title: Division of labour

text: In his seminal work, "The Division of Labor in Society", Émile Durkheim observes that the division of labour appears in all societies and positively correlates with societal advancement because it increases as a society progresses.


title: Division of labour

text: Durkheim arrived at the same conclusion regarding the positive effects of the division of labour as his theoretical predecessor, Adam Smith. In "The Wealth of Nations", Smith observes the division of labour results in "a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour." While they shared this belief, Durkheim believed the division of labour applied to all "biological organisms generally," while Smith believed this law applied "only to human societies." This difference may result from the influence of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" on Durkheim's writings. For example, Durkheim observed an apparent relationship between "the functional specialisation of the parts of an organism" and "the extent of that organism's evolutionary development," which he believed "extended the scope of the division of labour so as to make its origins contemporaneous with the origins of life itself…implying that its conditions must be found in the essential properties of all organised matter."


title: Division of labour

text: Since Durkheim's division of labour applied to all organisms, he considered it a "natural law" and worked to determine whether it should be embraced or resisted by first analysing its functions. Durkheim hypothesised that the division of labour fosters social solidarity, yielding "a wholly moral phenomenon" that ensures "mutual relationships" among individuals.


title: Division of labour

text: As social solidarity cannot be directly quantified, Durkheim indirectly studies solidarity by "classify[ing] the different types of law to find...the different types of social solidarity which correspond to it." Durkheim categorises:


title: Division of labour

text: Durkheim believes that organic solidarity prevails in more advanced societies, while mechanical solidarity typifies less developed societies. He explains that in societies with more mechanical solidarity, the diversity and division of labour is much less, so individuals have a similar worldview. Similarly, Durkheim opines that in societies with more organic solidarity, the diversity of occupations is greater, and individuals depend on each other more, resulting in greater benefits to society as a whole. Durkheim's work enabled social science to progress more efficiently "in…the understanding of human social behavior."


title: Division of labour

text: Marx's theories, including his negative claims regarding the division of labour, have been criticised by the Austrian economists, notably Ludwig von Mises. The primary argument is that the economic gains accruing from the division of labour far outweigh the costs, thus developing on the thesis that division of labor leads to cost efficiencies. It is argued that it is fully possible to achieve balanced human development within capitalism and alienation is downplayed as mere romantic fiction.


title: Division of labour

text: According to Mises, the idea has led to the concept of mechanization in which a specific task is performed by a mechanical device, instead of an individual labourer. This method of production is significantly more effective in both yield and cost-effectiveness, and utilises the division of labour to the fullest extent possible. Mises saw the very idea of a task being performed by a specialised mechanical device as being the greatest achievement of division of labour.


title: Division of labour

text: The issue reaches its broadest scope in the controversies about globalisation, which is often interpreted as a euphemism for the expansion of international trade based on comparative advantage. This would mean that countries specialise in the work they can do at the lowest relative cost measured in terms of the opportunity cost of not using resources for other work, compared to the opportunity costs experienced by countries. Critics, however, allege that international specialisation cannot be explained sufficiently in terms of "the work nations do best", rather that this specialisation is guided more by commercial criteria, which favour some countries over others.


title: Division of labour

text: Few studies have taken place regarding the global division of labour. Information can be drawn from ILO and national statistical offices. In one study, Deon Filmer estimated that 2.474 billion people participated in the global non-domestic labour force in the mid-1990s. Of these:


title: Division of labour

text: The majority of workers in industry and services were wage and salary earners—58 percent of the industrial workforce and 65 percent of the services workforce. But a large portion was self-employed or involved in family labour. Filmer suggests the total of employees worldwide in the 1990s was about 880 million, compared with around a billion working on their own account on the land (mainly peasants), and some 480 million working on their own account in industry and services. The 2007 ILO Global Employment Trends Report indicated that services have surpassed agriculture for the first time in human history:In 2006 the service sector’s share of global employment overtook agriculture for the first time, increasing from 39.5 to 40 percent. Agriculture decreased from 39.7 percent to 38.7 percent. The industry sector accounted for 21.3 percent of total employment.


title: Division of labour

text: In the modern world, those specialists most preoccupied in their work with theorising about the division of labour are those involved in management and organisation.


title: Division of labour

text: In general, in capitalist economies, such things are not decided consciously. Different people try different things, and that which is most effective cost-wise (produces the most and best output with the least input) will generally be adopted. Often, techniques that work in one place or time do not work as well in another.


title: Division of labour

text: Job specialisation is advantageous in developing employee expertise in a field and boosting organisational production. However, disadvantages of job specialisation included limited employee skill, dependence on entire department fluency, and employee discontent with repetitive tasks.


title: Division of labour

text: It is widely accepted among economists and social theorists that the division of labour is, to a great extent, inevitable within capitalist societies, simply because no one can do all tasks at once. Labour hierarchy is a very common feature of the modern capitalist workplace structure, and the way these hierarchies are structured can be influenced by a variety of different factors, including:


title: Division of labour

text: It is often argued that the most equitable principle in allocating people within hierarchies is that of true (or proven) competency or ability. This concept of meritocracy could be read as an explanation or as a justification of why a division of labour is the way it is.


title: Division of labour

text: Adam Smith famously said in "The Wealth of Nations" that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. This is because it is by the exchange that each person can be specialised in their work and yet still have access to a wide range of goods and services. Hence, reductions in barriers to exchange lead to increases in the division of labour and so help to drive economic growth. Limitations to the division of labour have also been related to coordination and transportation costs.


title: Division of labour

text: There can be motivational advantages to a reduced division of labour (which has been termed ‘job enlargement’ and 'job enrichment'). Jobs that are too specialised in a narrow range of tasks are said to result in demotivation due to boredom and alienation. Hence, a Taylorist approach to work design contributed to worsened industrial relations.


title: Division of labour

text: There are also limitations to the division of labour (and the division of work) that result from workflow variations and uncertainties. These help to explain issues in modern work organisation, such as task consolidations in business process re-engineering and the use of multi-skilled work teams. For instance, one stage of a production process may temporarily work at a slower pace, forcing other stages to slow down. One answer to this is to make some portion of resources mobile between stages so that those resources must be capable of undertaking a wider range of tasks. Another is to consolidate tasks so that they are undertaken one after another by the same workers and other resources. Stocks between stages can also help to reduce the problem to some extent but are costly and can hamper quality control. Modern flexible manufacturing systems require both flexible machines and flexible workers.


title: Division of labour

text: In project-based work, the coordination of resources is a difficult issue for the project manager as project schedules and resulting resource bookings are based on estimates of task durations and so are subject to subsequent revisions. Again, consolidating tasks so that they are undertaken consecutively by the same resources and having resources available that can be called on at short-notice from other tasks can help to reduce such problems, though at the cost of reduced specialisation.


title: Division of labour

text: There are also advantages in a reduced division of labour where knowledge would otherwise have to be transferred between stages. For example, having a single person deal with a customer query means that only that one person has to be familiar with the customer's details. It is also likely to result in the query being handled faster due to the elimination of delays in passing the query between different people.


title: Division of labour

text: The clearest exposition of the principles of sexual division of labour across the full range of human societies can be summarised by a large number of logically complementary implicational constraints of the following form: if women of childbearing ages in a given community tend to do X (e.g., preparing soil for planting) they will also do Y (e.g., the planting); while for men the logical reversal in this example would be that if men plant, they will prepare the soil.


title: Division of labour

text: White, Brudner, and Burton's (1977) "Entailment Theory and Method: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor", using statistical entailment analysis, shows that tasks more frequently chosen by women in these order relations are those more convenient in relation to child rearing. This type of finding has been replicated in a variety of studies, including those on modern industrial economies. These entailments do not restrict how much work for any given task could be done by men (e.g., in cooking) or by women (e.g., in clearing forests), but are only least-effort or role-consistent tendencies. To the extent that women clear forests for agriculture, for example, they tend to do the entire agricultural sequence of tasks on those clearings. In theory, these types of constraints could be removed by provisions of child care, but ethnographic examples are lacking.


title: Division of labour

text: Job satisfaction has been shown to improve as an employee is given the task of a specific job. Students who have received PhDs in a chosen field later report increased satisfaction compared to their previous jobs. This can be attributed to their high levels of specialisation. The higher the training needed for the specialised job position, the higher is the level of job satisfaction as well, although many highly specialised jobs can be monotonous and produce high rates of burnout periodically.


title: Division of labour

text: In contrast to the division of labour, a division of work refers to the division of a large task, contract, or project into smaller tasks—each with a separate schedule within the overall project schedule.


title: Division of labour

text: Division of labour, instead, refers to the allocation of tasks to individuals or organisations according to the skills and/or equipment those people or organisations possess. Often division of labour and division of work are both part of the economic activity within an industrial nation or organisation.


title: Division of labour

text: A job divided into elemental parts is sometimes called "disaggregated work". Workers specialising in particular parts of the job are called professionals. The workers doing a portion of a non-recurring work may be called contractors, freelancers, or temporary workers. Modern communication technologies, particularly the Internet, gave rise to the sharing economy, which is orchestrated by online marketplaces for various kinds of disaggregated work.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Jack Napier, also known as the Joker, is a fictional character introduced in the 1989 superhero film "Batman" as the main antagonist, directed by Tim Burton. Primarily portrayed by Jack Nicholson, the character was based on the DC Comics supervillain the Joker. His name is a play on the word Jackanapes, as well as a reference to the names Jack Nicholson and Alan Napier, the latter having portrayed Alfred Pennyworth in the 1960s "Batman" TV series. This depiction is notable for being one of the first adaptations of the character to have a distinct first and last name, as well as one of the few instances which show his origins. This iteration of the Joker is a psychopathic mobster who serves as the right-hand man of Gotham City crime boss Carl Grissom, until the latter attempts to have him killed.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Ever since Nicholson's portrayal in the film, the name Jack Napier has been used by various adaptations of the character, including "" and "Batwoman", in which he is respectively voiced and portrayed by Mark Hamill and Nathan Dashwood, and the Murphyverse. This interpretation of the character is also responsible for the deaths of Thomas and Martha Wayne, the parents of Batman's alter-ego Bruce Wayne in "Batman".


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Even as a child, Jack Napier was psychologically unstable, but extremely intelligent, showing an advanced knowledge of chemistry, art and science; he was also in and out of juvenile detention facilities for crimes such as arson, assault, and grand theft auto. Napier was charged with assault with a deadly weapon at age 15.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: As a young man, Napier and his accomplice Joe Chill rob and murder Thomas and Martha Wayne in the alleyway behind the Monarch Theatre, leaving their young son Bruce as the only survivor. Napier prepares to kill Bruce as well, saying to the boy, "Have you ever danced with the devil by the pale moon light?" - his favorite thing to say right before killing someone. Chill entreats him to run before the police arrive, however, so Napier spares Bruce and leaves, saying in passing, "See ya around, kid."


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Years later, Napier moves up in the ranks of the Gotham City mafia, eventually becoming the right-hand-man of crime boss Carl Grissom (Jack Palance). He carries a deck of playing cards pierced from front to back by an earlier gunshot, and often performs sleight-of-hand with them or tosses them into his hat during idle moments. Napier privately dislikes Grissom, dismissing him as a "tired old man", and carries on an affair with his boss' moll Alicia Hunt (Jerry Hall). Grissom finds out about the affair and sets him up to be killed by Lt. Max Eckhardt (William Hootkins), a Gotham City Police Department cop on his payroll. The killing is to occur at Axis Chemicals, one of the mob's front companies, where Grissom sends Napier under the pretense of stealing incriminating documents.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Gotham City Police Commissioner James Gordon (Pat Hingle) and the masked vigilante Batman (Michael Keaton) intervene separately, disrupting the theft. Napier kills Eckhardt and shoots at Batman, who deflects the bullet with one of his gauntlets so that it strikes a gauge, projecting glass shards into Napier's face. In pain, Napier stumbles and topples over a railing; Batman tries unsuccessfully to pull him up, and he falls into a vat of chemicals. He survives, but the chemicals turn his skin chalk-white, his lips red, and his hair green, while a botched attempt at plastic surgery leaves him with a permanent rictus grin. Driven insane by his reflection, Napier - now calling himself "Joker" - kills Grissom and takes over his criminal empire.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Styling himself as "The World’s First Fully-Functioning Homicidal Artist", Joker seeks revenge on Batman for his disfigurement and becomes obsessed with "outdoing" the Dark Knight, who he believes is stealing the spotlight from him. Aided by his right-hand man Bob (Tracey Walter), Joker massacres the rest of Grissom's associates at a press conference and begins poisoning cosmetic products with "Smylex", a chemical agent that causes its victims to laugh hysterically as they die, leaving their corpses with a permanent smile. He also turns Alicia into one of his "masterpieces" by disfiguring her face and drugging her into submission; she eventually commits suicide.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Joker also becomes obsessed with photographer Vicki Vale (Kim Basinger), and attacks her while she meets with her boyfriend, billionaire Bruce Wayne - Batman's alter ego. Believing Wayne to be harmless, Joker taunts him with his signature line and shoots him. Wayne survives due to a metal tray hidden under his jacket, and recognizes Napier as his parents' killer.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Joker announces via television broadcast that he plans to give out $20 million at Gotham City's 200th anniversary parade, and challenges Batman to meet him there. Joker keeps his promise of giving away the money, before releasing an airborne toxic version of Smylex onto the crowd via parade floats, killing dozens of people. Batman arrives in the Batwing and removes the balloons before Joker uses a revolver with a custom 21-inch barrel to shoot the plane out of the sky, causing it to crash on the steps of the Gotham City Cathedral.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Joker kidnaps Vale and takes her to the roof of the cathedral, pursued by Batman. As they fight, each admits that he is responsible for the existence of the other after Joker remembers the alley murders and realizes that Batman is Wayne. Batman knocks Joker off the roof, but Joker pulls him and Vale after himself and leaves them dangling from a ledge. As Joker attempts to escape via helicopter, Batman fires a cable that ties a heavy stone gargoyle to his ankle. The gargoyle breaks free of its mounting, dragging Joker off the helicopter ladder and causing him to fall to his death. Gordon finds Joker's corpse, with an activated laugh-box in his pocket.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Several actors were considered for the role of the Joker before Nicholson was cast. Robin Williams, Tim Curry, Willem Dafoe, Ray Liotta, David Bowie, and James Woods were all considered. Burton initially wanted to cast character actor John Glover (who would later appear in "Batman & Robin" as Dr. Jason Woodrue and work in "" as Riddler, and as Thaddeus Sivana Sr. in "Shazam!"). Burton also considered Brad Dourif; but ultimately the studio insisted on using a bankable movie star. John Lithgow met with Burton about the part, but during their discussion attempted to talk the budding director out of casting him, which would be something he would later regret. Lithgow was also director Joe Dante's first choice for the role of the Joker when he was attached to direct the film in the early 1980s. Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Jon Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of "The Witches of Eastwick". Peter Guber took Burton and Nicholson on a horseback riding excursion in Aspen to get the pair acquainted and convince him to take the role. Nicholson's contract featured an "off-the-clock" agreement, specifying the number of hours he could have off, and allowed him to take time off to attend Los Angeles Lakers home games.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: As a part of Nicholson's contract, he was allowed to have approval over the makeup designer to create the look of the character. Nicholson chose Nick Dudman as his makeup designer. Dudman used an acrylic-based makeup for the bleached white face. Dudman cited the scene in the art gallery where Napier gets splashed with water by Vicki Vale as being the most difficult effect to achieve. To create the smile, Dudman did a regular face cast of Nicholson with a relaxed face, then asked him to do another one while pulling the largest grin he could muster. Dudman attempted to sculpt a smile that was always there but would take full effect when Nicholson smiled in the makeup; he also worked to ensure that the prosthetics wouldn't dilute Nicholson's face.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: The character's origin in the film of falling into a vat of chemicals was inspired by the then-recent graphic novel "", written by Alan Moore. However, certain elements of the character's origin were changed, including making him having been a gangster rather than a failed stand-up comedian, and cutting the Red Hood persona from the character. Napier is seen to have always been a criminal, having been responsible for the deaths of Thomas and Martha Wayne, rather than Joe Chill, who instead serves as his accomplice.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: In the cancelled fifth film in the series, titled "Batman Unchained", Nicholson was intended to return as the character via hallucinations from Scarecrow's Fear Toxins. The character of Harley Quinn was also rumored to have been involved in the story, and this adaptation was supposed to be the character's daughter, rather than girlfriend, who was seeking revenge on Batman for the death of her father. However, due to the critical and commercial failure of "Batman & Robin", the project was scrapped.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: The Batman series would be rebooted in 2005 by director Christopher Nolan with "Batman Begins". The sequel to the film, "The Dark Knight", featured the Joker portrayed by actor Heath Ledger. Ledger died before the film's release, and won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor posthumously. Nicholson was among many who praised Ledger's performance.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Nicholson's portrayal as The Joker was acclaimed by fans and critics alike. For his performance as the character, Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost to Morgan Freeman in "Driving Miss Daisy". Nicholson was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts but lost to Ray McAnally in "My Left Foot". Nicholson's adaptation of the character was placed as the 45th best movie villain of all time on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Heroes and Villains; Michael Keaton's Batman placed as the 46th greatest hero on the same list.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Heath Ledger, who portrayed the character in Christopher Nolan's 2008 film "The Dark Knight", has cited Nicholson's portrayal as an influence on his interpretation of the character: "This character was too good to turn down. And yes, it would be a crime to attempt to [step in or to] follow Jack Nicholson's footpath that he so heavily stands into my memory of The Joker. I mean, I adore what he did and him in general." Mark Hamill, who voiced the character in "", as well as in the "" video game series, has also cited Nicholson's adaptation of the character as an influence, but was told by show producers to avoid using Nicholson's Joker as a direct source of inspiration.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: The character's quote "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?" has become synonymous with the character as well as one of the character's most iconic phrases. The quote was nominated for the American Film Institute's 100 Movie Quotes list, but did not make the list. The quote was the title track for the unreleased song written by Prince for his soundtrack for the film. The track, titled "Dance with the Devil", was cut by Prince due to the darker tone of the song not fitting in with the rest of the upbeat songs on the soundtrack. It was replaced at the last second with "Batdance". Throughout the music videos for the singles released from the album, Prince was dressed as an amalgam of Nicholson's Joker and Keaton's Batman in a persona he titled "Gemini". Nicholson's Joker can be heard in soundbytes during songs like "Batdance" and "Partyman".


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Since the film's release, many different interpretations of the character of the Joker have featured Jack Napier as his real name.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Two episodes of "", which was first produced in 1992, gave the Joker's real name as Jack Napier: "Dreams in Darkness", which depicted Dr. Bartholomew citing Jack Napier, Harvey Dent and Pamela Isley as the real names of the Joker, Two-Face and Poison Ivy; and "Joker's Wild", where businessman Cameron Kaiser's dossier about the Joker contained criminal records with the name Jack Napier. In the sequel series, "The New Batman Adventures", the Joker was shown to adopt a multitude of aliases, hinting that in the DC Animated Universe continuity, "Jack Napier" was merely one alias, a reference to the comics where the Joker's real name is unknown.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: Most notably, the alias was used in the comic series "", where The Joker is seemingly cured of his insanity, and takes up the civilian name of Jack Napier.


title: Joker (Jack Napier)

text: The Jack Napier alias is also used in the first two seasons of "Batwoman". The Joker was said to have been killed by Batman prior to the events of the first season, although it is believed by most people that he remains locked up in Arkham Asylum. Batman left Gotham sometime after that, leaving his cousin Kate Kane took on the mantle and became Batwoman. In season two, it was discovered that Jack Napier worked on a painting using intestinal blood from one of his victims as it is discovered that it contained the map to Coryana where Jacob Kane suspects that Kate is being held prisoner in. While the painting that Jacob took off a defeated Wolf Spider was a fake, the real one is in the possession of Safiyah Sohail's former minion Ocean. In the third season, the Joker (portrayed by Nathan Dashwood) is revealed to have been driving the bus which caused Kate and Beth Kane's accident, also giving a young Marquis Jet (portrayed by Kendrick Jackson) brain damage instilling a psychopathic mindset, leading to him taking on the mantle of Joker 2.0 (portrayed by Nick Creegan) in the future.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Ishqbaaaz ()(international title :Game of love ) is an Indian romantic drama television series that aired from 27 June 2016 to 15 March 2019 on Star Plus. It initially starred Nakuul Mehta, Surbhi Chandna, Kunal Jaisingh, Shrenu Parikh, Leenesh Mattoo and Mansi Srivastava. In December 2018, the show took a generation leap and aired a new season, "Ishqbaaz: Pyaar Ki Ek Dhinchak Kahaani" starring Nakuul Mehta and Niti Taylor.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Kalyani Singh Oberoi, the matriarch of the family has two sons, Tej and Shakti. Tej is married to Jhanvi and they have three children, Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka. Shakti is married to Pinky and has a son, Shivaay, who is the eldest grandson.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Shivaay crosses paths with the self righteous and "khidki-tod" Annika, who confronts him for trying to suppress the poor with the misuse money and lineage. To which, Shivaay slaps her with a bunch of cash. Presuming that he won the conversation, he moves to his car, only to face Annika breaking the glass of his windshield, and slapping him with the same bunch of cash, earning the nickname "Khidki-tod".


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Surprised by the video showing all these incidents, Dadi, Omkara, and Rudra find Annika at the party they had organized for their grandfather's birthday. But Shivaay ignores her there because he has no knowledge about her bloodline or lineage.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Shivaay firmly believes that he doesn't have time for love and hence plans to marry Tia Kapoor as a business deal. Dadi hires Anika as a wedding planner for Shivaay and Tia's upcoming wedding. At first, his relationship with Annika becomes more hostile due to misunderstandings.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: After the misunderstandings are cleared, Shivaay starts to understand Annika and they both start to develop feelings for each other. Unaware of the emotions, Shivaay still plans to marry Tia.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Daksh, Shivaay's childhood friend turns up at his door and falls for Annika at first sight, which soon turns into an obsession. Angered after being rejected twice, Daksh lies to Shivaay that Annika agreed to sleep with him for one night in exchange for money, leading Shivaay to hate her.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: On Shivaay and Tia's wedding day it is revealed that she is already married to Robin. Due to turn of events Tia runs away from her wedding which leads to Shivaay forcibly marrying Annika.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Meanwhile, Omkara crosses paths with Ishana, who introduces herself as Bela to him. Ishana wanted to marry Omkara to gain all the wealth he has, and invents lies to gain his sympathy. Ishana tries to trick both of them but fails as the three Oberoi brothers try to expose her. Some time later, Ridhima lies and betrays Omkara and collaborates with his father to make Omkara the sole heir of the Oberoi empire. Disheartened, he breaks up with her.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: In the meantime, Rudra has a chance encounter with the cute and sweet Soumya, who consoles him as Shivaay's life is in danger. Rudra starts to like Romi, a hot fresher and tries his best to win her. By chance, Soumya also comes to college and is happy to see a familiar face, only to be ignored by Rudra as she was a little fat and that would have reduced his reputation. Due to the turn of events, and under the influence of alcohol, Rudra and Soumya marry, which they decide to conceal and forget.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: After a rocky start, Annika and Shivaay clear the misunderstandings between them and eventually fall in love. Together, they expose Tia's marriage and her mother, Mrs. Kapoor's, evil intentions. Later, Shivaay accepts Annika as his wife in front of everyone.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Due to Priyanka's pregnancy, Shivaay fixes her wedding with a police officer, Ranveer Randhawa, who hated Priyanka as she was the reason his sister died. Kamini Khurana Randhawa, Ranveer's adoptive mother, enters. She has a past with Shivaay's father as Shakti is constantly teased by his brother about Kamini. Kamini and Ranveer have an evil plan. Meanwhile, Shivaay's doppelganger kidnaps him and takes his place in the Oberoi mansion. Suspicious, Annika finds out that he is not the real Shivaay, she rushes to find and save the real one.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Together, they expose the fake Shivaay, Mahi. Simultaneously they expose Ranveer and his foster mother, Kamini who is Shivaay's father's former girlfriend. It's revealed that Mahi is Kamini's illegitimate son with Shakti as she wants to use her son for Oberoi wealth. Afterwards, it's revealed that Priyanka isn't pregnant.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: As Shivaay and Annika become closer, Pinky opposes their relationship, and blackmails Annika to leave the marriage. She reveals that Mahi is not Shivaay's doppelganger but his twin brother and that Shivaay is the illegitimate son of Shakti and Kamini. Pinky tells Anika that she has three days to leave or else she will reveal the truth to Shivaay and he will feel devastated. Shattered, Annika pours her heart out to Omkara and Rudra on the promise that they will never reveal any of the conversation to Shivaay. Annika pretends that she wants the wealth of the Oberois and that she doesn't want Shivaay to indulge with his brothers. She also claims Omkara illegitimate, which infuriates Shivaay, leading him to divorce her. After Annika leaves, he suffers a heart attack but is saved. Meanwhile, Omkara marries Gauri Kumari Sharma, but hates her and the concept of love (their story is shown more in the spinoff series Dil Boley Oberoi).


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Rudra at a party falls in love with Bhavya, an undercover ACP on a mission. She later uses him for her mission, Rudra and Bhavya fake a marriage just so she can hide out in the Oberoi mansion.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Omkara is comatose. Shivaay has become emotionless over the time and his behaviour has changed. Ragini Malhotra, a lady with fame and name becomes obsessed over Shivaay and wants to marry him. She fakes a story of her abusive fiancé Siddharth. She succeeds in gaining Shivaay's sympathy. Pinky wants Ragini as her daughter-in-law. Meanwhile, Annika, who has been depressed, has been living with her best friend Chanda, she repeatedly fails to find employment. Omkara recovers from coma and later Omkara ask Annika's help after discovering how emotionless Shivaay has become.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Annika returns and claims the Oberoi Mansion as her own after having it signed by Omkara. She promises Omkar that she will help Shivaay recover. She tries to make Shivaay jealous but her plan backfires as he claims to fix his engagement with Ragini, though not meaning it. Ragini fabricates many lies to gain sympathy from Shivaay in Pinky's advice.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Soon, Shivaay senses that maybe he didn't want to leave Annika at all but she wanted to push him away knowingly. He tries to figure out the reason, while Annika claims that Vikram Aditya Thapar, a big industrialist is her fiancé. Shockingly, Vikram takes part in the charade without being asked to. Meanwhile, Shivaay exposes Ragini's lies. Later, even after being asked to step back, Vikram doesn't, and manipulates situations between Shivika. Shivaay and the others rescue Annika from him and he brings her home, which angers Pinky.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: She tries to blackmail Annika again but, Shivaay plans to spread the truth. It is revealed that Pinky had lied about the illegitimate son situation, and was also the master of all conspiracies, including the fake Shivaay. Shattered, Shivaay refuses to accept Pinky as his mother.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Later, he proposes marriage to Annika in front of the media, which she accepts, and they plan their marriage. Meanwhile, Gauri inspires Omkara's inner artist, Rudra and Bhavya form a special bond. In an exhibition, Gauri embarrasses Omkara due to her weak English and decides to learn the language so that Omkara takes pride in calling her his wife. She plans it as a surprise with only confiding it to Annika and Shivaay. Due to which, she would stay out of the house for hours without informing Omkara which leads him to suspect her.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Meanwhile, as Bhavya and Rudra fall in love with each other she reveals that she is four years older than Rudra which makes him rethink about everything between him and her. Later, he decides to let go of the age difference and follows Bhavya on her mission. But misunderstandings follow there and Bhavya decides to marry her best friend, Manav. Dejected and disheartened, Rudra insults Bhavya in front of everyone, for which Bhavya slaps him and, later refuses to marry.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Anika and Shivaay's wedding happens happily and peacefully. But after the marriage bad omens follow and Shivaay goes missing, but then returns, claiming to have no memory of Annika and introduces his wife Tanya. It is revealed that the Oberois have another brother, Abhay Singh Oberoi. Annika slowly figures out that Shivaay is just pretending to have no memory of Annika. It is also revealed that Abhay is behind the charade.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Meanwhile, Omkara's doubts about Gauri are confirmed when he sees Gauri and another man's name written in a hotel register. Also, after being framed for taking bribes, ACP Bhavya Pratap Rathore is suspended.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Omkara confronts Gauri and berates her for betraying him. In tears, Gauri clears all misunderstandings after giving him evidence of her innocence. She explains about the surprise, and confesses her true love for him in English. But heartbroken, Gauri promises to never interfere in his life ever again, and leaves for Bareilly.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Guilt stricken Omkara realizes his love for Gauri and decides to win her back. Meanwhile, Rudra still heartbroken, joins the fashion sector of the Oberoi company and appoints a suspended Bhavya as his bodyguard. He tricks her into signing a contract according to which she can't leave the job before working for three months. He humiliates and berates her, thinking she is married to Manav.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Omkara turns up at Gauri's doorstep on Karwachauth dressed up as a sardar who Gauri fails to recognize. He introduces himself as Dilpreet Singh and starts living in their house on rent. He tries to win her heart as Dilpreet Singh.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Meanwhile, Shivaay tries solving the mystery of the fire that broke out in Kalyani mills. Later together, Annika, Shivaay, Rudra, and Bhavya disguised reach Bareilly, to help Omkara win Gauri back. Gauri becomes entangled in an unnecessary marriage because of her friend. She sends Omkara and the others back but when she becomes aware of the ill intention of her fiancé she tries to escape, and to her luck, the Oberoi brothers kidnap her and bring her back to the Oberoi mansion.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Rudra feels lonely as both his brothers have their own romances to indulge into, so he plans a Goa trip with the two of them. Meanwhile, Pinky's cousin Dinky arrives who keeps pestering Annika and Gauri to not have blind faith in their husbands.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: On the way, the Oberoi brothers have a chance encounter with Piya, a dance choreographer who drugs them, dances with them and makes a video of it. The next morning, the brothers wake up oblivious of what happened the previous night. They rush back home, only to find that Piya is also at the Oberoi mansion as Dinky's family friend's daughter. It is revealed that Dinky planned this charade.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Piya initially threatens to show this video in public but gradually understands that they are truthful and trustworthy. She steps back but Dinky displays this video in Dadi's birthday party only to realize later that the brothers have earned the trust from their wives truthfully.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: The next morning, Annika requests Shivaay for tamarind according to a diet plan she was planning to follow. Dinky overhears the tamarind and suspects pregnancy. After not having anything for hours, Annika faints near the dining table during lunch. This confirms Dinky and she announces Annika's pregnancy. Only to realize later that Annika and Shivaay haven't consummated their relationship yet. After which they plan to consummate and succeed.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Abhay returns with the claims of being another Oberoi brother. He also brings Svetlana into the Oberoi mansion claiming to be her husband. Meanwhile, Rudra still assumes Bhavya is married to Manav, berates her for one last time and fires her from the job only to realize that she was never married to Manav. Later Svetlana blackmails Shivaay into transferring Rudra and Omkara's property to her.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: This leads to misunderstandings between Tej and Shivaay, resulting in Shivaay and Annika leaving the Oberoi mansion and going for their "Vanvas". They leave for Goa, while the Oberoi family and mansion are split in two. In Goa, they meet Veer Pratap Chauhan, their new neighbor, who turns out to be planted by Svetlana to seek revenge on Annika. He tries to prove Annika mad so that Shivaay would leave her and he would save Annika.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Failed, he then tries to kill Shivaay. Meanwhile, Shivaay and Soumya bring Bhavya and Rudra face-to-face in his house in Goa one last time before Bhavya leaves for abroad, where Rudra confesses his true feelings to her and proposes marriage to her.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: While Rudra plans to marry in Goa with Shivaay, Tej performs Gauri's last rites as she fails to obey his orders. Disheartened, Gauri and Omkara also arrive at Shivaay's house in Goa. Happily, the three Oberoi brothers and their wives with grandmother's blessings perform Rudra and Bhavya's pre-wedding rituals. Soumya reveals to Veer that she is the younger sister of Svetlana and Tia and now she wants to marry Rudra. She joins forces with Veer.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Veer tricks Tej into signing the house deeds to be auctioned, from which Shivaay saves them. At same time he exposes Svetlana and again lives in the Oberoi mansion as everybody blames Tej of the troubles and he leaves.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: On Valentine's Day, Annika figures out that Veer is not what he seems to be and tries to warn Shivaay but, that night Shivaay shoots Annika dead. Panicked and guilt stricken, he unknowingly takes help from Veer.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: The next day Shivaay keeps a press conference where somebody plays the leaked video of Shivaay shooting Annika. As Shivaay is about to be arrested a police inspector brings a woman into the house with looks exactly like Annika.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Shivaay refuses to believe their claims as he knows that he had killed her and tests her in many ways which surprisingly she passes.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Later that day Veer and Shivaay return to the place where they had buried Annika and find the real Annika in the coffin. Knowing the truth, Veer leaves, ShiOmRu digs Annika out and in a series of flashbacks, it is revealed that Annika's murder and fake Anika was a part of the plan devised by Shivika.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Annika, disguised as Kumari Rosie Rani, tricks Veer into Shiomru's plan. At holi while everyone was drunk, Veer reveals that he's the son of Roop therefore he is Shivaay, Omkara and Rudra's cousin. Annika tricks Veer along with ShiOmRu so that he makes her his partner. Later Shivaay decides to investigate the Kalyani Mills incident again. He finds out the foreman who is Harsh Vardhan Trivedi. Roop reveals to Veer that she is responsible for the Kalyani Mills fire and the murders of Mr. Kapoor and Harsh. She hatches an evil plan. Shivaay also finds out that Annika is the daughter of Harsh. Annika discovers Gauri is her long-lost sister Chukti.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: The story takes a different leap, where an author and public speaker, returns all of them to where the story started and changes their lives by changing the circumstances.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Now, Shivaay is a stoic, no-nonsense businessman who is hurt by his parents' death. Pinky's suicide and Shakti's discovery of his affair haunt him. Omkara is also shown as a businessman. Rudra is shown as a supermodel who uses his fame and money as an excuse for everything he does. Priyanka is shown as Shivaay's younger sister this time.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Annika and Gauri live with their aunt who hates them because their mother left their father for another man. Gauri knows nothing of the incident and Annika struggles to make ends meet. She is constantly stressed about paying for Gauri's college tuition, Sahil's medications and house rent, with no help from her aunt.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Although Shivaay and Annika meet, they have a rocky relationship due to Shivaay's distrust of women, Gauri and Omkara meet, and instantly hit it off, Bhavya and Rudra also meet, but his misuse of money and fame irks Bhavya. Shivaay and Annika become closer when the latter is hired by Shivaay's sister Priyanka as a wedding planner. Shivaay is engaged to Tia on the insistence of his grandmother and Priyanka is engaged to Tia's brother Daksh. Both Tia and Daksh are bankrupt and are marrying the Oberoi siblings only for money. Daksh misbehaves with Annika who tries to expose his true nature but fails as Shivaay refuses to believe her.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: On Daksh and Priyanka's wedding day, Daksh runs away after being blackmailed by Annika, Priyanka searches for him, meets with an accident and goes into coma. Shivaay holds Annika responsible and marries her forcibly. Eventually, Shivaay realizes Daksh's truth and Priyanka recovers. Shivaay publicly exposes Daksh and asks forgiveness from Annika. Shivaay restores Annika's reputation in society and decides to divorce her. After a long struggle Annika makes Shivaay realise that they are made for each other. Tej returns to India to take over the Oberoi empire, is jealous of Shivaay's fame, and hires Shivaay's friend Mohit to destroy his fame. Mohit comes to Oberoi Mansion along with Nancy, who is one day found murdered in Shivaay's room and he is blamed for it. Later, Shivaay discovers that Nancy was alive and she was not the real Nancy, but she was Mohit's assistant, the dead woman was the real Nancy. Mohit killed his own wife for the sake of her property, Mohit is arrested by Bhavya. Shivaay discovers Tej's intentions. Tej tries to kill his own children, forcing Shivaay to intervene. Shivaay kills Tej and is sent to prison for seven years.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: In Shivaay's absence, Om and Rudra take over his business and have grown to hate him for killing Tej. The brothers' evil aunt, Roop, reappears to kill Shivaay. Rudra discovers the real reason Shivaay killed Tej and the brothers are reunited. Later, Shivaay remarries Annika. Priyanka marries Shivaay's business rival Jai Kothari.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: When Sahil is arrested for drunk driving, Shivaay refuses to bail him out before letting him spend a night in jail, as a result, Sahil vows to retaliate against Shivaay. Jai tries to kill Annika as revenge on Shivaay, but Shivaay saves Annika from her kidnappers. But Shivika's happiness ends soon as they are murdered by an unknown assailant.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Annika and Shivaay's son, Shivaansh is a superstar and lives with his great-grandmothers, Kalyani and Aruna. He has a sister, Shivani. Rudra and Bhavya have a son, Dhruv, and Om and Gauri have a daughter, Radhika. She is married to Varun and harbours a secret enmity against the Oberois. Shivaansh has only one dream - to build a hospital in his parents' memory to provide free treatment for poor children. He is shown to be fighting a terminal disease and has a short time left to live.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Aditi Deshmukh, the ACP, is introduced as a self-made, strong Marathi girl who supports her uncle, aunt, and a younger sister. While her sister, Mahu, is a big fan of Shivaansh, Aditi has a strong prejudice against his fame. Aditi's father is revealed to have gone missing when she was a child, making her determined to find him. She is later revealed to be aiding Varun in planning against the Oberois.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Mannat Kaur Khurana is an orphan. Poor, unemployed and treated as a burden by her relatives, she is honest and principled. She gets a job at the Oberoi mansion. Meanwhile, Varun realises that Shivaansh may live if a heart transplant is successful so he abducts Mannat's friend, Munni, and blackmails Mannat. Shivaansh decides to pretend to marry Sonya, an actress, to make his ailing great-grandmother happy. Plotting against Shivaansh, Varun swaps Sonya with Mannat and has them married. Varun then blackmails Mannat to destroy the heart-rate tracker crucial for Shivaansh's treatment so Mannat can inherit Shivaansh's wealth after his death but he fails. Eventually, the story ends with Sahil being exposed as Shivaay and Annika's killer, and Shivaansh and Mannat confessing their love for each other.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: On 18 June 2018, a reboot version, "Ishqbaaaz: Redux", was launched with a new love story of the leads from the beginning.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: Owing to its declining viewership ratings, it took a leap in December 2018 which starred Nakuul Mehta and Manjiri Pupala. As it failed to increase the ratings, Pupala's character was turned negative, resulting in her resignation. Eventually, Niti Taylor was hired to play Mannat Kaur Khurana. The expected ratings were not delivered and it went off air on 15 March 2019.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: "Dil Boley Oberoi", premiered on 13 February 2017. The show focused on the lives of Omkara and Rudra. It is the first Indian soap to have a spin-off. On 7 July 2017, "Dil Boley Oberoi" ended and the storyline was merged into "Ishqbaaaz". In "Dil Boley Oberoi", Shrenu Parikh was introduced as Kunal Jaisingh's character's love interest.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: The "Ishqbaaaz" soundtrack was written by Shaheen Iqbal and composed by Sanjeev Srivastava. Sanjeev Srivastava had composed the original songs and background score for the show. The original version of the album was released on 7 August 2016. "O Jaana", the theme song of the serial was performed by Pamela Jain and Bhaven Dhanak.


title: Ishqbaaaz

text: "O Saathiya", the theme song of Dil Boley Oberoi, the album released on 1 May 2017. Firstly, the song was made for Omkara and Ishana, but after Ishana left, the song was not used at Ishqbaaaz. When Dil Boley Oberoi aired on, the female version by Pamela Jain was released, but now it also used on this show for Omkara and Gauri, after merging with Ishqbaaaz.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Marwan Yousef Mohamed Rashid Lekrab al-Shehhi (, , also transliterated as Alshehhi; 9 May 1978 – 11 September 2001) was an Emirati al-Qaeda affiliated terrorist who served as the hijacker-pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, crashing the Boeing 767 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the September 11 attacks in 2001. He was one of five hijackers aboard the aircraft and one of two Emiratis to take part in the attacks, the other being Fayez Banihammad, who helped hijack the same plane.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Al-Shehhi was a student from the United Arab Emirates who moved to Germany in 1996 and soon became close friends with Mohamed Atta, Ziad Jarrah and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, forming the Hamburg cell. Together, after pledging their lives to martyrdom, they became the leaders of the September 11 attacks. In late 1999, al-Shehhi, Atta, Jarrah, and bin al-Shibh traveled to terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and met with Osama bin Laden who recruited the four Hamburg cell members for the attacks in the United States. He arrived in the United States in May 2000, one month before Atta. Atta, Al-Shehhi, and Jarrah had been trained as pilots in Florida at Huffman Aviation, receiving their commercial pilot licenses in December 2000 and January 2001 from the FAA.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Al-Shehhi spent his time making preparations for the attack itself, such as meeting with crucial planners abroad, assisting with the arrival of hijackers aboard the other flights, and travelling on surveillance flights determining details on how the hijacking would take place. On September 9, 2001, he traveled from Florida to Boston, where he stayed at the Milner Hotel until September 11. After boarding United Airlines Flight 175 at Logan International Airport, al-Shehhi and 4 other hijackers waited 30 minutes into the flight to make their attack, which then allowed al-Shehhi to take over control as pilot, and at 9:03 a.m., 17 minutes after Mohamed Atta crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower, al-Shehhi crashed the Boeing 767 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. At 23 years of age, he was the youngest hijacker-pilot to participate in the attacks. The impact of the Boeing 767 operating as United 175 into the South Tower was seen live on television as it happened. At 9:59 a.m., after 56 minutes of burning, the 110-story skyscraper collapsed, killing hundreds of people, including around 900 office workers and first responders.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Al-Shehhi was born in Ras al-Khaimah, on May 9, 1978, in the United Arab Emirates, to an Emirati Muslim cleric who died in 1997 and an Egyptian mother. Described as a quiet and devout Muslim, details about al-Shehhi's life in the UAE, however, are difficult to acquire. According to an October 2001 article in "The New York Times", "If residents of Mr. Shehhi's hometown had heard of him before now, they were certainly not telling strangers. Four hours spent in the community yielded no address and no one -- policemen, firemen, pedestrians or local officials -- who did anything more than shrug at the mention of his name."


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: After graduating from high school in 1995, al-Shehhi enlisted in the Emirati military and received a half a year of basic training before he was admitted into a military scholarship program that allowed him to continue his education in Germany. Upon arriving in Germany in April 1996, al-Shehhi moved into an apartment, which he shared with three other scholarship students for two months before boarding with a local German family. Several months later, he moved into his own apartment. Those who knew him described al-Shehhi as a very religious and friendly individual who wore western clothes and sometimes rented cars for trips to Berlin, France, and the Netherlands.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: His teacher in Germany, Gabriele Bock, recalls him as someone who seemed to be struggling to have plans for the future while studying there.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: While in Germany, al-Shehhi enrolled in the University of Bonn after completing a German course. He left Germany in June 1997 to attend to problems at home although the university forbade him. In early 1998, al-Shehhi transferred to the Technical University of Hamburg. A poor student, al-Shehhi was directed by the Scholarship program administrators to repeat a semester of his studies back in Bonn beginning in August 1998. Al-Shehhi did not enroll back at Bonn until January 1999 and continued to struggle with his studies. By July 1999, Marwan returned to Hamburg to study shipbuilding.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: It has been reported al-Shehhi also married in 1999, holding a belated celebration in January 2000, in an arranged marriage by his half-brother with a young woman named Fawzeya.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: After moving to Hamburg in 1998, al-Shehhi helped form the Hamburg cell with Mohamed Atta and Ramzi bin al-Shibh. There, his views became more and more radical. They met three or four times a week to discuss anti-American feelings and plot possible attacks. When someone asked why he and Atta never laughed, al-Shehhi retorted, "How can you laugh when people are dying in Palestine?"


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: On 9 October 1999, Marwan al-Shehhi was filmed at Said Bahaji's wedding in Germany with other 9/11 hijackers including Ziad Jarrah.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: In late 1999, al-Shehhi, Atta, Ziad Jarrah, Said Bahaji, and Ramzi bin al-Shibh decided to travel to Chechnya to fight against the Russians, but were convinced by Khalid al-Masri and Mohamedou Ould Slahi at the last minute to change their plans. They instead traveled to Afghanistan to meet with Osama bin Laden and trained for terrorist attacks. Immediately afterwards, Atta, al-Shehhi, and Jarrah reported their passports stolen, possibly to erase travel visas to Afghanistan. After their training, the hijackers began to attempt to hide their radicalism. al-Shehhi shaved his beard and seemed to his old friends like he had become less religious. After the attacks, a librarian in Hamburg reported that al-Shehhi boasted to her "There will be thousands of dead. You will think of me ... You will see, in America something is going to happen. There will be many people killed."


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Al-Shehhi returned to Germany in March 2000, and began to learn to fly airplanes. Ammar al-Baluchi, one of the most important 9/11 financial organizers, bought a Boeing 747 flight simulator program using al-Shehhi's credit card. Eventually they decided that German flight schools would not work for them, and they decided to train in the United States.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Al-Shehhi was the first of the Hamburg group to leave for the United States. He arrived in Newark, New Jersey on 29 May 2000. Atta and Jarrah joined him the next month, and the three men began to search for flight schools. Al-Shehhi and Jarrah posed as body guards of Atta, who were also posing as a "Saudi Arabian royal family member" while the three of them took flying lessons in Venice, Florida. They logged hundreds of hours on a Boeing 727 flight simulator. They received their licenses by December 2000. Their expenses were paid for by Ali Abdul Aziz Ali. On either 26 or 27 December, Atta, Jarrah, and al-Shehhi abandoned a Piper Cherokee that had stalled on the runway of Miami International Airport. On 31 December, Atta, Jarrah and Marwan went to the Opa-Locka Airport and practiced on a Boeing 727 simulator. Al-Shehhi began to take "surveillance flights" in the summer of 2001, watching the operations of flight crews and making final preparations.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Ziad Jarrah, Atta, and al-Shehhi, having progressed in their training, all took foreign trips during the holiday period of 2000-2001. When Atta returned to Florida, al-Shehhi left for Morocco, traveling to Casablanca in mid-January 2001. al-Shehhi's family, concerned about not having heard from him, reported him missing to the UAE government. The UAE embassy in turn contacted the Hamburg police and a UAE representative tried to find him in Germany, visiting mosques and al-Shehhi's last address in Hamburg. After learning that his family was looking for him, al-Shehhi telephoned them on 20 January and said he was living and studying in Hamburg. The UAE government then told the Hamburg police they could call off the search.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Atta and al-Shehhi both encountered some difficulty reentering the United States, on 10 January and 19 January, respectively. As neither had presented a student visa, both of them had to persuade INS inspectors that they should be admitted so that they could continue their flight training. Neither operative had any problem clearing customs. After returning to Florida from their trips, Atta and al-Shehhi visited Georgia, staying briefly in Norcross and Decatur, and renting a single-engine plane to fly with an instructor in Lawrenceville. By 19 February, Atta and al-Shehhi were in Virginia. They had rented a mailbox in Virginia Beach, cashed a check, and then promptly returned to Georgia, staying in Stone Mountain. In mid-March, Ziad Jarrah was in Georgia as well, staying in Decatur. At the end of the month, Jarrah left the United States again and visited Sengün in Germany for two weeks. In early April, Atta and al-Shehhi returned to Virginia Beach and closed the mailbox they had opened in February.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Atta and al-Shehhi returned to Virginia Beach from their travels in Georgia, making their way to a large Dar Al-Hijrah mosque, sometime in early April. They were joined there by 9/11 hijackers Nawaf al-Hazmi and Hani Hanjour who had moved out of San Diego and Arizona after living in or visiting Abdussattar Shaikh's house, where Khalid al-Mihdhar also stayed. In January, the mosque had recently hired the same imam Anwar al-Awlaki with whom Hazmi had spent time at the Rabat mosque in San Diego. He remembered Hazmi from San Diego but denied having contact with Hazmi or Hanjour in Virginia. Atta and al-Shehhi returned to Florida and moved into an apartment in Coral Springs. Atta stayed in Florida, awaiting the arrival of the first hijackers. Al-Shehhi, on the other hand, bought a ticket to Cairo and flew there from Miami on 18 April. Al-Shehhi met with Atta's father, who stated in a post-9/11 interview that al-Shehhi wanted to pick up Atta's international driver's license and some money.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: Al-Shehhi returned to Miami on 2 May. That day, Atta and Jarrah were together, about 30 miles to the north, visiting a Department of Motor Vehicles office in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida, to get Florida driver's licenses. In mid-July 2001, some of the hijackers and members of the Hamburg cell gathered near Salou, Spain, for a period of a few days up to a couple of weeks. Since hotel records are sparse during some of that time, it is thought that they may have spent considerable time in and around safe houses related to the al-Qaeda leader in Spain, Imad Yarkas. After 9/11, Spanish investigators followed the trails backwards, and the events they uncovered were chronicled in the Spanish nationwide newspaper "El País". Witnesses told Spanish investigators they saw a man who resembled al-Shehhi on 17 July 2001 at the Universal Studios Port Aventura theme park next to Salou, Spain. The visitor, who was accompanied by two men, inquired about rides at the customer service counter. Witnesses indicated these companions resembled Ziad Jarrah, the later pilot on United Airlines Flight 93, and Said Bahaji, a then 26-year-old German-Moroccan member of the al-Qaeda cell in Hamburg. Back in Germany, it had been Bahaji's 1999 wedding during which al-Shehhi was filmed. Other witnesses elsewhere had pointed out Bahaji from photos, as one of the men they saw in Spain. But Bahaji bore a resemblance in appearance to Atta, who was traced to the same areas in Spain via hotel and travel records.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: On August 23, the Israeli Mossad reportedly gave al-Shehhi's name to the CIA as part of a list of 19 names they said were planning an attack in the near future. Only four of the names are known for certain, including al-Shehhi; Nawaf al-Hazmi, Mohamed Atta, and Khalid al-Mihdhar.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: On August 26, Marwan signed into the Panther Motel in Deerfield Beach, Florida, paying US$500, saying he wanted to stay until 2 September, and listing a Mailboxes Etc. as his permanent address. His register entry indicated that he was driving a blue Chevrolet Malibu, assumed to be the one rented by Atta two weeks prior, and manager Richard Surma said that he bent rules to allow Marwan to have another man as an overnight guest. On 28 August, Marwan went to the Miami International Airport, accompanied by an unknown man, where he purchased his ticket for Flight 175. On September 9, the motel manager, cleaning the room that al-Shehhi had vacated, found a bag containing a German/English dictionary, a protractor, flight manuals and local airport listings. Another employee later reported finding a box cutter.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: According to librarian Kathleen Hensmen, Wail al-Shehri and Waleed al-Shehri used Internet access at Delray Beach Public Library in August 2001, where they may have been looking at information on crop dusting. They reportedly left the library with a third middle-eastern man, thought to be Marwan al-Shehhi, whom Hensmen claimed asked her for the name of a local restaurant. Staff at Shuckum's Oyster Pub and Seafood Grill in Hollywood, Florida claimed they recognized both Atta and Marwan as two of the people who had been at the restaurant on either 7 or 8 September. While there are varying stories about Atta's activities, all sources indicate that al-Shehhi drank rum and coke while talking to the others. On 9 September, they flew to Boston. The next day, al-Shehhi and three of the other hijackers, Fayez Banihammad, Mohand al-Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, shared a room at the Milner Hotel in Boston.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: At 5:01 AM on the morning of September 11 Al-Shehhi in Boston had received a phone call from Flight 93 hijacker pilot Ziad Jarrah in Newark which the call lasted for 5 minutes (5:01-5:06 AM) this would be the last time Jarrah and Al-Shehhi spoke to each other and this call was believed to authorities that the plan for the attacks was ready to begin.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: According to the 9/11 Commission Report, al-Shehhi made a 3-minute call to Mohamed Atta (6:52-6:55 a.m.) on 11 September from within Logan International Airport as both American 11 and United 175 were to fly from Boston Logan to Los Angeles International Airport.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: al-Shehhi boarded United 175 at 7:27 a.m. Around 30 minutes into the flight, between 8:42 and 8:46 a.m., the plane was hijacked. During the flight, the plane narrowly avoided a mid-air collision with another aircraft, Delta Airlines Flight 2315.


title: Marwan al-Shehhi

text: The plane was flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:03:02 a.m. The plane crashed with a speed of approximately 590 mph (950 km/h) while carrying about 10,000 gallons (37,850 litres) of jet fuel. It was seen live on television around the world as it crashed into the South Tower, being filmed from multiple vantage points. al-Shehhi flew the plane faster and lower into the tower than Atta did, into the eastern half of the South Tower's southern facade close to the southeast corner, leading to the South Tower collapsing before the North Tower, which was the first to be hit.


title: The Legend of Drizzt

text: The Legend of Drizzt is a series of fantasy novels by R. A. Salvatore that began in 1988, and consists of 38 books as of August 9, 2022. They are based in the "Forgotten Realms" setting in the dimension of Abeir-Toril on the continent Faerûn in the popular D&D universe currently published/owned by Wizards of the Coast. It combines the series "The Dark Elf Trilogy", "The Icewind Dale Trilogy", "Legacy of the Drow", "Paths of Darkness", "The Hunter's Blades Trilogy", and other sets into an abridged compilation. Drizzt Do'Urden is the main character of most of the books.


title: The Legend of Drizzt

text: This series includes re-issues of novels (with new cover art) that had previously been published under different series titles. In this list, they are numbered not in the order of their original publication, but rather in their chronological order in Drizzt's life. The first six novels in this series had never previously been released in a hardcover edition. Note: "The Hunter's Blades Trilogy" has not been re-issued as part of the Legend of Drizzt series, but later releases have been considered as such.


title: The Legend of Drizzt

text: Also released was a set of classic short stories that expanded the character's legacy, in an anthology titled "". It includes the following short stories:


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans is an Irish rebel song referring to the Black and Tans, or "special reserve constables" (mainly former World War I army soldiers), recruited in Great Britain and sent to Ireland from 1920, to reinforce the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) during the Irish War of Independence. The song was written by Dominic Behan as a tribute to his Irish Republican Army (IRA) father Stephen, who had fought in the War of Independence, and is concerned with political divisions in working-class Dublin of the 1920s. The song uses the term "Black and Tans" in the pejorative sense against people living in Dublin, both Catholic and Protestant, who were pro-British. The most notable recording was in 1972 by the Irish traditional music group, The Wolfe Tones, which re-charted in 2020.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: The song is attributed to Irish songwriter Dominic Behan, who was born into the literary Behan family in Dublin in 1928 (his brother was Brendan Behan). The date when the song was written is not recorded, but Behan was active as a songwriter from 1958 onwards. The setting of the song is the Dublin into which Behan was born in the late 1920s, and the main character in the song (who is calling his neighbours "Black and Tans"), is believed to be Behan's father, Stephen Behan, who was a prominent Irish republican, and who had fought in the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. At times, the song's authorship has been mistakenly attributed to Stephen Behan.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: The melody of the song was adapted by Behan from an old air, "" (Irish for "Battlecry of Munster"), by (Pierce FitzGerald, c. 1709 – c. 1792), which is also used by the loyalist song "The Boyne Water". A variant of the tune migrated to Scotland and to the Appalachian Mountains, where it became the most common melody for the traditional folk ballad Barbara Allen.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: While the song title and lyrics refer to the Black and Tans from the War of Independence, the song itself is a dispute between republican and unionist neighbours in inner-city Dublin in the Irish Free State era of the mid-1920s. During this era, Dublin continued to elect unionist pro-British politicians and voluntary service in the British Army was a popular career choice amongst working-class Dubliners, for both Catholics and Protestants. Supporting this tradition was the existence of a relatively large, and now generally forgotten and disappeared, Dublin Protestant working class. It is this pro-British working class, of both religions, that the composer is confronting in the song (a noted representation of this cultural group is Bessie Burgess in the Seán O'Casey play "The Plough and the Stars").


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: In the chorus, the composer is pejoratively labelling his Dublin neighbours, who are pro-British and First World War veterans ("show your wife how you won medals down in Flanders"). He calls them "Black and Tans", and asks them to come out and "fight me like a man", stating that the "IRA" (Irish Republican Army), had made the Black and Tans "run like hell away" from rural Ireland such as the "green and lovely lanes of Killeshandra" (which is in County Cavan, and where, in 1922, ex-RIC and Black and Tan soldiers were forced to flee the town after being given a few days warning to leave by the local IRA).


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: The lyrics make references to the history of Irish nationalism, and "links the Irish experience with other peoples’ struggles against the British Empire, from the Zulus to the Middle East." One line of the song states to the Dublin neighbours: "Come tell us how you slew them poor Arabs two by two / Like the Zulus, they had spears and bows and arrows". The lyrics reference the disdain by his neighbours (saying "sneers and jeers that you loudly let us hear"), to the execution of the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising, and to the fall of the Irish nationalist political leader, Charles Stuart Parnell.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: There are variations of the original lyrics that incorporate references to more modern events in Irish nationalism, such as The Troubles.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: The most notable recording of the song was by the Irish traditional group, The Wolfe Tones, who recorded the song on their 1972 album, "Let the People Sing", and which credited the writing of the song to Joe Giltrap and Wes McGhee (who were traditional musicians but not band members), and an "unknown PD writer". The Wolfe Tones version of the song recharted in 2019–2020 (see below), and the group posted on their Twitter account that the proceeds from the re-charting would be donated to an Irish homeless charity run by Peter McVerry.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: In an article about the violence and bigotry surrounding Old Firm football matches, the "Irish Independent" wrote: "Then there's the stereotypical image of the Celtic supporters wearing T-shirts of 'undefeated army' and having their phones ringing to the sound of 'Come out ye black and tans'".


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: In March 2019, Irish food company, Brady Family Ham, released an advertising video that went viral, which used the tune of the song but with amended lyrics, and replacing the word "Tan" with "Ham", that was directed by "Father Ted" director, Declan Lowney.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: In March 2019, episode four of Steve Coogan’s "This Time with Alan Partridge", ended with a rendition of "Come Out, Ye Black and Tans" by Coogan, acting in-character as the fictional Irish performer Martin Brennan (played as an eccentric rural Irish farmer). "The Guardian" reported that: "Irish Twitter went wild and the Wolfe Tones’ rendition of the song started to penetrate foreign consciousness on easily the biggest scale since Behan apparently put pen to paper". "RTE News" called it "the TV moment of the year".


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: In January 2020, The Wolfe Tones' version of "Come Out Ye Black and Tans" reached number 1 on the Ireland and UK iTunes charts, as part of "widespread criticism" of the (Irish) Government's planned commemoration of the RIC, as part of its "Decade of Commemoration" (commemorating the events of 19121922 in Ireland). As a result of this, on 10 January, the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at No. 33, and also debuted at No. 1 in the Scottish Singles Chart, which only counts paid-for sales and does not include streaming. The band committed to donating the proceeds of this recent success to a Dublin-based homeless charity.


title: Come Out, Ye Black and Tans

text: The song was used on occasions by Irish political party Sinn Féin, during the 2020 Irish general election, and was listed in the "10 defining moments" of the election by the "Irish Independent". An adapted version of the song was also used by the Independent TD for Kerry, Michael Healy-Rae, as a campaign song.


title: RJ Cyler

text: Ronald "RJ" Cyler II (born March 21, 1995) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the films "Me and Earl and the Dying Girl" (2015), "Power Rangers" (2017), "The Harder They Fall" (2021), and "Emergency" (2022) as well as the Showtime series "I'm Dying Up Here" (2017–2018) and "Scream: Resurrection" (2019).


title: RJ Cyler

text: Cyler was raised in Jacksonville, Florida, the youngest of three children of Katina, a cook, and Ronald Cyler, a truck driver. His parents, who were working but struggling, sold what they had to move from Florida to California in 2013. They were homeless until shortly before Cyler was cast in his role in "Me and Earl and the Dying Girl". Cyler finished high school in California.


title: RJ Cyler

text: In 2013, Cyler appeared in the short film "Second Chances". In 2015, Cyler got his biggest acting break when he co-starred in the film "Me and Earl and the Dying Girl", based on the book of the same name by Jesse Andrews. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2015. Shortly after the premiere, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired distribution rights for the film and released it on June 12, 2015. In 2016, Cyler appeared in the HBO series "Vice Principals".


title: RJ Cyler

text: Cyler played autistic blue ranger Billy Cranston in Lionsgate Films' 2017 reboot of the "Power Rangers".


title: RJ Cyler

text: Cyler part of the ensemble of "I'm Dying Up Here", a Showtime drama executive-produced by Jim Carrey, which ran from 2017 to 2018. In 2018, he co-starred in the drama film "White Boy Rick", directed by Yann Demange, about Richard Wershe Jr.


title: RJ Cyler

text: On September 13, 2017, it was announced that Cyler joined as a series regular in the third season of the VH1 slasher television series "Scream". He starred in the lead role of Deion Elliot. The season premiered on July 8, 2019.


title: RJ Cyler

text: In 2018, Cyler starred as Dan in the Netflix comedy-drama film, "Sierra Burgess Is a Loser". On November 13, 2018, Cyler was cast in a recurring role on the second season of the CW series "Black Lightning".


title: Sub Urban (musician)

text: Daniel Virgil Maisonneuve (born October 22, 1999), known professionally as Sub Urban, is an American singer, producer and songwriter. He became famous for his song "Cradles".


title: Sub Urban (musician)

text: Maisonneuve was born on October 22, 1999, in Nyack, New York to a French Canadian father and a Taiwanese mother. While raised in the suburbs of Ridgewood, New Jersey, he began producing music at the age of 15. He was trained in classical piano at the age of 6, but quit after claiming that he was "sick of playing other people's compositions". In the fall of 2016, Maisonneuve dropped out of high school to pursue his musical career, "isolating" himself to work on various demos and songs. The most popular song of his to come out of this period of self-isolation was "Cradles", which skyrocketed in popularity after being shared heavily on video-sharing application TikTok.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Patrick James Cummins (born 8 May 1993) is an Australian international cricketer who captains the Australian cricket team in Test and ODI cricket. He is a fast bowler and right-handed batsman. He plays domestically for New South Wales.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins made his Test debut at the age of 18 in 2011. Injuries then forced him out of international cricket until 2015, and out of Test cricket until 2017. After the completion of the 2019 cricket season, Cummins was awarded both the Allan Border Medal for best Australian cricketer of the year and was named the ICC Test cricketer of the year. As of May 2022, Cummins is rated as the number one bowler in the world in the ICC test bowling rankings.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins grew up in Mount Riverview in the Blue Mountains with his two brothers and two sisters. He attended St Paul's Grammar School. As a child he idolised Brett Lee, with whom he later briefly played domestic and international cricket.


title: Pat Cummins

text: At the age of three, Cummins lost the top of his middle finger on his dominant right hand when his sister accidentally slammed a door on it.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins played junior cricket for the Glenbrook-Blaxland Cricket Club in the Blue Mountains before playing first-grade cricket for Penrith District Cricket Club in 2010. That same year, Cummins represented NSW in the National Under-17 championships and later the NSW Under-19 side.


title: Pat Cummins

text: In the preliminary final of the 2010–11 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash against Tasmania, Cummins took 4 for 16 and was named Man of the Match. He finished as the equal leading wicket-taker in the tournament.


title: Pat Cummins

text: In March 2011, Cummins made his first-class debut against Tasmania, aged 17. He returned figures of 2/80. Cummins played the final three matches of the 2010/11 Sheffield Shield season, including the final where he bowled 65 overs for the match. He was later ruled out of the Australia A tour of Zimbabwe due to a back injury.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins was granted a Cricket Australia contract in June 2011 and in October 2011, he played two Twenty20 International (T20I) and three One Day International (ODI) matches for Australia against South Africa, claiming ten wickets and subsequently being selected in the Australian Test squad to play South Africa.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins made his test match debut at Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg in November 2011, in what was only his fourth career first-class match, becoming Australia's youngest Test cricketer since Ian Craig in 1953, aged 18 years and 193 days. Cummins took 1/38 and 6/79, becoming the second youngest test cricketer (behind Enamul Haque Jr.) to take six wickets in an innings. He then scored 13 runs in the second innings, including a four to win the match and was presented with the Man of the Match award.


title: Pat Cummins

text: After playing through his test debut with a heel injury, Cummins was subsequently ruled out of the entire 2011/12 summer.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins was selected in Australia's provisional team for the ICC Under-19 World Cup to be held in Queensland in August 2012. Cummins represented Australia in the 2012 T20 World Cup and the Sydney Sixers in the 2012 Champions League, but was diagnosed with a stress fracture in his back upon his return to Australia in November, again ruling him out of the 2012/13 home summer.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins returned for Australia A in August 2013, but a reoccurrence of the stress fracture in his back caused him to miss the majority of the 2013/14 summer. He returned to the BBL in January 2014 after working with Dennis Lillee during his layoffs to re-shape his bowling action.


title: Pat Cummins

text: After prioritising white ball cricket during 2014, Cummins was selected in the Australian squad for their successful 2015 World Cup campaign, playing in four matches.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins was a late call-up for 2015 Ashes squad after the retirement of Ryan Harris, but he was not selected for a test during the series. He was part of the ODI and T20I series in the same tour. During the ODI leg of the tour, Cummins' stress fracture resurfaced and he was ruled out of the entire home summer for the fourth time in five years.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins made his return to domestic cricket in 2016, becoming a key member of the New South Wales one day squad and the Sydney Thunder as he remained fit and played 25 matches in just over 4 months.


title: Pat Cummins

text: On 7 March 2017, Cummins played in the Sheffield Shield for the first time in six years, his last match being the 2011 final against Tasmania. He bowled 36 overs and claimed 8 wickets. Despite NSW medical staff recommending a slow and managed return to red ball cricket, Mitchell Starc was ruled out of the ongoing Border Gavaskar Trophy and Cummins was selected as his replacement for the third test.


title: Pat Cummins

text: After 1946 days (or 5 years, 3 months and 27 days) of absence due to various injuries, Cummins returned to test cricket on 16 March 2017. He alleviated any fears over his injury history, bowling 79 overs in the final two Test matches.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins retained his spot in the side for the 2017–18 Ashes series, taking 23 wickets, leading the wicket taking tally. He also established himself as a handy lower order batter, scoring two scores in the 40s during the series as Australia was victorious 4-0.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins scored his first test half-century in the fourth test against South Africa during Australia's tour of South Africa in 2017–18. In this series, he solidified his place as one of Australia's most reliable and consistent bowlers, playing in all four matches and claiming 22 wickets. He was then rested for the tour of the UAE vs Pakistan in October 2018 as he managed a back injury.


title: Pat Cummins

text: He returned for the 2018/19 test series against India, claiming 14 wickets in four tests in a beaten Australian side.


title: Pat Cummins

text: In January 2019, Cummins became one of Australia's two test vice-captains, alongside Travis Head. He played in both tests against the touring Sri Lankans and was the chief architect of Australia's innings win in the first test at the Gabba, taking his maiden 10-wicket haul. He finished the series with 14 wickets and was named as the player of the series.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins was awarded the Allan Border Medal in February 2019 as the most outstanding Australian cricketer over the previous 12 months. He was the first bowler to receive this honour since 2014, and just the fourth overall. In early 2019, Cummins became the world's number 1 ranked test bowler, the first Australian since Glenn McGrath to achieve this.


title: Pat Cummins

text: He played in the limited-overs series against India which began in the same month, taking a five-wicket haul in the fourth ODI of the series. In April, he was named in Australia's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup held in England, and during the tournament played in his 50th ODI.


title: Pat Cummins

text: He went on to play in the 2019 Ashes series which followed the World Cup. In the first test he claimed his 100th test wicket, the fastest Australian since World War II to do so. After the second test at Lords, he reached an ICC test bowling ranking of 914 - the equal fifth of all time and highest by an Australian. Cummins was the leading wicket-taker for the series, taking 29 wickets in the five matches, at an average of 19.62.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins enjoyed another successful home summer, taking 20 wickets in five tests against Pakistan and New Zealand as Australia remained unbeaten and Cummins was elevated to the role of sole vice-captain of the side. Cummins was one of five Australians to be named in the 2019 ICC Test Team of the Year and was named as the 2019 ICC Men's Test Cricketer of the Year.


title: Pat Cummins

text: In February 2020, Cummins took his 100th wicket in ODI cricket, in the first match of Australia's tour of South Africa.


title: Pat Cummins

text: During the 2020/21 Border Gavaskar Trophy Cummins claimed a series-leading 21 wickets at an average of 20.04, and was named player of the series despite Australia suffering a 2-1 loss.


title: Pat Cummins

text: In August 2021, Cummins was named in Australia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He played in all of the matches, taking five wickets with an economy rate of 7.37 as Australia won the tournament for the first time.


title: Pat Cummins

text: On 26 November 2021, Cummins was announced as the 47th captain of the Australian Test cricket team following the resignation of Tim Paine. Steve Smith was announced as his vice-captain, marking Smith's return to a leadership position after the 2018 ball-tampering scandal. Cummins was the first fast bowler to take on the role of full-time Australian captain in history. He took seven wickets in his first test as captain during the first match of the 2021–22 Ashes series, including a five wicket haul in the first innings, a first for an Australian seam bowling captain. Despite being absent from the 2nd test of the series after being a close contact of a COVID-19 case at a Adelaide restaurant, Cummins was the leading wicket-taker for the third consecutive Ashes series, with 21 wickets in 4 matches. Under his captaincy, Australia defeated England 4–0.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Under the captaincy of Pat Cummins, Australia toured Pakistan after 24 years since their last visit in 1998. Cummins was a leading wicket taker in the inaugural Benaud-Qadir Trophy series along with Nathan Lyon. He picked 12 wickets across three Test matches with a 22.50 bowling average. Cummins took his seventh 5-wicket haul in the first innings of the third Test match in Lahore and 3 wickets in the second innings, which helped Australia to go on and win the series 1-0 in Pakistan.


title: Pat Cummins

text: On 17 November 2022, Cummins captained Australia for the first time in ODIs after Aaron Finch retired from ODI cricket,


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins made his Indian Premier League debut in IPL 2014, the 2014 edition of the tournament, playing for Kolkata Knight Riders, to whom he returned for IPL 2015. He was not involved in IPL 2016 and played for Delhi Daredevils in IPL 2017. He was absent from IPL 2018 and IPL 2019.


title: Pat Cummins

text: In the IPL 2020 auction, Cummins was bought back by Knight Riders for 15.5 crore (approximately $A3.2 million), making him one of the most expensive overseas players in IPL auction history. He stayed with Knight Riders for IPL 2021 and will play for them again in IPL 2022 after taking a huge pay cut by selling for 7.25 crore (approximately $A1.35m). In an interview, Cummins said he is 'absolutely pumped' to return to Knight Riders.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins played in 37 IPL matches from 2014 to 2021, taking 38 wickets. In IPL 2021, he played in seven matches and took nine wickets, also scoring 93 runs. In April 2022, Cummins tied the record for fastest half-century in the Indian Premier league in IPL 2022, scoring 50 runs in 14 balls against the Mumbai Indians. He shares this record with KL Rahul.


title: Pat Cummins

text: Cummins attended University of Technology, Sydney under its Elite Athlete Program, graduating in 2017 with a Bachelor of Business.


title: Pat Cummins

text: In February 2020, Cummins got engaged to his longtime girlfriend Becky Boston; the couple have a son. They married on 1 August 2022.


title: One-Punch Man (season 2)

text: The second season of "One-Punch Man" anime series is animated by J.C. Staff, with Chikara Sakurai replacing Shingo Natsume as director and Yoshikazu Iwanami replacing Shoji Hata as sound director. Tomohiro Suzuki, Chikashi Kubota and Makoto Miyazaki reprised their roles as series composer, character designer and music composer, respectively. The second season aired between April 9 and July 2, 2019, while a television special aired on April 2, 2019. The second season is simulcast on Hulu in the US, on Tubi in Canada, on AnimeLab in Australia and New Zealand, and on Crunchyroll in Europe.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: Urban Outfitters, Inc. (URBN) is a multinational lifestyle retail corporation headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Operating in the U.S., the United Kingdom, Canada, select Western European countries, Poland the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Qatar, the Urban Outfitters brand targets young adults with a merchandise mix of women's and men's fashion apparel, footwear, beauty and wellness products, accessories, activewear and gear, and housewares, as well as music, primarily vinyl records and cassettes.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: The company was founded as the retail store Free People by Richard Hayne, Judy Wicks and Scott Belair in 1970 as a project for an entrepreneurship class at University of Pennsylvania. It was renamed to Urban Outfitters and incorporated in 1976.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: Urban Outfitters, Inc. (URBN) carries multiple stores within the URBN portfolio of brands, which also includes Anthropologie, Free People, Terrain, BHLDN and the Vetri Family restaurant group. Much of the merchandise is designed and produced by the company's wholesale division on these multiple private labels.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: In the 1970's, Dick Hayne opened a store and called it Free People in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As the store eventually grew from one to two storefronts, the name was changed from Free People to Urban Outfitters.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: In 2007, the company received the National Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation for the Urban Outfitters Corporate Office Campus located on the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: In 2011, it agreed to sell limited editions of Polaroid ONE600 instant cameras and Type 779 instant film in partnership with the Austrian entrepreneur Florian Kaps, who acquired the rights to manufacture 700 copies of the defunct product. In January 2013, it hired the Abraham & Roetzel lobbying firm, led by former Republican Sen. Spencer Abraham, to advocate on its behalf in Washington, D.C., regarding retail industry policy.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: In Q4 2015, the company announced plans to acquire the Vetri Family, a Philadelphia restaurant group. As the company was facing declining same store sales and foot traffic, the acquisition illustrated the retailer's shift in strategy. This includes restaurants Amis Trattoria, Bar Amis, and Pizzeria Vetri. There are two Pizzeria Vetri locations in Philadelphia, with other locations in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and Washington, D.C.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: In 2019, the company drew attention by announcing the sale of used VHS tapes for $40. Inn the same year, Urban Outfitters launched Nuuly, a subscription clothing rental service. Following that, the company launched Nuuly Thrift, a resale platform for buying and selling women’s, men’s and kids’ apparel and accessories from URBN labels and other brands.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: As of 2020, Urban Outfitters does not publicly disclose which factories produce the brand's clothing. It also has no human resources department.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: In December 2022, Urban Outfitters announced the departure of its president, Francis Pierrel, from the company.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: Urban Outfitters' products have also been the subject of multiple complaints and criticism, largely from religious, ethical, and ethnic pressure groups including a local chapter of the NAACP, Anti-Defamation League and Navajo Nation for some of their products.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: On November 27, 2009, URBN drew the attention of the Swedish press for denying collective bargaining rights to employees at their Stockholm store by making all 38 workers redundant and re-hiring them through employment agency Academic Work. In response to the move, ombudsman Jimmy Ekman called for tougher laws to prevent other firms denying collective bargaining rights in this way.


title: Urban Outfitters

text: In 2019, a former executive of Chinese descent with 40 years at the company sued it for ethnic and age-based discrimination.


title: Perlite

text: Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content, typically formed by the hydration of obsidian. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficiently. It is an industrial mineral, suitable "as ceramic flux to lower the sintering temperature", and a commercial product useful for its low density after processing.


title: Perlite

text: Perlite softens when it reaches temperatures of . Water trapped in the structure of the material vaporises and escapes, and this causes the expansion of the material to 7–16 times its original volume. The expanded material is a brilliant white, due to the reflectivity of the trapped bubbles. Unexpanded ("raw") perlite has a bulk density around 1100 kg/m (1.1 g/cm), while typical expanded perlite has a bulk density of about 30–150 kg/m (0.03–0.150 g/cm).


title: Perlite

text: Perlite is a non-renewable resource. The world reserves of perlite are estimated at 700 million tonnes.


title: Perlite

text: The confirmed resources of perlite existing in Armenia amount to 150 million m, whereas the total amount of projected resources reaches up to 3 billion m. Considering specific density of 1.1 ton/m confirmed reserves in Armenia amount to 136 million tons.


title: Perlite

text: Other reported reserves are: Greece - 120 million tonnes, Turkey, USA and Hungary - about 49-57 million tonnes.


title: Perlite

text: Perlite world production, led by China, Turkey, Greece, USA, Armenia and Hungary, summed up to 4.6 million tonnes in 2018.


title: Perlite

text: Because of its low density and relatively low price (about US$150 per tonne of unexpanded perlite), many commercial applications for perlite have developed.


title: Perlite

text: In the construction and manufacturing fields, it is used in lightweight plasters, concrete and mortar, insulation and ceiling tiles. It may also be used to build composite materials that are sandwich-structured or to create syntactic foam.


title: Perlite

text: Small quantities of perlite are also used in foundries, cryogenic insulation, and ceramics (as a clay additive). It is also used by the explosives industry.


title: Perlite

text: Perlite is currently used in commercial pool filtration technology, as a replacement to diatomaceous earth filters. Perlite is an excellent filtration aid and is used extensively as an alternative to diatomaceous earth. The popularity of perlite usage as a filter medium is growing considerably worldwide. Several products exist in the market to provide perlite based filtration. Several perlite filters and perlite media have met NSF-50 approval (Aquify PMF Series and AquaPerl), which standardizes water quality and technology safety and performance. Perlite can be safely disposed of through existing sewage systems, although some pool operators choose to separate the perlite using settling tanks or screening systems to be disposed of separately.


title: Perlite

text: Due to thermal and mechanical stability, non-toxicity, and high resistance against microbial attacks and organic solvents, perlite is widely used in biotechnological applications. Perlite was found to be an excellent support for immobilization of biocatalysts such as enzymes for bioremediation and sensing applications.


title: Perlite

text: In horticulture, perlite can be used as a soil amendment or alone as a medium for hydroponics or for starting cuttings. When used as an amendment, it has high permeability and low water retention and helps prevent soil compaction.


title: Perlite

text: As perlite contains silicon dioxide, goggles and silica filtering masks are recommended when handling large quantities.


title: Perlite

text: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for perlite exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.


title: KK Crvena zvezda

text: Košarkaški klub Crvena zvezda (, ), commonly referred to as KK Crvena zvezda mts for sponsorship reasons or simply Crvena zvezda, is a men's professional basketball club based in Belgrade, Serbia and the major part of the Red Star multi-sports club. The club is a founding member and shareholder of the Adriatic Basketball Association, and competes in the Serbian League (KLS), the ABA League, and the top-tier Europe-wide EuroLeague.


title: KK Crvena zvezda

text: Crvena zvezda is regarded as one of the most successful clubs in Serbia history; their squads have won 22 National League championships, including 10-in-a-row and current 7-in-a-row sequences. They have played in three different National Leagues since 1945, including the Yugoslav First Federal League (1945–1992), the First League of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006) and the Serbian League (2006 onwards). They have also won 11 National Cup titles, 6 Adriatic League Championships, one Adriatic Supercup, and one FIBA Saporta Cup. The club plays domestic home matches in the Aleksandar Nikolić Hall. Zvezda's supporters are known as Delije.