title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: In the "" miniseries, Storm Shadow's past is revealed as his rivalry with Snake Eyes being the result of Storm Shadow fearing his uncle would teach the seventh move of the "Seven Steps to the Sun" to Snake Eyes instead of him because of his bloodlust, and then hiring Zartan to take out their master. By present time, during the attack of the U.S.S. Flagg, Storm Shadow murders Bazooka and places a scroll marked with the Arashikage symbol that issues to Snake Eyes a final duel at their former dojo. Revealing his true reasons for hating Snake Eyes, Storm Shadow pins him down using the sixth move. However, Snake Eyes's counters reveal he, in fact, had learned the final move from their master prior to his death, using it to kill Storm Shadow. However, in the DVD release of the film, the grave that Snake Eyes buried Storm Shadow in is shown to be empty and Storm Shadow is presumably still alive. Storm Shadow was voiced by Eric Bauza.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: In the animated series "", Storm Shadow is voiced by Andrew Kishino. Born Tomisaburo Arashikage, he is the cousin of Kimi Arashikage (Jinx) and nephew of the Hard Master, head of the Arashikage clan of ninja. He once trained with Snake Eyes and has had a bitter rivalry with him. The rivalry reached its zenith when Tomisaburo slipped poison in the tea cup meant for Snake Eyes as he was to talk to the Hard Master. However, without the youth's knowledge, the cups were accidentally switched and the Hard Master drank the poisoned tea. Mistaking Snake Eyes' attempt to save his uncle (via an emergency tracheotomy) as an act of cold-blooded murder, scarring him while driving him off, Tomisaburo vowed revenge while becoming acting leader of the Arashikage. Storm Shadow pursued Snake Eyes to his hidden dojo in the mountains, telling Kimi of how her father died and convincing her to reclaim her birthright. During the events of "Homecoming", Storm Shadow fought Snake Eyes on board a military train and assisted the Baroness, later infiltrating Cobra Industries and proposes an allegiance with her. Later, in "White Out," Storm Shadow receives the Shadow Vipers from Doctor Mindbender and pursues the Joes to Canada, where he barely managed to survive being caught in an avalanche. In "Cutting Edge," Baroness calls on Storm Shadow when a high-tech ninja is targeting Cobra Commander. Storm Shadow ends up discovering that the assassin to be Jinx, who revealed (as explained to her by Scarlett) that Snake Eyes's action against the Hard Master was actually an attempt to save him from the poison inflicting him. Hearing it, Storm Shadow leaves and later returns to help Jinx and Snake Eyes destroy a cadre of B.A.T.s. Once the fight resolved, Storm Shadow admitted to his murder attempt on Snake Eyes and how the Hard Master died as a result. Believing himself to be beyond redemption for unknowingly killing the Hard Master, Storm Shadow takes his leave.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: In "", Storm Shadow is Cobra's ninja master. He began his career in mainstream U.S. intelligence groups. Early on he went undercover into the Cobra organization and was brainwashed by the enemy. With powerful mind tricks, they convinced him that the groups he worked for were really traitors, and that Cobra forces were the good guys trying to stop them. He is a powerful ninja who has adapted his martial arts skills to suit his own evil purposes. A covert ops counterintelligence expert, he once performed undercover sabotage operations. Now as a member of Cobra, he uses this knowledge against the Sigma 6 team, always working to destroy them and anyone else who gets in his way.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: In the animated series, Storm Shadow is voiced by Tom Wayland. The rivalry between Storm Shadow and Snake Eyes is one of the focal plot lines of the series. There have been hints and references as to the cause of their enmity. The 4Kids TV website for "Sigma 6" states that Storm Shadow was on an infiltration mission in a Cobra base and was captured and brainwashed into thinking the Joes and Snake Eyes were his enemies. Although Storm Shadow called Snake Eyes "brother," the exact nature of that relationship is unknown, aside from the fact that they were trained by their master together. Storm Shadow frequently blames Snake Eyes for the downfall of the Arashikage ninja clan. However, the exact nature of Snake Eyes's betrayal of the Arashikage, if any, is as yet unknown. On occasion, he used ninja B.A.T.s as support troopers. This is in contrast to the "A Real American Hero" series, wherein Storm Shadow preferred highly trained humans as opposed to machines.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: Devil's Due also created a miniseries based on Sigma 6. It follows the style and the content of the animated series, spotlighting a different member of Sigma 6 and Cobra in each issue.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: In the 2009 film, "", the young Storm Shadow is played by Brandon Soo Hoo and the adult by Lee Byung-Hun. In this film adaptation, Storm Shadow is portrayed as a Korean ninja who was trained in Japan. The young Storm Shadow is seen speaking in Korean while training in Tokyo.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: Storm Shadow has a long history with Snake Eyes going back to when they were children, when he caught a starving Snake Eyes attempting to steal food. However, much to Storm Shadow's chagrin, Snake Eyes is immediately welcomed into the dojo. While Storm Shadow is initially superior, Snake Eyes persists and eventually earns the favor of the Hard Master. Shortly after, Snake Eyes is proclaimed the best student, and it is made to appear that Storm Shadow murdered the master and fled the scene. This turns their rivalry into bitter hatred as they find themselves on opposing sides. Similar to his continuity counterparts in background and attire, Storm Shadow serves as McCullen's assassin and as both bodyguard and mentor to the Baroness. Sent by McCullen to support the Baroness in acquiring the nanomite warheads, Storm Shadow was also given a direct order to kill Baron Daniel DeCobray if he ever touched the Baroness again, with her intentionally giving him reason as DeCobray outlived his usefulness to them. In another instance, however, Zartan mocks Storm Shadow for his unwillingness to kill women. During a lengthy fight in Cobra's arctic base, Snake Eyes slashes Storm Shadow several times, eventually compelling the latter to remove his white uniform. At the end, he is stabbed by Snake Eyes and falls into icy water.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: In "Operation HISS", a comic sequel to the film, Storm Shadow survived his apparent death in the film. Lee Byung-hun stated in an interview that he is signed on to return to future sequels, and reprised his role in the film "". Disguised as Snake Eyes, Storm Shadow has assassinated the President of Pakistan, and breaks Cobra Commander out of prison with help from Firefly. He is injured in an explosion, and retreats to a temple in the Himalayas to recover. When the Blind Master learns he is alive, Storm Shadow is captured and brought to the master in Japan by Snake Eyes and Jinx to answer the Hard Master's murder. He then reveals that he was framed for the murder of the Hard Master by Zartan, the real murderer, who proceeded to raise Storm Shadow to be a ruthless assassin, and that he joined Cobra to avenge his uncle's death. To prove his innocence, Storm Shadow also fights Snake Eyes with the sword that killed the Hard Master, which breaks (Arashikage steel does not break). Eventually, Storm Shadow betrays Cobra and joins forces with the Joes in their fight, killing Zartan in the process. After their victory, he says goodbye to Snake Eyes and Jinx and leaves.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: Storm Shadow appears in "Snake Eyes" with Andrew Koji portraying the character. The film is set in an alternate continuity, but like every other continuity, the character is a member of the Arashikage Clan. Tomisaburo "Tommy" Arashikage and his cousin Kenta were both in line to become leader of the clan. Since there could only be one, Kenta tried to have Tommy killed, and as a consequence, was banished from the clan. In the present, Kenta, now a member of Cobra and Yakuza boss, orders his recruit Snake Eyes to kill Tommy, but Snake Eyes helps Tommy escape instead. In return, Tommy takes Snake Eyes to Tokyo, and offers him to join the Arashikage Clan. Tommy also gives Snake Eyes a katana known as the "Morning Light", and tells him about the Jewel of the Sun, an ancient artifact of destructive power that the clan has sworn to protect and not use. It is later revealed that Snake Eyes has been working as a spy for Kenta when he steals the Jewel for him. An enraged Tommy fights Snake Eyes, but Snake Eyes, who has realized his mistake, convinces Tommy that they need to stop Kenta, which they succeed in doing. However, Tommy uses the Jewel against Kenta, for which he is determined unfit to lead the Arashikage clan. Tommy forsakes the clan, and vows to kill Snake Eyes if they ever meet again. In a mid-credits scene, Tommy is recruited into Cobra by the Baroness, and renames himself "Storm Shadow".


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: Storm Shadow is one of the featured villains in the 1985 game "". Storm Shadow is featured as a playable character in the 1992 game "". In the 2009 game "", he is a mini-boss, who is fought once in each of the first three acts.


title: Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)

text: Topless Robot ranked Storm Shadow as second on the 2010 list of The 10 Coolest G.I. Joe Ninjas, adding that he "been voted the #1 Cobra villain by the old Action Force Weekly". His likeness is also featured in "League of Legends", where the yordle ninja character named Kennen can be given the Arctic Ops skin, displaying the camo pattern worn by the 1988 Storm Shadow, as well as the character Zed who has a skin that appears similar to his appearance.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The Perodua Myvi is a subcompact car/supermini (B-segment) produced by the Malaysian manufacturer Perodua since 2005. Based on the Daihatsu Boon (also branded as Daihatsu Sirion, Toyota Passo and Subaru Justy), the Myvi is the result of Perodua's collaboration with both Toyota and Daihatsu. However, the third generation Myvi was entirely designed and made in Malaysia, thus not being based on the third generation Boon. The Myvi was the best-selling car in Malaysia for nine consecutive years, between 2006 and 2014. Then, become the best-selling car in Malaysia again for four consecutive years, between 2018 and 2021. The Myvi has been Malaysia's best-selling car for 13 years since its first full year of sales in 2006. As of 2021, the Myvi reached nearly 1.4 million units sold since the launch of its first generation in 2005.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The first generation Myvi was unveiled and launched on 25 May 2005, being the first B-segment hatchback Perodua ever produced and heavily based on the first generation Daihatsu Boon/Sirion. Previously, Perodua mainly produces A-segment cars based on Daihatsu kei cars. The company intended it to be a niche model in a sedan-dominated mainstream market at that time. Perodua expected the Myvi to sell 4,000 Myvis annually. By August 2005, Perodua had received 52,000 bookings which were around 10 percent of the annual automobile sales in Malaysia, while Perodua was only able to deliver about 10,000 cars up to the date. By the second half of 2006, orders have been averaging 7,000 units a month.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The Myvi was made available in five trim levels: 1.0SR (five-speed manual), 1.3SX (five-speed manual), 1.3EZ (four-speed auto), 1.3SXi (five-speed manual) and 1.3EZi "Premium" (four-speed auto). Also made available was a Myvi "Special Edition" featuring a body kit encompassing modified bumpers, side skirts and a spoiler. The Myvi was also made available with dual airbags and ABS.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The Myvi boasts either one of two water-cooled, four-stroke engines derived from the first generation Daihatsu Sirion: A 1.0-litre EJ-VE I3, or a 1.3-litre K3-VE I4 engine; with both engines employing Dynamic Variable Valve Timing (DVVT) systems and conventional electronic fuel injection (EFI). Perodua's Serendah plant built both engines locally.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In addition to raw performance, features previously uncommon on Perodua cars were inherited from the Sirion to the Myvi. Among them are four-hole injectors, foamed urethane injected to the A-pillar, centre pillar and B-pillar for noise insulation, immobiliser systems and pedestrian safety body construction. Other notable features include underbody air flow regulating items, resin intake manifolds and cylinder headcovers integrated with air cleaner cases and flexible flywheels for reduced vibration during running (manual gearbox only).


title: Perodua Myvi

text: On 22 August 2008, the company launched an updated Perodua Myvi. The new Myvi features a modified grille, front bumper, bonnet, rear bumper, alloy rims, dashboard colour, instrument panel design, MP3/WMA player and seat fabric. The 1.3 Premium trim includes new UV protection glass, a seat height adjuster, and a new audio system with USB and Bluetooth capabilities.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: A "Special Edition" of the new Perodua Myvi SE was also launched on 10 October 2008, with new bumpers, clear taillights, smoked headlights, an amber instrument panel, leather seats, and a 2-DIN CD player with MP3, WMA, USB and Bluetooth support instead of an integrated unit. It is only available with a 1.3L engine with a manual or automatic gearbox.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: An "Exclusive Edition" of the Perodua Myvi also launched in October 2009. It is very similar to the SE variant, albeit only the side skirts remain, as the front and rear bumpers retain the same design as the standard Myvis. Only three colours are available – Ebony Black, Ivory White and Medallion Grey, priced at RM51,000 for a solid finish and an extra RM500 for a metallic finish.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: A "Limited Edition" of the Perodua Myvi also launched in July 2010, based on the standard 1.3 automatic variants. It had a unique colour called Dazzling Red. The LE has new trim colour, fabric and interior door handles, an "LE" carpet mat, and decorative cubic printing on both the centre cluster and the door trim armrests. There are also dual airbags for the people at the front. The radio has USB and Bluetooth connectivity. On the outside, Perodua has fitted the Myvi LE with smoked clear rear combination lamps (straight from the Myvi SE), "LE" badging and side door mouldings.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The launch of the Perodua Myvi was significant as it marked the first time Perodua competed head-to-head with Proton, the first Malaysian national carmaker, which would release a similarly classed Proton Savvy.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The Myvi 1.3 beat its rival, the Proton Savvy 1.2, as the "Car of the Year 2005/2006" by "Autocar ASEAN", a magazine for car buyers in Malaysia. "The Edge Daily", a local financial news media, reported that Myvi sales have far surpassed its initial expectations and has been selling exceptionally well since its rollout in April.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Proton's Savvy, available to the market a few months after the launch of the Myvi, had not affected Myvi sales. Observing the strong demand for the Myvi, it boosted sales of vehicles in the country and Perodua's market share in 2006.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Richard Hammond, a presenter on BBC's "Top Gear", gave a positive review of the Perodua Myvi, saying:


title: Perodua Myvi

text: "No jokes, this is a good-looking car. But if it looks familiar, that's because this is a Daihatsu Sirion in all but name. You see it costs billions to develop a new car – you design them on computers then build lots of them to crash into walls. So Perodua let someone else do it and spent their money sticking a new badge on it.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: But they kept a bit back to spend on styling. Which is why, even though it shares bits and pieces with the Sirion, the Myvi is better looking...


title: Perodua Myvi

text: ...So under seven grand for a good-looking car, built in a factory shared with Toyota, which handles as well as a Yaris, does nearly 50mpg with a three-year warranty – yes please.""


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Jeremy Clarkson's review was less positive, claiming the brakes, the ride, the seats and the interior were "rubbish". He also humorously suggested that "this is a car you drive with a long face".


title: Perodua Myvi

text: A 2009 study by J.D. Power & Associates saw the Myvi ranked highest for its initial quality concerning new-vehicle ownership in the compact car segment.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The first generation Perodua Myvi was exported to Indonesia and rebadged as the Daihatsu Sirion since April 2007. The Sirion in Indonesia does not use the global Sirion styling by Daihatsu but uses Perodua's styling, including the interior, bumpers and lamps. It is only available in the 1.3L version with two trim levels. The D trim offers basic specification, while the M trim offers "Aerokits" and leather seats. PT Astra Daihatsu Motor sold 1,030 units of the Sirion in 2010, followed by 2,857 in 2011.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Perodua also exported this particular Myvi to the United Kingdom and was the company's last vehicle to be sold there until their exit in 2013.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Developed under D54T project, the 2011 Myvi was launched on 16 June 2011 with a tagline of "Lagi Best" (contextually, "Lagi" means "more" in Malay) for 1.3 version and later for 1.5 version with tagline "hidup myvi".


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In April 2014, Perodua launched base Myvi XT model which replace the 1.3 standard. It added equipment at no extra cost.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Both 1.3-litre K3-VE and 1.5-litre 3SZ-VE engines are fitted with DVVT and EFI. Despite the fact that the 1.3-litre is a carry-over from the previous generation Myvi, Perodua reported an increase of 10 hp for the new model. The increase was attributed to the new electric power steering (EPS) system. Additionally, the 1.5-litre 3SZ-VE engine, which also powers the Alza, is imported from the Daihatsu engine plant in Karawang, Indonesia.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Dual SRS Airbags are standard across the range, the first of the national badged cars in Malaysia. The central rear seat belt is a 3-point ELR system, an upgrade over the 2-point belt in the previous generation. ISOFIX is standard across the range for standard installations of child seats. ABS and EBD is available in the 1.3L Premium, 1.3L Elegance and all 1.5L variants.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The 2011 Perodua Myvi is available with two engine options of 1.3L and 1.5L, it was separated by different design of bumper and grill. Both are available in a 4-speed automatic or a 5-speed manual gearbox. There are three trims for the 1.3L model – Standard (EZ & SX), Premium (EZI & SXI) and Elegance, and two trims for the 1.5L model – SE (Special Edition) and Extreme. Although the 2011 Myvi is a rebadged 2010 JDM Daihatsu Boon, it has different exterior and interior styling, equipment and engine. Also the CVT is not available, in contrast with the original model.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Projector headlamp, Electronic Power Steering and dual airbags are standard across the range. The standard trim gets steel rims with caps, and other variants get alloy rims and foglamps. The automatic transmission lever is now relocated to the dashboard area like the Alza. An integrated 2-DIN 6-inch touchscreen DVD Navigation system with Maps powered by Telekom Malaysia is available in the 1.3L Elegance and all 1.5L variants. The 1.3L Elegance and 1.5L Extreme trim levels also get chrome door handles and a different body kit.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: On 7 January 2015, Perodua announced that bookings for the 2015 Perodua Myvi have been opened. The 2015 Myvi is the mid-life facelift model of the second generation Myvi. It has been revamped to suit Perodua's new design language and product branding. The facelifted second generation Perodua Myvi debuted on 15 January 2015.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The 2015 Myvi was produced in six trim levels, in two engine and transmission options, namely the 1.3L Standard G manual and automatic, 1.3L Premium X automatic, 1.5L SE manual and automatic and 1.5L Advance automatic. The powertrain remains largely unchanged over the pre-facelift Myvi, with the four-cylinder 1.3L K3-VE and 1.5L 3SZ-VE engines developing 89 hp with 117 Nm, and 102 hp with 136 Nm respectively. The four-speed automatic and five-speed manual transmissions have also been carried over from the pre-facelift model.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The most significant changes in the facelifted Perodua Myvi would amount to the increased equipment and kit levels across the range. Despite that, projector headlamps and Bluetooth connectivity were no longer standard. The 1.3L and 1.5L models are differentiated with unique bumpers and alloy rims. The 1.3L Standard G model, the base model of the range, is fitted with a simple radio with CD-player head unit, while the more expensive 1.3L Premium X and 1.5L SE models add MP3/WMA, USB and Bluetooth functions. The range-topping 1.5L Advance variant is equipped with a multimedia system and navigation, as well as a reverse camera. Both 1.3L models are fitted with standard fabric seats, while the 1.5L SE sports fabric semi-bucket seats, which is leather-wrapped in the 1.5L Advance. Additionally, all models with the exception of the 1.3L Standard G feature front corner sensors. The 1.3L models are fitted with standard halogen headlamps, whereas the 1.5L variants feature projector headlamps with guide lights, a first for a B-segment Malaysian-made car. Other new additions include the well-received anti-snatch hook first seen in the Perodua Axia, as well as a retractable cup holder under the driver's right side air conditioning vent.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Perodua claims that the 2015 Myvi has achieved a 4-star ASEAN NCAP rating thanks to added safety equipment. However, the Standard G base model still lacks an anti-lock braking system (ABS) with electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) and brake assist (BA). The Premium X, SE and Advance models have ABS with EBD and BA, but the airbag count remains at a mere two, with only the driver and front passenger compartments being protected. Electronic stability control (ESC) or a traction control system (TCS) is still not offered. Despite Perodua's claims that the 2015 Myvi is 4-star ASEAN NCAP rated, it is likely that the rating only applies to the Premium X, SE and Advance models and not to the Standard G base model which lacks ABS with EBD and BA.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The second generation Perodua Myvi was also rebadged as the Daihatsu Sirion for the Indonesian market. It was launched on 23 July 2011 at the 2011 Indonesia International Motor Show. Like the previous generation Sirion, the new Sirion is also imported as a CBU model from Perodua's factory in Rawang, Malaysia. The second generation Sirion sold in Indonesia is based on the Perodua Myvi in its mid-range Premium trim level. Apart from the different badges, steering wheel and the lack of airbags and ABS, the second generation Sirion is largely identical to the Myvi Premium. At launch, the new Daihatsu Sirion is available with 5-speed manual and 4-speed automatic transmission options.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: PT Astra Daihatsu Motor sold 2,857, 6,663 and 2,374 units of Sirion in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In February 2015, the second generation Myvi facelift was launched in Indonesia. Available with either manual or automatic transmission, the Sirion that was sold in Indonesia was mainly based on the 1.5 SE trim sold in Malaysia but instead of having a 1.5-litre engine, the Indonesia market Sirion used a 1.3-litre engine. Other notable difference from the Malaysian 1.5 SE trim included the instrument cluster from the Malaysian market 1.3 Premium X and a headunit system that was not used in any Myvi's bound for the Malaysian market.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Since April 2016, GHK Motors Sdn Bhd sells the facelifted second generation Myvi in 1.5 SE trim only. Replaced the Japanese-made first generation Daihatsu Sirion (based on the Boon), the car was featured with either 4-speed automatic or 5-speed manual transmission.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: A third generation of the Perodua Myvi had been rumored to come in the late 2017/early 2018. On 8 November 2017, Perodua announced that bookings for the 2018 Perodua Myvi have been opened. The third generation Perodua Myvi mades it public debut at the Malaysia Autoshow at MAEPS in Serdang from 9–12 November 2017. Although during this time, the car was parked in a box that featured multiple cut outs only allowing for sneak peeks. The third generation Perodua Myvi was launched on 16 November 2017. It was developed under D20N project.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: This generation of Myvi is entirely designed in-house by Perodua's own design and styling division led by Muhamad Zamuren Musa, who also designed the Perodua Bezza, without rebadging the third generation of Daihatsu Boon. It is a totally brand new car in which Toyota and Daihatsu only provide advice and engines to Perodua in developing the new Myvi.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Standard equipment across the lineup include LED reflector headlights, manual headlight leveling, LED taillights, electronic adjustable side mirrors, reverse sensors, full size spare tyre, keyless entry and start, all round power windows with auto driver's window, digital air conditioning controls, tilt adjustable steering wheel, height adjustable driver seat, 60:40 split folding rear seats, and integrated shopping hook and anti-snatch hook.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: 1.3 variants come with 14" alloy wheels with a 7-spoke directorial design while 1.5 variants come with 15" alloy wheels with a 5 dual-spoke design with a dual-tone finish.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Standard G variant features a silver front grill and body-colored exterior door handles while other variants feature a chrome front grill and chrome exterior door handles. 1.5 variants adds on a front splitter, rear spoiler and dual tone side skirts and a rear bumper.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Inside, the Standard G variant has silver trim surrounding the air con vents while other variants have chrome surrounds in addition to the additional silver and chrome highlights around the cabin.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: Standard G variants have an integrated headunit with radio and USB input. The Premium X and High variant gain Bluetooth connectivity and the Advance variant gets a touchscreen headunit with a reverse camera, GPS and smartphone mirroring function.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The Premium X variant gains a USB port, leather wrapped steering wheel with multi-function buttons and rear seats with adjustable headrests. The 1.5 High variant adds on a built-in toll reader and the Advance model adds on security window tint film and leather upholstery. Other variants uses fabric upholstery.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: During the 2018 KL International Motor Show, a Myvi GT concept was shown. Exterior changes compared to the standard Myvi includes a different front bumper, a red line in the headlamps that flows from the grille, flared wheel arches, 17" wheels, upgraded brakes, a larger rear spoiler, a different rear bumper and exposed tailpipes. For the interior, differences include red highlights, bucket seats and a flat-bottom steering wheel.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In July 2020, the Perodua Myvi received minor updates. Updates include enhanced safety features and revised colour choices. ASA 2.0 was added and made available as standard on all 1.5 variants and optional on the 1.3 Premium X variant. Granite Grey which was previously exclusive to 1.5 variants was also made available on 1.3 Premium X variant.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The engines provided were improvised by Perodua for the new Myvi in order to enhance fuel efficiency and in acquiring the EEV standards as with the Axia and Bezza. Two engines are available:


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The 1.3 litre engine can be had with either a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic. Unlike the previous generation Myvi, the 1.5 litre engine can be had with only a 4-speed automatic.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The first time ever in a Malaysian branded car, the Myvi offers 'Advanced Safety Assist' in the top of the line 1.5 AV Variant.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The facelifted third generation Myvi was launched on 18 November 2021. The Perodua Smart Drive Assist (PSDA), also known as ASA 3.0, replaces the ASA 2.0 in the outgoing pre-facelift Myvi and it is standard on all variants except for the base 1.3 G, which is optional. There are 5 variants on offer. The 1.3-litre engine option now consists of only 2 variants, the base G and G with PSDA, while the 1.5-litre engine option now consists of the X, H and AV variants. The 4-speed automatic that has been in use since the first generation Myvi has been replaced by a D-CVT that is also found in the Perodua Ativa. The D-CVT is the only transmission option. The 5-speed manual transmission that was previously offered only on 1.3-litre variants was dropped due to low sales of only 1 percent. The range-topping AV variant gets new features including adaptive cruise control, blind spot monitoring, rear cross traffic alert and lane departure warning with lane departure prevention.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The third generation Myvi was launched in Indonesia in February 2018 as the Daihatsu Sirion, Singapore in April 2019, Mauritius in August 2019 and Brunei in July 2020.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In Indonesia, the third generation Myvi is sold as the Daihatsu Sirion. The Indonesian specifications closely matches the Premium X variant available in the Myvi's domestic market apart from having 2 transmission options, the use of larger 15" alloy wheels from the domestic market 1.5 Myvi's on the outside and a touchscreen headunit on the inside. It was updated in March 2020 with revision to the exterior. Granite Grey and Electric Blue color option was made available and the automatic variant gained the cosmetic enhancements from the domestic market 1.5 Myvi's. It received a facelift on 2 June 2022 with two variants: 1.3 X and 1.3 R, both with CVT.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In Singapore, 2 variants are available: 1.3 X and 1.5 H, while in Mauritius, 2 variants are available: 1.3 G and 1.5 H.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In Brunei, 2 variants are available: 1.3 G with 4-speed automatic transmission only which specifications mirrors that of the domestic market 1.3 Standard G variant and S-Edition. The S-Edition is the 1.3 G variant with a different front fascia, additional lower lip to the rear bumpers, side skirts, stickers on the side and different wheels. It has been confirmed that the additions seen on the S-Edition are done by Perodua's Brunei official distributor GHK Motors and not Perodua themselves.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: It was reported that after one week from launch, 1,000 units had been delivered. Then after one month of being on sale, in December 2017, it was reported that 4,500 units were delivered. months after launch in January 2018, 11,000 units were delivered. It was also revealed that 1.5 models accounted for 85% of the bookings. 28,000, 38,000 units and 100,000 units delivered was reported in March 2018, May 2018 and in February 2019 respectively.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: In August 2018, a supply disruption at one of the vendors caused a temporary halt to Myvi productions. Perodua Myvi is promoted as the best selling car in Malaysia for 12 years out of 16 years since 2006. The current highest sales record is during 2021 with 47,525 units sold.


title: Perodua Myvi

text: The third generation Myvi has received generally favourable reviews from critics in its domestic market. Malaysian automotive journalist Hafriz Shah from paultan.org commended the Myvi's looks, quality and features. Overall package offered were exceptionally praised, in which Shah claimed if you are looking to buy a car under RM100k, do take a look at the Myvi first. "It really is that good." However Shah also criticised the small speedometer, having only one compartment for items, and the headunits English. Kon from evomalaysia.com commended the Myvi's being stylish, affordable, and practical but commented that it is not for enthusiasts and "that the predecessor was more spacious inside."


title: Calum Hood

text: Calum Thomas Hood (born 25 January 1996) is an Australian musician, known for being the bassist and the backup vocalist of the pop rock band 5 Seconds of Summer. Since 2014, 5 Seconds of Summer have sold more than 10 million albums, sold over two million concert tickets worldwide, and the band's songs streams surpass seven billion, making them one of the most successful Australian musical exports in history.


title: Calum Hood

text: Calum Thomas Hood was born on 25 January 1996 and raised in Mount Druitt, New South Wales. His father, David Hood, is a former Coca-Cola employee, while his mother, Joy Hood, worked in the superannuation industry. Through his father he claims Scottish descent, and through his mother he claims Cook Island Māori descent. Hood is the younger brother of singer-songwriter, Mali-Koa. Hood recalls his childhood upbringing to be "middle-class" and "not the most glamorous life". Hood attended Norwest Primary School where he befriended future band-mate Michael Clifford in the third grade. For his high-school education, Hood attended Norwest Christian College where he befriended future band-mate Luke Hemmings in Year 7 after they performed a Secondhand Serenade cover at a school talent show.


title: Calum Hood

text: Throughout his childhood and early teenage years, Hood took a keen interest in sports, particularly football (soccer), which he had a "promising future" in and visited a Brazil training camp for, in order to pursue the sport as a career. However, after the formation of the band and due to the band's move to London in late 2012, he ultimately decided to stop playing football to instead pursue music. Hood later recalled that after quitting football, "there was a period of a month where my parents thought I was making the worst decision of my life. My mum threw out all the clothes in my closet. And I left [...] just being like, I made one of the biggest decisions. But now it's worked out". Following his decision to quit playing football, he dropped out of high-school in 2012 after completing Year 11.


title: Calum Hood

text: In 2011, Hood, Clifford and Hemmings began posting song covers on Hemmings' Youtube channel. The trio eventually added mutual friend Ashton Irwin to their videos, forming the current 5 Seconds of Summer lineup.  After months of posting song covers together, the band began attracting interest from major music labels and publishers and signed a publishing deal with Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Hood has since released five studio albums with the band: "5 Seconds of Summer" (2014), "Sounds Good Feels Good" (2015), "Youngblood" (2018), "Calm" (2020) and "5SOS5" (2022).


title: Calum Hood

text: Apart from the band, Hood has co-written songs for other artists, including the Black Veil Brides and Makeout.


title: Calum Hood

text: In 2017, it was reported that Hood bought a house, previously owned by Richie Kotzen, in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles. As of 2020, Hood's net-worth is estimated to be $25 million (USD).


title: Cycling

text: Cycling, also, when on a two-wheeled bicycle, called bicycling or biking, is the use of cycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. People engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "bicyclists", or "bikers". Apart from two-wheeled bicycles, "cycling" also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadricycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs).


title: Cycling

text: Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number approximately one billion worldwide. They are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world, especially in densely populated European cities.


title: Cycling

text: Cycling is widely regarded as an effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances.


title: Cycling

text: Bicycles provide numerous possible benefits in comparison with motor vehicles, including the sustained physical exercise involved in cycling, easier parking, increased maneuverability, and access to roads, bike paths and rural trails. Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fossil fuels, less air and noise pollution, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and greatly reduced traffic congestion. These have a lower financial cost for users as well as for society at large (negligible damage to roads, less road area required). By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses, transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve.


title: Cycling

text: In addition, cycling provides a variety of health benefits and reduces the risk of cancers, heart disease, and diabetes that are prevalent in sedentary lifestyles. Cycling on stationary bikes have also been used as part of rehabilitation for lower limb injuries, particularly after hip surgery. Individuals who cycle regularly have also reported mental health improvements, including less perceived stress and better vitality.


title: Cycling

text: Among the disadvantages of cycling are the requirement of bicycles (excepting tricycles or quadricycles) for the rider to have certain level of basic skill in order to remain upright, the reduced protection in crashes in comparison to motor vehicles, often longer travel time (except in densely populated areas), vulnerability to weather conditions, difficulty in transporting passengers, and the fact that a basic level of fitness is required for cycling moderate to long distances.


title: Cycling

text: Cycling quickly became an activity after bicycles were introduced in the 19th century. Today, over 50 percent of the human population knows how to ride a bike.


title: Cycling

text: The bicycle has been used as a method of reconnaissance as well as transporting soldiers and supplies to combat zones. In this it has taken over many of the functions of horses in warfare. In the Second Boer War, both sides used bicycles for scouting. In World War I, France, Germany, Australia and New Zealand used bicycles to move troops. In its 1937 invasion of China, Japan employed some 50,000 bicycle troops, and similar forces were instrumental in Japan's march or "roll" through Malaya in World War II. Germany used bicycles again in World War II, while the British employed airborne "Cycle-commandos" with folding bikes.


title: Cycling

text: In the Vietnam War, communist forces used bicycles extensively as cargo carriers along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.


title: Cycling

text: The last country known to maintain a regiment of bicycle troops was Switzerland, which disbanded its last unit in 2003.


title: Cycling

text: In many countries, the most commonly used vehicle for road transport is a utility bicycle. These have frames with relaxed geometry, protecting the rider from shocks of the road and easing steering at low speeds. Utility bicycles tend to be equipped with accessories such as mudguards, pannier racks and lights, which extends their usefulness on a daily basis. Since the bicycle is so effective as a means of transportation, various companies have developed methods of carrying anything from the weekly shop to children on bicycles. Certain countries rely heavily on bicycles and their culture has developed around the bicycle as a primary form of transport. In Europe, Denmark and the Netherlands have the most bicycles per capita and most often use bicycles for everyday transport.


title: Cycling

text: Road bikes tend to have a more upright shape and a shorter wheelbase, which make the bike more mobile but harder to ride slowly. The design, coupled with low or dropped handlebars, requires the rider to bend forward more, making use of stronger muscles (particularly the gluteus maximus) and reducing air resistance at high speed.


title: Cycling

text: The price of a new bicycle can range from US$50 to more than US$20,000 (the highest priced bike in the world is the custom Madone by Damien Hirst, sold at US$500,000), depending on quality, type and weight (the most exotic road bicycles can weigh as little as 3.2 kg (7 lb)). However, UCI regulations stipulate a legal race bike cannot weigh less than 6.8 kg (14.99 lbs). Being measured for a bike and taking it for a test ride are recommended before buying.


title: Cycling

text: The drivetrain components of the bike should also be considered. A middle grade dérailleur is sufficient for a beginner, although many utility bikes are equipped with hub gears. If the rider plans a significant amount of hillclimbing, a triple-chainrings crankset gear system may be preferred. Otherwise, the relatively lighter, simpler, and less expensive double chainring is preferred, even on high-end race bikes. Much simpler fixed wheel bikes are also available.


title: Cycling

text: Many road bikes, along with mountain bikes, include clipless pedals to which special shoes attach, via a cleat, enabling the rider to pull on the pedals as well as push. Other possible accessories for the bicycle include front and rear lights, bells or horns, child carrying seats, cycling computers with GPS, locks, bar tape, fenders (mud-guards), baggage racks, baggage carriers and pannier bags, water bottles and bottle cages.


title: Cycling

text: For basic maintenance and repairs cyclists can carry a pump (or a CO cartridge), a puncture repair kit, a spare inner tube, and tire levers and a set of allen keys. Cycling can be more efficient and comfortable with special shoes, gloves, and shorts. In wet weather, riding can be more tolerable with waterproof clothes, such as cape, jacket, trousers (pants) and overshoes and high-visibility clothing is advisable to reduce the risk from motor vehicle users.


title: Cycling

text: Items legally required in some jurisdictions, or voluntarily adopted for safety reasons, include bicycle helmets, generator or battery operated lights, reflectors, and audible signalling devices such as a bell or horn. Extras include studded tires and a bicycle computer.


title: Cycling

text: Many schools and police departments run educational programs to instruct children in bicycle handling skills, especially to introduce them to the rules of the road as they apply to cyclists. In some countries these may be known as bicycle rodeos, or operated as schemes such as Bikeability in the UK. Education for adult cyclists is available from organizations such as the League of American Bicyclists.


title: Cycling

text: Beyond simply riding, another skill is riding efficiently and safely in traffic. One popular approach to riding in motor vehicle traffic is vehicular cycling, occupying road space as car does. Alternately, in countries such as Denmark and the Netherlands, where cycling is popular, cyclists are often segregated into bike lanes at the side of, or more often separate from, main highways and roads. Many primary schools participate in the national road test in which children individually complete a circuit on roads near the school while being observed by testers.


title: Cycling

text: Cyclists, pedestrians and motorists make different demands on road design which may lead to conflicts. Some jurisdictions give priority to motorized traffic, for example setting up one-way street systems, free-right turns, high capacity roundabouts, and slip roads. Others share priority with cyclists so as to encourage more cycling by applying varying combinations of traffic calming measures to limit the impact of motorized transport, and by building bike lanes, bike paths and cycle tracks. The provision of cycling infrastructure varies widely between cities and countries, particularly since cycling for transportation almost entirely occurs in public streets. And, the development of computer vision and street view imagery has provided significant potential to assess infrastructure for cyclists.


title: Cycling

text: In jurisdictions where motor vehicles were given priority, cycling has tended to decline while in jurisdictions where cycling infrastructure was built, cycling rates have remained steady or increased. Occasionally, extreme measures against cycling may occur. In Shanghai, where bicycles were once the dominant mode of transport, bicycle travel on a few city roads was banned temporarily in December 2003.


title: Cycling

text: In areas in which cycling is popular and encouraged, cycle-parking facilities using bicycle stands, lockable mini-garages, and patrolled cycle parks are used in order to reduce theft. Local governments promote cycling by permitting bicycles to be carried on public transport or by providing external attachment devices on public transport vehicles. Conversely, an absence of secure cycle-parking is a recurring complaint by cyclists from cities with low modal share of cycling.


title: Cycling

text: Extensive cycling infrastructure may be found in some cities. Such dedicated paths in some cities often have to be shared with in-line skaters, scooters, skateboarders, and pedestrians. Dedicated cycling infrastructure is treated differently in the law of every jurisdiction, including the question of liability of users in a collision. There is also some debate about the safety of the various types of separated facilities.


title: Cycling

text: Bicycles are considered a sustainable mode of transport, especially suited for urban use and relatively shorter distances when used for transport (compared to recreation). Case studies and good practices (from European cities and some worldwide examples) that promote and stimulate this kind of functional cycling in cities can be found at Eltis, Europe's portal for local transport.


title: Cycling

text: A number of cities, including Paris, London and Barcelona, now have successful bike hire schemes designed to help people cycle in the city. Typically these feature utilitarian city bikes which lock into docking stations, released on payment for set time periods. Costs vary from city to city. In London, initial hire access costs £2 per day. The first 30 minutes of each trip is free, with £2 for each additional 30 minutes until the bicycle is returned.


title: Cycling

text: In the Netherlands, many roads have one or two separate cycleways alongside them, or cycle lanes marked on the road. On roads where adjacent bike paths or cycle tracks exist, the use of these facilities is compulsory, and cycling on the main carriageway is not permitted. Some 35,000 km of cycle-track has been physically segregated from motor traffic, equal to a quarter of the country's entire 140,000 km road network. A quarter of all the trips in the country made on bicycles, one quarter of them to work. Even the prime minister is going to work by bicycle, when weather permits. This saves the life of 6,000 citizens per year, prolong the life expectancy by 6 months, save the country 20 million dollars per year, and prevent 150 grams of to be emitted per kilometer of cycling, on each bicycle.


title: Cycling

text: Utility cycling refers both to cycling as a mode of daily commuting transport as well as the use of a bicycle in a commercial activity, mainly to transport goods, mostly accomplished in an urban environment.


title: Cycling

text: The postal services of many countries have long relied on bicycles. The British Royal Mail first started using bicycles in 1880; now bicycle delivery fleets include 37,000 in the UK, 25,700 in Germany, 10,500 in Hungary and 7000 in Sweden. In Australia, Australia Post has also reintroduced bicycle postal deliveries on some routes due to an inability to recruit sufficient licensed riders willing to use their uncomfortable motorbikes. The London Ambulance Service has recently introduced bicycling paramedics, who can often get to the scene of an incident in Central London more quickly than a motorized ambulance.


title: Cycling

text: The use of bicycles by police has been increasing, since they provide greater accessibility to bicycle and pedestrian zones and allow access when roads are congested. In some cases, bicycle officers have been used as a supplement or a replacement for horseback officers.


title: Cycling

text: Bicycles enjoy substantial use as general delivery vehicles in many countries. In the UK and North America, as their first jobs, generations of teenagers have worked at delivering newspapers by bicycle. London has many delivery companies that use bicycles with trailers. Most cities in the West, and many outside it, support a sizeable and visible industry of cycle couriers who deliver documents and small packages. In India, many of Mumbai's Dabbawalas use bicycles to deliver home cooked lunches to the city's workers. In Bogotá, Colombia the city's largest bakery recently replaced most of its delivery trucks with bicycles. Even the car industry uses bicycles. At the huge Mercedes-Benz factory in Sindelfingen, Germany workers use bicycles, color-coded by department, to move around the factory.


title: Cycling

text: Bicycles are used for recreation at all ages. Bicycle touring, also known as cyclotourism, involves touring and exploration or sightseeing by bicycle for leisure. Bicycle tourism has been one of the most popular sports for recreational benefit. A brevet or randonnée is an organized long-distance ride.


title: Cycling

text: One popular Dutch pleasure is the enjoyment of relaxed cycling in the countryside of the Netherlands. The land is very flat and full of public bicycle trails and cycle tracks where cyclists are not bothered by cars and other traffic, which makes it ideal for cycling recreation. Many Dutch people subscribe every year to an event called "fietsvierdaagse" — four days of organised cycling through the local environment. Paris–Brest–Paris (PBP), which began in 1891, is the oldest bicycling event still run on a regular basis on the open road, covers over and imposes a 90-hour time limit. Similar if smaller institutions exist in many countries.


title: Cycling

text: A study conducted in Taiwan improved the environmental quality for bicyclist tourists which demonstrated greater health benefits in tourists and even in natives. The number of bicyclists in Taiwan increased from 700,000 in 2008 to 5.1 million in 2017. Thus, this resulted in more and safer bicycle routes to be established. When cycling, cyclists take into account the safety on the road, bicycle lanes, smooth roads, diverse scenery, and ride length. Thus, the environment plays a huge role in people's decision factor to utilize bicycle touring more. This study utilized many questionnaires and conducted statistical analysis to come up with the conclusion of cyclists' top 5 factors that they consider before making a decision to bike are: safety, lighting facility, design of lanes, the surrounding landscape, and how clean the environment is. Thus, after improving these 5 factors, they found much more recreational benefits to bicycle tourism.


title: Cycling

text: Many cycling clubs hold organized rides in which bicyclists of all levels participate. The typical organized ride starts with a large group of riders, called the mass, bunch or even peloton. This will thin out over the course of the ride. Many riders choose to ride together in groups of the same skill level to take advantage of drafting.


title: Cycling

text: Most organized rides, for example cyclosportives (or gran fondos), Challenge Rides or reliability trials, and hill climbs include registration requirements and will provide information either through the mail or online concerning start times and other requirements. Rides usually consist of several different routes, sorted by mileage, and with a certain number of rest stops that usually include refreshments, first aid and maintenance tools. Routes can vary by as much as .


title: Cycling

text: Some organized rides are entirely social events. One example is the monthly San Jose Bike Party which can reach attendance of one to two thousand riders in Summer months.


title: Cycling

text: Mountain biking began in the 1970s, originally as a downhill sport, practised on customized cruiser bicycles around Mount Tamalpais. Most mountain biking takes place on dirt roads, trails and in purpose-built parks. Downhill mountain biking has just evolved in the recent years and is performed at places such as Whistler Mountain Bike Park. Slopestyle, a form of downhill, is when riders do tricks such as tailwhips, 360s, backflips and front flips.


title: Cycling

text: There are several disciplines of mountain biking besides downhill, including: cross country (often referred to as XC), all mountain, trail, free ride, and newly popular enduro.


title: Cycling

text: In 2020, due to COVID-19, mountain bikes saw a surge in popularity in the US, with some vendors reporting that they were sold out of bikes under US$1000.


title: Cycling

text: The Marching and Cycling Band HHK from Haarlem (the Netherlands) is one of the few marching bands around the world which also performs on bicycles.


title: Cycling

text: Shortly after the introduction of bicycles, competitions developed independently in many parts of the world. Early races involving boneshaker style bicycles were predictably fraught with injuries. Large races became popular during the 1890s "Golden Age of Cycling", with events across Europe, and in the U.S. and Japan as well. At one point, almost every major city in the US had a velodrome or two for track racing events, however since the middle of the 20th century cycling has become a minority sport in the US whilst in Continental Europe it continues to be a major sport, particularly in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Italy and Spain. The most famous of all bicycle races is the Tour de France. This began in 1903, and continues to capture the attention of the sporting world.


title: Cycling

text: In 1899, Charles Minthorn Murphy became the first man to ride his bicycle a mile in under a minute (hence his nickname, Mile-a-Minute Murphy), which he did by drafting a locomotive at New York's Long Island.


title: Cycling

text: As the bicycle evolved its various forms, different racing formats developed. Road races may involve both team and individual competition, and are contested in various ways. They range from the one-day road race, criterium, and time trial to multi-stage events like the Tour de France and its sister events which make up cycling's Grand Tours. Recumbent bicycles were banned from bike races in 1934 after Marcel Berthet set a new hour record in his "Velodyne streamliner" (49.992 km on 18 November 1933). Track bicycles are used for track cycling in Velodromes, while cyclo-cross races are held on outdoor terrain, including pavement, grass, and mud. Cyclocross races feature man-made features such as small barriers which riders either bunny hop over or dismount and walk over. Time trial races, another form of road racing require a rider to ride against the clock. Time trials can be performed as a team or as a single rider. Bikes are changed for time trial races, using aero bars. In the past decade, mountain bike racing has also reached international popularity and is even an Olympic sport.


title: Cycling

text: Professional racing organizations place limitations on the bicycles that can be used in the races that they sanction. For example, the Union Cycliste Internationale, the governing body of international cycle sport (which sanctions races such as the Tour de France), decided in the late 1990s to create additional rules which prohibit racing bicycles weighing less than 6.8 kilograms (14.96 pounds). The UCI rules also effectively ban some bicycle frame innovations (such as the recumbent bicycle) by requiring a double triangle structure.


title: Cycling

text: Many broad and correlated themes run in bicycle activism: one is about advocating the bicycle as an alternative mode of transport, and another is about the creation of conditions to permit and/or encourage bicycle use, both for utility and recreational cycling. Although the first emphasizes the potential for energy and resource conservation and health benefits gained from cycling versus automobile use, is relatively undisputed, the second is the subject of much debate.


title: Cycling

text: It is generally agreed that improved local and inter-city rail services and other methods of mass transportation (including greater provision for cycle carriage on such services) create conditions to encourage bicycle use. However, there are different opinions on the role of various types of cycling infrastructure in building bicycle-friendly cities and roads.


title: Cycling

text: Some bicycle activists (including some traffic management advisers) seek the construction of bike paths, cycle tracks and bike lanes for journeys of all lengths and point to their success in promoting safety and encouraging more people to cycle. Some activists, especially those from the vehicular cycling tradition, view the safety, practicality, and intent of such facilities with suspicion. They favor a more holistic approach based on the 4 'E's; "education" (of everyone involved), "encouragement" (to apply the education), "enforcement" (to protect the rights of others), and "engineering" (to facilitate travel while respecting every person's equal right to do so). Some groups offer training courses to help cyclists integrate themselves with other traffic.


title: Cycling

text: Critical Mass is an event typically held on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world where bicyclists take to the streets "en masse". While the ride was founded with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists, the leaderless structure of Critical Mass makes it impossible to assign it any one specific goal. In fact, the purpose of Critical Mass is not formalized beyond the direct action of meeting at a set location and time and traveling as a group through city streets.


title: Cycling

text: There is a long-running cycle helmet debate among activists. The most heated controversy surrounds the topic of compulsory helmet use.


title: Cycling

text: It is paradoxical that in many developing countries cycling is in decline as bicycles are replaced by motorbikes and cars, while in many developed countries cycling is on the rise.


title: Cycling

text: Within western societies the demographic of those who cycle is often not representative of broader society. Research by TfL in London, UK, suggests that cyclists in London are typically 'white, under 40, male, with medium to high household income.' Studies from large-scale representative data from Germany show that people higher levels of education cycle substantially more often than those with lower levels of education. Even for trips of the same distance and among people from the same city with the same income level, those with higher education cycle more. As a result, there are various forms of activism focused on diversifying the cycling community. Inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement are organizations such as Street Riders NYC that seek to protest while on bicycles about systemic racism and police brutality. An incidental experience for Street Riders NYC protest participants is the inequity in where safe bicycling infrastructure exists by neighbourhood, which is interpreted as a form of classism within cycling and urbanism. Historically the bicycle has acted as a means for women's liberation and thus has links to feminism.


title: Cycling

text: Cyclists form associations, both for specific interests (trails development, road maintenance, bike maintenance, urban design, racing clubs, touring clubs, etc.) and for more global goals (energy conservation, pollution reduction, promotion of fitness). Some bicycle clubs and national associations became prominent advocates for improvements to roads and highways. In the United States, the League of American Wheelmen lobbied for the improvement of roads in the last part of the 19th century, founding and leading the national Good Roads Movement. Their model for political organization, as well as the paved roads for which they argued, facilitated the growth of the automobile.


title: Cycling

text: In Europe, the European Cyclists' Federation represents around 70 local, regional and national civil society organisations across more than 40 countries that work to promote cycling as a mode of transport and leisure.


title: Cycling

text: As a sport, cycling is governed internationally by the Union Cycliste Internationale in Switzerland, USA Cycling (merged with the United States Cycling Federation in 1995) in the United States, (for upright bicycles) and by the International Human Powered Vehicle Association (for other HPVs, or human-powered vehicles). Cycling for transport and touring is promoted on a European level by the European Cyclists' Federation, with associated members from Great Britain, Japan and elsewhere. Regular conferences on cycling as transport are held under the auspices of Velo City; global conferences are coordinated by Velo Mondial.


title: Cycling

text: The health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks, when cycling is compared to a sedentary lifestyle. A Dutch study found that cycling can extend lifespans by up to 14 months, but the risks equated to a reduced lifespan of 40 days or less. Mortality rate reduction was found to be directly correlated to the average time spent cycling, totaling to approximately 6500 deaths prevented by cycling. Cycling in the Netherlands is often safer than in other parts of the world, so the risk-benefit ratio will be different in other regions. Overall, benefits of cycling or walking have been shown to exceed risks by ratios of 9:1 to 96:1 when compared with no exercise at all, including a wide variety of physical and mental outcomes.


title: Cycling

text: The physical exercise gained from cycling is generally linked with increased health and well-being. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), physical inactivity is second only to tobacco smoking as a health risk in developed countries, and is associated with 20-30% increased risk of various cancers, heart disease, and diabetes and tens of billions of dollars of healthcare costs. The WHO's 2009 report suggests that increasing physical activity is a public health "best buy", and that cycling is a "highly suitable activity" for this purpose. The charity Sustrans reports that investment in cycling provision can give a 20:1 return from health and other benefits. It has been estimated that, on average, approximately 20 life-years are gained from the health benefits of road bicycling for every life-year lost through injury.


title: Cycling

text: Bicycles are often used by people seeking to improve their fitness and cardiovascular health. Recent studies on the use of cycling for commutes have shown that it reduces the risk of cardiovascular outcomes by 11%, with slightly more risk reduction in women than in men. In addition, cycling is especially helpful for those with arthritis of the lower limbs who are unable to pursue sports that cause impact to the knees and other joints. Since cycling can be used for the practical purpose of transportation, there can be less need for self-discipline to exercise.


title: Cycling

text: Cycling while seated is a relatively non-weight bearing exercise that, like swimming, does little to promote bone density. Cycling up and out of the saddle, on the other hand, does a better job by transferring more of the rider's body weight to the legs. However, excessive cycling while standing can cause knee damage It used to be thought that cycling while standing was less energy efficient, but recent research has proven this not to be true. Other than air resistance, there is no wasted energy from cycling while standing, if it is done correctly.


title: Cycling

text: Cycling on a stationary cycle is frequently advocated as a suitable exercise for rehabilitation, particularly for lower limb injury, owing to the low impact which it has on the joints. In particular, cycling is commonly used within knee rehabilitation programs, to strengthen the quadriceps muscles with minimal stress on the knee ligaments. Further stress of the knee can be relieved by changing seat heights and pedal position to improve the rehabilitation. Cycling is also used for rehabilitation after hip surgery to manage soft-tissue healing, control swelling and pain, and allow a larger range of motion to the nearby muscles earlier during recovery. As a result, many institutions have established a rehabilitation protocol that involves stationary cycling as part of the recovery process. One such protocol offered by Mayo Clinic recommends 2–4 weeks of cycling on an upright stationary bike following hip arthroscopy, starting from 5 minutes per session and slowly increasing to 30 minutes per session. The goal of these sessions are to reduce joint inflammation and maintain the widest range of motion possible with limited pain.


title: Cycling

text: As a response to the increased global sedentary lifestyles and consequent overweight and obesity, one response that has been adopted by many organizations concerned with health and environment is the promotion of Active travel, which seeks to promote walking and cycling as safe and attractive alternatives to motorized transport. Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or cycling, though in many settings this may require some infrastructure modification, particularly to attract the less experienced and confident.


title: Cycling

text: An Italian study assessed the impact of cycling for commute on major non-communicable diseases and public healthcare costs. Using a health economic assessment model, the study found a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke in individuals that cycled compared to those that did not actively commute. This model estimated that public healthcare costs would reduce by 5% over a 10-year period.


title: Cycling

text: The effects of cycling on overall mental health have often been studied. A European study surveying participants from seven cities about self-perceived health based on primary modes of transportation reported favorable results in the bicycle use population. The bicycle use group reported predominantly good self-perceived health, less perceived stress, better mental health, better vitality, and less loneliness. The study attributed these results to possible economic benefits and senses of both independence and identity as a member of a cyclist community. An English study recruiting non-cyclist older adults aged 50 to 83 to participate as either conventional pedal bike cyclists, electrically assisted e-bike cyclists, or a non-cyclist control group in outdoor trails measured cognitive function through executive function, spatial reasoning, and memory tests and well-being through questionnaires. The study did not find significant differences in spatial reasoning or memory tests. It did, however, find that both cyclists groups had improved executive function and well-being, both with greater improvement in the e-bike group. This suggested that non-physical factors of cycling such as independence, engagement with the outdoor environment, and mobility play a greater role in improving mental health.


title: Cycling

text: A 15-month randomized controlled trial in the U.S. examined the impact of self-paced cycling on cognitive function in institutionalized older adults without cognitive impairment. Researchers used three cognitive assessments: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Fuld object memory evaluation, and symbol digit modality test. The study found that long-term cycling for at least 15 minutes per day in older adults without cognitive impairment had a protective effect on cognition and attention.


title: Cycling

text: Cycling suffers from a perception that it is unsafe. This perception is not always backed by hard numbers, because of under reporting of crashes and lack of bicycle use data (amount of cycling, kilometers cycled) which make it hard to assess the risk and monitor changes in risks.


title: Cycling

text: In the UK, fatality rates per mile or kilometre are slightly less than those for walking. In the US, bicycling fatality rates are less than 2/3 of those walking the same distance. However, in the UK for example the fatality and serious injury rates "per hour of travel" are just over double for cycling than those for walking.


title: Cycling

text: Despite the risk factors associated with bicycling, cyclists have a lower overall mortality rate when compared to other groups. A Danish study in 2000 found that even after adjustment for other risk factors, including leisure time physical activity, those who did not cycle to work experienced a 39% higher mortality rate than those who did.


title: Cycling

text: Acute physical trauma includes injuries to the head and extremities resulting from falls and collisions. Most cycle deaths result from a collision with a car or heavy goods vehicle. Drivers are at fault in the majority of these crashes. Segregated cycling infrastructure reduces the rate of crashes between bicycles and motor vehicles.


title: Cycling

text: Although a majority of bicycle collisions occur during the day, bicycle lighting is recommended for safety when bicycling at night to increase visibility.


title: Cycling

text: Of a study of 518 cyclists, a large majority reported at least one overuse injury, with over one third requiring medical treatment. The most common injury sites were the neck (48.8%) and the knees (41.7%), as well as the groin/buttocks (36.1%), hands (31.1%), and back (30.3%). Women were more likely to suffer from neck and shoulder pain than men.


title: Cycling

text: Many cyclists suffer from overuse injuries to the knees, affecting cyclists at all levels. These are caused by many factors:


title: Cycling

text: Overuse injuries, including chronic nerve damage at weight bearing locations, can occur as a result of repeatedly riding a bicycle for extended periods of time. Damage to the ulnar nerve in the palm, carpal tunnel in the wrist, the genitourinary tract or bicycle seat neuropathy may result from overuse. Recumbent bicycles are designed on different ergonomic principles and eliminate pressure from the saddle and handlebars, due to the relaxed riding position.


title: Cycling

text: Note that overuse is a relative term, and capacity varies greatly between individuals. Someone starting out in cycling must be careful to increase length and frequency of cycling sessions slowly, starting for example at an hour or two per day, or a hundred miles or kilometers per week. Bilateral muscular pain is a normal by-product of the training process, whereas unilateral pain may reveal "exercise-induced arterial endofibrosis". Joint pain and numbness are also early signs of overuse injury.


title: Cycling

text: A Spanish study of top triathletes found those who cover more than 186 miles (300 km) a week on their bikes have less than 4% normal looking sperm, where normal adult males would be expected to have from 15% to 20%.


title: Cycling

text: Much work has been done to investigate optimal bicycle saddle shape, size and position, and negative effects of extended use of less than optimal seats or configurations.


title: Cycling

text: Excessive saddle height can cause posterior knee pain, while setting the saddle too low can cause pain in the anterior of the knee. An incorrectly fitted saddle may eventually lead to muscle imbalance. A 25 to 35 degree knee angle is recommended to avoid an overuse injury.


title: Cycling

text: Cycling has been linked to sexual impotence due to pressure on the perineum from the seat, but fitting a proper sized seat prevents this effect. In extreme cases, pudendal nerve entrapment can be a source of intractable perineal pain. Some cyclists with induced pudendal nerve pressure neuropathy gained relief from improvements in saddle position and riding techniques.


title: Cycling

text: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has investigated the potential health effects of prolonged bicycling in police bicycle patrol units, including the possibility that some bicycle saddles exert excessive pressure on the urogenital area of cyclists, restricting blood flow to the genitals. Their study found that using bicycle seats without protruding noses reduced pressure on the groin by at least 65% and significantly reduced the number of cases of urogenital paresthesia. A follow-up found that 90% of bicycle officers who tried the no-nose seat were using it six months later. NIOSH recommends that riders use a no-nose bicycle seat for workplace bicycling.


title: Cycling

text: Despite rumors to the contrary, there is no scientific evidence linking cycling with testicular cancer.


title: Cycling

text: Although cycling is beneficial to health, men can be negatively affected by cycling more than three hours a week due to the significant weight on their perineum, an area located between the scrotum and the anus which hold some of the nerves and arteries that pass to the penis. This weight for continuous hours a week can cause men to experience numbness or tingling which can lead to them losing the ability to achieve an erection due to reduced blood flow; which 13% of males did experience in a study by Norwegian researchers who gathered data from 160 men participating in a long-distance bike tour.


title: Cycling

text: One concern is that riding in traffic may expose the cyclist to higher levels of air pollution, especially if he or she travels on or along busy roads. Some authors have claimed this to be untrue, showing that the pollutant and irritant count within cars is consistently higher, presumably because of limited circulation of air within the car and due to the air intake being directly in the stream of other traffic. Other authors have found small or inconsistent differences in concentrations but claim that exposure of cyclists is higher due to increased minute ventilation and is associated with minor biological changes. A 2010 study estimated that the gained life expectancy from the health benefits of cycling (approximately 3–14 months gained) greatly exceeded the lost life expectancy from air pollution (approximately 0.8–40 days lost). However, a systematic review comparing the effects of air pollution exposure on the health of cyclists was conducted, but the authors concluded that the differing methodologies and measuring parameters of each study made it difficult to compare results and suggested a more holistic approach was needed to accomplish this. The significance of the associated health effect, if any, is unclear but probably much smaller than the health impacts associated with accidents and the health benefits derived from additional physical activity.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Charles Lewis Napier (April 12, 1936 – October 5, 2011) was an American character actor known for playing supporting and occasional leading roles in television and films. He was frequently cast as police officers, soldiers, or authority figures, many of them villainous or corrupt. After leaving his Kentucky hometown to serve in the Army, he graduated from college and worked as a sports coach and art teacher before settling on acting as a career. Napier established himself in character roles and worked steadily for the next 35 years. He made numerous collaborations with director Jonathan Demme, including roles in "Something Wild" (1986), "Married to the Mob" (1988), "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991), "Philadelphia" (1993), "Beloved" (1998), and "The Manchurian Candidate" (2004).


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Other notable roles include the short-tempered country singer Tucker McElroy in "The Blues Brothers", gruff army Commander Gilmour in "", and bureaucratic CIA officer Marshall Murdock in "". He also had numerous voiceover roles in television, most notably the character of Duke Phillips on the prime time animated sitcom "The Critic" and Agent Zed in "".


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Napier was born in Mt. Union, Kentucky near Scottsville. His parents were Sara Lena (née Loafman; 1897–1974) and Linus Pitts Napier (1888–1991). After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1954, serving with the 11th Airborne Division and rising to the rank of sergeant.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: After his service, he attended Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green, graduating in 1961 with a major in art and minor in physical education. He wanted to be a basketball coach and his first job was as an assistant coach at his old high school in Allen County, coaching under Allen County legend James Bazzell. Soon after, he gave up coaching, eventually taking jobs with a bridge company and an advertising agency before moving to Clearwater, Florida to teach art at John F. Kennedy Junior High School.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: In 1964, he returned to Western Kentucky to attend graduate school, where he was encouraged to pursue acting by instructor D. Russell Miller. Following some success in the local Alley Playhouse, Napier moved back to Florida where he continued to teach as well as act in community theater, eventually moving into Clearwater's Little Theatre as its live-in caretaker. During this time he also pursued painting.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: After a spell in New York, Napier moved to California. He acquired an agent and a union card (for a bit part in ""). His movie debut came about by accident. A girlfriend took Napier along when she went to audition for Russ Meyer, who cast Napier as the male lead in "Cherry, Harry & Raquel!" In addition to acting and helping with the cameras when setting up shots, he did stunts, make up and driving on the film. After the low budget "Moonfire", he worked as a journalist and photographer for "Overdrive" magazine for a few years; a strike sent him back to Hollywood in 1975 where, at age 39, he was reduced to living in his car in the parking lot of Meyer's office with no money, work or agent. He was summoned to Universal Studios to meet Alfred Hitchcock (who had just seen a print of "Supervixens") and Napier was given a one-year contract.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Napier became a prolific character actor, appearing regularly in TV series of the time, and a number of pilots. Frequently cast as a heavy, he often portrayed corrupt cops, soldiers, businessmen and other authority figures. In 1977, he was cast as frontier scout Luther Sprague in the six-episode NBC western television series, "The Oregon Trail". He appeared in three episodes of the 1980s hit TV series "The A-Team" as Col. Briggs. Also a bit part as Jarret in Labour Pains He also co-starred in two "The Rockford Files" episodes, and played Hammer in the series "B.J. and the Bear" in the 1970s. Napier as Wolfson Lucas was teamed with Rod Taylor again for the series "Outlaws". He is known among "Star Trek" fans for appearing on both "" episode "The Way to Eden" as musically inclined space hippie Adam, and the "" episode "Little Green Men" as General Denning. He also appeared in the pilot episode of "Knight Rider" in 1982.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: The director of "Citizen's Band", Jonathan Demme, was laudatory about Napier's abilities, and went on to cast him in several of his films including "The Silence of the Lambs" and, in what was Napier's favourite role of his career, a judge in "Philadelphia". He played the bureaucratic CIA officer Marshall Murdock in "". For the 1980 musical-comedy, "The Blues Brothers", he portrayed the apoplectic Tucker McElroy, "lead singer of and driver of the Winnebago" for "The Good Ol' Boys."


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Napier was in many advertisements. He performed a great deal of voice-over work in "", "Justice League", "", "The Critic", "", "Squidbillies", and many of the Hulk's growls on the series "The Incredible Hulk" (taking over in 1979 upon the death of Ted Cassidy). He also provided several guest voices for episodes of "The Simpsons."


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: He had a small role during the sixth season of "Curb Your Enthusiasm" in 2008 as a barber who assaults and drives Larry David from his shop after David offends him. Napier appeared in the 2009 horror film "Murder World" alongside Scout Taylor-Compton. His last film role was in the 2009 comedy "" opposite Jeremy Piven and James Brolin.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Prior to his death in October 2011, Napier published a book about his life and experiences in Hollywood, titled "Square Jaw and Big Heart".


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Napier was married twice. His first wife was Delores Wilson. After his divorce, he married Dee Napier. Napier and his wife appeared on the Dr. Phil show in 2003 to discuss his obsession with being famous. According to the Dr. Phil Show website, "Despite appearing in close to 100 films and countless hit TV shows, Charles Napier says he's depressed he's not a big star. His wife, Dee, says that instead of becoming upset when he gets rejected for a part, Charles should be grateful and proud of his 35-year career. She also thinks it's time he started making the family, not the pursuit of fame, his priority."


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Napier and his second wife had two children, son Hunter and daughter Meghan Saralena. Napier also had one son, Charles Lewis "Chuck" Napier Jr., from his previous marriage.


title: Charles Napier (actor)

text: Napier died in Bakersfield, California, on October 5, 2011, after having collapsed the previous day. He was 75 years old. The exact cause of death was not released, but Napier had been treated for deep vein thrombosis in his legs in May 2010.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: Cancun International Airport () is located in Cancún, Quintana Roo, on the Caribbean coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. It is Latin America's third and Mexico's second busiest airport, after Mexico City International Airport. In 2021, Cancún airport handled 22,318,467 passengers, an 82.1% increase compared to 2020.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: The airport has two parallel operative runways that can be used simultaneously. Officially opened in 1974, the airport is operated by Grupo Aeroportuario del Sureste (ASUR). It is a hub for MAYAir and a focus city for VivaAerobus and Volaris; and currently offers flights to over 20 destinations in Mexico and to over 30 countries in North, Central, South America, and Europe.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: The airport has been expanding as it has become the second busiest point of entry by air to the country, after Mexico City International Airport. In 2005, ASUR invested US$150 million to construct Terminal 3, inaugurated in 2007, and a new runway and a new control tower opened in October 2009. The new long, wide runway was built to the north of the current one; the new control tower is the tallest in Latin America, standing at tall.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: Terminal 2 was expanded in 2014. A expansion in Terminal 3 was simultaneously carried out, adding six gates and commercial areas, and it was formally opened in March 2016. The expansion was planned to contribute to increasing annual capacity to 10 million from the existing 6 million. Terminal 4 was opened at the end of October 2017, much to the excitement from the local politicians as well as vacationers who were growing impatient with an overcrowded airport.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: Terminal 1 has 7 gates: 1 through 7A. After suffering damage from Hurricane Wilma, it was temporarily closed for remodeling in order to accommodate charter airlines operating at the airport. It reopened in November 2013 to charter flights, and it also serves 2 local airlines: Magni and VivaAerobús.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: Terminal 2 at the Cancún Airport has 22 gates: A1 through A11 (in a satellite building) and B12 through B22 (at the main building). Most domestic airlines depart from here, along with all international flights to Central and South America and a few long-haul flights to Europe. There is a bank and food outlets in the check-in area, along with several restaurants and shops in the boarding area and immigration/customs services. Two lounges, the MERA Business Lounge and The Lounge by Global Lounge Network, serve domestic and international travelers.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: Terminal 3 has 21 gates: C4 through C24. It has been recently expanded. Most US carriers, as well as some Canadian and European carriers, use this terminal. It offers shops (including duty-free), cafés, and restaurants, as well as immigration/customs services. There is a MERA Business Lounge located in Terminal 3.


title: Cancún International Airport

text: Terminal 4 has 12 gates and opened in October 2017. This made Cancún International the first airport in Mexico to have four terminals. It is able to handle 9 million passengers a year. Airlines flying to Terminal 4 include Aeroméxico, Air France, Lufthansa, Air Transat, WestJet, Condor, Southwest Airlines, Air Europa, Frontier Airlines, Sun Country Airlines and JetBlue. An on-site hotel is also planned to be opened, as well as a parking structure. Three lounges serve Terminal 4. They are the MERA Business Lounge (National), MERA Business Lounge (International), and The Lounge in Partnership with Air Transat.


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: The Lockdown Sessions is the collaborative studio album by English musician Elton John released through EMI in the United Kingdom and Interscope Records in the United States on 22 October 2021. The album was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic after John was forced to pause his Farewell Yellow Brick Road tour due to the pandemic. The album includes three singles, "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" with Dua Lipa, "After All" with Charlie Puth, and "Finish Line" with Stevie Wonder. Its digital reissue includes the single "Hold Me Closer" with Britney Spears.


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: The album features several previously released tracks: "Learn to Fly", released in June 2020; "Chosen Family", John's duet with Rina Sawayama on her "Sawayama" album; the Gorillaz' track "The Pink Phantom" from their 2020 album "", on which John appears as a guest alongside 6lack; John's cover of the Pet Shop Boys' "It's a Sin" along with Years & Years, released in May 2021; Miley Cyrus' version of "Nothing Else Matters" featuring John alongside various other guests, released in June 2021 from the Metallica tribute album "The Metallica Blacklist"; and John's collaboration with Lil Nas X "One of Me", from Lil Nas X's debut studio album "Montero".


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: Besides these, the record also features collaborations with other artists including Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder, Brandi Carlile, Charlie Puth, Stevie Wonder, Nicki Minaj, Young Thug, Stevie Nicks, and Glen Campbell.


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: John explained the project in a statement: "Some of the recording sessions had to be done remotely, via Zoom, which I'd obviously never done before. Some of the sessions were recorded under very stringent safety regulations: working with another artist, but separated by glass screens. But all the tracks I worked on were really interesting and diverse, stuff that was completely different to anything I'm known for, stuff that took me out of my comfort zone into completely new territory. And I realised there was something weirdly familiar about working like this. At the start of my career, in the late 60s, I worked as a session musician. Working with different artists during lockdown reminded me of that. I'd come full circle: I was a session musician again. And it was still a blast."


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: When the album hit number-one in the UK charts on 29 October 2021, John said "I am so proud of what we have created" and wrote on his social media accounts:


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: The lead single, "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" with Dua Lipa, combines elements of John's 1989 song "Sacrifice", his 1972 single "Rocket Man", his 1976 album track "Where's the Shoorah?" and his 1983 single "Kiss the Bride", and was released on 13 August 2021. On 15 October 2021, the single peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart. This was John’s first UK number one in 16 years, since 2005's posthumous Tupac Shakur collaboration "Ghetto Gospel".


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: The album's official second single, "After All", is a collaboration with American singer Charlie Puth. It was released on 22 September 2021.


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: The album's official third single, "Finish Line", is a collaboration with American singer Stevie Wonder. It was released on 30 September 2021. "Finish Line" failed to chart on the Official UK Top 100, but debuted at number 73 on the Official UK Singles Sales Chart Top 100 on 28 January 2022


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: "The Lockdown Sessions" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 70 based on ten reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.8 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: Gary Ryan from "NME" gave it four out of five stars, saying: "All in all, "The Lockdown Sessions"' all-bets-off stylistic game of spin-the-bottle feels attuned to 2021's post-genre Spotify world, as Elton continues to further his musical universe".


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: The album was released on 22 October 2021, and in the OCC's UK midweek chart update on 25 October, the album was described as being in a "four way battle" with Duran Duran, Lana Del Rey and Biffy Clyro for the number-one position. It later became John's eighth number-one album in the UK on 29 October 2021, his first number-one album since 2012's "Good Morning to the Night".


title: The Lockdown Sessions

text: "The Lockdown Sessions" achieved 31,000 chart sales in the UK, 84% of which were physical (CD and vinyl) sales in the first week. It was John's second number one in the UK in less than a month – "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" with Dua Lipa reached number one on the UK Singles Chart earlier in the month. In the United States, the album debuted at number ten on the "Billboard 200" with first-week sales of 29,000 album-equivalent units, 17,000 of that sum were pure album copies, it went straight to number four on the U.S. Top Album Sales chart.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Kingpin is a 1996 American sports comedy film directed by Peter and Bobby Farrelly and written by Barry Fanaro and Mort Nathan. Starring Woody Harrelson, Randy Quaid, Vanessa Angel and Bill Murray, it tells the story of an alcoholic ex-professional bowler (Harrelson) who becomes the manager for a promising Amish talent (Quaid). It was filmed in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as a stand-in for Scranton, Amish country, and Reno, Nevada.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Flashy young bowler Roy Munson wins the 1979 Iowa state bowling championship and leaves home to turn professional. In his professional bowling tour debut, he defeats established pro Ernie McCracken, who takes the loss poorly and seeks revenge.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: McCracken convinces Roy to help him hustle a group of local amateur bowlers. When they realize they were conned, McCracken flees while Roy is brutally beaten and loses his hand when it is forced into the ball return, ending his career.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: 17 years later, Roy uses a prosthetic hand to display his championship ring and is living in Scranton, Pennsylvania, an alcoholic, unsuccessful traveling salesman of bowling supplies. Always behind on his rent, he is constantly harassed by his landlady, Mrs. Dumars, eventually being reduced to trade sexual favors for a break on his back rent.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: On a sales visit to a bowling alley, Roy meets Ishmael Boorg. Roy tries to convince him to turn pro, with him as manager. Ishmael declines, explaining he is from the local Amish community, that his bowling hobby must be kept secret from his family. Roy then sees a poster in a bowling magazine advertising a $1 million winner-take-all tournament in Reno, Nevada. Learning that Ishmael's family is about to lose their farm to the bank, Roy eventually convinces them to let him join him, under the guise of going on a mission trip.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Roy discovers that the childlike Ishmael is not aware of some of bowling's basic rules and skills. (His 270 average was because he was taught to bowl fifteen frames and not the standard ten.) However, after some coaching, Ishmael improves.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: The duo earn money in various local tournaments and by hustling bowlers. Ishmael defeats wealthy bowling enthusiast Stanley Osmanski, but he attacks the duo after discovering that the roll of cash Roy put up was fake. As the group flee Osmanski's mansion, his girlfriend Claudia, who had also been a victim of Osmanski's violence, joins them.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Roy suspects Claudia has ulterior motives and is distracting Ishmael. After Roy gets in a fistfight with her, Ishmael flees. During his absence, they drive on and end up back in Roy's hometown and at his abandoned childhood home, as his father died ten years earlier. Roy then confesses to Claudia he never returned out of shame for his failure as a pro bowler, not even for his father's funeral. They eventually call a truce, find Ishmael and continue on to Reno.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: In Reno, they run into McCracken, who is now a national bowling superstar. He insults and makes fun of Roy and infuriates Ishmael, who attempts to punch McCracken but instead hits a wall and breaks his hand, leaving him unable to bowl. Later on, Claudia disappears with all of their money when Stanley finds her. Feeling distraught, Ishmael convinces Roy that they still have a chance to win $1 million if Roy bowls.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Roy enters the tournament, rolling the ball with his prosthetic rubber hand. He rediscovers his touch, progresses through several rounds, and eventually ends up in the televised finals against McCracken. During the final match, Ishmael's brother arrives and takes him back to Pennsylvania. When Roy realizes he is alone, he struggles and McCracken wins the tournament by one pin.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Afterwards, Roy returns to his Pennsylvania apartment and pours his liquor down the drain. He is visited by Claudia, who explains she had disappeared with Stanley in Reno to keep him from hurting Roy and Ishmael. She made Stanley believe she was running away with McCracken to give McCracken payback off-screen, and confesses her love for Roy, offering him the money Stanley earned from betting on McCracken in the finals. Roy responds that he is going to make $500,000 in an endorsement deal for Trojan Condoms based on his prosthetic rubber hand.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Roy and Claudia visit Ishmael's family home, who'd told his parents about Ishmael's forbidden bowling career, but also about the moral strength and decency he showed during his travels. Roy tells them how Ishmael straightened out both of their lives, as Roy has finally given up drinking. The Boorg family's debts are paid off with his endorsement check, and Roy and Claudia kiss before driving away together.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 49% approval rating based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The site's consensus, ""Kingpin" has its moments, but they're often offset by an eagerness to descend into vulgar mean-spiritedness." On Metacritic, based on 14 reviews, the film holds a score of 43 out of 100, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B−" on a scale of A+ to F.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: Roger Ebert had one of the more noteworthy positive reviews, giving it 3.5 out of 4 stars. Gene Siskel also endorsed the film, putting it on his list of the ten best films for 1996.


title: Kingpin (1996 film)

text: When released on DVD, "Kingpin" came in its original PG-13 theatrical version (113 minutes) and an extended, R-rated version (117 minutes). Both versions are available on the Blu-Ray disc issued by Paramount Pictures on October 14, 2014.


title: Mississippi Delta

text: The Mississippi Delta, also known as the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta, or simply the Delta, is the distinctive northwest section of the U.S. state of Mississippi (and portions of Arkansas and Louisiana) that lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. The region has been called "The Most Southern Place on Earth" ("Southern" in the sense of "characteristic of its region, the American South"), because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history. It is long and across at its widest point, encompassing about , or, almost 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. Originally covered in hardwood forest across the bottomlands, it was developed as one of the richest cotton-growing areas in the nation before the American Civil War (1861–1865). The region attracted many speculators who developed land along the riverfronts for cotton plantations; they became wealthy planters dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans, who composed the vast majority of the population in these counties well before the Civil War, often twice the number of whites.


title: Mississippi Delta

text: As the riverfront areas were developed first and railroads were slow to be constructed, most of the bottomlands in the Delta were undeveloped, even after the Civil War. Both black and white migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy land. By the end of the 19th century, black farmers made up two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta.