title: Fletcher Christian

text: Rumours have persisted for more than two hundred years that Christian's murder was faked, that he had left the island and that he made his way back to England. Many scholars believe that the rumours of Christian returning to England helped to inspire Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner".


title: Fletcher Christian

text: There is no portrait or drawing extant of Fletcher Christian that was drawn from life. Bligh described Christian as "5 ft. 9 in. high [175 cm]. blackish or very dark complexion. Hair – Blackish or very dark brown. Make – Strong. A star tatowed on his left breast, and tatowed on the backside. His knees stand a little out and he may be called a little bow legged. He is subject to violent perspiration, particularly in his hand, so that he soils anything he handles".


title: Fletcher Christian

text: Christian's principal literary appearances are in the treatments of "Bounty" story, including "Mutiny on the Bounty" (1932), "Pitcairn's Island" (1934) and "After the Bounty" (an edited version of James Morrison's journal, 2009). He also appears in R. M. Ballantyne's "The Lonely Island; or, The Refuge of the Mutineers" (1880) and in Charles Dickens' "The Long Voyage" (1853).


title: Fletcher Christian

text: In Peter F. Hamilton's "Night's Dawn" trilogy, Fletcher Christian's ghost appears, possessing a human body, and helps two non-possessed girls escape. William Kinsolving's 1996 novel "Mister Christian" and Val McDermid's 2006 thriller "The Grave Tattoo" are both based on Christian's rumoured return to the Lake District and the fact that he was at school with William Wordsworth. Dan L. Thrapp's 2002 novel "Mutiny's Curse " is based on a similar premise. In 1959 Louis MacNeice produced a BBC Radio play called "I Call Me Adam", written by Laurie Lee, about the mutineers' lives on Pitcairn.


title: Fletcher Christian

text: The 1935 and 1962 films are based on the 1932 novel "Mutiny on the Bounty" in which Christian is a major character and is generally portrayed positively. The authors of that novel, Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, also wrote two sequels, one of which, "Pitcairn's Island", is the story of the tragic events after the mutiny that apparently resulted in Christian's death along with other violent deaths on Pitcairn Island. (The other sequel, "Men Against the Sea", is the story of Bligh's voyage after the mutiny.) This series of novels uses fictionalised versions of minor crew members as narrators of the stories.


title: Fletcher Christian

text: The following genealogical information about Fletcher Christian and the other "Bounty" crew members comes from descendants of the "Bounty" crew, who may not be reliable and from historical archives.


title: Dubliners

text: Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914. It presents a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century.


title: Dubliners

text: The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity and purpose was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences. They centre on Joyce's idea of an epiphany (a moment where a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination) and the theme of paralysis (Joyce felt Irish nationalism stagnated cultural progression, placing Dublin at the heart of a regressive movement). The first three stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, while the subsequent stories are written in the third person and deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people, in line with Joyce's division of the collection into childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life. Many of the characters in "Dubliners" later appeared in minor roles in Joyce's novel "Ulysses".


title: Dubliners

text: Between 1905, when Joyce first sent a manuscript to a publisher, and 1914, when the book was finally published (on June 15), Joyce submitted the book 18 times to a total of 15 publishers. The London house of Grant Richards agreed to publish it in 1905. Its printer, however, refused to set one of the stories ("Two Gallants"), and Richards then began to press Joyce to remove a number of other passages that he claimed the printer also refused to set. Under protest, Joyce eventually agreed to some of the requested changes, but Richards ended up backing out of the deal anyway. Joyce thereupon resubmitted the manuscript to other publishers, and, about three years later (1909), he found a willing candidate in Maunsel & Roberts of Dublin. A similar controversy developed, and Maunsel too refused to publish the collection, even threatening to sue Joyce for printing costs already incurred. Joyce offered to pay the printing costs himself if the sheets were turned over to him and he was allowed to complete the job elsewhere and distribute the book, but, when he arrived at the printers, they refused to surrender the sheets and burned them the next day, though Joyce managed to save one copy, which he obtained "by ruse". He returned to submitting the manuscript to other publishers, and in 1914 Grant Richards once again agreed to publish the book, using the page proofs saved from Maunsel as copy.


title: Dubliners

text: When discussing Joyce's "Dubliners", there are two types of critics that are often at the forefront of the conversation: the "Realists" and the "Symbolists." The Realists view "Dubliners" as the most simple of Joyce's works, which often causes them to disregard the revolutionary nature of the work. The symbolists instead neglect the rebellious meanings behind Joyce's symbols. While some choose only one side to argue, others believe that "Dubliners" completely defies any form of characterization. Without any clear evidence of thematic unity, logic of plot, or closure, Joyce prevents any conclusive critical analysis. As Sonja Bašić argues, the book "should be seen not just as a realist/naturalist masterpiece, but as a significant stepping-stone integrated into the modernist structure of Joyce's mature work."


title: Dubliners

text: It is argued that the narrators in "Dubliners" rarely mediate, which means that there are limited descriptions of their thoughts and emotions, a practice said to accompany narratorial invisibility where the narrator sees instead of tells. While some point to Joyce's use of free indirect discourse as a way to understand his characters, he often obscures the reliability of his characters in a way that would make any kind of analysis very difficult. As Richard Ellmann has argued, "Joyce claims importance by claiming nothing." His characters' personalities can only be observed because they are not explicitly told.


title: Dubliners

text: The collection progresses chronologically, beginning with stories of youth and progressing in age to culminate in "The Dead".


title: Dubliners

text: Emphasis is laid upon the specific geographic details of Dublin, for example, road names and buildings feature extensively.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Keith Chegwin (17 January 1957 – 11 December 2017) was an English television presenter and actor, appearing in several children's entertainment shows in the 1970s and 1980s, including "Multi-Coloured Swap Shop" and "Cheggers Plays Pop".


title: Keith Chegwin

text: His early career saw him performing in such West End stage shows as "Tom Brown's School Days" and "Captain Pugwash". He also had a career as a singer, releasing singles on the Pye Records label and worked as a disc jockey for 194 Radio City in Liverpool. He spent four years at BBC Radio 1 on Tony Blackburn's weekend morning show. In 2000, he presented the Channel 5 nudist game-show "Naked Jungle", appearing naked except for a hat and later describing it as "the worst career move" in his life.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Chegwin was known for his off-the-cuff ad-lib style of broadcasting and stated that no one had ever written a word for him. In 2012, he was scheduled to take part in the sixth series of "Dancing on Ice", but he was forced to withdraw after breaking three ribs and fracturing his shoulder on the first day of training. In 2015, he was a housemate on "Celebrity Big Brother" Series 15 where he finished in fourth place.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Chegwin was born in Walton, Liverpool, on 17 January 1957. He entered an end-of-the-pier talent competition in Rhyl, North Wales, and later joined 'The Happy Wanderers', a concert party that toured the pubs and clubs of the North West. He was then spotted by June Collins (mother of Phil Collins) of the Barbara Speake Stage School on "Junior Showtime", a Yorkshire Television children's talent series. She invited him to London to audition for the stage show "Mame" with Ginger Rogers. He attended stage school with his twin brother, Jeff. As part of a play he performed in at the school, Chegwin sang the first song that Phil Collins ever wrote.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: While at school, Chegwin auditioned and gained roles on TV, film and stage. He appeared in Children's Film Foundation productions, including as Egghead Wentworth in "The Troublesome Double" (1967) and "Egghead's Robot" (1970). His most prestigious acting role was that of Fleance in Roman Polanski's film "Macbeth" (1971); he also had a small role in the film "The Optimists of Nine Elms" (1973).


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In 1973 he appeared in the pilot episode of "Open All Hours". After that he had parts in "The Liver Birds", "The Adventures of Black Beauty", "My Old Man", "Village Hall", "Z-Cars" (both 1974), ITV's "The Wackers" and "The Tomorrow People" serial "Worlds Away" (both 1975).


title: Keith Chegwin

text: His last major acting role was the title role in the film "Robin Hood Junior" (1975), although he had two small roles with Tom Courtenay in the "Chester Mystery Cycle" (1976) and some years later in the film "Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?" (1999). He appeared in TV ads for products such as Pepsi and Cadbury Creme Eggs as well as for Ready Brek, Toffo and Tizer, and was also associated with the Freemans catalogue.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Chegwin performed in West End stage shows such as "Tom Brown's School Days" with Russell Grant and Simon Le Bon; "The Good Old Bad Old Days" with Anthony Newley; and "Captain Pugwash" by John Kennett at the King’s Road Theatre in 1973. He had a career as a singer, releasing singles on the Cherub and Pye record labels, such as 'I'll Never Fall in Love Again' (1977), but turned down an offer to front the band Kenny (who had a number 3 hit in the UK Singles Chart with "The Bump"). He also worked as a disc jockey for 194 Radio City in Liverpool, and worked at BBC Radio 1 on Tony Blackburn's weekend morning show for four years.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In the mid 1970s, Chegwin moved away from acting, becoming a household name presenting programmes such as "Multi-Coloured Swap Shop" (1976–82), "Cheggers Plays Pop" (1978–86) and, in the 1980s, "Saturday Superstore". As Brown Sauce, he and "Swap Shop" co-presenters Noel Edmonds and Maggie Philbin released the pop single "I Wanna Be a Winner", which reached number 15 in January 1982, and a follow-up single as the Saucers called "Spring Has Sprung". On "Swap Shop" and "Superstore", he was featured in outside broadcasts; on "Swap Shop" they were called Swaparama, appearing at outdoor venues around Britain, where he helped children swap their toys. On "Superstore", Chegwin had a similar role.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Chegwin was known for his off-the-cuff ad-lib style of broadcasting. He stated that no-one had ever written a word for him. Chegwin's career waned in the late 1980s and 1990s, due to his alcoholism, as detailed, in his own words, in his semi autobiographical book, "Shaken But Not Stirred". From 1989 to 1991, he hosted the live nightly Sky talent programme "Sky Star Search". Chegwin stopped drinking after his appearance on the Richard and Judy show "This Morning" on 5 November 1992. Chegwin's career regained speed in 1993 when he presented the "Down Your Doorstep" outside broadcast segment on "The Big Breakfast" and subsequently hosted the show from 1995 to 1996. He went on to present a revived version of the 1970s gameshow "It's a Knockout" on Channel 5 from 1999 to 2000. He also toured the country hosting Graham Fisher's International Knockout for corporate and charity events.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In 2000 Chegwin presented his own internet TV show, where his daily audience for the seven-week trial reached over 250,000. Chegwin presented the Yorkshire Television-made Channel 5 nudist gameshow "Naked Jungle", appearing naked except for a hat. He identified making the show as "the worst career move" in his life.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Chegwin worked for seven years on GMTV. In 2006 he appeared as himself in an episode of Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant's comedy series "Extras". Chegwin frequently wrote jingles for the "Chris Moyles Breakfast Show" on BBC Radio 1. For seven years he ran his own web based bingo site "Cheggersbingo".


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In 2007 Chegwin voiced and starred in the quiz-based video game Cheggers Party Quiz, in which a CGI version of himself acts as a quizmaster. The game was developed by Oxygen Interactive and released on Nintendo Wii, PlayStation 2, and PC. The game was met with mixed reviews.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In November 2011 Chegwin played himself in the comedy horror film "Kill Keith". He made an appearance in Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant's comedy series "Life's Too Short" with Shaun Williamson and Les Dennis. In August 2012, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the National Reality TV Awards.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Chegwin was originally set to take part in the seventh series of "Dancing on Ice", but he was forced to withdraw after breaking three ribs and fracturing his shoulder on the first day of training with Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean. Chegwin joined the eighth series of "Dancing on Ice" partnered with Olga Sharutenko. Chegwin was eliminated on 17 February 2013. From October 2013 to January 2014, he played the part of Drosselmeyer in the 'Nutcracker On Ice' with Imperial Ice Stars from Russia at the London Palladium.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: On 19 October 2013 he took part in a celebrity episode of "The Chase". In September 2014 he was a contestant on BBC1's "Pointless Celebrities" show.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In 2015 he took part in the fifteenth series of "Celebrity Big Brother" on Channel 5. On 6 February, he finished in fourth place. He took part in the 2015 series of "Celebrity MasterChef", won by Kimberly Wyatt of the Pussycat Dolls. In the same year he made a cameo appearance as himself in BBC Two's comedy-drama "A Gert Lush Christmas" where he is revealed to be a friend of Tony (Greg Davies). He also hosted the 2015 BAFTA television and film industry awards.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In later years Chegwin was a popular pantomime dame and in March 2016 appeared in the Easter pantomime tour of "Beauty and the Beast".


title: Keith Chegwin

text: From 1982 to 1993, Chegwin was married to presenter Maggie Philbin with whom he had a daughter, Rose. He later married Maria Anne Fielden; they had a son, Ted.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: DJ Janice Long (1955–2021) was his older sister. He also had a twin brother, Jeff, with whom he attended stage school and whose son, Hugo Chegwin, co-created and starred in BBC Three mockumentary sitcom "People Just Do Nothing". He regularly made public appearances around the UK and was involved in charity work.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: Chegwin and his wife lived in Ashmansworth, Hampshire but moved to a country home in the area of Shropshire between Whitchurch and Wem, partly because they wanted to be closer to family further north.


title: Keith Chegwin

text: In a 2001 interview, Chegwin said he smoked 60 cigarettes a day. He died at his home in Shropshire on 11 December 2017, having been ill with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic lung disease, for an extended period. He was 60 years old.


title: Unreal (video game series)

text: Unreal is a series of first-person shooter video games developed by Epic Games. The series is known for its exhibition of the namesake Unreal Engine that powers the games and is available for other developers to license.


title: Unreal (video game series)

text: Publishing rights for the series have changed hands several times. GT Interactive was the original publisher and would be later succeeded by Infogrames, Atari, and Midway Games.


title: Unreal (video game series)

text: Guinness World Records awarded the series with 3 world records. These records include, "First Console Game to Receive a Downloadable Patch", "First Console Game to Support Player Modifications" and "First Game to be Created Using the Unreal Engine".


title: Barbara Carrera

text: Barbara Carrera (born Barbara Kingsbury) is an American actress, model and artist. She starred in the films "The Master Gunfighter" (1975), "Embryo" (1976), "The Island of Dr. Moreau" (1977), "Condorman" (1981), "I, the Jury" (1982) and "Lone Wolf McQuade" (1983), and is perhaps best remembered for her performance as SPECTRE assassin Fatima Blush in "Never Say Never Again" (1983); for the former and latter roles, Carrera was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Carrera is also known for playing Clay Basket in the big-budget miniseries "Centennial" (1978–79), and as Angelica Nero on the ninth season of CBS prime time soap opera "Dallas" (1985–86).


title: Barbara Carrera

text: Barbara Kingsbury was born in Bluefields, Nicaragua. Some sources give her birth year as 1947 or 1951, but most list 1945. She prefers to say 1953. Her mother, Florencia Carrera, was Nicaraguan, and her father, Louis Kingsbury, was an American who worked for the American embassy in Nicaragua.


title: Barbara Carrera

text: Sometime after the age of ten, Carrera moved to the United States to live with her father. She moved to New York at the age of 15.


title: Barbara Carrera

text: Kingsbury began a career as a model at the Eileen Ford agency at the age of 17, at which point she changed her last name to her mother's maiden name, Carrera. Her first film role was as a fashion model in "Puzzle of a Downfall Child" (1970), which fared poorly at the box office. In 1972, she appeared on the screen in a publicity role for Chiquita bananas. Carrera has appeared on the pages and covers of such magazines as "Vogue", "Paris Match", "Harper's Bazaar", and twice posed for "Playboy" (July 1977 and March 1982).


title: Barbara Carrera

text: In 1976, Carrera earned her first Golden Globe nomination ("New Star of the Year - Actress") for her role in "The Master Gunfighter". She later played in such films as "The Island of Dr. Moreau", "Lone Wolf McQuade", "Condorman", "Point of Impact", "Tryst" and "Embryo". For her portrayal of the villainess Fatima Blush in the James Bond film "Never Say Never Again", she earned a 1984 Golden Globe nomination for "Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture". She worked opposite Laurence Olivier in "Wild Geese II" the following year.


title: Barbara Carrera

text: On television, Carrera played a part in the soap opera "Dallas" as Angelica Nero, and more prominently, in the historical miniseries "Centennial" in 1978 and "Masada" (opposite Peter O'Toole and Peter Strauss) in 1981. These roles brought her to the mainstream attention of American audiences. She also starred as Emma Forsayth in the miniseries "" in 1988. Since "Paradise" (2004), Carrera has not appeared in films or television.


title: Barbara Carrera

text: In 1989, Carrera starred with Bette Davis in "Wicked Stepmother", Davis's final film role. During filming, Davis fell ill and the script was rewritten for Carrera.


title: Barbara Carrera

text: "Instead, he rewrote the script to minimize Davis’ role as the wicked witch who marries into an unsuspecting family, becoming the children’s stepmother. In the original script, Davis was going to turn a cat into the beautiful Barbara Carrera. In the new version, Davis herself turns into Carrera, who assumes Davis’ lines for the bulk of the film."


title: Barbara Carrera

text: Carrera is also an artist and her work has been showcased in the Makk Galleries, with Americo Makk, in Beverly Hills, California since the 1980s, and the Roy Miles Gallery in London, England. In May 2002, her works were exhibited at the Hollywood Entertainment Museum and have typically been sold for up to $8,000.


title: Barbara Carrera

text: Between marriages, Carrera dated Robert De Niro, Robert Evans, Alexander Godunov, Philip Niarchos, Richard Gere and Ryan O'Neal. After her third marriage, she was involved with Henry Percy, 11th Duke of Northumberland.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant () is a South Korean television program that airs on KBS2. It currently airs every Friday at 20:30 (KST). The program is also available to watch on KBS World's YouTube channel from November 5, 2019.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: The program is notable for popularizing the Macanese coffee beverage later known as "Dalgona coffee" by former cast member Jung Il-woo.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: A cooking battle between celebrities is held. Based on a theme, celebrities will develop and reveal their own creative recipes, plus cooking personally. They will also share various cooking tips and other related helping points. The competing dishes are then judged by a judge squad, and the winning dish will be available in CU outlets around South Korea the next day after the announcement of the winning dish. In addition, the winning dishes, beginning Round 17, are also available in online markets, in the form of a meal kit.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: On May 2, 2022, it was announced that the show has signed a partnership with GS25. The winning dishes, beginning Round 41, will be available in GS25 outlets, instead of CU outlets. Each winning dish would also be known as the "Meal of the Month".


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: Proceeds from the sales of the winning dishes will be donated to charities. The amount of sales has totaled up to more than ₩364,201,970, as reported on episode 153.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: From the show's premiere to Round 13, the celebrities' dishes were judged by a judge squad. The judge squad consisted of chefs and Lee Won-il, singer Lee Seung-chul and Kim Jung-hoon, the MD of CU. They will judge the dishes based on these categories: Taste, Texture, Originality, and Marketability. Lee Won-il has not appeared after Round 9, possibly due to the effects of the media reports accusing his wife Kim Yoo-jin of bullying behaviour in the past.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: From Rounds 14 to 16, the judge squad consisted of 20 individuals (5 each from the 10s, the 20s, the 30s-40s and the 50s-60s). The 20 individuals could include idol singers or the sons/daughters of celebrities. The judge squad also include the guest host(s) of the round and chef Lee Yeon-bok. The judging criteria remains the same. Due to this change, Lee Seung-chul and Kim Jung-hoon have no longer appeared on the show from Round 14.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: From Rounds 17 to 40, the judge squad consisted of only chefs, including Lee Yeon-bok as the head judge. Lee Won-il reappeared as part of the Judge Squad alongside Lee Yeon-bok from Round 33 to Round 40.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: From Round 41, a professional judge squad consisting of Lee Yeon-bok and various experts, and a special judge squad would decide in the winning dish. The judge squads would taste the competing dishes without knowing who cooked them.


title: Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant

text: Other than being part of the judge squad to judge the food, they will sit together with the guest host(s) and the cast lineup to watch the recorded clips of the celebrities preparing their creative recipes.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. A cleft palate occurs when the palate (the roof of the mouth) contains an opening into the nose. The term orofacial cleft refers to either condition or to both occurring together. These disorders can result in feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, and frequent ear infections. Less than half the time the condition is associated with other disorders.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip and palate are the result of tissues of the face not joining properly during development. As such, they are a type of birth defect. The cause is unknown in most cases. Risk factors include smoking during pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, an older mother, and certain medications (such as some used to treat seizures). Cleft lip and cleft palate can often be diagnosed during pregnancy with an ultrasound exam.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: A cleft lip or palate can be successfully treated with surgery. This is often done in the first few months of life for cleft lip and before eighteen months for cleft palate. Speech therapy and dental care may also be needed. With appropriate treatment, outcomes are good.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the developed world. Cleft lip is about twice as common in males as females, while cleft palate without cleft lip is more common in females. In 2017, it resulted in about 3,800 deaths globally, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990. The condition was formerly known as a "hare-lip" because of its resemblance to a hare or rabbit, but that term is now generally considered to be offensive.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth, it is referred to as cleft lip. Cleft lip is formed in the top of the lip as either a small gap or an indentation in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft), or it continues into the nose (complete cleft). Lip cleft can occur as a one-sided (unilateral) or two-sided (bilateral) condition. It is due to the failure of fusion of the maxillary prominence and medial nasal processes (formation of the primary palate).


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: A mild form of a cleft lip is a microform cleft. A microform cleft can appear as small as a little dent in the red part of the lip or look like a scar from the lip up to the nostril. In some cases muscle tissue in the lip underneath the scar is affected and might require reconstructive surgery. It is advised to have newborn infants with a microform cleft checked with a craniofacial team as soon as possible to determine the severity of the cleft.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the skull that form the hard palate (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The soft palate is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the uvula is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, or the median palatine processes (formation of the secondary palate).


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the inside of the nose.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: A result of an open connection between the mouth and inside the nose is called velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a hypernasal voice resonance and nasal emissions while talking. Secondary effects of VPI include speech articulation errors (e.g., distortions, substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., glottal stops and posterior nasal fricatives). Possible treatment options include speech therapy, prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and surgical procedures.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split uvula, a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate. The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft. While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Tooth development can be delayed with increasing severity of CLP. Some of the dental problems affect the primary teeth, but most of the problems arise after the permanent teeth erupts. Problems may include fused teeth, missing teeth, and extra teeth erupting behind normal teeth. Missing teeth or extra teeth are both normal occurrences. Typically, the lateral incisors are missing. The enamel (outermost layer of the tooth) is commonly found to be hypomineralized and hypoplastic, making the teeth more likely to decay. As CLP can make oral hygiene more difficult, there is an increased rate of cavities. In addition, abnormal positioning of individual teeth may affect occlusion, which can create an open bite or cross bite. This in turn can then affect the patient's speech.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Due to lack of suction, an infant with a cleft may have trouble feeding. An infant with a cleft palate will have greater success feeding in a more upright position. Gravity will help prevent milk from coming through the baby's nose if he/she has cleft palate. Gravity feeding can be accomplished by using specialized equipment, such as the Haberman Feeder. Another equipment commonly used for gravity feeding is a customized bottle with a combination of nipples and bottle inserts. A large hole, crosscut, or slit in the nipple, a protruding nipple and rhythmically squeezing the bottle insert can result in controllable flow to the infant without the stigma caused by specialized equipment.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Individuals with cleft also face many middle ear infections which may eventually lead to hearing loss. The Eustachian tubes and external ear canals may be angled or tortuous, leading to food or other contamination of a part of the body that is normally self-cleaning. Hearing is related to learning to speak. Babies with palatal clefts may have compromised hearing and therefore, if the baby cannot hear, it cannot try to mimic the sounds of speech. Thus, even before expressive language acquisition, the baby with the cleft palate is at risk for receptive language acquisition. Because the lips and palate are both used in pronunciation, individuals with cleft usually need the aid of a speech therapist.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: There is research dedicated to the psychosocial development of individuals with cleft palate. A cleft palate/lip may impact an individual's self-esteem, social skills and behavior. Self-concept may be adversely affected by the presence of a cleft lip or cleft palate, particularly among girls. Negative outcomes can also be associated with the long durations of hospitalization. Psychological issues could extend not just to the individual with CLP but also to their families, particularly their mothers, that experience varying levels of depression and anxiety.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Research has shown that during the early preschool years (ages 3–5), children with cleft lip or cleft palate tend to have a self-concept that is similar to their peers without a cleft. However, as they grow older and their social interactions increase, children with clefts tend to report more dissatisfaction with peer relationships and higher levels of social anxiety. Experts conclude that this is probably due to the associated stigma of visible deformities and possible speech impediments. Children who are judged as attractive tend to be perceived as more intelligent, exhibit more positive social behaviors, and are treated more positively than children with cleft lip or cleft palate. Children with clefts tend to report feelings of anger, sadness, fear, and alienation from their peers, but these children were similar to their peers in regard to "how well they liked themselves."


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: The relationship between parental attitudes and a child's self-concept is crucial during the preschool years. It has been reported that elevated stress levels in mothers correlated with reduced social skills in their children. Strong parent support networks may help to prevent the development of negative self-concept in children with cleft palate. In the later preschool and early elementary years, the development of social skills is no longer only impacted by parental attitudes but is beginning to be shaped by their peers. A cleft lip or cleft palate may affect the behavior of preschoolers. Experts suggest that parents discuss with their children ways to handle negative social situations related to their cleft lip or cleft palate. A child who is entering school should learn the proper (and age-appropriate) terms related to the cleft. The ability to confidently explain the condition to others may limit feelings of awkwardness and embarrassment and reduce negative social experiences.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: As children reach adolescence, the period of time between age 13 and 19, the dynamics of the parent-child relationship change as peer groups are now the focus of attention. An adolescent with cleft lip or cleft palate will deal with the typical challenges faced by most of their peers including issues related to self-esteem, dating and social acceptance. Adolescents, however, view appearance as the most important characteristic, above intelligence and humor. This being the case, adolescents are susceptible to additional problems because they cannot hide their facial differences from their peers. Adolescent boys typically deal with issues relating to withdrawal, attention, thought, and internalizing problems, and may possibly develop anxiousness-depression and aggressive behaviors. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop problems relating to self-concept and appearance. Individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate often deal with threats to their quality of life for multiple reasons including unsuccessful social relationships, deviance in social appearance, and multiple surgeries.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Most clefts are polygenic and multifactorial in origin with many genetic and environmental factors contributing. Genetic factors cause clefts in 20% to 50% of the cases and the remaining clefts are attributable to either environmental factors (such as teratogens) or gene-environment interactions. The polygenic/multifactorial inheritance model predicts that most individuals will be born without clefts; however with a number of genetic or environmental factors, it can result in cleft formation.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: The development of the face is coordinated by complex morphogenetic events and rapid proliferative expansion, and is thus highly susceptible to environmental and genetic factors, rationalising the high incidence of facial malformations. During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy, the shape of the embryo's head is formed. Five primitive tissue lobes grow:


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: If these tissues fail to meet, a gap appears where the tissues should have joined (fused). This may happen in any single joining site, or simultaneously in several or all of them. The resulting birth defect reflects the locations and severity of individual fusion failures (e.g., from a small lip or palate fissure up to a completely malformed face).


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: The upper lip is formed earlier than the palate, from the first three lobes named a to c above. Formation of the palate is the last step in joining the five embryonic facial lobes, and involves the back portions of the lobes b and c. These back portions are called palatal shelves, which grow towards each other until they fuse in the middle. This process is very vulnerable to multiple toxic substances, environmental pollutants, and nutritional imbalance. The biologic mechanisms of mutual recognition of the two cabinets, and the way they are glued together, are quite complex and obscure despite intensive scientific research.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Orofacial clefts may be associated with a syndrome (syndromic) or may not be associated with a syndrome (nonsyndromic). Syndromic clefts are part of syndromes that are caused by a variety of factors such as environment and genetics or an unknown cause. Nonsyndromic clefts, which are not as common as syndromic clefts, also have a genetic cause.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Genetic factors contributing to cleft lip and cleft palate formation have been identified for some syndromic cases. Many clefts run in families, even though in some cases there does not seem to be an identifiable syndrome present. A number of genes are involved including cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1 and GAD1, One study found an association between mutations in the HYAL2 gene and cleft lip and cleft palate formation.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Many genes associated with syndromic cases of cleft lip/palate (see above) have been identified to contribute to the incidence of isolated cases of cleft lip/palate. This includes in particular sequence variants in the genes "IRF6", "PVRL1" and "MSX1". The understanding of the genetic complexities involved in the morphogenesis of the midface, including molecular and cellular processes, has been greatly aided by research on animal models, including of the genes "BMP4", "SHH", "SHOX2", "FGF10" and "MSX1".


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Environmental influences may also cause, or interact with genetics to produce, orofacial clefts. An example of the link between environmental factors and genetics comes from a research on mutations in the gene "PHF8". The research found that "PHF8" encodes for a histone lysine demethylase, and is involved in epigenetic regulation. The catalytic activity of "PHF8" depends on molecular oxygen, a factor considered important from reports on increased incidence of cleft lip/palate in mice that have been exposed to hypoxia early during pregnancy.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip and other congenital abnormalities have also been linked to maternal hypoxia caused by maternal smoking, with the estimated attributable fraction of orofacial clefts due to smoking in early pregnancy being 6.1%. Orofacial clefts occur very early in pregnancy and so smoking cessation right after recognition of pregnancy is unlikely to reduce the exposure during the critical time period.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Maternal alcohol use has also been linked to cleft lip and palate due to the effects on the cranial neural crest cells. The degree of the effect, however, is unknown and requires further research. Some forms of maternal hypertension treatment have been linked to cleft lip and palate. Other environmental factors that have been studied include seasonal causes (such as pesticide exposure); maternal diet and vitamin intake; retinoids (members of the vitamin A family); anticonvulsant drugs; nitrate compounds; organic solvents; parental exposure to lead; alcohol; cigarette use; and a number of other psychoactive drugs (e.g. cocaine, crack cocaine, heroin).


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Current research continues to investigate the extent to which folic acid can reduce the incidence of clefting. Folic acid alone or in combination with vitamins and minerals prevents neural tube defects but does not have a clear effect on cleft lip palate incidence. The mechanism behind beneficial folate supplementation is due to folate playing a pivotal role in DNA synthesis and methylation and contributes to both development and gene expression.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Traditionally, the diagnosis is made at the time of birth by physical examination. Recent advances in prenatal diagnosis have allowed obstetricians to diagnose facial clefts in utero with ultrasonography.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Clefts can also affect other parts of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, and forehead. In 1976, Paul Tessier described fifteen lines of cleft. Most of these craniofacial clefts are even rarer and are frequently described as Tessier clefts using the numerical locator devised by Tessier.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip and cleft palate is an "umbrella term" for a collection of orofacial clefts. It includes clefting of the upper lip, the maxillary alveolus (dental arch), and the hard or soft palate, in various combinations. Proposed anatomic combinations include:


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip with or without palate is classified as the most common congenital birth defect. It has been noted that the prevalence of orofacial clefts varies by race. The highest number of cases have been recorded among Asians and Native Americans, followed by Europeans, Hispanics and African-Americans. The critical period for cleft development ranges from the 4th to the 12th week of intrauterine life. Clefts of the primary palate develop between the 4th and 7th weeks of intrauterine life, while clefts of the secondary palate develop between the 8th and 12th embryonic weeks.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Accurate evaluation of craniofacial malformations is usually possible with the ultrasound scan performed during pregnancy. This is however not a routine procedure according to the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The accuracy of ultrasonography for prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip +/- palate is dependent on the experience of the sonologist, maternal body type, foetal position, the amount of amniotic fluid and the type of cleft.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Prenatal diagnosis enables appropriate and timely education and discussion with parents by the cleft team. This helps improve the quality of treatment received by the child and improves quality of life.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: An accurate prenatal diagnosis of the CLP anomaly is critical for establishing long-term treatment planning, prediction of treatment outcome, and discussion and education of the parent. Although there is no intrauterine treatment for CLP, both mother and child benefit from early diagnosis and education. A multidisciplinary team approach is now accepted as the standard of care in dealing with CLP patients.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: The time period immediately after the diagnosis and the first year after the birth is most challenging for parents. A systematically planned treatment plan and support system will help assist parents. The ultimate aim is to help educate parents and create awareness so as to improve care provided for the child.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip and palate is very treatable; however, the kind of treatment depends on the type and severity of the cleft.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Most children with a form of clefting are monitored by a "cleft palate team" or "craniofacial team" through young adulthood. Care can be lifelong and are looked after by craniofacial cleft teams often consist of: cleft surgeons, orthodontists, speech and language therapists, restorative dentists, psychologists, ENT surgeons and audio-logical physicians. Treatment procedures can vary between craniofacial teams. For example, some teams wait on jaw correction until the child is aged 10 to 12 (argument: growth is less influential as deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent teeth, thus saving the child from repeated corrective surgeries), while other teams correct the jaw earlier (argument: less speech therapy is needed than at a later age when speech therapy becomes harder). Within teams, treatment can differ between individual cases depending on the type and severity of the cleft.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Within the first 2–3 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the cleft lip. While surgery to repair a cleft lip can be performed soon after birth, often the preferred age is at approximately 10 weeks of age, following the "rule of 10s" coined by surgeons Wilhelmmesen and Musgrave in 1969 (the child is at least 10 weeks of age; weighs at least 10 pounds, and has at least 10g hemoglobin). If the cleft is bilateral and extensive, two surgeries may be required to close the cleft, one side first, and the second side a few weeks later. The most common procedure to repair a cleft lip is the "Millard procedure" pioneered by Ralph Millard. Millard performed the first procedure at a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) unit in Korea.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Often an incomplete cleft lip requires the same surgery as complete cleft. This is done for two reasons. Firstly the group of muscles required to purse the lips run through the upper lip. To restore the complete group a full incision must be made. Secondly, to create a less obvious scar the surgeon tries to line up the scar with the natural lines in the upper lip (such as the edges of the philtrum) and tuck away stitches as far up the nose as possible. Incomplete cleft gives the surgeon more tissue to work with, creating a more supple and natural-looking upper lip.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: In some cases of a severe bilateral complete cleft, the premaxillary segment will be protruded far outside the mouth.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Nasoalveolar molding prior to surgery can improve long-term nasal symmetry where there is complete unilateral cleft lip–cleft palate, compared to correction by surgery alone, according to a retrospective cohort study. In this study, significant improvements in nasal symmetry were observed in multiple areas including measurements of the projected length of the nasal ala (lateral surface of the external nose), position of the superoinferior alar groove, position of the mediolateral nasal dome, and nasal bridge deviation. "The nasal ala projection length demonstrated an average ratio of 93.0 percent in the surgery-alone group and 96.5 percent in the nasoalveolar molding group," this study concluded. A systematic review found in conclusion that nasoalveolar molding had a positive effect on the primary surgery of cleft lip/or palate treatment and aesthetics.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Often a cleft palate is temporarily covered by a palatal obturator (a prosthetic device made to fit the roof of the mouth covering the gap). This device re-positions displaced alveolar segments and helps reduce the cleft lip separation. The obturator will improve speech as there's now proper airflow and improve feeding and breathing as the gap in the hard and soft palate is closed over so cannot affect it.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft palate can also be corrected by surgery, usually performed between 6 and 12 months. Approximately 20–25% only require one palatal surgery to achieve a competent velopharyngeal valve capable of producing normal, non-hypernasal speech. However, combinations of surgical methods and repeated surgeries are often necessary as the child grows. One of the new innovations of cleft lip and cleft palate repair is the Latham appliance. The Latham is surgically inserted by use of pins during the child's fourth or fifth month. After it is in place, the doctor, or parents, turn a screw daily to bring the cleft together to assist with future lip or palate repair.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: If the cleft extends into the maxillary alveolar ridge, the gap is usually corrected by filling the gap with bone tissue. The bone tissue can be acquired from the individual's own chin, rib or hip.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Age 7–12 years, for the children born with alveolar clefts, they may need to have a secondary alveolar bone graft. This is where autogenous cancellous bone from a donor site (often the pelvic bone) is transplanted into the alveolar cleft region. This transplant of bone will close the osseous cleft of the alveolus, close any oro-nasal fistulae and will become integrated with the maxillary bone. It provides bone for teeth to erupt into and to allow implants to be placed as a possible future treatment option. The procedure should be carried out before the upper canine has erupted. Ideally the root of the canine should be one to two-thirds formed and that there is a space available to place the bone graft. Radio-graphs are taken to determine the quantity of missing bone in the cleft area.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Orthognathic surgery – surgical cutting of bone to realign the upper jaw (osteotomy). The bone is cut then re-positioned and held together by wires or rigid fixation plates to ensure there's no anterior-posterior discrepancy, also to reduce scarring as it reduces growth. Single piece or multi-piece osteotomy exist. Single piece osteotomy is carried out where there is sufficient alveolar continuity achieved from a successful bone graft. Multi piece osteotomy is performed when there is a notable residual alveolar defect with a dental gap and oronasal fistula (communication between the oral and nasal cavities). The goal of both single and multi piece osteotomy is to displace the maxilla forward to obtain adequate occlusion as well to provide better support for upper lip and the nose and to close any fistulae.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Distraction osteogenesis – bone lengthening by gradual distraction. This involves cutting bone and moving ends apart incrementally to allow new bone to form in the gap. This consists of several phases. After attachment of the distracting device and the bone cuts, there is a latency phase of 3–7 days when a callus forms. In the activation phase distraction of the callus induces bony ingrowth which can last up to 15 days depending on the required distraction. Once the required bone length is reached, the distraction device is left to remain in situ as it acts as a rigid skeletal fixation device until the new bone has matured (known as the consolidation period).


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) can occur as a result of an unrepaired or repaired cleft lip and palate. VPI is the inability of the soft palate to close tightly against the back of the throat during speech, resulting in incomplete velopharyngeal closure. In turn, this results in speech abnormalities. Velopharyngeal closure is necessary during speech because it forms a seal between the nose and mouth, allowing the production of normal speech sounds. VPI can cause hypernasality (excessive nasal resonance), hyponasality (reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously. In addition, CLP may cause abnormal positioning of individual teeth, which can in turn affect the patient's ability to make certain sounds when speaking such as the "f" or "v" sound and can also result in a lisp. The changes in speech may also be a manifestation on CLP's effects on the patient's occlusion.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Children with cleft palate have a very high risk of developing a middle ear infection, specifically otitis media. This is due to the immature development of the different bones and muscles in the ear. Otitis media is caused by the obstruction of the Eustachian tube, negative middle ear pressure and fluid build-up in the normally air-filled space of the middle ear. This is associated with hearing impairment or loss. The insertion of a ventilation tube into the eardrum is a surgical treatment option commonly used to improve hearing in children with otitis media. In addition, breast milk has been proven to decrease the incidence of otitis media in infants with clefts.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: There are different options on how to feed a baby with cleft lip or cleft palate which include: breast-feeding, bottle feeding, spoon feeding and syringe feeding. Although breast-feeding is challenging, it improves weight-gain compared to spoon-feeding. Nasal regurgitation is common due to the open space between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Bottle feeding can help (with squeezable bottles being easier to use than rigid bottles). In addition, maxillary plates can be added to aid in feeding. Whatever feeding method is established, it is important to keep the baby's weight gain and hydration monitored. Infants with cleft lip or palate may require supplemental feeds for adequate growth and nutrition. Breast feeding position as suggested by specialists can also improve success rate.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Babies with cleft lip are more likely to breastfeed successfully than those with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Larger clefts of the soft or hard palate may not be able to generate suction as the oral cavity cannot be separated from the nasal cavity when feeding which leads to fatigue, prolonged feeding time, impaired growth and nutrition. Changes in swallowing mechanics may result in coughing, choking, gagging and nasal regurgitation. Even after cleft repair, the problem may still persist as significant motor learning of swallowing and sucking was absent for many months before repair. These difficulties in feeding may result in secondary problems such as poor weight gain, excessive energy expenditure during feeding, lengthy feeding times, discomfort during feeding, and stressful feeding interactions between the infant and the mother. A potential source of discomfort for the baby during or after feeding is bloating or frequent "spit up" which is due to the excessive air intake through the nose and mouth in the open cleft. Babies with cleft lip and or palate should be evaluated individually taking into account the size and location of the cleft and the mother's previous experience with breastfeeding.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Another option is feeding breast milk via bottle or syringe. Since babies with clip lip and cleft palate generate less section when breastfeeding, their nutrition, hydration and weight gain may be affected. This may result in the need for supplemental feeds. Modifying the position of holding the baby may increase the effectiveness and efficiency of breastfeeding.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Preoperative feeding – using a squeezable bottle instead of a rigid bottle can allow a higher volume of food intake and less effort to extract food. Using a syringe is practical, easy to perform and allows greater administered volume of food. It also means there will be weight gain and less time spent feeding.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Post-operative feeding (isolated lip repair, or lip repair associated or not with palatoplasty) – post palatoplasty, some studies believe that inappropriate negative pressure on the suture line may affect results. Babies can be fed by a nasogastric tube instead. Studies suggest babies required less analgesics and shorter hospital stay with nasogastric feeding post-surgery. With bottle-feeding, there was higher feeding rejection and pain and required more frequent and prolonged feeding times.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Each person's treatment schedule is individualized. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe in which the indicated procedure occurs. In some cases, this is usually one procedure, for example lip repair. In other cases, it is an ongoing therapy, for example speech therapy. In most cases of cleft lip and palate that involve the alveolar bone, patients will need a treatment plan including the prevention of cavities, orthodontics, alveolar bone grafting, and possibly jaw surgery.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: People with CLP present with a multiplicity of problems. Therefore, effective management of CLP involves a wide range of specialists. The current model for delivery of this care is the multidisciplinary cleft team. This is a group of individuals from different specialist backgrounds who work closely together to provide patients with comprehensive care from birth through adolescence. This system of delivery of care enables the individuals within the team to function in an interdisciplinary way, so that all aspects of care for CLP patients can be provided in the best way possible.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Measuring the outcomes of CLP treatment has been laden with difficulty due to the complexity and longitudinal nature of cleft care, which spans birth through young adulthood. Prior attempts to study the effectiveness of specific interventions or overall treatment protocols have been hindered by a lack of data standards for outcomes assessment in cleft care.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM) has proposed the Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cleft Lip and Palate. The ICHOM Standard Set includes measures for many of the important outcome domains in cleft care (hearing, breathing, eating/drinking, speech, oral health, appearance and psychosocial well-being). It includes clinician-reported, patient-reported, and family-reported outcome measures.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Rates for cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate alone varies within different ethnic groups.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: According to CDC, the prevalence of cleft palate in the United States is 6.35/10000 births and the prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 10.63/10000 births. The highest prevalence rates for cleft lip, either with or without cleft palate are reported for Native Americans and Asians. Africans have the lowest prevalence rates.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip and cleft palate caused about 3,800 deaths globally in 2017, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Prevalence of "cleft uvula" has varied from 0.02% to 18.8% with the highest numbers found among Chippewa and Navajo and the lowest generally in Africans.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: In some countries, cleft lip or palate deformities are considered reasons (either generally tolerated or officially sanctioned) to perform an abortion beyond the legal fetal age limit, even though the fetus is not in jeopardy of life or limb. Some human rights activists contend that this practice of what they refer to as "cosmetic murder" amounts to eugenics.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: The eponymous hero of J.M. Coetzee's 1983 novel "Life & Times of Michael K" has a cleft lip that is never corrected. In the 1920 novel "Growth of the Soil," by Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun, Inger (wife of the main character) has an uncorrected cleft lip which puts heavy limitations on her life, even causing her to kill her own child, who is also born with a cleft lip. The protagonist of the 1924 novel "Precious Bane", by English writer Mary Webb, is a young woman living in 19th-century rural Shropshire who eventually comes to feel that her deformity is the source of her spiritual strength. The book was later adapted for television by both the BBC and ORTF in France. Similarly, the main character in Graham Greene's 1936 crime noir novel "A Gun for Sale", Raven, has a cleft lip which he is sensitive about, and is described as "an ugly man dedicated to ugly deeds". In the 1976 Patricia A. McKillip novel "The Night Gift", one of the high-school aged protagonists is shy because she has a cleft lip, but learns to have more confidence in herself.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: In the first edition of "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", one of the people Gilderoy Lockhart stole credit from was a witch with a harelip who banished the Bandon Banshee. In later editions, this was changed to a witch with a hairy chin.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: In chapter 26 of Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", Huck Finn meets the three Wilks sisters, Mary Jane, Susan, and Joanna. Joanna is described as, "the one who gives herself to good works and has a hare-lip." As a form of offensive synecdoche, Huck Finn refers to Joanna as "the hare-lip" rather than by her name.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: In "Inheritance", the final title of Christopher Paolini's "Inheritance Cycle", the main character Eragon heals a newborn girl with this condition in a display of complicated healing magic. It is stated that those within Eragon's society born with this condition are often not allowed to live as they face a very hard life.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lip and cleft palate are often portrayed negatively in popular culture. Examples include Oddjob, the secondary villain of the James Bond novel "Goldfinger" by Ian Fleming (the film adaptation does not mention this but leaves it implied) and serial killer Francis Dolarhyde in the novel "Red Dragon" and its screen adaptations, "Manhunter", "Red Dragon", and "Hannibal". The portrayal of enemy characters with cleft lips and cleft palates, dubbed mutants, in the 2019 video game "Rage 2" left Chris Plante of "Polygon" wondering if the condition would ever be portrayed positively.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Cleft lips and palates are occasionally seen in cattle and dogs, and rarely in goats, sheep, cats, horses, pandas and ferrets. Most commonly, the defect involves the lip, rhinarium, and premaxilla. Clefts of the hard and soft palate are sometimes seen with a cleft lip. The cause is usually hereditary. Brachycephalic dogs such as Boxers and Boston Terriers are most commonly affected. An inherited disorder with incomplete penetrance has also been suggested in Shih tzus, Swiss Sheepdogs, Bulldogs, and Pointers. In horses, it is a rare condition usually involving the caudal soft palate. In Charolais cattle, clefts are seen in combination with arthrogryposis, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is also inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in Texel sheep. Other contributing factors may include maternal nutritional deficiencies, exposure "in utero" to viral infections, trauma, drugs, or chemicals, or ingestion of toxins by the mother, such as certain lupines by cattle during the second or third month of gestation. The use of corticosteroids during pregnancy in dogs and the ingestion of "Veratrum californicum" by pregnant sheep have also been associated with cleft formation.


title: Cleft lip and cleft palate

text: Difficulty with nursing is the most common problem associated with clefts, but aspiration pneumonia, regurgitation, and malnutrition are often seen with cleft palate and is a common cause of death. Providing nutrition through a feeding tube is often necessary, but corrective surgery in dogs can be done by the age of twelve weeks. For cleft palate, there is a high rate of surgical failure resulting in repeated surgeries. Surgical techniques for cleft palate in dogs include prosthesis, mucosal flaps, and microvascular free flaps. Affected animals should not be bred due to the hereditary nature of this condition.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: Vikram Samvat (IAST: "Vikrama Samvat"; abbreviated VS) or Bikram Sambat B.S. and also known as the Vikrami calendar, is a national calendar of Nepal historically used in the Indian subcontinent. Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. Alongside Nepal Sambat, it is one of the two official calendars used in Nepal. In India, it is used in several states. The traditional Vikram Samvat calendar, as used in India, uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. The Nepali Bikram Sambat introduced in 1901 CE, also uses a solar sidereal year.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was reportedly named after the legendary king Vikramaditya, the term "Vikrama Samvat" does not appear in the historical record before the 9th century; the same calendar system is found with other names, such as Krita and Malava. In colonial scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling the Sakas from Ujjain. However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggest that this theory has no historical basis. During the 9th century, epigraphical artwork began using Vikram Samvat (suggesting that the Hindu calendar era in use became popular as Vikram Samvat); Buddhist and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the Mahavira.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: According to popular tradition, King Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: "Kalakacharya Kathanaka" ("An account of the monk Kalakacharya"), by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri, gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away from the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka-era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of the Malava tribe" (424), or simply "Samvat". The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from the Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena, was found at Dholpur and is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda" (20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya is "Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha" (993-994) by the Jain author Amitagati.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: A number of authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a legendary king or a title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title of Vikramaditya, and changed the era's name to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman. Hoernlé believed that he conquered Kashmir and is the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana's "Rajatarangini".


title: Vikram Samvat

text: Some earlier scholars believed that the Vikram Samvat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes. This was disputed by Robert Bracey after the discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras. The theory was discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus, Sikhs, and Pashtuns. One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent, it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days. The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra. This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: The calendar remains in use by people in Nepal serving as its national calendar and is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India. In south India and portions of east and west India (such as Assam, West Bengal and Gujarat), the Indian national calendar is widely used.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: With the arrival of Islamic rule, the Hijri calendar became the official calendar of sultanates and the Mughal Empire. During British colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India. The predominantly-Muslim countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh have used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based Sikh Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee controversially adopted the Nanakshahi calendar. The Bikram Sambat is the official calendar of Nepal.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: Like the Hebrew and Chinese calendars, the Vikram Samvat is lunisolar. In common years, the year is 354 days long, while a leap month ("adhik maas") is added in accordance to the Metonic cycle roughly once every three years (or 7 times in a 19-year cycle) to ensure that festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. Early Buddhist communities in India adopted the ancient Hindu calendar, followed by the Vikram Samvat and local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals are still scheduled according to a lunar system.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system ("amaanta") and 57–56 BCE in the northern system ("purnimaanta"). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems. The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar; the year BS begins mid-April 2022 CE, and ends mid-April CE.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: The Rana dynasty of Nepal made the Bikram Sambat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958 Abbreviated as BS. The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month of Baisakh, which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with the last day of the month Chitra. The first day of the new year is a public holiday in Nepal. Bisket Jatra, an annual carnival in Bhaktapur, is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007, Nepal Sambat was also recognised as a national calendar alongside Bikram Sambat.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: In India, the reformulated Saka calendar is officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the preamble of the constitution of India, the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: The Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year, correctional months ("adhika māsa") are added or (occasionally) subtracted ("kshaya masa"). A lunar year consists of 12 months, and each month has two fortnights, with a variable duration ranging from 29 to 32 days. The lunar days are called "tithis". Each month has 30 "tithis", which vary in length from 20 to 27 hours. The waxing phase, beginning with the day after the new moon "(amavasya)", is called "gaura" or "shukla paksha" (the bright or auspicious fortnight). The waning phase is called "krishna" or "vadhya paksha" (the dark fortnight, considered inauspicious).


title: Vikram Samvat

text: The classical Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The month that the new year starts varies by region or sub-culture.


title: Vikram Samvat

text: As of 14 April 2022, it is 2079 BS in the BS calendar. The names of months in the Vikram Samvat in Sanskrit and Nepali, with their roughly corresponding Gregorian months, respectively are:


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The Muppet Movie is a 1979 American musical road comedy film directed by James Frawley, produced by Jim Henson, and the first theatrical film featuring the Muppets. A co-production between the United Kingdom and the United States, the film was written by "The Muppet Show" writers Jerry Juhl and Jack Burns. Produced between the first and second half of "The Muppet Show"s third season, the film tells the origin story of the Muppets, as Kermit the Frog embarks on a cross-country trip to Los Angeles, encountering several of the Muppets—who all share the same ambition of finding success in professional show business—along the way while being pursued by Doc Hopper, a greedy restaurateur with intentions of employing Kermit as a spokesperson for his frog legs business.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The film stars Muppet performers Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Richard Hunt, and Dave Goelz, as well as Charles Durning and Austin Pendleton, and it features cameo appearances by Dom DeLuise, James Coburn, Edgar Bergen (in his final film appearance before his death), Steve Martin, and Mel Brooks, among others. Notable for its surreal humour, meta-references and prolific use of cameos, "The Muppet Movie" was released by Associated Film Distribution in the United Kingdom on May 31, 1979, and in the United States on June 22, 1979, and it received critical praise, including two Academy Award nominations for Paul Williams and Kenneth Ascher's musical score and their song, "Rainbow Connection". The success of "The Muppet Movie" led to several other feature films and television series starring the Muppets across different media. In 2009, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The story opens with the Muppets sitting down at a private screening to watch a movie, for not only a screen testing, but as a pastiche of how they all met.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Kermit the Frog lives a simple life in a Florida swamp. After he plays his banjo and sings "Rainbow Connection", he is approached by Bernie, a talent agent who encourages Kermit to pursue a career in show business. Inspired by the idea of "making millions of people happy", Kermit sets off on a cross-country trip to Hollywood.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Kermit meets Fozzie Bear, who is working as a hapless stand-up comedian, and Kermit invites Fozzie on his journey. The two set out in Fozzie's 1951 Studebaker, but are soon pursued by entrepreneur Doc Hopper and his assistant Max in an attempt by Hopper to convince Kermit to be the new spokesfrog of Hopper's struggling French-fried frog legs restaurant franchise. Horrified, Kermit kindly refuses and he and Fozzie drive away. Unwilling to accept Kermit's refusal, Hopper resorts to increasingly forceful means of persuasion. In an old church, Kermit and Fozzie meet the rock band Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem, and the band's manager Scooter, who help them disguise their car. Driving on, they meet and are joined by Gonzo and his girlfriend Camilla the Chicken, who are also interested in becoming movie stars. They trade in their failing vehicle at a used car lot, where they meet Sweetums. They invite Sweetums to come with them, but he runs away. The others drive away, only for Sweetums to emerge and reveal that he had only gone to pack his things.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The group meets Miss Piggy at a county fair, and she and Kermit immediately become love-stricken with each other. When Kermit and Miss Piggy meet for dinner that night, Hopper and Max sneak up on Miss Piggy and abduct her as bait to lure Kermit. When Kermit arrives at the designated location, mad scientist Professor Krassman tries to brainwash Kermit into performing in Hopper's advertisements, but Miss Piggy furiously knocks out Hopper's henchmen and causes Krassman to be brainwashed by his own device. However, immediately after the fight and saving Kermit, Miss Piggy receives a job offer and promptly abandons a devastated Kermit.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Joined by Rowlf the Dog and reunited with Miss Piggy along the way, the Muppets continue their journey to Hollywood, but their car breaks down in the desert. Sitting at a campfire, the group sadly realizes that they will likely miss the audition the next day. Kermit wanders off, ashamed for bringing his friends on a fruitless journey, but some personal reflection restores his commitment. He returns to camp, where he discovers the Electric Mayhem have come to their rescue, having learned of their plight by reading ahead in the film's script. The Mayhem offer to drive the entire group the rest of the way in their bus.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The group is warned by a reformed Max that Hopper has hired an assassin, Snake Walker, to kill Kermit. Kermit decides to face his aggressor and proposes a Western-style showdown in a nearby ghost town. There, they find inventor Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and his assistant Beaker. Kermit confronts Hopper with an appeal to Hopper's own hopes and dreams, but Hopper is unmoved and orders his henchmen to kill Kermit and his friends. They are saved when one of Dr. Honeydew's inventions, "insta-grow" pills, temporarily enlarges Mayhem drummer Animal, who frightens away Hopper and his henchmen for good.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Once the Muppets reach the Hollywood studio, they finally meet studio executive Lew Lord, who signs the Muppets to a "standard 'rich and famous' contract". The first take in their attempt to perform the script goes awry when Gonzo crashes into the prop rainbow, and an explosion blows a hole in the roof of the studio. However, a real rainbow shines through the hole and onto the Muppets. Joined by other Muppet characters from "The Muppet Show", "Sesame Street", "Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas", and "The Land of Gorch", the Muppets all sing together.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Sweetums then tears through the movie screen in the theater, ending the film and catching up with the rest of the crew as they congratulate each other on their performances.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Frank Oz appears in a cameo as a biker who beats up Fozzie Bear while Steve Whitmire appears as a man in the Bogen County Fair.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: When the film was greenlit, Jim Henson and selected team members traveled to California various times to develop the script, music, and infrastructure in Hollywood to shoot the film. James Frawley was hired to direct the movie for the accomplishments of its challenges.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Frawley traveled to London to meet Jim Henson. They were concerned that the Muppets would not blend well in real life. They flew to Los Angeles, and along with Frank Oz and the team, they filmed and tested how the characters would appear in real-world locations during the first few days of June 1978. The camera tests attracted the investment of ITC Entertainment. For the rest of the month, Henson leaded company meetings and attended family events in New York City. On July 3, 1978, Henson flew to Los Angeles again to begin shooting for the film.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Principal photography began on July 5, 1978, and continued for 87 days during summer and fall of that year. Each minute took a day to be filmed. Filming locations included Albuquerque, New Mexico as well as various parts of Los Angeles and Northern California, including San Fernando Valley. Additionally, the interior shots were filmed at CBS-MTM Studios. All of the sets were elevated to allow the puppeteers to perform. Austin Pendleton recalled that the film was shot on "a very unhappy set, because Jim [Frawley] was very unhappy directing that movie. And I noticed that was the only time the Muppet people used an outside person to direct a Muppet movie. They never did that again. After that, it was either Jim Henson or Frank Oz. And I would have liked to have been in one of those, because those sets were very harmonious. But this was not." According to Henson, shooting the movie was slower than in television. No effects were added after filming concluded.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Several shots required Muppets standing and acting in a full-body shot. To perform Kermit sitting on a log, Henson squeezed into a specially designed metal container complete with an air hose (to breathe), a rubber sleeve which came out of the top to perform Kermit and a monitor to see his performance, and placed himself under the water, log, and the Kermit puppet. He was also assisted in this operation by Kathryn Mullen and Steve Whitmire. The scene took five days to film. To have Kermit ride a bicycle in a full-body shot, a Kermit puppet with legs was posed onto the seat and his legs and arms were attached to the pedals and handlebars. An overhead crane with a marionette system held the bicycle through strong strings invisible to the camera, guiding the bicycle forward. The crane and system were out of the camera's frame of vision. Specially-made, remote-controlled puppets were placed on the set and controlled by puppeteers out of the frame. A dancing Kermit and Fozzie Bear were operated by Henson and Oz in front of a blue screen, and they were composited onto a separate reel of the stage. For scenes involving driving, a dwarf sat in the trunk and controlled via remote control. A television monitor showed what was ahead.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The closing reprise of "Rainbow Connection" featured a crowd of more than 250 Muppet characters—virtually every Muppet that had been created up to that point in time. According to Henson Archivist Karen Falk, 137 puppeteers were enlisted from the Puppeteers of America (along with the regular Muppets performers) to perform every Muppet extant. Prior to the day-long filming of the shot, Henson gave the enthusiastic participants a lesson in the art of cinematic puppetry. The scene involved 150 puppeteers performing in a 6' deep, 17' wide pit. In September 1978, Edgar Bergen, Henson's idol who appeared in a cameo role, died shortly after completing his scenes. Henson dedicated the film to his memory.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The film's music and lyrics were written by Paul Williams and Kenneth Ascher. Regarding the music's composition, Williams said; "Jim Henson gave you more [creative] freedom than anybody I've ever worked with in my life. I said, 'You want to hear the songs as we're writing them?' He said, 'No. I'll hear them in the studio. I know I'm gonna love them.' You just don't get that kind of freedom on a project these days."


title: The Muppet Movie

text: "Movin' Right Along", "Never Before, Never Again", and "I Hope That Somethin' Better Comes Along" were shortened in the film, compared to their soundtrack versions, for continuity purposes. The latter, a duet between Rowlf and Kermit, contained references that the studio considered too mature for children, although the song appeared complete in the British theatrical and home video debut versions.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: In May 1979, CBS aired "The Muppets Go Hollywood", a one-hour television special that promoted the then-upcoming release of "The Muppet Movie". In April, the film had been promoted when the Muppets hosted "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". Additionally, a book adaptation of "The Muppet Movie", adapted by Steven Crist, was published by Peacock Press/Bantam Books.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: "The Muppet Movie" had a royal premiere at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on May 31, 1979, attended by Princess Anne.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: It was released in limited release in New York and Los Angeles on June 22, 1979 and rolled out gradually throughout the United States.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: "The Muppet Movie" was the first film by ITC Films to be released on home video when Magnetic Video issued it in May 1980, having acquired the video rights to ITC's films. It was reissued in 1982 and 1984 by CBS/Fox Video. On January 29, 1993, Buena Vista Home Video re-released the film under their Jim Henson Video label on VHS and LaserDisc. The movie was reissued again on VHS by Columbia TriStar Home Video and Jim Henson Home Entertainment on June 1, 1999, followed by a DVD release on June 5, 2001. After Disney's acquisition of the film as part of the core Muppets franchise, the film was reissued as a Walt Disney Pictures release and was re-released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD on November 29, 2005 as part of the "Kermit's 50th Anniversary Edition" line. Disney released the film as the "Nearly 35th Anniversary Edition" on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on August 13, 2013. The film now streams on Disney+.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: In celebration of the film's 40th anniversary, "The Muppet Movie" returned to theaters for two days on July 25 and 30, 2019.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: In its first six days at the Leicester Square Theatre, it grossed $31,884. The film would later earn over $65 million in the United States and Canada, returning $32 million in box office rentals. Ever since its release, "The Muppet Movie" was the highest-grossing puppet film until the release of "The Muppets" in 2011.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: The film's successful theatrical release encouraged Lew Grade into furthering his own film distribution company, which later backfired with the massive box office failures of "Can't Stop the Music" (from EMI) and "Raise the Titanic" (from ITC), both released by Associated Film Distribution just a year later.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: "The Muppet Movie" currently holds an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.00/10, based on 52 reviews. The site's consensus says ""The Muppet Movie", the big-screen debut of Jim Henson's plush creations, is smart, lighthearted, and fun for all ages." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars. In his favorable review, he was fascinated that ""The Muppet Movie" not only stars the Muppets but, for the first time, shows us their feet." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" offered equal praise, stating that the film "demonstrates once again that there's always room in movies for unbridled amiability when it is governed by intelligence and wit." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and called it "surely one of the summer's most entertaining films," which "does a fairly nice job of trying to be all things to all people. Which is not an easy job." Dale Pollock of "Variety" wrote, "'The Muppet Movie' is a winner ... Script by Jerry Juhl and Jack Burns incorporates the zingy one-liners and bad puns that have become the teleseries' trade mark, but also develops the Muppets themselves as thinking, feeling characters."


title: The Muppet Movie

text: Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "as you might well expect, it is hip, funny, technically ingenious, fast-moving, melodious, richly produced, contemporary and equally and utterly beguiling to grown-ups and small persons." Katrine Ames of "Newsweek" stated, "'The Muppet Movie' is a delectable grab bag of influences — stories by L. Frank Baum and Lewis Carroll, Westerns, the Crosby-Hope and Garland-Rooney movies — as well as its own inventive devices. The result is a kind of 'That's Entertainment!' with a plot attached. Its charm — and success — lie primarily in its loving pokes at Hollywood conventions and in the lovable characters who do the poking."


title: The Muppet Movie

text: In 2009, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". In 2020, "Rainbow Connection" was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry.


title: The Muppet Movie

text: One of the two pairs of 1951 Studebaker Commander Coupes used in the film is now on display at the Studebaker National Museum in South Bend, Indiana.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM606 engine

text: The Mercedes-Benz OM606 is a inline-six cylinder (R6/I6) double overhead camshaft (DOHC) diesel engine with indirect injection manufactured by Mercedes-Benz between 1993 and 2001. It replaced the single overhead camshaft (SOHC) OM603 engine.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM606 engine

text: It uses a Bosch electronically controlled inline injection pump (ERE) except in the W124 where it uses a Bosch mechanically governed inline injection pump (Bosch M pump with RSF governor).


title: Mercedes-Benz OM606 engine

text: It is related to the straight-4 2.0 and 2.2 litre OM604 and the straight-5 2.5 litre OM605 engine families of the same era.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM606 engine

text: As per the OM603 the engine has a cast iron block and aluminum cylinder head, the block has 7 main caps, they are held by two bolts per cap. The head is a DOHC design with 4 valves x cylinder and split intake ports. As per the OM603 it has hydraulic bucket type lifters, thus requiring no periodical valve adjustment. A big difference when compared to its turbo predecessors is the intercooler.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM606 engine

text: It has a double row timing chain that drives the injection pump and the camshafts, the sprocket is on the exhaust camshaft and both cams are connected by a gear drive, while the oil pump is driven by a separate single row chain. Only the .962 engine installed on the W210 E300 TURBODIESEL had a MAF sensor.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM606 engine

text: The main differences between the naturally aspirated and the turbocharged versions are the cylinder head, injection pump, valves, camshafts, rods, intake and exhaust manifolds and some minor differences like oil feed and return holes for the turbo and different crankcase ventilation system, valve cover and plastic engine cover.


title: Erin Hannon

text: Kelly Erin Hannon (born May 1, 1986) is a fictional character from the U.S. comedy television series "The Office", played by Ellie Kemper. She is the optimistic office receptionist for the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin, a position previously held by Pam Beesly before she quit to go work for the Michael Scott Paper Company. She is an original character, and has no counterpart in the original British version of the series.


title: Erin Hannon

text: After Pam quits her job to work at the Michael Scott Paper Company, VP Charles Miner hires Erin as the new receptionist. The office refer to her by her middle name, Erin, to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor, whom she becomes good friends with. Dwight Schrute and Andy Bernard initially compete for her attention, but Dwight withdraws in acknowledgment of his new friendship with Andy. For the remainder of the season, Andy awkwardly flirts with Erin.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In "Murder", Andy asks her out on a real date while they are playing characters as a part of the Belles, Bourbon, and Bullets. Erin accepts, but is disappointed when Andy tells her later there was no real date and "just a part of the game". Andy later gets Erin as his Secret Santa, and gives her gifts based on "The 12 Days of Christmas". In "Manager and Salesman", Andy gives everyone in the office a card for Valentine's Day in order to mask his affection for Erin. Kelly believes Andy is in love with her, but Andy makes it clear that he does not love Kelly; Erin begins to realize that Andy has feelings for her. Andy and Erin ultimately begin dating; however, they keep their relationship a secret from their co-workers.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In "Secretary's Day", Andy plans the perfect Secretary's Day for Erin, including a lunch with Michael. During the lunch, Michael reveals Andy's prior year-long engagement with Angela, a fact which was previously concealed from Erin. Erin informs Andy that she needs some time alone from him.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In season 7, Erin begins dating Gabe Lewis much to Andy's chagrin. Erin discovers that Andy is performing in a local production of "". In an effort to get Erin to attend, Andy pressures the entire office to watch, in order to spend time with Erin and win her back from Gabe. Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together; however, Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe, which leaves Andy despondent.


title: Erin Hannon

text: Michael and Erin's relationship is explored in "Viewing Party", in which Erin invites the office staff to a party at Gabe's apartment. Erin attempts to get Michael to bond with Gabe, but Michael's insecurities over Gabe's position causes him to sabotage the party. Erin confronts Michael over his hostile feelings towards Gabe, and Michael angrily questions why she needs his approval. In an insightful moment, Michael realizes that Erin admires him and views him as a father figure.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In "Michael's Last Dundies", Erin starts to avoid Gabe at work, as she does not feel attracted to him anymore; Pam encourages her to tell Gabe to avoid leading him on. During the Dundie awards, Erin publicly breaks up with Gabe in front of the staff, which spurs Gabe to leave the award show. When Michael prepares to leave for Colorado, Erin has a heart-to-heart conversation with Michael about her love life, admitting that she might be in love with Andy. Michael dismisses both Gabe and Andy, instead advising her that the right guy will come along and she will know it.


title: Erin Hannon

text: Erin and Andy eventually begin hanging out together again, though Gabe continues with his attempts to win back Erin. In "Search Committee", after getting some advice from Phyllis, Erin tells Andy that she still has feelings for him. However, Andy denies her, still hurt from being dumped in favor of Gabe.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In season 8, Erin helps Andy out with his challenges of being manager and is the only one to congratulate him on his new job. During the staff Christmas party, Erin meets Jessica, Andy's girlfriend. Emotionally confused, Erin drinks too much at the party and reveals she still has feelings for Andy. She later gets a ride home from Robert California, who tells her to take some aspirin and get some rest.


title: Erin Hannon

text: Erin remains hopeful that Andy will end things with Jessica, though she comes to realize that this is not going to happen; unbeknownst to Erin, however, it becomes clear Andy still has feelings for her. When Erin gets assigned to Dwight's Sabre Store team in Tallahassee, she tells the camera that she is never returning to Scranton.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In "Get the Girl", Andy travels to Florida to try to win Erin back. Erin initially wants to stay, but the two get back together; Andy ends up breaking up with Jessica on the way back to Scranton. When Andy gets fired by Robert California (with Nellie taking over the manager position), Erin continues to support Andy.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In season 9, Andy returns from his Outward Bound program with a confident and cocky attitude, which surprises Erin. She ends up bonding with Pete Miller, a new customer service representative at the Scranton branch, and they continue to grow closer while Andy is away on his boat trip. Upon Andy's return, Erin breaks up with Andy.


title: Erin Hannon

text: In the series finale, Erin reunites with her birth parents, who had seen the documentary and showed up at a Q&A forum with the office members. It is implied that she is still dating Pete, as they are shown dancing at Dwight and Angela's wedding.


title: Erin Hannon

text: Kemper described herself as a "huge fan" of the show and was excited to be cast. In an interview with "The A.V. Club", Kemper revealed that she was initially slated to appear in only 4 episodes of the fifth season; however, her character was ultimately expanded, and Kemper was promoted as a main cast member for the sixth season. Kemper said her audition had a very different character, a sarcastic "straight man—grounded, sees through it all", more in line with the rest of the cast. Ultimately, she was rewritten to be what Kemper recognized as "an exaggerated version of myself", more perky and optimistic. The character was named after the show's writer's assistant, Kelly Hannon, who later wrote some digital shorts for the series. Writer Jennifer Celotta described Kemper as a "fun addition" to the show, writing "we think it's fun to see someone who truly enjoys being [in the office]." This positivity towards the job made Erin very popular with the writers, who started pitching storylines for her. One of those plots was her romance with Andy Bernard, with writer Brent Forrester explaining that the characters seemed compatible for "both being left-footed socially". Kemper herself did not think they were a good match because Andy was "too childish, he wasn't ready to take care of Erin the way she needed." Editor Claire Scanlon added that a particular turning point for Erin was "Secretary's Day", which highlighted how well the character played off Michael Scott.


title: Erin Hannon

text: Critics and fans have commented on Kemper's addition to the show mostly positively. Joshua Ostroff of "Eye Weekly" described Erin as one of the best new television characters of the 2008–2009 season and said, "Erin’s high-grade adorability, up-for-anything attitude and sheer niceness is unlike anyone else in the office, adding a welcome new wrinkle for next season." Andy Shaw of "TV Fodder" said she "adds some freshness to the cast" and Josh McAuliffe of "The Times-Tribune" in Scranton, Pennsylvania, said he liked Erin's "cheerful, appealingly goofy personality".


title: Erin Hannon

text: Her performance was notably praised during the show's eighth season, where she was the highlight of the season for many critics. Myles McNutt noted that "regardless of how down I was on this or any other episode, Ellie Kemper really has been tremendous all season." In addition, Kemper's performance in the episodes "Spooked," "Christmas Wishes," "Pool Party," and "Special Project," in particular, were praised by critics.