost money to buy it in this mode while in the main campaign it is free. As the player kills enemies, their rage meter fills up. If they get three consecutive eliminations they can enter rage mode and not lose stamina and their Joy would not go down while it is active. Spankers are located around the map which can help the player by electrocuting enemies that are near it.


title: We Happy Few

text: In Sandbox Mode, the player can do whatever they want, there is no goal. The player can choose how they want the island to be by changing the height variation, layout, size, and the island composition. They also can choose their character out of the three from the campaign, what they spawn with, and NPC density. They can also choose if permadeath is on or off.


title: We Happy Few

text: The game takes place in an alternate historical timeline, in which Giuseppe Zangara assassinates Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, allowing Senator Huey Long to become President of the United States. Under Long, it is implied that Japan did not attack Pearl Harbor, but if they did, it would not give the United States a reason to fight against Nazi Germany, leaving the United Kingdom to defend itself from the German forces alone. The Battle of Britain was lost, allowing the Germans to invade and occupy the entire country. Most of the volunteer forces of the Home Guard became complicit in helping the Germans, with only a few attempting to resist.


title: We Happy Few

text: At some point during the occupation, the population of the island town of Wellington Wells did what is initially only alluded to as a "Very Bad Thing" that caused the Germans to voluntarily leave their island, allowing the British citizens there to live free. However, the repercussions of the Very Bad Thing left the citizens with immense anguish and guilt over their actions, leading to the invention of a new hallucinogenic drug called "Joy", which suppresses all unhappy memories and leaves its user in a chemically-induced euphoria, while also brightening how they perceive their environment. However, its many adverse side effects include addiction, short-term memory loss, loss of appetite, nightmarish hallucinations, and being susceptible to manipulation.


title: We Happy Few

text: By the 1960s, Wellington Wells' isolation led to resounding advances in technology, including Tesla-styled weapons, portable power cells, and automated security systems. Its inhabitants—referred to as "Wellies"—wear white "Happy Face" masks, which were created to forcefully mold the wearer's cheekbones into a smile, resulting in the wearer permanently smiling. Joy is freely dispensed in pill form and is also laced into the city's water supply. To encourage the drug's consumption, the media is tightly controlled and centers on "Uncle" Jack Worthing, a friendly MC whose voice and image widely broadcasts government propaganda over the city's televisions and radios.


title: We Happy Few

text: Some Wellies developed immunity to Joy—partly due to ingesting bad batches of the drug—and subsequently became depressed or insane from remembering the Very Bad Thing; these people were then driven out of Wellington Wells and came to be known as "Wastrels". Others who voluntarily refuse their Joy are known as "Downers" and seen as a threat; if caught, Downers are either force-fed Joy, are taken to a Joy Doctor to get a potentially lethal liquid injection of Joy, or are outright killed on the spot. As a result, Wellington Wells has become a dystopian police state on the verge of collapse.


title: We Happy Few

text: The game features three different playable characters, each with their own story arcs that intersect throughout the game:


title: We Happy Few

text: Arthur's Story: Arthur Hastings (Alex Wyndham) works as a censor approving or redacting old news articles from Wellington Wells' Department of Archives, Printing, and Recycling. While working, he comes across a news clipping of him and his older brother Percy (Bradley Henderson) after World War II. At this point, Arthur can either take his Joy (which ends the game) or refuse it, wanting to remember Percy. If the latter choice is taken, Arthur attends an office party with his boss, Victoria Byng (Katherine Kingsley), and watches in horror as Victoria and his co-workers consume a rat that they hallucinate to be a candy-filled piñata. He is then called out as a Downer and chased by the police, ending up in the Garden District, now populated by Wastrels. Arthur resolves to escape Wellington Wells and find Percy.


title: We Happy Few

text: With the assistance of various characters, Arthur works his way through the districts uncovering certain truths along the way. It is eventually revealed that the "Very Bad Thing" was when the population of Wellington Wells turned over all children under the age of 13 years to the Germans in exchange for their freedom. Arthur discovers that the German tanks used to threaten the town into compliance were actually dummy tanks made of papier-mâché, and that while the populace could have resisted, they did not out of fear. He also learns that Wellington Wells is slowly falling apart; the city's infrastructure is failing, an unspecified disease outbreak has occurred, and Joy is becoming less effective, with scientist Anton Verloc (Michael Shaeffer) researching a new version of Joy to permanently lobotomize the populace and keep them in a never-ending state of euphoria. Eventually, Arthur reaches a railway bridge leading out of Wellington Wells, and recalls that he swapped his identity card (which stated his age as 12) with Percy's (who had just turned 13) before the children of Wellington Wells boarded the fateful train to Germany, effectively sacrificing his brother to save himself.


title: We Happy Few

text: Sally's Story: The creator of a new brand of Joy, Sally Boyle (Charlotte Hope), works as an experimental chemist in her laboratory after being kicked out of Haworth Labs by its director, Anton Verloc. The police threaten Sally into supplying them with her Joy and are forced to scrounge the city for new ingredients to create a fresh batch.


title: We Happy Few

text: Sally is secretly a mother to the first baby born in Wellington Wells in fifteen years: Gwen, who Verloc fathered. When Gwen becomes sick with measles, Sally asks Arthur, her childhood friend, to find a bottle of cod liver oil. Arthur, not knowing it is for Gwen, agrees in return for a Letter of Transit from General Robert Byng (Stephen Boxer), Sally's most prominent patron and on-and-off lover. Sally eventually remembers how her mother poisoned her family when she and her siblings were to be taken to Germany, leaving Sally as the sole survivor. Arthur delivers the oil and considers having Sally join his escape, but he changes his mind and leaves when she tells him about Gwen.


title: We Happy Few

text: Determined to flee Wellington Wells with Gwen, Sally plans to steal General Byng's personal motorboat hidden near his military base. She convinces Dr. Helen Faraday (Samantha Lee) to create a new engine for the boat but fails to steal the key, getting knocked out by a sleeping dart trap. She awakens to find herself with General Byng in his safehouse; Byng intends to keep Sally imprisoned there until the problems in Wellington Wells are resolved while sending Gwen away to the mainland. Sally refuses, fights Byng, takes the key to the boat, and locks him inside the safehouse. Sally sneaks Gwen to the boat at night and rides it out of Wellington Wells.


title: We Happy Few

text: Ollie's Story: Ollie Starkey (Allan James Cooke) is a former British Army soldier, who lives as a recluse at his fortified hideout in the Garden District. His only company is a talking hallucination of his daughter, Margaret (Eloise Webb), killed years ago during the Very Bad Thing.


title: We Happy Few

text: After helping Arthur along his journey and having his hideout destroyed by Wastrels, he finds his former commander, General Byng. He informs him of the papier-mâché tanks Arthur had discovered. Byng reveals that he knew about the fake tanks but remained quiet to avoid a rebellion, which he doubts would have been successful. He also reveals that Ollie knew about the tanks as well, having served as Byng's orderly at the time. Unable to remember, Ollie leaves to confront Byng's daughter, Victoria. Ollie captures her and withholds her Joy, forcing her to remember that she had helped the Germans during the Very Bad Thing. Both aware of the city's true history; Ollie informs her that the city's food has run out and implores her to help him reveal these truths to save the people. Victoria agrees, but when Ollie releases her, she attacks him and escapes.


title: We Happy Few

text: After finding the town's executive committee too addled on Joy to pay any mind to the tanks or the famine, Ollie decides to confront Uncle Jack (Julian Casey), Wellington Wells' friendly celebrity propagandist. Ollie infiltrates his broadcasting studio above City Hall but finds Jack is missing. He plays a tape of his final but unreleased broadcast, in which Jack suffers an emotional breakdown brought about by resurfacing memories of his daughter Margaret and despairs over the town's hopeless situation. Ollie finally realizes that his Margaret was actually "Jack's" daughter; Jack had tried to hide her from the Germans, but Ollie (who was their neighbor and hated Jack for being a collaborator) informed on them, and she was shot trying to flee. Overwhelmed with guilt, he eventually had Sally Boyle make him a potion a year ago to scramble his memories. Ollie broadcasts the unreleased tape to the city, awakening the population. He then bids farewell to Margaret and builds a hot air balloon that he rides out of Wellington Wells.


title: We Happy Few

text: After Sally and Ollie's chapters have been completed in the epilogue, the player can choose one of two endings: either Arthur departs Wellington Wells for the mainland and continues his search for Percy, or takes the memory-destroying drug Oblivion and rejoins the populace in their ignorance. If Arthur continues to the mainland, he encounters an impoverished young child complaining about the rainy weather, indicating other towns in England did not follow the path Wellington Wells did.


title: We Happy Few

text: The game's downloadable content (DLCs) are playable stories that follow some of the residents in Wellington Wells that occur before, during, or after the main survivors' journey.


title: We Happy Few

text: They Came From Below: The first DLC story which follows lovers Roger Bacon and James Maxwell, two houseboys who are in search of their superior Dr. Faraday (who created Wellington Well's technology) in an underground facility populated with hostile robots. The player, Roger, receives new items, such as a futuristic raygun that can kill enemies or interact with special buttons, a mace (which is converted by the raygun) for combat, a satellite device (which was shown in Arthur's story) capable of moving mechanisms or terrain, and a "ChronoBomb" which acts as a stopwatch that can slow time to pass through fast objects or to avoid getting shot.


title: We Happy Few

text: The story starts with Roger returning home from a shopping trip to discover Dr. Faraday's laboratory in ruins, and arriving just in time to discover Faraday falling through a portal in her laboratory. He quickly rouses James, who has been knocked unconscious, spurring the couple to attempt to find Dr. Faraday. After discovering a hatch located below the stairs to a hidden shelter, Roger and James discover a massive facility beneath Faraday's lab populated with hostile robots who speak in Faraday's voice. Roger make his way through the facility while James uses the blueprints to guide him via radio in an attempt to locate Faraday and stop the robot menace. Roger discovers clues about the robots' origins; they and the Motilene (the city's power source) are from space, there are two different robot variants that each have their own language, and the robots are emotionally aware. He then meets a disassembled friendly robot named Watson who reveals that Dr. Faraday has been kidnapping and reprogramming the robots for slavery because Wellington Wells is running out of food and no one farms anymore. Roger aims to both save Faraday and help the robots. James, however, still thinks Faraday is doing something for the good of mankind and is growing to no longer trust Roger. Roger destroys the reprogramming chamber, causing Faraday to see him as a threat, and decides to destroy the robots' portal. Roger tries to go to the portal chamber, but James stops him. Roger knocks him out and activates the security systems at the entrance to the portal. Faraday controls a Headmistress, a giant robotic supervisor, to stop his interference. James changes his mind and helps Roger defeat her. Watson and a few robots meet them to congratulate the two and bring Faraday back home to be "reprogrammed". Roger asks to come with them; Watson agrees but informs Roger that if he wants to return home, the portal will only open onto a different time. Roger can then choose to bring James with him or not. If he decides to bring James, the two men will share a kiss and walk together through the portal. If he decides to go without James, he will bid him farewell and say he hopes to see James again.


title: We Happy Few

text: Lightbearer: The second DLC story that follows Wellington Wells' local rock superstar, Nick Lightbearer (real name Norbert Pickles) who wakes one morning in his hotel room hallucinating about a talking rat with the voice of his ex-manager Virgil; his clothes are soaked in blood and he is unable to recall the events that led to his situation. In this DLC, Nick does not use weapons to fend off his fans (rabid Wellies and Wellettes who love him to the point of wanting a literal "piece of him"); instead, Nick dispatches them using music. Since there is no map available to guide him, he plays his guitar in front of the gilded full-body statues molded in his likeness to indicate his current destination.


title: We Happy Few

text: Nick wakes up in a hotel room covered in blood and being given advice by a rat claiming to be his ex-manager Virgil. Nick follows Virgil's advice and flees the hotel, returning to his old home which has been converted into a museum. After having a hallucinated battle with his ex-wife Petunia, Nick is instructed by Virgil to try and remember the events of last night. Nick realizes he wrote down a record of events in the form of lyrics, and plays them to his music to try and jog his memory. After experiencing a disturbing dream showing the real Virgil being murdered, Nick wakes up back in his hotel room as if nothing happened. He then heads down to the bar to try and make sense of everything, when he runs into Morrie Memento, a pianist he had fired from his band. Nick finds one of Morrie's songs familiar, and recovers his piano tuner in order to hear the full version. Morrie reveals he first heard the tune being hummed from the roof, leading Nick to investigate and finding the body of a music shop owner he had met last night. This triggers another vivid vision of the music shop owner being murdered, and Nick wakes back up in the hotel room, this time with a dead woman. Nick comes to believe he murdered Virgil and many other people, and suffers more vivid hallucinations where he is taunted by the infamous serial killer Foggy Jack, who reveals he is the one who murdered Virgil and many of Nick's fans. Nick defeats Foggy Jack and then performs a concert for his fans, promising to change his hedonistic lifestyle.


title: We Happy Few

text: We All Fall Down: The final DLC story is about Arthur's former supervisor, Victoria Byng, who is the daughter of General Robert Byng, a customer of Sally's. After escaping Ollie's custody, Victoria must deal with Joy withdrawal as well as the collapse of law and order in Wellington Wells. She is armed with a whip that she can use to both attack enemies and access higher levels to avoid danger. She also has a dart gun to silently dispatch enemies and disable security defences.


title: We Happy Few

text: After escaping from Ollie and stealing a whip, Victoria is able to return to town. However, with the effects of Joy having worn off, she can clearly see that the citizens of Wellington Wells are unknowingly suffering from famine and plague. She also begins seeing visions of her mother, who gives her advice on how to proceed. Victoria confronts her father, General Byng, about the town's problems, and he instructs her to start taking her Joy again and check in on Dr. Verloc at Haworth Labs, where he is working on a permanent replacement for Joy. However, her progress is halted by a strike by the lab workers, who demand that Sally be reinstated to her position in the lab. After helping suppress the strike, Victoria confronts Dr. Verloc. Realizing that Dr. Verloc has no permanent solution and is willing to let the populace die off to "sustainable" levels, Victoria resolves to cut off the town's Joy supply to wean them off the drug. In order to achieve these, she destroys both the pill allocator and water treatment plant responsible for distributing Joy throughout the town. She is arrested and thrown in jail, where she remembers how her mother was imprisoned in India for supporting Indian independence from Britain. General Byng helps her escape, and informs her about his safe house where he has stockpiled supplies and an escape boat. Shocked at her father's cowardice and willingness to abandon the town to its fate, Victoria rejects his offer and resolves to save the town. In order to permanently stop all Joy production, she demolishes Haworth Labs, narrowly escaping its destruction. The combination of the destruction of the Joy supply and the broadcast of Uncle Jack's final recording sends all of Wellington Wells into complete anarchy as the enraged citizens slaughter each other. Victoria then comes across a group of survivors who blame her for the destruction of the town and decide to leave. Saddened that the people she has saved have come to hate her, Victoria wonders what to do next, and the vision of her mother suggests she return to India and find her real mother, who may still be alive.


title: We Happy Few

text: "We Happy Few" is Compulsion Games' second game following its 2013 game "Contrast". The game, powered by Unreal Engine 4, has tripled the development staff from "Contrast". Some inspiration for "We Happy Few" came at the end of "Contrast"s development, as studio founder and producer Guillaume Provost had to struggle with the death of his father three weeks before "Contrast" shipped. During this time, he had reflected on his state of life, and came up with ideas for "We Happy Few" in his emotional distress, particularly the idea of a society fixated on drugs and masks. Provost presented this to his creative team, who saw the possibilities of expanding on this. Narrative director Alex Epstein considered the idea similar to "Prozac Nation", and where in current times, there is a prescription drug for every conceivable malady. The title of the game comes from the St Crispin's Day Speech from "Henry V":


title: We Happy Few

text: Narratively, the game's setting was established early: an isolated British town in the 1960s where there were no children, and everyone else wore masks and took drugs. From that point, they worked backwards to create the history of the town, tying it to events from World War II, and recognizing that characters would have their own sins of the past as well as those of the entire town. In developing the title, Compulsion Games wanted the player to feel paranoia as they try to determine what actions they need to take in a moral gray area, and crafting "a simulation that provides an intelligent response and maintains [the player's] suspense of disbelief" based on how the player performs in the game. This in turn led to the use of light roguelike elements such as permadeath and procedurally generated worlds. Permadeath was added to try to implore a sense of danger to the player knowing that any action could lead to the end of the game, while the random generation would create tension as the player would need to relearn the layout of the town each time. Provost likened the concept to the survival game "Don't Starve", though set in a 3D dystopian world.


title: We Happy Few

text: The procedural generation also fell out from Compulsion's previous experience in building "Contrast", in that they recognized that as a five-person studio, they lacked the man-power to develop a lot of high-quality content. They opted to use random generation of the town both to address this, as well as a difficult challenge that had not been done before in video games. Joy was considered as a necessary evil for the player; by having their character take the drug, the player would enjoy short-term gains such as getting out of trouble and being able to explore without fear of attacks, but would have negative long-term effects once Joy wore out. Provost considered that with the permadeath mechanic, the player would need to put a great deal of consideration into using Joy as to preserve their current game knowing there will be consequences later.


title: We Happy Few

text: While Compulsion Games are a Canadian studio based out of Montreal, many of them are fascinated by British television and film, which formed much of the influence on "We Happy Few". The 1960s British setting was found to be ideal for the game and concept; according to Compulsion's COO Sam Abbott, this was "a great period with lots of relentless optimism about the future, while also at the same time ignoring a lot of actual problems that existed in the society of the time". Dystopic fiction was a common influence. Provost stated that a primary influence was the 1985 dystopian film "Brazil". Other influential works include "The Prisoner", "A Clockwork Orange", "Brave New World", "V for Vendetta" and "Doctor Who", along with the humor of Monty Python and "Blowup" for the game's aesthetics. Some of the Compulsion team, including Provost, had been with Arkane Studios during a time where they were secretly developing an episode for the "Half-Life" series, also set in a dystopian world, which carried into "We Happy Few".


title: We Happy Few

text: Provost felt the belief of citizens that they were in a utopia and the darker reality "under the hood" formed the "basis" of dystopian fiction. The idea of the Wellies wearing masks was seen as flipping around the use of Guy Fawkes masks in "V for Vendetta", that instead of being a sign of resistance, they would be "a symbol of the psychological oppression", forcing their wearer to be smiling all the time, according to Provost.


title: We Happy Few

text: "We Happy Few" has been said by some to be a cross between video games series "BioShock", "Fallout" and "Don't Starve", and novels "Brave New World" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four". The main characters were also seen as amalgamations from these types of works: Arthur as a mix of Winston Smith from "Nineteen Eighty-Four" and Sam Lowry from "Brazil", while Uncle Jack is seen as a mix of Jack Nicholson's Joker from "Batman" and Lewis Prothero from "V for Vendetta". The developers commented on difficulties distinguishing the game from "BioShock" in the public eye, and though Provost said he was "flattered" by the comparison, he argued it was never a "prime influencer". Describing the meaning behind the story, Alex Epstein was quoted as saying "We Happy Few is inspired by, among other things, prescription drug culture — the idea that no one should have to be sad if they can pop a pill and fix it. It's also about Happy Facebook culture: no one shares their bad news because it would bring everyone down. As a culture, we no longer value sadness."


title: We Happy Few

text: "We Happy Few" was revealed on 26 February 2015, and publicly debuted at PAX East 2015, allowing attendees to go hands-on with a very early version of the project. During June 2015, Compulsion Games ran a successful Kickstarter campaign, raising of the target to fund the development of the game. About 2,000 of these supporters backed at levels to participate in the game's alpha-version testing alongside Compulsion's dedicated play-testing team of five, but Compulsion found this did not provide them enough feedback to know which way to take the narrative elements within the randomly generated world. Instead, Compulsion opted to open the game to an early access release in a playable state on various storefronts for Microsoft Windows and on the Xbox One Xbox Game Preview program starting on 26 July 2016 as to be able to gain much more feedback. Part of their choice to use early access was to provide transparency of what the game was actually to be, wanting to avoid the pitfalls that happened with "No Man's Sky" on its release in August 2016. Compulsion found many were anticipating a AAA gaming experience from their small team, and thus wanted to make sure players were clear on what their goals were for "We Happy Few".


title: We Happy Few

text: One issue faced during development in early access was managing the expectations of what "We Happy Few" was meant to be. The first trailers Compulsion released as well as the early access version, featuring a short narrative sequence introducing the playable character Arthur, created the impression that the game would be a first-person action-adventure game with a linear narrative. These early versions of "We Happy Few" were frequently compared to "BioShock", a first-person shooter with a strong narrative produced by Irrational Games on a triple-A budget, and well outside the class of game that Compulsion was seeking to make. Compulsion maintained it was aiming to produce a roguelike survival game with some light narrative elements, which was meant to be played repeatedly, with a complete playthrough taking only three to four hours. Compulsion was aware that early access had worked well for games that lacked a strong narrative, and thus focused the initial development within early access on the survival elements, planning to hold back on the narrative development until late in the process as they did not want to reveal the full story until late in development. Compulsion also found it difficult to convince players that story elements were coming for the game's final release.


title: We Happy Few

text: Compulsion learned that players from early access were much more interested in the game's narrative over the game's survival or roguelike mechanics. At one point, the studio tried to remove the survival elements leaving only the action-adventure gameplay, but felt this affected the balance and flavor of the title, since Wellington Wells was meant to be a society on the verge of collapse due to dwindling resources. Instead, they added in some of the basics of survival gameplay: instead of potentially killing the player character, factors like nourishment and rest will buff the character if satisfied or debuff them if not met, and the permadeath facet was taken out, made as an option for more hard-core players. Some issues arose from Compulsion's onboarding of new staff as the game grew. While the experience these new developers brought to the game ultimate improved it according to Provost, their initial contributions shifted the direction of the game and created instability in the development process. In retrospective, Provost stated that they likely would have dropped the procedurally generated elements once they had focused more on the narrative, as the combination of the two "doesn't make any sense".


title: We Happy Few

text: Compulsion also put more effort into creating narrative encounters with unique characters, and level spaces for these to occur within the procedurally generated world. Feedback from players were positive about the unique characters they had made to support the shorter form of the game, so Compulsion had to spend more time in creating backgrounds and stories for more unique characters, which tool away from some other story aspects they wanted to tell. They also had little time to make new cinematics to help explain some of these backstories, and instead resorted to using audio recordings to help flesh out the characters. Narrative director Alex Epstein felt the added time to make the changes helped to make the game more cohesive, making it felt that the main story and the various procedurally generated side narratives were part of a wholly singular game rather than disparate pieces. Community manager Naila Hadjas stated that with these changes, they estimated the full game now was about 20 hours long, but still offering replayability through the procedural generation aspects, different playable characters and difficulty modes.


title: We Happy Few

text: In January 2018, the studio announced that while the game was now "content complete", they needed to polish the game further, and pushed back the game's release towards mid-2018. This move was also aimed to avoiding having to provide regular updates to early access purchasers, allowing them to finish the game without external pressure from fans. Alongside this, in response to complaints regarding the price change, disabled the ability to pre-order the game and offered full refunds to anyone that had bought the title earlier regardless of playtime.


title: We Happy Few

text: Microsoft has been a major supporter for Compulsion Games in backing "We Happy Few", leading to the game having its console debut on the Xbox One. Microsoft announced "We Happy Few" as part of their press conferences at Gamescom in August 2015, Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016. and Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018. This last presentation was accompanied by the news that Microsoft Studios had acquired Compulsion Games as part of their in-house studios.


title: We Happy Few

text: In August 2017, Compulsion Games announced that they have partnered with Gearbox Software for financial support to expand the game into a retail-length title, planned to release on 13 April 2018. Compulsion's Provost had known Gearbox's Randy Pitchford prior to their release of "Contrast", and "Contrast"s visual style had caught Pitchford's attention, but the studio lacked a publishing arm at the time. By E3 2016, where Microsoft presented "We Happy Few" as part of its press event, Gearbox operated its Gearbox Publishing division led by Steve Gibson. Gibson, also interested in what "We Happy Few" offered, invited Compulsion to their offices to discuss financing and publishing opportunities for the game. Gearbox's funding helped Compulsion expand their team four-fold and expand the scope and narrative of the game. With Gearbox's help, Compulsion was able to develop "We Happy Few" for the PlayStation 4, while Gearbox will publish retail versions for all platforms; Microsoft's acquisition of the studio did not impact this publishing deal. However, Compulsion also said that with this expanded title, the price of the game will be increased from $30 to $60, with those that backed the Kickstarter or purchased the early access versions getting the full game and some of the downloadable content that is planned for free. Compulsion plans to offer a season pass for additional content that will be developed after release, enabled by Gearbox's backing. Compulsion's community manager Nadia Hadjas said that neither Microsoft nor Gearbox provided oversight on the game, allowing Compulsion to develop the title based on their own goals and the community's feedback.


title: We Happy Few

text: In May 2018, the Australian Classification Board had refused classification for "We Happy Few", identifying that gameplay mechanics around the use of Joy pills was problematic, which would prevent the game from being sold in Australia. The Board stated in their refusal that because "the game's drug-use mechanic making game progression less difficult constitutes an incentive or reward for drug-use and therefore, the game exceeds the R18+ classification that states, 'drug use related to incentives and rewards is not permitted'". Compulsion Games said that it was working with the Board to challenge their ruling and make the game appropriate to be rated, stating that they believe that the use of Joy was part of the game's themes, "It's a society that is forcing its citizens to take Joy, and the whole point of the game is to reject this programming and fight back", and compared this theme to that of Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World" and Terry Gilliam's "Brazil". Compulsion Games said they were prepared to offer refunds even to Kickstarter backers from Australia should they be unable to achieve a rating. The Australian Ratings Board agreed to review their classification, offering interested parties to also reply in standing for reclassification of the game during the month of July 2018. On 3 July, the Board announced that they had reclassified "We Happy Few" with an R18+ rating, still warning consumers of its drug-use mechanic, but otherwise clearing the title to be sold within Australia.


title: We Happy Few

text: The full game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on 10 August 2018. On 27 November 2018, Dark Horse Comics released a 192-page book titled "The Art of We Happy Few."


title: We Happy Few

text: The audio was received positively, with the voice-acting being singled out for praise. Brittany Vincent of "Shacknews" elaborated that the characters' "stereotypical" accents along with the "peppy" music lent the game a "realistic lilt that make these weirdos even creepier". The performances for the three main characters were commended; Tyler Wilde of "PC Gamer" deemed the leads to be the game's great strength, describing them as "blending comedy and tragedy with calculated balance", and added that they spoke to themselves so naturally that Wilde nearly overlooked that they were "doing the videogame thing of saying everything out loud for no reason". Michael Huber of "Easy Allies" additionally cited the disconcerting effect of Uncle Jack's broadcasts. However, while Sam Spyrison of "Hardcore Gamer" agreed that the voice-acting was mostly solid, he felt that the dialogue was inconsistent, saying that it "ranges from original and enticing to disjointed and nonsensical". The music was appreciated, with Brian Shae of "Game Informer" and Caty McCarthy of "USgamer" singling out the use of distorted 1960s-style rock and roll music as a contribution to the game's haunting atmosphere.


title: We Happy Few

text: Jim Sterling called the game "a joyless broken disaster" and suggested that it should be recalled. Sterling, having performed some minor voice-over work for the game during its crowdfunding phase, stated their embarrassment "for having the loosest of loose associations" with the final game. Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of "Zero Punctuation" ranked it fourth on the list of the Top 5 Worst Games of 2018. "Eurogamer" praised the addition of a playable protagonist who is a mother, although did also cite inconsistencies within the game.


title: We Happy Few

text: In March 2017, Gold Circle Films announced plans to adapt the game into a feature film in partnership with Compulsion Games and dj2 Entertainment.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Open Range is a 2003 American Revisionist Western film directed and co-produced by Kevin Costner, written by Craig Storper, based on the novel "The Open Range Men" by Lauran Paine, starring Robert Duvall and Costner, with Annette Bening, Michael Gambon, and Michael Jeter appearing in supporting roles. The film was the final on-screen appearance of Jeter, who died before it was released, and the film was dedicated to Jeter's memory, as well as to Costner's parents, Bill and Sharon.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: In Montana in 1882, "Boss" Spearman is a seasoned open range cattleman, who, with hired hands Charley Waite, Mose, and Button, is driving a herd cross-country. Charley is a former Union soldier who served in a "special squad" during the Civil War and feels immense guilt over his past as a killer of both enemy soldiers and civilians.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Boss sends Mose to the nearby town of Harmonville for supplies. The town is controlled by ruthless Irish immigrant and rancher Denton Baxter, who hates open-rangers for using his land to feed their herds. Mose is badly beaten and jailed by the town's corrupt marshal, Poole, after defending himself in a fight with some of Baxter's men. The only Harmonville inhabitant willing to openly defy Baxter is Percy, the livery stable owner.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Boss and Charley become concerned when Mose does not return. They retrieve him from the jail but not before Baxter gives them an ultimatum to leave the area before nightfall. Mose's injuries are so severe that Boss and Charley take him to the local physician, Doc Barlow. There they meet his assistant, Sue. Charley is attracted immediately but assumes that Sue is the doctor's wife and chooses not to stay the night even after being invited.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: After catching masked riders scouting their cattle, Boss and Charley sneak up on their campsite, disarm, and humiliate them. At the same time, other riders trash their camp and shoot Mose and Charley's dog Tig dead. Button is badly injured after being shot in the chest. Charley and Boss vow to avenge their friend. They leave Button at the doctor's house and go into town; with help from Percy, they capture Poole and his deputies, subdue them with chloroform stolen from the Barlows, and lock them up in their own jail.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Charley learns that Sue is the doctor's sister, not his wife. He declares his feelings for her, and she gives him a locket for luck. Charley leaves a note with Percy, in which he states that if he should die, money from the sale of his saddle and gear are to be used to buy Sue a new tea set, having accidentally destroyed her previous set while suffering a flashback to his war days.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Boss and Charley are pitted against Baxter and his men. Before the fight begins, Charley confesses to Boss that his full name is Charles Postlewaite, and he asks Boss to reciprocate. Boss says his real name is Bluebonnet Spearman, but makes Charley swear not to tell anyone. As Baxter and his men approach, Charley confronts them and shoots Butler, the hired gunman who killed Mose. An intense gun battle erupts in the street, with Boss, Charley and Percy outnumbered before the townspeople begin to openly fight against Baxter. Baxter's men, Poole and his deputies, and the local saloonkeeper are killed off one-by-one and Baxter ends up wounded and alone, trapped in the jailhouse. Boss shoots open the jailhouse door and engages him in a brief close-quarters gunfight which leaves Baxter mortally wounded.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Sue's brother tends to the wounded townspeople while the dead are buried, and the town is cleaned up. Charley speaks to Sue in private, telling her he must leave. She counters that she has a "big idea" about their future together and that she will wait for him to return. He does return, and proposes to Sue, who accepts. After Button has recovered, Charley and Boss decide to retire from the cattle business after delivering their current herd and settle down in Harmonville, taking over the saloon.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Kevin Costner grew up reading the western romance novels of Lauran Paine and "Open Range" is based on Paine's 1990 novel "The Open Range Men". Screenwriter Craig Storper wanted to make a movie about "the evolution of violence in the West." Storper continues: "These characters don't seek violence... But the notion that it's sometimes necessary... is the Western's most fundamental ideal."


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Robert Duvall was the only actor that Costner had in mind for the role of Boss Spearman. Costner said that if Duvall had turned down the part, he might not have made the movie at all. Duvall accepted the role immediately, and Costner gave him top billing. Duvall got bucked off a horse and broke six ribs while practicing his riding for this role.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Cinematographer J. Michael Muro, was hand-picked by director Kevin Costner for his work on "Dances with Wolves".


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: The movie was filmed on location on the Stoney Indian Reserve in Alberta, Canada. Clayton Lefthand of the Stoney Sioux First Nations worked as a film liaison.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: Filming took place from June 17, 2002 to September 8, 2002. Production spent over one million dollars to build a town from scratch because Costner didn't like any of the existing ones. This location was so far from civilization that they had to spend $40,000 to build a road to get there. Professional cowboys handled 225 head of cattle on the set.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: "Open Range" was a success at the box office, making $14 million in its opening weekend in the U.S across 2,075 screens. Against a budget of $22 million it finished its theatrical run with $58.3 million in North America and $10 million from foreign markets for a total of $68.3 million worldwide.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: The film received mostly positive reviews, receiving a 79% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 184 reviews, with an average rating of 6.80/10. The site's consensus states: "Greatly benefiting from the tremendous chemistry between Kevin Costner and Robert Duvall, "Open Range" is a sturdy modern Western with classic roots." Roger Ebert gave it 3.5 stars out of 4, calling it "an imperfect but deeply involving and beautifully made Western". Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film 4 stars out of 5, writing, "Duvall gives his best performance in ages" in a "tough, muscular, satisfying movie".


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: In particular, the gun fighting scenes were intentionally filmed in giant wide shots and were praised for their intense realism by a number of critics and yet were the reason the film earned an R rating. Kevin Carr of FilmThreat.com said on the gun action in "Open Range": "After "The Matrix" redefined action in the late 1990s, every crummy action sequence tries to repeat the power of 'bullet time' often with little success. The action in "Open Range" is filmed real time, grabbing the audience and showing them that when this kind of stuff happens in real life, it happens faster than you think it would." A review on Moviola stated that the film has "one of the most exciting final gunfights ever filmed". IGN, "USA Today", "Total Film" and "Guns & Ammo" all also say the shootout scene is one of the best of all time.


title: Open Range (2003 film)

text: The film won the 2004 Western Heritage Award, and was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award, an MTV Movie Award (Diego Luna), a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award as well as a Taurus Award for stunt artist Chad Camilleri. It was #48 in "TimeOut London"'s "The 50 greatest westerns" list.


title: Fra Fee

text: Francis Martin "Fra" Fee (born 20 May 1987) is a Northern Irish actor and singer. He is known for portraying Courfeyrac in Tom Hooper's film adaptation of "Les Misérables". He portrayed the role of Michael Carney in Jez Butterworth's "The Ferryman" at the Royal Court Theatre, West End and Broadway directed by Sam Mendes, for which he won the 2018 WhatsOnStage Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Play. In 2021 he played Kazi in the Disney+ series "Hawkeye", set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


title: Fra Fee

text: Fee, born in Dungannon, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland and raised in rural Killyman, attended school at St Patrick's Academy, Dungannon, performed regularly with Bardic Theatre in his early days before taking up music at the University of Manchester. He subsequently studied at the Royal Academy of Music, graduating in 2009. In 2014 Fee was made an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music.


title: Fra Fee

text: Fee appeared in numerous productions at Belfast's Grand Opera House in conjunction with the Welsh National Opera, including "The Beggar's Opera", "The Mikado", "Sweeney Todd", as well as a production of "The Elixir of Love" as Nemorino, directed by John Doyle. In 2004, he was a guest soloist for Irish tenor Ronan Tynan in Tynan's Dublin concert, titled "The Impossible Dream". Immediately following his graduation from the Royal Academy of Music, Fee was cast as Billy Kostecki in the West End production of "Dirty Dancing".


title: Fra Fee

text: He played Schlomo in the RTÉ Irish tour of "Fame", before essaying the title role in "Aladdin" at Dublin's Gaiety Theatre. From June 2011 to 2012 he played Jean Prouvaire, and covered the roles of Marius and Enjolras in "Les Misérables" at the Queens Theatre, London. During his time in the West End production, Fee was cast as Courfeyrac in Tom Hooper's film "Les Misérables", starring alongside Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean and Russell Crowe as Javert.


title: Fra Fee

text: From November to December 2012, Fee played Florizel in Howard Goodall's professional world premiere of "A Winter's Tale".


title: Fra Fee

text: Fee played Young Buddy in Stephen Sondheim's "Follies" at the Toulon Opera in March 2013, before playing Robbie in "A Man of No Importance" for Salisbury Playhouse.


title: Fra Fee

text: On 16 June 2013, he portrayed Henrik Egerman in a special concert performance of Sondheim's "A Little Night Music" at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre in Guildford, starring alongside Janie Dee, David Birell and Joanna Riding. On 2 August 2013, Fee was a guest soloist for BBC Radio 2's "Friday Night Is Music Night" singing America's Greatest Broadway Hits.


title: Fra Fee

text: Fee starred in the title role of "Candide" at the Menier Chocolate Factory in London, alongside Scarlett Strallen as Cunegonde and David Thaxton as Maximillian, from 23 November 2013 to 22 February 2014. He later starred as Philip Ashley in Dublin's Gate Theatre production of Dame Daphne du Maurier's "My Cousin Rachel", adapted for the stage by Joseph O'Connor at the Dock Street Theatre in Charleston, South Carolina as part of the Spoleto Festival USA from 22 May to 8 June 2014. In September 2014, he filmed the role of Kieran in Tom Lawes' forthcoming psychological thriller "Monochrome", starring Jo Woodcock, Cosmo Jarvis and James Cosmo.


title: Fra Fee

text: On 26 January 2015, Fee reprised the role of Henrik Egerman in "A Little Night Music" for one night only at the Palace Theatre in London's West End, reunited with previous co-stars Janie Dee as Desiree, David Birell as Frederick, Joanna Riding as Countess Malcolm as well as new cast members Jamie Parker as Carl Magnus and Anne Reid as Madame Armfeldt.


title: Fra Fee

text: Fee made his Shakespeare debut as Romeo in Dublin's Gate Theatre's production of "Romeo and Juliet" directed by Wayne Jordan from March 2015 to May 2015.


title: Fra Fee

text: In June 2015, Fee returned to Belfast to take up the role of Jamie in a production of Jason Robert Brown's "The Last Five Years" directed by Stephen Whitson, working alongside fellow West End actress Amy Lennox.


title: Fra Fee

text: From September 2015 to 5 March 2016, Fee played the role of Amiens in Polly Findlay's production of "As You Like It" at the National Theatre in London starring Rosalie Craig as Rosalind. During this period he also played Man 2 in Stephen Sondheim's revue "Putting It Together" at the Lyric Theatre, Belfast, directed by Stephen Whitson (December 2015).


title: Fra Fee

text: Fra played the role of Mole in the new musical adaptation of "The Wind in the Willows" with music by George Stiles, lyrics by Anthony Drewe and a book by Julian Fellowes in a production that starred Rufus Hound as Toad from August to November 2016.


title: Fra Fee

text: In April 2017, he originated the role of Michael Carney in "The Ferryman" at the Royal Court Theatre, ahead of a transfer to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End. Fra played his final performance in the West End production on 6 January 2018. For his performance as Michael Carney in "The Ferryman" Fra was awarded the 2018 WhatsOnStage Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Play.


title: Fra Fee

text: In the spring of 2018 he filmed the role of Jim in the movie adaptation of Emma Jane Unsworth's novel "Animals", directed by Sophie Hyde, starring alongside Holliday Grainger and Alia Shawkat. Filming took place in Dublin. The film premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Fra Fee

text: He performed the role of Chip in John Wilson's production of Leonard Bernstein's "On The Town" on 25 August 2018 at the Royal Albert Hall, having performed two weeks earlier in the same venue as one of the Jets in John Wilson's production of "West Side Story".


title: Fra Fee

text: Fra reprised his role in the Broadway transfer of "The Ferryman" in New York alongside most of the original cast as well as newcomer to the play "Fionnula Flanagan". The play won the Tony Award for Best Original Play at the 2019 Tony Awards. During his time in New York, Fra made his New York cabaret debut at "54 Below" performing his show "Seisún".


title: Fra Fee

text: Fra plays William Bogue in Irish horror-comedy "Boys From County Hell" written and directed by Chris Baugh, due to premiere at TriBeCa Film Festival 2020. He plays Fergus in Irish Western Thriller Pixie, alongside Alec Baldwin, Olivia Cooke and Ben Hardy.


title: Fra Fee

text: In June 2019, Fra took part in a semi-staged concert version of "The Clockmaker's Daughter," a musical by Michael Webborn and Daniel Finn, in which Fra also plays the same character in the studio cast recording, performing alongside Christine Allado and John-Owen Jones.


title: Fra Fee

text: From October to December 2019, Fee replaced actor Colin Morgan in the role of Owen in the National Theatre's production of Brian Friel's "Translations", directed by Ian Rickson, alongside Ciarán Hinds, Seamus O’Hara and Judith Roddy.


title: Fra Fee

text: On 21 March 2022, Fee took over the role of The Emcee in Cabaret at The Playhouse Theatre, starring alongside Amy Lennox.


title: Fra Fee

text: Fee is gay. He is in a romantic relationship with actor and singer Declan Bennett, with whom he lives in rural Oxfordshire.


title: Fra Fee

text: Reviewing "Candide" for "The New York Times", Ben Brantley wrote that "Mr. Fee proved himself a most ingenious practitioner of ingenuousness, with a glorious tenor voice." Also reviewing for "Candide "Libby Purves noted that "Fra Fee from Dungannon is a real find: innocent elfin face but a voice so deep, honeyed and flawless that your heart melts. Reviewing "My Cousin Rachel" at the Dock Street Theatre, Charleston, Debra Charlton wrote "Playing the protagonist of this taut drama, Fra Fee portrays Philip's tormented journey through desire, guilt and suspicion with keen sensitivity and detail. His tour de force performance demonstrates immense emotional range and admirable control." "Fra Fee as Philip Ashley does most of the heavy lifting in "My Cousin Rachel". Rarely offstage during the entire two-plus-hour performance, Fee's stamina is incredible. Without melodrama, he convincingly portrays his character's appropriately gothic emotional swings and perfectly captures Philip's tragic flaw of youthful impulsiveness."


title: Transpiration

text: Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers. Water is necessary for plants but only a small amount of water taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism. The remaining 97–99.5% is lost by transpiration and guttation. Leaf surfaces are dotted with pores called stomata (singular "stoma"), and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomata are bordered by guard cells and their stomatal accessory cells (together known as stomatal complex) that open and close the pore. Transpiration occurs through the stomatal apertures, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants, changes osmotic pressure of cells, and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots. Two major factors influence the rate of water flow from the soil to the roots: the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the magnitude of the pressure gradient through the soil. Both of these factors influence the rate of bulk flow of water moving from the roots to the stomatal pores in the leaves via the xylem.


title: Transpiration

text: Mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is driven in part by capillary action, but primarily driven by water potential differences. If the water potential in the ambient air is lower than the water potential in the leaf airspace of the stomatal pore, water vapor will travel down the gradient and move from the leaf airspace to the atmosphere. This movement lowers the water potential in the leaf airspace and causes evaporation of liquid water from the mesophyll cell walls. This evaporation increases the tension on the water menisci in the cell walls and decreases their radius and thus the tension that is exerted on the water in the cells. Because of the cohesive properties of water, the tension travels through the leaf cells to the leaf and stem xylem where a momentary negative pressure is created as water is pulled up the xylem from the roots. As evaporation occurs at the leaf surface, the properties of adhesion and cohesion work in tandem to pull water molecules from the roots, through xylem tissue, and out of the plant through stomata. In taller plants and trees, the force of gravity pulling the water inside can only be overcome by the decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the upper parts of the plants due to the diffusion of water out of stomata into the atmosphere. Water is absorbed by the roots by osmosis, and any dissolved mineral nutrients travel with it through the xylem.


title: Transpiration

text: The cohesion-tension theory explains how leaves pull water through the xylem. Water molecules stick together or exhibit cohesion. As a water molecule evaporates from the surface of the leaf, it pulls on the adjacent water molecule, creating a continuous flow of water through the plant.


title: Transpiration

text: We can see the history of the word transpiration when we break it down into trans, a Latin noun that means "across," and spiration, which comes from the Latin verb spīrāre, meaning "to breathe." The motion suffix adds the meaning "the act of," so we can see transpiration is, literally, "the ACT of breathing across," which clearly identifies vapor emission from plant leaves.


title: Transpiration

text: Capillary action is the process of a liquid flowing in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube, in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as sand and liquefied carbon fiber, or in a biological cell. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid.


title: Transpiration

text: Plants regulate the rate of transpiration by controlling the size of the stomatal apertures. The rate of transpiration is also influenced by the evaporative demand of the atmosphere surrounding the leaf such as boundary layer conductance, humidity, temperature, wind, and incident sunlight. Along with above-ground factors, soil temperature and moisture can influence stomatal opening, and thus transpiration rate. The amount of water lost by a plant also depends on its size and the amount of water absorbed at the roots. Transpiration accounts for most of the water loss by a plant by the leaves and young stems. Transpiration serves to evaporatively cool plants, as the evaporating water carries away heat energy due to its large latent heat of vaporization of 2260 kJ per liter.


title: Transpiration

text: During a growing season, a leaf will transpire many times more water than its own weight. An acre of corn gives off about 3,000–4,000 gallons (11,400–15,100 liters) of water each day, and a large oak tree can transpire 40,000 gallons (151,000 liters) per year. The transpiration ratio is the ratio of the mass of water transpired to the mass of dry matter produced; the transpiration ratio of crops tends to fall between 200 and 1000 ("i.e.", crop plants transpire 200 to 1000 kg of water for every kg of dry matter produced).


title: Transpiration

text: Transpiration rates of plants can be measured by a number of techniques, including potometers, lysimeters, porometers, photosynthesis systems and thermometric sap flow sensors. Isotope measurements indicate transpiration is the larger component of evapotranspiration. Recent evidence from a global study of water stable isotopes shows that transpired water is isotopically different from groundwater and streams. This suggests that soil water is not as well mixed as widely assumed.


title: Transpiration

text: Desert plants have specially adapted structures, such as thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs to reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti conduct photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves, so the surface area of the shoot is very low. Many desert plants have a special type of photosynthesis, termed crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM photosynthesis, in which the stomata are closed during the day and open at night when transpiration will be lower.


title: Transpiration

text: To maintain the pressure gradient necessary for a plant to remain healthy they must continuously uptake water with their roots. They need to be able to meet the demands of water lost due to transpiration. If a plant is incapable of bringing in enough water to remain in equilibrium with transpiration an event known as cavitation occurs. Cavitation is when the plant cannot supply its xylem with adequate water so instead of being filled with water the xylem begins to be filled with water vapor. These particles of water vapor come together and form blockages within the xylem of the plant. This prevents the plant from being able to transport water throughout its vascular system. There is no apparent pattern of where cavitation occurs throughout the plant's xylem. If not effectively taken care of, cavitation can cause a plant to reach its permanent wilting point, and die. Therefore, the plant must have a method by which to remove this cavitation blockage, or it must create a new connection of vascular tissue throughout the plant. The plant does this by closing its stomates overnight, which halts the flow of transpiration. This then allows for the roots to generate over 0.05 mPa of pressure, and that is capable of destroying the blockage and refilling the xylem with water, reconnecting the vascular system. If a plant is unable to generate enough pressure to eradicate the blockage it must prevent the blockage from spreading with the use of pit pears and then create new xylem that can re-connect the vascular system of the plant.


title: Transpiration

text: Scientists have begun using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the internal status of the xylem during transpiration, in a non invasive manner. This method of imaging allows for scientists to visualize the movement of water throughout the entirety of the plant. It also is capable of viewing what phase the water is in while in the xylem, which makes it possible to visualize cavitation events. Scientists were able to see that over the course of 20 hours of sunlight more than 10 xylem vessels began filling with gas particles becoming cavitated. MRI technology also made it possible to view the process by which these xylem structures are repaired in the plant. After three hours in darkness it was seen that the vascular tissue was resupplied with liquid water. This was possible because in darkness the stomates of the plant are closed and transpiration no longer occurs. When transpiration is halted the cavitation bubbles are destroyed by the pressure generated by the roots. These observations suggest that MRIs are capable of monitoring the functional status of xylem and allows scientists to view cavitation events for the first time.


title: Hit-Boy

text: Chauncey Alexander Hollis Jr. (born May 21, 1987), better known by his stage name Hit-Boy, is an American record producer, rapper, singer, and songwriter. In May 2011, he had signed a two-year deal with Kanye West's GOOD Music production branch. With this stimulus, he produced singles such as "Niggas in Paris" by Jay-Z and Kanye West, "Trophies" by Drake, "Clique" by GOOD Music, and "Racks in the Middle" by Nipsey Hussle featuring Roddy Ricch. "Racks in the Middle" won Best Rap Performance at the 2020 Grammy Awards.


title: Hit-Boy

text: In December 2012, Hit-Boy signed a recording contract with Interscope Records and subsequently founded his own record label imprint, Hits Since '87. He has since expanded his production catalog with singles such as "Drop the World" by Lil Wayne, "Sorry" by Beyoncé, and "Sicko Mode" by Travis Scott, all of which have been certified platinum or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Hit-Boy

text: Hollis got his start on Myspace when he received a message from Polow Da Don stating simply "Let's get this paper, pimp", and reached out to say he wanted to meet Hollis and discuss signing him professionally. He has produced for big-name artists such as Big Sean, Kid Cudi, Kanye West, Jay-Z, Beyoncé, Lil Wayne, Eminem, 50 Cent, Mary J. Blige, Nas, Chris Brown, Snoop Dogg, Justin Bieber, Drake, Kendrick Lamar, Selena Gomez and several others. The California native is one of the founding members of the collective brand Surf Club (along with fellow beat makers Chase N.Cashe, BCarr, and Chili Chill). Surf Club has become a team to host a number of artists as well as songwriters and other producers. Surf Club originated in southern California. They got their start in the industry in 2007, after linking with Polow Da Don's Zone 4, an imprint of Interscope Records. He began his work with Kanye West when he produced his GOOD Friday track, "Christmas in Harlem", Big Sean, Pusha T, Musiq Soulchild and Cyhi Da Prynce. On May 2, 2011, he signed to Kanye West's GOOD Music Label, produced the single "Niggas in Paris", on the collaborative "Watch the Throne" album created by Kanye West and Jay-Z, and produced the singles "Goldie" and "1 Train" for ASAP Rocky.


title: Hit-Boy

text: On June 7, 2012, Hollis released his first official song in which he raps, the promotional single "Jay-Z Interview", which was produced by Bink!. Later in July 2012, Hollis was featured rapping on CyHi The Prynce's mixtape "Ivy League Club", on the song "Entourage". Hollis then released the self-produced track "Old School Caddy", which features fellow GOOD Music member Kid Cudi. These two tracks appeared on his first full-length project, a mixtape titled "HITstory", which was released for free download on his official website. On December 23, 2012, Hollis secured a recording contract with Interscope Records, under the record label Blueprint Group, along with the L.E.P. Bogus Boys. Soon after, he tweeted: "2012 has been great to me and my fam. Feeling more blessed than ever. Excited to see what God has planned for 2013. TU." On January 23, 2013, it was announced that his record label Hits Since '87, is now an imprint of Interscope Records.


title: Hit-Boy

text: On June 29, 2013, he announced that he is no longer signed to GOOD Music, but still on good terms with everybody in the label.


title: Hit-Boy

text: In 2016, Hit-Boy and Local Los Angeles rapper Dom Kennedy came together to work on a joint mixtape named "Half-A-Mil" EP, subsequently adopting the name (dropping the EP) as an alias for the duo. "Half-A-Mil" EP was released on December 11, 2016. The mixtape consisted of five songs, with "100 Rounds" being the lead single off the mixtape. Following the release of their first mixtape, the pair decided to put out another mixtape a few months after their previous mixtape. "Half-A-Mil 2" EP released on February 24, 2017. The mixtape contained six songs with one guest feature from B.Carr. The duo would take a break and would not release music under the Half-A-Mil name. After some time, the frequent collaborators released "Half-A-Mil 3" EP, continuing the mixtape series and being the last one in the saga. "Half-A-Mil" 3 EP was August 8, 2017. The mixtape only had two feature from 24hrs on "Don't run" and Quentin Miller on the tracks "Might as Well" and "In The Hills". Also, the duo released a music video for both songs on September 7, 2017. After releasing all three mixtapes, the pair finally released their first commercial album, Courtesy of Half-a-Mil, on November 29, 2017. The album contains 14 tracks and numerous features such as Larry June, TYuS, B.Carr, Jay 305, and Ty Dolla Sign. The Tandem would go on to take a hiatus and not release any new music. Nearly two and half years later, the group would release their second studio. "Also Known As" was released on July 31, 2020. The album consists of 11 tracks and features from 03 Greedo, 24hrs, and Nas. In 2020 and 2021, he produced the Nas albums King's Disease, King's Disease 2, King's Disease III and Magic


title: Hit-Boy

text: Hit-Boy is the nephew of Rodney Benford, from the R&B group Troop. He grew up in Fontana, California.


title: Hit-Boy

text: The BET Hip Hop Awards were established in 2006 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate hip-hop performers, producers and music video directors.


title: Hit-Boy

text: The Grammy Award is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. Hit-Boy received three awards from eleven nominations.


Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (25 February 1475 – 28 November 1499) was the son of Isabel Neville and George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, and a potential claimant to the English throne during the reigns of both his uncle, Richard III (1483–1485), and Richard's successor, Henry VII (1485–1509). He was also a younger brother of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury. Edward was tried and executed for treason in 1499.


title: Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick

text: Edward Plantagenet was the son of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabel Neville, who was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Edward was born on 25 February 1475 at Warwick, the family home of his mother. At his christening, his uncle King Edward IV stood as godfather. He was styled as Earl of Warwick from birth, but was not officially granted the title until after his father's death in 1478. His potential claim to the throne following the deposition of his cousin Edward V in 1483 was overlooked because of the argument that the attainder of his father barred Warwick from the succession (although that could have been reversed by an Act of Parliament). Despite this, he was knighted at York by Richard III in September 1483.


text: In 1480, Warwick was made a ward of King Edward IV's stepson, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, who as his guardian had the power to decide whom he would marry. Clements Markham, writing in 1906, claimed that Richard III had "liberated" Warwick from the Tower of London, where Dorset had placed him; however, there are no contemporary sources for this claim, although Dorset was Constable of the Tower. Dominic Mancini wrote that Richard, on becoming king, "gave orders that the son of the duke of Clarence, his other brother, then a boy of ten years old, should come to the city: and commanded that the lad should be kept in confinement in the household of his wife".


text: John Rous (died 1492) wrote that after the death of Richard III's only legitimate son, Edward of Middleham, Richard III named Warwick as heir to the throne; however, there is no other evidence for this, and historians have pointed out that it would be illogical for Richard to claim that Clarence's attainder barred Warwick from the throne while at the same time naming him as his heir. However, in 1485, upon the death of Richard's queen, Anne, Edward was created Earl of Salisbury by right of his mother, who was a co-heiress with Anne to the earldom.


text: After King Richard's death in 1485, Warwick, only ten years old, was kept as prisoner in the Tower of London by Henry VII. His claim, albeit tarnished, remained a potential threat to Henry, particularly after the appearance of the pretender Lambert Simnel in 1487. In 1490, he was confirmed in his title of Earl of Warwick despite his father's attainder (his claim to the earldom of Warwick being through his mother). But he remained a prisoner until 1499, when he became involved (willingly or unwillingly) in a plot to escape with Perkin Warbeck.


text: On 21 November 1499, Warwick appeared at Westminster for a trial before his peers, presided over by John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. A week later, Warwick was beheaded for treason on Tower Hill. Henry VII paid for his body and head to be taken to Bisham Abbey in Berkshire for burial. It was thought at the time that Warwick was executed in response to pressure from Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose daughter, Catherine of Aragon, was to marry Henry's heir, Arthur. Catherine was said to feel very guilty about Warwick's death, and believed that her trials in later life were punishment for it.


text: A number of historians have claimed that Warwick had a mental disability. This conclusion appears entirely based on the chronicler Edward Hall’s contention that Warwick’s lengthy imprisonment from a young age had left him "out of all company of men, and sight of beasts, in so much that he could not discern a goose from a capon."


text: Upon Warwick's death, the House of Plantagenet became extinct in the legitimate male line. However, the surviving sons of his aunt Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk, continued to claim the throne for the Yorkist line.


title: Ride the Cyclone

text: It tells the story of the members of the St. Cassian High School chamber choir of Uranium City, Saskatchewan, who perish on a faulty roller coaster called "The Cyclone". Each tells a story to win the reward of a mechanical fortune teller — the chance to return to life.


title: Ride the Cyclone

text: The world premiere production took place in Victoria, British Columbia at Atomic Vaudeville in 2008. A production played at the Theatre Passe Muraille, Toronto in 2011, and there was a tour of Western Canada in 2013.