title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: Twenty years after the bombing, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) sought access to a video record made at the preliminary hearing in which the two French agents pleaded guilty. The footage had remained sealed since shortly after the conclusion of the criminal proceedings. The two agents opposed release of the footage—despite having both written books on the incident—and unsuccessfully took the case to the New Zealand Court of Appeal and, subsequently, the Supreme Court of New Zealand. On 7 August 2006, justices Hammond, O'Regan and Arnold dismissed the former French agents' appeal and TVNZ broadcast their guilty pleas the same day.


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: In 2005, in an interview with TVNZ, Louis-Pierre Dillais acknowledged his involvement with the bombing.


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: In 2007, the New Zealand Green Party criticized the government over its purchase of arms from Belgian arms manufacturer FN Herstal, whose U.S. subsidiary was led by Dillais. At that time, Greenpeace was still pursuing the extradition of Dillais for his involvement in the act.


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: In 2006, Antoine Royal revealed that his brother, Gérard Royal, had claimed to be involved in planting the bomb. Their sister is French Socialist Party politician Ségolène Royal who was contesting the French presidential election. Other sources identified Royal as the pilot of the Zodiac inflatable boat that carried the bombers. The New Zealand government announced there would be no extradition request since the case was closed.


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: In September 2015, TVNZ's "Sunday" programme tracked down Jean-Luc Kister, one of the two bombers. Kister, who retired from the DGSE in about 2000, admitted his lead role and feelings of responsibility for the lethal attack. He also pointed to the French President, as commander of the armed forces and intelligence services assigned the operation. Reporter John Hudson, who spent two days with Kister in France, said that Kister "wanted an opportunity to talk about his role in the bombing... It has been on his conscience for 30 years. He said to us, 'secret agents don't talk', but he is talking. I think he wanted to be understood." Kister considered the mission "a big, big failure".


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: Built between the years 1988 and 1990, a memorial for the Rainbow Warrior was created by New Zealand sculptor Chris Booth. The memorial was erected in Matauri Bay in Northland, New Zealand. It was commissioned by Ngati Kura and New Zealand China Clays.


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: The sinking, and subsequent investigation, was the subject of several films, including "The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy" (1988) and "The Rainbow Warrior" (1993).


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: The song "Little Fighter", by the Danish/American band White Lion, is about the sinking, which is also referenced in the song "Walkampf" by German punk band Die Toten Hosen.


title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

text: In 2005, a supergroup of New Zealand musicians and artists recorded a cover of "Anchor Me", by the New Zealand rock band The Mutton Birds, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the bombing. The song peaked at #3 in the New Zealand singles chart.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: Edge of Darkness is a 2010 conspiracy action thriller film directed by Martin Campbell, written by William Monahan and Andrew Bovell, and starring Mel Gibson and Ray Winstone. A British-American co-production, it is based on the 1985 BBC television series of the same name, which was likewise directed by Campbell. This was Gibson's first screen lead since "Signs" (2002), and follows a detective investigating the murder of his activist daughter, while uncovering political conspiracies and cover-ups in the process.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: The film was released on January 29, 2010. It received mixed reviews from critics, though Gibson's and Winstone's performances were praised, and grossed $81 million against its $80 million production budget.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: At South Station, Boston, homicide detective Thomas Craven picks up his daughter Emma, who comes home to visit and vomits while getting into the car. As Craven prepares dinner at home, Emma suffers a nosebleed and vomits again. Thomas realizes he needs to take his daughter to the hospital. As they step outside the house, a masked gunman yells "Craven!" and fatally wounds Emma with a shotgun blast and escapes as Craven attends to his daughter, who dies in his arms.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: At the medical examiner's office, Craven takes a lock of Emma's hair as a memento, then returns to duty to help find out who wanted to kill him. When he discovers that Emma had a .45 pistol in her night stand, he starts to suspect that Emma was the target. He checks the gun's ownership and finds out that it belongs to her boyfriend, David. David is living in fear of Northmoor, the company where he and Emma worked. David will not say more, but Craven incidentally discovers that the lock of Emma's hair is radioactive. Emma had discovered that Northmoor, a research and development facility under contract to the U.S. government and headed by Jack Bennett, was secretly manufacturing nuclear weapons using foreign material. The weapons were intended to be linked with foreign nations if they were used by the US as dirty bombs.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: Burning Emma's clothing in his backyard, Craven suddenly draws his weapon and turns to find Jedburgh, a British "consultant", casually sitting in his backyard. Jedburgh was tasked with preventing the disclosure of the information Emma had and tying up any loose ends, including her father. Jedburgh takes a liking to Craven, leaving him to investigate. Craven repeatedly has visions of Emma's past, including short conversations, typically as the happy young child he remembers and loves. Craven eventually discovers through one of Emma's activist friends, who is nearly killed by a Northmoor agent, that Bennett ordered Emma's murder, as well as those of the other activists Emma was working with to expose Northmoor.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: Craven confronts U.S. Senator Jim Pine who was contacted earlier by Emma, revealing that Craven knows almost everything that happened. After examining Emma's fridge with a Geiger counter, Craven discovers that her milk is radioactive. His fellow detective and friend, Bill, comes to Craven's home while the Northmoor agents break into the house. Craven realizes that Bill set him up before the agents taser and kidnap Craven, taking him away in an ambulance. He wakes up handcuffed to a gurney in the Northmoor facility, but manages to escape.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: His health deteriorating rapidly from radiation poisoning, presumably done to him before he was kidnapped, Craven heads to Bennett's house and kills the Northmoor agents after forcing one of them at gunpoint to shout "Craven," finally identifying him as Emma's killer. Bennett shoots and wounds Craven, but Craven also wounds Bennett and forces some of the radioactive milk down his throat. Bennett attempts to take some pills to counteract the radioactivity, only for Craven to tell Bennett he deserves what's coming to him and then to shoot Bennett dead.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: Jedburgh, who is suffering from an unrelated terminal illness, meets with the Senator and two political advisers who had hired Jedburgh to handle Craven. They want to spin the Northmoor incident in a positive light. Jedburgh suggests that an assassination attempt on the Senator could be an angle to drive Bennett's death out of the headlines. They are pleased with this idea until Jedburgh abruptly kills both advisers and the senator. When a young police officer nervously enters the Senator's room, Jedburgh asks the officer at gunpoint if he has children. When the officer replies yes, Jedburgh lowers his gun, allowing the officer to shoot him dead.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: While Craven lies dying in the hospital from his wounds and radiation poisoning, a young reporter for the local TV station WFXT, who had spoken to Craven a few nights earlier, opens a letter from him which contains DVDs recorded by Emma revealing the conspiracy, ensuring Northmoor's end. As Craven dies, the spirit of Emma comforts him. Craven and Emma are then shown leaving the hospital together, walking down the corridor and toward a bright, white light.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: In 2002, Martin Campbell announced that he was planning to adapt "Edge of Darkness" for the cinema. Active development began in early 2007 when Campbell met with producer Graham King, who first enlisted Australian playwright Andrew Bovell to write, and then William Monahan (fresh from winning an Academy Award for King's "The Departed") to re-write the screenplay. Michael Wearing and BBC Films also co-produced the film. Filming began on 18 August 2008 in Boston, Massachusetts. A scene where Craven scatters his daughter's ashes at a beach was filmed at Rockport on 25 and 26 September. They shot some scenes in Merrimac, Massachusetts from 15 September 2008 to 18 September 2008. Additional scenes were shot in Malden, Massachusetts in the old Malden hospital. Some of the final scenes were shot at a home in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts. Additionally, Gibson and his crew set up shop for filming in western Massachusetts, with 180 staff staying in Northampton hotels. They shot in various locations in the Pioneer Valley, including Tully O'Reilly's Pub, the Northampton Athletic Club, and an older part of the Hampshire County Courthouse, all in Northampton. Also, Sugarloaf Mountain was shut down for a few days while they rented it out. They also filmed at the Notch Visitor Center, Rt. 116, Amherst, and right across the street from the Visitor Center, buried in Bare Mountain, The Notch Cold War Bunker stood in for the main entrance of the Northmoor facility. The film takes place in America, unlike the television series, which was based in England. "The idea was to transfer the story to a different time and place rather than just repeat what we did in England," Campbell said. "Boston seemed like the perfect location because it does have a whole English, Irish signature on it." Jack Bennett disembarks from a helicopter in one scene. The FAA registration number, N401LH, is visible on the fuselage. This helicopter later collided with a Piper PA-32 on 8 August 2009, over the Hudson River, resulting in nine deaths. The helicopter was owned by Liberty Helicopters, which offers sight-seeing tours around Manhattan. The film was originally scored by classical composer John Corigliano. However, the decision was made during postproduction (after Corigliano's score had been recorded and dubbed) to replace his score with a new one by Howard Shore.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 217 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "For better and for worse, "Edge of Darkness" offers vintage Mel Gibson, working within the familiar framework of a bloody revenge thriller." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score 55 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: Film critic Richard Roeper gave the film a grade of "B", stating: "Gibson excels in this entertaining conspiracy thriller". Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" called the film "An intense Mel Gibson performance anchors this brutally effective crime thriller". Some critics, such as A.O. Scott of "The New York Times", saw a similarity to "Taken". Other critics, such as "Chicago Sun-Times" film critic Roger Ebert, "Chicago Tribune" film critic Michael Phillips, and "New Orleans Times-Picayune" film critic Mike Scott, described Ray Winstone's character in the film as "intriguing".


title: Edge of Darkness (2010 film)

text: On its first weekend, the film opened number two, grossing $17.1 million behind "Avatar". The film went on to gross $43.3 million in the United States and Canada and $37.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $81.1 million, against a production budget of $80 million.


title: John Kreese

text: John Kreese is a fictional character and the main antagonist in "The Karate Kid" media franchise. Portrayed by Martin Kove, he appears as an antagonist in the films "The Karate Kid" (1984), "The Karate Kid Part II" (1986), "The Karate Kid Part III" (1989), and the sequel television series "Cobra Kai".


title: John Kreese

text: Kreese was born on October 2, 1946. When he was young, he was troubled, as his father left him and his mentally unstable mother committed suicide and was picked on by other kids. Due to this, he was often left to fend for himself and eventually started working as a busboy at a diner in the San Fernando Valley. One day in 1965, David, a college football star, his girlfriend Betsy, and another friend of David's show up. After making eye contact with Betsy, Kreese gets chastised by her boyfriend and apologizes. Kreese receives a brochure to join the American Army Later, when Kreese is taking out some trash, he witnesses David hitting his girlfriend. Kreese intervenes, causing a brawl to ensue between him, David, and the football player's friend. Betsy begins a romantic relationship with Kreese, who soon enlists in the US Army.


title: John Kreese

text: During the Vietnam War in 1968, Kreese and Terry Silver get selected by a cruel captain, George Turner, to form a special forces team that conducts direct action missions in North Vietnam. It was then Kreese received training from Cpt. Turner on various martial art forms - including "Tang Soo Do" (a Korean martial art form), which he surpassed Turner in later. However, during a mission to blow up a North Vietnamese stronghold, Silver's radio crackles loudly, but out of compassion, Kreese refuses to detonate the explosives as they would kill Ponytail, the soldier who planted them. Consequently, every soldier in Kreese's squad gets captured by North Vietnamese soldiers. Captain Turner rebukes Kreese for hesitating, and continues to chastise him even right after the North Vietnamese captors execute Ponytail. The remaining American soldiers are held captive until 1969, when they are forced to participate in one-on-one death matches on top of a cobra and venomous snake pit arena for survival. At one point, Silver is chosen by the Vietnamese to fight Captain Turner. Knowing the Silver would almost certainly lose the fight, Kreese volunteers himself to fight Turner instead.


title: John Kreese

text: Before participating in the match, Turner tries to demoralize Kreese and thus score an easy victory by revealing that Betsy died in a car accident and hid the truth from him to maintain his focus, causing Kreese to become devastated. When the fight begins, Turner easily knocks Kreese to the floor of the bridge that is suspended over the snake pit. Turner verbally abuses Kreese for his inability to "shed his humanity" and is about to throw him into the pit, but the latter avoids his impending death by stabbing Turner in the leg with a broken piece of bamboo. Kreese kicks Turner off the bridge, but the latter manages to hold on to the edge. Before Kreese is about to strike a killing move to murder Turner, a U.S. airstrike neutralizes the spectating North Vietnamese soldiers, Turner orders Kreese to lift him up, but Kreese finally learns to follow Turner's advice of "kill or be killed" by kicking him off the bridge and causing Turner to fall to his death in the cobra and venomous snake pit, which is believed to be the backstory of the name for Cobra Kai Afterwards, Kreese, Silver, and the other captive soldiers are rescued by American forces.


title: John Kreese

text: After escaping North Vietnamese captivity, Kreese went on to join the U.S. Army Special Forces and earned a field commission. He rose to the rank of captain, and served with the 5th Special Forces Group. While assigned to 5th Group, Kreese earned the title of Karate Champion of the U.S. Army, which he held from 1970 to 1972.


title: John Kreese

text: Kreese, along with Silver, trained under Kim Sun-Yung, Cpt. Turner’s Tang Soo Do teacher, in South Korea before returning home from the Vietnam War. However, after returning, he developed more sociopathic tendencies and became more ruthless as a result of his traumatic experiences during the war.


title: John Kreese

text: After his military career, Kreese returned to the Valley and formed the Cobra Kai dojo in 1975 with Silver to train local kids in "Tang Soo Do" under the more marketable label of "Karate". However, Silver was forced to help run his family's business at the insistence of his father, who threatened to cut him out of the family inheritance. Though he left Cobra Kai to Kreese, Silver continued to provide financial support and promised to help run the dojo one day. In 1980, Silver fully purchased Cobra Kai and proposes the dojo compete in a global tournament known as the Sekai Taikai. Kreese declined the offer, hoping to focus on his students, in particular Johnny Lawrence, who would go on to become his top student.


title: John Kreese

text: In 1984, Kreese's best student, Johnny Lawrence, has a conflict with Daniel LaRusso. In response, Mr. Miyagi teaches Daniel karate. When Daniel and Mr. Miyagi go to the Cobra Kai dojo, Mr. Miyagi proposes that Daniel should enter the All Valley Under-18 Karate Championships tournament, where he will face the Cobra Kai students and demands that the conflict will cease while Daniel trains. Kreese agrees to the idea, but threatens to allow his students to continue their harassment if neither show up at the tournament. At the tournament, Daniel reaches the semi-finals while Johnny advances to the finals after defeating a highly skilled opponent. Kreese instructs Bobby Brown, one of his more compassionate students and the least vicious of Daniel's tormentors, to disable Daniel with an illegal attack on the knee. Bobby reluctantly does so, getting disqualified in the process. However, Daniel recovers and ultimately defeats Johnny, becoming the new champion.


title: John Kreese

text: After Daniel's victory in the tournament, Kreese attacks Johnny for losing the tournament, but is approached by Mr. Miyagi, who humiliates Kreese in front of his students. Miyagi deftly dodges all of Kreese's attempted punches, but rather than deliver a devastating shot to Kreese's face, Miyagi simply "honks" the terrified sensei's nose and leaves him whimpering in fear. The Cobra Kai students eventually abandon him. During Daniel's final battle with Chozen, Daniel remembers how Mr. Miyagi defeated Kreese to save Johnny and honks Chozen's nose to defeat him and save Kumiko.


title: John Kreese

text: Nine months after the tournament, Kreese has lost all of his students after attacking Johnny, leaving the future of Cobra Kai in doubt. After the Cobra Kai dojo permanently closed Kreese becomes poor and homeless on the streets of San Fernando. Desperately, Kreese visits his Vietnam War comrade, Terry Silver, who has become a wealthy owner of a toxic waste disposal business and offers to help Kreese gain revenge on Daniel and Mr. Miyagi and re-establish Cobra Kai. Silver sends Kreese to Tahiti on vacation to recover while he hires Mike Barnes, the current under-18 national karate tournament champion, to harass Daniel and beat him in the next upcoming tournament. Silver tells Daniel that Kreese had died and offers to train him to defend himself against Barnes. However, unbeknownst to Daniel, this is part of Silver's scheme to physically and mentally break him while also forming a rift with Mr. Miyagi. A few months later, Kreese returns to the Valley and during a confrontation at the dojo, Kreese startles Daniel by jumping out of a hallway and screaming. Kreese and Silver laugh as Barnes attacks Daniel, but Mr. Miyagi beats up the trio and then escorts Daniel out of the dojo. During the tournament, Daniel defeats Barnes, prompting Silver to leave the arena. This implies that Cobra Kai is finished for good due to Barnes', Kreese's, and Silver's behavior getting the dojo banned from the tournament forever.


title: John Kreese

text: Though he does not reappear until the season 1 finale, Kreese's actions in the original films are shown to have a profound effect on the main characters. Johnny harbors resentment towards Daniel for beating him in the 1984 tournament due to being assaulted by Kreese as punishment for the loss against Daniel, and also has difficulty signing Cobra Kai up for the 2018 All-Valley tournament because Kreese, Silver, and Barnes's unsportsmanlike conduct during the 1985 tournament got the dojo banned from tournament participation. Johnny is able to successfully convince the committee to lift the ban and allow Cobra Kai to compete again by denying any affiliation with Silver or Barnes and claiming Kreese has died.


title: John Kreese

text: When Johnny's reestablished Cobra Kai wins the 2018 All-Valley Karate Championship with Miguel Diaz's victory over Daniel's student and Johnny's estranged son Robby Keene, Kreese returns to the dojo. He ostensibly asks Johnny for forgiveness for attacking him after the 1984 tournament, in which Johnny placed second. He states that after Barnes's loss to Daniel in 1985, he re-enlisted in the Army to train Special Forces soldiers and run strikes during the Gulf War and the War in Afghanistan, though he now feels lost as the world has changed around him. Though Johnny rebuffs him for this apology, Kreese maintains that he never tried to kill Johnny and has repaired his second-place trophy to make amends which cools down the animosity between them; Johnny allows Kreese to attend Cobra Kai classes. Johnny and Kreese encounter Daniel, who realizes that Kreese has faked his death once again.


title: John Kreese

text: As Kreese regales the Cobra Kai students with stories of his military past, Miguel notices inconsistencies in his tales, and voices his concerns to Johnny. Johnny follows Kreese to a homeless shelter, where he admits that he flunked a psychological test when he attempted to re-enlist in the Army, and that his stories about wars after his Vietnam experience were lies. Taking pity on Kreese, Johnny decides to put his full trust in him, believing that he wants to change for the better. However, Kreese abuses his influence, even going so far as to encourage some of them, particularly a vengeful Hawk, to vandalize the Miyagi-Do dojo in retaliation for losing a fight to them. This costs Cobra Kai some of its students after Daniel confronts Johnny about the matter in the middle of a class. After seeing the abusive tactics used by his students during a training exercise at Coyote Creek, particularly when Miguel delivers an aggressive beatdown on Hawk over Hawk's vandalism of Miyagi-Do, Johnny discovers that Kreese has been teaching the old ways of Cobra Kai behind his back and expels him from the dojo.


title: John Kreese

text: Kreese has convinced strip-mall landlord Armand Zakarian to sign the dojo over to him while Johnny was visiting his dying friend Tommy and keeps in touch with the students loyal to him behind Johnny's back. After Miguel is severely injured and accidentally crippled during his fight with Johnny's son Robby Keene at the end of the school brawl due to Miguel letting his guard down while showing mercy and apologizing to Robby, most of the Cobra Kai students lose faith in Johnny while Kreese makes his move and takes complete ownership of the dojo. Now as its sole sensei, Kreese schemes to return Cobra Kai to the merciless organization it once was, using the remnants of Johnny's most disaffected students as his core.


title: John Kreese

text: Kreese suffers the least fallout in the aftermath of the high school brawl, only losing a couple students, including Tory after being placed on probation for instigating the fight. Needing to bolster his ranks, Kreese convinces Tory to return to the dojo by offering free tuition and intimidating her seedy and unscrupulous landlord. His management of Cobra Kai sows seeds of division within his students' ranks, most notably with Hawk, who disapproves of Kreese's recruitment of Kyler and Brucks (who used to bully him, Miguel and Demetri) and Robby Keene (who crippled Miguel at the end of the school brawl). Kreese proceeds to expel most of Johnny's remaining students who objected to feeding a live hamster to a snake. Most of the expelled students get recruited by Miguel into Johnny's new dojo Eagle Fang Karate. Hawk's loyalty to Cobra Kai is put to question as he is cast aside, while Kreese views Tory and Robby as his star pupils.


title: John Kreese

text: Kreese's machinations land him squarely in the sights of the LaRussos and Johnny. When Demetri's right arm is broken by Hawk in a fight with the Miyagi-Do and Cobra Kai students at the laser tag arena, a furious Amanda storms into the dojo and slaps Kreese, who retaliates by issuing a restraining order against her. Amanda and Daniel convince Armand to evict Kreese despite consistently paying his rent on time, but Kreese beats up Armand and his nephews when they confront him. As revenge, Kreese plants a live cobra in a car on the showroom floor of the LaRusso dealership. During a town hall meeting to discuss whether or not to let the All Valley tournament continue, Kreese manages to ingratiate himself to the council members by claiming to promote strength and discipline through karate, all while painting Miyagi-Do as the aggressors, a position that is backed up by the vocal protests of Amanda, Daniel and Johnny. Due to the outburst, the council are inclined to cancel the tournament, though reconsider after Miguel gives the assembled audience an impromptu speech advocating for the tournament, with the help of Daniel's daughter Samantha.


title: John Kreese

text: Noticing the visible connection between Miguel and Sam, Kreese realizes they are likely to create an alliance between their dojos and decides to take action. He exploits Tory's vendetta against Sam to get her to lead the Cobra Kais in a fight against the Miyagi-Do and Eagle Fang students at the LaRusso home. The attack fails, as Hawk defects to the Miyagi-Do and Eagle Fang students midway through the fight, and all of the Cobra Kai fighters are defeated. When Johnny finds out what happened, he storms into Cobra Kai to confront Kreese, and is horrified when he finds Kreese training Robby. Johnny viciously beats Kreese and at one point grabs a sai, but is interrupted when Robby intervenes. Refusing to fight, Johnny accidentally knocks Robby out by pushing him into a locker while evading his attacks and trying to reason with him to no avail. While Johnny is concerned with his son's well-being, Kreese uses it as an opportunity to strangle him.


title: John Kreese

text: Before Kreese can finish Johnny off, Daniel arrives, and has an even match with him. Even with Kreese using glass shards as an improvised weapon, Daniel immobilizes Kreese using the pressure point techniques that Chozen taught him in Okinawa. Sam and Miguel arrive just as Daniel is about to deliver the finishing blow with Johnny's approval, convincing them to spare Kreese. Kreese agrees to cease hostilities with Daniel and Johnny and settle their differences at the upcoming All-Valley tournament, with a vow to shut down Cobra Kai if he loses. He retreats into the battered dojo with Robby, and calls up Silver to enlist his help to prepare his students to take on Daniel and Johnny's students.


title: John Kreese

text: Following the attack on the LaRusso residence, several Cobra Kai students quit, leading to Kreese taking in new recruits in anticipation of the tournament. In the meantime, Silver initially refuses to help Kreese, as he is now living a new life and voices regret for his actions against Daniel in 1985. Silver eventually changes his mind and agrees to rejoin Cobra Kai, but tells Kreese that they must focus on the tournament and not repeat their prior mistakes. Despite their renewed alliance, Kreese starts suspecting Silver is trying to undermine him with conflicting priorities and lessons, and is particularly angered when Silver implies to their students during a lesson that Kreese has a weakness. Kreese reprimands Silver, warning him not to challenge his authority. Silver tries to prove his loyalty by renewing his pledge to expand Cobra Kai across the Valley, including buying the original Cobra Kai dojo. However, Kreese is disturbed when he discovers that Silver has lured Johnny into an ambush to demoralize Johnny's students, particularly Miguel. As Silver attempts to finish Johnny off, Kreese steps in and demands that Silver leave Johnny alone, reminding him of their agreement that there would be no hostilities until the tournament.


title: John Kreese

text: At the tournament, Kreese apologizes to Johnny for Silver's actions, but Johnny rebuffs him and vows to defeat Cobra Kai. During the final match between Tory and Sam, Silver encourages Tory to fight dirty to win, but Kreese remembers strangling Johnny after he lost to Daniel and encourages Tory to fight her own way instead, much to Silver's surprise. Tory wins her match against Sam, and Cobra Kai wins the tournament with the most points overall. However, unbeknownst to Kreese, Silver secretly bribed the referee to rig the match in Cobra Kai’s favor.


title: John Kreese

text: Celebrating at Silver's beach house, Silver thanks Kreese for pulling him out of retirement but accuses him of caring more about Johnny than restoring their old partnership. Silver tells Kreese that Johnny is his weakness before declaring Kreese as his own weakness. Kreese protests these accusations by reminding Silver he saved his life in Vietnam, but Silver says he is no longer in debt to him for saving his life and ends their friendship in retaliation for Kreese's emotional abuse and psychological manipulation against him. Kreese is arrested by the police for aggravated assault and attempted murder in relation to Silver's attack on former adult Cobra Kai student Stingray when he asked to rejoin Cobra Kai after Kreese rejected him; Silver told him that he could rejoin Cobra Kai if he blamed Kreese for the attack. As he is apprehended and taken away, Kreese furiously swears revenge on Silver, who now has full control of Cobra Kai.


title: John Kreese

text: Kreese is tried and convicted of Stingray's beating and is sent to prison as punishment. In prison, Kreese is bullied by a bigger inmate, initially refusing to fight back so that he can get a parole hearing. However, after learning from his therapist that he has been denied, he fights back at the gang to intimidate them. Kreese is frequently visited by Tory, and they work together to try and undermine Silver's hold on Cobra Kai. Later, Daniel and Johnny visit Kreese to find out what Silver is planning to do with Cobra Kai. When he reveals nothing, the duo trick him into revealing that Silver was hoping to enroll Cobra Kai in a global tournament known as the Sekai Taikai decades before. Kreese turned down the offer, hoping to focus on his students, especially Johnny. With Kreese now out of the picture, Silver is left free to turn Cobra Kai into a global franchise. When Tory later visits again for advice on the Sekai Taikai tournament, he simply tells her to do what she can to win, revealing he is bailing on his revenge plan. However, at this point, Tory suspects that Kreese has been manipulating her to take down Silver, meaning he only wanted her in Cobra Kai as a means of fulfilling his revenge plan and severs ties with him.


title: John Kreese

text: At the end of the season, Kreese fakes his death with the help of a fellow inmate by using melted Jell-O as a substitute for blood. This allows him to escape from prison with vengeance on his mind. Unknown to Kreese, however, Silver had already been arrested with multiple charges both for bribing the All-Valley tournaments and Stingray confessing to the police about the truth behind the assault, leaving Cobra Kai with no students left.


title: John Kreese

text: The character was based on Robert Mark Kamen's friend Ed McGrath. Martin Kove got the role by being verbally abusive towards director John G. Avildsen. An often recited rumor is that the character of John Kreese was originally written for Chuck Norris, but he turned down the role because he thought it would give karate a negative image. Norris has disputed this rumor, but said if he had been offered the role, he would have turned it down for similar reasons.


title: John Kreese

text: The character has had a mostly positive reception from critics and is viewed as a quintessential 1980s villain.


title: John Kreese

text: Kove appeared as Kreese in at least three instances outside the main "Karate Kid" franchise. In 2011, Kove played Kreese on the "Tosh.0" episode "Board Breaker". He also appeared in an episode of "The Goldbergs" entitled "The Kara-te Kid" playing a character named Master John, named after Kreese. While he never actually states his name as Kreese, he also appears in Intuit QuickBooks commercials spoofing the character, stating that when he started Cobra Kai he had a lack of control over his business that made him intense which improved after he started using the program. He is seen promoting "more mercy", and telling students to 'support the leg'.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: The Bellman–Ford algorithm is an algorithm that computes shortest paths from a single source vertex to all of the other vertices in a weighted digraph.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: It is slower than Dijkstra's algorithm for the same problem, but more versatile, as it is capable of handling graphs in which some of the edge weights are negative numbers.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: The algorithm was first proposed by , but is instead named after Richard Bellman and Lester Ford Jr., who published it in 1958 and 1956, respectively. Edward F. Moore also published a variation of the algorithm in 1959, and for this reason it is also sometimes called the Bellman–Ford–Moore algorithm.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Negative edge weights are found in various applications of graphs, hence the usefulness of this algorithm.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: If a graph contains a "negative cycle" (i.e. a cycle whose edges sum to a negative value) that is reachable from the source, then there is no "cheapest" path: any path that has a point on the negative cycle can be made cheaper by one more walk around the negative cycle. In such a case, the Bellman–Ford algorithm can detect and report the negative cycle.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Like Dijkstra's algorithm, Bellman–Ford proceeds by relaxation, in which approximations to the correct distance are replaced by better ones until they eventually reach the solution. In both algorithms, the approximate distance to each vertex is always an overestimate of the true distance, and is replaced by the minimum of its old value and the length of a newly found path.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: However, Dijkstra's algorithm uses a priority queue to greedily select the closest vertex that has not yet been processed, and performs this relaxation process on all of its outgoing edges; by contrast, the Bellman–Ford algorithm simply relaxes "all" the edges, and does this formula_1 times, where formula_2 is the number of vertices in the graph. In each of these repetitions, the number of vertices with correctly calculated distances grows, from which it follows that eventually all vertices will have their correct distances. This method allows the Bellman–Ford algorithm to be applied to a wider class of inputs than Dijkstra. The intermediate answers depend on the order of edges relaxed, but the final answer remains the same.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Bellman–Ford runs in formula_3 time, where formula_2 and formula_5 are the number of vertices and edges respectively.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Simply put, the algorithm initializes the distance to the source to 0 and all other nodes to infinity. Then for all edges, if the distance to the destination can be shortened by taking the edge, the distance is updated to the new lower value.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: The core of the algorithm is a loop that scans across all edges at every loop. For every formula_6, at the end of the formula_7-th iteration, from any vertex , following the predecessor trail recorded in yields a path that has a total weight that is at most , and further, is a lower bound to the length of any path from source to that uses at most edges.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Since the longest possible path without a cycle can be formula_1 edges, the edges must be scanned formula_1 times to ensure the shortest path has been found for all nodes. A final scan of all the edges is performed and if any distance is updated, then a path of length formula_2 edges has been found which can only occur if at least one negative cycle exists in the graph.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Proof. For the base case of induction, consider codice_1 and the moment before "for" loop is executed for the first time. Then, for the source vertex, codice_2, which is correct. For other vertices "u", codice_3, which is also correct because there is no path from "source" to "u" with 0 edges.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: For the inductive case, we first prove the first part. Consider a moment when a vertex's distance is updated by


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: codice_4. By inductive assumption, codice_5 is the length of some path from "source" to "u". Then codice_6 is the length of the path from "source" to "v" that follows the path from "source" to "u" and then goes to "v".


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: For the second part, consider a shortest path "P" (there may be more than one) from "source" to "v" with at most "i" edges. Let "u" be the last vertex before "v" on this path. Then, the part of the path from "source" to "u" is a shortest path from "source" to "u" with at most "i-1" edges, since if it were not, then there must be some strictly shorter path from "source" to "u" with at most "i-1" edges, and we could then append the edge "uv" to this path to obtain a path with at most "i" edges that is strictly shorter than "P"—a contradiction. By inductive assumption, codice_5 after "i"−1 iterations is at most the length of this path from "source" to "u". Therefore, codice_8 is at most the length of "P". In the "i" iteration, codice_9 gets compared with codice_8, and is set equal to it if codice_8 is smaller. Therefore, after "i" iterations, codice_9 is at most the length of "P", i.e., the length of the shortest path from "source" to "v" that uses at most "i" edges.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: If there are no negative-weight cycles, then every shortest path visits each vertex at most once, so at step 3 no further improvements can be made. Conversely, suppose no improvement can be made. Then for any cycle with vertices "v"[0], ..., "v"["k"−1],


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Summing around the cycle, the "v"["i"].distance and "v"["i"−1 (mod "k")].distance terms cancel, leaving


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: When the algorithm is used to find shortest paths, the existence of negative cycles is a problem, preventing the algorithm from finding a correct answer. However, since it terminates upon finding a negative cycle, the Bellman–Ford algorithm can be used for applications in which this is the target to be sought – for example in cycle-cancelling techniques in network flow analysis.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: A distributed variant of the Bellman–Ford algorithm is used in distance-vector routing protocols, for example the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). The algorithm is distributed because it involves a number of nodes (routers) within an Autonomous system (AS), a collection of IP networks typically owned by an ISP.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: The Bellman–Ford algorithm may be improved in practice (although not in the worst case) by the observation that, if an iteration of the main loop of the algorithm terminates without making any changes, the algorithm can be immediately terminated, as subsequent iterations will not make any more changes. With this early termination condition, the main loop may in some cases use many fewer than iterations, even though the worst case of the algorithm remains unchanged. The following improvements all maintain the formula_3 worst-case time complexity.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: A variation of the Bellman-Ford algorithm known as Shortest Path Faster Algorithm, first described by , reduces the number of relaxation steps that need to be performed within each iteration of the algorithm. If a vertex "v" has a distance value that has not changed since the last time the edges out of "v" were relaxed, then there is no need to relax the edges out of "v" a second time. In this way, as the number of vertices with correct distance values grows, the number whose outgoing edges that need to be relaxed in each iteration shrinks, leading to a constant-factor savings in time for dense graphs.


title: Bellman–Ford algorithm

text: Another improvement, by , replaces the arbitrary linear order of the vertices used in Yen's second improvement by a random permutation. This change makes the worst case for Yen's improvement (in which the edges of a shortest path strictly alternate between the two subsets "E" and "E") very unlikely to happen. With a randomly permuted vertex ordering, the expected number of iterations needed in the main loop is at most formula_13.


title: K (TV series)

text: K (also called K Project) is a Japanese anime series created by the animation studio GoHands and GoRA, a group consisting of seven anonymous authors known as Kōhei Azano, Tatsuki Miyazawa, Yukako Kabei, Yashichiro Takahashi, Hideyuki Furuhashi, Suzu Suzuki, and Rei Rairaku. The series is directed by Shingo Suzuki, who also serves as its character designer. It began airing on MBS on October 5, 2012. The anime has been licensed by Viz Media in North America and by Madman Entertainment in Australia. The series is set when Japan is secretly being ruled by seven Kings of psychic clans called the Seven Clans of Color. Yashiro Isana, a seemingly normal student of Ashinaka High School, is targeted by HOMRA of the Red Clan and Scepter 4 of the Blue Clan, following the murder of pacifist Tatara Totsuka from HOMRA. With the help of a highly skilled swordsman named Kuroh Yatogami and a feline Strain with the ability of sensory interference named Neko, Yashiro rediscovers his true identity.


title: K (TV series)

text: A manga prequel called "K: Memory of Red", drawn by Yui Kuroe was serialized in Kodansha's Aria between May 28, 2012 and August 15, 2013. Another prequel manga, "K: Stray Dog Story", ran in Kodansha's good! Afternoon between November 2012 and March 2013. A third manga "K: Days of Blue", was serialized in Kodansha's Aria between November 2013 and July 2014, and a fourth, "K: Countdown", ran in "Aria" from December 2014 to July 2015, while a fifth, "K: Missing Kings", ran in "Monthly GFantasy" from April to August 2015. Five more manga series; "K: The First", "Gakuen K", "K: Lost small world", "K: Dream of Green", and "K: Return of Kings", are also still ongoing. Furthermore, two light novels, called "K Side:Blue" and "K Side:Red", were released in October and November 2012. A third light novel called "K Side:Black and white" was released in May 2013 and another one, "K - Lost small world" was released in April 2014.


title: K (TV series)

text: A sequel anime project was announced on the official Twitter account of the series. The new anime series, "K: Return of Kings", aired from October 3, 2015 to December 26, 2015, rounding up the anime series and delivering its ending.


title: K (TV series)

text: A new anime project featuring an original story by GoRA and GoHands, titled "K: Seven Stories", has been green-lit. GoHands and Shingo Suzuki are returning to produce and direct the anime, respectively.


title: K (TV series)

text: Yashiro Isana has lived a relatively ordinary, simple life. He lives in the technologically advanced Shizume City and attends Ashinaka High School, a notable high school that is located on an island just outside the areas. Yashiro is friendly with everyone. Nothing seems wrong about him, except perhaps his habit of forgetting where his school-issued PDA is. However, nothing normal has been happening since the recent murder of Tatara Totsuka, prominent member of the infamous HOMRA. No one knows who exactly killed him but the man responsible bears an uncanny, identical appearance to Yashiro. Seeking vengeance, the Red Clansmen of HOMRA set out to get Yashiro and kill him. Everyone suspects that Yashiro is the murderer.


title: K (TV series)

text: The anime began airing on October 5, 2012. The anime has been licensed by Viz Media in North America and by Madman Entertainment in Australia. It was also being streamed on VizAnime video site. The opening theme song is "KINGS" by Angela and the ending theme song is "Tsumetai Heya, Hitori" (冷たい部屋、一人) by Mikako Komatsu. Insert songs include "Circle of Friends" by Yūki Kaji and "Itsuka no Zero Kara" (いつかのゼロから) by Angela. The anime has a movie sequel released in 2014. Viz has also licensed the second season.


title: K (TV series)

text: It was announced that there will be a sequel to the anime series in the form of a film. The movie was released on July 12, 2014. Its title is "" and includes a new character Mishakuji Yukari. The movie takes place one year after anime in the summer. Viz Media has licensed the movie.


title: K (TV series)

text: It was announced that there will be a six-part film series, titled "K: Seven Stories" and was released between July 7, 2018 and December 1, 2018. Viz Media has licensed the film series.


title: K (TV series)

text: A visual novel adaptation was developed by Otomate and subsequently released in 2014. The game is targeted towards a female audience, allowing the player to be the heroine of the story. The player takes on the role of an original character named who does not show up in the anime. The objective of the game is to pursue one of the available heroes using the school as a setup.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Future Vertical Lift (FVL) is a plan to develop a family of military helicopters for the United States Armed Forces. Five different sizes of aircraft are to be developed, sharing common hardware such as sensors, avionics, engines, and countermeasures. The U.S. Army has been considering the program since 2004. FVL is meant to develop replacements for the Army's UH-60 Black Hawk, AH-64 Apache, CH-47 Chinook, and OH-58 Kiowa helicopters. The precursor for FVL is the Joint Multi-Role (JMR) helicopter program.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: After a decade of combat from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, the U.S. Department of Defense found that the U.S. Army's rotorcraft fleet was wearing out. Combat operations made the helicopters fly five times more often than in peacetime. Manufacturers have been remanufacturing and upgrading existing families of aircraft without creating original platforms. The Future Vertical Lift (FVL) concept is to create a new rotorcraft that uses new technology, materials, and designs that are quicker, have longer range and higher payload capacity, are more reliable, easier to maintain and operate, have lower operating costs, and can reduce logistical footprints. FVL is to create a family of systems to replace most Army helicopters. The Joint Multi-Role (JMR) phases will provide technology demonstrations. JMR-TD will develop the aerial platform; JMR Phase I will develop the air vehicle; JMR Phase II will develop mission systems. The Army plans to acquire as many as 4,000 aircraft from the FVL program. The Army started an FVL engine program in 2016.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Future Vertical Lift was established in 2009 as an initiative, not yet a solution, by the Secretary of Defense to focus all DoD vertical lift capabilities and technology development, as well as retaining long-term engineering capabilities. In October 2011, the Deputy Secretary of Defense issued the FVL Strategic Plan to outline a joint approach for the next generation vertical lift aircraft for all military services. The Strategic Plan provided a foundation for replacing the current fleet with advanced capability by shaping the development of vertical lift aircraft for the next 25 to 40 years. It indicates 80 percent of decision points for the DoD vertical lift fleet to either extend the life, retire, or replace with a new solution occurring in the next eight to ten years. Implementation of the FVL Strategic Plan will impact vertical lift aviation operations for the next 50+ years. The United States Navy is a partner to the Army on the effort, so a derivative of FVL may be used in the Navy's MH-XX program to replace the service's MH-60S/R helicopters.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Three sizes were planned in 2009, then four and five (which may or may not be of the same design) are envisioned to replace 25 current rotorcraft types:


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: According to the U.S. House Armed Services Committee, three different configurations of JMR aircraft – a conventional helicopter, a large-wing slowed rotor compound helicopter, and a tiltrotor – were being studied as of April 2013.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Although requirements are still being refined, the notional concept for a new aircraft must reach speeds of , carry up to 12 troops, operate in "high-hot" conditions at altitudes of and temperatures of , and have a combat radius of with an overall unrefueled range of . Mission sets are to include cargo transport, utility, armed scout, attack, humanitarian assistance, medical evacuation, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, land/sea search and rescue, special warfare support, vertical replenishment, airborne mine countermeasures, and others. The FVL family of aircraft will be required to have either optionally piloted or autonomous flight capabilities.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: In March 2013, the Army asked the industry to submit proposals for an effort called the Alternative Engine Conceptual Design and Analysis. Although formal requirements for the FVL family of systems had not yet been set, they will need to have hover, speed, range, payload, and fuel efficiency characteristics "beyond any current rotorcraft". This may require an aircraft that can hover at and cruise at . Capabilities include good hover maneuverability at high altitude.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: The engine will require alternative, advanced engine/power system configurations that enable enhanced mission capability, such as improved time on station, increased mission radius, and quieter operation. Due to the different configurations of the airframe, power outputs from to are being studied. One to four companies can be awarded a contract with work completed in 18 months.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Lockheed Martin is developing a single "common missions system" that could be integrated into FVL light, medium, heavy, and ultra-heavy aircraft. The system could save the Army billions of dollars over the course procurement and sustainment, eliminating the need to train maintenance staff, trainers, and personnel in multiple systems. One component is a helmet derived from the one used on the F-35 Lightning II using distributed aperture technology that uses integrated sensors to enable pilots to view "through" the aircraft.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Bell Helicopter proposed a third-generation tiltrotor design for the FVL program, which was ultimately selected for the FLRAA contract award. Bell sought partners for financial and technological support, although the company did not require assistance. In April 2013, Bell revealed its tiltrotor design, named the Bell V-280 Valor. It is designed to have a cruise speed of , range of , and a combat range of .


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: It features a V-tail, a large cell carbon core wing with a composite fuselage, triple redundant fly-by-wire flight control system, retractable landing gear, and two side doors for ease of access. The V-280 is unusual in that only the rotor system tilts, but not the engines. The planned demonstrator is medium-size and carries four crew members and 14 troops. It is to be built at 92 percent scale or larger. Bell says they are investing four times the government's amount.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Bell has suggested that their design could be ready for other services' helicopter replacement programs before the Army is ready to award a bid. On December 5, 2022, the Army selected Bell Textron for the FLRAA contract award.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: The SB-1 Defiant (or "SB>1") is the Sikorsky Aircraft and Boeing entry for the program. It is a compound helicopter with rigid coaxial rotors and two Honeywell T55 engines. Its first flight took place in March 2019.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: In January 2021, Sikorsky-Boeing announced the Defiant X variant, specifically designed for the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft program. In February 2022, Sikorsky-Boeing picked Honeywell's new HTS7500 turboshaft engine, which will replace the Honeywell T55 engine that powered the SB-1 Defiant technology demonstrator platform informing the Defiant X offering. The HTS7500 is rated at 7,500 horsepower and is 42% more powerful with an 18% reduction in specific fuel consumption and weighs less than the T55 engine.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: AVX Aircraft proposed an aircraft with their coaxial rotor and twin ducted fan design that provides better steering and some additional forward power. Their JMR-TD is to be built at 75% scale. It is capable of flying at , with 40% lift from the small forward wings and 60% from the rotors. Half the drag of the design comes from the fuselage and half from the rotor system, so wind tunnel tests are aiming to reduce drag by a third. The rotor system has two composite-flexbeam hubs with drag-reducing aerodynamic fairings on the blade cuffs and the mast between the hubs. The medium-sized version is proposed to weigh , carry four crew and 12 troops, and have a external lifting capacity.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Karem Aircraft proposed to design an optimum-speed tiltrotor (OSTR), designated the TR36TD demonstrator. It would have had twin variable-speed rotors powered by existing turboshaft engines. The production version of the TR36D would have had a level flight speed of . Karem says its variable-speed OSTR configuration offers advantages in weight, drive train, and aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency. It has high speed, "robust" hover performance at altitude, higher climb rate and sustained maneuverability, and longer range than other vertical-takeoff-and-landing configurations. They also say it offers reduced complexity, inherent safety advantages, simplified maintenance, and low total ownership cost. , Karem continues to work on versions of the TR36, intending to start testing rotors around 2018.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: EADS was planning to submit a proposal for the JMR Phase I demonstration, expected to have been based on the Eurocopter X³, but withdrew in late May 2013 because Eurocopter might have to transfer X³ intellectual property to the US, and to focus on its bids for the Armed Aerial Scout program (later cancelled). The company also said the cost of developing a high-speed rotorcraft was far greater than the $75 million funding that would have been awarded. The EADS proposal was not totally based on the X3 design, but did leverage aspects of its technology. EADS may re-submit its proposal for FVL when the Army creates specific requirements.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Piasecki Aircraft was bidding its PA61-4 Advanced Winged Compound (AWC). The full-compound version was planned to fly at and used their vectored-thrust ducted propeller (VTDP), flown previously on the Piasecki X-49. It propelled the aircraft and had a long-span wing for lift and anti-torque. The wing pivoted in pitch for addition flight control and to reduce rotor download in the hover. Removing the wing but retaining the VTDP produced the thrust compound version, which could be used for shipboard operations. Replacing the VTDP with a conventional tail rotor produced the version, which was slower but was lighter, cheaper, and could better handle external-lift or vertical-replenishment missions. The Piasecki entry was not selected for the Joint Multi-Role phase of the program. , Piasecki has other funding to update the X-49, and intends to offer a winged compound helicopter design for FVL.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: On 5 June 2013, Bell announced that its V-280 Valor design had been selected by the Army for the Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Technology Demonstrator (TD) phase. The Army classified the offering as a Category I proposal, meaning it is a well-conceived, scientifically or technically sound proposal pertinent to program goals and objectives with applicability to Army mission needs, offered by a responsible contractor with the competent scientific and technical staff supporting resources required to achieve results.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: The Boeing-Sikorsky team, pitching the high-speed compound helicopter design based on the X2 prototype, also reported they were invited to negotiate a technology investment agreement for the JMR-TD Phase I program. JMR-TD contracts were expected to be awarded in September 2013, with flights scheduled for 2017.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: AVX Aircraft also confirmed that it had been selected for the JMR Phase I as a Category I participant. Their entry is a coaxial-rotor compound helicopter with ducted fans for propulsion and small wings to offload the rotors at high speed. The company plans to build a 70% scale demonstrator using existing General Electric T700 engines.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: EADS withdrew from the program before designs had been selected, and Piasecki Aircraft was not chosen to continue in the effort.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: On 31 July 2013, Boeing and Sikorsky pledged they will invest more than double the amount money the government is spending on JMR if the team is chosen to build and demonstrate a rotorcraft for the program.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: On 6 August 2013, Lockheed Martin said it will offer a new mission equipment package to meet the requirements for the JMR/FVL program. Lockheed Martin will incorporate future airborne capability environment software standards into the aircraft's cockpit and mission systems to use their avionics, weapons, and sensors like the F-35 helmet. Boeing and other companies are expected to offer rival sets of avionics. On 9 September 2013, Bell announced Lockheed would be teaming with them on the V-280.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: On 2 October 2013, the U.S. Army awarded technology investment agreements (IIA) to AVX Aircraft, Bell Helicopters, Karem Aircraft and Sikorsky Aircraft under the Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator Phase I program. There are two general types of proposals: tiltrotors with rotors that serve as both rotors and conventional propellers, and compound helicopters that use vertical rotors and separate rear-mounted propellers. AVX and Sikorsky are offering compound designs with two counter-rotating rotors to provide vertical lift. For forward movement, AVX uses two ducted fans and Sikorsky uses a single propeller on the back. Bell is offering the V-280 Valor tiltrotor. Karem Aircraft is offering a tiltrotor with optimum-speed rotors, allowing the aircraft to speed or slow the propellers depending on speed or efficiency demands. Similar technology was used on the A160 Hummingbird. JMR-TD is to develop and demonstrate an operationally representative mix of capabilities, technologies, and interfaces to investigate realistic design trades and enabling technologies.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: The TIAs give the four teams nine months to complete preliminary design of their rotorcraft, which the Army will then review and authorize the construction of two competing demonstrators to fly in 2017. While there was a potential for an early downselect, the four teams are focused on the 2017 flight demonstrations. Emerging results from JMR TD Phase 1 will be used to inform the FVL effort regarding vehicle configurations, the maturity of enabling technologies, attainable performance and capabilities, and will highlight affordable technical solutions required to achieve those capabilities. Each of the four teams received $6.5 million from the Army for this phase of the program. On 21 October 2013, defense executives bidding for the program stated that the Army plans to downselect to two companies in 2014, who will then develop prototypes for flight tests in 2017. JMR-TD phase I is focused on creating a medium utility rotorcraft airframe, while phase II will develop mission systems and software although integration with airframes is not planned and thus will not be flying.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Submissions for JMR evaluations were to be entered by the four competitors by June 2014, with the Army selecting two to build demonstrators to fly between 2017 and 2019, but the Army may choose a non-JMR vehicle for FVL, and may pursue different types for different FVL classes. Commonality of systems across vehicles and across military units is desired. Specifications are for a design capable of performing both medium utility and attack missions, with a cruising speed, and of hovering at in temperatures.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: After the flight tests and technology development, JMR will end and a Request for Proposals (RFP) will be issued open to all companies to begin the projected $100 billion FVL effort. Demonstrators developed under JMR will be "X-planes" to demonstrate some key technologies, but they won't have production-representative engines or real mission systems architecture; JMR will show off technologies to enable Army rotary-wing aviation to make the next leap in speed, lift, protection, and interoperability under FVL for the 2030s.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: The program is intentionally slow-paced partly due to the challenges seen in the Joint Strike Fighter program and failures of past programs like Future Combat Systems, which was cancelled after complex requirements could not be met within established budgets and timelines. A contract for a joint common architecture standard was to be awarded in July 2014 for lab-based testing, and the FVL RFP is to be issued in 2019. The Sikorsky-Boeing team submitted the SB-1 Defiant design and risk report to the Army in mid-June for JMR.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: The Army is looking at five criteria to downselect JMR-TD entries: how much the design advances the services' science and technology goals; whether the design meets performance specifications; how well the demonstrator validates specifications; whether the competitor has kept to their schedule; and whether the company has the skills and competency to carry out a flight demonstration. Even with the prospect of sequestration returning in FY 2016, the JMR program will likely be spared from cuts or cancellation due to the Army's support of research and development programs. The demonstrator aircraft will have a lifespan of 200 flight hours, and the Army's budget is $240 million. In July 2014 the Army decided which two competitors would proceed to Phase One, but will hold program discussions with all four parties to determine a reasonable path forward before announcing the winners, which is expected to occur in late August or early September 2014. Earlier in July, the Army selected the Boeing-Sikorsky team to develop the Joint Common Architecture (JCA) standard "digital backbone" through which mission systems will be integrated into the FVL system's design.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: On 11 August 2014, the Army informed the Sikorsky-Boeing and Bell-Lockheed teams that they had chosen the SB-1 Defiant and V-280 Valor to continue with the JMR demonstration program. The aircraft designs show the Army is pursuing both coaxial and tilt-rotor designs, and preferring larger and established contractors over the smaller entries. AVX Aircraft says it is still in negotiations with the Army and believes they can still continue with some level of work on the program. Official word of the downselect was to be announced in late August once negotiations had been finalized. The Army formally announced the selection of the Sikorsky-Boeing SB-1 and Bell-Lockheed V-280 on 3 October 2014. Both teams will now build technology demonstration aircraft with flight tests starting in 2017. Though AVX and Karem Aircraft were not selected, the Army is still interested in technologies they have offered.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: In early September 2014, a panel of aviation experts advised personnel from the FVL initiative how to avoid mistakes made by previous acquisition efforts, namely the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The panel had three suggestions: split the program into different manageable pieces; use the expertise of the commercial helicopter industry; and secure early support from the U.S. Congress. FVL is seeking to develop four separate lift classes, which may even become five if the program includes medium lift aircraft for the Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, so the sheer diversity of requirements casts doubt that a single program can successfully produce different versions of a given design.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: One main problem the F-35 program encountered was having a single program to try to meet different needs with variants of one design. It is possible for FVL to avoid this and still meet it primary goals of using common drive trains, engines, and communications across different helicopters in different services; although the Army's Apache and Black Hawk designs are entirely different, the Marines' UH-1Y Venom utility and AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters have 85 percent parts commonality despite using different airframes. Money and time could be saved by using available technologies from commercial helicopter manufacturers, which was impossible to do with the high-performance F-35.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Even though the JSF has secured international partners and FVL has none, partners would be welcomed once the program officially starts, and pre-acquisition industry-to-industry cooperation was advised before government-to-government agreements occur. Congressional support was also advised to be secured early on, as keeping lawmakers in the dark caused lack of trust and imposition of reporting requirements for funding with the F-35. As Army Aviation purchase budgets has decreased 40% in 3 years, FVL funding could be conflicting with modernization of the current rotorcraft fleet.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: In January 2015, the Army confirmed that the FVL-medium category would be split into two different versions, one for attack/reconnaissance and one for utility and troop carrying. Though the program seeks component commonality across the fleet, service leaders identified that different sized aircraft are needed for attack and troop-carrying, so the same airframe may not be used for both missions; other services may also tailor their own FVL-medium variants for specific needs. The versions may even use different forms of propulsion (one tiltrotor and one pusher propeller with coaxial blades), but nothing will be certain until the results of the 2018 TD test flights.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Future Vertical Lift will use the DoD modular open systems approach (MOSA), an integrated business and technical strategy in FARA, and in FLRAA Both FLRAA and FARA are to enter service by Fiscal Year 2030. By abstracting its requirements, the Army was able to request prototypes which used new technologies.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator (JMR-TD) prototypes are to be built by two teams to replace Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawks with Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA). The tilt-rotor FLRAA demonstrator by Bell is flying unmanned (October 2019); it logged 100 hours of flight testing by April 2019. Both Bell and Sikorsky-Boeing received contract awards to compete in a risk reduction effort (CDRRE) for FLRAA in March 2020. The risk reduction effort will be a 2-phase, 2-year competition. The competition will transition technologies (powertrain, drivetrain and control laws) from the previous demonstrators (JMR-TDs) of 2018–2019 to requirements, conceptual designs, and acquisition approach for the weapon system. The Army wants flight testing of FLRAA prototypes beginning in 2025, with fielding to the first units in 2030.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) is smaller than FLRAA. The Army's requests for proposals (RFPs) for FARA were due in December 2018;


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: A long range precision munition for the Army's aircraft will begin its program of design and development. In the interim, the Army is evaluating the Spike 18 mile range non-line of sight missile on its Boeing AH-64E Apache attack helicopters.


title: Future Vertical Lift

text: An unmanned UH-60 Black Hawk flew pilotless in July 2022. An FVL FLRAA (JMR-TD) flew unmanned in 2019.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Michael Zimmer (born June 5, 1956) is a former American football coach. He most recently was the head coach of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) from 2014 to 2021. Prior to joining the Vikings, Zimmer previously served as a defensive assistant for the Dallas Cowboys, Atlanta Falcons, and Cincinnati Bengals from 1994-2013. Zimmer also won Super Bowl XXX with the Dallas Cowboys in 1996.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: In high school, Zimmer was a successful multi-sport athlete who earned all-conference honors in football (1972–73), baseball, and wrestling at Lockport Township High School in Lockport, Illinois. He enrolled at Illinois State University, majoring in physical education. He played quarterback in 1974, but he redshirted the following year and moved to linebacker in 1976 after breaking his thumb. A neck injury prematurely ended his playing career that same year. His college teammates were positively influenced by his constantly "up" attitude, especially during hot August pre-season double workouts. He backed up quarterback Bob Lopez in 1974, who later went on to set many of Illinois State's passing records.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Zimmer's first coaching job was as a part-time defensive assistant at the University of Missouri from 1979–1980. He then coached at Weber State College from 1981–1988, serving as the inside linebackers coach from 1981–84, the defensive backs coach from 1985–88, and the defensive coordinator from 1983–88. From 1989–1993, Zimmer served as the defensive coordinator and defensive backs coach for the Washington State Cougars. In 1993, the Cougars defense ranked eighth in the nation in total defense and second in rushing defense.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: He joined the Dallas Cowboys in 1994 as an assistant coach of the nickel defense under Barry Switzer. He was promoted to defensive backs coach in 1995 and served in that capacity before being promoted to defensive coordinator in 2000. The 2003 Dallas Cowboys defense gave up the fewest yards in the NFL while running an aggressive, speedy 4-3 defense. Despite the Cowboys' problems over the years, Zimmer survived several coaching changes (Switzer, Chan Gailey, Dave Campo, Bill Parcells) and was rumored to have been a candidate for the head coaching job at the University of Nebraska (circa 2003). In 2005, he implemented the 3-4 defense favored by head coach Bill Parcells, although Zimmer had no prior experience with it.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: When Bobby Petrino was hired to coach the Atlanta Falcons early in 2007, Mike Zimmer agreed to become the new defensive coordinator in Atlanta. Zimmer coached in Atlanta for only one season after Petrino left the Falcons for the University of Arkansas after thirteen games. Zimmer has been very outspoken against Petrino after Petrino's unexpected departure from Atlanta in 2007.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Zimmer was named the defensive coordinator for the Cincinnati Bengals on January 15, 2008. In 2009, Zimmer earned NFL Assistant Coach of the Year honors from Pro Football Weekly/Pro Football Writers and from CBSSports.com, after guiding the Bengals to the 4th ranked defense in the league.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: In 2011, the Bengals finished with the 7th ranked defense in total yards and 9th ranked defense in points allowed.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: In 2012, the Bengals finished with the 6th ranked defense in total yards and 8th ranked defense in points allowed, prompting the Cleveland Browns to interview Zimmer for their head coaching vacancy. The Browns eventually hired former offensive coordinator Rob Chudzinski on January 11, 2013.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: On January 15, 2014, Zimmer earned his first head coaching position when the Minnesota Vikings hired him to replace Leslie Frazier. Zimmer was the 9th head coach in Vikings history.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Zimmer earned his first win as the Vikings' head coach on September 7, 2014 against the St. Louis Rams, with a score of 34–6. He ended his first year with a 7–9 record, an improvement over the team's 2013 record of 5–10–1, and the best record for a first-year head coach in the Minnesota Vikings franchise since Dennis Green in 1992.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: In 2015, Zimmer improved on his 2014 record by ending the season with a record of 11–5 and winning the NFC North, ending Green Bay's streak of four consecutive division titles and giving the Vikings their first since 2009. At TCF Bank Stadium, the Vikings lost the wild-card playoff round to the Seattle Seahawks 10–9 while playing in subzero temperatures and the third-coldest game in NFL history.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: On July 28, 2016, Zimmer signed a contract extension with the Vikings. Terms of the contract were not disclosed.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Zimmer suffered a detached retina during the October 31, 2016 "Monday Night Football" game against the Chicago Bears. On a windy night at Soldier Field, the edge of Zimmer's playcard, which was laminated, blew into his eye. Zimmer underwent emergency eye surgery on November 30, 2016 forcing him to miss the Vikings' Thursday Night Football game against the Dallas Cowboys. Special teams coach Mike Priefer served as interim coach for the game. Zimmer finished the 2016 NFL season with a record of 8–8 and the Vikings failed to make the playoffs.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: In 2017, Zimmer led the Vikings to one of the greatest seasons in franchise history. The Vikings finished 13–3, tallying the seventh-best regular season record in franchise history in terms of win percentage, and the second-best 16-game regular season record in franchise history. Only the 1998 Vikings hold a better record, at 15–1. In the playoffs, the 2017 Vikings beat the New Orleans Saints in the with a last-second touchdown pass from Case Keenum to Stefon Diggs, which became known as the "Minneapolis Miracle". They then lost the NFC Championship game to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: On September 9, 2018, Zimmer became the fourth head coach in Minnesota Vikings history to get 40 wins. The Vikings finished the 2018 season with a record of 8–7–1 and failed to make the playoffs after losing a "win-and-in" game to the Chicago Bears during the final week of the season.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: On February 27, 2019, the Vikings exercised their option to keep Zimmer through 2020. On October 24, 2019 Zimmer became just the third coach to surpass 52 franchise wins, surpassing Jerry Burns; trailing only Dennis Green (97) and longtime coach Bud Grant (158).


title: Mike Zimmer

text: The Vikings were able to return to the postseason in 2019. After upsetting the New Orleans Saints in the wild-card round, winning 26–20 in overtime, Minnesota fell to the top-seeded San Francisco 49ers in the divisional round, 27–10.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Hampered by injuries and opt-outs by many starting defensive players (including defensive end Danielle Hunter missing the entire 2020 season with a neck injury and new free-agent acquisition Michael Pierce opting out of the season due to COVID-19), the Vikings suffered a 'down year' with a 7–9 record in 2020, missing the playoffs and finishing third in the NFC North. This was Zimmer's first losing season as a head coach since 2014.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: The 2021 season produced similar results to the 2020 campaign finishing with an 8-9 record. On January 10, 2022, Zimmer was fired as head coach of the Minnesota Vikings, ending his eight-year tenure with the team. Zimmer finished his tenure with the Vikings with a record which includes a playoff record in eight seasons with the Vikings.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Zimmer is the son of former NFL player and coach, Bill Zimmer, who died on August 12, 2015 at age 84. His wife, Vikki, died unexpectedly at their Ohio home on October 8, 2009. Three days later, Zimmer was awarded the game ball by Bengals head coach Marvin Lewis after the team's 1714 victory over the Baltimore Ravens.


title: Mike Zimmer

text: Zimmer has three children: Adam, Corri, and Marki. Adam was a coach and served as an assistant linebackers coach with the New Orleans Saints during their Super Bowl-winning season. Adam Zimmer died unexpectedly on October 31, 2022.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Super Bowl XVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the strike-shortened 1982 season. The Redskins defeated the Dolphins 27–17 to win their first Super Bowl championship. The game was played on January 30, 1983 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: This Super Bowl came at the end of a season that was significantly shortened by a players' strike. Teams ended up only playing nine regular season games, and the league conducted a special 16-team, four-round playoff tournament where divisions were ignored in the seeding. The Redskins had an NFC-best 8–1 regular season record, while the Dolphins finished at 7–2. Both teams advanced through the first three postseason rounds to Super Bowl XVII. The game then became a rematch of Super Bowl VII, also played in the Los Angeles area at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ten years before, where the Dolphins completed their 17–0 perfect season at the Redskins’ expense by a 14–7 score. This was also the second Super Bowl to rematch teams, the first being Super Bowl XIII.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The Redskins scored 17 unanswered points in the second half and gained a Super Bowl record 276 yards on the ground while holding the Dolphins to just 47 offensive plays for 176 total yards, 76 of which came on a single play.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Nevertheless, Miami built a 17–10 halftime lead with Jimmy Cefalo's 76-yard touchdown catch and Fulton Walker's 98-yard kickoff return.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The turning point in the game came with 10:10 remaining: trailing, 17–13, and facing fourth down and one yard to go at the Dolphins' 43-yard line, Washington running back John Riggins broke through the Miami defense and ran into the end zone for a touchdown to take the lead. Wide receiver Charlie Brown then added an insurance touchdown with a 6-yard scoring reception.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: finishing the game with two new Super Bowl records: the most rushing yards (166) and the most rushing attempts (38) in a Super Bowl game. He was the first player from an NFC team to rush for 100 yards in a Super Bowl. Riggins also recorded a reception for 15 yards, giving him more total yards from scrimmage (181) than the entire Miami team.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: This was the first outdoor Super Bowl to have a Jumbotron present. A temporary Sony Diamond Vision screen was installed in northeast corner of the stadium just above the last row seats. The only other Super Bowl facilities to date which had replay screens were indoors: the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans (XII and XV), and the Pontiac Silverdome near Detroit (XVI).


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: A 57-day-long players' strike reduced the 1982 regular season from a 16-game schedule to nine games. Because of the shortened season, the NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament. Division standings were ignored. Eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8 based on their regular season records.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The modified schedule forced the league to extend the regular season into January for the first time. After the 57-day strike, the NFL extended the regular season one weekend (pushing the end of the regular season back from December 26 to January 2), moving back the start of the playoffs and eliminating the week off for the first time since Super Bowl IV.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Four teams that made the playoffs the previous year failed to do so in the strike-shortened season, even with the greatly expanded postseason field. The San Francisco 49ers, winners of Super Bowl XVI, struggled to a 3–6 record. The Buffalo Bills, the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles did not qualify for the playoffs, either. However, the Cleveland Browns and the Detroit Lions did qualify for the playoffs despite 4–5 records, becoming the first teams in NFL history to compete in postseason play despite regular-season winning percentages below .500. No other losing teams would do so until the Seattle Seahawks reached the playoffs following the 2010 season, becoming the first team to accomplish this in a season unaffected by a strike. The 2014 Carolina Panthers and the 2020 Washington Football Team also achieved playoff berths with winning percentages below .500 in seasons not shortened by a players' strike.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The Dolphins finished the strike-shortened regular season with a 7–2 record, ranking them second in the AFC. The Miami club's main strength was its defense, nicknamed the "Killer Bees" because six of the defense's 11 starters had last names that began with the letter B. The "Killer Bees", anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Bob Baumhower, allowed the fewest total yards in the league (2,312) and the fewest passing yards in the league (1,027). Linebacker A. J. Duhe was extremely effective at blitzing and in pass coverage. The Dolphins' secondary, consisting of defensive backs Don McNeal, Gerald Small and brothers Lyle and Glenn Blackwood, combined for 11 interceptions.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: However, Miami's passing attack, led by quarterback David Woodley, ranked second to last in the league with 1,314 total yards, 8 touchdowns and 13 interceptions. One of the few bright spots in the Dolphins' passing attack was wide receiver Jimmy Cefalo, who gained 356 yards from just 17 receptions for an average of 20.9 yards per catch. Wide receiver Duriel Harris also provided a deep threat with 22 receptions for 331 yards.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Miami's strength on offense was its ground game, ranking third in the league with 1,344 rushing yards. Pro Bowl running back Andra Franklin was the team's top rusher with 701 yards (third in the NFL) and seven touchdowns. Running back Tony Nathan rushed for 233 yards and caught 16 passes for another 114 yards. Woodley himself also rushed for 207 yards and two touchdowns. One reason for the Dolphins' rushing success was the blocking of their offensive line, led by future Hall of Fame center Dwight Stephenson, along with Pro Bowlers Bob Kuechenberg (a starter on Miami's early 1970s Super Bowl teams) and Ed Newman.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Super Bowl XVII was the Redskins' first Super Bowl victory (third NFL championship overall) and their second Super Bowl appearance; they were defeated by the Dolphins, 14–7, in Super Bowl VII. This was the second rematch in Super Bowl history (the first being the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls X and XIII). Washington finished the strike-shortened regular season with an NFC-best 8–1 record, earning their first playoff appearance in six years and allowing the fewest points scored in the NFL (128).


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann finished the season as the top rated passer in the NFC, completing 161 of 252 (63 percent) pass attempts for 2,033 yards and 13 touchdowns, while also rushing for 150 yards. The main weapons in the passing game were wide receivers Charlie Brown (32 receptions, 690 yards and 8 touchdowns) and Art Monk (35 receptions, 447 yards and one touchdown). Running back John Riggins led the Redskins' ground game, rushing for 553 yards and three touchdowns during the regular season. Much of Washington's success on offense was attributed to their offensive line, affectionately known as "The Hogs".


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Washington also had impact players on special teams. Mark Moseley became the first placekicker to win the NFL Most Valuable Player Award, converting 20 of 21 field goal attempts and all 18 of his extra point attempts. Kick returner Mike Nelms gained a combined total of 809 yards returning kickoffs and punts.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The Redskins' defense was led by 6'7", 296-pound defensive tackle Dave Butz, who anchored the line, along with defensive ends Dexter Manley and Tony McGee, who each recorded 6.5 sacks. Washington's secondary was led by defensive backs Vernon Dean and Jeris White, who each recorded three interceptions.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The Dolphins advanced through the special 16-team playoffs by defeating the New England Patriots, 28–13, the San Diego Chargers, 34–13, and the New York Jets, 14–0, earning a trip to the Super Bowl for the fourth time.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Meanwhile, the Redskins defeated the Detroit Lions, 31–7, the Minnesota Vikings, 21–7, and the Dallas Cowboys, 31–17.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Before the playoffs, the 33-year-old Riggins, who had averaged barely three yards per carry during the season, told coach Joe Gibbs "I'm really getting down the road. I don't have many of these left. I've been out two weeks and I'm ready. Give me the ball." Gibbs did just that, and Riggins ran for a combined total of 444 yards and three touchdowns during those playoff victories.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Another key contributor in the NFC playoffs was backup wide receiver Alvin Garrett, who replaced Monk after he suffered a leg injury that kept him out of the entire postseason. Although he only recorded one reception during the entire regular season, Garrett caught a total of 13 receptions for 231 yards and four touchdowns in Washington's three conference playoff games.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Entering Super Bowl XVII, the Dolphins were favored to win, primarily because of their "Killer Bees" defense. It had recorded 12 interceptions in three AFC playoff games, including five each in the final two contests. Another reason was because 26 players on Washington's 45-man roster had been signed by the team as free agents, including 14 who had never been drafted by an NFL team. Only ten players on the Redskins roster had any prior playoff experience.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: As was the case in Super Bowl VII, the Redskins were the designated home team. However, the Redskins chose to wear their white uniforms and burgundy pants for the game; in their previous Super Bowl loss to Miami, the Redskins were required to wear their burgundy and gold uniforms as the home team. Washington became the second team after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys to wear white as the home team in a Super Bowl. The Dolphins wore their aqua uniforms and white pants.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The game was televised in the United States by NBC, with Dick Enberg handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator Merlin Olsen in the broadcast booth. Len Berman and his "NFL '82" castmates, Mike Adamle (who also covered the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony), Ahmad Rashad and Pete Axthelm anchored the pregame, halftime and postgame coverage. NBC's national Nielsen rating of 48.6 was the second-highest for a Super Bowl broadcast, trailing only the 49.1 garnered by Super Bowl XVI on CBS the year before. NBC introduced a new theme for the game; a brass-based piece that would see usage in various forms (as game introduction; pregame introduction or bumper music) for most of the remainder of the decade.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The game was broadcast nationally on radio on CBS, with Jack Buck handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator Hank Stram in the broadcast booth. Brent Musburger anchored the Super Bowl XVII pregame, halftime, and postgame coverage with analysis from Irv Cross and Jimmy Snyder for CBS. Locally, Super Bowl XVII was broadcast on WMAL-AM in Washington, D.C. by Frank Herzog, Sam Huff and Sonny Jurgensen, and on WIOD-AM in Miami, Florida by Rick Weaver and Hank Goldberg.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Following the game, NBC aired the premiere episode of "The A-Team", beginning the tradition of the game's host network airing programming after the game. As a way to hype the show for NBC, Mr. T was in attendance for the game.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Locally, Super Bowl XVII was shown on WRC-TV, the Washington, D.C. NBC affiliate and on WCKT-TV, the Miami, Florida NBC affiliate.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The game was shown live in the UK for the first time when Channel 4, Britain's newest channel (launched November 2, 1982) covered it.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The game is featured on "NFL's Greatest Games" under the title "Hog Day Afternoon", narrated by John Facenda and featuring interviews with Joe Bugel.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Super Bowl XVII was dedicated to University of Alabama coach Bear Bryant, who had died four days earlier. A moment of silence was held in his memory during the pregame ceremonies. Dolphins Tony Nathan, Dwight Stephenson, Bob Baumhower and Don McNeal were All-Americans for Bryant at Alabama, and Redskins reserve running back Wilbur Jackson was the first African-American to earn a football scholarship to Alabama.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The Los Angeles Unified School District All-City Band played during the pregame ceremonies. Later, actress Leslie Easterbrook performed the national anthem. Easterbrook almost missed the ceremony, saying, "the limo driver couldn’t find the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. When I finally got there I ran through that tunnel by myself and actually slid, as if I was diving for first base. I slid into the microphone and they had 60 seconds of silence for the passing of a football coach from Alabama. I caught my breath and did it."


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The coin toss ceremony featured Pro Football Hall of Fame receiver Elroy Hirsch. Dolphins captain Bob Kuechenberg called "tails," and the coin came down "tails." However, referee Jerry Markbreit became confused by the similar design of both sides of the coin and incorrectly thought "heads" had landed. After a short discussion with his head linesman, Dale Hamer, Markbreit corrected his mistake before the kickoff, then asked Kuechenberg if the Dolphins would receive said kickoff, which they did. Justin Peters of "Slate", who watched all the Super Bowls over a two-month period in 2015 before Super Bowl 50, reported what transpired: “Tails is the call,” said Markbreit. “Heads,” he said after the coin had dropped. “No, it’s tails, it’s tails,” everyone then said. “Whoop!” Markbreit said, bending down before announcing “Tails!” “So some confusion over what is heads and what is tails,” Dick Enberg said. Peters called it one of the funniest of all Super Bowl moments.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The halftime show was produced by Bob Jani Productions and titled "KaleidoSUPERscope", and featured the Los Angeles Super Drill Team.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Miami scored first on their second possession when faced with 2nd-and-6 on their own 24. David Woodley froze hard-charging lineman Dexter Manley with a pump fake before throwing the ball to wide receiver Jimmy Cefalo, who caught the ball ahead of single coverage by safety Tony Peters at the Redskins 45 and raced untouched down the right sideline for a 76-yard touchdown completion. Then after forcing the Redskins to punt, Woodley attempted a deep pass again, but was hit by Manley, causing him to fumble, and defensive tackle Dave Butz recovered the ball on the Dolphins 46-yard line. The turnover led to Redskins kicker Mark Moseley's 31-yard field goal to cut the Dolphins' lead to 7–3, two plays into the second quarter.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Miami kick returner Fulton Walker returned the ensuing kickoff 42 yards to the Dolphins 47-yard line. From there, the Dolphins advanced to the Redskins 3-yard line. But Woodley's pass fell incomplete on third down, so Miami had to settle for kicker Uwe von Schamann's 20-yard field goal to increase their lead to 10–3 with 6 minutes left in the half. Although the drive was only 50 yards long, it consisted of 13 plays and took 8:39 off the clock.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Aided by a 27-yard completion from quarterback Joe Theismann to tight end Rick Walker, 13 rushing yards and a 15-yard reception by running back John Riggins, and a 12-yard run from Theismann himself, the Redskins marched 80 yards in 11 plays to score on wide receiver Alvin Garrett's 4-yard touchdown reception.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Garrett's touchdown tied the game 10–10 with less than 2 minutes left in the half, but the tie did not last long; Fulton Walker returned the ensuing kickoff a Super Bowl-record 98 yards for a touchdown to give the Dolphins a 17–10 lead. It was the first kickoff return for a touchdown in Super Bowl history, and the longest kickoff return in postseason history, breaking the prior record of 97 yards by Vic Washington in 1972.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: A penalty on the ensuing kickoff forced Washington to start their next drive at their own 7-yard line, but they managed to get to the 28 after their first four plays. Then a pass interference penalty on defensive back Lyle Blackwood on the next play moved the ball to the Miami 42-yard line. Immediately after Blackwood's penalty, wide receiver Charlie Brown's 26-yard reception advanced the Redskins to the Dolphins 16-yard line. After calling their final timeout with 14 seconds left, Washington made one last attempt to score a touchdown before trying a field goal. Theismann's subsequent pass was caught by Garrett, but he was tackled at the 9-yard line by defensive back Glenn Blackwood, preventing any possible field goal attempt as the Redskins were unable to stop the clock before time expired in the half.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Both teams opened the second half trading punts. But after driving to their own 47-yard line on their second possession of the third quarter, the Redskins managed to fool the Dolphins with a reverse play. Riggins took a handoff from Theismann and then handed the ball off to Garrett, who was running in the opposite direction. The play worked perfectly, as Garrett ran the ball 44 yards to Miami's 9-yard line before being tackled. But the Dolphins' defense only allowed Washington to advance to the 3-yard line on their next three plays, and so the Redskins had to settle for another field goal from Moseley to cut their deficit to 17–13.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: Later in the third quarter, Theismann was intercepted by Miami linebacker A. J. Duhe at the Redskins 47-yard line. After the turnover, the Dolphins reached the 37-yard line, and Woodley tried to pass the ball deep to Cefalo again. However, Washington defensive back Vernon Dean deflected the ball, and safety Mark Murphy made a one-handed interception at the 5-yard line as he was falling to the ground. After the Redskins got a first down, Theismann had a pass blocked at the line of scrimmage by Kim Bokamper. Bokamper nearly intercepted the pass in the Redskins' end zone, but Theismann prevented the score with a timely move, knocking the ball out of Bokamper's hands.


title: Super Bowl XVII

text: The Redskins then drove to Miami's 43-yard line, and once again tried to fool the Dolphins with a trick play, this time a flea flicker. Riggins took a pitch from Theismann, ran up to the line of scrimmage, and then pitched the ball back to Theismann, who then attempted to pass it. But this time Miami was not fooled, and Lyle Blackwood made a diving interception at the 1-yard line (making this the first Super Bowl to ever have three consecutive drives end with interceptions).