title: NTPC Limited

text: NTPC is diversifying its capacity mix with much emphasis on renewable energy. As on 30 November 2015, NTPC has 110 MW Solar PV capacity under operation, 250 MW under construction, and 1260 MW under tendering. The company intends to add 10000 MW of Solar PV capacity in the next five years. On 18 July 2015, NTPC declared commercial its first Hydro Power plant at Koldam in the State of Himachal Pradesh. The company has a long-term plan to reduce its fossil fuel capacity mix to 56% by 2032.


title: NTPC Limited

text: NTPC also plans to go global. The public sector company has signed a memorandum of agreement with the Government of Sri Lanka and Ceylon Electricity Board for setting up a 500 MW (2x250) coal-based thermal power plant in the island nation. An MoU has also been signed with Kyushu Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan, for establishing an alliance for exchange of information and experts from different areas of the business. The company is also in the process of finalizing an MoU with Nigeria for setting up power plants against the allocation of LNG on a long-term basis for NTPC plants in India. NTPC also developing a joint-venture coal-based power plant 1,320 MW (2x660) with Bangladesh Power Development Board known as Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company in Rampal, Bangladesh which is facing tremendous opposition from the people of Bangladesh owing to the plant's dangerously close proximity to the Sundarbans.


title: NTPC Limited

text: NTPC has also been allotted coal blocks namely, Pakri Barwadih, Chatti Bariatu, and Kerandari in Jharkhand; as well as, Talipalli, Chhattisgarh, and Dulanga in Odisha. Except for Pakri Barwadih all other blocks were canceled by a decision of the Supreme Court of India on 24 September 2014. However, the company was again allotted canceled block under Section 5 of Coal Mines (Special Provision Act 2015) Besides these blocks, the Ministry of Coal has according to its press release dated 3 July 2013 allotted four more blocks namely, Banai and Bhalmuda in Chhattisgarh, Chandrabila and Kudanli Laburi in Odisha. Two more blocks namely Mandakini- II and Banhardih are expected to be allotted to NTPC soon. All these mines are having estimated geological reserves of 6.7 billion tonnes. NTPC has appointed Mining Cum Development Operator (MDO) for its Pakri Barwadih mine.


title: NTPC Limited

text: The equity shares of NTPC are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.


title: NTPC Limited

text: In Sep. 2015, the Government of India held around 74.96% equity shares in NTPC. Over 680,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 1.92% of its shares. Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 10.03% shareholding.


title: NTPC Limited

text: In August 2017, the GOI divested further its 5% stake in NTPC through OFS (Stock Exchange Mechanism) and reduced the holding of GOI in NTPC to 5,76,83,41,760 shares i.e. 64.96% out of total 8,24,54,64,400 shares.


title: NTPC Limited

text: As of 31 March 2015, the company had 24,067 employees. The attrition rate for the FY 2014–15, including the trainee employees and employees working for subsidiaries and JVs, was 1.35%. Man MW Ratio of the company has fallen from 0.77 in the FY11 to 0.61 in FY 15. NTPC has been awarded continuously as great places to work for in PSUs category.


title: NTPC Limited

text: Land acquisition in tribal areas: The company (and other PSUs in India) has been allotted land for setting power plants and related infrastructure in rural/tribal areas across the country by Central Government and various state governments. Some of these lands have been allotted to NTPC (and other PSUs in India) through Land Acquisition Acts passed by Central/State Governments. Wherever a land acquisition law is enacted, it also places a liability on the PSUs/governments to take actions for proper rehabilitation of displaced residents of that rural/tribal area. Governments/PSUs are criticized if they do not fulfill their liability towards displaced residents. In many areas where land acquisition is proposed through land acquisition laws, local residents oppose the forcible acquisition as they are not sure of proper rehabilitation.


title: NTPC Limited

text: Future growth: Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016 prepared by GoI states that India does not need additional coal-fired power plants until 2027 with the commissioning of various coal-based power plants which are presently under construction. India is no more facing regular power shortages to purchase electricity at high prices offering higher profit margins to the power generating companies. With the help of assured power purchase agreements (PPA) from the state-owned DisComs, earlier NTPC was able to sell its power at higher margins on the deployed capital and higher overhead costs. Moreover, its main expertise of generating power from coal-fired stations is becoming obsolete in terms of technology and economics against non-conventional power generation like wind, solar, etc. In future, for the satisfactory growth mainly from wind and solar power projects, NTPC shall be ready to slash all its extra profit margins on capital deployed to bring down the power sale price at par with the IPPs to secure the projects in open competitive bidding.


title: NTPC Limited

text: Government has decided to scrap the coal fired power stations which are more than 25 years old to reduce the pollution. Instead of scrapping old pulverised coal fired units, NTPC should replace coal with torrefied crops waste/biomass as fuel in these units (nearly 11,000 MW) to make them profitable and productive assets without contributing to pollution.


title: NTPC Limited

text: To utilize its proven O&M expertise, NTPC may venture on a major scale to implement the solar thermal storage power as they can offer clean and cheaper electricity than fossil fuel-fired power generation plants


title: NTPC Limited

text: Rather than install emissions-cutting technologies, NTPC has chosen to lobby the government to extend pollution reduction deadlines.


title: Theo Albrecht

text: Theodor Paul Albrecht (; 28 March 1922 – 24 July 2010) was a German entrepreneur. He established the discount supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Karl Albrecht. In 2010, Theo was ranked by "Forbes" as the 31st richest person in the world, with a net worth of $16.7 billion.


title: Theo Albrecht

text: Albrecht learned the grocery business from his mother, in order to escape the fate of his father in the mines. He and his brother Karl developed Albrecht Diskont, one of Europe's largest chains of supermarkets, with the motto "The best quality at the lowest price," and now known by its acronym, Aldi. "Forbes" has estimated Theo's fortune from the supermarket chain as approximately £11 billion. Theo and Karl Albrecht split the Aldi Company they founded in 1960 after a dispute about whether to sell cigarettes. The supermarket divided into two legally separate operating units with two distinct geographical locations. Theo's Aldi Nord set to operate in the north of Germany, while Karl's Aldi Süd set to operate in Germany's south. Theo retired from daily operations in 1993 and remained as chairman of the board.


title: Theo Albrecht

text: In 1971, Albrecht was kidnapped for 17 days. A ransom of seven million German marks (approximately US$2 million at the time) was paid for his release. He was held at gunpoint by Heinz-Joachim Ollenburg, a lawyer, and his accomplice Paul Kron. The ransom sum was delivered by Franz Hengsbach, then Bishop of Essen. His kidnappers were eventually caught by authorities, but only half of the money was recovered. Albrecht later unsuccessfully claimed the ransom as a tax deductible business expense in court.


title: Theo Albrecht

text: Albrecht was raised in a Catholic household. At the age of 18, Theo was conscripted into the German Army and served in the North African campaign. Theo was captured by the Americans in Tunisia. In 1946 he returned to Germany.


title: Theo Albrecht

text: Albrecht's kidnapping in 1971 partially explains his and the family's hermit-like manner of existence. The kidnapping caused him to drive to work in an armored car, using a different route every day. Little is known about Theo and the Albrecht family's personal lives. The Albrecht family members are known to be very reclusive and have been described by "Forbes" as ‘more reclusive than the yeti’. Theo was rarely pictured by photographers, and he never made a public statement. The last published photo of Theo Albrecht dates from 1971, one day after his kidnapping. Another photo of the two Albrecht brothers together was taken in 1987 by journalist Franz Ruch.


title: Theo Albrecht

text: Albrecht and his brother Karl were once said to own an island located in the North Sea, where they indulged their hobbies such as golf and pastimes, including the collecting of antique typewriters. Theo had, as do members of the Albrecht family now, a highly secure estate overlooking the Ruhr valley. Obsessed with frugality, Theo is said to have collected and used pencil stubs frequently. He was also known to wear cheap, poorly fitting suits, and preferred plain meals with many potatoes. When he was asked to approve the plans for a new store in the Netherlands, he stated that the design was good, but the paper it was drawn on was too thick: "If you use thinner paper, we will save money."


title: Factorio

text: Factorio is a construction and management simulation game developed by the Czech studio Wube Software. The game was announced via an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign in 2013 and released for Windows, macOS, and Linux on 14 August 2020 following a four-year long early access phase. The game was released on Nintendo Switch on 28 October 2022.


title: Factorio

text: The game follows an engineer who crash-lands on an alien planet and must harvest resources and create industry to build a rocket; however, as a sandbox game, players can continue the game past the end of the storyline. The game features both single-player and multiplayer modes.


title: Factorio

text: "Factorio" is a construction and management simulation game focused on resource-gathering with real-time strategy and survival elements and influences from the "BuildCraft" and "IndustrialCraft" mods for the video game "Minecraft". The player survives by locating and harvesting resources to craft various tools and machines, which in turn create more advanced materials that allow for the progression to more sophisticated technologies and machines. The game progresses as the player continues to build and manage their automated factory-style system, which automates the mining, transportation, processing, and assembly of resources and products. Players research advanced technologies that allow them to create new structures, items, and upgrades, starting with basic automation and eventually leading to oil refining, robots, and powered exoskeletons.


title: Factorio

text: The game features a blueprint system, which allows for players to create reusable blueprints for factory parts. The blueprints consist of a baseline for construction, allowing for the copying of factory systems or entire factories, and subsequent construction.


title: Factorio

text: The game is formally "won" by launching a rocket, although choosing to ignore this goal and instead continue building a factory is possible, as "Factorio" is an open world game. Constructing a rocket requires a massive amount of resources, motivating the player to set up a sizeable, effective factory in order to achieve this goal.


title: Factorio

text: The player is tasked with defending themselves and their factory from the planet's indigenous fauna, known as 'Biters', 'Spitters', and 'Worms', who become increasingly hostile as pollutant emissions created by the player's factory increase, necessitating consideration of the balance between the player's production and the enemy's aggressiveness. The player can utilize defensive turrets, tanks, and other weapons to eliminate enemies. As the game progresses, enemies evolve and become harder to defeat.


title: Factorio

text: Players may also elect to set the planet's fauna to "peaceful," during the start of the game. The fauna will still spawn, but will only attack the player and factory in retaliation from direct physical damage on themselves or a neighboring unit.


title: Factorio

text: Multiplayer mode allows people to play together cooperatively or versus one another both locally and via the Internet. Factorio supports both dedicated servers as well as player-hosted listen servers. In the past, the game used peer-to-peer connectivity, however this was removed as more robust options were developed. Saved world files can be seamlessly loaded in either single- or multiplayer. By default, all players on a server share technologies, unless a system of multiple teams has been instituted by the server host. Friendly fire is present. While the hard limit for number of players is 65,535 due to limitations of the SOCKET protocol, this number has never been reached; the most popular servers were able to successfully handle several hundred players at once. Players can share construction blueprints with other players on their server, via a public blueprint library.


title: Factorio

text: "Factorio" is designed to be customisable via mods to create additional content, such as modifications to gameplay or re-texturing of visual elements. The developers offer an online portal on the "Factorio" website for mod developers to host their content. To help support the modding community, there is an in-game mod manager that allows players to quickly download them. Mods are written in Lua.


title: Factorio

text: The game has been developed by a team of developers from Prague, Czech Republic, since mid-2012. The development team originally consisted of a single person, but has grown larger. Wube Software was created in September 2014 by Michal Kovařík and Tomáš Kozelek in Prague. To fund the game the development team began an Indiegogo campaign, which started on 31 January 2013 and concluded on 3 March 2013. The campaign raised €21,626 of the €17,000 goal. Following the crowdfunding success, Wube sold early access editions of the game to raise further funds. The developer credits the April 2014 release of the game's trailer as a significant driver of those sales. As of March 2021, the team consists of 18 members.


title: Factorio

text: Michal Kovařík, the game's lead designer, cited the "IndustrialCraft" and "BuildCraft" "Minecraft" mods for inspiration during the game's development.


title: Factorio

text: The game was released on Steam as early access on 25 February 2016, but had been available to download from factorio.com since early on in development. It was officially released out of early access on 14 August 2020. It was originally planned to be released on 25 September 2020, but was moved up a month as to not compete with the release of "Cyberpunk 2077", which, at the time, was scheduled to be released on 17 September 2020. In February 2021, the developers announced that 1.1 would be the final major update of the base game, and that a new expansion pack was being developed. A port of the game to Nintendo Switch was released on 28 October 2022.


title: Factorio

text: Video game key reseller G2A was accused of selling stolen keys on their site, affecting developers of games, specifically in the indie scene. On 5 July 2019, G2A offered to pay the developers of a game ten times the worth of the stolen game keys if the problem could be proven via audit. Wube was the only developer to call on this, stating "G2A - worse than piracy" and emailed a list of 321 canceled Steam keys due to chargebacks. After over ten months, G2A confirmed 198 of those keys were sold on the platform and paid Wube Software $39,600 as part of the promise. Due to the sensitive nature of the investigation, the audit was instead done internally.


title: Factorio

text: "Factorio" received positive reception from critics while still in early access. In the 2018 Steam Awards, "Factorio" was voted by Steam users as a runner-up in the "Most Fun with a Machine" category. By the beginning of 2020, the game had sold two million copies, by the beginning of 2021, the developers reported over two and a half million sold copies, and by its sixth anniversary in February 2022, the game had just passed 3.1 million copies sold.


title: Factorio

text: Upon its release in 2020, Factorio received positive reviews. Rick Lane of "PC Gamer" praised Factorio, calling it "a manufacturing masterpiece". Nicolas Perez of "Paste" praised Factorio's use of early access, stating, "…"Factorio" has set an example of what the Early Access system is truly capable of." It was named IndieGameReviewer.com's Indie Game of the Year, after also naming it one its most anticipated in 2013. In 2021 "Rock Paper Shotgun" ranked "Factorio" the 7th best management game for the PC.


title: Factorio

text: "Neobuthus factorio" is a species of scorpion from the family Buthidae found in Somaliland. It was named after the game by one of the researchers who first described the species, who is the father of the game's designer and co-director.


title: Factorio

text: "Satisfactory", a 2019 factory-building game by Coffee Stain Studios, has been compared to "Factorio" and described as a first-person, 3D interpretation of the game.


title: Matrix calculus

text: In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices. It collects the various partial derivatives of a single function with respect to many variables, and/or of a multivariate function with respect to a single variable, into vectors and matrices that can be treated as single entities. This greatly simplifies operations such as finding the maximum or minimum of a multivariate function and solving systems of differential equations. The notation used here is commonly used in statistics and engineering, while the tensor index notation is preferred in physics.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Two competing notational conventions split the field of matrix calculus into two separate groups. The two groups can be distinguished by whether they write the derivative of a scalar with respect to a vector as a column vector or a row vector. Both of these conventions are possible even when the common assumption is made that vectors should be treated as column vectors when combined with matrices (rather than row vectors). A single convention can be somewhat standard throughout a single field that commonly uses matrix calculus (e.g. econometrics, statistics, estimation theory and machine learning). However, even within a given field different authors can be found using competing conventions. Authors of both groups often write as though their specific convention were standard. Serious mistakes can result when combining results from different authors without carefully verifying that compatible notations have been used. Definitions of these two conventions and comparisons between them are collected in the layout conventions section.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Matrix calculus refers to a number of different notations that use matrices and vectors to collect the derivative of each component of the dependent variable with respect to each component of the independent variable. In general, the independent variable can be a scalar, a vector, or a matrix while the dependent variable can be any of these as well. Each different situation will lead to a different set of rules, or a separate calculus, using the broader sense of the term. Matrix notation serves as a convenient way to collect the many derivatives in an organized way.


title: Matrix calculus

text: As a first example, consider the gradient from vector calculus. For a scalar function of three independent variables, formula_1, the gradient is given by the vector equation


title: Matrix calculus

text: where formula_3 represents a unit vector in the formula_4 direction for formula_5. This type of generalized derivative can be seen as the derivative of a scalar, "f", with respect to a vector, formula_6, and its result can be easily collected in vector form.


title: Matrix calculus

text: More complicated examples include the derivative of a scalar function with respect to a matrix, known as the gradient matrix, which collects the derivative with respect to each matrix element in the corresponding position in the resulting matrix. In that case the scalar must be a function of each of the independent variables in the matrix. As another example, if we have an "n"-vector of dependent variables, or functions, of "m" independent variables we might consider the derivative of the dependent vector with respect to the independent vector. The result could be collected in an "m×n" matrix consisting of all of the possible derivative combinations.


title: Matrix calculus

text: There are a total of nine possibilities using scalars, vectors, and matrices. Notice that as we consider higher numbers of components in each of the independent and dependent variables we can be left with a very large number of possibilities. The six kinds of derivatives that can be most neatly organized in matrix form are collected in the following table.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Here, we have used the term "matrix" in its most general sense, recognizing that vectors and scalars are simply matrices with one column and one row respectively. Moreover, we have used bold letters to indicate vectors and bold capital letters for matrices. This notation is used throughout.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Notice that we could also talk about the derivative of a vector with respect to a matrix, or any of the other unfilled cells in our table. However, these derivatives are most naturally organized in a tensor of rank higher than 2, so that they do not fit neatly into a matrix. In the following three sections we will define each one of these derivatives and relate them to other branches of mathematics. See the layout conventions section for a more detailed table.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The matrix derivative is a convenient notation for keeping track of partial derivatives for doing calculations. The Fréchet derivative is the standard way in the setting of functional analysis to take derivatives with respect to vectors. In the case that a matrix function of a matrix is Fréchet differentiable, the two derivatives will agree up to translation of notations. As is the case in general for partial derivatives, some formulae may extend under weaker analytic conditions than the existence of the derivative as approximating linear mapping.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Matrix calculus is used for deriving optimal stochastic estimators, often involving the use of Lagrange multipliers. This includes the derivation of:


title: Matrix calculus

text: The vector and matrix derivatives presented in the sections to follow take full advantage of matrix notation, using a single variable to represent a large number of variables. In what follows we will distinguish scalars, vectors and matrices by their typeface. We will let "M"("n","m") denote the space of real "n×m" matrices with "n" rows and "m" columns. Such matrices will be denoted using bold capital letters: A, X, Y, etc. An element of "M"("n",1), that is, a column vector, is denoted with a boldface lowercase letter: a, x, y, etc. An element of "M"(1,1) is a scalar, denoted with lowercase italic typeface: "a", "t", "x", etc. X denotes matrix transpose, tr(X) is the trace, and det(X) or |X| is the determinant. All functions are assumed to be of differentiability class "C" unless otherwise noted. Generally letters from the first half of the alphabet (a, b, c, ...) will be used to denote constants, and from the second half (t, x, y, ...) to denote variables.


title: Matrix calculus

text: NOTE: As mentioned above, there are competing notations for laying out systems of partial derivatives in vectors and matrices, and no standard appears to be emerging yet. The next two introductory sections use the numerator layout convention simply for the purposes of convenience, to avoid overly complicating the discussion. The section after them discusses layout conventions in more detail. It is important to realize the following:


title: Matrix calculus

text: The tensor index notation with its Einstein summation convention is very similar to the matrix calculus, except one writes only a single component at a time. It has the advantage that one can easily manipulate arbitrarily high rank tensors, whereas tensors of rank higher than two are quite unwieldy with matrix notation. All of the work here can be done in this notation without use of the single-variable matrix notation. However, many problems in estimation theory and other areas of applied mathematics would result in too many indices to properly keep track of, pointing in favor of matrix calculus in those areas. Also, Einstein notation can be very useful in proving the identities presented here (see section on differentiation) as an alternative to typical element notation, which can become cumbersome when the explicit sums are carried around. Note that a matrix can be considered a tensor of rank two.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Because vectors are matrices with only one column, the simplest matrix derivatives are vector derivatives.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The notations developed here can accommodate the usual operations of vector calculus by identifying the space "M"("n",1) of "n"-vectors with the Euclidean space R, and the scalar "M"(1,1) is identified with R. The corresponding concept from vector calculus is indicated at the end of each subsection.


title: Matrix calculus

text: NOTE: The discussion in this section assumes the numerator layout convention for pedagogical purposes. Some authors use different conventions. The section on layout conventions discusses this issue in greater detail. The identities given further down are presented in forms that can be used in conjunction with all common layout conventions.


title: Matrix calculus

text: In vector calculus the derivative of a vector y with respect to a scalar "x" is known as the tangent vector of the vector y, formula_10. Notice here that y: R → R.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Example Simple examples of this include the velocity vector in Euclidean space, which is the tangent vector of the position vector (considered as a function of time). Also, the acceleration is the tangent vector of the velocity.


title: Matrix calculus

text: In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar field "f" in the space R (whose independent coordinates are the components of x) is the transpose of the derivative of a scalar by a vector.


title: Matrix calculus

text: By example, in physics, the electric field is the negative vector gradient of the electric potential.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The directional derivative of a scalar function "f"(x) of the space vector x in the direction of the unit vector u (represented in this case as a column vector) is defined using the gradient as follows.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Using the notation just defined for the derivative of a scalar with respect to a vector we can re-write the directional derivative as


title: Matrix calculus

text: formula_15 This type of notation will be nice when proving product rules and chain rules that come out looking similar to what we are familiar with for the scalar derivative.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Each of the previous two cases can be considered as an application of the derivative of a vector with respect to a vector, using a vector of size one appropriately. Similarly we will find that the derivatives involving matrices will reduce to derivatives involving vectors in a corresponding way.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The derivative of a vector function (a vector whose components are functions) formula_8, with respect to an input vector, formula_11, is written (in numerator layout notation) as


title: Matrix calculus

text: In vector calculus, the derivative of a vector function y with respect to a vector x whose components represent a space is known as the pushforward (or differential), or the Jacobian matrix.


title: Matrix calculus

text: There are two types of derivatives with matrices that can be organized into a matrix of the same size. These are the derivative of a matrix by a scalar and the derivative of a scalar by a matrix. These can be useful in minimization problems found in many areas of applied mathematics and have adopted the names tangent matrix and gradient matrix respectively after their analogs for vectors.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Note: The discussion in this section assumes the numerator layout convention for pedagogical purposes. Some authors use different conventions. The section on layout conventions discusses this issue in greater detail. The identities given further down are presented in forms that can be used in conjunction with all common layout conventions.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The derivative of a matrix function Y by a scalar "x" is known as the tangent matrix and is given (in numerator layout notation) by


title: Matrix calculus

text: The derivative of a scalar "y" function of a "p"×"q" matrix X of independent variables, with respect to the matrix X, is given (in numerator layout notation) by


title: Matrix calculus

text: Important examples of scalar functions of matrices include the trace of a matrix and the determinant.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Also in analog with vector calculus, the directional derivative of a scalar "f"(X) of a matrix X in the direction of matrix Y is given by


title: Matrix calculus

text: It is the gradient matrix, in particular, that finds many uses in minimization problems in estimation theory, particularly in the derivation of the Kalman filter algorithm, which is of great importance in the field.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The three types of derivatives that have not been considered are those involving vectors-by-matrices, matrices-by-vectors, and matrices-by-matrices. These are not as widely considered and a notation is not widely agreed upon.


title: Matrix calculus

text: This section discusses the similarities and differences between notational conventions that are used in the various fields that take advantage of matrix calculus. Although there are largely two consistent conventions, some authors find it convenient to mix the two conventions in forms that are discussed below. After this section, equations will be listed in both competing forms separately.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The fundamental issue is that the derivative of a vector with respect to a vector, i.e. formula_24, is often written in two competing ways. If the numerator y is of size "m" and the denominator x of size "n", then the result can be laid out as either an "m×n" matrix or "n×m" matrix, i.e. the elements of y laid out in columns and the elements of x laid out in rows, or vice versa. This leads to the following possibilities:


title: Matrix calculus

text: When handling the gradient formula_27 and the opposite case formula_28 we have the same issues. To be consistent, we should do one of the following:


title: Matrix calculus

text: Not all math textbooks and papers are consistent in this respect throughout. That is, sometimes different conventions are used in different contexts within the same book or paper. For example, some choose denominator layout for gradients (laying them out as column vectors), but numerator layout for the vector-by-vector derivative formula_37


title: Matrix calculus

text: Similarly, when it comes to scalar-by-matrix derivatives formula_38 and matrix-by-scalar derivatives formula_39 then consistent numerator layout lays out according to Y and X, while consistent denominator layout lays out according to Y and X. In practice, however, following a denominator layout for formula_39 and laying the result out according to Y, is rarely seen because it makes for ugly formulas that do not correspond to the scalar formulas. As a result, the following layouts can often be found:


title: Matrix calculus

text: In the following formulas, we handle the five possible combinations formula_46 and formula_41 separately. We also handle cases of scalar-by-scalar derivatives that involve an intermediate vector or matrix. (This can arise, for example, if a multi-dimensional parametric curve is defined in terms of a scalar variable, and then a derivative of a scalar function of the curve is taken with respect to the scalar that parameterizes the curve.) For each of the various combinations, we give numerator-layout and denominator-layout results, except in the cases above where denominator layout rarely occurs. In cases involving matrices where it makes sense, we give numerator-layout and mixed-layout results. As noted above, cases where vector and matrix denominators are written in transpose notation are equivalent to numerator layout with the denominators written without the transpose.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Keep in mind that various authors use different combinations of numerator and denominator layouts for different types of derivatives, and there is no guarantee that an author will consistently use either numerator or denominator layout for all types. Match up the formulas below with those quoted in the source to determine the layout used for that particular type of derivative, but be careful not to assume that derivatives of other types necessarily follow the same kind of layout.


title: Matrix calculus

text: When taking derivatives with an aggregate (vector or matrix) denominator in order to find a maximum or minimum of the aggregate, it should be kept in mind that using numerator layout will produce results that are transposed with respect to the aggregate. For example, in attempting to find the maximum likelihood estimate of a multivariate normal distribution using matrix calculus, if the domain is a "k"×1 column vector, then the result using the numerator layout will be in the form of a 1×"k" row vector. Thus, either the results should be transposed at the end or the denominator layout (or mixed layout) should be used.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The results of operations will be transposed when switching between numerator-layout and denominator-layout notation.


title: Matrix calculus

text: As noted above, in general, the results of operations will be transposed when switching between numerator-layout and denominator-layout notation.


title: Matrix calculus

text: To help make sense of all the identities below, keep in mind the most important rules: the chain rule, product rule and sum rule. The sum rule applies universally, and the product rule applies in most of the cases below, provided that the order of matrix products is maintained, since matrix products are not commutative. The chain rule applies in some of the cases, but unfortunately does "not" apply in matrix-by-scalar derivatives or scalar-by-matrix derivatives (in the latter case, mostly involving the trace operator applied to matrices). In the latter case, the product rule can't quite be applied directly, either, but the equivalent can be done with a bit more work using the differential identities.


title: Matrix calculus

text: This is presented first because all of the operations that apply to vector-by-vector differentiation apply directly to vector-by-scalar or scalar-by-vector differentiation simply by reducing the appropriate vector in the numerator or denominator to a scalar.


title: Matrix calculus

text: NOTE: The formulas involving the vector-by-vector derivatives formula_53 and formula_54 (whose outputs are matrices) assume the matrices are laid out consistent with the vector layout, i.e. numerator-layout matrix when numerator-layout vector and vice versa; otherwise, transpose the vector-by-vector derivatives.


title: Matrix calculus

text: Note that exact equivalents of the scalar product rule and chain rule do not exist when applied to matrix-valued functions of matrices. However, the product rule of this sort does apply to the differential form (see below), and this is the way to derive many of the identities below involving the trace function, combined with the fact that the trace function allows transposing and cyclic permutation, i.e.:


title: Matrix calculus

text: It is often easier to work in differential form and then convert back to normal derivatives. This only works well using the numerator layout. In these rules, "a" is a scalar.


title: Matrix calculus

text: In the last row, formula_97 is the Kronecker delta and formula_98 is the set of orthogonal projection operators that project onto the "k"-th eigenvector of X.


title: Matrix calculus

text: The matrix function formula_101 is defined in terms of the scalar function formula_102 for diagonalizable matrices by


title: Matrix calculus

text: To convert to normal derivative form, first convert it to one of the following canonical forms, and then use these identities:


title: Matrix calculus

text: Matrix differential calculus is used in statistics, particularly for the statistical analysis of multivariate distributions, especially the multivariate normal distribution and other elliptical distributions.


title: Matrix calculus

text: It is used in regression analysis to compute, for example, the ordinary least squares regression formula for the case of multiple explanatory variables.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: The 2020 Mr. Olympia contest was a weekend-long IFBB professional bodybuilding competition that was held on December 15 to 20, 2020, in Orlando, Florida. Initially meant to be held at the Planet Hollywood Las Vegas, the tournament was later moved to Orlando, due to local restrictions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the first Olympia to be held outside Las Vegas in two decades.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: This was the 56th Mr. Olympia competition celebrated. The weekend competition is also known as the Joe Weider's Olympia Fitness and Performance Weekend. While the main event was the competition for the title of Mr. Olympia, several other events were held which includes the Amateur competition and fan pavilion.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: The Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida was the host building for the crowning of multiple world champions in bodybuilding and fitness. Due to the challenges of the pandemic, the organizers served the 2020 Olympia, as a celebration of overcoming numerous forms of adversity to reach the pinnacle in fitness. Among those present was Honorary Olympia ambassador Shaquille O’Neal, who hailed the competitors at the Olympia some of "the greatest athletes in the world". As in recent years, the show was streamed live to a global audience.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: Mamdouh "Big Ramy" Elssbiay won his first Mr Olympia title. Phil Heath returned to the Mr Olympia stage, but was not able to regain the title. The former Mr Olympia 2019 Brandon Curry came in 2nd Place.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: The ongoing Covid 19 pandemic greatly affected the Olympia finals, first delaying the show from October to December, then resulting in a change in venue from Las Vegas to Orlando, Florida. Additionally, global travel restrictions and health concerns, led to several competitors dropping out or not making the show, most notably, perennial finalists, Roelly Winklaar, Flex Lewis and Cedric McMillan.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: Also former winner Shawn Rhoden, was barred from competing, pending the outcome of his ongoing legal case.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: The overall event was largely down sized from its traditional size, with the Fitness Expo, and meet and greets cancelled resulting in a smaller number of sponsors and spectators than in previous years.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: "Big Ramy" emerged victorious and was named the 16th Mr. Olympia. Elssbiay, an Egyptian citizen and Dubai resident, was the first non-American to win the title since British champion, Dorian Yates in 1997. It was also the first time since 1981–84 that there had been four different champions in four consecutive years – Heath won in 2017, Shawn Rhoden won in 2018, Curry in 2019, and then Elssbiay for 2020 and 2021.


title: 2020 Mr. Olympia

text: It was also the first time the tournament was held in Orlando; in Florida and outside Las Vegas for over two decades.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: Nemanja Bjelica (, ; born 9 May 1988) is a Serbian professional basketball player for Fenerbahçe of the Basketball Super League and EuroLeague. He also represents the senior Serbian national basketball team internationally. Bjelica was an All-Euroleague First Team selection as well as the Euroleague MVP in 2015. Bjelica started his NBA career as a 27-year-old rookie when he signed in 2015 and played for the Minnesota Timberwolves for three seasons before signing with the Sacramento Kings in the 2018 offseason. In 2021, he was traded to the Miami Heat before signing with the Warriors during the offseason. With the Warriors, he won an NBA championship in 2022.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: Bjelica began playing basketball at Aca Janjić basketball school, before joining the youth system of KK Partizan. He began his professional career in the 2007–08 season with the Arkadia Traiskirchen Lions of the Austrian League, averaging 8.5 points in 26 games.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: After one season abroad, he returned to the Serbian team Crvena zvezda, and spent two successful seasons there, under head coach Svetislav Pešić. During the 2008–09 season, he made breakthroughs, and earned a place in the first lineup. He was particularly noted for his performance during the EuroCup, for his outside shooting. Later in his career, Bjelica cited coach Pešić as one of the main reasons for his improvement as a player. Coach Pešić trusted Bjelica with the ball, and gave the 6"10 Bjelica a primary ball handler role on several occasions, which helped to develop Bjelica as a play-maker.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: Bjelica was drafted by the Washington Wizards with the 35th pick of the 2010 NBA draft. His draft rights were then traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: In August 2010, Bjelica signed a five-year contract with Spanish club Saski Baskonia. In his first season with the club, he didn't get much playing time, averaging only 9 minutes played per game. In his second season with Baskonia, he averaged 4.8 points per game, on 56% shooting from the field, and 47% shooting from 3 point range, three in 13 minutes played per game. His third and last season with the club was the most successful, as he played in 26 games, with the averages of 9.9 points, 4.8 rebounds, 1.3 assists, and 1 steal per game, on 46% shooting from the field.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: On 22 July 2013, Bjelica signed a three-year deal with the Turkish team Fenerbahçe Ülker, which was led by one of Europe's great coaches, Željko Obradović. He cited Obradović as the main reason why he didn't go to the NBA instead. In the 2013–14 season, he immediately became one of the key Fenerbahçe Ülker players, averaging career highs of 10.4 points, 6.1 rebounds, 2.2 assists, and 1.6 steals per game over 24 EuroLeague games.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: The following season, Bjelica's game saw its most improvement and consistency. On 30 March 2015, he was named the EuroLeague MVP of the Month for March, his first such monthly award in his career. Over 4 games played in March, he averaged 15 points, 9 rebounds, 3 assists, and 1 block per game. In May 2015, he was chosen to the All-EuroLeague First Team, for his performances over the season. Eventually, Bjelica was named the EuroLeague MVP of the season. Fenerbahçe also advanced to the EuroLeague Final Four for the first time in the team's history. On 15 May 2015, however, they lost in the semifinal game to Real Madrid, by a score of 87–96. Eventually, Fenerbahçe finished in 4th place, after losing in the third-place game to CSKA Moscow, by a score of 80–86. Bjelica had his best season since coming to the club, averaging a career-high 12.1 points, 8.5 rebounds, 1.9 assists, and 1.3 steals per game. Fenerbahçe, however, finished the season without winning any trophy, after also losing in the semi-final series of the Turkish League championship, to the eventual league champions Pınar Karşıyaka.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: On 14 July 2015, Bjelica signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. He made his debut for the Timberwolves in their season opener on 28 October 2015, recording eight points and five rebounds in a 112–111 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On 7 November 2015, he had a season-best game with 17 points, 11 rebounds, five assists, one steal and one block against the Chicago Bulls. On 7 April 2016, he scored a season-high 18 points against the Sacramento Kings. Four days later, he recorded 11 points and a season-high 14 rebounds against the Houston Rockets.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: On 13 November 2016, Bjelica made his first career start and scored a career-high 24 points in a 125–99 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On 16 March 2017, he was ruled out for the rest of the 2016–17 season with a left foot injury. He underwent surgery five days later to repair a fractured navicular bone in his left foot.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: Bjelica missed 15 games spanning November and December of the 2017–18 season with a sprained left foot. On 8 March 2018, he scored a career-high 30 points on 11-for-16 shooting, including 6 for 9 from 3-point range, in a 117–109 loss to the Boston Celtics. He also had 12 rebounds to record his first 20–10 game in the NBA.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: On 21 July 2018, just days after backing out of a deal with the Philadelphia 76ers with the intention of returning to Europe, Bjelica signed a three-year, $20.5 million contract with the Sacramento Kings. In his first season with the club, Bjelica averaged 9.6 points, 5.8 rebounds and 1.9 assists per game.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: The 2019–20 NBA season was the best season Bjelica had since coming to the NBA, as he averaged 11.5 points, 6.4 rebounds and 2.8 assists over 72 games. The season was suspended in March as a result of COVID-19 pandemic and Sacramento Kings were invited for 22-team 2020 NBA Bubble. Eventually, they did not manage to qualify for the playoffs and finished the season with 31–41 record.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: On 25 March 2021, Bjelica was traded to the Miami Heat in exchange for Maurice Harkless and Chris Silva.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: On August 6, 2021, Bjelica signed with the Golden State Warriors. He made his debut for the Warriors in their season opener on 19 October 2021, recording a double-double off the bench with 15 points and 11 rebounds in a 121–114 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He became the first player to post a double-double off the bench in his Warriors debut since Sam Williams (16 points, 12 rebounds) on October 30, 1981 at Denver. During the 2022 NBA Finals, Bjelica held Celtics star Jayson Tatum to 0-6 shooting and 4 turnovers en route to his first NBA championship. He became the fourth NBA player from Serbia who won the championship, joining Darko Miličić, Peja Stojaković, and Ognjen Kuzmić.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: On August 9, 2022, Bjelica signed a two-year deal and went back to Fenerbahçe Beko, where he was named the EuroLeague MVP of the 2014-15 season.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: Bjelica played with the senior Serbian national basketball team that won the silver medal at the EuroBasket 2009. He was also a member of the Serbian national team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship, where Serbia was defeated 99-88 by Lithuania in the game for the bronze medal, after they had earlier lost to hosts, Turkey, in a highly controversial semifinals finish. He was also capped for the national team of Serbia at the EuroBasket 2011, in Lithuania, where Serbia finished eighth.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: During EuroBasket 2013 in Slovenia, Bjelica became one of the veterans of a very young and incomplete Serbia squad, leading the team alongside captain Nenad Krstić and Nemanja Nedović. Serbia was eventually swept by Spain in the quarterfinals, but the team showed some good performances, particularly against Lithuania and France. During the tournament, he averaged 10 points, 7 rebounds, and 1.9 assists per game, on 54% shooting from the field.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: He was also a member of the Serbian national basketball team that won the silver medal at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup under head coach Aleksandar Đorđević. Although his three-point shooting form wasn't impressive during the tournament, he was still one of the most important players of the team, filling all sorts of roles with his handling, passing, rebounding, and scoring. He ended the tournament with averages of 11.9 points, 6.9 rebounds, and 2.8 assists per game.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: He was also a member of the team that represented Serbia at the EuroBasket 2015. In Serbia's opening game, an 80–70 win against Spain, he was Serbia's key player, posting 24 points, 10 rebounds, and 4 assists. The following day, he made a game-winning shot against Germany. In the last match of the group phase, he scored 19 points, grabbed 8 rebounds, and had 4 assists against Italy. Serbia dominated in the tournament's toughest group, Group B, with a 5–0 record, and then eliminated Finland and the Czech Republic in the round of 16 and quarterfinal games, respectively. However, they were stopped in the semifinal game by Lithuania, by a score of 67–64, and eventually lost to the host team, France, in the bronze-medal game, by a score of 81–68. Being one of the team's leaders, along with Miloš Teodosić and Miroslav Raduljica, Bjelica averaged 13.9 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 2.7 assists per game, on 56.1% shooting from the field and 37.5% shooting from behind the three-point line.


title: Nemanja Bjelica

text: At the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup, the national team of Serbia was dubbed as favorite to win the trophy, but was eventually upset in the quarterfinals by Argentina. With wins over the United States and Czech Republic, it finished in fifth place. Bjelica's statistics suggest he was the third-best player on the team behind Bogdanović and Jokić, averaging 10.7 points, 4.7 rebounds and 2.7 assists over 7 games, while shooting 42.9% from the field.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: The scene subculture is a youth subculture that emerged during the early 2000s in the United States from the pre-existing emo subculture. The subculture became popular with adolescents from the mid-2000s to early 2010s. Members of the scene subculture are referred to as scene kids, trendies, or scenesters. Scene fashion consists of skinny jeans, bright colored clothing, a signature hairstyle consisting of straight, flat hair with long fringes covering their forehead, and bright colored hair dye. Music genres associated with the scene subculture include metalcore, crunkcore, deathcore, electronic music, and pop punk.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: From the mid-2000s to early 2010s, scene fashion gained popularity among teens and the music associated with the subculture achieved commercial success in both the underground and the mainstream. Groups like Bring Me the Horizon, Asking Alexandria, Pierce the Veil, and Metro Station garnered mainstream attention and large audiences while still largely being tied to the scene subculture. In the mid-late 2010s, the scene subculture lost popularity; however, since 2019, there have been movements that have given it a revival.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Scene fashion is known for its bright colored clothing, skinny jeans, stretched earlobes, sunglasses, piercings, large belt buckles, wristbands, fingerless gloves, eyeliner, hair extensions, and straight, androgynous flat hair with a long fringe covering the forehead and sometimes one or both eyes. Scene people often dye their hair colors like blond, pink, red, green, or bright blue. Members of the scene subculture often shop at Hot Topic. According to "The Guardian", a scene girl named Eve O'Brien described scene people as "happy emos".


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Scene people are associated with various styles of music including metalcore, deathcore, post-hardcore, crunkcore, electronic music, indie rock, emo pop, and pop punk. Artists commonly associated with the scene subculture include Cute Is What We Aim For, Asking Alexandria, Black Veil Brides, Attack Attack!, We Came As Romans, Bring Me the Horizon, Blood on the Dance Floor, Jeffree Star, Paramore, Mayday Parade, Suicide Silence, the Medic Droid, Breathe Carolina, Escape the Fate, Falling in Reverse, Hawthorne Heights, Lights, Taking Back Sunday, Prima Donna, and Design the Skyline. Many bands associated with the scene subculture gained popularity through the social media website MySpace.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Crunkcore (also called crunk punk, screamo-crunk and scrunk) is a musical fusion genre that is popular amongst scene kids. Characterized by the combination of cultural and musical elements from crunk, screamo, pop, electronic and dance music, the genre often features screamed vocals, hip hop beats, and sexually provocative lyrics. Notable groups in the genre included Brokencyde, Hollywood Undead, 3OH!3 and Millionaires.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Neon pop-punk is a style of pop punk that was popular amongst scene kids. Defined by a greater influence from pop and electronic music than was traditional in pop punk, popular groups in the style during the height of scene included All Time Low, the Maine, the Cab, Metro Station, Boys Like Girls, Cobra Starship and Forever the Sickest Kids.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Scene originated from the emo subculture in the early-2000s across the United States. The name began being used around 2002, through the term "scene queen", a derogatory term describing attractive, popular women perceived by older hardcore musicians as only being involved in hardcore for the subculture.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: "Fashioncore" was an aesthetic originated by Orange County metalcore band Eighteen Visions that helped to originate the scene subculture. Originating as a way of purposely being confrontational to the hypermasculinity of hardcore, it used many aspects that would come to define scene fashion, such as eyeliner, tight jeans, collared shirts, straightened hair and white belts. According to "MetalSucks" writer Finn McKenty, the quintessential scene haircut was invented by Eighteen Visions bassist Javier Van Huss. Huss, himself, had been inspired to create the haircut from seeing a poster of the band Orgy. in "Louder Than Hell" by Katherine Turman and John Wiederhorn, Ryan Downey states "Javier [Van Huss] really led the charge with crazy hairstyles and pink and blond and blue chunks in their hair". Though the term began as pejorative against fashionable people in hardcore scene, the style was eventually popularised in the early-2000s through the success of Eighteen Visions, Atreyu and From Autumn to Ashes.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Sass music was also a notable origin of scene. Like fashioncore, Sass was also a deliberate confrontation to hardcore's hyper masculinity, with sass bands doing so through their use of overt homoeroticism. The fashion of many sass musicians, notably Johnny Whitney, lead vocalist for the Blood Brothers, were influential upon the development of scene.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Scene entered popular culture following the mainstream exposure of the emo subculture, indie pop, pop punk, and hip hop in the mid-2000s. The scene subculture is considered by some to have developed directly from the emo subculture and thus the two are often compared. During the mid-2000s, members of the British and American scene subculture took inspiration from the deathcore music scene. In a 2005 article by "Phoenix New Times", writer Chelsea Mueller described the appearance of the band Job for a Cowboy (a band that was deathcore at the time) by writing that the band "may look like scenesters with shaggy emo haircuts and tight pants, and may mock metal greats, but this death-metal band is for real." Mueller described Job for a Cowboy as "five guys in girls' jeans and tight band tee shirts". Another early deathcore group popular among members of the scene subculture is Bring Me the Horizon.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: In the following years, the spectrum of scene fashion broadened to include a number of sub-styles taking influence from a wide range of fashion styles. According to PopMatters writer Ethan Stewart, "the most renowned [sub-style of scene] was those who merged the subculture with brightly coloured party fashion", a style he attributed the beginnings of to Cobra Starship vocalist Gabe Saporta and his influence from rave and Harajuku street fashion. He also noted those who took influence from 1980s glam metal fashion, such as the members of Black Veil Brides, Escape the Fate and Falling in Reverse. He attributed the origin of this style to Blessed by a Broken Heart.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Members of the subculture quickly began using MySpace. As the popularity of MySpace grew, the website began to develop some of the earliest internet celebrities, referred to as "scene queens". Notable MySpace scene queens include Audrey Kitching, Jeffree Star and the members of the Millionaires.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: The music festival Warped Tour became popular with members of the scene subculture during the 2000s. Artists associated with the subculture would often play at the festival. Bands influenced by crunkcore, electropop and electronic dance music gained popularity among scene kids during the mid to late 2000s, including Cobra Starship and 3OH!3. Blood on the Dance Floor became especially popular, after Jayy Von Monroe joined as lead singer in 2009.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: During the late 2000s, similar subcultures emerged in Asia and Latin America, including the Shamate in China, the Floggers in Argentina, the Coloridos of Brazil, and the Pokemón in Chile. Like their American counterparts, these scene kids wore brightly colored clothing, androgynous big hair and eyeliner, and identified with the emo pop, indie rock, hip hop, and EDM scene.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: By around 2014 the subculture had seen a decline in popularity, while also being influential on the fashion and culture of Tumblr, a website which would eventually develop a number of its own scene queens, such as Halsey. Warped Tour had its last show in 2019 after running annually since 1995.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: The late-2010s saw the growing popularity of musicians who had begun their careers as members of scene bands, most notably Lil Lotus, Blackbear, Post Malone, Mod Sun and Lil Aaron. Within this movement came the mainstream success of emo rap, itself influenced by scene.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: Beginning in 2019, there was several movements promoting the return of the subculture, such as #20ninescene (2019) and the "Rawring 20s" (2020s). Websites like SpaceHey and FriendProject, which retain Myspace's early design, have gained popularity among teenagers, and Social-media influencers on Instagram and TikTok have began adopting scene fashion. Around this time, the subculture was also influential on the development of the e-girls and e-boys subculture, and the development of hyperpop.


title: Scene (subculture)

text: According to an article by "The Sydney Morning Herald" from March 30, 2008, emo people have criticized the scene subculture, accusing scene people of "ripping off their style." The scene subculture has also been the subject of criticism from members of the heavy metal subculture. Pejorative terms such as "myspace-core", "scenecore" and "mallcore" have been used to describe scene music and artists. These terms mock the use of the suffix "-core" which has been used to describe genres related to the scene subculture such as metalcore, crunkcore, and deathcore. Crunkcore has received criticism and the genre has been poorly received by music reviewers. The "Boston Phoenix" has mentioned criticism of the style, saying that "the idea that a handful of kids would remix lowest-common-denominator screamo with crunk beats, misappropriated


title: Scene (subculture)

text: gangsterisms, and the extreme garishness of emo fashion was sure to incite hate-filled diatribes". Deathcore has been criticized by members of the heavy metal community for its use of breakdowns.


title: Burak Deniz

text: Burak Deniz (born 17 February 1991) is a Turkish actor and model who predominantly works in Turkish series and films. He is best known for his leading portrayal of Murat Sarsılmaz in television series "Aşk Laftan Anlamaz" (2016-17) which was highly acclaimed, and later as Barış Aktan in TV series "Bizim Hikaye". In 2020, he played the role of Mehmet Kadir Bilmez in the streaming series "Yarım Kalan Aşklar".


title: Burak Deniz

text: In 2021, he went on to appear as Celal Kün in TV series "Maraşlı", followed by playing Asaf in Disney+ series "The Ignorant Angels" (2022) and Maran in the upcoming Netflix series "Şahmaran". Deniz is also known for his role as Ozan in the film "Arada" (2018) and Semih in Netflix original "Don't Leave" (2022).


title: Burak Deniz

text: Burak Deniz was born on 17 February 1991, in Istanbul, and grew up in İzmit. He graduated from İzmit 50 Yıl Cumhuriyet Primary School, and then from Gazi High School. He studied History of Art at the Çanakkale 18 Mart University. In the acting workshop he went to while he was still in high school, he was discovered by the casting director Gökçe Doruk Erten who helped him start his career.


title: Burak Deniz

text: Deniz began his television career with the TV series "Kolej Günlüğü" ("College Diary"), where he had the role of Onur. In 2012, he starred as Tarık in the TV series "Sultan". In 2013, he starred as Burak Topçuoğlu in the TV series "Kaçak".


title: Burak Deniz

text: In 2015, Deniz appeared as Aras in the TV series "Medcezir". It is an adaptation of the American TV series "The O.C.", created by Josh Schwartz. Later in 2015, Deniz starred as Toprak in TV series "Tatlı Küçük Yalancılar" which is inspired by American TV show "Pretty Little Liars". It stars Deniz, Şükrü Özyıldız, Bensu Soral, Büşra Develi, Melisa Şenolsun, Dilan Çiçek Deniz and Beste Kökdemir. In 2016, he starred as Mert in the TV series "Gecenin Kraliçesi" (Night Queen) alongside Meryem Uzerli and Murat Yıldırım.


title: Burak Deniz

text: Later in 2016, he was cast as Murat Sarsılmaz opposite Hande Erçel in the TV series "Aşk Laftan Anlamaz" ("Love Doesn't Understand Words"). The story is set in Istanbul and follows a workplace romance at a multinational fashion company, Sarte. It is a romantic comedy series that revolves around Deniz's character, Murat Sarsılmaz, who is the crown prince of the textile empire.


title: Burak Deniz

text: In 2017, he starred as Barış Aktan alongside Hazal Kaya in the TV series "Bizim Hikaye" ("Our Story"). It is an adaptation of the UK original series, "Shameless". In 2018, he made his cinematic debut with "Arada", which is about a punk singer who wants to leave Turkey, and ends up a nightmarish, hallucinatory trip through Istanbul.


title: Burak Deniz

text: In 2020, Burak Deniz starred as Kadir Bilmez in the web series "Yarım Kalan Aşklar" ("Unfinished Loves") opposite Dilan Çiçek Deniz. It is the story of a young boy named Ozan, who works as a journalist but loses his life at a traffic accident, only to get resurrected in a new body again.


title: Burak Deniz

text: After "Yarım Kalan Aşklar," Deniz starred as Celal "Maraşlı" Kün in the TV series "Maraşlı" alongside Alina Boz.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: 50/50 is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Jonathan Levine, written by Will Reiser, and starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Seth Rogen, Anna Kendrick, Bryce Dallas Howard, and Anjelica Huston. The film is loosely inspired by Reiser's own experience with cancer, with Rogen's character Kyle based on Rogen himself. It was filmed from February to March 2010. "50/50" was released on September 30, 2011, and grossed $41 million. It received critical acclaim, with particular praise for Gordon-Levitt's performance and Reiser's screenplay.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: Mild-mannered Adam Lerner is a 27-year-old public radio journalist in Seattle. His best friend Kyle, who is rather crude, disapproves of his girlfriend Rachael, an artist. After experiencing severe pains in his back, Adam is diagnosed with schwannoma neurofibrosarcoma, a cancerous tumor in his spine, and must undergo chemotherapy. He sees on the Internet that the survival rate for his diagnosis is 50/50. After Adam reveals this, his emotional mother, Diane, who nurses her Alzheimer's-stricken husband Richard, offers to care for him, but Adam declines as Rachael has already promised to do so.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: At one of his treatments, Adam meets Mitch and Alan, two older cancer patients also undergoing chemo, and they become friends, bonding through cannabis-laced macaroons. Rachael is uncomfortable during his treatments and is often late picking him up. She also gets him a retired racing greyhound named Skeletor as a pet. Throughout Adam's struggle, Kyle attempts to keep up his morale, helping Adam shave his head and using his friend's illness to pick up women. While on a date, Kyle sees Rachael kissing another man at a gallery and later forces her to confess her infidelity to Adam, who breaks up with her. He follows Kyle's suggestion, and they use his illness to pick up two women at a bar.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: Meanwhile, Adam is being treated by a young, inexperienced therapist, Katherine McKay, a PhD candidate doing the clinical aspect of her thesis at the hospital. While their relationship and sessions begin unevenly, he slowly begins to open up to her. After she drives him home after a chemo session, they develop a rapport, blurring their professional and personal relationship. She helps Adam understand his mother's situation: loved ones can feel just as much stress as the patient, which helps Adam repair the rift between him and his mother.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: When Mitch dies, Adam's mortality hits him, causing him to lash out at Katherine verbally, and shortly thereafter, he is informed that he needs to undergo a risky surgery. The night before the operation, Adam argues with an intoxicated Kyle, demanding that he let him drive his car even though he has never learned and has no driver's license. After a near miss, Adam breaks down and berates Kyle for seemingly not taking his condition seriously and using it for his own gain. Adam then calls Katherine and tells her he wishes she was his girlfriend, but he also says he is tired of being sick and just wants his cancer to be over. That night, dropping off Kyle (who was too drunk to drive), Adam finds the book "Facing Cancer Together" from their trip to a bookstore where Kyle picked up a shop clerk. The book is filled with notes, highlighted paragraphs, and turned-down pages. He realizes that Kyle sincerely cares about him and has been earnestly trying to help him since his diagnosis.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: The next day, Kyle drops Adam off at the hospital, where Adam embraces him for being a good friend and apologizes for the previous night. After saying his tearful farewells to his family, he undergoes surgery. Katherine goes to the waiting room and inadvertently meets Adam's parents and Kyle during the wait. After the surgery, they are told that although the bone degradation was worse than they believed, the surgeons removed the tumor successfully, and Adam will recover. Sometime later, he is preparing for a date with Katherine, while Kyle encourages him and bandages the incision on his back. After Kyle leaves, Katherine asks, "Now what?" and Adam smiles, finally free of cancer.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: The screenplay is loosely based on the experience of screenwriter Will Reiser, friend of the film's co-lead, Seth Rogen. Reiser is also close with Evan Goldberg of "Da Ali G Show". The film was going to be called "I'm with Cancer" before it was announced that this was a working title. The film was later renamed "Live with It" and then "50/50".


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: James McAvoy was going to play the lead role before he left the film due to personal reasons, as he was afraid of missing the birth of his first child, and was replaced by Joseph Gordon-Levitt.


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: The head-shaving scene in the film was featured on the movie posters and commercials. At the "50/50" premiere in New York, Gordon-Levitt said, "We only had one take because you can't shave your head twice." Rogen recalled, "It was the first day of filming, and we improvised the whole thing, which is not wise when it's something you have one take for, but it turned out funny."


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score, gives the film a score of 72 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: Sean Burns wrote in the "Philadelphia Weekly" that Levine "knows how to stay out of the way long enough to let a very talented cast shine, and Rogen's fundamental, unexpected decency, which can often only be expressed through shoulder-punching obscenities, grows more quietly moving as the picture wears on."


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: David Schmader, writing in the "Stranger", praises "'50/50's stellar cast, from the omnipresent lead Joseph Gordon-Levitt (whose Rankin/Bass puppet face is put to beautifully nuanced use) to the all-star supporting cast: Anjelica Huston roars back to prominence with a twisty performance as Adam's barely contained mess of a mom, and Anna Kendrick's young doctoral student makes the film's rom-com aspirations not-ridiculous with her intelligent spontaneity and cute smile. But the comedy star is Seth Rogen, cast in the same role he played in screenwriter Reiser's life."


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: The film was nominated for two awards at the 69th Golden Globe Awards. Gordon-Levitt received a nomination for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) and the film itself was nominated for Best Picture (Musical or Comedy).


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: Seth Rogen addressed the film's lack of an Academy Award nomination in an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", saying he predicted that it wouldn't be nominated, saying that he knew for a fact that "some people are appalled by the movie." He said of this, "I think it must be people who have very, very personal connections to the subject matter and just can't emotionally disconnect from their own experience. I respect that. But what we found for the most part is that people like to laugh at tragedy. It makes them feel better."


title: 50/50 (2011 film)

text: "50/50" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in North America on January 24, 2012. Both releases include commentary, deleted scenes, and behind-the-scenes videos.


title: Rahul Roy

text: Rahul Roy (born 9 February 1968) is an Indian actor, producer and former model known for his works in Hindi films and television. Roy began his acting career with the 1990 blockbuster "Aashiqui", a Mahesh Bhatt production as the lead actor with newcomer Anu Agarwal. He then appeared opposite Karishma Kapoor in Sudhakar Bokade's romantic film "Sapne Sajan Ke" (1992). Roy has been honoured with life membership of the International Film And Television Club of Asian Academy of Film & Television.


title: Rahul Roy

text: Roy delivered a notable performance in Mahesh Bhatt's 1993 autobiographical "Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee", Roy's character is based on the filmmaker. The film was Zee TV's first mainstream production. Roy then featured in Bhatt's production "Jaanam", which was Vikram Bhatt's directorial debut.


title: Rahul Roy

text: In 2006, Roy participated and won the first season of game show "Bigg Boss" – the Indian version of "Celebrity Big Brother", produced by Endemol India for "Colors Viacom 18". Roy has ventured into movie production. His company, Rahul Roy Productions, released its first movie, entitled "Elaan", on 25 November 2011 in Bihar. It stars Roy and Rituparna Sen as the main lead.


title: Rahul Roy

text: Roy was born to Deepak and Indira Roy and educated at the Lawrence School, Sanawar. He has a brother named Romeer. His maternal uncle is Cory Walia, a renowned name in tinsel town, and on the fashion circuit. He was married to Rajlakshmi Khanvilkar (Rani), a fashion model, who had been previously married to Samir Soni.


title: Rahul Roy

text: During the early 1990s, Roy worked in several romantic films that did not do well, although his performances in "Majhdhaar", "Dilwale Kabhi Na Hare", "Pyar Ka Saaya" and "Jaanam" were liked. His best film performance is considered to be in "Junoon". In the late 1990s, Roy played supporting actor roles. He got his big break from the 1990 film Aashiqui


title: Rahul Roy

text: After "Aashiqui", Roy signed a number of films. Apart from "Junoon", most of them did not work. A lot of the films he had signed ended up being shelved. K.Balachander's project "Dilon Ka Rishta" never saw the light due to the death of producer R. C. Prakash; another important project, "Ayudh", was hit by the director's untimely death. Among other films shelved were "Premabhishek", "Tune Mera Dil Le Liya" with Raveena Tandon, N. R. Pachisia's "Dil Diya Chori Chori" with Karishma Kapoor, Balwant Dullat's "Phir Kabhi", Mahesh Bhatt's "Kalyug", Harry Baweja's "Vajra" with Raveena Tandon and Shilpa Shirodkar and "Jab Jab Dil Mile" with Karishma Kapoor and Nagma.


title: Rahul Roy

text: Roy was to play the male lead in Mahesh Bhatt's "Khilona", the Bollywood remake of the Kevin Costner thriller "Revenge", but that was shelved as well. Roy returned to acting after four years in "Meri Aashiqui" (2005), in which he played the lead. His most recent films are the comedy "Naughty Boy" (2006) and "Rafta Rafta", in which he portrayed the role of an underworld Don. He also appeared on the television program "Bigg Boss", the Indian version of "Celebrity Big Brother" in 2006. He won the game show by public votes on 26 January 2007. Roy had made a comeback with Harikrit Films psychological thriller "To B or Not to B".


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: Founded in 1918 as the Socialist Labour Party of Greece and adopted its current name in November 1924. It is the oldest political party in modern Greek politics. The party was banned in 1936, but played a significant role in the Greek resistance and the Greek Civil War, and its membership peaked in the mid-1940s. Legalization of the KKE was restored following the fall of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The party has returned MPs in all elections since its restoration in 1974, and took part in a coalition government in 1989 when it got more than 13% of the vote.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The October Revolution of the Bolsheviks in Russia in 1917 gave impetus for the foundation of Communist parties in many countries globally. The KKE was founded on 4 November 1918 as the Socialist Labour Party of Greece (Greek: , "Sosialistikó Ergatikó Kómma Elládas"; acronym: ΣΕΚΕ, "SEKE") by Aristos Arvanitis, , Stamatis Kokkinos, Michael Sideris, , and others. The party was run by a five-member Central Committee which initially consisted of Dimitratos, Ligdopoulos, Sideris, Arvanitis and Kokkinos, and had a three-member Audit Committee initially including George Pispinis, Spyros Koumiotis and Avraam Benaroya. Ligdopoulos was elected director of the party's official newspaper, "Ergatikos Agon".


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The background of KKE has roots in more than 60 years of small socialist, anarchist and communist groups, mainly in industrialized areas. Following the example of the Paris Commune and the 1892 Chicago workers' movement for the eight-hour working day, these groups had as immediate political goals the unification of Greek workers into trade unions, the implementation of an eight-hour day in Greece and better salaries for workers. Inspired by the Paris Commune and the communist revolutionary efforts in the United States, Germany and Russia at the beginning of the century and the destruction that almost 20 years of wars had brought upon the Greek workers, a unified Social-Communist party was founded in Greece.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: At the Second Congress of the SEKE in April 1920, the party decided to affiliate with Comintern, an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow in 1919. It changed its name to the Socialist Labour Party of Greece-Communist (SEKE-K). A new Central Committee was elected, which included Nikos and Panaghis Dimitratos, Yannis Kordatos, G. Doumas and M. Sideris. At the Third Extraordinary Congress of the SEKE-K in November 1924, the party was renamed the Communist Party of Greece and adopted the principles of Marxism–Leninism. Pandelis Pouliopoulos was elected as general-secretary. Ever since, the party has functioned on the basis of democratic centralism.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: KKE strongly opposed Greece's involvement in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, which it considered an imperialistic scheme to control the market of Asia Minor given the new political situation after the Ottoman Empire's collapse. KKE members propagated this position both on the front—which provoked accusations of treason from the Greek government—as well as in the mainland. KKE collaborated with the Soviet ambassador to persuade Venizelos' administration to withdraw its troops from Asia Minor and to persuade the Soviet Union to exert political pressure on Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to allow autonomy for Greek cities in Asia Minor.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: KKE played a prominent role in strikes, anti-war demonstrations, foundation of trade unions and worker associations. KKE and other leftist political forces fostered the creation of labor unions in all sectors, including the General Greek Workers Confederation (ΓΣΕΕ), which shared common goals with KKE.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: These activities met by opposition from the Mid-War governments. In 1929, as minister of Education in the government of Eleftherios Venizelos, Georgios Papandreou passed legislation against organised communist teachers, known as Idionymon. Such legislation was often used to prosecute KKE members and other leftist activists. Under the Idionymon all members of the Communist Party of Greece, being considered dangers to the state, were to be removed from public service or put in exile.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The first prison camps for left-wing citizens and communists were founded in that era. KKE and its organisations, although small in numbers, continue operating in all Greek major cities, especially industrial areas such as Athens, Piraeus, Patra, Thessaly and Volos, Thessaloniki, Kavala and elsewhere.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: KKE collaborated with other newly founded Communist Parties to oppose the rise of the fascist movement in Europe. In 1932, the Comintern decreed that anti-fascist fronts be formed internationally. KKE responded by creating the People's Front, which was the largest Marxist anti-fascist organisation in Greece prior to the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The party was banned in 1936 by the dictatorial 4th of August Regime of Metaxas and brutally persecuted by his security chief, Konstantinos Maniadakis. Many KKE members were imprisoned or exiled on isolated Aegean Islands.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: KKE members volunteered to fight on the side of the republican government of Spain during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. About 440 Greeks joined the ranks of the International Brigade, Especially brigades such as the XV International Brigade and the Dimitrov Battalion, many of whom were high-ranking KKE members.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: After the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, World War I in 1916–1918 and the disastrous Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, there were diplomatic approaches from the superpowers of that era regarding the re-drawing of Greek borders, based on Bulgaria and Turkey–United States relations pressing for more territory to improve trade routes with the British Empire. The ruling parties were simultaneously trying to move parts of Northern Greece (Macedonia and Thrace) to Bulgaria and Turkey; and to win the return of islands in the Aegean and parts of Macedonian territory to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This policy was reiterated several times throughout the pre-war era.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The main impetus for their demand was the ethnic and religious minorities then living inside Greek borders in Northern Greece. KKE opposed any geo-strategic game in the area which would use minorities to start a new imperialistic war in the region. At its Third Party Congress in 1924, KKE announced its policy for the self-determination of minorities, pointing out the minorities in Macedonia. Its policy was dictated by each Marxist–Leninist theory, that stated any minorities should be self-determined under a common socialist state and it had its roots in the example of the newly founded Soviet Union.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: In 1924, KKE expressed the official position of the Third International for "independent Macedonia and Thrace". Some members disagreed with this, but it remained the official position of the party and caused expulsions of communists by the Greek state. KKE was seen by many as a party whose policy was "the detachment of large areas of northern Greece". According to Richard Clogg, "this was dictated by Comintern and hurt the popularity of Communism at the time".


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: In 1934, KKE changed its view and expressed its intent to "fight for the national self-determination, under a People's Republic where all nations will found their self-determination and will build the common state of the workers".


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: Nikos Zachariadis, General Secretary of the party, officially renounced KKE's policy of secession in 1945. Anti-KKE propaganda up-to-day added on this quote the will to collaborate for this goal with the Bulgarian organizations of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and the Thracian Revolutionary Organisation. This is not mentioned on any of KKE official documents. The quote is referenced as KKE's policy for "giving Greek soil to the northern enemies of the country", a fact that can not be crossed referenced with any of KKE referenced literature of that era.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: During the civil war (1946–1949), an article written by Nikos Zachariadis expressed the KKE's strategy after the envisioned victory of the Democratic Army of Greece regarding what was then known as the "Macedonian Issue": "The Macedonian people will acquire an independent, united state with a coequal position within the family of free peoples' republics within the Balkans, within the family of Peoples' Republics to which the Greek people will belong. The Macedonian people are today fighting for this independent united state with a coequal position and is helping the DSE with all its soul". The policy of self-determination for Macedonia within a People's Republic was reiterated during the 5th KKE Central Committee meeting held in January 1949, which declared that the "Macedonian people participating in the liberation struggle would find their full national re-establishment as they want giving their blood for this acquisition [...] Macedonian Communists should pay great attentions to foreign chauvinist and counteractive elements that want to break the unity between the Greek and Macedonian people. This will only serve the monarcho-fascists and British imperialism". These statements can be explained due to the large number of Slavomacedonian fighters (30–50%) amongst the DSE fighters and prompted the government in Athens to begin a campaign against KKE and the party's military wing, the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), blaming them for secession plans in northern Greece.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: In order for KKE to clear up its position on the "Macedonian subject", the 6th Congress of its Central Committee was called a few months later, during which was clearly stated that KKE was fighting for a free Greece and for a common future for Greeks and Macedonians under the same state.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The issue was ended by Central Committee in 1954 with the withdrawal of the position of self-determination of minorities. In 1988, the General Secretary of KKE, Charilaos Florakis, once again presented KKE's political position on the matter in a speech to the Greek Parliament.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: By 1940, KKE had almost collapsed after Metaxas' dictatorship had imprisoned many of its leadership and members. By October, half of the party's two thousand members were in prison or in exile. The Security Police proved successful in dismantling the party structure; not only had it imprisoned the leadership, but it created a fake series of "Rizospastis", the Central Committee newspaper. This generated confusion among the remaining scattered underground members.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: A small group of old party officials formed the "Old Central Committee" and two of them were elected by the 6th Conference. In his memoirs for the Greek Civil war, C. M. Woodhouse (the British liaison with Greek resistance groups during World War II) wrote: "The 'Old Central Committee' interpreted a directive issued by Comintern as indicating collaboration with the German and Italian dictatorships, given the Hitler-Stalin alliance". On the other hand, Woodhouse argues that Georgios Siantos, who had escaped from prison; and Nikos Zachariadis, who was still incarcerated, took the opposite view that KKE must support Metaxas in his fight against Mussolini. The archives of KKE also address the confusion between different KKE cadres as the "Old Committee" interpreted the politics of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy as part of the "imperialistic game between the Axis forces and the British". This faction of KKE felt that the Metaxas regime was a "pawn of British imperialism in the region" and therefore the "Old Committee" viewed any war between the Axis forces and the British as an "imperialistic war that the people of any of the countries involved should not participate in". According to KKE's account, this position was criticised by Comintern in 1939 (a few months after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact), which had instructed KKE to fight against Italy in the event of an invasion of Greece.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: Nikos Zachariadis, KKE General Secretary, wrote from prison on 2 November 1940: "Today the Greek people are waging a war of national liberation against Mussolini's fascism. In this war we must follow the Metaxas government and turn every city, every village and every house of Greece into a stronghold of the National Liberation Fight... On this war conducted by Metaxas government all of us should give all our forces without reservation. The working people's and the crowning achievement for today's fight should be and shall be a new Greece based on work, freedom, and liberated from any foreign imperialist dependence, with a truly pan-popular culture".


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: Several party members, including Nikos Ploumpidis of the "Old Central Committee", denounced this letter as a forgery produced by the Metaxas regime. Zachariadis was even accused of writing it to win the favour of Konstantinos Maniadakis, the Minister for Public Order, to win his release from prison. According to one source, when drafting this letter Zachariadis was unaware of the German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact and was castigated by the Comintern for an anti-Soviet stance.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: According to KKE's archives, the "Old Central Committee" had been denounced for its stance on the war issue and today KKE claims that the majority of the party membership had not followed the decision of being neutral in case of an invasion. On 16 November 1940, Zachariadis repudiated the line of his first letter in a second letter where he accused the Greek Army of waging a "fascist" and "imperialistic war" and appealed to the Soviet Union for peaceful intervention, thus aligning his position with that of the "Old Central Committee".


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: On 7 December 1940, the "Old Central Committee" issued a manifesto addressed "to all the workers and public servants, to all soldiers, sailors and airmen, to patriot officers, to the mothers, fathers, wives and children of the fighters and the workers of all neighboring countries", in which it describes the war as a game of the imperialist powers, headed by the British. According to KKE, the "Old Central Committee" based this opinion on the belief that Mussolini's Italy would not dare to attack a country that had a cooperation agreement with the Soviet Union. The main political line of this manifesto was the call to the soldiers on the front not to go beyond Greek borders, but after securing them to try seek a peace agreement with the enemy.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: Zachariadis may have issued a third letter on 17 January 1941, in which he explained the motives for his first letter and wrote: "Metaxas remains the principal enemy of the people and the country. His overthrowing is in the most immediate and vital interest of our people ... the peoples and soldiers of Greece and Italy are not enemies but brothers, and their solidarity will stop the war waged by capitalist exploiters"." "


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: According to KKE archives, Zachariadis had issued no further letters and the third letter may have been in fact the statement of the "Old Central Committee" on 18 March 1941. In any case, Zachariadis himself referred in his public statements after liberation almost exclusively to his first letter as proof of the patriotic character of KKE and its role as an inspiration to the Greek resistance movement during the war.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: On 22 June 1941, the very same day that Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, KKE ordered its militants to organize "the struggle to defend the Soviet Union and the overthrow of the foreign fascist yoke".


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: On 6 April 1941, the German invasion was launched and Athens was occupied on 27 April following an unconditional surrender of the Greek forces by General Georgios Tsolakoglou, who was later appointed Prime Minister by the Nazis. Confusion remained among many Greek Communists as to what the Moscow-sanctioned position was. In his memoirs, KKE leader Ioannis Ioannidis wrote about a regional communist cadre who proclaimed the following as Greece was being bombed by the Axis: "The Germans will not bomb us. The mustached-one [Stalin] will not let them". Ioannis Ioannidis was purged by Nikos Zachariades, leader of the KKE in exile in 1953, and was stripped of his party offices. The article in the reference just cited ends with just the fact of his "Purge" and being "stripped of his Party offices", so it is unclear whether he was physically Purged (executed), as many Communists still were in 1953.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: A large number of KKE members were already in prison before the Nazi invasion. The pro-Nazi occupation government handed some of them over to the Nazis fearing that they—following the pro-Soviet party line—would resort to sabotage in Greece following Hitler's attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. There were many occasions that police officers released Communist prisoners, especially the ones that they were in exile in Aegean islands. In 1941, several KKE members managed to escape prison. One of the many stories includes the 20 communists held as political prisoners in Heraklion, Crete. They demanded to be released to fight against the invading Germans. The Greek government, which had left mainland Greece by then and was en route to Egypt, had no power to release them. They eventually escaped after their jail was damaged by German bombs and joined the British and Greek forces defending the Heraklion harbor. After the fall of Crete, many officers of the Greek Army joined forces with ELAS and became commanders in ELAS's corps of partisan units.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: It became German policy—especially after it became obvious to them that they were losing the war—to execute civilians in retaliation for attacks against them by communist or non-communist partisans. Approximately 200 communists, delivered to the Germans on 1941, were executed at the Kaisariani Shooting Range on 1 May 1944.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: Although KKE was suffering from a lack of central political leadership since its leader Nikos Zachariades had been taken by the Germans to the Dachau concentration camp, its members succeeded in maintaining communication with each other. The 6th Meeting of KKE Central Committee was held in Athens from 1–3 July 1941, which decided on strategy for an armed liberation struggle against the Axis invaders. At the same time, the "Old Central Committee" submitted to the authority of the new Central Committee. The first united resistance organization was founded in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace on 15 May 1941. In Thessaloniki, the Macedonian Bureau of KKE established the "Eleftheri" (Liberty) Organization, along with the Socialist Party, the Agrarian Party, the Democratic Union and Colonel Dimitrios Psarros (who later founded the EKKA).


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: The Macedonian Bureau of KKE organised the first two partisan units at the end of June 1941. The first was based in Kilkis and was named "Athanasios Diakos", the second was based in Nigrita and was named "Odysseas Androutsos". These small partisan units blew up bridges, attacked police stations and eventually organized into larger combat units of more than 300 men each. In several other places and in major cities, small armed groups of KKE members and non-communists began to emerge, protecting people from looters, the Germans, or collaborators. On 27 September 1941, Greek communists together with five other leftist parties formed the National Liberation Front (EAM) in Kallithea, Athens and began forming partisan militia units.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: On 16 February 1942, the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) was founded in a small kiosk in Fthiotida and by 1943 it consisted of 50,000 members, both men and women, with 30,000 as reserve units in major cities. The KKE played a prominent role in the organisation. By the end of the war, some 200,000 Greek citizens, both workers and peasants, had joined the ranks of KKE. KKE maintained its alliances with the EAM. Its main stated aim at this time was to form a united government with all parties that wanted to see Greece liberated from foreign powers.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: ELAS conflicted finally with the rest of the resistance organizations and armies (especially EDES and EKKA), accusing most of them of being traitors and collaborators of the Nazis. These were the first conflicts of the coming civil war.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: Nikos Zachariadis was imprisoned in Dachau; he was released in 1945 and returned to Greece as the elected general secretary of the KKE. During his imprisonment, Andreas Tsipas and Georgios Siantos served as party general secretaries.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: After the liberation of Greece from the Nazi German forces, the government of National Unity, led by G. Papandreou, landed in Athens in October 1944. The government was formed after the Treaty of Cazerta and its main purpose was to form the new Greek state, try accused political and military personnel of collaboration with the Germans and to hold a referendum for the government and the constitution. After the first weeks, it was obvious that British policy in the region was against these goals as KKE and EAM were controlling 98% of Greece and they were afraid of the foundation of new socialist state. Papandreou demanded the disarmament of ELAS and the trials of the collaborators were stalled. Meanwhile, British troops together with the "refined" Greek arm divisions after the prosecution of thousands of EAM members in the middle east, loyal to the Papandreou segment, were landing in all major Greek cities and EAM was welcoming them as liberators. In mid-November 1944, the situation escalated dramatically, KKE criticised the interference of British General Scobie in Greek affairs, EAM refused to disarm ELAS and ELAN. Six ministers of the EAM, resigned from their positions in the government of Georgios Papandreou in November 1944. Fighting broke out in Athens on 3 December 1944 during a demonstration organised by EAM and involving more than 100,000 people. According to some accounts, the police, covered by British troops, opened fire on the crowd. More than 28 people were killed and 148 injured. According to other accounts, it is uncertain if the first shots were fired by the police or the demonstrators. A member of the pro-monarchists Nikos Farmakis, in one of his interviews revealed that they had a direct order to fire at will when the demonstrators reach the court of the Palace. This incident was the beginning of the 37‑day Battle of Athens ("Dekemvriana"). Following a ceasefire agreement called the Treaty of Varkiza, ELAS laid down the majority of its weapons and dissolved all of its units. Right-wing groups, including elements which had collaborated with the Germans, seized this opportunity to persecute many KKE members.


title: Communist Party of Greece

text: According to EAM figures, in the few months after the Treaty of Varkiza the anticommunist violence on the Greek mainland had resulted in the imprisonment or exile of 100,000 ELAS partisans and EAM members, the deaths of 3,000 EAM officials and members, the rape of between 200 and 500 women, the burning of houses and other acts of violence. The KKE Central Committee issued a directive to all party forces not to engage in any armed conflict, but to try to prevent attacks by other means. This caused confusion among the majority of its supporters and served to weaken the party organisation across the country.