title: A Frozen Flower

text: At the palace, the King tortures the subordinates to discover the whereabouts of Hong-rim, but they remain silent, so the King has them executed and their heads put up on posts on the palace gates, along with that of the Queen's maid. Her head bears the Queen's necklace, in order to trick Hong-rim into believing the queen is dead and forcing him to return to exact revenge. When Hong-rim returns to the city, he indeed becomes enraged by this sight and determines to kill the King. Disguising himself as a soldier, he enters the palace grounds during the celebrations for the soldier who came back from war and hides out, awaiting his chance to reach the King and kill him.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: Meanwhile, as the King returns to his private quarters, he encounters the Queen, but he snubs her, and orders his junior commander to escort her back to her room. As the commander is about to leave the Queen's chamber, she warns him that the King will surely have him killed as soon as the baby is born; she then says that if the commander assassinates the King, and her father takes over the throne, she will guarantee that his life will be spared. The junior commander then calls a meeting of his most trusted subordinates and reveals the truth about the King, the Queen and Hong-rim. However, before they can carry out the Queen's plan, Hong-rim goes into action.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: Ignoring the palace guards, who plead with him to leave before he is captured and killed, he fights his way to the King's quarters, cutting down all who oppose him. Reaching the King's chamber, Hong-rim confronts the King and demands that he fight him. An intense duel ensues, during which Hong-rim slashes through the King's favorite painting, which depicts him and Hong-rim hunting together. As the desperate duel continues, the junior commander and his men arrive (their intentions not entirely clear), but the King orders them not to intervene, and the junior commander holds them back and awaits the outcome of the fight. At the climax of the duel, the King manages to break Hong-rim's sword, and stabs him in the shoulder. While Hong-rim is pinned by his sword, the King asks him a last question: whether or not Hong-rim had ever felt love for him. Hong-rim replies, "No". Hearing this, the King is shocked, giving Hong-rim time to throw himself forward on the blade and kill the King with the remaining half of his own sword.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: As the King dies, Hong-rim staggers to his feet, pulls the King's sword from his shoulder and charges at the guards, but he is fatally stabbed by the junior commander. Moments later, the Queen arrives at the scene with the guards at her heels, who try to hold her back. Horrified, she tearfully calls out for Hong-rim. As she is taken away by the guards, Hong-rim realizes that the King had not killed her after all. He turns his head from her and dies facing the king, his eyes filled with realization of his test. The junior commander then declares that the King has been killed by an assassin, and he orders his men to quickly remove the bodies, and to tell no one of what has transpired.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: The final scenes of the film show a flashback to when the King showed young Hong-rim the view of the city and asked if Hong-rim wished to live with him, to which the young Hong-rim replied "Yes." The film ends on a montage of the King and Hong-rim happily hunting together, referring back to a dream the King once had, as depicted in the King's painting.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: According to historical records, after the death of his Mongolian-born queen, Noguk, King Gongmin descended into a life of homosexual debauchery, hiring a team of handsome male bodyguards of noble birth to serve in the palace in 1372. When one of the bodyguards made King Gongmin's second wife pregnant, Gongmin tried to kill him to quell the scandal, but was killed by the bodyguard's friends instead. But some historians disagree with this account, insisting that Gongmin was slandered in an attempt to justify the founding of the Joseon Dynasty, and that the youths were just bodyguards.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: "A Frozen Flower" takes its title from a song of that era which described the sexual relationships between Hong-rim and the Queen. It is the fifth feature film by director Yoo Ha, who wanted to make a change from his previous works by doing a historical film, saying, "I always felt uncomfortable with the genre but I felt I should try to overcome those feelings. It is also a new challenge for me to focus on a melodrama." He also stated that the film was "a love story between men."


title: A Frozen Flower

text: Jo In-sung was on board from the beginning of the project, and turned down other acting roles to make "A Frozen Flower" his last work before enlisting for military service. He chose to appear in the film without knowing the exact details, having faith in the director following their earlier collaboration in 2005 on "A Dirty Carnival". Jo began training for the role in August 2007, learning martial arts, fencing, horse riding and geomungo. The casting of Joo Jin-mo as the king was announced in December 2007.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: The budget for "A Frozen Flower" was $10 million, and the film went into production on 16 April 2008. It was the first film to shoot at the newly built Jeonju Cinema Studio.


title: A Frozen Flower

text: The rights of the film were sold to Japan, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg before it was completed, and also a further seven countries at the European Film Market.


title: Cessna 206

text: The Cessna 205, 206, and 207, known primarily as the Stationair (and marketed variously as the Super Skywagon, Skywagon and Super Skylane) are a family of single-engined, general aviation aircraft with fixed landing gear, used in commercial air service as well as for personal use. The family was originally developed from the popular retractable-gear Cessna 210 and produced by the Cessna Aircraft Company.


title: Cessna 206

text: The line's combination of a powerful engine, rugged construction and a large cabin has made these aircraft popular bush planes. Cessna describes the 206 as "the sport-utility vehicle of the air." These airplanes are also used for aerial photography, skydiving and other utility purposes. They can also be equipped with floats, amphibious floats and skis. Alternatively, they can be fitted with luxury appointments for use as a personal air transport.


title: Cessna 206

text: From 1962 to 2006 Cessna produced 8,509 aircraft in the 205, 206 and 207 variants. The aircraft remains in production.


title: Cessna 206

text: The Cessna 205 was introduced late in 1962 as a 1963 model year. The six-seat aircraft was essentially a Cessna 210 with fixed landing gear and with changes to the crew and passenger door arrangement, being officially designated by Cessna as a "Model 210-5". The 205 retained the early 210's engine cowling bulge, originally where the 210 stowed its nosewheel on retraction. This distinctive cowling was made more streamlined on the later Cessna 206.


title: Cessna 206

text: The 205 was produced in only two model years, 1963 and 1964, before being replaced in production by the Cessna 206. A total of 576 Cessna 205s were produced.


title: Cessna 206

text: The six-seat Model 206 was introduced as a 1964 model and was built until 1986, when Cessna halted production of its single-engined product line. It was then re-introduced in 1998 and remains in production.


title: Cessna 206

text: There were many sub-variants, including the U206, P206 all certified to CAR3 standards and later 206H certified to FAR Part 23.


title: Cessna 206

text: The original 1964 model was the U206, powered by a Continental IO-520-A. The “U” designation indicated “utility” and this model was equipped with a pilot side door and large clamshell rear door serving the back two rows of seats, allowing easy loading of oversized cargo.


title: Cessna 206

text: There was a TU206 turbocharged version powered by the Continental TSIO-520-C engine producing . After 1967 the turbo TU206 was powered by a TSIO-520-F of . The extra was obtained by turning the engine at a higher rpm, and was allowed for only five minutes. Due to the large propeller diameter, the additional engine speed meant that the propeller tips were pushed to transonic speeds, which required much more power.


title: Cessna 206

text: From 1964 to 1969 the U206 was known as the “Super Skywagon”. From 1970 it was named the “Stationair”, a contraction of “Station Wagon of the Air”, which is a good description of the aircraft's intended role. Sub-variants were designated U206 to U206G.


title: Cessna 206

text: In 1977 the U206 had its engine upgraded to a Continental IO-520-F of (continuous rating, obtained at a lower speed than the previous IO-520-F) and the TU206 powerplant was changed to the TSIO-520-M producing .


title: Cessna 206

text: Production of all versions of the U206 was halted in 1986 when Cessna stopped manufacturing all piston-engined aircraft. A total of 5,208 U206s had been produced.


title: Cessna 206

text: The P206 was added to the line in 1965. In this case the "P" stood for "passenger", as the P206 had passenger doors similar to the Cessna 210 from which it was derived, on both sides.


title: Cessna 206

text: The P206 was produced from 1965 to 1970 and was powered by a Continental IO-520-A of . There was a turbocharged model designated TP206 which was powered by a Continental TSIO-520-A also of .


title: Cessna 206

text: 647 P206s were produced under the name “Super Skylane” which made it sound like a version of the Cessna 182, which it was not. Sub-variants were designated P206 to P206E.


title: Cessna 206

text: After a production hiatus of twelve years, Cessna started manufacturing a new version of the venerable 206 in 1998, with the introduction of the newly certified 206H. The “H” model is generally similar to the previous U206 configuration, with a pilot entry door and a rear double clamshell door for access to the middle and back seats. The "H" is marketed under the name "Stationair".


title: Cessna 206

text: The 206H is powered by a Lycoming IO-540-AC1A powerplant producing . The turbocharged T206H is powered by a Lycoming TIO-540-AJ1A engine of .


title: Cessna 206

text: Even though the Cessna 206H is certified as a six-seat aircraft in its country of origin, the Canadian aviation regulator, Transport Canada has certified it to carry only five people in Canada. This is due to concerns about passenger egress through the rear clamshell door with the flaps extended. Cessna addressed one part of this problem early on, after a flight-test aircraft was damaged when the pilot extended the flaps while taxiing, and his passenger had the clamshell door open (for ventilation; it was a hot summer day). A switch was added to the flap actuation circuit which disabled the flaps when the doors were open. The other part of the problem is that if the flaps are already down, the passenger must perform the complicated procedure of opening the front part as far as possible (about ) then open the rear door and release the spring-loaded rear door handle so it retracts out of the way. This then gives enough clearance to open the rear part of the door fully for egress.


title: Cessna 206

text: Both the 206H and the T206H remain in production in 2013. By the end of 2004 Cessna had produced 221 206Hs and 505 T206Hs, for a total production of 726 "H" models.


title: Cessna 206

text: Cessna has indicated that they do not intend to produce a P206-configuration aircraft in the future, due to lack of market demand.


title: Cessna 206

text: The Model 207 was a seven- and later eight-seat development of the 206, achieved by stretching the design further by to allow space for more seats. The nose section was extended by adding a constant-section nose baggage compartment between the passenger compartment and the engine firewall; the aft section was extended by by inserting a constant-area section in the fuselage area just aft of the aft wing attach point. Thus the propeller's ground clearance was unaffected by the change (the nosewheel had moved forward the same distance as the propeller), but the tail moved aft relative to the mainwheel position, which made landing (without striking the tailskid on the runway) a greater challenge. The move gave that airplane a larger turning radius, since the distance between mainwheels and nosewheel increased by but the nosewheel's maximum allowed deflection was not increased.


title: Cessna 206

text: The 207 was introduced as a 1969 model featuring a Continental IO-520-F engine of . A turbocharged version was equipped with a TSIO-520-G of the same output.


title: Cessna 206

text: At the beginning of production the model was called a Cessna 207 "Skywagon", but in 1977 the name was changed to "Stationair 7". 1977 also saw a change of engine on the turbocharged version to a Continental TSIO-520-M producing – the same engine used in the TU206 of the same vintage.


title: Cessna 206

text: The 207 added a seat in 1980 and was then known as the "Stationair 8". Production of the 207 was completed in 1984, just two years before U206 production halted. A total of 626 Cessna 207s were manufactured.


title: Cessna 206

text: The Cessna Model 207 has been popular with air taxi companies, particularly on short runs where its full seating capacity could be used. Very few of these aircraft have seen private use.


title: Cessna 206

text: In April 2007 Thielert announced that the European Aviation Safety Agency had granted a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) for conversion of Cessna 206s to the Thielert V-8 diesel powerplant. The STC allows conversion of the following models: U206F and TU206F with the powerplant, and the U206G, TU206G, 206H and T206H with the version. This modification does not require any changes to the engine cowling. In May 2008, Thielert entered insolvency proceedings, so the future availability of this diesel conversion is uncertain.


title: Cessna 206

text: Soloy Aviation Solutions offers a turboprop conversion for some 206/207 models with the Rolls-Royce/Allison M250 engine/gearbox package. However, extensive engine cowl modifications are required.


title: Cessna 206

text: Atlantic Aero offers an FAA STC conversion to the Continental IO-550 powerplant. No cowl modifications are required.


title: Cessna 206

text: The aircraft is popular with air charter companies and small cargo air carriers, and is operated by private individuals and companies. One of the largest Cessna 207 operators was Yute Air Alaska, which had a fleet of 12 aircraft.


title: Trello

text: Trello is a web-based, kanban-style, list-making application and is developed by Trello Enterprise, a subsidiary of Atlassian. Created in 2011 by Glitch, it was spun out to form the basis of a separate company in New York City in 2014 and sold to Atlassian in January 2017.


title: Trello

text: The name Trello is derived from the word "trellis" which had been a code name for the project at its early stages. Trello was released at a TechCrunch event by Fog Creek founder Joel Spolsky. In September 2011 "Wired" magazine named the application one of "The 7 Coolest Startups You Haven't Heard of Yet". Lifehacker said "it makes project collaboration simple and kind of enjoyable".


title: Trello

text: In 2014, it raised US$10.3 million in funding from Index Ventures and Spark Capital. Prior to its acquisition, Trello had sold 22% of its shares to investors, with the remaining shares held by founders Michael Pryor and Joel Spolsky. In May 2016, Trello claimed it had more than 1.1 million daily active users and 14 million total signups.


title: Trello

text: In 2016 Trello launched the Power-Up platform, allowing 3rd party developers to build and distribute extensions known as Power-Ups to Trello. Initial integrations included Zendesk, SurveyMonkey and Giphy. By January 2022 there were a total of 247 power-ups listed in the power-up directory.


title: Trello

text: On January 9, 2017, Atlassian announced its intent to acquire Trello for $425 million. The transaction was made with $360 million in cash and $65 million in shares and options.


title: Trello

text: In December 2018, Trello Enterprise announced its acquisition of Butler, a company that developed a leading power-up for automating tasks within a Trello board.


title: Trello

text: Users can create their task boards with different columns and move the tasks between them. Typically columns include task statuses such as To Do, In Progress, Done. The tool can be used for personal and business purposes including real estate management, software project management, school bulletin boards, lesson planning, accounting, web design, gaming, and law office case management.


title: Trello

text: According to a Glitch blog post in January 2012, the client was a thin web layer which downloads the main app, written in CoffeeScript and compiled to minified JavaScript, using Backbone.js, HTML5 codice_1, and the Mustache templating language. The server was built on top of MongoDB, Node.js and a modified version of Socket.io.


title: Trello

text: On January 26, 2017, "PC Magazine" gave Trello a 3.5 / 5 rating, calling it "flexible" and saying that "you can get rather creative", while noting that "it may require some experimentation to figure out how to best use it for your team and the workload you manage."


title: News of the World

text: The News of the World was a weekly national red top tabloid newspaper published every Sunday in the United Kingdom from 1843 to 2011. It was at one time the world's highest-selling English-language newspaper, and at closure still had one of the highest English-language circulations. It was originally established as a broadsheet by John Browne Bell, who identified crime, sensation and vice as the themes that would sell most copies. The Bells sold to Henry Lascelles Carr in 1891; in 1969 it was bought from the Carrs by Rupert Murdoch's media firm News Limited. Reorganised into News International, a subsidiary of News Corporation, the newspaper was transformed into a tabloid in 1984 and became the Sunday sister paper of "The Sun".


title: News of the World

text: The "News of the World" concentrated in particular on celebrity scoops, gossip and populist news. Its somewhat prurient focus on sex scandals gained it the nickname "Screws of the World". In its last decade it had a reputation for exposing celebrities' drug use, sexual peccadilloes, or criminal acts, by using insiders and journalists in disguise to provide video or photographic evidence, and covert phone hacking in ongoing police investigations. Sales averaged 2,812,005 copies per week in October 2010.


title: News of the World

text: From 2006, allegations of phone hacking began to engulf the newspaper. These culminated in the revelation on 4 July 2011 that, nearly a decade earlier, a private investigator hired by the newspaper had intercepted the voicemail of missing British teenager Milly Dowler, who was later found murdered.


title: News of the World

text: Amid a public backlash and the withdrawal of advertising, News International announced the closure of the newspaper on 7 July 2011. The scandal deepened when the paper was alleged to have hacked into the phones of families of British service personnel killed in action. Senior figures on the newspaper have been held for questioning by police investigating the phone hacking and corruption allegations, alongside former "Daily Mirror" editor Piers Morgan. Arrested on 8 July 2011 were former editor Andy Coulson and former "News of the World" royal editor Clive Goodman, the latter jailed for phone hacking in 2007. The former executive editor Neil Wallis was arrested on 15 July 2011 and former editor Rebekah Brooks, the tenth person held in custody, on 17 July 2011.


title: News of the World

text: During a visit to London on 17 February 2012, Murdoch announced he was soon to launch a Sunday edition of "The Sun", which acted as a replacement to the "News of the World". On 19 February 2012 it was announced that the first edition of "The Sun on Sunday" would be printed on 26 February 2012. It would employ some former "News of the World" journalists.


title: News of the World

text: The newspaper was first published as The News of the World on 1 October 1843, by John Browne Bell in London. Priced at three pence (equal to £ in ), even before the repeal of the Stamp Act (1855) or paper duty (1861), it was the cheapest newspaper of its time and was aimed directly at the newly literate working classes. It quickly established itself as a purveyor of titillation, shock, and criminal news. Much of the source material came from coverage of vice prosecutions, including lurid transcripts of police descriptions of alleged brothels, streetwalkers, and "immoral" women. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London.


title: News of the World

text: Before long, the "News of the World" established itself as the most widely read Sunday paper, with initial sales of around 12,000 copies a week. Sales then suffered because the price was not cut following the abolition of newspaper taxes and the paper was soon no longer among the leading Sunday titles, selling around 30,000 by 1880, a greater number but a smaller proportion, as newspaper sales had grown hugely. The title was sold by the Bell family in 1891 to Henry Lascelles Carr who owned the Welsh "Western Mail". As editor, he installed his nephew Emsley Carr, who held the post for 50 years. The real engine of the paper's now quick commercial success, however, was George Riddell, who reorganised its national distribution using local agents. Matthew Engel, in his book "Tickle the Public: One Hundred Years of the Popular Press" (Gollancz, 1996), says that the "News of the World" of the 1890s was "a very fine paper indeed". The paper was not without its detractors, though. As one writer later related:


title: News of the World

text: By 1912, the circulation was two million and around three million by the early 1920s. Sales reached four million by 1939. This success encouraged other similar newspapers, of which the "Sunday People", the "Daily Mail", the "Daily Express" and the "Daily Mirror" are still being published.


title: News of the World

text: In 1928, the paper began printing in Manchester on the presses of the "News Chronicle" in Derby Street, moving in 1960 into Thomson House, Withy Grove (formerly known as Kemsley House) when the "News Chronicle" closed. The move to Thomson House led to the immediate closure of the "Empire News", a paper printed there and mainly circulating in the North of England and Wales with a circulation of about 2.5 million. Officially the "Empire News" and "News of the World" merged but Thomson House was already printing the "Sunday Pictorial" (to become the "Sunday Mirror") and "Sunday Times" and did not have any further capacity with the "News of the World" arriving.


title: News of the World

text: The paper's motto was "All human life is there". The paper's name was linked with sports events as early as 1903 when the golfing tournament The News of the World Match Play Championship began (now under British PGA auspices). The News of the World Darts Championship existed from 1927 on a regional basis and became a national tournament from 1947 to 1990. There was also a News of the World Championship in snooker from 1950 to 1959 which eclipsed the official professionals' competition for a number of years. In athletics, the Emsley Carr Mile race was started in 1953 in memory of the former editor, and is still run annually. The paper's Football Annual was a long-standing publication (sponsoring it until 2008), and a Household Guide and Almanac was also published at one time.


title: News of the World

text: By 1950, the "News of the World" had become the biggest-selling newspaper in the world with a weekly sale of 8,441,000 and individual editions sold over 9 million copies.


title: News of the World

text: As with other Sunday newspapers, the "News of the World" was published on Saturday whenever Christmas Day fell on Sunday.


title: News of the World

text: The newspaper passed into the hands of Rupert Murdoch's News Ltd. in 1969, following an acrimonious year-long struggle with Robert Maxwell's Pergamon Press. Maxwell's Czech origin, combined with his political opinions, provoked a hostile response to his bid from the Carrs and from the editor of the "News of the World", Stafford Somerfield, who declared in an October 1968 front page leading article attacking Maxwell that the paper was "as British as roast beef and Yorkshire pudding".


title: News of the World

text: News Ltd. arranged to swap shares in some of its minor ventures with the Carrs and by December it controlled 40% of the NOTW stock. Maxwell had been supported by the Jackson family (25% shareholders), but Murdoch had gained the support of the Carr family (30%) and then-chairman William Carr.


title: News of the World

text: In January 1969, Maxwell's bid was rejected at a shareholders' meeting where half of those present were company staff, temporarily given voting shares. It was Murdoch's first Fleet Street acquisition. Maxwell accused Murdoch of employing "the laws of the jungle" to acquire the paper and said he had "made a fair and bona fide offer... which has been frustrated and defeated after three months of [cynical] manoeuvring." Murdoch denied this, arguing the shareholders of the News of the World Group had "judged [his] record in Australia." Illness removed Sir William Carr from the chairmanship in June 1969, and Murdoch succeeded him.


title: News of the World

text: Murdoch came under severe criticism in a television interview with David Frost after the newspaper published extracts, in late summer 1969, from the memoirs of Christine Keeler. Keeler had been a central figure in the Profumo scandal which had emerged to public scrutiny in 1963. Murdoch regretted agreeing to the interview with Frost. In February 1970, Stafford Somerfield was sacked as editor after coming into conflict with Murdoch, whose takeover he had opposed.


title: News of the World

text: During the four decades of Murdoch's ownership, the newspaper had to frequently defend itself against libel charges as well as complaints to the Press Council (later the Press Complaints Commission) on accusations of certain news-gathering techniques, such as entrapment, and contentious campaigns. Some of the better-known of these were the "Bob and Sue" case with reporter Neville Thurlbeck, and various cases involving journalist Mazher Mahmood.


title: News of the World

text: The newspaper, which had generally supported the Conservative Party throughout its history (endorsing Edward Heath in the 1970 and both 1974 elections), maintained its political posture during the early years of the Murdoch era, whereas its weekday sister "The Sun" did not have a definitive allegiance, (supporting Harold Wilson's Labour Party in 1970, Heath in February 1974 and Jeremy Thorpe's Liberal Party in October 1974) until the late 1970s when it became a Tory bastion. Both newspapers would later endorse Tony Blair's New Labour during the late 1990s and early 2000s before switching back to the Conservatives during David Cameron's leadership.


title: News of the World

text: Starting in 1981, a magazine supplement ("Sunday") was included with the paper and, in 1984, the newspaper changed from broadsheet to tabloid format. The paper was printed in Hertfordshire, Liverpool, Dinnington near Sheffield, Portsmouth, Glasgow and Dublin, with a separate edition produced in Belfast. It was also printed at a number of sites abroad including Madrid, Brussels, Cyprus and Orlando in Florida, USA.


title: News of the World

text: In 1985, the "News of the World" moved out of Thomson House when the building was bought by the tycoon Robert Maxwell (and renamed Maxwell House) and, after a short spell on the "Daily Express" presses in Great Ancoats Street, moved to a new plant at Knowsley on Merseyside.


title: News of the World

text: In 2011 the then editor, Colin Myler, described it as "the greatest newspaper in the world" as it had won four awards at the British Press Awards. The award for News Reporter of the Year, went to Mazher Mahmood, the "fake sheikh" who hides his identity, for his exposé of corruption in the cricketing world. The paper also won top show-business reporter and magazine of the year. It was rumoured that NotW could even win the top award, Newspaper of the Year.


title: News of the World

text: It was announced on 7 July 2011 that, after 168 years in print, the newspaper would print its final edition on 10 July 2011 following revelations of the ongoing phone hacking scandal, with the loss of 200 jobs. The paper announced that all profits from the final edition – 74 pence out of the £1 cover price – would go to "good causes", and advertising space would be given to charities; the remaining 26 pence for each copy went to retailers selling the paper and to wholesalers. Shutting the newspaper cost News Group Newspapers around £240m.


title: News of the World

text: Downing Street said it had no role in the decision. James Murdoch claimed that the company was fully co-operating with ongoing police investigations.


title: News of the World

text: The edition of 10 July 2011 of the "News of the World" carried its final headline, "Thank You & Goodbye", superimposed on top of a collage of past front pages. The back cover featured an out-of-context quote from George Orwell in 1946, and a recent quote from a NotW reader. The final edition also included a 48-page pullout documenting the history of the paper. On 9 July 2011, after production of the final edition wrapped, editor Colin Myler led the staff out of the building, where he held a press conference thanking the staff and its readers, concluding, "In the best tradition, we are going to the pub." The paper's final, and unattributed, editorial, stated that "Phones were hacked, and for that this newspaper is truly sorry... there is no justification for this appalling wrongdoing." The final edition sold 3.8 million copies, about a million more than usual.


title: News of the World

text: There was soon speculation that News International would launch a Sunday edition of "The Sun" to replace the "News of the World", and it did, on 26 February 2012. The domain names "sunonsunday.co.uk", "thesunonsunday.co.uk" and "thesunonsunday.com" were registered on 5 July 2011 by News International Newspapers Limited.


title: News of the World

text: In early 1967, the newspaper ran a three-part feature entitled "Pop Stars and Drugs: Facts That Will Shock You". The series described alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by top stars including the Who's Pete Townshend and Cream's Ginger Baker, and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians. The first article targeted Donovan (who was raided and charged soon after); the second installment (published on 5 February) targeted the Rolling Stones. A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the exclusive London club Blaise's, where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets, displayed a piece of hashish and invited his companions back to his flat for a "smoke". The article claimed that the member was singer Mick Jagger, although the reporter had in fact been eavesdropping on guitarist Brian Jones.


title: News of the World

text: On 10 May 1967, Jagger, Keith Richards, and their friend art dealer Robert Fraser were arrested at Richards' Redlands estate in West Wittering and charged with possession of cannabis and amphetamines, while bandmate Jones' London house was also raided by police and he was arrested and charged with cannabis possession along with his friend Stanislas "Stash" Klossowski, son of French artist Balthus. Jagger and Richards were tried at the end of June. On 29 June, Jagger was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for possession of four amphetamine tablets; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison. Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point, but were released on bail the next day pending appeal.


title: News of the World

text: The "News of the World" was rapidly identified by the hippy counterculture as the prime culprit for the imprisonments, which were seen as an attempt by the Establishment to send a collective message to a hedonistic young generation. "International Times" and activist and musician Mick Farren organised protests outside the Fleet Street offices of the newspaper. Protesters informed the paper's staff that their objective was "freeing the fucking Stones and closing down the fucking "News of the World"". Farren later credited his colleague Sue Miles with identifying the paper as a target for protest because, as she put it, "they were the bastards who started this" (with their feature on drugs in music). Farren reported that a second night of protests was broken up by officers from City of London Police, who beat him up and made a number of arrests.


title: News of the World

text: Criticism of the sentences also came from the "News of the World"'s future sister publication "The Times", which ran an editorial entitled "Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel?" in which conservative editor William Rees-Mogg surprised his readers by his unusually critical discourse on the sentencing, pointing out that Jagger had been treated far more harshly for a minor first offense than "any purely anonymous young man". On 31 July, the appeals court overturned Richards' conviction, and Jagger's sentence was reduced to a conditional discharge. Brian Jones' trial took place in November 1967; in December, after appealing the original prison sentence, Jones was fined £1,000, put on three years' probation and ordered to seek professional help.


title: News of the World

text: Commenting on the closure in 2011 of the newspaper against which he had led protests 44 years earlier, Farren was in triumphant mood:


title: News of the World

text: The paper became notorious for chequebook journalism, as it was often discovered attempting to buy stories, typically concerning private affairs and relationships, of people closely involved with figures of public interest such as politicians, celebrities and high-profile criminals. With this intention, the paper on occasion paid key witnesses in criminal trials such as the 1966 Moors murders case, and the 1999 trial of Gary Glitter on charges of assaulting an underage teenage fan.


title: News of the World

text: The paper began a controversial campaign to name and shame alleged paedophiles in July 2000, following the abduction and murder of Sarah Payne in West Sussex. During the trial of her killer Roy Whiting, it emerged that he had a previous conviction for abduction and sexual assault against a child. The paper's decision led to some instances of action being taken against those suspected of being child sex offenders, which included several cases of mistaken identity, including one instance where a paediatrician had her house vandalised, and another where a man was confronted because he had a neck brace similar to one a paedophile was wearing when pictured. The campaign was labelled "grossly irresponsible" journalism by the then-chief constable of Gloucestershire, Tony Butler. The paper also campaigned for the introduction of Sarah's Law to allow public access to the sex offender registry.


title: News of the World

text: From the nineties until the newspaper’s demise in 2011, reporters at the paper used private investigators to illegally gain access to hundreds of mobile phone voicemail accounts held by a variety of people of interest to the newspaper. In 2007 the paper's royal correspondent, Clive Goodman, pleaded guilty to illegal interception of personal communication and was jailed for four months; the paper's editor, Andy Coulson, had resigned two weeks earlier. In 2009/2010, further revelations emerged on the extent of the phone hacking, and how it was common knowledge within the "News of the World" and its News International parent. According to a former reporter at the paper, "Everyone knew. The office cat knew", about the illegal activities used to scoop stories. On 17 January 2011, "The Guardian" reported that Glenn Mulcaire, a private investigator paid by the paper, testified that he had been asked by the newspaper's leadership to hack voicemail accounts on its behalf. In April 2011, attorneys for the victims alleged that as many as 7,000 people had their phones hacked by the "News of the World"; it was further revealed that the paper's owner, Rupert Murdoch, had attempted to pressure Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Labour Party MPs to "back away" from investigating the scandal. Three journalists on the newspaper were initially arrested: Ian Edmondson and Neville Thurlbeck on 5 April and James Weatherup on 14 April. The newspaper "unreservedly" apologised for its phone hacking activities during April 2011. On 4 July 2011, it was disclosed that potential evidence had been deleted in spring 2002 from the hacked voicemail account of Milly Dowler, then missing, but later found to have been murdered.


title: News of the World

text: On 13 December 2006, the newspaper announced that it was offering a record-breaking reward of £250,000 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the person or persons responsible for the murders of five prostitutes around Ipswich, Suffolk. The reward went unclaimed; Steve Wright was arrested on suspicion of murder six days later following the use of unrelated information to link him to the murders. He was found guilty of all five murders at his trial 14 months later and sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: News of the World

text: In 2002, Mazher Mahmood, an undercover reporter working for the News of the World, also known as the Fake Sheikh, allegedly exposed a plot to kidnap Victoria Beckham. Five men were arrested but the trial later collapsed when it emerged News of the World had paid its main witness Florim Gashi £10,000 to work with Mazher Mahmood. Florim Gashi later admitted working with Mahmood to set up the kidnap plot. This led to an investigation by Scotland Yard on News of the World called Operation Canopus.


title: News of the World

text: In August 2010, "News of the World" reporter and undercover journalist Mazher Mahmood posed as a "Fake Sheikh" to expose a cricket bookie named Mazhar Majeed who claimed Pakistani cricketers had committed spot-fixing during Pakistan's 2010 tour of England. In November 2011, Salman Butt and Mohammad Asif were found guilty by a London court on criminal charges relating to spot-fixing. Mohammad Amir and Majeed had entered guilty pleas on the same charges.


title: News of the World

text: In a September 2010 interview broadcast on 7 July 2011 on the BBC Radio 4 news programme "The World at One", former "News of the World" features editor Paul McMullan made an admission relating to police corruption. He told of having used material obtained by a colleague's bribery of a police officer as the basis of a series of articles published over several years on Jennifer Elliott, the daughter of the actor Denholm Elliott. He stated, "The going rate for that kind of thing might have been two to five hundred pounds and that would have been authorised, and he [i.e., the police officer] would have been paid... and he would have been on the lookout for another story..." The articles described Elliott's destitute situation and stated that she had worked as a prostitute. Jennifer Elliott took her own life in 2003. In McMullan's opinion, the "News of the World" – specifically, his own articles – contributed significantly to her suicide. In 2011, the paper knowingly used private investigators to gain stories from corrupt police officers.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Maurice Bernard Sendak (; June 10, 1928 – May 8, 2012) was an American author and illustrator of children's books. He became most widely known for his book "Where the Wild Things Are", first published in 1963.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Born to Polish-Jewish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Sendak also wrote works such as "In the Night Kitchen", "Outside Over There", and illustrated many works by other authors including the "Little Bear" books by Else Holmelund Minarik.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Polish Jewish immigrants Sadie (née Schindler) and Philip Sendak, a dressmaker. Sendak described his childhood as a "terrible situation" due to the death of members of his extended family during the Holocaust which introduced him at a young age to the concept of mortality. His love of books began when, as a child, he developed health issues and was confined to his bed. When he was 12 years old, he decided to become an illustrator after watching Walt Disney's film "Fantasia". One of his first professional commissions was to create window displays for the toy store FAO Schwarz. His illustrations were first published in 1947 in a textbook titled "Atomics for the Millions" by Maxwell Leigh Eidinoff. He spent much of the 1950s illustrating children's books written by others before beginning to write his own stories.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: His older brother Jack Sendak also became an author of children's books, two of which were illustrated by Maurice in the 1950s.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Maurice was the youngest of three siblings. When he was born, his sister Natalie was 9 years old and his brother Jack was 5.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak gained international acclaim after writing and illustrating "Where the Wild Things Are", edited by Ursula Nordstrom at Harper & Row. It features Max, a boy who "rages against his mother for being sent to bed without any supper". The book's depictions of fanged monsters concerned some parents when it was first published, as his characters were somewhat grotesque in appearance. Before "Where the Wild Things Are", Sendak was best known for illustrating Else Holmelund Minarik's "Little Bear" series of books.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Almost 50 years later, "School Library Journal" sponsored a survey of readers which identified "Where the Wild Things Are" as a top picture book. The librarian who conducted it observed that there was little doubt what would be voted number one and highlighted its designation by one reader as a watershed, "ushering in the modern age of picture books". Another called it "perfectly crafted, perfectly illustrated ... simply the epitome of a picture book" and noted that Sendak "rises above the rest in part because he is subversive."


title: Maurice Sendak

text: When Sendak saw a manuscript of "Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories", the first children's book by Isaac Bashevis Singer, on the desk of an editor at Harper & Row, he offered to illustrate the book. It was first published in 1966 and received a Newbery Honor. Sendak was delighted and enthusiastic about the collaboration. He once wryly remarked that his parents were "finally" impressed by their youngest child when he collaborated with Singer.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: His book "In the Night Kitchen," originally issued in 1970, has often been subjected to censorship for its drawings of a young boy prancing naked through the story. The book has been challenged in several U.S. states including Illinois, New Jersey, Minnesota, and Texas. "In the Night Kitchen" regularly appears on the American Library Association's list of "frequently challenged and banned books". It was listed number 21 on the "100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999".


title: Maurice Sendak

text: His 1981 book "Outside Over There" is the story of a girl named Ida and her sibling jealousy and responsibility. Her father is away, so Ida is left to watch her baby sister, much to her dismay. Her sister is kidnapped by goblins and Ida must go off on a magical adventure to rescue her. At first, she is not really eager to get her sister and nearly passes her sister right by when she becomes absorbed in the magic of the quest. In the end, she rescues her baby sister, destroys the goblins, and returns home committed to caring for her sister until her father returns home.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak was an early member of the National Board of Advisors of the Children's Television Workshop during the development stages of the "Sesame Street" television series. He also adapted his book "Bumble Ardy" into an animated sequence for the series, with Jim Henson as the voice of Bumble Ardy. He wrote and designed three other animated stories for the series: "Seven Monsters" (which never aired), "Up & Down", and "Broom Adventures".


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak produced an animated television production based on his work titled "Really Rosie", featuring the voice of Carole King, which was broadcast in 1975 and is available on video (usually as part of video compilations of his work). An album of the songs was also produced. He contributed the opening segment to "Simple Gifts", a Christmas collection of six animated shorts shown on PBS in 1977 and later released on VHS in 1993. He adapted his book "Where the Wild Things Are" for the stage in 1979. Additionally, he designed sets and costumes for many operas and ballets, including the award-winning (1983) Pacific Northwest Ballet production of Tchaikovsky's "The Nutcracker", Glyndebourne Festival Opera's productions of Prokofiev's "The Love for Three Oranges" (1982), Ravel's "L'enfant et les sortilèges" and "L'heure espagnole" (1987) and Oliver Knussen's adaptation of Sendak's own "Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life" (1985), Houston Grand Opera's productions of Mozart's "The Magic Flute" (1981) and Humperdinck's "Hansel and Gretel" (1997), Los Angeles County Music Center's 1990 production of Mozart's "Idomeneo", and the New York City Opera's productions of Janáček's "The Cunning Little Vixen" (1981), and Mozart's "The Goose of Cairo" (1984).


title: Maurice Sendak

text: In 1993, Sendak published a picture book, "We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy". Later in the 1990s, Sendak approached playwright Tony Kushner to write a new English-language version of the Czech composer Hans Krása's children's Holocaust opera "Brundibár". Kushner wrote the text for Sendak's illustrated book of the same name, published in 2003. The book was named one of "The New York Times Book Review"s "10 Best Illustrated Books of 2003".


title: Maurice Sendak

text: In 2003, Chicago Opera Theatre produced Sendak and Kushner's adaptation of "Brundibár". In 2005, Berkeley Repertory Theatre, in collaboration with Yale Repertory Theatre and Broadway's New Victory Theater, produced a substantially re-worked version of the Sendak-Kushner adaptation.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: In 2004, Sendak worked with the Shirim Klezmer Orchestra in Boston on their project "Pincus and the Pig: A Klezmer Tale". This Klezmer version of Sergei Prokofiev's best-known musical story for children "Peter and the Wolf" featured Maurice Sendak as the narrator. He also illustrated the cover art.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak also created the Canadian-produced children's animated television series "Seven Little Monsters".


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak mentioned in a September 2008 article in "The New York Times" that he was gay and had lived with his partner, psychoanalyst Eugene David Glynn (February 25, 1926 – May 15, 2007), for 50 years before Glynn's death in May 2007. Revealing that he never told his parents, he said, "All I wanted was to be straight so my parents could be happy. They never, never, never knew." Sendak's relationship with Glynn had been mentioned by other writers before (e.g., Tony Kushner in 2003) and Glynn's 2007 death notice had identified Sendak as his "partner of fifty years". After his partner's death, Sendak donated $1 million to the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services in memory of Glynn, who had treated young people there. The gift will name a clinic for Glynn.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak was an atheist. In a 2011 interview, he stated that he did not believe in God and explained that he felt that religion, and belief in God, "must have made life much easier [for some religious friends of his]. It's harder for us non-believers."


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Maurice Sendak drew inspiration and influences from a vast number of painters, musicians, and authors. Going back to his childhood, one of his earliest memorable influences was actually his father, Philip Sendak. According to Maurice, his father would relate tales from the Torah; however, he would embellish them with racy details. Not realizing that this was inappropriate for children, little Maurice would frequently be sent home after retelling his father's "softcore Bible tales" at school.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Growing up, Sendak developed from other influences, starting with Walt Disney's "Fantasia" and Mickey Mouse. Sendak and Mickey Mouse were born in the same year and Sendak described Mickey as a source of joy and pleasure while growing up. He has been quoted as saying, "My gods are Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, Mozart. I believe in them with all my heart." Elaborating further, he has stated that reading Emily Dickinson's works helps him to remain calm in an otherwise hectic world: "And I have a little tiny Emily Dickinson so big that I carry in my pocket everywhere. And you just read three poems of Emily. She is so brave. She is so strong. She is such a passionate little woman. I feel better." Likewise, of Mozart, he has said, "When Mozart is playing in my room, I am in conjunction with something I can't explain. ... I don't need to. I know that if there's a purpose for life, it was for me to hear Mozart."


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Ursula Nordstrom, director of Harper's Department of Books for Boys and Girls from 1940 until 1973, was also an inspiration for Sendak.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak died on May 8, 2012, at age 83, in Danbury, Connecticut, at Danbury Hospital, from stroke complications, a month before his 84th birthday. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at a location that is not confirmed.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: "The New York Times" obituary called Sendak "the most important children's book artist of the 20th century." Author Neil Gaiman remarked, "He was unique, grumpy, brilliant, wise, magical and made the world better by creating art in it." Author R. L. Stine called Sendak's death "a sad day in children's books and for the world."


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Comedian Stephen Colbert, who interviewed Sendak in one of his last public appearances on his television program "The Colbert Report", said of the author: "We are all honored to have been briefly invited into his world." Sendak's appearance on a January 2012 episode of the show saw him teach Colbert how to illustrate and provide a book blurb for Colbert's own children's book, "I Am a Pole (And So Can You!)", and the day that Sendak died was also the book's official release date.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: The 2012 season of Pacific Northwest Ballet's "The Nutcracker", for which Sendak designed the set and costumes, was dedicated to his memory.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: On May 12, 2012, Nick Jr. hosted a two-hour "Little Bear" marathon in his memory. The writer of the series Else Holmelund Minarik died herself only two months later on July 12, 2012, at the age of 91.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: His final book, "Bumble-Ardy", was published eight months before his death. A posthumous picture book, titled "My Brother's Book", was published in February 2013.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: The film "Her" was dedicated in memory of him and "Where the Wild Things Are" co-star James Gandolfini. The film was directed by Spike Jonze, who also directed the 2009 feature film adaptation of "Where the Wild Things Are".


title: Maurice Sendak

text: In 1968, Sendak lent the Rosenbach Museum & Library in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the bulk of his work, including nearly 10,000 works of art, manuscripts, books and ephemera. From May 6, 2008, through May 3, 2009, the Rosenbach presented "There's a Mystery There: Sendak on Sendak". This major retrospective of over 130 pieces pulled from the museum's vast Sendak collection featured original artwork, rare sketches, never-before-seen working materials, and exclusive interview footage.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Since the items had been on loan to the Rosenbach for decades, many in the museum world expected that the Sendak material would remain there. But Sendak's will specified that the drawings and most of the loans would remain the property of the Maurice Sendak Foundation. In 2014, representatives of his estate withdrew the works, saying they intended to follow Sendak's directive in his will to create "a museum or similar facility" in Ridgefield, Connecticut, where he lived, and where his foundation is based, "to be used by scholars, students, artists, illustrators and writers, and to be opened to the general public" as the foundation's directors saw fit.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: The Rosenbach filed an action in 2014 in state probate court in Connecticut, contending that the estate had kept many rare books that Sendak had pledged to the library in his will. In a ruling in Connecticut probate court, a judge awarded the bulk of the disputed book collection to the Sendak estate, not to the museum.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: In 2018, the Maurice Sendak Foundation chose the University of Connecticut to house and steward the Collection. Under an agreement with, and supported by a grant from, the Foundation, Sendak's original artwork, sketches, books, and other materials (totaling close to 10,000 items) will be housed at UConn's Archives and Special Collections in the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center. UConn will also host exhibits of and digitize Sendak materials. The Foundation will retain ownership of the materials.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Internationally, Sendak received the third biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration in 1970, recognizing his "lasting contribution to children's literature". He received one of two inaugural Astrid Lindgren Memorial Awards in 2003, recognizing his career contribution to "children's and young adult literature in the broadest sense". The citation called him "the modern picture-book's portal figure" and the presentation credited "Where the Wild Things Are" with "all at once [revolutionizing] the entire picture-book narrative ... thematically, aesthetically, and psychologically."


title: Maurice Sendak

text: In the U.S., he received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the professional children's librarians in 1983, recognizing his "substantial and lasting contributions to children's literature". At the time it was awarded every three years.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: Sendak has two elementary schools named in his honor, one in North Hollywood, California, and PS 118 in Brooklyn, New York. He received an honorary doctorate from Princeton University in 1984.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: On June 10, 2013, Google featured an interactive doodle where visitors could click on the video go triangle to see an animated movie-ette of Max and Sendak's other main characters.


title: Maurice Sendak

text: On the cusp of the 125th anniversary of the Brooklyn Public Library it was revealed on November 16th, 2022 that the most checked out book in the collection was Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are.


title: Evan Evagora

text: Evan Evagora is an Australian actor. He is best known for his role as the Romulan Elnor on the television series "" (2020present).


title: Evan Evagora

text: Evagora was born in Melbourne, the youngest of seven children born to Marie and Xristos. His parents both migrated to Australia: his mother, who is of Cook Islands Māori descent, from New Zealand when she was 20, and his father from Cyprus when he was three.


title: Evan Evagora

text: Evagora grew up in Melbourne, where he went to Kew High School. His interests at school included sport, particularly boxing and Australian rules football. He also took an interest in theatre, writing a play in which he took the part of Rove McManus.


title: Evan Evagora

text: Evagora appeared to be destined for a sports career. He won a state boxing championship, and played for Fitzroy Football Club in both Victorian Amateur Football Association and Victorian Football Association games. After school he spent a year travelling around Europe with friends. Evagora then went to film school in South Melbourne.


title: Evan Evagora

text: While at film school Evagora was scouted as a model by a company that represents models and actors, and later moved to Sydney for his acting and then to Los Angeles.


title: Evan Evagora

text: Evagora played the role of Nick Taylor in the film "Fantasy Island" which was released in February 2020.


title: Evan Evagora

text: Evagora has a starring role in "" as Elnor, a Romulan hand-to-hand combat expert. He is the first Australian to be a regular cast member in a "Star Trek" TV series. His role quickly received a "Space Legolas" nickname from Internet users, based on similarities with the character from "The Lord of the Rings" films, including the name style.


title: Evan Evagora

text: In an Australian magazine interview published in November 2019, Evagora said he would be filming in season 2 of "Star Trek: Picard" in 2020.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: USS "Wasp" (CV-7) was a United States Navy aircraft carrier commissioned in 1940 and lost in action in 1942. She was the eighth ship named , and the sole ship of a class built to use up the remaining tonnage allowed to the U.S. for aircraft carriers under the treaties of the time. As a reduced-size version of the hull, "Wasp" was more vulnerable than other United States aircraft carriers available at the opening of hostilities. "Wasp" was initially employed in the Atlantic campaign, where Axis naval forces were perceived as less capable of inflicting decisive damage. After supporting the occupation of Iceland in 1941, "Wasp" joined the British Home Fleet in April 1942 and twice ferried British fighter aircraft to Malta.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" was then transferred to the Pacific in June 1942 to replace losses at the battles of Coral Sea and Midway. After supporting the invasion of Guadalcanal, "Wasp" was hit by three torpedoes from Japanese submarine on 15 September 1942. The resulting damage set off several explosions, destroyed her water-mains and knocked out the ship's power. As a result, her damage-control teams were unable to contain the ensuing fires that blazed out of control. She was abandoned and scuttled by torpedoes fired from later that evening. Her wreck was found in early 2019.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" was a product of the Washington Naval Treaty. After the construction of the carriers and , the U.S. was still permitted to build a carrier.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: The Navy sought to squeeze a large air group onto a ship with nearly 25% less displacement than the "Yorktown"-class. To save weight and space, "Wasp" was constructed with low-power propulsion machinery (compare "Wasp"s machinery with "Yorktown"s , the 's , and the 's ).


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Additionally, "Wasp" was launched with almost no armor, modest speed, and more significantly, no protection from torpedoes. Absence of side protection of the boilers and internal aviation fuel stores "doomed her to a blazing demise". These were inherent design flaws that were recognized when constructed, but could not be remedied within the allowed tonnage. These flaws, combined with a relative lack of damage control experience in the early days of the war, proved fatal.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" was the first carrier fitted with a deck-edge elevator for aircraft. The elevator consisted of a platform for the front wheels of the plane and an outrigger for the tail wheel. The two arms on the sides moved the platform in a half-circle up and down between the flight deck and the hangar deck.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Her keel was laid down on 1 April 1936 at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts; launched on 4 April 1939, sponsored by Carolyn Edison (wife of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison), and commissioned on 25 April 1940 at the Army Quartermaster Base, South Boston, Massachusetts, with Captain John W. Reeves, Jr. in command.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" remained at Boston through May, fitting out, before she got underway on 5 June 1940 for calibration tests on her radio direction finder gear. After further fitting out while anchored in Boston harbor, the new aircraft carrier steamed independently to Hampton Roads, Virginia, anchoring there on 24 June. Four days later, she sailed for the Caribbean in company with the destroyer .


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "En route", she conducted the first of many carrier qualification tests. Among the earliest of the qualifiers was Lieutenant, junior grade David McCampbell, who later became the Navy's top-scoring ace in World War II. "Wasp" arrived at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in time to "dress ship" in honor of Independence Day.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: A fatal incident marred the carrier's shakedown. On 9 July, one of her Vought SB2U-2 Vindicator dive bombers crashed from the ship. "Wasp" bent on flank speed to close, as did the plane-guarding destroyer "Morris". The latter's boats recovered items from the plane's baggage compartment, but the plane itself had gone down with its crew of two.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" departed Guantánamo Bay on 11 July and returned to Hampton Roads four days later. There, she embarked planes from the 1st Marine Air Group and took them to sea for qualification trials. Operating off the southern drill grounds, the ship and her planes honed their skills for a week before the Marines and their planes were disembarked at Norfolk, and the carrier moved north to Boston for postshakedown repairs.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: While at Boston, she fired a 21-gun salute and rendered honors to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whose yacht, , stopped briefly at the Boston Navy Yard on 10 August.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" departed the Army Quartermaster Base on 21 August to conduct steering drills and full-power trials. Late the following morning, she got underway for Norfolk, Virginia. For the next few days, while destroyer operated as plane guard, "Wasp" launched and recovered her aircraft: fighters from Fighter Squadron 7 (VF-7), and scout bombers from Scouting Squadron 72 (VS-72). The carrier put into the Norfolk Navy Yard on 28 August for repair work on her turbines – alterations which kept the ship in dockyard hands into the following month. Drydocked from 12 to 18 September, "Wasp" ran her final sea trials in Hampton Roads on 26 September 1940.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Now ready to join the fleet and assigned to Carrier Division 3, Patrol Force, "Wasp" shifted to Naval Operating Base, Norfolk (NOB Norfolk) from the Norfolk Navy Yard on 11 October. There, she loaded 24 Curtiss P-40 fighters from the Army Air Corps' 8th Pursuit Group and nine North American O-47A reconnaissance aircraft from the 2d Observation Squadron, as well as her own spares and utility unit Grumman J2F Duck flying boats on the 12th. Proceeding to sea for maneuvering room, "Wasp" flew off the Army planes in a test designed to compare the take-off runs of standard Navy and Army aircraft. That experiment, the first time that Army planes had flown from a Navy carrier, foreshadowed the use of the ship in the ferry role that she performed so well in World War II.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" then proceeded on toward Cuba in company with the destroyers and . Over the ensuing four days, the carrier's planes flew routine training flights, including dive-bombing and machine-gun practices. Upon arrival at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, "Wasp"s saluting batteries barked out a 13-gun salute to Rear Admiral Hayne Ellis, Commander, Atlantic Squadron, embarked in battleship on 19 October.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: For the remainder of October and into November, "Wasp" trained in the Guantánamo Bay area. Her planes flew carrier qualification and refresher training flights, while her gunners sharpened up their skills in short-range battle practices at targets towed by the new fleet tug .


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Her work in the Caribbean finished, "Wasp" sailed for Norfolk and arrived shortly after noon on 26 November. She remained at the Norfolk Navy Yard through Christmas of 1940. Then, after first conducting degaussing experiments with the survey ship , she steamed independently to Cuba.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Arriving at Guantánamo Bay on 27 January 1941, "Wasp" conducted a regular routine of flight operations into February. With destroyer as her plane guard, "Wasp" operated out of Guantanamo and Culebra, conducting her maneuvers with an impressive array of warships—battleship "Texas", carrier , heavy cruisers , , and a host of destroyers. "Wasp" ran gunnery drills and exercises, as well as routine flight training evolutions into March. Underway for Hampton Roads on 4 March, the aircraft carrier conducted a night battle practice into the early morning hours of the 5th.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: During the passage to Norfolk, heavy weather sprang up on the evening of 7 March. "Wasp" was steaming at standard speed, . Off Cape Hatteras, a lookout spotted a red flare at 22:45, then a second set of flares at 22:59. At 23:29, with the aid of her searchlights, "Wasp" located the stranger in trouble. She was the lumber schooner "George E. Klinck", bound from Jacksonville, Florida, to Southwest Harbor, Maine.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: The sea, in the meantime, worsened from a state 5 to a state 7. "Wasp" lay to, maneuvering alongside at 00:07 on 8 March. At that time, four men from the schooner clambered up a swaying Jacob's ladder buffeted by gusts of wind. Then, despite the raging tempest, "Wasp" lowered a boat, at 00:16, and brought the remaining four men aboard from the foundering schooner.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Later that day, "Wasp" disembarked her rescued mariners and immediately went into drydock at the Norfolk Navy Yard. The ship received vital repairs to her turbines. Portholes on the third deck were welded over to provide better watertight integrity, and steel splinter shielding around her and batteries was added. "Wasp" was one of 14 ships to receive the early RCA CXAM-1 radar. After those repairs and alterations were finished, "Wasp" got underway for the Virgin Islands on 22 March, arriving at St. Thomas three days later. She soon shifted to Guantánamo Bay and loaded maritime supplies for transportation to Norfolk.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Returning to Norfolk on 30 March, "Wasp" conducted routine flight operations out of Hampton Roads over the ensuing days, into April. In company with , the carrier conducted an abortive search for a downed patrol plane in her vicinity on 8 April. For the remainder of the month, "Wasp" operated off the United states East Coast between Newport, Rhode Island, and Norfolk, conducting extensive flight and patrol operations with her embarked air group. She shifted to Bermuda in mid-May, anchoring at Grassy Bay, Bermuda on the 12th. Eight days later, the ship got underway in company with the heavy cruiser and the destroyers and for exercises at sea before returning to Grassy Bay on 3 June. "Wasp" sailed for Norfolk three days later with the destroyer as her anti-submarine screen.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: After a brief stay in the Tidewater area, "Wasp" headed back toward Bermuda on 20 June. "Wasp" and her escorts patrolled the stretch of the Atlantic between Bermuda and Hampton Roads until 5 July, as the Atlantic Fleet's neutrality patrol zones were extended eastward. Reaching Grassy Bay on that day, she remained in port a week before returning to Norfolk, sailing on 12 July in company with heavy cruiser "Tuscaloosa" and destroyers , , and .


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Following her return to Norfolk on 13 July 1941, "Wasp" and her embarked air group conducted refresher training off the Virginia Capes. Meanwhile, the situation in the Atlantic had taken on a new complexion, with American participation in the Battle of the Atlantic only a matter of time, when the United States took another step toward involvement on the side of the British. To protect American security and to free British forces needed elsewhere, the United States made plans to occupy Iceland. "Wasp" played an important role in the move.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Late on the afternoon of 23 July, while the carrier lay alongside Pier 7, NOB Norfolk, 32 Army Air Forces (AAF) pilots reported on board "for temporary duty". At 06:30 the following day, "Wasp"s crew watched an interesting cargo come on board, hoisted on deck by the ship's cranes: 30 P-40Cs and three PT-17 trainers from the AAF 33rd Pursuit Squadron, 8th Air Group, Air Force Combat Command, home-based at Mitchel Field, New York. Three days later, four newspaper correspondents – including the noted journalist Fletcher Pratt — came on board.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: The carrier had drawn the assignment of ferrying those vital army planes to Iceland because of a lack of British aircraft to cover the American landings. The American P-40s would provide the defensive fighter cover necessary to watch over the initial American occupying forces. "Wasp" slipped out to sea on 28 July, with the destroyers and "Walke" as plane guards. The heavy cruiser later joined the formation at sea.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Within a few days, "Wasp"s group joined the larger Task Force 16—consisting of the battleship , the heavy cruisers "Quincy" and "Wichita", five destroyers, the auxiliary , the attack transport , the stores ship , and the amphibious cargo ship . Those ships, too, were bound for Iceland with the first occupation troops embarked. On the morning of 6 August, "Wasp", "Vincennes", "Walke", and "O'Brien" parted company from Task Force 16 (TF 16). Soon thereafter, the carrier turned into the wind and commenced launching the planes from the 33rd Pursuit Squadron. As the P-40s and the trio of trainers droned on to Iceland, "Wasp" headed home for Norfolk, her three escorts in company. After another week at sea, the group arrived back at Norfolk on 14 August.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" put to sea again on 22 August for carrier qualifications and refresher landings off the Virginia capes. Two days later, Rear Admiral H. Kent Hewitt, Commander Cruisers, Atlantic Fleet, shifted his flag from the light cruiser to "Wasp" while the ships lay anchored in Hampton Roads. Underway on the 25th, in company with "Savannah" and the destroyers and "Kearny", the aircraft carrier conducted flight operations over the ensuing days. Scuttlebutt on board the carrier had her steaming out in search of the German heavy cruiser , which was reportedly roaming the western Atlantic in search of prey. Suspicions were confirmed for many on the 30th when the British battleship was sighted some away, on the same course as the Americans.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: In any event, if they had been in search of a German raider, they did not make contact with her. "Wasp" and her escorts anchored in the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, on 2 September, where Admiral Hewitt shifted his flag back to "Savannah". The carrier remained in port until 6 September, when she again put to sea on patrol "to enforce the neutrality of the United States in the Atlantic".


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: While at sea, the ship received the news of a German U-boat unsuccessfully attempting to attack the destroyer . The U.S. had been getting more and more involved in the war; American warships were now convoying British merchantmen halfway across the Atlantic to the "mid-ocean meeting point" (MOMP).


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp"s crew looked forward to returning to Bermuda on 18 September, but the new situation in the Atlantic meant a change in plans. Shifted to the colder climes of Newfoundland, the carrier arrived at Placentia Bay on 22 September and fueled from the oiler the following day. The respite in port was a brief one, however, as the ship got underway again, late on 23 September for Iceland. In company with "Wichita", four destroyers, and the repair ship , "Wasp" arrived at Hvalfjörður, Iceland, on 28 September. Two days earlier, Admiral Harold R. Stark, the Chief of Naval Operations had ordered American warships to do their utmost to destroy whatever German or Italian warships they found.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: With the accelerated activity entailed in the US Navy's conducting convoy escort missions, "Wasp" put to sea on 6 October in company with "Vincennes" and four destroyers. Those ships patrolled the foggy, cold North Atlantic until returning to Little Placentia Bay, Newfoundland on 11 October, anchoring during a fierce gale that lashed the bay with high winds and stinging spray. On 17 October, "Wasp" set out for Norfolk, patrolling en route, and arrived at her destination on 20 October. The carrier soon sailed for Bermuda and conducted qualifications and refresher training flights "en route". Anchoring in Grassy Bay on 1 November, "Wasp" operated on patrols out of Bermuda for the remainder of the month.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: October had seen the incidents involving American and German warships multiplying on the high seas. "Kearny" was torpedoed on 17 October, "Salinas" on 28 October, and in the most tragic incident that autumn, was torpedoed and sunk with heavy loss of life on 30 October. Meanwhile, in the Pacific, tension between the U.S. and Japan increased almost with each passing day.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" slipped out to sea from Grassy Bay on 3 December and rendezvoused with . While the destroyer operated as plane guard, "Wasp"s air group flew day and night refresher training missions. In addition, the two ships conducted gunnery drills before returning to Grassy Bay two days later, where she lay at anchor on 7 December 1941 during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Naval authorities felt considerable anxiety that French warships in the Caribbean and West Indies were prepared to make a breakout and attempt to get back to France. Accordingly, "Wasp", the light cruiser , and the destroyers and "Wilson", departed Grassy Bay and headed for Martinique. Faulty intelligence gave American authorities in Washington the impression that the Vichy French armed merchant cruiser "Barfleur" had gotten underway for sea. The French were accordingly warned that the auxiliary cruiser would be sunk or captured unless she returned to port and resumed her internment. As it turned out, "Barfleur" had not departed after all, but had remained in harbor. The tense situation at Martinique eventually dissipated, and the crisis abated.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: With tensions in the West Indies lessened considerably, "Wasp" departed Grassy Bay and headed for Hampton Roads three days before Christmas, in company with , and escorted by the destroyers and "Sterett". Two days later, the carrier moored at the Norfolk Navy Yard to commence an overhaul that would last into 1942.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: After departing Norfolk on 14 January 1942, "Wasp" headed north and touched at NS Argentia, Newfoundland, and Casco Bay, Maine. On 16 March, as part of Task Group 22.6 (TG 22.6), she headed back toward Norfolk. During the morning watch the next day, visibility lessened considerably; and, at 06:50, "Wasp"s bow plunged into "Stack"s starboard side, punching a hole and completely flooding the destroyer's number one fireroom. "Stack" was detached and proceeded to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, where her damage was repaired.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Meanwhile, "Wasp" made port at Norfolk on the 21st without further incident. Shifting back to Casco Bay three days later, she sailed for the British Isles on 26 March 1942 with Task Force 39 under the command of Rear Admiral John W. Wilcox, Jr., aboard the battleship . That force was to reinforce the Home Fleet of the Royal Navy. While "en route", Rear Admiral Wilcox was swept overboard from the battleship on the morning of 27 March 1942 and drowned. Although hampered by poor visibility conditions, four SB2U Vindicators from "Wasp" planes took part in the search, and one of them crashed while attempting to land aboard "Wasp", killing its two-man crew. Wilcox's body was spotted an hour after he went overboard, face down in the raging seas, but it was not recovered due to the weather and the heavy seas.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen, who flew his flag in the heavy cruiser , assumed command of TF 39. The American ships were met by a force based around the light cruiser on 3 April. Those ships escorted them to Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. While there, a Gloster Gladiator flown by Captain Henry Fancourt of the Royal Navy made the first landing of the war by a British plane on an American aircraft carrier when it landed on "Wasp".


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: While the majority of TF 39 joined the British Home Fleet – being renumbered to TF 99 in the process – to cover convoys routed to North Russia, "Wasp" departed Scapa Flow on 9 April, bound for the Clyde estuary and Greenock, Scotland. On the following day, the carrier sailed up the Clyde River, past the John Brown Clydebank shipbuilding facilities. There, shipyard workers paused long enough from their labors to accord "Wasp" a tumultuous reception as she passed. "Wasp"s impending mission was an important one – one upon which the fate of the island bastion of Malta hung. That key isle was then being pounded daily by German and Italian planes. The British, faced with the loss of air superiority over the island, requested the use of a carrier to transport planes that could wrest air superiority from the Axis aircraft. "Wasp" drew ferry duty once again to participate in Operation Calendar, one of many Malta Convoys.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Having landed her torpedo bombers and dive bombers at Hatston in Orkney, "Wasp" loaded 47 Supermarine Spitfire Mk. V fighters of No. 603 Squadron RAF at Glasgow on 13 April, then departed on the 14th, this was the start of "Operation Calendar". Her screen consisted of Force "W" of the Home Fleet – a group that included the battlecruiser and the anti-aircraft cruisers and . and also served in "Wasp"s screen.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" and her consorts passed through the Straits of Gibraltar under cover of the pre-dawn darkness on 19 April, avoiding the possibility of being discovered by Spanish or Axis agents. At 04:00 on 20 April, "Wasp" spotted 11 Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters on her deck and quickly launched them to form a combat air patrol (CAP) over Force "W". Meanwhile, the Spitfires were warming up their engines in the hangar deck spaces below. With the Wildcats patrolling overhead, the Spitfires were brought up singly on the after elevator, spotted for launch, and then given the go-ahead to take off. One by one, they roared down the deck and over the forward rounddown, until each Spitfire was aloft and winging toward Malta.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: When the launch was complete, "Wasp" retired toward Gibraltar, having safely delivered her charges. However, those Spitfires, which flew in to augment the dwindling numbers of Gladiator and Hurricane fighters, were tracked by efficient Axis intelligence and their arrival pinpointed. Most of the Spitfires were destroyed by heavy German air raids which caught many planes on the ground.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: As a result, it looked as if the acute situation required a second ferry run to Malta. Accordingly, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, fearing that Malta would be "pounded to bits", asked President Roosevelt to allow "Wasp" to have "another good sting." Roosevelt responded in the affirmative. "Wasp" loaded another contingent of Spitfire Vs at King George V Dock Glasgow and sailed for the Mediterranean on 3 May. Again, "Wasp" proceeded unmolested. This time, the British carrier accompanied "Wasp", and she, too, carried a contingent of Spitfires bound for Malta. The Spitfires for "Eagle" had been loaded at Greenock, James Watt Dock, from lighters. This was the start of Operation Bowery.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: The two Allied carriers reached their launching points early on Saturday, 9 May, with "Wasp" steaming in column ahead of at a distance of . At 06:30, "Wasp" commenced launching planes – 11 Wildcats of VF-71 to serve as CAP over the task force. First, "Eagle" flew off her 17 Spitfires in two waves; then "Wasp" flew off 47 more. The first Spitfire took off at 06:43, piloted by Sergeant-Pilot Herrington, but lost power soon after takeoff and plunged into the sea, with loss of pilot and aircraft. The other planes flew off safely and formed up to fly to Malta. An auxiliary fuel tank on another aircraft failed to draw; without the additional fuel the pilot could not make Malta, and his only alternatives were to land on board "Wasp"with no tailhookor to ditch and take his chances in the water.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Pilot Officer Jerrold Alpine Smith chose to attempt a landing. "Wasp", increasing to full speed, recovered the plane at 07:43. The Spitfire came to a stop just from the forward edge of the flight deck, making what one "Wasp" sailor observed to be a "one wire" landing. With her vital errand completed, "Wasp" set sail for the British Isles while a German radio station broadcast the startling news that the American carrier had been sunk; on 11 May, Prime Minister Churchill sent a message to "Wasp": "Many thanks to you all for the timely help. Who said a wasp couldn't sting twice?"


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Early in May 1942, almost simultaneously with "Wasp"s second Malta run—Operation Bowery—the Battle of the Coral Sea had been fought, then the Battle of Midway a month later. These battles reduced the U.S. to three carriers in the Pacific, and it became imperative to transfer "Wasp".


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" was hurried back to the U.S. for alterations and repairs at the Norfolk Navy Yard. During the carrier's stay in the Tidewater region, Captain Reeves – who had been promoted to flag rank – was relieved by Captain Forrest P. Sherman on 31 May. Departing Norfolk on 6 June, "Wasp" sailed with TF 37 which was built around the carrier and the battleship and escorted by , and six destroyers. The group transited the Panama Canal on 10 June, at which time "Wasp" and her consorts became TF 18, the carrier flying the two-star flag of Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Arriving at San Diego on 19 June, "Wasp" embarked the remainder of her complement of aircraft, Grumman TBF-1 Avengers and Douglas SBD-3 Dauntlesses, the latter replacing the old Vindicators. On 1 July, she sailed for the Tonga Islands as part of the convoy for the five transports carrying the 2nd Marine Regiment.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Meanwhile, preparations to invade the Solomon Islands were proceeding to disrupt the Japanese offensive to establish a defensive perimeter around the edge of their "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere".


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: On 4 July, while "Wasp" was "en route" to the South Pacific, the Japanese landed on Guadalcanal. Allied planners realized Japanese operation of land-based aircraft from that key island would imperil Allied control of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia area. Plans were made to evict the Japanese before their Guadalcanal airfield became operational. Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley – with experience as Special Naval Observer in London – was detailed to take command of the operation; and he established his headquarters at Auckland, New Zealand. Since the Japanese had a foothold on Guadalcanal, time was of the essence; preparations for an allied invasion proceeded with secrecy and speed.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" – together with the carriers and – was assigned to the Support Force under Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. Under the tactical command of Rear Admiral Noyes, embarked on "Wasp", the carriers were to provide air support for the invasion and initiation of the Guadalcanal campaign.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" and her airmen practiced day and night operations to hone their skills until Captain Sherman was confident that his airmen could perform their mission. "D-day" had originally been set for 1 August, but the late arrival of some of the transports carrying Marines pushed the date to 7 August.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "En route", "Wasp"s engines became a problem, with a 14 July message from CTF 18 to CINCPAC reporting that she had suffered a casualty to her starboard high-pressure turbine that even at lowest speeds was making a loud scraping noise, limiting speed to only under her port engine thus making air operations entirely dependent on favorable wind. The ship's company was undertaking repairs, including lifting the turbine casing. Repairs to the rotor itself were proposed at "BLEACHER" (Tongatapu, Tonga Islands), where the destroyer tender was stationed, with four days estimated for the work there. "Wasp" arrived 18 July for those repairs and on 21 July (21 0802 July) CTF 18 reported "Wasp" had successfully completed a trial making turns for twenty-seven knots with pre-casualty twenty-five knot operations possible with reduced reliability. Replacement blades were available at Pearl Harbor, and replacement of all three rows of blading was recommended after the ongoing operations were completed.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp", screened by the heavy cruiser and , and four destroyers, steamed westward toward Guadalcanal on the evening of 6 August until midnight. Then, she changed course to the eastward to reach her launch position from Tulagi one hour before dawn. "Wasp"s first combat air patrol fighter took off at 05:57.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: The early flights of Wildcats and Dauntlesses were assigned specific targets: Tulagi, Gavutu, Tanambogo, Halavo, Port Purvis on Florida Island, Haleta, Bungana, and the radio station dubbed "Asses' Ears".


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: The Wildcats, led by Lieutenant Shands and his wingman Ensign S. W. Forrer, patrolled the north coast toward Gavatu. The other two headed for the seaplane facilities at Tanambogo. The Grummans, arriving simultaneously at daybreak, surprised the Japanese and strafed patrol planes and fighter-seaplanes in the area. Fifteen Kawanishi H8K "Emily" flying boats and seven Nakajima A6M2-N "Rufe" floatplane fighters were destroyed by Shands' fighters during low-level strafing passes. Shands was credited with four "Rufes" and one "Emily", while his wingman, Forrer, was credited with three "Rufes" and an "Emily" and would later be awarded the Navy Cross for his efforts. Lieutenant Wright and Ensign Kenton were credited with three patrol planes apiece and a motorboat tending the "Emilys"; Ensigns Reeves and Conklin were each credited with two and shared a fifth patrol plane between them. The strafing Wildcats also destroyed an aviation fuel truck and a truck loaded with spare parts.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Post-attack assessment estimated that the antiaircraft and shore battery sites pinpointed by intelligence had been destroyed by the Dauntless dive bombers in their first attack. None of "Wasp"s planes was shot down, but Ensign Reeves landed his Wildcat aboard "Enterprise" after running low on fuel.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: At 07:04, "Wasp" launched 12 Avengers loaded with bombs for use against land targets, and led by Lieutenant H. A. Romberg. The Avengers silenced resistance by bombing Japanese troop concentrations east of the knob of land known as Hill 281, in the Makambo-Sasapi sector, and the prison on Tulagi Island.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Some 10,000 men had been put ashore during the first day's operations against Guadalcanal, and met only slight resistance. On Tulagi, however, the Japanese resisted stoutly, retaining about of the island by nightfall. "Wasp", "Saratoga", and "Enterprise" – with their screens – retired to the southward at nightfall.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" fighters led by Lieutenant C. S. Moffett maintained a continuous CAP over the transport area until noon on 8 August. Meanwhile, a scouting flight of 12 Dauntlesses led by Lieutenant Commander E. M. Snowden searched a sector to a radius of from their carrier, extending it to include all of the Santa Isabel Island and the New Georgia groups.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: The Dauntless pilots made no contact with the Japanese during their two hours in the air, but at 08:15, Snowden sighted a "Rufe" some from Rekata Bay and shot the plane down with fixed machine guns.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Meanwhile, a large group of Japanese planes approached from Bougainville to attack the transports off Lunga Point. Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner ordered all transports to get underway and to assume cruising disposition. Eldridge was leading a formation of Dauntlesses from VS-71 against Mbangi Island, off Tulagi. His rear seat gunner, Aviation Chief Radioman L. A. Powers, assumed the formation of Japanese planes were friendly until six Zeroes bounced the first section with 12 unsuccessful firing passes.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Meanwhile, the leader of the last section of VS-71 – Lieutenant, junior grade Robert L. Howard – unsuccessfully attacked twin-engined Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" medium bombers heading for the American transports, and was engaged by four Zeroes escorting the bombers. Howard shot down one Zero with his fixed guns while his rear gunner, Seaman 2nd Class Lawrence P. Lupo, discouraged Japanese fighters attacking from astern.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Total plane losses for "Wasp" were 3 Wildcat fighters and 1 Dauntless scout bomber. Against these, her planes destroyed 15 enemy flying boats, 8 floatplane fighters, and 1 Zero.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: At 18:07 on 8 August, Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher recommended to Ghormley, at Nouméa, that the air support force be withdrawn. Fletcher, concerned by the large numbers of Japanese planes that had attacked on 8 August, reported that he had only 78 fighters left (he had started with 99) and that fuel for the carriers was running low. Ghormley approved the recommendation, and "Wasp" joined "Enterprise" and "Saratoga" in retiring from Guadalcanal. By midnight, the landing had attained the immediate objectives. Japanese resistance – except for a few snipers – on Gavutu and Tanombogo had been overcome. Early on 9 August, a Japanese surface force engaged an American one in the Battle of Savo Island and retired with minimal damage after sinking four Allied heavy cruisers off Savo Island, including two that had served with "Wasp" in the Atlantic: "Vincennes" and "Quincy".


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: After the initial day's action in the Solomons campaign, the carrier spent the next month engaged in patrol and covering operations for convoys and resupply units headed for Guadalcanal. The Japanese began transporting reinforcements to contest the Allied forces.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: "Wasp" was ordered south by Vice Admiral Fletcher to refuel and did not participate in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24 August. After fueling on 24 August "Wasp" hurried to the battle zone. Her total aircraft group was 26 Grumman F4F Wildcats, 25 Douglas SBD Dauntlesses, and 11 Grumman TBF Avengers. (One SBD Dauntless was earlier lost on 24 August by ditching in the sea because of engine trouble). On the morning of 25 August, "Wasp" launched a search mission. The Douglas SBD Dauntless of pilot Lieut. Chester V. Zalewski shot down two of Aichi E13A1 "Jake" floatplanes from (Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō's flagship). But the SBD Dauntlesses sighted no ships. The Japanese fleet had withdrawn out of range. At 13:26 on 25 August, "Wasp" launched a search/attack mission of 24 SBD Dauntlesses and 10 TBF Avengers against the convoy of Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka that seemed to be still within range. Although the SBD Dauntlesses shot down a flying boat, they could not find the enemy ships anymore.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: During the battle on 24 August "Enterprise" was damaged and had to return to port for repairs. "Saratoga" was torpedoed a week later and departed the South Pacific war zone for repairs as well. That left only two carriers in the southwest Pacific, "Wasp", and , which had been in commission for only a year.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: On Tuesday, 15 September 1942, "Wasp" and "Hornet", together with "North Carolina" and 10 other warships, were escorting the transports carrying the 7th Marine Regiment to Guadalcanal as reinforcements. "Wasp" was operating some southeast of San Cristobal Island. Her aircraft were being refueled and rearmed for antisubmarine patrol missions and "Wasp" had been at general quarters from an hour before sunrise until the time when the morning search returned to the ship at 10:00. Thereafter, the ship was in condition 2, with the air department at flight quarters. The only contact with the Japanese that day had been a Japanese four-engined flying boat that was downed by one of "Wasp"'s F4F Wildcats at 12:15.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: About 14:20, the carrier turned into the wind to launch eight F4F Wildcats and eighteen SBD Dauntlesses and to recover eight F4F Wildcats and three SBD Dauntlesses that had been airborne since before noon. Lt. (jg) Roland H. Kenton, USNR, flying a F4F-3 Wildcat of VF-71 was the last aircraft off the deck of "Wasp". The ship rapidly completed the recovery of the 11 aircraft before turning to starboard, heeling slightly as she did so. At 14:44 a lookout reported "three torpedoes ... three points forward of the starboard beam".


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: A spread of six Type 95 torpedoes was fired at "Wasp" at about 14:44 from the tubes of the B1 Type submarine . "Wasp" put over her rudder hard to starboard to avoid the salvo, but it was too late. Three torpedoes struck in quick succession about 14:45; one actually breached, left the water, and struck the ship slightly above the waterline. All hit in the vicinity of the ship's gasoline tanks and magazines. Two of the spread of torpedoes passed ahead of "Wasp" and were observed passing astern of before was hit by one at 14:51 while maneuvering to avoid the other (structural damage from this torpedo hit would eventually lead to "O'Brien"'s sinking a month later). The sixth torpedo passed either astern or under "Wasp", narrowly missed in "Wasp"s screen about 14:48, was seen by in "North Carolina"s screen about 14:50, and struck "North Carolina" about 14:52.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: There was a rapid succession of explosions in the forward part of the ship. Aircraft on the flight and hangar decks were thrown about and dropped on the deck with such force that landing gears snapped. Aircraft suspended in the hangar overhead fell and landed upon those on the hangar deck; fires broke out in the hangar and below decks. Soon, the heat of the intense gasoline fires detonated the ready ammunition at the forward anti-aircraft guns on the starboard side, and fragments showered the forward part of the ship. The number two mount was blown overboard.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Water mains in the forward part of the ship had been rendered inoperable meaning no water was available to fight the fire forward, and the fires continued to set off ammunition, bombs, and gasoline. As the ship listed 10–15° to starboard, oil and gasoline, released from the tanks by the torpedo hit, caught fire on the water.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Captain Sherman slowed to , ordering the rudder put to port to try to get the wind on the starboard bow; he then went astern with right rudder until the wind was on the starboard quarter, in an attempt to keep the fire forward. At that point, flames made the central station unusable, and communication circuits went dead. Soon, a serious gasoline fire broke out in the forward portion of the hangar; within 24 minutes of the initial attack, there were three additional major gasoline vapor explosions. Ten minutes later Sherman decided to abandon ship as the firefighting was ineffectual. Survivors would have to disembark quickly to minimize loss of life.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: After consulting with Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes, Captain Sherman ordered "abandon ship" at 15:20. All badly injured men were lowered into rafts or rubber boats. Many unwounded men had to abandon ship from aft because the forward fires were burning with such intensity. The departure, as Sherman observed it, looked "orderly", and there was no panic. The only delays occurred when many men showed reluctance to leave until all the wounded had been taken off. The abandonment took nearly 40 minutes, and at 16:00 Sherman abandoned the ship once he was satisfied that no survivors were left on board.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Although the submarine hazard caused the accompanying destroyers to lie well clear or to shift position, they carried out rescue operations until , "Lansdowne", "Helena", and had 1,946 men embarked. The fires on "Wasp", drifting, traveled aft and there were four violent explosions at nightfall. "Lansdowne" was ordered to torpedo the carrier and stand by until she was sunk. "Lansdowne"s Mark 15 torpedoes had the same unrecognized flaws reported for the Mark 14 torpedo. The first two torpedoes were fired perfectly, but did not explode, leaving "Lansdowne" with only three more. The magnetic influence exploders on these were disabled and the depth set at . All three detonated, but "Wasp" remained afloat for some time, sinking bow-first at 21:00. 193 men had died and 366 were wounded during the attack. All but one of her 26 airborne aircraft made a safe trip to carrier "Hornet" nearby before "Wasp" sank, but 45 aircraft went down with the ship.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Another Japanese submarine, , duly observed and reported the sinking of "Wasp", as other US destroyers kept "I-19" busy avoiding 80 depth charges. "I-19" escaped safely.


title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: On 14 January 2019, "Wasp"s wreck was located by the research vessel "Petrel". The carrier sits upright in of water, though parts of the hull appear to have split.