title: CFR Cluj

text: The 2011–12 season brought the league title to Cluj for the third time. Starting under Jorge Costa's supervision, the team maintained a spot in the top three. After a few major defeats close to the end of the season, Costa was replaced by Ioan Andone. Under Andone, CFR won all the remaining matches except for one draw, and finished first. Later that year, FC Dinamo București defeated CFR Cluj in the Romanian Supercup with 6–4 after penalties, handing them their first defeat in a final.


title: CFR Cluj

text: After 2012, poor management saw the club go through a sharp decline, finishing 9th in the 2012-13 season, though in the Champions League they performed admirably, finishing 3rd on goal difference in a group with Manchester United, Galatasaray and SC Braga with 10 points, a record still standing for a Romanian team. Their Champions League campaign culminated in a 1–0 away win at Old Trafford against Manchester United, with a long shot from Luis Alberto. They were drawn against Inter Milan in Europa League, where they were eliminated 5–0 on aggregate.


title: CFR Cluj

text: CFR had a quiet 2013–14 season, finishing 5th and earning a Europa League berth, mainly due to the fact that 4th placed Dinamo filed for insolvency and thus were ineligible for European competitions. During this time owner Pászkány faced legal charges and neglected the team, which lead to serious financial difficulties that would culminate in the following seasons.


title: CFR Cluj

text: CFR Cluj began the 2014–15 season well, but financial difficulties led to insolvency which subsequently started a period of poor performances. After failing to fully remunerate five former club players, the Romanian Football Federation decided to deduct 24 points from CFR, which placed them in the last position in Liga I. Many players left the club as a result, and "Ceferiștii" challenged the Federation's decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour, restoring the deducted points, which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship. CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts, being their first trophy since 2012.


title: CFR Cluj

text: During early 2017, it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake in the club. On 30 May that year, after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place, CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season. In June 2017, Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team, with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it.


title: CFR Cluj

text: On 20 May 2018, "the Railwaymen" won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table. CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova, this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu. However, Iordănescu was replaced after just three games and Toni Conceição was brought back for his third term as a manager. The club's European campaign was cut short after Luxembourgish side F91 Dudelange won the UEFA Europa League play-off round 5–2 on aggregate; due to Dudelange's underdog status, daily newspaper "Gazeta Sporturilor" regarded CFR's elimination as "the biggest shame in the history of Romanian football".


title: CFR Cluj

text: In May 2019, again under the management of Dan Petrescu, "The Railwaymen" earned their fifth Liga I title. Unlike the previous year, the club had a fruitful run in European competitions. After getting past Astana and Maccabi Tel Aviv, CFR Cluj defeated Scottish team Celtic in the Champions League third qualifying round. In the play-off they met Slavia Prague, but lost both matches 0–1 and were sent to the Europa League group stages. There, CFR were drawn against Lazio, Rennes and again Celtic. They finished second behind the latter and earned a total of twelve points in the group, a Romanian record in European competitions. In the round of 32, CFR was eliminated by Sevilla on the away goals rule after two draws—The Spaniards went on to win the final 3–2 against Inter Milan, on 21 August 2020. On 3 August, CFR Cluj won the third consecutive title and sixth overall, after a final fixture win over rivals Universitatea Craiova.


title: CFR Cluj

text: CFR started the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season by beating Maltese side Floriana. They were then eliminated by Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb at home in a penalty shoot-out. Dropping down to the Europa League, they made it to the group stage after defeating Nordic sides Djurgårdens IF and Kuopion Palloseura. Drawn with AS Roma, BSC Young Boys, and CSKA Sofia in Group A, they eventually finished third and were eliminated from the competition from the group stage. During late 2020, Edward Iordănescu became once again coach of the club after the departure of Dan Petrescu. On 18 May 2021, Iordănescu Jr. managed to win the league title of the 2020–21 Liga I season. This was Iordănescu Jr.'s first national title as head coach. In addition, winning the title with CFR thereby allowed the club to play the final of the 2021 Supercupa României (i.e. the Romanian supercup) against Universitatea Craiova, the winners of the 2020–21 Cupa României (i.e. the Romanian cup), which they eventually lost after 2–4 on penalty shoot-out.


title: CFR Cluj

text: Following the end of the season Iordănescu left the club and was replaced by Marius Șumudică. The latter failed to qualify the club for the group stage of either the UEFA Champions League or UEFA Europa League, being consequently dismissed and replaced by the returning Dan Petrescu. Under Petrescu, CFR qualified for the group stage of the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League, competing in Group D with Dutch side Alkmaar, Czech side Jablonec, and Danish side Randers. The club debuted with an away 1–0 loss at Jablonec nad Nisou in the Czech Republic against FK Jablonec on 16 September 2021 and consequently on the 4th place in the group after the first fixture. Although Petrescu stated that he wishes to have a longer as possible path with CFR Cluj in UEFA Europa Conference League, it is very unlikely that they will progress from Group D to the Round of 16 or, let alone, other subsequent knockout stages. On the occasion of the second fixture however, the club managed to draw 1–1 over Randers FC and thereby gained its first group point in UEFA Europa Conference League.


title: CFR Cluj

text: After their away match with Randers FC, which they lost 1–2, CFR got mathematically eliminated from advancing to the Round of 16 and finished Group D of the first UEFA Europa Conference League season on the 4th place, regardless of the last home match with FK Jablonec which they eventually won 2–0, thereby gaining their first 3 points in the competition and accumulating a grand total of 4.


title: CFR Cluj

text: While CFR Cluj's 2021–22 European campaign proved to be quite disappointing, the "feroviarii" had a near perfect domestic season, winning the regular season with 76 out of 90 possible points, 16 points clear of 2nd place. During the playoffs, CFR's worst run of shape during the season, including 2 defeats in a row against Universitatea Craiova and FCSB which shrunk the gap between CFR and the latter to 2 points. Since the final game of the playoff stage would have been a straight game between FCSB and CFR, many pundits emphatically stated that this would be FCSB's season, and declared CFR a "spent team". However, CFR quickly bounced back, and went on a series of 4 consecutive wins, including a 6–0 win over FC Argeș. With FCSB's draw versus Voluntari on 14 May, all CFR needed was to a win to claim the league title, which they would obtain against Craiova, score 2–1. With this, CFR became the team with most leagues won outside the capital (8 titles), as well as the only Romanian team in the 21st century to win 5 titles in a row, thus establishing a true hegemony for half a decade.


title: CFR Cluj

text: CFR Cluj plays nearly all of its home games at the Dr. Constantin Rădulescu Stadium, which was expanded in 2008 to seat a maximum capacity of 23,500. It meets all of UEFA's regulations and can also host Champions League matches. In 2006–07, with an investment of €30 million, the club upgraded the field with higher quality turf, built a state of the art lighting system, and updated its infrastructure. All the work was completed for the club's 100th anniversary in 2007, when a friendly game was played against Portuguese side Benfica.


title: CFR Cluj

text: A 2011 survey has shown that CFR Cluj has the fourth-largest number of supporters in Romania. They have many fans in Cluj-Napoca, but also in some other parts of the country. Since the 2014 withdraw of important groups such as "Patriots" and "Commando Gruia", the fans have a single big group called "Peluza Vișinie", which consists of former members of older groups such as "Romaniacs", "Juvenes", "Gruppo Gara", "Valacchi", "Pride 1907", "Nostra Famiglia", and "1907". There is another group of supporters which consists of ethnic Hungarians who currently sit in the Tribuna 1 sector of the stadium.Their group is named KVSK, which is the Hungarian name of CFR.They had such major conflicts with the Romanians ultras group 'Peluza Vișinie' and decided to go to matches alone. Their support is less vocal and visible, but they are a consistent part of the active fans.


title: CFR Cluj

text: CFR Cluj has a fierce rivalry with their local opponents Universitatea Cluj. According to journalist Răzvan Toma, the first match between the two teams was played on 13 October 1920, when CFR thrashed Universitatea 8–0 on a field based in the Central Park. History and statistics website Romanian Soccer regards a 1–3 loss by CFR (which had just merged with Ferar Cluj on 7 December 1947) as the first Liga I meeting between the two teams.


title: CFR Cluj

text: In 2019, Liga Profesionistă de Fotbal's website referred to a match between FCSB—formerly FC Steaua București—and CFR Cluj as "the Romanian Derby", a name generally used for the meetings between the former club and their cross-town rivals Dinamo București. This stems from the fact that after the 2000s CFR and FCSB were often some of the main contenders for the national title, and during the late 2010s the rivalry exacerbated further as Dinamo lost its power status. CFR and FCSB have met each other over 60 times in the first division.


title: CFR Cluj

text: "Ceferiștii" also hold milder rivalries with Dinamo București, Rapid București, Universitatea Craiova, and Politehnica Timișoara.


title: CFR Cluj

text: CFR Cluj was the subject of a long documentary film directed by Laviniu Lazăr on their 2012–13 UEFA Champions League season and the historical victory over Manchester United at Old Trafford, titled "The Theatre of Dreams" () which was presented at the "Film Transilvania" (TIFF) festival in 2013.


title: CFR Cluj

text: In the table below, the current UEFA club ranking position for CFR Cluj is shown based on its current UEFA coefficient for 2023.


title: CFR Cluj

text: In the table below, the current UEFA club ranking position for CFR Cluj is shown for the ongoing 2022–2023 season.


title: CFR Cluj

text: The footballers enlisted below have had international cap(s) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level while they played for the club or had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well.


title: National Crime Syndicate

text: The National Crime Syndicate was the name given by the press to the multi-ethnic, loosely connected American confederation of several criminal organizations. It mostly consisted of and was led by the closely interconnected Italian-American Mafia and Jewish mob; to a lesser extent, it also involved other criminal organizations such as the Irish Mob and African-American organized crime groups. Hundreds of murders were committed by Murder, Inc. on behalf of the National Crime Syndicate during the 1930s and 1940s.


title: National Crime Syndicate

text: According to writers on organized crime, the Syndicate was an idea of Johnny Torrio, and was founded or established at a May 1929 conference in Atlantic City. It was attended by leading underworld figures throughout the United States, including Torrio, Lucky Luciano, Al Capone, Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, Frank Costello, Joe Adonis, Dutch Schultz, Abner "Longie" Zwillman, Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, Gambino crime family head Vincent Mangano, Atlantic City Crime Syndicate boss Nucky Johnson, gambler Frank Erickson, Frank Scalice, and Albert "the Mad Hatter" Anastasia. Others described the Atlantic City meeting as a coordination and strategy conference for bootleggers. According to the findings of the United States Senate Special Committee in the 1950s, chaired by Estes Kefauver, the National Crime Syndicate was a confederation of mainly Italian and Jewish organized crime groups throughout the United States.


title: National Crime Syndicate

text: The media dubbed the enforcement arm of the Syndicate "Murder, Inc.", a gang of Brooklyn mafiosi who carried out murders in the 1930s and 1940s for various crime bosses. It was headed by Buchalter and Anastasia, who reported to commission members Lansky and Adonis, and included many infamous mobsters.


title: National Crime Syndicate

text: Murder Inc. consisted of two factions. One was the Jewish Brownsville Boys headed by Abe "Kid Twist" Reles, who reported to Lepke Buchalter and Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro. The other was the Italian Ocean Hill Hooligans led by Harry "Happy" Maione, who reported to Albert Anastasia. Bugsy Siegel was involved in many of Murder Incorporated's murders, but as a leading figure instead of a soldier.


title: National Crime Syndicate

text: In his biography of Meyer Lansky, "Little Man" (1991), journalist Robert Lacey argued that no National Crime Syndicate ever existed. "The idea of a National Crime Syndicate is often confused with the Mafia. Yet they are not the same thing," probably referring to the American Mafia.


title: National Crime Syndicate

text: Although many of its members were imprisoned, and some were executed, the demise of the organization is as uncertain as its origins. By the late 1940s, Murder Inc. and most of its non-Italian components were defunct. Some individuals, such as Lansky, continued to operate as affiliates of Italian groups.


title: Wiener process

text: In mathematics, the Wiener process is a real-valued continuous-time stochastic process named in honor of American mathematician Norbert Wiener for his investigations on the mathematical properties of the one-dimensional Brownian motion. It is often also called Brownian motion due to its historical connection with the physical process of the same name originally observed by Scottish botanist Robert Brown. It is one of the best known Lévy processes (càdlàg stochastic processes with stationary independent increments) and occurs frequently in pure and applied mathematics, economics, quantitative finance, evolutionary biology, and physics.


title: Wiener process

text: The Wiener process plays an important role in both pure and applied mathematics. In pure mathematics, the Wiener process gave rise to the study of continuous time martingales. It is a key process in terms of which more complicated stochastic processes can be described. As such, it plays a vital role in stochastic calculus, diffusion processes and even potential theory. It is the driving process of Schramm–Loewner evolution. In applied mathematics, the Wiener process is used to represent the integral of a white noise Gaussian process, and so is useful as a model of noise in electronics engineering (see Brownian noise), instrument errors in filtering theory and disturbances in control theory.


title: Wiener process

text: The Wiener process has applications throughout the mathematical sciences. In physics it is used to study Brownian motion, the diffusion of minute particles suspended in fluid, and other types of diffusion via the Fokker–Planck and Langevin equations. It also forms the basis for the rigorous path integral formulation of quantum mechanics (by the Feynman–Kac formula, a solution to the Schrödinger equation can be represented in terms of the Wiener process) and the study of eternal inflation in physical cosmology. It is also prominent in the mathematical theory of finance, in particular the Black–Scholes option pricing model.


title: Wiener process

text: That the process has independent increments means that if then and are independent random variables, and the similar condition holds for "n" increments.


title: Wiener process

text: An alternative characterisation of the Wiener process is the so-called "Lévy characterisation" that says that the Wiener process is an almost surely continuous martingale with and quadratic variation (which means that is also a martingale).


title: Wiener process

text: A third characterisation is that the Wiener process has a spectral representation as a sine series whose coefficients are independent "N"(0, 1) random variables. This representation can be obtained using the Karhunen–Loève theorem.


title: Wiener process

text: Another characterisation of a Wiener process is the definite integral (from time zero to time "t") of a zero mean, unit variance, delta correlated ("white") Gaussian process.


title: Wiener process

text: The Wiener process can be constructed as the scaling limit of a random walk, or other discrete-time stochastic processes with stationary independent increments. This is known as Donsker's theorem. Like the random walk, the Wiener process is recurrent in one or two dimensions (meaning that it returns almost surely to any fixed neighborhood of the origin infinitely often) whereas it is not recurrent in dimensions three and higher. Unlike the random walk, it is scale invariant, meaning that


title: Wiener process

text: is a Wiener process for any nonzero constant . The Wiener measure is the probability law on the space of continuous functions , with , induced by the Wiener process. An integral based on Wiener measure may be called a Wiener integral.


title: Wiener process

text: Let formula_18 be i.i.d. random variables with mean 0 and variance 1. For each "n", define a continuous time stochastic process


title: Wiener process

text: This is a random step function. Increments of formula_20 are independent because the formula_21 are independent. For large "n", formula_22 is close to formula_23 by the central limit theorem. Donsker's theorem asserts that as formula_24, formula_20 approaches a Wiener process, which explains the ubiquity of Brownian motion.


title: Wiener process

text: The unconditional probability density function follows a normal distribution with mean = 0 and variance = "t", at a fixed time :


title: Wiener process

text: These results follow immediately from the definition that increments have a normal distribution, centered at zero. Thus


title: Wiener process

text: These results follow from the definition that non-overlapping increments are independent, of which only the property that they are uncorrelated is used. Suppose that formula_32.


title: Wiener process

text: Wiener (1923) also gave a representation of a Brownian path in terms of a random Fourier series. If formula_41 are independent Gaussian variables with mean zero and variance one, then


title: Wiener process

text: If at time formula_16 the Wiener process has a known value formula_53, it is possible to calculate the conditional probability distribution of the maximum in interval formula_54 (cf. Probability distribution of extreme points of a Wiener stochastic process). The cumulative probability distribution function of the maximum value, conditioned by the known value formula_1, is:


title: Wiener process

text: Example: formula_62 is a martingale, which shows that the quadratic variation of "W" on is equal to . It follows that the expected time of first exit of "W" from (−"c", "c") is equal to .


title: Wiener process

text: is a martingale, which shows that the quadratic variation of the martingale formula_62 on [0, "t"] is equal to


title: Wiener process

text: The set of all functions "w" with these properties is of full Wiener measure. That is, a path (sample function) of the Wiener process has all these properties almost surely.


title: Wiener process

text: The image of the Lebesgue measure on [0, "t"] under the map "w" (the pushforward measure) has a density . Thus,


title: Wiener process

text: for a wide class of functions "f" (namely: all continuous functions; all locally integrable functions; all non-negative measurable functions). The density "L" is (more exactly, can and will be chosen to be) continuous. The number "L"("x") is called the local time at "x" of "w" on [0, "t"]. It is strictly positive for all "x" of the interval ("a", "b") where "a" and "b" are the least and the greatest value of "w" on [0, "t"], respectively. (For "x" outside this interval the local time evidently vanishes.) Treated as a function of two variables "x" and "t", the local time is still continuous. Treated as a function of "t" (while "x" is fixed), the local time is a singular function corresponding to a nonatomic measure on the set of zeros of "w".


title: Wiener process

text: These continuity properties are fairly non-trivial. Consider that the local time can also be defined (as the density of the pushforward measure) for a smooth function. Then, however, the density is discontinuous, unless the given function is monotone. In other words, there is a conflict between good behavior of a function and good behavior of its local time. In this sense, the continuity of the local time of the Wiener process is another manifestation of non-smoothness of the trajectory.


title: Wiener process

text: The information rate of the Wiener process with respect to the squared error distance, i.e. its quadratic rate-distortion function, is given by


title: Wiener process

text: Therefore, it is impossible to encode formula_76 using a binary code of less than formula_77 bits and recover it with expected mean squared error less than formula_78. On the other hand, for any formula_79, there exists formula_80 large enough and a binary code of no more than formula_81 distinct elements such that the expected mean squared error in recovering formula_76 from this code is at most formula_83.


title: Wiener process

text: In many cases, it is impossible to encode the Wiener process without sampling it first. When the Wiener process is sampled at intervals formula_84 before applying a binary code to represent these samples, the optimal trade-off between code rate formula_85 and expected mean square error formula_78 (in estimating the continuous-time Wiener process) follows the parametric representation


title: Wiener process

text: where formula_89 and formula_90. In particular, formula_91 is the mean squared error associated only with the sampling operation (without encoding).


title: Wiener process

text: is called a Wiener process with drift μ and infinitesimal variance σ. These processes exhaust continuous Lévy processes.


title: Wiener process

text: Two random processes on the time interval [0, 1] appear, roughly speaking, when conditioning the Wiener process to vanish on both ends of [0,1]. With no further conditioning, the process takes both positive and negative values on [0, 1] and is called Brownian bridge. Conditioned also to stay positive on (0, 1), the process is called Brownian excursion. In both cases a rigorous treatment involves a limiting procedure, since the formula "P"("A"|"B") = "P"("A" ∩ "B")/"P"("B") does not apply when "P"("B") = 0.


title: Wiener process

text: It is a stochastic process which is used to model processes that can never take on negative values, such as the value of stocks.


title: Wiener process

text: is distributed like the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process with parameters formula_95, formula_96, and formula_97.


title: Wiener process

text: The time of hitting a single point "x" > 0 by the Wiener process is a random variable with the Lévy distribution. The family of these random variables (indexed by all positive numbers "x") is a left-continuous modification of a Lévy process. The right-continuous modification of this process is given by times of first exit from closed intervals [0, "x"].


title: Wiener process

text: The local time of a Brownian motion describes the time that the process spends at the point "x". Formally


title: Wiener process

text: where "δ" is the Dirac delta function. The behaviour of the local time is characterised by Ray–Knight theorems.


title: Wiener process

text: Let "A" be an event related to the Wiener process (more formally: a set, measurable with respect to the Wiener measure, in the space of functions), and "X" the conditional probability of "A" given the Wiener process on the time interval [0, "t"] (more formally: the Wiener measure of the set of trajectories whose concatenation with the given partial trajectory on [0, "t"] belongs to "A"). Then the process "X" is a continuous martingale. Its martingale property follows immediately from the definitions, but its continuity is a very special fact – a special case of a general theorem stating that all Brownian martingales are continuous. A Brownian martingale is, by definition, a martingale adapted to the Brownian filtration; and the Brownian filtration is, by definition, the filtration generated by the Wiener process.


title: Wiener process

text: is called integrated Brownian motion or integrated Wiener process. It arises in many applications and can be shown to have the distribution "N"(0, "t"/3), calculated using the fact that the covariance of the Wiener process is formula_100.


title: Wiener process

text: In fact, formula_105 is always a zero mean normal random variable. This allows for simulation of formula_106 given formula_105 by taking


title: Wiener process

text: The case of formula_111 corresponds to formula_112. All these results can be seen as direct consequences of Itô isometry.


title: Wiener process

text: The "n"-times-integrated Wiener process is a zero-mean normal variable with variance formula_113. This is given by the Cauchy formula for repeated integration.


title: Wiener process

text: Example: 2"W" = "V"(4"t") where "V" is another Wiener process (different from "W" but distributed like "W").


title: Wiener process

text: In general, if "M" is a continuous martingale then formula_116 where "A"("t") is the quadratic variation of "M" on [0, "t"], and "V" is a Wiener process.


title: Wiener process

text: A wide class of continuous semimartingales (especially, of diffusion processes) is related to the Wiener process via a combination of time change and change of measure.


title: Wiener process

text: Using this fact, the qualitative properties stated above for the Wiener process can be generalized to a wide class of continuous semimartingales.


title: Wiener process

text: The complex-valued Wiener process may be defined as a complex-valued random process of the form formula_123 where formula_124 and formula_125 are independent Wiener processes (real-valued).


title: Wiener process

text: Rotation invariance: for every complex number formula_126 such that formula_127 the process formula_128 is another complex-valued Wiener process.


title: Wiener process

text: If formula_129 is an entire function then the process formula_130 is a time-changed complex-valued Wiener process.


title: Wiener process

text: In contrast to the real-valued case, a complex-valued martingale is generally not a time-changed complex-valued Wiener process. For example, the martingale formula_134 is not (here formula_124 and formula_125 are independent Wiener processes, as before).


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: First They Killed My Father (, ; ) is a 2017 Cambodian–American Khmer-language biographical historical thriller film directed by Angelina Jolie and written by Jolie and Loung Ung, based on Ung's memoir of the same name. Set in 1975, the film depicts 7-year-old Loung, who is forced to be trained as a child soldier while her siblings are sent to labor camps during the Khmer Rouge regime.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: The film screened at the Telluride Film Festival and 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released worldwide on Netflix on September 15, 2017 to positive critical reception.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: In 1975 Khmer Republic, Loung Ung is the five-year-old daughter of an officer of the Khmer National Armed Forces, known as "Pa" to his seven children. During the Vietnam War, the fighting spills over into neighboring Cambodia when the United States military begins bombing North Vietnamese forces attempting to shelter in the neutral territory, commencing the Cambodian Civil War. The U.S. then pulls out of Cambodia and evacuates its embassy.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: The Khmer Rouge draws closer and captures Phnom Penh, then forces all families to leave the city as refugees, under the pretext that it will be bombed by Americans. Pa Ung denies working for the government when questioned by the Khmer Rouge soldiers, knowing that he will be killed if discovered. The family is found by "Uncle" (Loung's maternal uncle), Pa's brother-in-law, and Loung's family stays with Uncle's family for some time. However, at the insistence of Uncle's wife, who fears the consequences if Pa's identity is discovered, Loung's family has to leave.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: After days of travel they are captured by Khmer Rouge soldiers and taken with other refugees to a labor camp, where they have to build their own shelter and are forced to work under harsh conditions. Their possessions are confiscated, food is scarce as all crops are sent to fighting units, and any attempt to get more food is punished with merciless beatings. Loung is a witness to her siblings' merciless beatings as they try to get more food for themselves and their family.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: Aside from hard work, the camp preaches the regime propaganda, and any foreign items (including life-saving medicine) are forbidden and carry a death penalty. Loung's two oldest brothers and oldest sister are reassigned to other camps, and soon afterward the sister dies from food poisoning.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: One day Loung sees Pa taken away by the Khmer Rouge officials to repair a bridge. Knowing what awaits him, he says goodbye to his wife and children. Later on, Loung has a nightmare in which she sees him executed and buried in a mass grave.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: Soon afterward, Ma tells Loung, her older brother Kim, and her older sister Chou to flee in different directions and seek new working camps under false identities as orphans. Loung and her sister separate from their brother and reach another camp.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: There, Loung is recruited to be a child soldier for the Khmer Rouge. The Vietnamese have come to rescue Cambodia from Khmer Rouge. Loung learns hand-to-hand combat, shooting, and preparation of traps, and works on laying mine fields against the Vietnamese. Children are constantly taught propaganda and bitter hatred of the Vietnamese, but they get more food and are treated better than workers in the labor camps.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: One day Loung gets a pass to visit her sister in the labor camp, but instead she travels to the camp where her mother and youngest sister were left behind. She finds their hut empty, and an old woman tells her that her family was taken away by the Khmer Rouge soldiers. That night Loung dreams about her mother lying dead in a mass grave with her youngest sister left next to her corpse to die.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: Loung's camp is destroyed by Vietnamese shelling, forcing her to flee along with other civilians. On the road she reunites with her brother and sister who stay for a night in a temporary refugee camp managed by Vietnamese troops, where the siblings join a group of children. As the camp is attacked by Khmer Rouge forces the next morning, they slip behind the defending Vietnamese to escape the fighting into jungle, where Loung is separated from her siblings and witnesses other refugees killed and maimed by the mines that she herself helped set.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: The three siblings are reunited in another refugee camp that is run by the Red Cross. There Loung sees people beating a captured Khmer Rouge soldier. She sees him as her father and flashes back to the violence in her life. As she cries out, "Pa", to the man, the aggressors disperse. Loung looks at the beaten man and walks away.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: As the war ends, Loung and her younger siblings are reunited with their older brothers who also survived the camps. The movie ends with all the children in present time, praying with the monks for their lost family members in the ruins of a Buddhist temple.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: The film's cast is almost entirely Cambodian actors and its dialogue is almost entirely in the Khmer language.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: On July 23, 2015, it was announced that Angelina Jolie would direct a film adaptation of the memoir "First They Killed My Father" by Loung Ung for Netflix, for which Jolie and Ung co-wrote the script. Jolie would also produce the film along with Rithy Panh, while Jolie's son Maddox Jolie-Pitt would be an executive producer.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began in early November 2015 in Siem Reap and wrapped in February 2016 in Battambang, Cambodia. Filming also took place in Phnom Penh.


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 65 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""First They Killed My Father" tackles its subject matter with grace, skill, and empathy, offering a ground-level look at historic atrocities that resonates beyond its story's borders." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars, stating that it was Jolie's best work as a director yet, made without any compromise to its "journalistic" storytelling. He noted that "[t]he ace in Jolie's deck here is the knowledge that a girl as young as Loung can't comprehend the larger meaning of what's happening to her, and is therefore unlikely to expend precious emotional energy connecting cause-and-effect dots or lamenting what was lost. It's an almost entirely experiential movie." He later named it the second best film of the year, behind "Lucky", stating that it is "[o]ne of the greatest films about war ever made, as well as one of the best films about childhood... I can't imagine a frame of this film being better, only different."


title: First They Killed My Father (film)

text: The film was selected as the Cambodian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the 90th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. It was the first time a prominent American director's non-English film was submitted since the Academy set a rule in 1984 that a country's submission has "artistic control" from a "creative talent of that country"; Jolie has dual citizenship with the U.S. and Cambodia.


title: Tripadvisor

text: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website. It also offers online hotel reservations and bookings for transportation, lodging, travel experiences, and restaurants. Its headquarters are in Needham, Massachusetts.


title: Tripadvisor

text: Tripadvisor was founded by Stephen Kaufer, Langley Steinert, Nick Shanny, and Thomas Palka in February 2000.


title: Tripadvisor

text: We started as a site where we were focused more on those official words from guidebooks or newspapers or magazines. We also had a button in the very beginning that said, "Visitors add your own review", and boy, did that just take off. Seed money was obtained from Flagship Ventures, the Bollard Group, and private investors. In April 2009, Tripadvisor launched in China.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In February 2020, the company changed its name from TripAdvisor to Tripadvisor, using a lowercase "a".


title: Tripadvisor

text: On April 28, 2020, Tripadvisor notified employees the company will be eliminating 600 jobs in Canada and the United States and 300 more in other countries as part of a 25 percent reduction in their workforce around the world. The company also said they would be closing offices in downtown Boston and San Francisco (though the Needham, Massachusetts headquarters is in the Boston metropolitan area). The reduction was due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Tripadvisor

text: On December 8, 2020, China blocked 105 apps, including Tripadvisor, from mobile app stores. The Cyberspace Administration of China stated that the apps were "illegal", and that public concerns were raised around "obscene, pornographic and violent information or fraud, gambling and prostitution".


title: Tripadvisor

text: In November 2021, Kaufer announced that he will retire in 2022. He remains in his position until the new CEO is appointed.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In March 2022, due to COVID-19 pandemic, Tripadvisor declared a partnership with the American company Walgreens to support safe travel during spring break and school vacations in the United States. In May of 2022, Matt Goldberg was announced as the new CEO of TripAdvisor.


title: Tripadvisor

text: The company's most notable brand, Tripadvisor.com, reached 463 million average monthly unique visitors in 2019. In December 2020, the website drew 90.2 million visits, and the Tripadvisor app was among the top 10 travel apps in 26 countries as of January 2021. The website has versions in 49 markets and 28 languages worldwide. It features approximately 859 million reviews and opinions on approximately 8.6 million establishments—including 1.4 million hotels, inns, bed and breakfasts and specialty lodging, 842,000 rental properties, 5.2 million restaurants, and 1.2 million travel experiences worldwide.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In 2019, Tripadvisor earned 33% of its revenues from Expedia Group and Booking Holdings and their subsidiaries, primarily for pay-per-click advertising.


title: Tripadvisor

text: The company's other websites include Airfarewatchdog, Bokun.io, Bookingbuddy.com, Cruise Critic, Familyvacationcritic.com, FlipKey.com, Thefork.com (including Lafourchette.com, Eltenedor.com, and Iens.nl), Holidaylettings.co.uk, Holiday Watchdog, Housetrip.com, Jetsetter.com, Niumba.com, Onetime.com, Oyster.com, SeatGuru.com, Smartertravel.com, Tingo.com, Vacationhomerentals.com, and Viator.com.


title: Tripadvisor

text: Tripadvisor has been the subject of controversy for allowing unsubstantiated anonymous reviews to be posted about any hotel, bed and breakfast, inn, or restaurant.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In May 2021, Tripadvisor faced criticism for allowing an offensive review to be posted about the Auschwitz concentration camp museum in which a visitor described bringing a baby to the gas chambers. Tripadvisor initially stated the review complied with their submission guidelines but later removed it following social media backlash.


title: Tripadvisor

text: Tripadvisor itself has stated that it understands the potential for a guest to threaten to write a negative review unless they receive a refund, upgrade or similar reward. They characterise the practice as "blackmail", and say that as well as being against their guidelines it may be illegal in some countries. Venue operators are advised to flag such threats with TripAdvisor before the guest's review is filed.


title: Tripadvisor

text: Fake reviews are common in many online settings and Tripadvisor has faced allegations of fake reviews on its platform.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In March 2014, Tripadvisor's Chinese site came under scrutiny when a user was found to have reviewed 51 Parisian restaurants in one month, while also reviewing 50 hotels in other countries.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In November 2017, Oobah Butler, a journalist for Vice Media, claimed to have made money posting positive reviews for restaurants he never visited, in exchange for payment.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In September 2019, consumer organisation Which? said Tripadvisor was still failing to stop fake reviews. Its survey of nearly 250,000 reviews for the ten top-ranked hotels in ten popular tourist destinations around the world found that one in seven had "blatant hallmarks" of fake positive reviews. Tripadvisor responded: "We are committed to ensuring reviews on Tripadvisor offer useful and accurate information, and we are very aggressive in catching fake reviews and pursuing the fraudsters behind them."


title: Tripadvisor

text: In May 2013, a fake restaurant was set up by a disgruntled businessman and reportedly had diners looking for the eatery in an alley filled with garbage cans. The fake listing went undetected on Tripadvisor for about two months.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In November 2017, journalist Oobah Butler used fake reviews to boost a nonexistent restaurant named The Shed at Dulwich to the top of Tripadvisor rankings for restaurants in London.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In November 2017, it was reported that Tripadvisor had deleted numerous reviews which contained allegations of serious criminal activity at resorts in Playa del Carmen, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. The deleted reviews included those from two women who were raped at the Iberostar Paraiso Maya in separate incidents 2010 and 2015, one of which involved a hotel security guard. The women said they received assurances from hotel staff that they would help out and contact the authorities, but the staff failed to take any follow-up action. The women then posted advisories and warnings on Tripadvisor, but the reviews were deleted. The review of first victim, Kristie Love, was eventually reinstated, but the company claimed the review of the second victim, Jamie Valeri, was "hearsay" and it was not reinstated. The reports also highlighted at least 12 other such incidents at hotels and resorts across Mexico, including one of a 29-year-old man who was raped by a massage therapist at a resort in the same area, where reviewers had attempted to warn people through reviews on the company's site about criminal incidents that the resorts and local authorities had failed to pursue any criminal or legal action for, only to have those reviews either taken down or declined for posting by Tripadvisor.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In October 2015, an ex-hotel manager at Australian property manager Meriton said guests were offered inducements to change ratings they left on the site. In 2018, Meriton was fined AU$3 million by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission for misleading consumers.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In March 2015, Dietmar Doering, a German hotelier based in Sri Lanka accused Tripadvisor of hosting malicious reviews of his resort "The Cosy Beach" in Marawila. He claimed he was compelled to take legal action for the estimated damages of US$500,000.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In 2012, an action was brought in a Sheriff Court in Scotland, by Richard Gollin, the owner of a guesthouse in the Outer Hebrides who claimed damages for malicious statements. Tripadvisor asserted that the Scottish courts lacked jurisdiction. The outcome of this case was called a "landmark victory". Tripadvisor conceded that it could be sued in the UK's jurisdictions (having previously claimed to be outside the remit of Scots law because it is based in the US). The court ruled that Tripadvisor's terms of use constituted a contract, which was actionable/enforceable by the business being reviewed. The case was found to involve issues relating to the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Act of 1977, and these issues were referred to a higher court in Stornoway. The plaintiff eventually dropped the case because he could not afford to pursue it.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In 2019, a guesthouse being used as the headquarters for the Brexit Party was "trolled" by hundreds of users leaving one-star reviews on Tripadvisor. The guesthouse in Norfolk was owned by the husband of Catherine Blaiklock, the leader of the political party.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In December 2014, the Italian Antitrust Authority fined Tripadvisor €500,000 for improper commercial practices on the Tripadvisor website.The Italian Authority said Tripadvisor and its Italian arm should stop publishing misleading information about the sources of the reviews. In June 2015, a fake restaurant created by a newspaper rose to the top of the site's rankings in Italy.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In August 2013, Kenneth Seaton lost a $10 million lawsuit against the company in which he claimed that the ranking for his Grand Resort Hotel and Convention Center in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, as "America's dirtiest hotel" was based on unsubstantiated rumors.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In September 2011, after receiving a complaint submitted by online investigations company KwikChex, the UK Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) launched a formal investigation into Tripadvisor's claims to provide trustworthy and honest reviews from travelers. The ASA found that Tripadvisor "should not claim or imply that all its reviews were from real travellers, or were honest, real or trusted", and as a result of the investigation, Tripadvisor was ordered to remove the slogan "reviews you can trust" from its UK web site. It changed its hotel review section slogan to "reviews from our community". Tripadvisor said the branding change had been planned for some time and that changes began in June 2011, before the ASA investigation. ASA commented that "it was concerned that consumers might be fooled by fraudulent posts since the entries could be made without any form of verification", but recognized that Tripadvisor used "advanced and highly effective fraud systems" in an attempt to identify and remove fake content.Approximately 30 hotels have been penalized on the website by the company for suspicious reviews, including a Cornwall hotel that bribed guests to leave positive reviews of the hotel.


title: Tripadvisor

text: Tripadvisor has stated that reviews are subject to a verification process which considers the IP address and email address of the author, and tries to detect any suspicious patterns or obscene or abusive language. The website also allows the community of users to report suspicious content, which is then assessed by Tripadvisor staff.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In March 2011, Tripadvisor informed its members that it suffered a data breach and an unauthorized party had stolen some of its email list and might use it for spamming. No passwords or other information was stolen.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In July 2012, Tripadvisor was fined $80,000 by the United States Department of Transportation for violating fair trading regulations requiring taxes and fees to be shown for prices quoted for airfares, a practice known as drip pricing. The rule had come into effect in January of that year.


title: Tripadvisor

text: On 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of all business enterprises involved in specified activities relating to the Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Golan Heights. Tripadvisor has been listed on the database in light of its involvement in activities related to "the provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements". The international community considers Israeli settlements built on land occupied by Israel to be in violation of international law.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In 2004, the company was acquired by IAC/InterActiveCorp. In August 2005, IAC spun off its travel group of businesses under the Expedia, Inc. name.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In April 2011, Expedia, then led by Dara Khosrowshahi, announced that it would split into two publicly traded companies by spinning off Tripadvisor. The corporate spin-off was completed in December 2011.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In October 2009, the company acquired Kuxun.cn, China's second-largest consumer travel site and hotel and flight search engine. Kuxun was later sold to Meituan. In June 2010, the company acquired holidaylettings.co.uk, the United Kingdom's largest independent vacation rental website. In September 2010, SmarterTravel, part of TripAdvisor Media Group, launched SniqueAway (now Jetsetter), the first members-only site where each travel deal is endorsed by member reviews. In July 2011, the company acquired Where I've Been, a Chicago-based Facebook app. In October 2012, the company acquired Wanderfly, an NYC-based travel inspiration website for an undisclosed sum.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In 2015, the company announced the acquisition of Iens, a Dutch restaurant review website, and SeatMe, a Dutch table reservation website, along with Portuguese startup BestTables, and Australian startup Dimmi for $25 million.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In 2016, Tripadvisor acquired New York City startup Citymaps.com, which developed a social mapping site and cross-platform map engine based on OpenStreetMap data.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In April 2018, the company acquired Icelandic startup Bokun, a provider of software for travel booking, and in November 2018, the company added DoorDash to its restaurant listings.


title: Tripadvisor

text: In December 2019, Tripadvisor acquired SinglePlatform, a platform that syndicates restaurant menus, from its parent company, Endurance International Group.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Bus rapid transit (BRT), also called a busway or transitway, is a bus-based public transport system designed to have much more capacity, reliability and other quality features than a conventional bus system. Typically, a BRT system includes roadways that are dedicated to buses, and gives priority to buses at intersections where buses may interact with other traffic; alongside design features to reduce delays caused by passengers boarding or leaving buses, or paying fares. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a light rail or metro system (LRT, HRT) with the flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The world's first BRT system was the Busway in Runcorn New Town, England, which entered service in 1971. , a total of 166 cities in six continents have implemented BRT systems, accounting for of BRT lanes and about 32.2 million passengers every day.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The majority of these are in Latin America, where about 19.6 million passengers ride daily, and which has the most cities with BRT systems, with 54, led by Brazil with 21 cities. The Latin American countries with the most daily ridership are Brazil (10.7 million), Colombia (3.0 million), and Mexico (2.5 million).


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In the other regions, China (4.3 million) and Iran (2.1 million) stand out. Currently, TransJakarta is the largest BRT network in the world, with about of corridors connecting the Indonesian capital city.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Bus Rapid Transit is a mode of mass rapid transit (MRT) and describes a high-capacity urban public-transit system with its own right of way, vehicles at short headways, platform-level boarding, and preticketing.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The expression "BRT" is mainly used in the Americas and China; in India, it is called "BRTS" (BRT System); in Europe it is often called a "busway" or a "BHLS" (stands for "Bus with a High Level of Service");. The term transitway was originated in 1981 with the opening of the OC Transpo transitway in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Critics have charged that the term "bus rapid transit" has sometimes been misapplied to systems that lack most or all the essential features which differentiate it from conventional bus services. The term "bus rapid transit creep" has been used to describe severely degraded levels of bus service which fall far short of the BRT Standard promoted by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy and other organizations.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Compared to other common transit modes such as light rail transit (LRT), bus rapid transit (BRT) service is attractive to transit authorities because it does not cost as much to establish and operate: no track needs to be laid, bus drivers typically require less training and less pay than rail operators, and bus maintenance is less complex than rail maintenance. Moreover, buses are more flexible than rail vehicles, because a bus route can be altered, either temporarily or permanently, to meet changing demand or contend with adverse road conditions with comparatively little investment of resources.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: However, conventional buses nearly always take longer to traverse any given route as compared to a car traversing the same route, due to a combination of factors:


title: Bus rapid transit

text: This can make travel by bus less appealing to those who have the choice to use private transport or a hired vehicle instead of transit – either due to a simple desire to spend less time, or else due to uncomfortable crowding during periods of demand.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Bus rapid transit is therefore advocated to act as a bridge for such routes, where rail is deemed "not worth it" and "conventional" buses do not meet the criteria and demands set forth by planners and the using public. A frequently cited argument is the alleged cost benefit of "BRT" over rail, which is however difficult to credibly establish due to the number of confounding variables.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The first use of a protected busway was the East Side Trolley Tunnel in Providence, Rhode Island. It was converted from trolley to bus use in 1948. However, the first BRT system in the world was the Busway in Runcorn, England. First conceived in the Runcorn New Town Masterplan in 1966, it opened for services in October 1971 and all were operational by 1980. The central station is at Runcorn Shopping City where buses arrive on dedicated raised busways to two enclosed stations. Arthur Ling, Runcorn Development Corporation's Master Planner, said that he had invented the concept while sketching on the back of an envelope. The town was designed around the transport system, with most residents no more than five minutes walking distance, or , from the Busway.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The second BRT system in the world was the Rede Integrada de Transporte (RIT, "integrated transportation network"), implemented in Curitiba, Brazil, in 1974. The Rede Integrada de Transporte was inspired by the previous transport system of the National Urban Transport Company of Peru (In Spanish: ENATRU), which only had quick access on Lima downtown, but it would not be considered BRT itself. Many of the elements that have become associated with BRT were innovations first suggested by Carlos Ceneviva, within the team of Curitiba Mayor Jaime Lerner. Initially just dedicated bus lanes in the center of major arterial roads, in 1980 the Curitiba system added a feeder bus network and inter-zone connections, and in 1992 introduced off-board fare collection, enclosed stations, and platform-level boarding. Other systems made further innovations, including platooning (three buses entering and leaving bus stops and traffic signals at once) in Porto Alegre, and passing lanes and express service in São Paulo.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In the United States, BRT began in 1977, with Pittsburgh's South Busway, operating on of exclusive lanes. Its success led to the Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway in 1983, a fuller BRT deployment including a dedicated busway of , traffic signal preemption, and peak service headway as low as two minutes. After the opening of the West Busway, in length in 2000, Pittsburgh's Busway system is today over 18.5 miles long.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The OC Transpo BRT system in Ottawa, Canada, was introduced in 1983. The first element of its BRT system was dedicated bus lanes through the city centre, with platformed stops. The introduction of exclusive separate busways (termed 'Transitway') occurred in 1983. By 1996, all of the originally envisioned 31 km Transitway system was in operation; further expansions were opened in 2009, 2011, and 2014. As of 2019, the central part of the Transitway has been converted to light rail transit, due to the downtown section being operated beyond its designed capacity.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In 1995, Quito, Ecuador, opened trolleybus BRT and Morocco Marrakech(BHNS de Marrakech)in 2017 Corridors of 8 km (5.0 mi), of which 3 km (1.9 mi) is wired for operation as trolleybus. The TransMilenio in Bogotá, Colombia, opening in 2000, was the first BRT system to combine the best elements of Curitiba's BRT with other BRT advances, and achieved the highest capacity and highest speed BRT system in the world.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In January 2004 the first BRT in Southeast Asia, TransJakarta, opened in Jakarta, Indonesia. , at , it is the longest BRT system in the world.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Africa's first BRT system was opened in Lagos, Nigeria, in March 2008 but is considered a light BRT system by many people. Johannesburg's BRT, Rea Vaya, was the first true BRT in Africa, in August 2009, carrying 16,000 daily passengers. Rea Vaya and MIO (BRT in Cali, Colombia, opened 2009) were the first two systems to combine full BRT with some services that also operated in mixed traffic, then joined the BRT trunk infrastructure.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Bus-only lanes make for faster travel and ensure that buses are not delayed by mixed traffic congestion. A median alignment bus-only keeps buses away from busy curb-side side conflicts, where cars and trucks are parking, standing and turning. Separate rights of way may be used such as the completely elevated Xiamen BRT. Transit malls or 'bus streets' may also be created in city centers.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Fare prepayment at the station, instead of on board the bus, eliminates the delay caused by passengers paying on board. Use of a payment card which must be touched briefly to a card-reader is also fast.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: For the system to work, users can receive "credit" on the electronic cards: in this manner, passengers who have no money left on the cards can take the bus at sidewalk stops where there is no possibility to recharge these cards. This means that the balance in the card can be negative, up to two ticket fares, so passengers can take the bus in the street and recharge the card once they reach a main line station. As the card itself costs more than the maximum negative balance, the passenger has no incentive to default on negative credit. Transmilenio in Bogotá followed suit in 2014 also creating routes that can use main line stations and regular sidewalk stations, but instead of giving credit to passengers to allow boarding the bus on sidewalks, published a map readable in smart phones giving the location of a dense network of 4,000 recharging points, located in internet cafes and other business, that use a swipe-card terminal for recharging. This system has the additional benefit of diminishing queues on main line stations.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Prohibiting turns for traffic across the bus lane significantly reduces delays to the buses. Bus priority will often be provided at signalized intersections to reduce delays by extending the green phase or reducing the red phase in the required direction compared to the normal sequence. Prohibiting turns may be the most important measure for moving buses through intersections.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Station platforms should be level with the bus floor for quick and easy boarding, making it fully accessible for wheelchairs, disabled passengers and baby strollers, with minimal delays.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: High-level platforms for high-floored buses makes it difficult to have stops outside dedicated platforms, or to have conventional buses stop at high-level platforms, so these BRT stops are distinct from street-level bus stops. Similar to rail vehicles, there is a risk of a dangerous gap between bus and platform, and is even greater due to the nature of bus operations. Kassel curbs or other methods may be used to ease quick and safe alignment of the BRT vehicle with a platform.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A popular compromise is low-floor buses with a low step at the door, which can allow easy boarding at low-platform stops compatible with other buses. This intermediate design may be used with some low- or medium-capacity BRT systems.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The MIO system in Cali pioneered in 2009 the use of dual buses, with doors on the left side of the bus that are located at the height of high-level platforms, and doors on the right side that are located at curb height. These buses can use the main line with its exclusive lanes and high level platforms, located on the center of the street and thus, boarding and leaving passengers on the left side. These buses can exit the main line and use normal lanes that share with other vehicles and stop at regular stations located on sidewalks on the right side of the street.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Groups of criteria form the BRT Standard 2016, which is updated by the Technical Committee of the BRT Standard.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: High-capacity vehicles such as articulated or even bi-articulated buses may be used, typically with multiple doors for fast entry and exit. Double-decker buses or guided buses may also be used. Advanced powertrain control may be used for a smoother ride.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: BRT systems typically feature significant investment in enclosed stations which may incorporate attractive sliding glass doors, staffed ticket booths, information booths, and other more standard features listed above. They will often include level boarding, using either low-floor buses or higher boarding platforms level, and multiple doors to speed passenger boardings and enhance accessibility to disabled passengers. Fare validation upon entry to the station in a similar manner to that used on entry to a subway system is also common, particularly at busy stations. An example of high-quality stations include those used on TransMilenio in Bogotá since December 2000, the MIO in Cali since November 2008, Metrolinea in Bucaramanga since December 2009, Megabús in Pereira since May 2009. This design is also used in Johannesburg's Rea Vaya. The term "station" is more flexibly applied in North America and ranges from enclosed waiting areas (Ottawa and Cleveland) to large open-sided shelters (Los Angeles and San Bernardino).


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A unique and distinctive identity can contribute to BRT's attractiveness as an alternative to driving cars, (such as Viva, Max, TransMilenio, Metropolitano, Metronit, Select) marking stops and stations as well as the buses.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Large cities usually have big bus networks. A map showing all bus lines might be incomprehensible, and cause people to wait for low-frequency buses that may not even be running at the time they are needed. By identifying the main bus lines having high-frequency service, with a special brand and separate maps, it is easier to understand the entire network.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Public transit apps are more convenient than a static map, featuring services like trip planning, live arrival and departure times, up-to-date line schedules, local station maps, service alerts, and advisories that may affect one's current trip. Transit and Moovit are examples of apps that are available in many cities around the world. Some operators of bus rapid transit systems have developed their own apps, like Transmilenio. These apps even include all the schedules and live arrival times and stations for buses that feed the BRT, like the SITP (Sistema Integrado de Transporte Público or Public Transit Integrated System) in Bogotá.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A special issue arises in the use of buses in metro transit structures. Since the areas where the demand for an exclusive bus right-of-way are apt to be in dense downtown areas where an above-ground structure may be unacceptable on historic, logistic, or environmental grounds, use of BRT in tunnels may not be avoidable.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Since buses are usually powered by internal combustion engines, bus metros raise ventilation issues similar to those of motor vehicle tunnels. Powerful fans typically exchange air through ventilation shafts to the surface; these are usually as remote as possible from occupied areas, to minimize the effects of noise and concentrated pollution.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A straightforward way to reduce air quality problems is to use internal combustion engines with lower emissions. The 2008 Euro V European emission standards set a limit on carbon monoxide from heavy-duty diesel engines of 1.5 g/kWh, one third of the 1992 Euro I standard. As a result, less forced ventilation will be required in tunnels to achieve the same air quality.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Another alternative is to use electric propulsion, which Seattle's Metro Bus Tunnel and Boston's Silver Line Phase II implemented. In Seattle, dual-mode (electric/diesel electric) buses manufactured by Breda were used until 2004, with the center axle driven by electric motors obtaining power from trolley wires through trolley poles in the subway, and with the rear axle driven by a conventional diesel powertrain on freeways and streets. Boston is using a similar approach, after initially using trolleybuses pending delivery of the dual-mode vehicles in 2005.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In 2004, Seattle replaced its "Transit Tunnel" fleet with diesel-electric hybrid buses, which operate similarly to hybrid cars outside the tunnel and in a low-noise, low-emissions "hush mode" (in which the diesel engine operates but does not exceed idle speed) when underground. The need to provide electric power in underground environments brings the capital and maintenance costs of such routes closer to those of light rail, and raises the question of building or eventually converting to light rail. In Seattle, the downtown transit tunnel was retrofitted for conversion to a shared hybrid-bus and light-rail facility in preparation for Seattle's Central Link Light Rail line, which opened in July 2009. In March 2019, expansion of the light rail in the tunnel moved busses back to surface streets.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A BRT system can be measured by a number of factors. The BRT Standard was developed by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) to score BRT corridors, producing a list of rated BRT corridors meeting the minimum definition of BRT. The highest rated systems received a "gold" ranking. The latest edition of the standard was published in 2016.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Based on this data, the minimum headway and maximum current vehicle capacities, the theoretical maximum throughput measured in passengers per hour per direction (PPHPD) for a single traffic lane is some 90,000 passengers per hour (250 passengers per vehicle, one vehicle every 10 seconds). In real world conditions BRT Rio (de Janeiro, BRS Presidente Vargas) with 65.000 PPHPD holds the record, TransMilenio Bogotá and Metrobus Istanbul perform 49,000 – 45,000 PPHPD, most other busy systems operating in the 15,000 to 25,000 range.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: After the first BRT system opened in 1971, cities were slow to adopt BRT because they believed that the capacity of BRT was limited to about 12,000 passengers per hour traveling in a given direction during peak demand. While this is a capacity rarely needed in the US (12,000 is more typical as a total daily ridership), in the developing world this capacity constraint (or rumor of a capacity constraint) was a significant argument in favor of heavy rail metro investments in some venues.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: When TransMilenio opened in 2000, it changed the paradigm by giving buses a passing lane at each station stop and introducing express services within the BRT infrastructure. These innovations increased the maximum achieved capacity of a BRT system to 35,000 passengers per hour.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The single-lane roads of Istanbul Metrobus had been frequently blocked by Phileas buses breaking down, causing delays for all the buses in a single direction. After focussing on mercedes-benz buses capacity increased to 45.000 pph. Light rail, by comparison, has reported passenger capacities between 3,500pph (mainly street running) to 19,000pph (fully Grade-separated).


title: Bus rapid transit

text: There are conditions that favor light over BRT, but they are fairly narrow. To meet these conditions you would need a corridor with only one available lane in each direction, more than 16,000 passengers per direction per hour but less than 20,000, and a long block length, because the train cannot block intersections. These conditions are rare, but in that specific instance, light rail might have a minimal operational advantage.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The US General Accounting Office summarized in the report "MASS TRANSIT - Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise":<br>


title: Bus rapid transit

text: "In many communities Bus Rapid Transit systems can have lower capital costs than Light Rail systems yet can often provide similar performance. Further, Bus Rapid Transit’s flexibility may be a potentially valuable feature."<br>


title: Bus rapid transit

text: „While transit officials noted a public bias toward Light Rail, research has found that riders have no preference for rail over bus when service characteristics are equal.“


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Conventional scheduled bus services use general traffic lanes, which can be slow due to traffic congestion, and the speed of bus services is further reduced by long dwell times.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In 2013, the New York City authorities noted that buses on 34th Street, which carried 33,000 bus riders a day on local and express routes, traveled at , only slightly faster than walking pace. Even despite the implementation of Select Bus Service (New York City's version of a bus rapid transit system), dedicated bus lanes, and traffic cameras on the 34th Street corridor, buses on the corridor were still found to travel at an average of 4.5 mph.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In the 1960s, Reuben Smeed predicted that the average speed of traffic in central London would be without other disincentives such as road pricing, based on the theory that this was the minimum speed that people will tolerate. When the London congestion charge was introduced in 2003, the average traffic speed was indeed which was the highest speed since the 1970s. By way of contrast, typical speeds of BRT systems range from .


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The capital costs of implementing BRT are lower than for light rail: a study by the United States General Accounting Office from 2000 found that the average capital cost per mile for busways was $13.5 million while light rail average costs were $34.8 million. However, the total investment varies considerably due to factors such as cost of the roadway, amount of grade separation, station structures, traffic signal systems and vehicles.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In the year 2003 a study edited by the german GTZ compared various MRT systems all over the world and concluded ″Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) can provide high-quality, metro-like transit service at a fraction of the cost of other options.″


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Sound research confirmed „In higher income countries ... an HRT alternative is likely to cost up to 40 times as much as a BRT alternative, and up to 12 times as much as an LRT alternative."


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Operational costs of running a BRT system are generally lower than light rail, though the exact comparison varies, and labor costs depend heavily on wages, which vary between countries. For the same level of ridership and demand, higher labor costs in the developed world relative to developing countries will tend to encourage developed world transit operators to prefer operate services with larger but less frequent vehicles. This will allow the service to achieve the same capacity while minimizing the number of drivers. This may come as a hidden cost to passengers in lower demand routes who experience a significantly lower frequencies and longer waiting times.<br>


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In the study done by the GAO, BRT systems usually had lower costs based on "operating cost per vehicle hour", "operating cost per revenue mile", and "operating cost per passenger trip", mainly because of lower vehicle cost and lower infrastructure cost. The initial capital costs of diesel BRT are also much lower than a trolleybus system.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Proponents of light rail argue that during the Belle Epoque railway troops were capable of constructing makeshift rail infrastructure within days or hours, similar to what it takes to establish even the most rudimentary road infrastructure where none previously exists.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: An ambitious light rail system runs partly underground, which gives free right-of-way and much faster traffic compared to passing the traffic signals needed in a surface level system. Underground BRT, suggested as early as 1954, is rare. As long as most buses run on diesel, air quality can become a significant concern in tunnels, but the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel is an example of using hybrid buses, which switch to overhead electric propulsion while they are underground, eliminating diesel emissions and reducing fuel usage. Alternatives are an elevated busway or an elevated railway, which costs differ.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: BRT systems have been widely promoted by non-governmental organizations such as the Shell-funded EMBARQ program, Rockefeller Foundation and Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP), whose consultant pool includes the former mayor of Bogota (Colombia), Enrique Peñalosa (former president of ITDP).


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Supported by contributions of bus-producing companies such as Volvo, the ITDP not only established a proposed "standard" for BRT system implementation, but developed intensive lobby activities around the world to convince local governments to select BRT systems over rail-based transportation models (subways, light trains, etc.).


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Unlike electric-powered trains commonly used in rapid transit and light rail systems, bus rapid transit often uses diesel- or gasoline-fueled engines. The typical bus diesel engine causes noticeable levels of air pollution, noise and vibration. It is noted however that BRT can still provide significant environmental benefits over private cars. In addition, BRT systems can replace an inefficient conventional bus network for more efficient, faster and less polluting BRT buses. For example, Bogotá previously used 2,700 conventional buses providing transportation to 1.6 million passengers daily, while in 2013 TransMilenio transported 1.9 million passengers using only 630 BRT buses, a fleet less than a quarter in size of the old fleet, that circulates at twice the speed, with a huge reduction in air pollution. More news about Bogotá BRT follow in the next chapter.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: To reduce direct emissions some systems use alternative forms of traction such as electric or hybrid engines. BRT systems can use trolleybuses to lower air pollution and noise emissions such as those in Beijing and Quito. The price penalty of installing overhead lines could be offset by the environmental benefits and potential for savings from centrally generated electricity, especially in cities where electricity is less expensive than other fuel sources. Trolleybus electrical systems can be potentially reused for future light rail conversion. TransJakarta buses use cleaner compressed natural gas-fueled engines, while Bogotá started to use hybrid buses in 2012; these hybrid systems use regenerative braking to charge batteries when the bus stops and then use electric motors to propel the bus up to 40 km/h, then automatically switching to the diesel engine for higher speeds, which allows for considerable savings in fuel consumption and pollutant dispersion.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Many BRT systems suffer from overcrowding in buses and stations as well as long wait times for buses. In Santiago de Chile, the average of the system is six passengers per square meter () inside vehicles. Users have reported days where the buses take too long to arrive, and are too overcrowded to accept new passengers. As of June 2017, the system has an approval rating of 15% among commuters, and it has lost 27% of its passengers, who have turned mostly to cars.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In Bogotá the overcrowding was even worse; the average of TransMilenio was eight passengers per square meter (). Only 29% felt satisfied with the system. The data also showed that 23% of the citizens agreed with building more TransMilenio lines, in contrast of the 42% who considered that a rapid transit system should be built. Several cases of sexual assault had been reported by female users in TransMilenio. According to a 2012 survey made by the secretary of the woman of Bogota, 64% of women said they had been victims of sexual assault in the system. The system had even been ranked as the most dangerous transport for women. The poor quality of the system had occasioned an increment in the number of cars and motorcycles in the city; citizens preferred these transport means over TransMilenio. According to official data, the number of cars increased from approximately 666,000 in 2005 to 1,586,700 in 2016. The number of motorcycles was also growing, with 660,000 sold in Bogota in 2013, two times the number of cars sold.<br>


title: Bus rapid transit

text: "To improve public and environmental health, the City of Bogotá has assembled a fleet of 1,485 electric buses for its public transportation system—placing the city among the three largest e-bus fleets outside of China."<br>


title: Bus rapid transit

text: In the year 2022 Bogotá has won the Sustainable Transport Award, thanks to their BRT system, their urban cycling strategy, and "swift adaptation to the unique mobility demands posed by the pandemic. In this way, Bogotá has been a true model for vigilance, resilience, and responsiveness in the face of great change."


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The system in Jakarta has also been experiencing issues, with complaints of overcrowding in buses and stations and low frequency of the routes. There are extensive safety concerns as well; rampant sexual harassment has been reported, and the fire safety of the buses has been under scrutiny after one of the buses, a Zhongtong imported from China, suddenly and spontaneously caught on fire. The quality of the service was so bad that the then-governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, publicly apologized for the poor performance of the system.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A criticism of BRT systems was that they might not accomplish their promise of an efficient, rapid flow of passengers along their dedicated bus lanes. The unpopularity of Delhi's BRT and the riots and spontaneous user demonstrations in Bogotá raised doubts about the ability of BRTs to tackle issues such as traffic jams. Overcrowded stations and BRT vehicles might fail to keep pace with increased ridership.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: The lack of permanence of BRT has also been criticized, with some arguing that BRT systems can be used as an excuse to build roads that others later try to convert for use by non-BRT vehicles. Examples of this can be found in Delhi, where a BRT system was scrapped, and in Aspen, Colorado, where drivers are lobbying the government to allow mixed-use traffic in former BRT lanes as of 2017, although in other US cities, such as Albuquerque, New Mexico, the opposite is true.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Experts also attribute a failure of BRT to land use structure. Some Cities that are sprawled and have no mixed use have poor ridership to make BRT economically viable. In Africa, the African Urban Institute criticized the viability of ongoing BRTs across the continent.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A problem in replacing an existing BRT corridor with a rail line is that service disruptions are unavoidable during construction and this lack of reliability may hurt ridership.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: While the Los Angeles Metro G Line is an example of a successful North American BRT line, its very success has led to overcrowding and long-term plans to replace it with a rail line.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: Research of itdp shows surprising capacity ranking, including 14 LRT systems, 14 HRT systems (1 track, excluding 3 2-track-systems), 56 BRT systems and the conclusion, that BRT-„capacity on TransMilenio exceeds all but the highest capacity HRT systems, and it far exceeds the highest LRT system.“ - i.e. the best LRT had 13,400 PPHPD (passengers in peak hour per direction), the best 1 track HRT 36,000 PPHPD, the best BRT 37,700 PPHPD. More topical are these BRT data: „Maximum passenger load (per hour per direction) 45,000 – Daily passenger load (total) 1,000,000“ in a 1-lane-system using articulated buses. 65,400 PPHPD in 600 buses were reported in the corridor Presidente Vargas in Rio de Janeiro for the years 2012 resp. 2014, which means 10 buses per minute or a bus every 6 seconds.


title: Bus rapid transit

text: A 2018 study found that the introduction of a BRT network in Mexico City reduced air pollution (emissions of CO, NOX, and PM10).


title: Anita Bose Pfaff

text: Anita Bose Pfaff (born 29 November 1942) is an Austrian-born economist, who has previously been a professor at the University of Augsburg as well as a politician in the Social Democratic Party of Germany. She is the daughter of Indian nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose (1897–1945) and his wife, or companion, Emilie Schenkl.


title: Anita Bose Pfaff

text: Pfaff is the only child of Emilie Schenkl and Subhas Chandra Bose, who—with a view to attempting an armed attack on the British Raj with the help of Imperial Japan—left Schenkl and Pfaff in Europe, and moved to southeast Asia, when Pfaff was four months old. Pfaff was raised by her mother, who worked shifts in the trunk office during the postwar years to support the family, which included Pfaff's maternal grandmother. Pfaff was not given her father's last name at birth, and grew up as Anita Schenkl.


title: Anita Bose Pfaff

text: Pfaff is married to Professor Martin Pfaff, who was previously a member of the Bundestag (the German parliament), representing the SPD. They have three children: Peter Arun, Thomas Krishna and Maya Carina.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Sreekumar P. K. (born 5 January 1951), better known by his stage name Jagathy Sreekumar or simply Jagathy, is an Indian actor, director and playback singer, who has appeared in over 1500 Malayalam films in a career spanning almost four decades. Widely regarded as one of the most influential actor and finest comedian in the history of Malayalam cinema, he is also known for his highly nuanced character roles. He is the son of acclaimed dramaturge and writer, the late Jagathy N. K. Achary.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Jagathy Sreekumar won five Kerala State Film Awards among numerous other awards for his roles in various films. He has also directed two films and written screenplays for two more. His stage name is derived from the neighborhood of Jagathy in Trivandrum from where he hails. He is an outspoken orator holding strong views, quite unlike his onscreen image and his speeches are still popular.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Jagathy was involved in a vehicle accident in March 2012 and was hospitalized for over a year. He is still on the long road to complete recovery. His film career has been on hold since the accident. In May 2022, Jagathy returned to the big screen with the "" directed by K. Madhu. In the film, he did not have any dialogues and reprised the memorable character CID Vikram, which he played in the previous films of the "CBI" series.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Sreekumar is the eldest son of Malayalam dramatist and writer Jagathy N. K. Achary (1924–1997) (also fondly known as Jagathy) and his wife Prasanna from the famed Edavancaud family of Mavelikkara. N. K. Achary was Station Director at All India Radio, Trivandrum. Sreekumar has two siblings, Krishnakumar and Jameela; and two step-siblings Murali and Sugadamma.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: ""My father was my strength. He used to take me to movies and bring home scripts of plays for me to read. Being in All India Radio, my father had contacts with stalwarts in this field. He created many opportunities for me to interact with them. This helped me in my career."", says Jagathy Sreekumar about his father. He attended the Higher Secondary School in Cheriyanad, Chengannur, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in botany from Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum where eminent personalities like K. Jayakumar and Ravi Vallathol were his classmates.. After college, he briefly worked as a medical representative before later becoming an actor.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: When Jagathy was a fifth grade student at Model School in Trivandrum when he first got the opportunity to act in a school play. The play he acted was "Onamundum Odakkuzhalum" by Sreemandiram K.P. He continued to act in plays written by his father NK Achary for Kalanilayam, in big and small roles. By this time he joined Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Jagathy made his debut in Malayalam cinema in 1974 by playing a small role in Kanyakumari. He got a breakthrough in his career with his second film Chattambi Kalyani (1975) where he played the role of "Pappu". Since then, he went on to play comedy roles in numerous movies. Jagathy started to become an integral part of Malayalam cinema during the early 1980s. He was a constant fixture in Priyadarshan films with Mohanlal coming in the lead role in many of them. Jagathy-Mohanlal combo also resulted in some of the hit movies during the 1980s such as Poochakkoru Mookkuthi, Boeing Boeing, Aram + Aram = Kinnaram, Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu, Hello My Dear Wrong Number, Thalavattam, Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu and Ninnistham Ennishtam. Jagathy was appraised for his performance as "Kavala" in the sentimental drama film Moonnam Pakkam (1988). The same year he played "Vikram" in Oru C.B.I Diary Kurippu and reprised the character in the sequel of the movie. Jagathy won the Kerala State Film Award For Second Best Actor in 1991 for his performance in the cult classic comedy movie Kilukkam and Apoorvam Chilar. He played "Nischal", a comedy character in Kilukkam whereas in Apoorvam Chilar, he played a character role. Jagathy played the role of a patient escaped from mental hospital with his group of friends in Mookilla Rajyathu (1991). This movie later developed a cult following. One of the best characters played by Jagathy is "Arasumootil Appukuttan" in Yoddha (1992). Yoddha is considered one of the best comedy films in Malayalam where Jagathy played an integral part in it. Jagathy was praised for his performance as "Jayakrishnan" in Melepparambil Aanveedu (1993). His lead role in Kabooliwala (1994) alongside Innocent was accalimed. The duo played the characters called "Kannas" and "Kadalas" in the movie respectively. The same year he played another memorable role in Minnaram. "Vattoli Porinju" is a popular character from the movie Olympian Anthony Adam (1999). His other notable movies among many in the 1990s include Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam, Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum (1990), Kottayam Kunjachan, Koodikazhca, Kadinjool Kalyanam, Georgekutty C/O Georgekutty (1991), Ezhara Ponnana (1992), Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu, "Vadhu Doctoranu", Pingami, Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji, Kinnaripuzhayoram, CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed (1994), Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka, "Puthukottyile Puthu Manavalan", Kusruthikaatu (1995), Kalyana Sowgandhikam, Kaathil Oru Kinnaram (1996), Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum, Kilukil Pambaram, Junior Mandrake (1997), Meenathil Thalikettu, Kottaram Veettile Apputtan, Mangalya Pallakku, Mayilpeelikkavu, "Grama Panchayath", Alibabayum Arara Kallanmarum, Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam (1998), Udayapuram Sulthan, Vazhunnor, Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal, "Pattabhishekam" and Friends (1999).


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Jagathy reunited with Priyadarshan in 2001 with Kakkakkuyil, which was commercially successful. Jagathy's role as "Krishnavilasom Bhageeratan Pilla" aka "Pillechan" in the comedy drama Meesa Madhavan (2002) is often considered one of his career best. This character as well as the movie itself eventually developed a cult following. Jagathy won his second Kerala State Film Award for his performance in Meesa Madhavan and for doing a character role in Nizhalkuthu. The same year he played another memorable comedy character "Kumbidi" in Nandanam. Some of his memorable roles in 2003 came out with the movies such as Mr. Brahmachari, Thilakkam, Kilichundan Mampazham, Sadanandante Samayam, Vellithira, Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam, C.I.D. Moosa, Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum, Balettan, "Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu", Pulival Kalyanam and Pattanathil Sundaran. Jagathy's next film directed by Priyadarshan after Kilichundan Mambazhan was through Vettam in 2004, where he played as a comic serial killer called "Basha". Another popular comedy character of Jagathy is "Pachalam Bhasi" which came out with Udayananu Tharam (2005). In 2006, Jagathy reprised his role as Nischal in Kilukkam Kilu Kilukkam, the sequel of Kilukkam. However the movie was a commercial failure and received negative reviews. Jagathy's role as a fake human god known as "Himavalswami" in Makante Achan (2009) was acclaimed. Jagathy's other best comedy movies in the 2000s includes Vellinakshatram (2004), Naran, Kochi Rajavu (2005), Classmates (2006), The Speed Track, Chota Mumbai, Hallo, Rock & Roll (2007), Crazy Gopalan, (2008), Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded and Evidam Swargamanu (2009).


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Jagathy's role as "Member Ramanan" in Elsamma Enna Aankutty (2010) was appreciated and the movie was a box office success. His other notable movies in 2012 are Marykkundoru Kunjaadu and Pranchiyettan and the Saint. The last film he completed before his 2012 road accident was Parudeesa.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Jagathy has also played memorable character roles in numerous movies. Most of them have a comic shade while others are purely character roles. He played a complex character called "Unnithan Aashan" in Vaasthavam (2006). He won the Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention in 2007 for his performance in Paradesi and Veeralipattu. Jagathy played the lead role in Raamanam (2009) which earned him that years Kerala State Film Special Jury Award. Jagathy's other notable character roles are seen in movies such as Vesham (2004), Thanmathra (2005), Chess, Palunku (2006), "Manchadikkuru" (2008), Pazhassi Raja (2009), Indian Rupee (2011) Kerala Cafe (2009) Manikiakkallu (2011) Christian Brothers (2011) Janapriyan (2011) and 1993 Bombay, March 12 (2011).


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Apart from playing comedy roles and comic character and negative roles, Jagathy has played some characters with complete negative shades, including his roles as "Chenicheri Kurup" in Urumi (2011) and Home Minister in Passenger (2009). Arabikkatha (2007) and Cycle (2008) are also such movies.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: Jagathy married Mallika Sukumaran in 1974 and divorced in 1976. He married Shoba in 1980. They have a son, Rajkumar, and a daughter, Parvathy. Just days before the March 2012 road accident that took away years of his life, Jagathy had publicly revealed that he had a daughter Sreelakshmi Sreekumar, with actress Kala, also said to be his second wife.


title: Jagathy Sreekumar

text: On 10 March 2012, he was seriously injured in a road accident at Panambra near the Calicut University at Tenhipalam in Malappuram district. He was immediately rushed to MIMS Hospital in Calicut, where he remained for one month. Later, he was taken to Vellore Christian Medical College for advanced treatment. He underwent multiple surgical procedures. He remained in hospital for twelve months, appearing in public for the first time in March 2013, unable to speak. In 2014, he was again taken to Vellore for further check-ups and returned to his home later. Recently he appeared in a private channel during onam with Nedumudi Venu in which he sang old songs.


title: Amish Tripathi

text: Amish Tripathi (born 18 October 1974) is an Indian author. He is known best for his Shiva Trilogy and .


title: Amish Tripathi

text: Amish Tripathi was born in Mumbai and grew up near Rourkela, Odisha. He is an alumnus of Cathedral & John Connon School; St. Xavier's College, Mumbai; and Indian Institute of Management Calcutta.


title: Amish Tripathi

text: "The Immortals of Meluha", Tripathi's first novel and first in the Shiva Trilogy, was published in February 2010. The second book in the series, "The Secret of the Nagas", was released in August 2011, and the third and final installment, titled "The Oath of the Vayuputras", was released in February 2013.


title: Amish Tripathi

text: "The Scion of Ikshvaku" was released in June 2015. It is the first book in the Ram Chandra series. It follows the story of Ram and is a prequel to the Shiva Trilogy. "The Scion of Ikshvaku" won the Crossword Book's "Best Popular Award". "," the sequel to "The Scion of Ikshvaku", was released in May 2017. It became the highest-selling book of 2017. "", the third book in The Ram Chandra series, was released in July 2019. The fourth book in The Ram Chandra Series, War of Lanka, is released on 3rd October-2022. "", his first historical book and first book in Indic Chronicles, was released in June 2020.


title: Amish Tripathi

text: Tripathi released his first non-fiction book, Immortal India, in August 2017. He also released in December 2020.


title: Amish Tripathi

text: In 2019, Tripathi was appointed by the Government of India as Director of The Nehru Centre, London, in a diplomatic role.


title: Amish Tripathi

text: Speaking to News4masses in an interview at the Kolkata Literary Meet in March 2022, Tripathi revealed his plans to come up with a book on Mahabharata soon.


title: Amish Tripathi

text: In September 2020, he announced that he is turning into a producer with an adaptation of his novel, "", under the banner Immortal Studios, with Wakaoo Films and Casa Media.


title: Rimini

text: Rimini ( , ; ; ) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. It sprawls along the Adriatic Sea, on the coast between the rivers Marecchia (the ancient "Ariminus") and Ausa (ancient "Aprusa"). It is one of the most notable seaside resorts in Europe with revenue from both internal and international tourism forming a significant portion of the city's economy. It is also near San Marino, a small nation within Italy. The first bathing establishment opened in 1843. Rimini is an art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments, and is also the birthplace of the film director Federico Fellini.


title: Rimini

text: The city was founded by the Romans in 268 BC. Throughout Roman times, Rimini was a key communications link between the north and south of the peninsula. On its soil, Roman emperors erected monuments such as the Arch of Augustus and the Tiberius Bridge to mark the beginning and the end of the Decumanus of Rimini. During the Renaissance, the city benefited from the court of the House of Malatesta, which hosted artists like Leonardo da Vinci and produced works such as the Tempio Malatestiano. The main monuments in Rimini are the Tiberius Bridge and the Arch of Augustus.


title: Rimini

text: In the 19th century, Rimini was one of the most active cities on the revolutionary front, hosting many of the movements seeking to achieve Italian unification. In the course of World War II, the city was the scene of numerous clashes and bombings, but also of a fierce partisan resistance that earned it the honour of a gold medal for civic valour. In recent years it has become one of the most important sites for trade fairs and conferences in Italy.


title: Rimini

text: As of 31 December 2019, Rimini's urban area was home to 151,200 people, with approximately 325,000 living in the eponymous province, making it the twenty-eighth largest city in Italy. The city is located near the independent republic of San Marino and the Misano race track.


title: Rimini

text: The area was inhabited by Etruscans until the arrival of the Celts, who held it from the 6th century BC until their defeat by the Umbri in 283 BC. In 268 BC at the mouth of the Ariminus (now called the Marecchia), the Roman Republic founded the "colonia" of Ariminum.


title: Rimini

text: Ariminum was seen as a bastion against invaders from Celts and also as a springboard for conquering the Padana plain. The city was involved in the civil wars of the first century, aligned with the popular party and its leaders, first Gaius Marius, and then Julius Caesar. After crossing the Rubicon, the latter made his legendary appeal to the legions in the Forum of Rimini.