title: John Agar

text: In 1954 Agar signed a seven-year contract with Universal. He began the association with "Revenge of the Creature" (1955), the popular first sequel to "Creature from the Black Lagoon" (1954); it was produced by William Alland and directed by Jack Arnold. He was borrowed by Lippert Pictures for "The Lonesome Trail" (1955), then, at Universal, made a second film for Haas with Cleo Moore, "Hold Back Tomorrow" (1955).


title: John Agar

text: Agar made another science fiction film, "Tarantula!" (1955), made by Alland and Arnold, which was popular and became a cult favorite.


title: John Agar

text: Universal starred him in a Western, "Star in the Dust" (1956) with Mamie Van Doren and Richard Boone and produced by Albert Zugsmith. A new company, American International Pictures, borrowed Agar for a Western, "Flesh and the Spur" (1956) with Marla English and Mike Connors (billed as "Touch Connors"). Then he went back to Universal for "The Mole People" (1956), produced by Alland.


title: John Agar

text: Agar's contract with Universal ended when he complained that he was tired of only doing science fiction roles. His final film with the studio was supporting Universal's Western star Audie Murphy in a comedy "Joe Butterfly" (1957).


title: John Agar

text: Agar remained in demand for low budget science fiction, horror and Western films. He starred in "The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll" (1957) for Edgar G. Ulmer at Allied Artists, then made "The Brain from Planet Arous" (1957) for Howco International.


title: John Agar

text: Agar starred in some low budget Westerns for Lippert's low budget Regal Films at Fox, "Ride a Violent Mile" (1958) and "Frontier Gun" (1958). He went to the Philippines to make "Cavalry Command" (1958) and did two for AIP, "Jet Attack" (1958) and "Attack of the Puppet People" (1958). He shot a television pilot in 1958 that was released as a feature film "Destination Space" (1959).


title: John Agar

text: Agar could be seen in "Journey to the Seventh Planet" (1962) and "Of Love and Desire" (1963). He joined he ensemble casts in several low budget films for producer A.C. Lyles that were released by Paramount Pictures; "The Young and The Brave" (1963) with Rory Calhoun, "Law of the Lawless" (1963) starring Dale Robertson and William Bendix, "Stage to Thunder Rock" (1965) with Barry Sullivan and Marilyn Maxwell, "Young Fury" (1965) with Rory Calhoun and Lon Chaney Jr., "Johnny Reno" (1966) with Dana Andrews and Jane Russell, and "Waco" (1966) with Howard Keel, Jane Russell and Brian Donlevy.


title: John Agar

text: Agar made some films for Larry Buchanan at AIP that were originally meant as made-for-television-movies, "Curse of the Swamp Creature" (1966), "Zontar, the Thing from Venus" (1966) and "Hell Raiders" (1968). He had the lead in "Women of the Prehistoric Planet" (1966) and "Night Fright" (1967).


title: John Agar

text: Agar had small parts in some studio films like "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre" (1967) with Jason Robards Jr. and Ralph Meeker, and three more pictures in a row with John Wayne: "The Undefeated" (1969), "Chisum" (1970), and "Big Jake" (1971).


title: John Agar

text: Agar's last prominent roles were small parts in "King Kong" (1976), "Miracle Mile" (1988) and "Nightbreed" (1990).


title: John Agar

text: Agar's sister was a schoolmate of Shirley Temple. In 1944 Agar escorted Temple to a party held by her boss at the time, David O. Selznick. The two were married in 1945. Agar and Temple had a daughter together, Linda Susan Agar, born 1948 (who was later known as Susan Black, taking the surname of her stepfather, Charles Alden Black). However, the marriage foundered, in part because of Agar's drinking (he had been arrested for drunk driving) and in part because of pressures of their high public profile. Temple sued for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty in 1949. The two were divorced on December 7, 1950. After the divorce, Agar had little contact with his daughter or with Temple.


title: John Agar

text: Agar remarried in 1951 to model Loretta Barnett Combs (1922–2000). They tried to elope but officials refused to marry them for an hour because Agar had been drinking. They remained married for 49 years until her death in 2000. They had two sons, Martin Agar and John G. Agar, III.


title: John Agar

text: In 1950 Agar was fined for reckless driving. In 1951 he was sentenced to five months in jail for drunk driving, and released on probation after 60 days. In 1953 Agar was again arrested for drunk driving, and sentenced to 120 days in prison. In 1960 he was again arrested for drunk driving.


title: John Agar

text: Agar supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election, and Ronald Reagan in 1980.


title: John Agar

text: Agar died on April 7, 2002, in Burbank, California from severe complications from emphysema. He was 81. He was buried beside his wife at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California.


title: John Agar

text: As for being associated with science fiction B movies, Agar said, "I don't resent being identified with B science fiction movies at all", Agar later said. "Why should I? Even though they were not considered top-of-the-line, for those people that like sci-fi, I guess they were fun. My whole feeling about working as an actor is, if I give anybody any enjoyment, I'm doing my job, and that's what counts."


title: John Agar

text: The Seattle band The Young Fresh Fellows recorded the songs "The New John Agar" and "Agar's Revenge" on the "Topsy Turvy" album in 1985.


title: John Agar

text: The television series "Mystery Science Theater 3000" has made fun of several of Agar's films, including "The Mole People, Women of the Prehistoric Planet" and "Revenge of the Creature".


title: Thermostat

text: A thermostat is a regulating device component which senses the temperature of a physical system and performs actions so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint.


title: Thermostat

text: Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature. Examples include building heating, central heating, air conditioners, HVAC systems, water heaters, as well as kitchen equipment including ovens and refrigerators and medical and scientific incubators. In scientific literature, these devices are often broadly classified as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). Thermostatically controlled loads comprise roughly 50% of the overall electricity demand in the United States.


title: Thermostat

text: A thermostat operates as a "closed loop" control device, as it seeks to reduce the error between the desired and measured temperatures. Sometimes a thermostat combines both the sensing and control action elements of a controlled system, such as in an automotive thermostat.


title: Thermostat

text: The word thermostat is derived from the Greek words θερμός "thermos", "hot" and στατός "statos", "standing, stationary".


title: Thermostat

text: A thermostat exerts control by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or by regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. A thermostat can often be the main control unit for a heating or cooling system, in applications ranging from ambient air control to automotive coolant control. Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature. Examples include building heating, central heating, and air conditioners, kitchen equipment such as ovens and refrigerators, and medical and scientific incubators.


title: Thermostat

text: Thermostats use different types of sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the heating or cooling sources. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals, to control the heating or cooling equipment.


title: Thermostat

text: Conventional thermostats are example of "bang-bang controllers" as the controlled system either operates at full capacity once the setpoint is reached, or keeps completely off. Although it is the simplest program to implement, such control method requires to include some hysteresis in order to prevent excessively rapid cycling of the equipment around the setpoint. As a consequence, conventional thermostats cannot control temperatures very precisely. Instead, there are oscillations of a certain magnitude, usually 1-2 ℃. Such control is in general inaccurate, inefficient and high-level mechanical wear, but for components like compressors, it still has a significant cost advantage compared with more advanced ones allowing continuously variable capacity.


title: Thermostat

text: Another consideration is the time delay of the controlled system. To improve the control performance of the system, thermostats can include an "anticipator", which stops heating/cooling slightly earlier than reaching the setpoint, as the system will continue to produce heat for a short while. Turning off exactly at the setpoint will cause actual temperature to exceed the desired range, known as "overshoot".  Bimetallic sensors can include a physical "anticipator", which has a thin wire touched on the thermostat. When current passes the wire, a small amount of heat is generated and transferred to the bimetallic coil. Electronic thermostats have an electronic equivalent.


title: Thermostat

text: When higher control precision is required, a PID or MPC controller is preferred. However, they are nowadays mainly adopted for industrial purposes, for example, for semiconductor manufacturing factories or museums.


title: Thermostat

text: Early technologies included mercury thermometers with electrodes inserted directly through the glass, so that when a certain (fixed) temperature was reached the contacts would be closed by the mercury. These were accurate to within a degree of temperature.


title: Thermostat

text: Possibly the earliest recorded examples of thermostat control were built by the Dutch innovator Cornelis Drebbel (1572–1633) around 1620 in England. He invented a mercury thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken incubator. This is one of the first recorded feedback-controlled devices.


title: Thermostat

text: Modern thermostat control was developed in the 1830s by Andrew Ure (1778–1857), a Scottish chemist, who invented the bi-metallic thermostat. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so to achieve this Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.


title: Thermostat

text: Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) of Wisconsin patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later filed a patent for the first multi-zone thermostatic control system.


title: Thermostat

text: One of the first industrial uses of the thermostat was in the regulation of the temperature in poultry incubators. Charles Hearson, a British engineer, designed the first modern incubator for eggs that was taken up for use on poultry farms in 1879. The incubators incorporated an accurate thermostat to regulate the temperature so as to precisely simulate the experience of an egg being hatched naturally.


title: Thermostat

text: Domestic water and steam based central heating systems have traditionally been controlled by bi-metallic strip thermostats, and this is dealt with later in this article. Purely mechanical control has been localised steam or hot-water radiator bi-metallic thermostats which regulated the individual flow. However, thermostatic radiator valves (TRV) are now being widely used.


title: Thermostat

text: Purely mechanical thermostats are used to regulate dampers in some rooftop turbine vents, reducing building heat loss in cool or cold periods.


title: Thermostat

text: Some automobile passenger heating systems have a thermostatically controlled valve to regulate the water flow and temperature to an adjustable level. In older vehicles the thermostat controls the application of engine vacuum to actuators that control water valves and flappers to direct the flow of air. In modern vehicles, the vacuum actuators may be operated by small solenoids under the control of a central computer.


title: Thermostat

text: Perhaps the most common example of purely mechanical thermostat technology in use today is the internal combustion engine cooling system thermostat, used to maintain the engine near its optimum operating temperature by regulating the flow of coolant to an air-cooled radiator. This type of thermostat operates using a sealed chamber containing a wax pellet that melts and expands at a set temperature. The expansion of the chamber operates a rod which opens a valve when the operating temperature is exceeded. The operating temperature is determined by the composition of the wax. Once the operating temperature is reached, the thermostat progressively increases or decreases its opening in response to temperature changes, dynamically balancing the coolant recirculation flow and coolant flow to the radiator to maintain the engine temperature in the optimum range.


title: Thermostat

text: On many automobile engines, including all Chrysler Group and General Motors products, the thermostat does not restrict flow to the heater core. The passenger side tank of the radiator is used as a bypass to the thermostat, flowing through the heater core. This prevents formation of steam pockets before the thermostat opens, and allows the heater to function before the thermostat opens. Another benefit is that there is still some flow through the radiator if the thermostat fails.


title: Thermostat

text: A thermostatic mixing valve uses a wax pellet to control the mixing of hot and cold water. A common application is to permit operation of an electric water heater at a temperature hot enough to kill "Legionella" bacteria (above ), while the output of the valve produces water that is cool enough to not immediately scald ().


title: Thermostat

text: A wax pellet driven valve can be analyzed through graphing the wax pellet's hysteresis which consists of two thermal expansion curves; extension (motion) vs. temperature increase, and contraction (motion) vs. temperature decrease. The spread between the up and down curves visually illustrate the valve's hysteresis; there is always hysteresis within wax driven valves due to the phase transition or phase change between solids and liquids. Hysteresis can be controlled with specialized blended mixes of hydrocarbons; tight hysteresis is what most desire, however some applications require broader ranges. Wax pellet driven valves are used in anti scald, freeze protection, over-temp purge, solar thermal energy or solar thermal, automotive, and aerospace applications among many others.


title: Thermostat

text: Thermostats are sometimes used to regulate gas ovens. It consists of a gas-filled bulb connected to the control unit by a slender copper tube. The bulb is normally located at the top of the oven. The tube ends in a chamber sealed by a diaphragm. As the thermostat heats up, the gas expands applying pressure to the diaphragm which reduces the flow of gas to the burner.


title: Thermostat

text: A pneumatic thermostat is a thermostat that controls a heating or cooling system via a series of air-filled control tubes. This "control air" system responds to the pressure changes (due to temperature) in the control tube to activate heating or cooling when required. The control air typically is maintained on "mains" at 15-18 psi (although usually operable up to 20 psi). Pneumatic thermostats typically provide output/ branch/ post-restrictor (for single-pipe operation) pressures of 3-15 psi which is piped to the end device (valve/ damper actuator/ pneumatic-electric switch, etc.).


title: Thermostat

text: The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren Johnson in 1895 soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim was awarded a patent for a pneumatic-to-digital interface that allows pneumatically controlled buildings to be integrated with building automation systems to provide similar benefits as direct digital control (DDC).


title: Thermostat

text: Water and steam based central heating systems have traditionally had overall control by wall-mounted bi-metallic strip thermostats. These sense the air temperature using the differential expansion of two metals to actuate an on/off switch. Typically the central system would be switched on when the temperature drops below the setpoint on the thermostat, and switched off when it rises above, with a few degrees of hysteresis to prevent excessive switching. Bi-metallic sensing is now being superseded by electronic sensors. A principal use of the bi-metallic thermostat today is in individual electric convection heaters, where control is on/off, based on the local air temperature and the setpoint desired by the user. These are also used on air-conditioners, where local control is required.


title: Thermostat

text: Any leading number stands for number of contact sets, like "1NO", "1NC" for one contact set with two terminals. "1CO" will also have one contact set, even if it is a switch-over with three terminals.


title: Thermostat

text: The illustration is the interior of a common two wire heat-only household thermostat, used to regulate a gas-fired heater via an electric gas valve. Similar mechanisms may also be used to control oil furnaces, boilers, boiler zone valves, electric attic fans, electric furnaces, electric baseboard heaters, and household appliances such as refrigerators, coffee pots and hair dryers. The power through the thermostat is provided by the heating device and may range from millivolts to 240 volts in common North American construction, and is used to control the heating system either directly (electric baseboard heaters and some electric furnaces) or indirectly (all gas, oil and forced hot water systems). "Due to the variety of possible voltages and currents available at the thermostat, caution must be taken when selecting a replacement device."


title: Thermostat

text: Not shown in the illustration is a separate bimetal thermometer on the outer case to show the actual temperature at the thermostat.


title: Thermostat

text: As illustrated in the use of the thermostat above, all of the power for the control system is provided by a thermopile which is a combination of many stacked thermocouples, heated by the pilot light. The thermopile produces sufficient electrical power to drive a low-power gas valve, which under control of one or more thermostat switches, in turn controls the input of fuel to the burner.


title: Thermostat

text: This type of device is generally considered obsolete as pilot lights can waste a surprising amount of gas (in the same way a dripping faucet can waste a large amount of water over an extended period), and are also no longer used on stoves, but are still to be found in many gas water heaters and gas fireplaces. Their poor efficiency is acceptable in water heaters, since most of the energy "wasted" on the pilot still represents a direct heat gain for the water tank. The Millivolt system also makes it unnecessary for a special electrical circuit to be run to the water heater or furnace; these systems are often completely self-sufficient and can run without any external electrical power supply. For tankless "on demand" water heaters, pilot ignition is preferable because it is faster than hot-surface ignition and more reliable than spark ignition.


title: Thermostat

text: Some programmable thermostats - those that offer simple "millivolt" or "two-wire" modes - will control these systems.


title: Thermostat

text: The majority of modern heating/cooling/heat pump thermostats operate on low voltage (typically 24 volts AC) control circuits. The source of the 24 volt AC power is a control transformer installed as part of the heating/cooling equipment. The advantage of the low voltage control system is the ability to operate multiple electromechanical switching devices such as relays, contactors, and sequencers using inherently safe voltage and current levels. Built into the thermostat is a provision for enhanced temperature control using anticipation. A heat anticipator generates a small amount of additional heat to the sensing element while the heating appliance is operating. This opens the heating contacts slightly early to prevent the space temperature from greatly overshooting the thermostat setting. A mechanical heat anticipator is generally adjustable and should be set to the current flowing in the heating control circuit when the system is operating. A cooling anticipator generates a small amount of additional heat to the sensing element while the cooling appliance is not operating. This causes the contacts to energize the cooling equipment slightly early, preventing the space temperature from climbing excessively. Cooling anticipators are generally non-adjustable.


title: Thermostat

text: Electromechanical thermostats use resistance elements as anticipators. Most electronic thermostats use either thermistor devices or integrated logic elements for the anticipation function. In some electronic thermostats, the thermistor anticipator may be located outdoors, providing a variable anticipation depending on the outdoor temperature. Thermostat enhancements include outdoor temperature display, programmability, and system fault indication. While such 24 volt thermostats are incapable of operating a furnace when the mains power fails, most such furnaces require mains power for heated air fans (and often also hot-surface or electronic spark ignition) rendering moot the functionality of the thermostat. In other circumstances such as piloted wall and "gravity" (fanless) floor and central heaters the low voltage system described previously may be capable of remaining functional when electrical power is unavailable.


title: Thermostat

text: There are no standards for wiring color codes, but convention has settled on the following terminal codes and colors.


title: Thermostat

text: Line voltage thermostats are most commonly used for electric space heaters such as a baseboard heater or a direct-wired electric furnace. If a line voltage thermostat is used, system power (in the United States, 120 or 240 volts) is directly switched by the thermostat. With switching current often exceeding 40 amperes, using a low voltage thermostat on a line voltage circuit will result at least in the failure of the thermostat and possibly a fire. Line voltage thermostats are sometimes used in other applications, such as the control of fan-coil (fan powered from line voltage blowing through a coil of tubing which is either heated or cooled by a larger system) units in large systems using centralized boilers and chillers, or to control circulation pumps in hydronic heating applications.


title: Thermostat

text: Some programmable thermostats are available to control line-voltage systems. Baseboard heaters will especially benefit from a programmable thermostat which is capable of continuous control (as are at least some Honeywell models), effectively controlling the heater like a lamp dimmer, and gradually increasing and decreasing heating to ensure an extremely constant room temperature (continuous control rather than relying on the averaging effects of hysteresis). Systems which include a fan (electric furnaces, wall heaters, etc.) must typically use simple on/off controls.


title: Thermostat

text: Newer digital thermostats have no moving parts to measure temperature and instead rely on thermistors or other semiconductor devices such as a resistance thermometer (resistance temperature detector). Typically one or more regular batteries must be installed to operate it, although some so-called "power stealing" digital thermostats use the common 24-volt AC circuits as a power source, but will not operate on thermopile powered "millivolt" circuits used in some furnaces. Each has an LCD screen showing the current temperature, and the current setting. Most also have a clock, and time-of-day and even day-of-week settings for the temperature, used for comfort and energy conservation. Some advanced models have touch screens, or the ability to work with home automation or building automation systems.


title: Thermostat

text: Digital thermostats use either a relay or a semiconductor device such as triac to act as a switch to control the HVAC unit. Units with relays will operate millivolt systems, but often make an audible "click" noise when switching on or off.


title: Thermostat

text: HVAC systems with the ability to modulate their output can be combined with thermostats that have a built-in PID controller to achieve smoother operation. There are also modern thermostats featuring adaptive algorithms to further improve the inertia prone system behaviour. For instance, setting those up so that the temperature in the morning at 7 a.m. should be 21 °C (69.8 °F), makes sure that at that time the temperature will be 21 °C (69.8 °F), where a conventional thermostat would just start working at that time. The algorithms decide at what time the system should be activated in order to reach the desired temperature at the desired time. Other thermostat used for process/industrial control where on/off control is not suitable the PID control can also makes sure that the temperature is very stable (for instance, by reducing overshoots by fine tuning PID constants for set value (SV) or maintaining temperature in a band by deploying hysteresis control.)


title: Thermostat

text: Most digital thermostats in common residential use in North America and Europe are programmable thermostats, which will typically provide a 30% energy savings if left with their default programs; adjustments to these defaults may increase or reduce energy savings. The programmable thermostat article provides basic information on the operation, selection and installation of such a thermostat.


title: Thermostat

text: With non-zoned (typical residential, one thermostat for the whole house) systems, when the thermostat's R (or Rh) and W terminals are connected, the furnace will go through its start-up procedure and produce heat.


title: Thermostat

text: With zoned systems (some residential, many commercial systems — several thermostats controlling different "zones" in the building), the thermostat will cause small electric motors to open valves or dampers and start the furnace or boiler if it's not already running.


title: Thermostat

text: Depending on what is being controlled, a forced-air air conditioning thermostat generally has an external switch for heat/off/cool, and another on/auto to turn the blower fan on constantly or only when heating and cooling are running. Four wires come to the centrally-located thermostat from the main heating/cooling unit (usually located in a closet, basement, or occasionally in the attic): One wire, usually red, supplies 24 volts AC power to the thermostat, while the other three supply control signals from the thermostat, usually white for heat, yellow for cooling, and green to turn on the blower fan. The power is supplied by a transformer, and when the thermostat makes contact between the 24 volt power and one or two of the other wires, a relay back at the heating/cooling unit activates the corresponding heat/fan/cool function of the unit(s).


title: Thermostat

text: A thermostat, when set to "cool", will only turn on when the ambient temperature of the surrounding room is above the set temperature. Thus, if the controlled space has a temperature normally above the desired setting when the heating/cooling system is off, it would be wise to keep the thermostat set to "cool", despite what the temperature is outside. On the other hand, if the temperature of the controlled area falls below the desired degree, then it is advisable to turn the thermostat to "heat".


title: Thermostat

text: The heat pump is a refrigeration based appliance which reverses refrigerant flow between the indoor and outdoor coils. This is done by energizing a reversing valve (also known as a "4-way" or "change-over" valve). During cooling, the indoor coil is an evaporator removing heat from the indoor air and transferring it to the outdoor coil where it is rejected to the outdoor air. During heating, the outdoor coil becomes the evaporator and heat is removed from the outdoor air and transferred to the indoor air through the indoor coil. The reversing valve, controlled by the thermostat, causes the change-over from heat to cool. Residential heat pump thermostats generally have an "O" terminal to energize the reversing valve in cooling. Some residential and many commercial heat pump thermostats use a "B" terminal to energize the reversing valve in heating. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as outdoor temperatures fall. At some outdoor temperature (called the balance point) the ability of the refrigeration system to transfer heat into the building falls below the heating needs of the building. A typical heat pump is fitted with electric heating elements to supplement the refrigeration heat when the outdoor temperature is below this balance point. Operation of the supplemental heat is controlled by a second stage heating contact in the heat pump thermostat. During heating, the outdoor coil is operating at a temperature below the outdoor temperature and condensation on the coil may take place. This condensation may then freeze onto the coil, reducing its heat transfer capacity. Heat pumps therefore have a provision for occasional defrost of the outdoor coil. This is done by reversing the cycle to the cooling mode, shutting off the outdoor fan, and energizing the electric heating elements. The electric heat in defrost mode is needed to keep the system from blowing cold air inside the building. The elements are then used in the "reheat" function. Although the thermostat may indicate the system is in defrost and electric heat is activated, the defrost function is not controlled by the thermostat. Since the heat pump has electric heat elements for supplemental and reheats, the heat pump thermostat provides for use of the electric heat elements should the refrigeration system fail. This function is normally activated by an "E" terminal on the thermostat. When in emergency heat, the thermostat makes no attempt to operate the compressor or outdoor fan.


title: Thermostat

text: The thermostat should not be located on an outside wall or where it could be exposed to direct sunlight at any time during the day. It should be located away from the room's cooling or heating vents or device, yet exposed to general airflow from the room(s) to be regulated. An open hallway may be most appropriate for a single zone system, where living rooms and bedrooms are operated as a single zone. If the hallway may be closed by doors from the regulated spaces then these should be left open when the system is in use. If the thermostat is too close to the source controlled then the system will tend to "short a cycle", and numerous starts and stops can be annoying and in some cases shorten equipment life. A multiple zoned system can save considerable energy by regulating individual spaces, allowing unused rooms to vary in temperature by turning off the heating and cooling.


title: Thermostat

text: HVAC systems take a long time, usually one to several hours, to cool down or  warm up the space from near outdoor conditions in summer or winter. Thus, it is a common practice to set setback temperatures when the space is not occupied (night and/or holidays). On the one hand, compared with maintaining at the original setpoint, substantial energy consumption can be saved. On the other hand, compared with turning off the system completely, it avoids room temperature drifting too much from the comfort zone, thus reducing the time of possible discomfort when the space is again occupied.  New thermostats are mostly programmable and include an internal clock that allows this setback feature to be easily incorporated.


title: Thermostat

text: It has been reported that many thermostats in office buildings are non-functional dummy devices, installed to give tenants' employees an illusion of control. These dummy thermostats are in effect a type of placebo button. However, these thermostats are often used to detect the temperature in the zone, even though their controls are disabled. This function is often referred to as "lockout".


title: Rif War

text: The Rif War () was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between Spain (joined by France in 1924) and the Berber tribes of the mountainous Rif region of northern Morocco.


title: Rif War

text: Led by Abd el-Krim, the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics and captured European weapons. After France's military intervention against Abd el-Krim's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at Al Hoceima, considered the first amphibious landing in history to involve the use of tanks and aircraft, Abd el-Krim surrendered and was taken into exile.


title: Rif War

text: In July 1909, Spanish workers constructing a rail-bridge providing access to iron mines near Melilla were attacked by Rifian tribesmen. This incident led to the summoning of reinforcements from Spain itself. A series of skirmishes over the following weeks cost the Spanish over a thousand casualties. By September, the Spanish Army had 40,000 troops in northern Morocco and had occupied the tribal regions to the south and southeast of Melilla. The military operations in Jebala, in the Moroccan west, began in 1911 with the Larache landing. Spain worked to subdue a large part of the most violent areas until 1914, a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919, due to World War I. The following year, after the signing of the Treaty of Fez, the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate. The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish, unleashing a conflict that would last for several years.


title: Rif War

text: In 1921, in an attempt to consolidate control of the region, the Spanish troops suffered the Disaster of Annual in addition to a rebellion led by Rifian leader Abd el-Krim. As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the Republic of the Rif. The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927. In addition, and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925, the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the Alhucemas landing, which proved a turning point. The Spanish also used chemical weapons during the conflict. By 1926, the area had been pacified; Abd-el-Krim surrendered that year, and Spain gained effective control of the protectorate's territory at last.


title: Rif War

text: The Rif War is still considered controversial among historians. Some see in it a harbinger of the decolonization process in North Africa. Others consider it one of the last colonial wars, as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif – nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but "de facto" independent – that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924. The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco. The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the Algerian War of Independence, which took place three decades later.


title: Rif War

text: Spain, 13 kilometers across the Straits of Gibraltar from Africa, claimed influence over the Morocco region at the Berlin Conference (1884-1885). By the early 20th century, Morocco was divided into protectorates ruled by France and Spain. The Rif region had been assigned to Spain, but given that the Sultans of Morocco had been unable to exert control over the region, Spanish sovereignty over the Rif was strictly "de jure" with little practical control. For centuries, the Berber tribes of the Rif had fought off any attempt of outsiders to impose control on them. While the Rif mountains were visible to Europeans from ships in the Mediterranean Sea, Europeans had rarely if ever ventured into the area. Walter Burton Harris, the Morocco correspondent for "The Times", who covered the war, wrote that as late as 1912 only "one or two Europeans had been able to visit the cedar forests that lie south of Fez. A few had traveled in the southern Atlas and pushed on into the Sus...and that was almost all". As Harris wrote, the Berbers "were often as inhospitable to the Arab as they were to the foreigner", and generally killed any outsiders who ventured into their territory.


title: Rif War

text: Vincent Sheean, who covered the war for "The New York Times", wrote that the Rif was a truly beautiful countryside of "Crimson mountains flung against a sky of hieratic blue, gorges magnificent and terrifying, peaceful green valleys between protecting precipices", a place that reminded him of his native Colorado. The Rif was also rich in high-grade iron, which could be easily extracted via open pit mining. The promise of the Spanish state collecting revenues in the form of taxes and royalties from iron mining here was an incentive for it to bring the Rif under its control.


title: Rif War

text: The Crown granted the concession to mine iron in the Rif to the millionaire Don Horacio Echevarrieta. By 1920 he had brought out 800,000 tons of valuable high grade iron through relatively inexpensive open pit mining. Though profitable, iron mining caused much environmental damage and required the displacement of the native people. As they received no share of the profits, the Rifians soon began to oppose the mining in their territory.


title: Rif War

text: When King Alfonso XIII of Spain ascended to the throne in 1886, Spain was considered a world power, with colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. But in the Spanish–American War, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898, and sold the Mariana and Caroline Islands to Germany the following year; reducing the once great Spanish Empire to only a few footholds on the Moroccan coast and Spanish Guinea. To compensate for the losses in the Americas and Asia, there emerged a powerful "Africanist" faction in Spain led by Alfonso, who wanted a new empire in Africa. Finally, many within the politically powerful Catholic Church, preached the need for a new crusade to continue the "Reconquista" by conquering Morocco, adding their voices to the "Africanist" choir. For all these reasons, Spain began pushing into the Rif in 1909.


title: Rif War

text: The Berber tribesmen had a long tradition of fierce fighting skills, combined with high standards of fieldcraft and marksmanship. They were capably led by Abd el-Krim, who showed both military and political expertise. However, the Rifian regular army was never a very large force. The elite of the Rifian forces formed regular units which according to Abd el-Krim, quoted by the Spanish General Manuel Goded, numbered 6,000 to 7,000. Other sources put it much lower, at around 2,000 to 3,000.


title: Rif War

text: The remaining Rifians were tribal militia selected by their Caids; they were not liable to serve away from their homes and farms for more than 15 consecutive days. General Goded estimated that at their peak, in June 1924, the Rifian forces numbered about 80,000 men, although Abd el-Krim was never able to arm more than 20,000 men at a time. However, this force was largely adequate in the early stages of the war. In the final days of the war, Rifian forces numbered about 12,000 men. In addition, Rifian forces were not well armed, with weapons badly maintained and in poor condition.


title: Rif War

text: Initially, the Spanish forces in Morocco were largely composed of conscripts and reservists from Spain itself. These "Peninsular" troops were poorly supplied and prepared, few had marksmanship skills and proper battle training, and widespread corruption was reported amongst the officer corps, reducing supplies and morale. Of the Spanish troops in Morocco in 1921, well over half were completely illiterate conscripts from the poorest elements of Spanish society who had been sent to Morocco with minimal training. Despite assurances from General Manuel Fernández Silvestre that his equipment was sufficient to defeat the Rifians, in fact about three-quarters of the rifles at the Melilla arsenal were in shoddy condition due to poor maintenance, and a report from late 1920, which Spanish commanders never bothered to read, warned that many of the rifles held there were either unusable or more of a danger to the soldier firing them than to the enemy.


title: Rif War

text: The average Spanish soldier in Morocco in 1921 was paid the equivalent of thirty-four US cents per day, and lived on a simple diet of coffee, bread, beans, rice and the odd piece of meat. Many soldiers bartered their rifles and ammunition at the local markets in exchange for fresh vegetables. The barracks that the soldiers lived in were unsanitary, and medical care at the few hospitals was very poor. Up in the mountains, Spanish soldiers lived in small outposts known as "blocaos", which the American historian Stanley Payne observed: "Many of these lacked any sort of toilet, and the soldier who ventured out of the filthy bunker risked exposure to the fire of lurking tribesmen".


title: Rif War

text: Continuing a practice first begun in Cuba, corruption flourished amongst the venal Spanish officer corps, with goods meant for the troops being sold on the black market and the funds intended to build roads and railroads in Morocco ending up in the pockets of senior officers. A high number of Spanish officers could not read maps, which explains why Spanish units so frequently got lost in the Rif mountains. In general, studying war was not considered to be a good use of an officer's time, and most officers devoted their time in Melilla in words of the American journalist James Perry to "gambling and whoring, sometimes molesting the native Moorish women". Morale in the Army was extremely poor and most Spanish soldiers just wanted to go home and leave Morocco forever. Because of the prostitutes from Spain, who attached themselves in great number to the Spanish bases in Morocco, venereal diseases were rampant in the Spanish Army. Fernández Silvestre was well aware of the poor morale of his soldiers, but he did not regard this as a problem, believing that his enemy was so inferior that the problems afflicting his troops were not an issue.


title: Rif War

text: Even with their numerical superiority, the "Peninsular" troops proved no match for the highly skilled and motivated Rifian forces. Accordingly, much reliance came to be placed on the mainly professional units comprising Spain's Army of Africa. Since 1911, these had included regiments of Moroccan Regulares, who proved to be excellent soldiers.


title: Rif War

text: The initiative was unpopular in parts of Spain as well. In 1909, during early conflicts with the Rif tribesmen, an attempt by the Spanish government to call up reservists led to a working class uprising in Barcelona known as Tragic Week. The Catalan trade unions, many led by anarchists, argued that the working class of Barcelona had no quarrel with the people of the Rif.


title: Rif War

text: After the Tragic Week of 1909, the Spanish government starting in 1911 tried to raise as many "Regular" units as possible to avoid further working class resistance to colonial wars as much of the Spanish working class had no desire to see their sons sent to Morocco, beginning a policy of what the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez called "Moroccanizing" the conquest of the Rif. Following the difficulties and setbacks that it had experienced in 1909-11, the Spanish army began to adopt much in organization and tactics from the French North African forces garrisoning most of Morocco and neighboring Algeria. Particular attention was paid to the French Foreign Legion and a Spanish equivalent, the "Tercio de Extranjeros" ('Foreigners' brigade'), known in English as the Spanish Legion, was formed in 1920. The regiment's second commander was then-Col. Francisco Franco, having risen rapidly through the ranks. In the Rif war, it was the "Regulares" and the Spanish Foreign Legion founded in 1919 that provided the elite forces that won Spain the war. Less than 25% of this "Foreign Legion" were, in fact, non-Spanish. Harshly disciplined and driven, they quickly acquired a reputation for ruthlessness. As their number grew, the Spanish Legion and the Regulares increasingly led offensive operations after the disasters that had been suffered by the conscript forces.


title: Rif War

text: As an outcome of the Treaty of Fez (1912) Spain gained possession of the lands around Melilla and Ceuta. In 1920, the Spanish commissioner, General Dámaso Berenguer, decided to conquer the eastern territory from the Jibala tribes, but had little success. The second-in-command was General Manuel Fernández Silvestre who commanded the eastern sector. Fernández Silvestre had spread out his troops out in 144 forts and "blocaos" from Sidi Dris on the Mediterranean across the Rift mountains to Annual and Tizi Azza and on to Melilla. A typical "blocao" held about dozen men while the larger forts had about 800 men. Fernández Silvestre, known for his boldness and impetuosity, had pushed his men too deep into the Rif mountains hoping to reach Alhucemas Bay without undertaking the necessary work to build a logistical support network capable of supplying his men out in the "blocaos" up in the Rif mountains. Krim had sent Fernández Silvestre a letter warning him not to cross the Amekran river or else he would die. Fernández Silvestre commented to the Spanish press about the letter that: "This man Abd el-Krim is crazy. I'm not going to take seriously the threats of a little Berber "caid" [judge] whom I had at my mercy a short time ago. His insolence merits a new punishment". Krim allowed Fernández Silvestre to advance deep into the Rif, knowing the Spanish logistics were in the words of the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez "tenuous" at best.


title: Rif War

text: On 1 July 1921, the Spanish army in north-eastern Morocco under Fernández Silvestre collapsed when defeated by the forces of Abd el-Krim, in what became known in Spain as the disaster of Annual, some 8,000 soldiers and officers reported killed or disappeared out of some 20,000. The final Spanish death toll, both at Annual and during the subsequent rout that took Rifian forces to the outskirts of Melilla, was reported to the Cortes Generales as totaling 13,192. The Spanish were pushed back and during the following five years, occasional battles were fought between the two. The Rifian forces advanced to the east and captured over 130 Spanish military posts.


title: Rif War

text: By late August 1921, Spain lost all the territories it had gained since 1909. Spanish troops were pushed back to Melilla, which was their biggest base in the eastern Rif. Spain still had 14,000 soldiers in Melilla. However, Abd el-Krim ordered his forces not to attack the town. He subsequently told the writer J. Roger-Matthieu that since citizens of other European nations were residing in Melilla, it was feared they would intervene in the war should their citizens come to harm. Other reasons included the dispersal of Rifian fighters from several loosely allied tribes following the victory at Annual; and the arrival in Melilla of substantial reinforcements from the Legion and other Spanish units recalled from operations in western Morocco. By the end of August Spanish forces at Melilla numbered 36,000 under General Jose Sanjurjo and the slow process of recovering the lost territory could begin.


title: Rif War

text: Thus the Spanish could keep their biggest base in the eastern Rif. Later Abd el-Krim would admit: ""I bitterly regret this order. It was my biggest mistake". "All the following tenor of events happened because of this mistake"."


title: Rif War

text: By January 1922 the Spanish had retaken their major fort at Monte Arruit (where they found the bodies of 2,600 of the garrison) and had reoccupied the coastal plain as far as Tistutin and Batel. The Rifian forces had consolidated their hold of the inland mountains and stalemate was reached.


title: Rif War

text: The Spanish military suffered losses even at sea; in March the transport ship "Juan de Joanes" was sunk in Alhucemas Bay by Riffian coastal batteries, and in August 1923 the battleship "España" ran aground off Cape Tres Forcas and was eventually scrapped "in situ".


title: Rif War

text: In a bid to break the stalemate, the Spanish military turned to the use of chemical weapons against the Riffians.


title: Rif War

text: The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the "africanistas" who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure. After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the grew as many people could see no point to the war. In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied at the railway stations, other soldiers in Malaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about.


title: Rif War

text: With the "africanists" comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for the military coup d'état later in 1923. On September 13, 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marqués de Estella, seized power in a military coup d'état. General Primo de Rivera was in the words of the American journalist James Perry a "moderate dictator" who was convinced that the divisions between the "africanists" vs. the had pushed Spain to the brink of civil war, and who had seized power to find a way out of the crisis. General Primo de Rivera soon concluded that the war was unwinnable, and considered pulling back his troops to the coast with the aim of at least temporarily abandoning the Rif. In late July 1924, Primo de Rivera visited a Spanish Foreign Legion post at Ben Tieb in the Rif, and was served a banquet of eggs in different forms. In Spanish culture, eggs are a symbol of the testicles, and the dishes were intended to send a clear message. Primo de Rivera responded calmly that the army would be required to abandon only the minimum of territory and that junior officers should not dictate the measures necessary to resolve the Moroccan problem. However he subsequently modified the plans for withdrawal, pulling the Spanish forces back from Chaouen and the Wad Lau region to a prepared fortified boundary named the "Primo Line".


title: Rif War

text: In May 1924, the French Army had established a line of out-posts north of the Oureghla River in disputed tribal territory. On 12 April 1925, an estimated 8,000 Rifians attacked this line and in two weeks over 40 of 66 French posts had been stormed or abandoned. French casualties exceeded 1,000 killed, 3,700 wounded and 1,000 missing – representing losses of over 20 percent of their forces deployed in the Rif. The French accordingly intervened on the side of Spain, appointing Marshal Pétain as commander-in-chief of an expeditionary force of up to 160,000 well-trained and -equipped troops from Metropolitan, Algerian, Senegalese and Foreign Legion units, as well as Moroccan regulars (tirailleurs) and auxiliaries (goumiers). With total Spanish forces at this point numbering about 90,000 the Rifian forces were now seriously outnumbered by their Franco-Spanish opponents. Final French deaths from battle and disease, in what had now become a major war, were to total 8,628.


title: Rif War

text: On September 17, 1925, a squadron of American mercenary flyers in the service of France bombarded Chefchaouen.


title: Rif War

text: For the final attack commencing on 8 May 1925, the French and Spanish had ranged 123,000 men, supported by 150 aircraft, against 12,000 Rifians. Superior manpower and technology soon resolved the course of the war in favour of France and Spain. The French troops pushed through from the south while the Spanish fleet and army secured Alhucemas Bay by a landing operation in September (the first amphibious landing in history where tanks and seaborne air support were used) and began attacking from the north. After one year of bitter resistance, Abd el-Krim, the leader of both the tribes, surrendered to French authorities, and in 1926 Spanish Morocco was finally retaken.


title: Rif War

text: However, the unpopularity of the war in Spain and the earlier defeats of the Spanish military contributed to the instability of the Spanish government and the military coup of 1923.


title: Rif War

text: Beginning in 1924, the Spanish used chemical weapons during the conflict, which marked the first widespread employment of gas warfare in the post-WWI era. The Spanish army indiscriminately used phosgene, diphosgene, chloropicrin and mustard gas also against civilian populations, markets and rivers. Spain signed the Geneva Protocol in 1925, that prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons in international conflicts, while simultaneously employing these weapons across the Mediterranean.


title: Rif War

text: Some have cited the Spanish chemical weapons as the main reason for a widespread Cancer occurrence in the Rif region, which is still the highest in Morocco; for example, according to the Head of the Association of Toxic Gas Victims (ATGV) research has shown "there are strong indicators that the cancer is caused by the gases that were used against the resistance in the north." Writer Juan Pando, however, pointed out that areas of France and Belgium, which were gassed far more heavily during World War I, do not have abnormal cancer rates.


title: Rif War

text: Miguel Alonso, Alan Kramer and Javier Rodrigo wrote in the book "Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation": "Although the Rif War was no 'fascist' war, several methods used to 'pacify' the population were applied in the post-colonial of godless Republican Spain … Apart from deciding not to use chemical weapons, Franco's campaign to 'cleanse Spain' resembled that in Morocco: intelligence-gathering through torture, summary executions, forced labour, and the sadistic killing of military prisoners."


title: Rif War

text: Spanish mutilations of captured Moroccans were also reported, including castration and severing heads, noses and ears, which were collected by Spanish legionnaires as war trophies and worn as necklaces or spiked on bayonets.


title: Rif War

text: On August 9, 1921, the Massacre of Monte Arruit occurred, in which 3,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were tortured and killed after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near Al Aaroui following a 12-day siege. The atrocities subsequently committed by the Spanish Army of Africa were triggered by a 'compulsive spirit of revenge' of this and other massacres, and the desire to exact retribution on the rebel tribes.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: Raymond Charles Jack LaMontagne (; born June 18, 1973) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. LaMontagne has released eight studio albums: "Trouble", "Till the Sun Turns Black", "Gossip in the Grain", "God Willin' & the Creek Don't Rise", "Supernova", "Ouroboros", "Part of the Light", and "Monovision". He was born in New Hampshire and was inspired to create music after hearing an album by Stephen Stills. Critics have compared LaMontagne's music to that of Otis Redding, Ryan Adams, Beck, Pink Floyd, The Band, Van Morrison, Nick Drake and Tim Buckley.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne was born in Nashua, New Hampshire, in 1973, one of six children raised by his mother. In his early teens he lived in Morgan, Utah, and was more interested in drawing images of Dungeons & Dragons than in his school work. After graduating from high school, LaMontagne moved to Lewiston, Maine, and found work in a shoe factory. LaMontagne also spent a significant amount of time in Wilton, Maine. Other sources state that by his teen years he was living in Maine, spending time in Turner and Buckfield.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne was inspired to quit his job and begin a career as a singer-songwriter after waking up one morning to the radio on his alarm clock playing the Stephen Stills' song "Treetop Flyer". LaMontagne began performing in 1999 while maintaining a part-time job as a tutor. In the summer of 1999 he recorded 10 songs for a demo album that was sent to various local music venues including Maine's Oddfellow Theater, where he was hired as an opening act for John Gorka and Jonathan Edwards.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: A business executive named Ron Clayton discovered LaMontagne at a musical festival in Maine and introduced him to Chrysalis Music Publishing and in 2004 LaMontagne recorded the album "Trouble" with producer Ethan Johns and sold it to RCA Records in the US and Echo Records in the UK. The album featured performances by Sara Watkins and Jennifer Stills, daughter of Stephen Stills. The album sold over 250,000 copies in the US and 500,000 worldwide. During a 2005 tour, LaMontagne appeared on the PBS music program "Austin City Limits" (season 31, episode 4).


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: An EP of LaMontagne's performance at the Bonnaroo Music Festival was released in 2005 and his song "All the Wild Horses" was part of the soundtrack for the TV series "Rescue Me" and the 2009 film "The Boys Are Back". His song "Trouble" appeared in the TV series "Alias" as well as in a national television commercial for Travelers Insurance, and his song "Jolene" was heard in the credits of the 2010 film "The Town". His song "Hold You in My Arms" was featured in the 2006 movie "She's The Man".


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: In 2005, he performed at two charity events, a New York City fundraiser for the victims of Hurricane Katrina and the Warren Haynes Christmas Jam.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne's second album, "Till the Sun Turns Black", was released in August 2006 and featured horn and string sections on several of the songs with Rachael Yamagata providing additional vocals on the song "Barfly". The album peaked at No. 28 on the "Billboard" 200 album chart, selling 28,000 copies in its first week of release. The album spawned the single "Three More Days". In 2006 LaMontagne performed on "The Tonight Show".


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: The song "Till the Sun Turns Black" was featured on the television show "ER", and the songs "Lesson Learned" and "Within You" appeared on the CW drama "One Tree Hill". His song "Be Here Now" was heard on the trailer for the movie "Away From Her", in the film "27 Dresses", on the TV shows "Bones", "Covert Affairs" and "Brothers & Sisters". LaMontagne performed at KYSR's Lounge for Life charity concert on October 5, 2006, at the House of Blues in West Hollywood, California. He also auctioned off one of his guitars on eBay for its charity auction. Funds raised from the concert and auction went to breast cancer research.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne released his third studio album, "Gossip in the Grain", on RCA Records in 2008. It debuted at No. 3 on the "Billboard" charts with 60,000 units sold. Working again with producer Ethan Johns, the album featured LaMontagne's touring band of Jennifer Condos on bass, Eric Heywood on guitar, and Ethan Johns on drums and guest vocals from singer-songwriter Leona Naess.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: The song "You Are the Best Thing" was featured in the movie "I Love You, Man" and in the television series "One Tree Hill". LaMontagne performed on "Saturday Night Live" in March 2009. The songs "Sarah" and "I Still Care For You" appeared on the television series "House". His song "Let It Be Me" was featured on the television series "Parenthood" and was included on the "Parenthood" soundtrack in 2010. It was also used in an episode entitled "JJ" from the sixth season of "Criminal Minds" and in the seventh episode from season one of "Fringe" titled "In Which We Meet Mr. Jones".


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne's self-produced studio album, "God Willin' & the Creek Don't Rise", was released in August 2010. In December 2010, LaMontagne received Grammy nominations and won the award for Best Contemporary Folk Album.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: In August 2010, he performed at a Nashville, Tennessee charity event to raise money for victims of a local flood. The song, "Empty", appeared on an episode of "" in 2010 and was heard during the film credits for the movie "The Conspirator". It also appeared in Tony Kaye's film "Detachment" in 2011, released in the US in 2012. LaMontagne performed on the program "Live from Abbey Road" in October 2006. The New England native was featured on "VH1 Storytellers" in 2011.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: In 2011 LaMontagne sang a duet with Irish singer Lisa Hannigan, "O Sleep", which was featured on her Choice Music Award-nominated album "Passenger".


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: In April 2014 LaMontagne released his fifth album, "Supernova". The album reached No. 2 on iTunes in the first several hours of its release. The album then went to number one on the "Billboard" Top Rock Albums chart. It was produced by Dan Auerbach of the Black Keys and recorded at his Nashville studio. The title track was made available for download on ITunes and Google Play Music on February 25, 2014. On October 9, 2014, LaMontagne spoke and performed at the Grammy Museum


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: "Supernova" garnered generally positive reception from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a "weighted average" score to selected independent ratings and reviews, the album has eight reviews and a Metascore of 78, meaning that it received "generally favorable" reviews. At "Rolling Stone", Will Hermes rated the album three and a half stars out of five, stating, "Predictably, [Dan] Auerbach [as producer] helps the singer pull bright colors from the Sixties' crayon box; less predictably, he makes it seem a perfectly logical progression of LaMontagne's 10-plus years of cozy vibes." Thom Jurek of AllMusic rated the album three and a half stars out of five, writing that ""Supernova" is unapologetically and indulgently retro; a casual listen might dismiss it as mere nostalgia"; however, the "pairing [of] Auerbach's detailed, careful production with LaMontagne's open, expertly crafted songwriting and breezy, sensual, emotionally unburdened singing, that boundary is shattered." At "The Guardian", Dave Simpson rated the album four stars out of five, remarking, "There's nothing here that's exactly new, but by assembling an array of unexpected influences in one blissful place, LaMontagne has crafted an unlikely perfect summer soundtrack."


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: At "The A.V. Club", Chris Mincher graded the album a B+, saying, ""Supernova" is a surprisingly bold, enterprising follow-up from an artist who could have easily ridden out the rest of his career on adult-alternative autopilot."


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: In May 2015, NBC's "The Voice" contestant Sawyer Fredericks performed "Please", a song written by LaMontagne early in his career and included on his self-released album "Introducing Ray Lamontagne". The song immediately became the number two single on the iTunes chart, and Fredericks was declared the winner of the competition that same month.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne released his sixth studio album, "Ouroboros", in March 2016. The album was produced by Jim James of My Morning Jacket. LaMontagne stated that "Ouroboros" was written as a single arc, rather than a "batch of songs" and that it was intended for vinyl. He cited the Talk Talk album "Spirit of Eden" as stylistically similar to his vision of an unstructured, free-flowing album.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: "Ouroboros" received favorable reviews from critics, scoring an 80 from Metacritic based on 10 reviews. Many critics noted the album's psychedelic qualities, comparing it to Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon".


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne released his seventh studio album, "Part of the Light", on May 18, 2018. The album is produced solely by LaMontagne. The first single released from the LP was "Such a Simple Thing', where those who purchased the album on LaMontagne's website received a stream of the live version of the track. LaMontagne commenced his "Part of the Light Tour" which kicked off May 27 at the Pacific Northwest Sasquatch Music Festival.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: LaMontagne has a unique vocal style which he says is created by singing through his gut instead of through his nose. He cites Stephen Stills, Richard Manuel, and Rick Danko as strong musical influences, while critics have compared LaMontagne's music to that of The Band, Van Morrison, Nick Drake, and Tim Buckley.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: A "Rolling Stone" review of his album "Supernova" referred to his voice as an "impeccably weathered tenor croon" and his phrasing as "marble-mouthed."


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: For his debut album, LaMontagne won four awards, including three Boston Music Awards (Best Male Singer-Songwriter, Album of the Year, and Song of the Year) and an XM Nation Music Award for Acoustic Rock Artist of the Year. LaMontagne has received a nomination from the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards for Best New Touring Artist, the BRIT Awards for International Breakthrough Act, the MOJO Awards for Best New Act, and was given the title of Best Voice in 2006 by "Esquire".


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: In 2011, Ray LaMontagne and the Pariah Dogs received two Grammy Award nominations, and they were awarded the Grammy for the Best Contemporary Folk Album for "God Willin' & the Creek Don't Rise".


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: On July 23, 2014, during a show at the Meijer Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan, LaMontagne interrupted a song and walked off stage as a result of two fans talking during his concert, after having previously asked the audience to quiet down. The incident included yelling profanity at the couple before walking off stage. Once the couple was escorted away, LaMontagne continued the concert.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: On September 20, 2016, LaMontagne announced that he was canceling a September 22 show at the Bass Concert Hall at the University of Texas at Austin, due to Texas's recently implemented campus carry law.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: In 2009, LaMontagne paid $1.05 million for a 103-acre farm in Ashfield, Massachusetts, the former residence of U.S. Ambassador William C. Bullitt, where he lives with his wife, Sarah Sousa, and their two children in the farmhouse built in 1830.


title: Ray LaMontagne

text: Sousa is a published poet via Red Mountain Press and their sons are budding artists. He refers to himself as a "very private person" and rarely gives interviews.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Throughout the series, Yuji and exceptional cursed techniques are developed as he faces down different curses and the emotional blowback of his actions. Despite having only practiced using cursed energy for a few months, Yuji is tremendously powerful even without having become Sukuna's Vessel. Yuji believes strongly in the value of life and works to make sure everyone he meets, no matter how deep his connection to them may be, receives proper treatment.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: In the anime adaptation of the manga, Yuji is voiced by Junya Enoki in Japanese and Adam McArthur in English. The character has been received positively by critics, with many praising his character development though some critics were divided if he is a proper unique "shōnen" protagonist.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Yuji was created by Gege Akutami. His first name, Yuji, translates to "abundant, help, and brave" with the individual syllables translating as such: "yu" to slow or relaxing, while "ji" to "caring for others." His family name, Itadori, comes from Japanese knotweed, or Fallopia japonica which is used in traditional medicine to take away pain which represents Yuji's caring interior. Akutami has stated if he were to identify Yuji's theme music it would be "Heart ni Hi wo Tsukete" by 9mm Parabellum Bullet and "Itsuka Dokoka De" by Kuchiroro, songs that combine heavy metal with chill jazz.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: The idea of Yuji consuming Ryomen Sukuna and having to deal with the demon in the process was inspired by the main character from Masashi Kishimoto manga "Naruto", Naruto Uzumaki, who deals with a Nine-Tailed Demon Fox known as Kurama ever since his birth. Yuji was written with the idea of losing several fights across the manga in order to learn from each defeat and become stronger in the aftermath. A major inspiration for Yuji's decision was the television series "Breaking Bad". Following Yoshino's death, Akutami wanted to make the main character to become berserker but was unable to do it due to how he would defeat Mahito. Following this arc, Akutami wanted to give Yuji his own special technique but did not find it unique. In the next arc, Akutami took a liking to Yuji's and Choso's relationship and commented the ending of the arc was an homage to Tite Kubo's "Bleach". His teamup with Kugisaki was Akutami's favorite battle in the series. Akutami wished for Yuji to be a more popular character, leading to a change of pace after several consecutive battles and be more involved in a chapter about love interests.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Yuji's appearance wearing a hoodie was, in Akutami's eyes, meant to symbolize his hesitancy and indecisiveness. According to Akutami, the end of Yuji's character arc has already been planned in advance with it set to finish within the next two years, though Sukuna's finale is up in air. He also debunked popular fan theories that Yuji's mother was Yuki Tsukumo.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Yuji has been described as "being naïve, thoughtful, and adorable, all while being possessed by an ancient evil." The viscerally of his character mixed with his lighthearted traits are contrasted throughout his arc. As Akutami never intended for his series to be serialized, "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" main protagonist Yuta Okkotsu was originally intended to be the main protagonist of the franchise. Similarities between the two characters include their introduction into the world of jujutsu, tragedy, naivety and having become faced with death. Despite their similarities, the two have been differentiated with notability given to how "they carry themselves very differently...Itadori is outgoing, where Yuta is more reserved." In regards to his age, while Yuji is a teenager, early in the series he mentions he has been playing pachinko. Akutami was concerned about this scene as it would fit the young demography of the manga, "shonen manga", but ultimately left this mention uncensored.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Junya Enoki is Yuji's Japanese actor. He relates having problems understanding the character believing him to be a more complex character he associates in other works despite his apparently typical traits. He associated him with Megmumi Fushiguro due to the mysteries they share. Enoki had no problems deciding the appropriate pitch for Yuji, something he discussed with the director. The actor further addressed that Yuji straightforward and due to how he analyses fights, he also comes across as intelligent. Despite seeing him an standard "Shonen Jump" protagonist, Enoki had fun voicing him, noting him to have several types of emotions he had to explore too.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Yuji Itadori is Adam McArthur's first work in anime, something he wanted to do ever since he was a child. He heard of the anime series from a friend and got help from one of his agents to audition for the role. The first episode's scene involving Yuji's grandfather's last words at death gave him an idea about how to portray the character. Since his grandfather wanted Yuji to help others, McArthur believed that Yuji is a teenager who likes helping people in need. McArthur used his experience of voice acting classes in the most serious scenes. The actor noted that is too kind to the point he finds him relatable. Following the dub of the series, McArthur look forward to his next work as Yuji.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Yuji first appears in "Jujutsu Kaisen" as an eccentric 15-year-old who lives with his grandfather Wasuke and is a member of his high school's occult club. On the day his grandfather's death, Yuji is approached by jujutsu first-year sorcerer Megumi Fushiguro, who inquires about one of Sukuna's fingers that the occult club illicitly obtained. He comes to Megumi's rescue when a swarm of cursed spirits attack the school, attracted by the finger. Yuji ingests the finger. Jujutsu master and teacher at the Tokyo school Satoru Gojo tells Yuji that he is intended for execution, It is delayed so that the world can be rid of Sukuna when Yuji eat all of Sukuna's fingers. Yuji moves into the school and is mentored in jujutsu personally by Satoru. He quickly strikes up a friendship with his fellow first-years, Megumi and Nobara Kugisaki. He seemingly dies during an altercation with a "curse womb" at a detention facility, wherein Sukuna blackmailed Yuji by holding his heart hostage.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Presumed dead, Yuji continues to work with his sorcery, uncovering his massive cursed energy using it for specialized cursed purposes. He strikes up a quick friendship with Junpei, which is derailed when he is killed by the cursed spirit Mahito. He also meets the 9 to 5 sorcerer and former salaryman Kento Nanami. After a fight that Mahito loses but escapes, Yuji swears revenge. At the exhibition between the Tokyo and Kyoto jujutsu schools, Yuji reveals to the world he has survived. Some want him dead immediately, while others side with Gojo to keep him alive temporarily. He strikes up a quick brotherly relationship with Kyoto's third-year Aoi Todo. Alongside Todo, he and the other jujutsu students and staff repel an invasion of the school by Mahito and Hanami, a cursed spirit who is environmentally conscious. During the battle he uses several consecutive punches called "Black Flash," a distortion in space that significantly empowers his cursed techniques. By the end of the battle, he and Todo are able to fight off Hanami long enough for Gojo to defeat the curse. Later, Yuji is assigned on a mission where he comes across two brothers who are both a Cursed Womb: Death Painting with curse and human blood. He and Nobara kill them, though Yuji expresses regret when he realizes they have physical bodies and that he disrupted their tight-knit brotherly bond.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: In October of the same year, Yuji is sent to Shibuya when Mahito and the cursed spirits lay one final siege on the jujutsu sorcerers of Japan. During the battle, Yuji watches Nanami and seemingly Nobara get killed when encountering Mahito. This causes him to feel incredible guilt and pain. He also fights Choso, brother of the two Death Paintings. After the jujutsu sorcerers lose the battle and Surugu Geto (actually Kenjaku) unleashes thousands of cursed spirits and newly awakened jujutsu sorcerers onto the world, Choso tells Yuji that he is Yuji's older brother, and that Yuji has the blood of a cursed spirit. He is later hunted by other jujutsu sorcerers blaming him for the attack on Shibuya, including Yuta Okkotsu.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Sometime afterwards Yuji, Fushiguro, and second-year student Panda prepare to fight in Kenjaku's Culling Games between the newly born jujutsu sorcerers in Japan. It is also revealed Kenjaku is his "mother" who created him.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: In the light novel, set during Yuji's time in hiding and secret training after being declared dead, he encounters Minato in a park. The boy unknowingly manifested a Cursed Spirit that appears in front of his adoptive parent's home at night. Yuji ultimately defeats it after a lesson from Gojo.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Yuji is one of his school's most powerful and talented students. In high school, he had superhuman strength, reflexes, and overall athletic ability. He is incredibly agile and can run at up to 60.12 km/h. In the world of jujutsu sorcery, Yuji is also an exceptional prodigy. He has contended with and defeated Grade 1 and Special Grade curses, despite only having been introduced into the world a few months beforehand. He can contain Sukuna with little effort, and can harm the shape of a curse's soul in addition to their physical body. Yuji also has a strong durability, being able to walk off stab wounds and beatings. Among his jujutsu techniques are Divergent Fist where the flow of his cursed energy has a reverb effect against enemies, guaranteeing a second hit. He also uses Black Flash, a cursed energy hit that takes 0.000001 seconds to become enacted. He has used the Black Flash nine times so far in the manga, and up to four times in a row.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Writing for "Polygon", Chingy Nea initially stated to finding Yuji to be "a typical "shōnen" hero meant to appeal to young boys...He’s earnest and goofy like Naruto, incredibly self-sacrificing like Midoriya from "My Hero Academia"" but went on to acknowledge how "whereas the prototypical shōnen protagonist’s function is to change the world...["Jujutsu Kaisen"] attempts to reconcile the ideals of its genre with the crushing nature of modern life...this affects Itadori. He is scared to die and is horrified by the world he has wound up in. But it doesn’t make him cynical, and it doesn’t stop him from pushing through his pain to try to help others." The character was also compared to "Bleach"s protagonist Ichigo Kurosaki due their parallels especially in the his early appearances; such being young fighters who develop supernatural powers as well as evil alter-egos in order to protect people from giant monsters. Comic Book Resources compared Itadori's temptation to use Sukuna as temptation similar to other "shōnen" heroes such Ichigo's Hollow persona as analysis of how everybody has inner conflicts.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Karen Lu, writing from Yale University, also took note of the way Yuji bent stereotypes about a young, male anime protagonist. She said that "instead of the protagonist bull-headedly persevering through the impossible and ignoring the advice of his friends, Yuji realizes very early on that he cannot save everyone" and commended the way the anime and manga demonstrates that "he actually has to get stronger and suffer death," concluding with the thought that "it’s inspiring yet sobering." Other positive reception has been directed at how Yuji "openly takes on a huge responsibility and sacrifices his own safety to save his friends" and how his interactions with them "overflows with fun energy."


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Eric Thomas of "Discussing Film" praised Yuji's introduction and looked favorably upon changes made to the character in the anime adaptation, remarking that "a scene that adds more depth between Yuji and his grandfather is in the pilot...is important to Yuji’s development, and the additional bits convey the protagonist’s emotions fantastically". He also praised the "incredibly talented voice actor who nail[ed] the performance."


title: Yuji Itadori

text: When the prequel "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" was released, critics often compared Yuji Itadori to his predecessor, the protagonist Yuta Okkotsu. Critics were divided which of the two protagonists created by Akutami was a more fitting for the protagonist role such as who is more relatable or more original as result of their different characterizations despite having similar parallels. Otaquest criticized the handling of Yuji in retrospective, finding him too simple in comparison to Yuta, comparing him more to Ichigo Kurosaki like other critics mentioned. Sportskeeda came to regards Yuta as a more compelling protagonist that Yuji based on his likable personality as well as his fighting style which he manages to control on his own in contrast to Yuji is often the subject of Sukuna instead.


title: Yuji Itadori

text: Yuji was the number one fan-favorite "Jujutsu Kaisen" character on MyAnimeList (MAL) as of June 2021. In a VIZ popularity poll taken in March 2021, he was voted the second-most popular character in the franchise after Satoru Gojo. At the 6th Crunchyroll Anime Awards in 2022, he was nominated for "Best Protagonist" and won a "Best Fight Scene" for his battle with Aoi Todo against Hanami. He also received a nomination in the same category for his battle with Nobara Kugisaki fighting against Eso and Kechizu. In May 2022, manga author Kenta Shinohara did his own tribute to the character of Yuji alongside Yuta and Megumi.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. is an American-British-Swiss holding company headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois that owns the retail pharmacy chains Walgreens and Boots, as well as several pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution companies. The company was formed on December 31, 2014, after Walgreens purchased the 55% stake in Alliance Boots that it did not already own. The total price of the acquisition was $4.9 billion in cash and 144.3 million common shares with fair value of $10.7 billion. Walgreens had previously purchased 45% of the company for $4.0 billion and 83.4 million common shares in August 2012 with an option to purchase the remaining shares within three years. Walgreens became a subsidiary of the newly created company after the transactions were completed.<ref name="Walgreens-Boots-Alliance-Nov-2014-S-4/A"></ref> As of 2022, Walgreens Boots Alliance is ranked #18 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: In fiscal year 2022, the company saw sales of $132.7 billion, up 0.1% from fiscal 2021, and saw net earnings increase to $4.3 billion. The combined business has operations in 9 countries, as of August 31, 2022. Walgreens had formerly operated solely within the United States and its territories, while Alliance Boots operated a more multinational business.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: The company began trading on the NASDAQ on December 31, 2014 under the symbol WBA. On June 26, 2018, Walgreens Boots Alliance replaced General Electric on the Dow Jones Industrial Index. The company is also a component of the Nasdaq-100, the S&P 100 and the S&P 500 indices.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Walgreens and Duane Reade operate within the Retail Pharmacy USA division of Walgreens Boots Alliance. Both businesses sell prescription and non-prescription drugs, and a range of household items, including personal care and beauty products. Walgreens provides access to consumer goods and services, plus pharmacy, photo department, health and wellness services in the United States through its retail drugstores. The division has 9,021 drugstores as of August 31, 2020.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Walgreens has stores in all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced the purchase of competitor Rite Aid for $17.2 billion. However, that deal was later scrapped due to antitrust concerns in favor of a $5.18 billion deal, in which Walgreens only acquired half of Rite Aid locations.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: On September 19, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved a fourth deal agreement to purchase 1,932 Rite Aid stores for $4.38 billion total, a transaction which was completed in January 2018.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Boots forms the main part of the Retail Pharmacy International division of the company. The Boots brand has a history stretching back over 170 years in the United Kingdom (UK) and is a familiar sight on Britain's high streets. Stores are located in prominent high street and city center locations as well as in local communities. Most branches include a pharmacy and focus on healthcare, personal care, and cosmetic products, with most stores selling over-the-counter medicines. Larger stores typically offer a variety of healthcare services in addition to dispensing prescriptions, and chlamydia testing and treatment (private service). Optician services are also offered in many larger stores, with Boots Opticians providing eye tests along with the sale of spectacles and contact lenses.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Many stores also feature traditional photo processing and/or a Cewe picture kiosk where users of digital cameras and camera phones can create prints via Bluetooth, USB, or CD. Larger stores usually offer a range of electrical equipment such as hairdryers, curlers, and foot massagers, while selected stores offer a range of sandwiches, baguettes, wraps, salads, and beverages.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Since 1936, there have been Boots stores outside the UK. Stores in countries as widely spread as New Zealand, Canada (see Pharma Plus), and France were all closed in the 1980s. As of 2022 there are Boots-branded stores outside the UK in Ireland and Thailand with Boots franchise operations in the Middle East and Indonesia.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: The remainder of the division is made up of the pharmacies Benavides in Mexico and Farmacias Ahumada (FASA) in Chile.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: With the acquisition of Alliance Boots, the company gained a pharmaceutical wholesale division, operating twice-daily deliveries to more than 16,500 delivery points in the UK alone. Internationally, the Pharmaceutical Wholesale Division, which mainly operated under the Alliance Healthcare brand, supplied medicines, other healthcare products and related services to more than 115,000 pharmacies, doctors, health centers and hospitals each year from 306 distribution centers in 11 countries.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: In June 2021, the majority of the Alliance Healthcare wholesale division was sold to AmerisourceBergen for $6.275bn in cash.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: For the fiscal year 2020, Walgreens Boots Alliance reported earnings of US$456 million, with an annual revenue of US$139.5 billion, an increase of 2.5% over the previous fiscal cycle. Numbers before 2014 are for Walgreens only. As of 2022, Walgreens Boots Alliance is ranked #18 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Boots produces a large number of brands, including No. 7, Soltan and Botanics, Boots Pharmaceuticals, and Boots Laboratories, that Alliance Boots and Walgreens sought to launch internationally following the first share purchase in 2012.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Launched in 1935, the No. 7 brand is best known for its anti-aging beauty serums, developed in Nottingham. The range comprises products designed to target the aging concerns of specific age groups. No. 7 became available in Walgreens and Duane Reade stores in the US from November 2012, beginning in Los Angeles.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Launched in 1939, Soltan markets its UVA 5-star suncare protection, a standard of protection developed by Boots and now adopted as the benchmark for suncare products in the UK. However, in both 2004 and 2015, Watchdog, a BBC consumer investigative TV program and cited on BBC News, plus the consumer Which? magazine, each did an investigation finding the 5-star rating was unsubstantiated, and skincare experts declared it to be far less safe than claimed.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: First launched in 1995, the Botanics range, developed in partnership with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, uses plant extracts in a variety of products and includes a range of organic products. The Boots Botanics range is also available through third party retailers.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: The Boots own brand range of products includes skincare, medicines, healthcare products, and many more. Boots Laboratories skincare range for independent pharmacy customers was launched in France and Portugal in 2008/09 and is also sold in Spain, Italy, and Germany.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: Boots now owns Almus Pharmaceuticals, a brand of generic prescription drugs, launched in 2003. It is now sold in five countries and is an umbrella brand for a wide range of lower cost generic medicines. Almus placed considerable emphasis on the design of the packaging in an attempt to reduce the number of errors by the dispensing chemist and by the patient relating to incorrect dosage which can result in either a dangerous accidental overdose or an equally dangerous under dose.


title: Walgreens Boots Alliance

text: In 2015, Walgreens Boots Alliance paid £140 million (about $250 million) for UK skincare brand Liz Earle Naturally Active, an Avon Products subsidiary since 2010. Liz Earle Beauty Co co-founder Liz Earle, 'one of the biggest names in the beauty industry' stayed on as an 'ambassador' after selling the company for an undisclosed sum and told her own "Liz Earle Wellbeing" magazine's website that '...alongside my new digital and print publishing venture...at the moment I’m still connected to Liz Earle Beauty Co and continue to work as a consultant to the brand that carries my name. I’m involved in new product development...' In 2012, Liz Earle announced that she had left the company.


title: Mount Kenya

text: Mount Kenya (Kikuyu: "Kĩrĩnyaga", Kamba, "Ki Nyaa") is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian (), Nelion () and Point Lenana (). Mount Kenya is located in the former Eastern and Central provinces of Kenya; its peak is now the intersection of Meru, Embu, Laikipia, Kirinyaga, Nyeri and Tharaka Nithi counties, about south of the equator, around north-northeast of the capital Nairobi. Mount Kenya is the source of the name of the Republic of Kenya.


title: Mount Kenya

text: Mount Kenya is a volcano created approximately 3 million years after the opening of the East African Rift. Before glaciation, it was high. It was covered by an ice cap for thousands of years. This has resulted in very eroded slopes and numerous valleys radiating from the peak. There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and may disappear by 2050. The forested slopes are an important source of water for much of Kenya.


title: Mount Kenya

text: There are several vegetation bands from the base to the peak. The lower slopes are covered by different types of forest. Many alpine species are endemic to Mount Kenya, such as the giant lobelias and senecios and a local subspecies of rock hyrax. An area of around the centre of the mountain was designated a National Park and listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. The park receives over 16,000 visitors per year.


title: Mount Kenya

text: Mount Kenya National Park, established in 1949, protects the region surrounding the mountain. Currently the national park is within the forest reserve which encircles it. In April 1978 the area was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The national park and the forest reserve, combined, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The Government of Kenya had four reasons for creating a national park on and around Mount Kenya. These were the importance of tourism for the local and national economies, preserve an area of great scenic beauty, conserve the biodiversity within the park and to preserve the water catchment for the surrounding area.


title: Mount Kenya

text: Kenya's government has announced a project to discourage animals from straying into small holdings surrounding the Park and devastating crops. The project will see the Park enclosed by an electric fence with five electrified strands. Kenya's Rhino Ark Trust, a non-profit organization, has been putting up fences in key areas around the country. As of 2021, 250 kilometres out of a planned 450 kilometres has been constructed in the Mt. Kenya area. The fence discharges an electric shock, but is not dangerous to humans or animals.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The main ethnic groups living around Mount Kenya are Kikuyu, Ameru, Embu and Maasai. The first three are closely related. They all see the mountain as an important aspect of their cultures. All these cultures arrived in the Mount Kenya area in the last several hundred years.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The Kikuyu live on the southern and western sides of the mountain. They are agriculturalists, and make use of the highly fertile volcanic soil on the lower slopes. They believe that God, "Ngai" or "Mwene Nyaga", lived on Mount Kenya when he came down from the sky. They believe that the mountain is Ngai's throne on earth. It is the place where Gĩkũyũ, the father of the tribe, used to meet with God. Thus according to the Kikuyu records, Gĩkũyũ is the first person on Earth to ascend the mountain. 'Mwene Nyaga' in Kikuyu language can also translate as the "Owner of the Ostriches" or "Owner of the white patches (of snow)" where 'Mwene' translates to 'owner', and 'Nyaga' to Ostriches or white patches. The snow (in Kikuyu: Ira) caps of the mountain symbolically represent a crown on God's habitation .


title: Mount Kenya

text: Kikuyu used to build their houses with the doors facing the mountain. The Kikuyu name for Mount Kenya is "Kirima Kĩrĩ Nyaga" (Mt.Kirinyaga), which literally translates to the mountain that which has the "Nyaga" – Ostriches.The mountain therefore is locally accepted as 'God's Resting Place' or 'Where God Lives'.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The Kikuyu name for Mt. Kenya is "Kĩrĩnyaga" which literally means ‘the one with the ostrich’. The ostrich has black or brownish–grey feathers with patches of white. The Kikuyu attributed an ostrich likeness to an object that was dark coloured with white patches. The name "Kĩrĩnyaga" therefore figuratively means ‘the one with white patches’, referring to the glaciers among the peaks of the mountain.


title: Mount Kenya

text: Translated to the Kamba language, "kĩrĩnyaga," would be "ki nyaa". This is the name that Ludwig Kraph was given when he sighted the mountain from Kitui (in Kamba country). He recorded it as Kenya. It became the name of not only the mountain but also the country.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The Embu people live to the south-east of Mount Kenya, and believe that the mountain is God's home (the Embu word for God is "Ngai" or "Mwene Njeru"). The mountain is sacred, and they build their houses with the doors facing towards it. The Embu people are closely related to the Ameru and Mbeere people. The Mbeere and Akamba are the settlers of the southeast side of the mountain.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The Ameru occupy the east, north and north-western slopes of the mountain. They are generally agricultural and also keep livestock and occupy what is among the most fertile land in Kenya. The Meru god "Murungu" was from the skies. Their name for Mt. Kenya is "Kirimara", which means 'mountain with white features'.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The Maasai are semi-nomadic people, who use the land to the north of the mountain to graze their cattle. They believe that their ancestors came down from the mountain at the beginning of time. The Maasai name for Mount Kenya is "Ol Donyo Keri", which means 'mountain of stripes', referring to the dark shades as observed from the surrounding plains. At least one Maasai prayer refers to Mount Kenya:


title: Mount Kenya

text: Mount Kenya is a stratovolcano that was active in the Plio-Pleistocene. The original crater was probably over high; higher than Kilimanjaro. Since it became extinct there have been two major periods of glaciation, which are shown by two main rings of moraines below the glaciers. The lowest moraine is found at around . Today the glaciers reach no lower than . After studying the moraines, Gregory put forward the theory that at one time the whole summit of the mountain was covered with an ice cap, and it was this that eroded the peaks to how they are today.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The lower slopes of the mountain have never been glaciated. They are now mainly cultivated and forested. They are distinguished by steep-sided V-shaped valleys with many tributaries. Higher up the mountain, in the area that is now moorland, the valleys become U-shaped and shallower with flatter bottoms. These were created by glaciation.


title: Mount Kenya

text: When Mount Kenya was active there was some satellite activity. The north-eastern side of the mountain has many old volcanic plugs and craters. The largest of these, Ithanguni, even had its own ice cap when the main peaks were covered in ice. This can be seen by the smoothed summit of the peak. Circular hills with steep sides are also frequent in this area, which are probably the remains of small plugged vents. However, as the remaining mountain is roughly symmetrical, most of the activity must have occurred at the central plug.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The rocks that form Mount Kenya are mainly basalts, rhomb porphyrites, phonolites, kenytes and trachytes. Kenyte was first reported by Gregory in 1900 following his study of the geology of Mount Kenya.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The geology of the Mount Kenya area was first described scientifically by Joseph Thomson in 1883. He saw the mountain from the nearby Laikipia Plateau and wrote that it was an extinct volcano with the plug exposed. However, as he had only seen the mountain from a distance his description was not widely believed in Europe, particularly after 1887 when Teleki and von Höhnel ascended the mountain and described what they considered to be the crater. In 1893 Gregory's expedition reached the Lewis Glacier at . He confirmed that the volcano was extinct and that there were glaciers present. The first thorough survey by Europeans was not undertaken until 1966.


title: Mount Kenya

text: The peaks of Mount Kenya are almost all of a volcanic origin. The majority of the peaks are located near the centre of the mountain. These peaks have an Alpine appearance due to their craggy nature. Typically of Alpine terrain, the highest peaks and gendarmes occur at the intersection of ridges. The central peaks only have a few mosses, lichens and small alpine plants growing in rock crevices. Further away from the central peaks, the volcanic plugs are covered in volcanic ash and soils. The vegetation growing on these peaks is typical for their vegetation band.