title: New World (video game)

text: On July 20, 2021, the game was launched as a closed beta. The following day, it was reported that many high-end Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 graphics cards manufactured by EVGA were bricked while running the game. It was theorized that the absence of an FPS limit for menu screens in the game caused the GPUs to render more than 9000 frames per second at full load (while most gaming computers run at below 240 frames per second), while fail-safes in the cards failed to prevent damage. In response, Amazon said that it would implement an FPS limit in the menu screens, while maintaining that the game itself had not damaged the cards. Jason Langevin, a tech YouTuber (popularly known as JayzTwoCents) who first reported the issue, reported that other GPUs including the RTX 3080 Ti and various AMD GPUs were affected, and also reported that EVGA would replace all RTX 3090 GPUs bricked by the game at no cost. Langevin also investigated further by running an EVGA RTX 3090 and an MSi RTX 3090 and found that while the MSi GPU did not cross its rated power limit, the EVGA GPU went 20% above the limit.


title: New World (video game)

text: On August 4, 2021, it was announced that the game would be further delayed to September 28, 2021, to allow for additional development based on beta testing feedback. The final open beta period has begun on September 9, 2021, and continued until September 12.


title: New World (video game)

text: On September 28, 2021, Amazon Game Studios released and published "New World" globally. Five server regions were available on launch: Australia, East Coast of the United States, Europe, South America, and West Coast of the United States. The availability of these regions were staggered, with all becoming playable at 8:00 a.m. local time with the exception of Australia, which became available at 9:00 p.m. AEST to account for the large time zone difference. On the day of the game's release, Steam recorded over 700,000 concurrent players. This proved difficult for the "New World" servers to handle, with many players reporting extensive queue times, with "New World"s most popular servers occasionally reaching the 25,000-person limit. This was caused by the limited capacity in each server, which only allowed 2000 players to be connected simultaneously. Amazon responded to this problem by introducing additional servers in all regions within two days of the game's release and explaining that they were undergoing tests to increase the cap from 2000. They also announced that players would be able to transfer their characters between servers for free, enabling people to begin playing on low populated servers without the risk of not being able to play on higher density servers, or with friends, later on. This assisted in alleviating the worst of the queue times, but players continued to express disapproval as "PC Gamer" described the problem as "far from solved". In November 2021, it was reported that any account who played the game via Steam family sharing received the game for free, since Amazon decided to disable the family sharing functionality due to "increase of bots, gold sellers, and ban evaders".


title: New World (video game)

text: "New World" received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. It was nominated for Best Multiplayer Game at The Game Awards 2021. During 2021, "New World" managed to position itself in the top played games of Steam.


title: Death zone

text: In mountaineering, the death zone refers to altitudes above a certain point where the pressure of oxygen is insufficient to sustain human life for an extended time span. This point is generally tagged as , less than 356 millibars of atmospheric pressure). The concept was conceived in 1953 by Edouard Wyss-Dunant, a Swiss doctor, who called it the lethal zone. All 14 peaks above 8000 m in the death zone are located in the Himalaya and Karakoram of Asia.


title: Death zone

text: Many deaths in high-altitude mountaineering have been caused by the effects of the death zone, either directly by loss of vital functions or indirectly by wrong decisions made under stress, or physical weakening leading to accidents. An extended stay above without supplementary oxygen will result in deterioration of bodily functions and death.


title: Death zone

text: The human body has optimal endurance below elevation. The concentration of oxygen (O) in air is 20.9% so the partial pressure of O (PO) at sea level is about 21.2 kPa. In healthy


title: Death zone

text: Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude while the O fraction remains constant to about , so PO decreases with altitude as well. It is about half of its sea level value at , the altitude of the Mount Everest base camp, and less than a third at , the summit of Mount Everest. When PO drops, the body responds with altitude acclimatization. Additional red blood cells are manufactured; the heart beats faster; non-essential body functions are suppressed, food digestion efficiency declines (as the body suppresses the digestive system in favor of increasing its cardiopulmonary reserves); and one breathes more deeply and more frequently. But acclimatization requires days or even weeks. Failure to acclimatize may result in altitude sickness, including high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or cerebral edema (HACE).


title: Death zone

text: Humans have survived for 2 years at [475 millibars of atmospheric pressure], which appears to be near the limit of the permanently tolerable highest altitude. At extreme altitudes, above [383 millibars of atmospheric pressure], sleeping becomes very difficult, digesting food is near-impossible, and the risk of HAPE or HACE increases greatly.


title: Death zone

text: In the death zone and higher, no human body can acclimatize. The body uses up its store of oxygen faster than it can be replenished. An extended stay in the zone without supplementary oxygen will result in deterioration of body functions, loss of consciousness and, ultimately, death. Scientists at the High Altitude Pathology Institute in Bolivia dispute the existence of a death zone, based on observation of extreme tolerance to hypoxia in patients with chronic mountain sickness and normal fetuses in-utero, both of which present pO levels similar to those at the summit of Mount Everest.


title: Death zone

text: Mountaineers use supplemental oxygen in the death zone to reduce deleterious effects. An open-circuit oxygen apparatus was first tested on the 1922 and 1924 British Mount Everest expeditions; the bottled oxygen taken in 1921 was not used (see George Finch and Noel Odell). In 1953 the first assault party of Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans used closed-circuit oxygen apparatus. The second (successful) party of Ed Hillary and Tenzing Norgay used open-circuit oxygen apparatus; after ten minutes taking photographs on the summit without his oxygen set on, Hillary said he "was becoming rather clumsy-fingered and slow-moving".


title: Death zone

text: Physiologist Griffith Pugh was on the 1952 and 1953 expeditions to study the effects of cold and altitude; he recommended acclimatising above for at least 36 days and the use of closed-circuit equipment. He further studied the ability to acclimatise over several months on the 1960-61 Silver Hut expedition to the Himalayas.


title: Death zone

text: In 1978, Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler made the first ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen.


title: Andouille

text: In France, particularly Brittany and Normandy, the traditional ingredients of andouille are primarily pig chitterlings, tripe, onions, wine, and seasoning. It is generally grey and has a distinctive odor. A similar, but unsmoked and smaller, sausage is called andouillette, literally "little andouille". Some andouille varieties use the pig's entire gastrointestinal system. Various French regions have their own recipes such as: ""l’andouille de Guémené"", ""de Vire"", ""de Cambrai"", ""d’Aire-sur-la-Lys"", ""de Revin"", ""de Jargeau"", ""de Bretagne"" or ""du Val d'Ajol"".


title: Andouille

text: 'Nduja, a spreadable pork salami from Calabria probably originates as a variation of andouille, originally introduced to Italy in the 13th century by the Angevins.


title: Andouille

text: In the US, the sausage is most often associated with Louisiana Cajun cuisine, where it is a coarse-grained smoked sausage made using pork, garlic, pepper, onions, wine, and seasonings. Once the casing is stuffed, the sausage is smoked again (double smoked).


title: Andouille

text: Nicknamed "The Andouille Capital of the World," the town of LaPlace, Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, is especially noted for its Cajun andouille.


title: Andouille

text: The country Cajuns west of Lafayette, Louisiana, made andouille similar to the French. They seasoned the pig intestines with salt and cayenne pepper, soaked them in a water and vinegar bath overnight, and then rinsed them well before stuffing them one into another lengthwise. They cut and tied them into long links with string and hung them with the sausage in the smoke house. They were not twisted into links because they were too dense. When a link is cut, the concentric rings of the intestines can be seen. They never called it "andouille sausage", just "andouille"; i.e., sausage and andouille are two different things to these Cajuns.


title: Andouille

text: Though somewhat similar, andouille is not to be confused with "hot links" or similar finely ground, high-fat, heavily peppered sausages.


title: Melissa Leong

text: Melissa Leong (born 1982) is an Australian television host, freelance food writer, radio broadcaster, critic, cookbook editor and marketer.


title: Melissa Leong

text: She co-hosted "The Chefs' Line" with chefs Dan Hong and Mark Olive for two seasons in 2017, and 2018. As of 2020, Leong is one of the new judges for "MasterChef Australia", alongside Jock Zonfrillo and Andy Allen.


title: Melissa Leong

text: Leong has had depression and anxiety throughout her life and has an autoimmune condition which has caused chronic insomnia and loss of hair.


title: Santana discography

text: The discography of the rock band Santana formed by the Mexican-American rock guitarist Carlos Santana consists of 26 studio albums, 7 live albums, 61 singles, and 23 compilation albums.


title: Santana discography

text: Santana formed in 1967 in San Francisco and was originally known as the Carlos Santana Blues Band. The first members were Carlos Santana (lead guitar), Tom Fraser (rhythm guitar), Sergio "Gus" Rodriguez (bass guitar), Gregg Rolie (Hammond organ, lead vocals), Michael Carabello (percussion) and Danny Haro (drums). Its breakthrough began two years later, playing in the Woodstock festival. Over the next few years, lineup changes were common and frequent, and although retaining a basis of Latin rock, Carlos Santana's increasing involvement with guru Sri Chinmoy took the band further into more esoteric music, which continued for many years, although never quite losing the initial Latin influence.


title: Santana discography

text: Santana signed with Columbia and released their self-titled debut album "Santana". This album reached fourth place on the "Billboard" 200 and earned two-times platinum status by the American national certification. Next, Santana released "Abraxas", on September 1970, which topped the Billboard charts and earned five-times platinum. Santana released another twelve albums in the 1970s, each earning RIAA certifications, and their success continued in the 1980s. The band's quietest period was from 1984 through 1994, with no certified albums. After signing with Arista, the group released the very successful "Supernatural", which reached number one in several countries, earned 15-times platinum and sold nearly 27 million copies worldwide. Their most recent album is 2021's "Blessings and Miracles".


title: Santana discography

text: Over a career spanning 50 years, Santana exemplified Latin rock, while diversifying into other genres. Santana had sold over 100 million records as of 2010, along with ten Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards. Four albums reached number one in the "Billboard" charts ("Abraxas", "Santana III", "Supernatural", "Shaman") along with two number one singles ("Smooth", "Maria Maria").


title: The Young Victoria

text: The Young Victoria is a 2009 British period drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée and written by Julian Fellowes, based on the early life and reign of Queen Victoria, and her marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Produced by Graham King, Martin Scorsese, Sarah Ferguson, and Timothy Headington, the film stars Emily Blunt, Rupert Friend, Paul Bettany, Miranda Richardson, Harriet Walter, Mark Strong, and Jim Broadbent among a large ensemble cast.


title: The Young Victoria

text: As screenwriter, Fellowes sought to make the film as historically accurate as possible. With this in mind, Oscar-winning costume designer Sandy Powell and historical consultant Alastair Bruce were hired, and filming for "The Young Victoria" took place at various historical landmarks in England to further the film's authenticity. Despite this, some aspects of the film have been criticised for their historical inaccuracies.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Momentum Pictures released the film in the United Kingdom and Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group opened "The Young Victoria" in limited theatrical release in the United States. Critical reception was generally positive.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Princess Victoria of Kent is the heir presumptive to the British throne during the reign of her uncle King William IV and is subject to a political tug of war for influence over her. On one side is her mother, the Duchess of Kent, and the comptroller of the Duchess's household, Sir John Conroy, who tries to force Victoria to sign papers declaring a regency and giving him and her mother power if she assumes the throne while still a minor. On the other side is her uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium, who uses family ties to secure an alliance between the United Kingdom and Belgium. He wants his nephew Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who is Victoria's cousin, to marry her. Albert is then coached in Victoria's likes and dislikes. The Duchess invites the Coburg brothers, Albert and Prince Ernest of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, to visit. Victoria and Albert develop a mutual fondness, despite Victoria knowing that their uncle sent Albert to romance her. They begin writing to one another after Albert returns home.


title: The Young Victoria

text: At a birthday reception in Windsor Castle, the King states his wish to be closer to Victoria and insults her mother. When the King increases Victoria's income, it is rejected by Conroy, who physically subdues her in front of her mother, heightening their animosity. The King then sends the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne to advise her. Victoria agrees to make Melbourne her private secretary, and he appoints her ladies-in-waiting, who are from families politically allied to him.


title: The Young Victoria

text: King William dies shortly after Victoria's 18th birthday, avoiding a regency. After accession, Victoria immediately exerts her independence, including physically distancing herself from her mother and banishing Conroy from her household and coronation. During her first meeting with the Privy Council, Victoria announces she intends to devote herself to serving her country and its people. Victoria moves into the newly-built Buckingham Palace. Her aunt, Queen Adelaide, advises her against acquiescing too much to Lord Melbourne's direction. Albert visits again, and he and Victoria further bond while discussing their mutual interest in societal issues. Victoria resists a more intimate relationship, however, and Albert leaves.


title: The Young Victoria

text: When Sir Robert Peel becomes the Prime Minister-designate, he wishes to replace some of Victoria's ladies-in-waiting with supporters of his own party. When the queen refuses, Peel rejects the queen's invitation to form a new government, allowing Melbourne to continue as Prime Minister. The subsequent crisis damages Victoria's popularity, leading to demonstrations outside the palace. The turbulence draws Victoria closer to Albert through their letters, and she invites him back to Britain. Protocol prevents him from proposing marriage, so she asks him.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Their short honeymoon is loving, but Albert soon grows frustrated at his initial powerlessness. Queen Adelaide advises Victoria to allow him to assume more duties. Albert then reorganises the royal household and dismisses Conroy for mishandling the Duchess of Kent's funds. As Victoria's primary adviser, Albert blocks Lord Melbourne and King Leopold from influencing his wife. However, he and Victoria fiercely quarrel after Albert goes over her head with Peel to replace some of her ladies-in-waiting.


title: The Young Victoria

text: When an anarchist attempts to shoot Victoria during an open-carriage ride, Albert is wounded when he shields her. His bravery leads to their reconciliation, and Melbourne urges her to share her work for social welfare with Albert. Their first child's birth helps reconcile Victoria and her mother, who had earlier sent a letter of support during the crisis.


title: The Young Victoria

text: It was Sarah, Duchess of York, who conceived the idea for a film based upon the early years of Queen Victoria. She had been interested in the queen since her marriage to Prince Andrew, Duke of York, a great-great-great-grandson of Victoria and Albert, and had written two books about her with the help of an historian. The Victoria-Albert relationship in particular drew her into the queen's history, as she believed there were parallels between their marriage and her own with Prince Andrew, as they both "fought for their love" in the midst of public scrutiny. A friend set up a meeting with producer Graham King, to whom she pitched the idea along with several others. At the time wrapping up his work on "The Departed", King, a native of Britain, had been looking for a project set in his home country for years. The producer later remembered, "she pitched me a bunch of things, and among them was a three-page synopsis of Victoria’s early life: the precise span covered in "The Young Victoria". [After that the film] just fell into place." King brought frequent collaborator Martin Scorsese onboard initially as a co-executive producer, as the Academy Award-winning director knew "pretty much all there is to know about British history."


title: The Young Victoria

text: "Gosford Park" screenwriter Julian Fellowes contacted King to present ideas for a script, and according to the producer, "[Fellowes] seemed to have the whole movie planned out in his head so we told him to go ahead and write it. Three months later, this incredibly impressive screenplay showed up on our desks." Fellowes was immediately hired by him and Scorsese. Fellowes chose not to end the film with Albert's death because he was wary of copying "the horror of biopics," where there is simply an important event after important event. Believing it had been done before and that the audience was already familiar with that part of Victoria's history, he thought it would be better suited for a television series or for another film.


title: The Young Victoria

text: For the film's director, King wanted someone "who would steer us away from the traditional BBC-type costume drama," and "make a period film for an MTV audience." By chance, someone recommended King watch the 2005 film "C.R.A.Z.Y." by French-Canadian filmmaker Jean-Marc Vallée, and became immediately interested in hiring him. King offered the job to Vallée on their very first meeting. Though at first expressing disinterest, Vallée agreed to direct after reading the script. He commented, "When I read the script, I saw it's a family drama, a romance, a political plot at the same time." Vallee considered Victoria to be a rebel because "she has this attitude, which is you make noise, you want to yell and yell loudly to your parents and all the people, to authority... 'I'm going to do it my way.' That's what rock 'n' roll is all about. That's what I liked about her, this energy. [Victoria] was special and had this mystical quality."


title: The Young Victoria

text: Academy Award-winning costume designer Sandy Powell heard about the script and contacted King, who in turn hired her. Powell was given access to Victoria's wedding dress and coronation robes while researching. Based upon his work on "The Lives of Others" and his German nationality, Hagen Bogdanski was selected as the director of photography. Fellowes enlisted his friend Alastair Bruce's help with the coronation ceremony's historical authenticity, which led to Bruce's employment as the film's historical consultant, his first film credit.


title: The Young Victoria

text: For the title role, King required the candidate be British, and considered casting an unknown actress. British actress Emily Blunt read the script, and aware other actresses would fight for the part, she approached King early in the search process. Blunt later admitted she had a "non-existent knowledge" of the queen, but after consulting her mother about Victoria's successful marriage, Blunt told King that the queen "was a young girl who was very in love for the first time, and she was in a job where she felt way over her head. So I said to Graham, 'She's rebellious. She's a survivor.' I didn't want to approach her as the English rose, but as a young girl who was fighting." They awarded Blunt the role after viewing her entire filmography as well as her Golden Globes acceptance speech for "Gideon's Daughter". Blunt noted, "I thought [Victoria] was remarkable and such a challenge. This young girl, who was so feisty and emotional and strong-willed, was very fascinating to me... In my life and in the job I've chosen to do, you have to perform all the time. And I thought Victoria was a bit of an actress." After winning the part, Blunt was allowed access to Windsor Castle, where she viewed Victoria's paintings, letters, diaries, and music composed by Albert himself.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Determined not to use any big Hollywood names, King looked at many European actors before settling on British actor Rupert Friend. They were aware of him from the 2005 film "Pride & Prejudice". Vallée noted, "I had an image of Albert in my mind, before we cast Rupert, and how the actor might play him and when Rupert came on board he was just right. He had a very good understanding of the character and he did a lot of research to get him right, with the accent and his deportment. He really looks the part, he looks so romantic!" Co-producer Dennis O'Sullivan called Friend "our Scarlett O'Hara search." They believed the actor had the most chemistry with Blunt after selecting several to play chess with her. Friend's height (6 ft 1in) also played a factor in their choice. Friend believed "Albert was a true unsung hero. A great reformer, a doting husband and father, a hard worker and man of real integrity and modesty." The actor also thought their relationship was not "a gooey love story;" rather, their arguments showed it "wasn't an easy road by any means." Friend strove to immerse himself in the role, and learned the prince's particular characteristics, such as the way he rode a horse, walked, and played the piano. He worked with a voice coach and German instructor to perfect his accent, with the intention of "put[ting] in as much German as possible, because Victoria and Albert did speak German to each other."


title: The Young Victoria

text: Paul Bettany was cast as Lord Melbourne despite being roughly twenty years too young for the part. Vallée explained, "We couldn't find a 58-year-old actor who was sexy and good-looking enough. Paul was a more than good enough actor to age from the inside, and he plays him as a great politician and a great seducer." Early in the casting process the crew wanted to cast Miranda Richardson as the Duchess of Kent, and believed she had such great chemistry with Blunt that it became "genuinely uncomfortable watching them in a scene, as the scenes are so intense and real." Jim Broadbent and Mark Strong joined the cast as King William IV and Sir John Conroy, respectively, as did Harriet Walter as Queen Adelaide. Sarah's elder daughter, Princess Beatrice of York, made her film debut in a small cameo role, becoming the first member of the Royal Family to appear in a non-documentary film.


title: The Young Victoria

text: In consideration of the expense of a film shot in Britain, King initially sought to film in Germany and Eastern Europe. However, he came to the realisation that it was vital "The Young Victoria" be filmed in its native country for authenticity. Due to the Duchess of York's status and connections with the British royal family, "The Young Victoria" was able to film in many actual palaces and other landmarks. The film had a ten-week shoot starting in August 2007. Scenes set at Westminster Abbey were filmed at Lincoln Cathedral in September and October, and Ham House was substituted for Kensington Palace. Blenheim Palace, Lancaster House and Ditchley Park doubled for internal scenes of the monarch's main residence, Buckingham Palace. Other scenes filmed at Hampton Court Palace, Arundel Castle in West Sussex, Wilton House near Salisbury, Balls Park and Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire. Week four of shooting was especially intensive, as filming was done at a different site each day, including Osterley Park, Old Royal Naval College, Ham House, Novello Theatre and Hampton Court.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Fellowes strove to make the script free of anachronisms, to the point where he became upset when actor Jim Broadbent ad-libbed and told the Duke of Wellington to "Enjoy the meal" during a dinner scene, a phrase not proper for the time period. The writer commented, "Everything I have put into it is based entirely on fact. It just happens to be a story that not many people are familiar with." Fellowes has remarked that while he would not alter the "fundamental truth," such as the characters' real relationships to each other, he strove to "use episodes to illustrate the journey you're taking your characters, and with them, your audience."


title: The Young Victoria

text: Although largely faithful to a selection of historical facts, the film has drawn criticism for embellishing events in order to increase dramatic potential. For example, Prince Albert was never shot during an assassination attempt on Queen Victoria. Fellowes told BBC Radio 4's "Film Programme" that in actuality the prince did put his body before the queen as protection, and that showing Prince Albert having been grazed by the bullet in the film was added to best show his bravery and devotion as he tried to stop Queen Victoria from being shot.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Another departure from history comes during Victoria's coronation scene. Contrary to what is shown in the film, Albert (who was not yet betrothed) was not present at the ceremony; the couple instead wrote letters to each other, but Fellowes felt that having them keep opening letters would be less cinematic. Furthermore, according to Fellowes, "The scene where [Conroy] is trying to make her sign the paper when she is ill and she throws it to the floor – it's completely true," and "The scene in Windsor where the King stands up and insults Victoria's mother is not only true, but about two-thirds of his speech is what he actually said!" However, the Duchess of Kent was seated next to the King when he spoke and did not leave during the speech; and, undepicted in the film, the princess burst into tears, "and the two parties, soon realising that they had gone too far, patched up an uneasy truce." According to Charles Greville's memoirs: "The Queen [Adelaide] looked in deep distress, the Princess [Victoria] burst into tears, and the whole company were aghast. The Duchess of Kent said not a word. Immediately after they rose and retired, and a terrible scene ensued; the Duchess announced her immediate departure and ordered her carriage, but a sort of reconciliation was patched up, and she was prevailed upon to stay till the next day."


title: The Young Victoria

text: William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, who was prime minister when Victoria came to the throne and a political mentor to the young queen, was forty years her senior, but is portrayed as a much younger man in the film. As for King Leopold, he was her favourite uncle whose advice she constantly sought; her interest in Albert was due not to the latter's success in wooing her, but simply to please Leopold.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Victoria's great-great-granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II viewed the film in a special screening; according to one source, she believed the film had a "lot of good points," but was unhappy with the change to the assassination attempt, and also thought the British officers' costumes looked too German. Apart from the assassination attempt, historian Alex von Tunzelmann noted that "historically, [the film's] not at all bad," and especially praised the depiction of contemporary politics and the characteristics Friend put into his performance as Prince Albert.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Director Vallée used his background as a DJ to "create a structure for a film using music with the right rhythm and balance. I wanted to combine classical pieces with a rock spirit." During filming Vallée often played rock music, such as the Rolling Stones, to create the right "mood" before a scene. Executive producer Colin Vaines knew composer Ilan Eshkeri, and hired him for the film. Sinéad O'Connor performed "Only You," which O'Sullivan described as "very much in line with one of the overriding aims of the film, which was to be hopeful and tell people that these amazing love stories really can happen, it’s not just a fairy tale." EMI Music released the film soundtrack. It received a nomination for the 2010 Ivor Novello Award for Best Original Score. The soundtrack includes the following tracks:


title: The Young Victoria

text: Momentum Pictures handled distribution of "The Young Victoria" in the United Kingdom. The film's world premiere was held on 5 February 2009 at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival while its UK premiere was held in London's Leicester Square on 3 March, though the film was shown in the small market town of Bridport, Dorset two days before this on 1 March 2009 in the Electric Palace Theatre, of which Julian Fellowes is a patron. The film was released in British cinemas on 6 March 2009. On its opening week in the UK "The Young Victoria" grossed £1,016,053, and earned a total of £4,538,697 over its six-week run.


title: The Young Victoria

text: A bidding war erupted over its US release, and American distribution studio Apparition on the behalf of Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group won the rights to the film. At the time, Apparition executive Bob Berney noted the film is "very audience friendly and commercial." "The Young Victoria" earned US$160,069 on its initial US release on 18 December 2009, where it opened in twenty theatres. It expanded nationwide on Christmas Day, and grossed US$11,001,272 by the end of its theatrical run.


title: The Young Victoria

text: On the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval score of 76% based on 156 reviews, with an average rating of 6.47/10. The website's consensus reads, "Emily Blunt shines as Victoria in this romantic but plodding royal portrait." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Young Victoria

text: "Entertainment Weekly" film critic Owen Gleiberman gave "The Young Victoria" a B+; he gave praise to Emily Blunt's performance and concluded, ""The Young Victoria" has a subtler flow than you might expect, and at times it's calmer than you may like. Director Jean-Marc Vallée's images have a creamy stateliness, but this is no gilded princess fantasy – it's the story of a budding ruler who learns to control her surroundings, and Blunt makes that journey at once authentic and relevant." Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" called it a "frivolously entertaining film" and believed it was "directed with some snap by Jean-Marc Vallée." Dargis finished her review, "Despite the filmmakers' efforts to persuade us that "The Young Victoria" is a serious work, and despite some tense moments and gunfire, the film's pleasures are as light as its story. No matter. Albert may never rip Victoria's bodice, but he does eventually loosen it, to her delight and ours."


title: The Young Victoria

text: "The Daily Telegraph" called "The Young Victoria" a "production of the highest calibre with an impeccable cast." "The Times" Wendy Ide gave the film 3 out 5 stars wrote "It's decorative, but suffers from a stultifying lack of drama" and found similarities to the 1998 film "Elizabeth". Ide found Victoria and Albert's relationship to be "persuasive and rather charming," and praised the performances of both the main and supporting cast, particularly noting Bettany's scene-stealing performance.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Less positive was Peter Bradshaw, film critic for "The Guardian", who gave the film two out of five stars. While initially looking forward to Blunt's performance, he believed the "black-belt minx" actress was "never really allowed to let rip. All that coiled feline sensuality stay[ed] coiled." He thought the queen's relationship with Prince Albert "very, very unsexy," as their devotion "makes for a boring film." Bradshaw did praise the power dynamics around Victoria, but concluded "I spent an hour and three-quarters waiting for this film to start. Where was the tang and the zing and the oomph of Fellowes's cracking script for Robert Altman's "Gosford Park"?"


title: The Young Victoria

text: Emily Blunt received various nominations for her role. At the 63rd British Academy Film Awards, "The Young Victoria" won the BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design and the BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair. The film also received the 2010 Academy Award for Costume Design.


title: The Young Victoria

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the DVD and Blu-ray on 13 July 2009 for the UK, and 20 April 2010 for the US. The DVD special features included deleted and extended scenes, and four featurettes on filming and the subject matter's history. The Blu-ray possesses a feature that allows viewers to access real-time data about the actors, music, film trivia and other information.


title: Salaries of government officials in India

text: Following is the "List of different government officials in the Indian government", along with their respective posts and position in the Indian order of precedence and the salaries and various allowances and emoluments given to them according to the government act.


text: The net salary of the Chief Ministers varies from state to state. The following table shows the basic pay of CM of each state of India in decreasing order from top to bottom.


text: The net salary of the Member of Legislative Assembly/Member of Legislative Council varies from state to state. The following table shows the basic pay of MLA/MLC in each state of India.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: The Grishaverse is a fictional shared universe of fantasy novels, short story collections, and a television adaptation created by American author Leigh Bardugo. The universe consists of the nations of Ravka, Fjerda, Shu Han, Kerch, Novyi Zem, and the Wandering Isle, each of which adapts elements of language, culture, and tradition from countries of the real world (elements in turn drawn from different real time periods). The magic system of the universe is the 'small science,' an art practiced by magic-users called Grisha with the ability to manipulate matter at its fundamental level. As of 2021, there are nine novels in the Grishaverse: the "Shadow and Bone" trilogy, the "Six of Crows" duology, the "King of Scars" duology, and two short-story collections.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Alina Starkov is a Sun Summoner and Saint. Orphaned at a young age by the Border Wars, she joins the First Army as a cartographer. On an expedition into the Shadow Fold, a sea of darkness inhabited by the light-fearing "volcra", she discovers her magical abilities, which she had subconsciously repressed. She trains at the Little Palace and grows to love her powers, and has a brief romance with the Darkling. Upon realising the Darkling is not who she thought he was, she goes on a mission to find Morozova's amplifiers and taps into "merzost" to give herself enough power to take on the Darkling and destroy the Fold. However, doing so comes with a cost, and she ultimately loses both the amplifiers and her power. Afterwards, her Sun Summoning powers are dispersed randomly throughout the Ravkan population, and Alina steps down as leader of the Grisha to marry Mal. Later, the pair own their Keramazin orphanage with their young companion Misha.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: She is the first-person narrator of the "Shadow and Bone" trilogy. She makes a cameo in "Rule of Wolves". In the Netflix series, she is played by Jessie Mei Li.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Aleksander Morozova, also known as the Darkling, is an ambitious Shadow Summoner, living amplifier and commander of the Second Army. He was originally a normal boy with a unique gift who spent his childhood as a fugitive due to heavy persecution against the Grisha, and lived for hundreds of years attempting to keep the Grisha safe from that persecution. He made a deal with King Yevgeni to grant Grisha protection at the Little Palace in exchange for an army. As he began experimenting with "merzost", he accidentally created the Shadow Fold, a region dividing Ravka in half. He coups the king in "Siege and Storm" with the aid of his "nichevo'ya", monsters made of darkness, but is killed by Alina in "Ruin and Rising". In "King of Scars", he is reborn in the body of a loyal acolyte to his cause after a failed exorcism called the "obisbaya". In "Rule of Wolves", he sentences himself to eternal torture in order to keep the Shadow Fold from regenerating and consuming Ravka.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: The Darkling is the main antagonist in the "Shadow and Bone" trilogy and the main character in the short prequel "The Demon in the Wood", which features the Darkling in his childhood. In the Netflix series, he is played by Ben Barnes and goes by General Kirigan as one of his aliases.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Nikolai Lanstov is introduced disguised as the privateer Sturmhond. He is revealed to be the younger prince of Ravka and courts Alina for a political marriage, and the two grow close. After being transformed into a shadow demon and turned back into a human, his consciousness is tied to a demon. Despite being illegitimate, the throne passes to him upon the king's exile and his brother's death. He wants to help his people but struggles with his position, and ultimately relinquishes the throne to Zoya. After forming a reluctant acceptance over his demon, he allows it to stay within him and uses it to fight for him in various battles against Fjerda. He is in a romantic relationship with Zoya Nazyalensky.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Nikolai is introduced in "Siege and Storm" and is one of the main characters of the "King of Scars" duology. He will appear in the second season of "Shadow and Bone" and will be played by Patrick Gibson.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Zoya Nazyalensky is a competitive Grisha Squaller with the ability to summon wind. Prior to the events of the novels she was an admirer of the Darkling. She is hostile towards Alina at first, but joins her and turns on him when her aunt is killed by the expansion of the Fold. She becomes a member of the Grisha Triumvirate, who replaced the Darkling in commanding the Second Army. After she learned under Sankt Juris, she gains the ability to tap into Grisha powers other than her own and receives his mythical dragon powers. She is appointed Queen after Nikolai relinquishes the throne. She is in a romantic relationship with Nikolai Lantsov.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: She is introduced as side antagonist turned protagonist in the "Shadow and Bone" trilogy and a main point-of-view in the "King of Scars" series. She appears in "Crooked Kingdom" in a minor role. Zoya is played by Sujaya Dasgupta in the Netflix series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Mal is a skilled tracker in the First Army and Alina's childhood friend who is popular with girls. Despite being Alina's love interest, they have an argumentative, on-off relationship, and he is skeptical of her powers and newfound role saving Ravka. Despite his reluctance, he leads the revolution. Throughout the series, Mal is involved in a 'love square' revolving around Alina Starkov, also involving Nikolai Lantsov and Aleksander Morozova 'The Darkling' In "Rule of Wolves", Mal is critical to the Darkling's escape after he is stabbed by a piece of thorn wood allowing the Darkling to gain some of his power over darkness.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Although he is introduced in "Shadow and Bone", he has a more prominent role in the following two books. He also makes a cameo in "Rule of Wolves." He is played by Archie Renaux in the television series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Baghra is a Shadow Summoner who is introduced as a tough instructor to Alina at the Little Palace. She reveals herself to be the Darkling's mother, who intentionally conceived and raised him with the intention of making him powerful. She fears he has gone too far and attempts to intervene by encouraging Alina to run away, but is punished by her own son. She kills herself midway through the third book to stop her son's forces, which leaves him heartbroken and grieving.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Baghra appears in the original trilogy and is portrayed at a younger age in "The Demon in the Wood". She is also the mother of Ulla, who appears in the short story "When Water Sang Fire". She is played by Zoë Wanamaker in the Netflix series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Genya Safin is a Tailor known for her beauty. She helps Alina when she arrives at the Little Palace. Unlike the rest of the Grisha, Genya is assigned to work for the Queen. However, she is sexually abused by the King and the Queen resents her for it. Genya remains loyal to the Darkling, but his nichevo'ya mutilate her when she betrays him to help Alina escape in "Siege and Storm". She joins Alina and helps in taking the King down. She marries David Kostyk and becomes a member of the Grisha Triumvirate. She later appears in "Crooked Kingdom" to free Grisha captives being transferred in Ketterdam and restore Wylan's original face. In the "King of Scars" novels, Genya helps rule Ravka and is involved in all of the important war talks.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Genya is a prominent character in the original trilogy. She also appears in "Crooked Kingdom" and the "King of Scars" duology. She is played by Daisy Head in the Netflix series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: David Kostyk is a bookish and unassuming Durast. A shy but intelligent figure, he crafts weapons and other gadgets for Alina and the other Grisha to use. In the first novel, he forges the Stag's amplifer together into a collar for Alina. He becomes a member of Ravka's ruling Grisha Triumvirate due to his contributions to the war effort, and creates military weapons in the war against Fjerda. He is killed when Fjerda bombs Os Alta but his blueprints continue to be used and eventually help lead to Ravka's victory over Fjerda. At his funeral, Genya, Zoya, and Nikolai are emotionally affected by his death not only because of his intellect but because of how loyal and steadfast he was to their cause.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Tamar Kir-Bataar and Tolya Yul-Bataar are Heartrender twins who are part of Sturmhond's crew. They become loyal to Alina and recognise her sainthood. Tolya is a hulking but gentle man, steadfastly loyal to Nikolai and Alina with a passion towards poetry. Tamar is smaller, lithe and a warrior who uses twin axes to fight against enemies. Despite their Shu Han heritage, they see themselves as Ravkan, however Tamar joins the Shu Han cause to overthrow their corrupt queen in "Rule of Wolves". The pair both survive to the end of the series and are present at Zoya's coronation.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: They are introduced in the second book. They will appear in the second season of the Netflix series, with Tolya being played by Lewis Tan and Tamar being played by Anna Leong Brophy.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Nadia is a Squaller and former student at the Little Palace, friends with Marie, and later became instrumental in the effort to depose the Darkling. She becomes friends with Alina early on, a clingy but loyal figure. Like Alina, she was trained by Baghra. She later marries Tamar and helps lead the nation of Ravka several years after the war. Her brother, Adrik, is introduced in "Siege and Storm" as a young up-and-coming Grisha who joins the rebellion with Alina and her makeshift crew to hunt down the final amplifier. After having his arm shorn off by "nichevo'ya", he becomes grumpy and moody, a character trait for which he becomes notorious several years later. Despite that, he continues exemplifying his loyalty to the throne and sticks with Nikolai even after he witnesses the other man's demon killing others.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Nadia is played by Gabrielle Brooks in Season 1 and will be played by Joanna McGibbon in Season 2. Marie is played by Jasmine Blackborow; Adrik has yet to be introduced in the show.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Ivan is a Grisha Heartrender and one of the Darkling's favored bodyguards in the Oprichniki. He possesses an Amplifier and is described in the books as being "tall, handsome young man with bronze skin and wavy, brown hair." He is stern, favoring a no-nonsense approach to his work. Fedyor Kaminsky is also a Grisha Heartrender and is often with Ivan. He has a cheerful and flirty demeanor, though takes his job seriously without any hesitation. The pair are most notable for escorting Alina to the Little Palace during the events of "Shadow and Bone". After the Darkling expands the Fold, Ivan remains loyal to the Darkling and stays with him till his death, while Fedyor sides with Alina only to be killed by the Darkling.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Simon Sears portrays Ivan and Julian Kostov plays Fedyor in the show, where they are depicted as a romantic couple.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: The Apparat is a wily, schemeful man who joins whatever side is dominating in the war between Ravka and the other nations. Originally the counselor to Ravka's king and queen, he leads the underground rebellion against the Darkling and is critical in their propaganda effort by turning Alina into a Saint. Afterwards, he leaves Ravka and joins Fjerda when it seems like Ravka is going to be destroyed. He attempts to kill Nina during "Rule of Wolves" but fails and later rejects Zoya's appointment as Queen. He is subsequently arrested and imprisoned.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Kaz Brekker, also known as Dirtyhands, is a 17-year-old master thief with a reputation for doing anything for the right price. He has a personal vendetta against Pekka Rollins, who swindled Kaz and his older brother Jordie out of all their money when they first arrived in Ketterdam. He is a lieutenant of the Dregs, and as the mastermind of the group, the de facto leader of the Crows. He is severely haphephobic due to a traumatizing incident in his childhood, and thus always wears black leather gloves. He has a limp in his right leg from an improperly healed break. He is described as very pale, with dark hair and dark brown eyes. He uses a cane with a crow's head top as a mobility aid and occasionally, as a weapon.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Kaz is a main character of the "Six of Crows" duology. He is played by Freddy Carter in the Netflix series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Inej Ghafa is a sixteen-year-old Suli girl from Ravka known as the Wraith. She is a spy for the Dregs, and considered the best spy in Ketterdam. Her family were travelling performers and her act was the tightrope, so she is extremely agile and lightfooted. She is rather superstitious, and, with the exception of Matthias, the most religious out of the Crows. Her preferred weapons are knives, and she always carries her six favourites with her. She was kidnapped by slavers and tricked into working in a brothel called the Menagerie until Kaz bought her indenture. Since then, she has proven invaluable to Kaz and the Dregs, working as their spy to pay off her indenture and be free to travel or return home. She's described as short, with bronze skin and black hair, worn in a braid.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Inej is a main character of the "Six of Crows" duology. She is played by Amita Suman in the Netflix series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Jesper Fahey is a seventeen-year-old Zemeni-Kaelish sharpshooter with a gambling problem. His father believes that he is studying in a university at Ketterdam, his occupation until he discovered gambling and found himself deep in debt. He is described as being tall and lanky, with dark skin and grey eyes. Like his late mother, he is a Grisha but hides it to avoid being kidnapped or killed. However, this has led to him becoming very impulsive and loose-lipped, which has put the Crows in danger a few times. He is almost never seen without his weapons of choice, twin pearl-handled revolvers. He is in a romantic relationship with Wylan van Eck.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Jesper is a main character of the "Six of Crows" duology. He is played by Kit Young in the Netflix series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Nina Zenik is a seventeen-year-old Grisha Heartrender and former soldier of the Ravkan Second Army — until she was captured by Matthias. She betrayed his trust to protect him from Grisha spies, choosing to stay in Ketterdam in the hope of finding a way to free him from Hellgate. She was initially recruited to join the Dime Lions, but after meeting Inej, who brought a counteroffer from Kaz, decided to join the Dregs instead. She works at the White Rose brothel, specializing in altering clients’ moods. She has fair skin, thick brown hair and green eyes, and is described as round and voluptuous. After Matthias's death she embarks on a reconnaissance mission into Fjerda where she eventually becomes engaged to Hanne Brum, who has disguised herself as Fjerda's Prince Rasmus. Rather than rejoin the Grisha or Crows, she decides to stay in Fjerda.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: She is initially a Heartrender, but exposure to and recuperation from "jurda parem" transformed her powers to control over the dead, allowing her to puppeteer inanimate bodies and bones and becoming the only known Corpsewitch.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: In "King of Scars", she is disguised as a Fjerdan woman named Mila Jandersdat, trying to smuggle Grisha out of Fjerda.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Nina is a main character in both the "Six of Crows" duology and the "King of Scars" duology. She is played by Danielle Galligan in the Netflix series.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Matthias Helvar is an eighteen-year-old "drüskelle" from Fjerda. A year before the story, he and his fellow "drüskelle" kidnapped Nina and other Grisha, but were shipwrecked on their way back to Fjerda. He washed ashore with Nina and they were forced to work together to avoid freezing to death, eventually coming to trust one another and pursue something of a romantic relationship. However, Nina then accused him of being a slaver and he was incarcerated in Hellgate prison in Ketterdam. He is conflicted because of his hatred for Grisha and his feelings for Nina. Kaz frees Matthias from Hellgate because of his knowledge of the Ice Court and bribes him into working with the Crows in exchange for a pardon, which would allow him to return to Fjerda. He is the oldest, tallest and most muscular of the group with pale skin, shaved blond hair and blue eyes." "He develops an understanding and care for the Grisha but is killed for it by a young "drüskelle" in "Crooked Kingdom."


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Wylan Van Eck is a 16-year-old merchant's son with some talent for demolition, whom Kaz takes on as a member of the crew in the hopes of using him as leverage against his father, Jan Van Eck. He is curious, contemplative, and sheltered and, as opposed to the rest of the Crows, is uncomfortable with displays of violence. He is dyslexic but is an excellent alchemist, mathematician, and musician. For several weeks after the successful Ice Court heist, he is tailored by Nina Zenik to look like Kuwei Yul-Bo, but he recovers his appearance afterward. He is described to have curly red-blonde hair and pale skin. He is in a romantic relationship with Jesper Fahey.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Kuwei Yul-Bo is the son of Bo Yul-Bayur, the creator of "jurda parem". Like his father, he is intelligent and a cunning scientist but often hides his wisdom so as to appear nonchalant. In "Six of Crows", he is kidnapped by Fjerda in the hopes of creating more jurda "parem" to torture Grisha, but his research is burned down. He tags alongside the Crows thereafter when they recover him, fakes his own death at the end of "Crooked Kingdom", and later is relocated to Ravka under a new identity where he helps create an antidote to "jurda parem."


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Pekka Rollins is a Kaelish crime lord and leader of the Dime Lions, the primary rival of the Dregs and one of the leading gangs in Ketterdam. He owns the Emerald Palace, the Sweet Shop, and the Kaelish Prince. When Kaz and his brother first arrived in Ketterdam he conned them under the alias Jakob Hertzoon which led to Kaz's long-standing hatred for him. He competes with the Dregs in their mission to infiltrate the Ice Court but is caught and imprisoned. Kaz breaks him out and later he gives the weakened Crows a loan after Inej was kidnapped. In "Crooked Kingdom", Kaz threatens him by holding his young son hostage and he leaves Ketterdam alone. As part of Kaz's plan Nina uses her new corpsewitch abilities to create a false plague at his businesses, closing them through quarantine and crippling him financially.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Jan van Eck is Wylan's father, a wealthy merchant who cons the Crows and looks down on those below him as lesser. He is intelligent and cunning with a sole focus on maximizing profit and gaining dominance over the merchant houses of Kerch. A manipulative man, Van Eck is the main antagonist of the "Six of Crows" duology, appearing as a major character in "Crooked Kingdom", where he barters Inej's life to get the Crows' subservience. He is later arrested for his crimes and exposed by his son (whom he abused for eight years).


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Per Haskell is the former leader of the Dregs, a jaundiced elderly man who prefers to stay out of trouble and keep the Dregs away from taking risks. He lets his subordinates do all his work for him and stays in the sidelines whenever disruptions plague the Barrel. Despite having adopted Kaz and become a surrogate mentor figure to him, Kaz is known to everyone else in the Dregs as its true leader and source of power. He is egoistical, lazy, and easy to set off. Kaz later usurps him and becomes the official leader of the Dregs in name and position.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Heleen Van Houden is the owner of the Menagerie, a successful brothel located on the West Stave in Ketterdam. An oily and psychologically abusive person, she laments and prides herself in her dominance over the girls in her brothel. She deals in human trafficking, despite it being an illegal trade so she can obtain her employees, who she sees as objects rather than people. She notably purchased Inej, who would later see her as a major figure corrupting her life. Kaz later plants a false plague at her brothel leaving her in financial ruin.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Colm Fahey is a "jurda" farmer and Jesper's loving yet protective father. He is described as "classically Kaelish" with dark red hair, pale skin, and grey eyes. Honest and overprotective, he sticks with his values that he and his deceased wife hoped to impress onto Jesper. After his wife's death, he steadfastly forced Jesper to repress his Grisha abilities, fearing he would be persecuted if the world were to know. He appears in "Crooked Kingdom", where he aids the Crows in their effort against Jan van Eck and confronts his son.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Jarl Brum is the captain of the "drüskelle" and a fierce anti-Grisha activist. He is prideful and obstinate, a trait that allows him to continue to rule over the "drüskelle" and gain continued influence over Fjerda even after the botched protection of the Ice Court.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Hanne Brum is Jarl's child, a fierce and rebellious person who would rather fight or ride on horseback as a soldier rather than engage in feminine courtly activities. Hanne is secretly a Healer and has a blooming relationship with Nina. Hanne eventually fakes death and is tailored to look like Fjerda's Prince Rasmus, becoming engaged to Nina sometime afterwards. Hanne is implied to be transgender, non-binary, or gender non-conforming.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Isaak Andreyev is a Ravkan soldier who served under Nikolai during his tenure as King of Ravka. He is a close friend of Nikolai and disguises himself as the King with Genya's tailoring when Nikolai is away dealing with the Saints. He is killed by Shu Han's Mayu Kir-Kaat, who has disguised herself as Princess Ehri.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Mayu Kir-Kaat is Princess Ehri's bodyguard and a soldier for Shu Han. She develops feelings for Isaak while he is disguised as Nikolai but kills him to fulfill her duty. She would later feel great remorse for what she did and rebel against Shu Han's Queen Makhi, freeing the "khergud" Grisha soldiers being fed "jurda parem" including her twin brother Reyem. She later attends Zoya's coronation.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Sankt Juris is a Grisha saint from the Wandering Isle who slew a dragon in his youth. He is revealed to still be alive trapped inside the Shadow Fold alongside Sankta Lizabeta and Sankt Grigori. He becomes Zoya's mentor and trains her to become a more powerful Grisha using the older and more proper ways of using the Small Science. He is a Squaller, a Tidemaker, an Inferi, and a Fabrikator. He is killed by Lizabeta, but continues to live on inside Zoya. He is based on Saint George.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Sankta Lizabeta is a Grisha saint and Fabrikator who possesses a swarm of bees as her amplifier. She is revealed to still be alive inside the Shadow Fold alongside Sankt Juris and Sankt Grigori. She tries to revive the Darkling believing he is the true king of Ravka, but is killed by Zoya.


title: Characters of the Grishaverse

text: Sankt Grigori is a Grisha Saint and Healer who can transform into a bear. He is reveled to still be alive inside the Shadow Fold alongside Sankt Juris and Sankt Lizabeta. He cannot resume his original form and thus constantly switches from form to form, earning the name "Grotesque". He is later killed by Lizabeta trying to stop her from reviving the Darkling.


title: Islam and cats

text: The domestic cat is a revered animal in Islam. Admired for their cleanliness, cats are considered "the quintessential pet" by Muslims.


title: Islam and cats

text: Cats have been venerated in the Near East since antiquity. Islam also has that tradition, albeit in a much modified form. According to many hadith, the Islamic prophet Muhammad prohibited the persecution and killing of cats.


title: Islam and cats

text: One of Muhammad's companions was known as Abu Hurairah (literally: "Father of the Kitten") for his attachment to cats. Abu Hurairah reported that he had heard Muhammad declare that a pious woman went to Hell for after she had been annoyed by a female cat, tied her with a rope and neglected to provide her with food and water until she died. According to legend, Abu Saeed's cat saved Muhammad from a snake.


title: Islam and cats

text: The American poet and travel author Bayard Taylor (1825–1878) was astonished when he discovered a Syrian hospital where cats roamed freely. The institution, in which domestic felines were sheltered and nourished, was funded by a waqf, along with caretakers' wages, veterinary care and cat food. Edward William Lane (1801–1876), a British Orientalist who resided in Cairo, described a cat garden originally endowed by the 13th-century Egyptian sultan Baibars, whose European contemporaries held a very different attitude towards cats, eating them or killing them under papal decrees.


title: Islam and cats

text: Wilfred Thesiger, in his book "The Marsh Arabs", notes that cats were allowed free entry to community buildings in villages in the Mesopotamian Marshes, and even fed. Aside from protecting granaries and food stores from pests, cats were valued by the paper-based Arab-Islamic cultures for preying on mice that destroyed books. For that reason, cats are often depicted in paintings alongside Islamic scholars and bibliophiles. The medieval Egyptian zoologist Al-Damiri (1344–1405) wrote that the first cat was created when God caused a lion to sneeze, after animals on Noah's Ark complained of mice.


title: Islam and cats

text: In Islamic tradition, cats are admired for their cleanliness. They are thought to be ritually clean, and are thus allowed to enter homes and even mosques, including Masjid al-Haram. Food sampled by cats is considered halal, in the sense that their consumption of the food does not make it impermissible for Muslims to eat, and water from which cats have drunk is permitted for wudu (the ablution that is done by Muslims). Furthermore, there is a belief among some Muslims that cats seek out people who are praying.


title: Islam and cats

text: Muslim scholars are divided on the issue of neutering animals. Most, however, maintain that neutering cats is allowed "if there is some benefit in neutering the cat and if that will not cause its death". Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen, a 20th-century Saudi Arabian Sunni imam, preached:


title: Islam and cats

text: Many Muslims believe that Muezza (or ; ) was Muhammad's favorite cat. Muhammad awoke one day to the sounds of the "adhan". Preparing to attend prayer, he began to dress himself; however, he soon discovered his cat Muezza sleeping on the sleeve of his prayer robe. Rather than wake her, he used a pair of scissors to cut the sleeve off, leaving the cat undisturbed. Another story is, upon returning from the mosque, Muhammad received a bow from Muezza. He then smiled and gently stroked his beloved cat three times. There is no mention of any such cat or the associated story in the hadith or supplementary works and there are similar stories attributed to someone else from 6th century Arabia which may explain the origin of the story.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: Mohan (born 23 August 1956) is an Indian actor, known for his works predominantly in Tamil cinema, and a few Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam films. He is also known as "Kokila Mohan" after his debut film "Kokila" (1977), and "Mic Mohan" from numerous roles playing singers using microphones. In 1982, he received the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor for his work in "Payanangal Mudivathillai".


title: Mohan (actor)

text: Mohan was introduced to the world of theatre by B. V. Karanth, who spotted him at a restaurant. Mohan's first stage play was praised by critics from places like Delhi. Mohan was introduced to the cinema industry through Kannada film industry by Balu Mahendra in his movie "Kokila" in 1977 alongside Tamil actor Kamal Haasan. "Kokila" was a hit and Mohan was catapulted into the limelight; since release of "Moodu Pani" in 1980 he became one of the biggest stars of the Tamil cinema industry. Mohan was called in the industry as the 'silver jubilee hero' in the 1980s for almost all movies featuring the actor that witnessed a fantastic run.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: After Kokila, Mohan starred in a Malayalam movie titled "Madaalasa" (1978). Furthermore, immediately after the success of the Malayalam movie, Mohan went on to sign a Telugu film titled "Thoorpu Velle Railu" (1979), which was a remake of the Tamil film "Kizhakke Pogum Rail". The Telugu version was directed by Bapu. After that Mohan was introduced in the Tamil film "Nenjathai Killathe" (1980) by director Mahendran. The film ran for a year and won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. After his films began to be either silver jubilee or over 200 days most of the time. He became a big star in "Payanangal Mudivathillai" (1982) winning the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: He was best known for his stage singer roles and people had a general thought that he was not versatile. At the peak of his career, he was not afraid to take up challenging negative roles in films like "Vidhi" (1984), "Nooravathu Naal" (1984) and comedies like "Rettai Vaal Kuruvi" (1987), "Sahadevan Mahadevan" (1988).


title: Mohan (actor)

text: In 1985 he created a record of releasing 3 films in a span of 2 days. In Chennai Devi theatre complex,


title: Mohan (actor)

text: 3 screens filmed his three movies simultaneously and all were huge success. So far no actor can replace his record.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: Mohan played a major role in the lifetime of production company Motherland Pictures and its producer Kovaithambi. He donned his best performance in the critically acclaimed "Mouna Ragam" (1986), winning the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil and gave recognition to the director Mani Ratnam.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: Almost all his films were good musical albums (Ilaiyaraaja), which feature songs that are still remembered after 25 years. Mohan is still talked about every time a conversation springs up for 80s films or Ilaiyaraaja's songs.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: He tried hard to stage a comeback by producing, directing besides playing the lead role in a movie titled "Anbulla Kadhalukku" (1999). Unfortunately, his bad luck continued and the movie disappeared from the box office without any trace. Mohan stated that when not acting, he is busy producing television serials like "Acham Madam Nanam",


title: Mohan (actor)

text: "Selvangal", "Hasiyaramayana" and "Brindavanam". Aside from that, he is also doing charity works and spends time with his family.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: He declined to do the role of Jayam Ravi's father in "Unakkum Enakkum" (2006), which was later played by K. Bhagyaraj. Mohan again played the hero after a hiatus of 9 years in "Sutta Pazham" released in 2008. The film was a low budget fare which helped the producer and distributors enjoy the profit.


title: Mohan (actor)

text: Mohan's Civic Cinema has already produced "Thalappavu" (2008), the Prithviraj-Lal starrer, the debut directorial venture of popular actor Madhupal. In 2022, it was announced that Mohan would be returning to Tamil cinema with "Haraa".


title: I Prevail

text: I Prevail is an American rock band formed in Southfield, Michigan, in 2013. They released their debut EP "Heart vs. Mind" (2014) and rose to popularity from releasing a metal cover of Taylor Swift's "Blank Space" as a single, which eventually was certified platinum in the US. The band has since released three studio albums, "Lifelines," (2016) "Trauma," (2019) and "True Power" (2022). The band found success with their original material as well, with the singles "Breaking Down" and "Hurricane" performing well on rock radio, the single "Bow Down" being nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2019, and "Trauma" being nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album the same year.


title: I Prevail

text: I Prevail was formed in late 2013. On December 1, 2014, the band posted a cover of Taylor Swift's "Blank Space" to YouTube. It peaked at number 90 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and at number 23 on the US Mainstream Rock Songs chart. The cover was certified platinum in 2019. On December 10, 2014, the band released the first two singles from the EP, "Love, Lust, and Liars" and "The Enemy". The band released their debut EP, "Heart vs. Mind", on December 17, 2014. In 2015 before the recording of their debut album, rhythm guitarist Jordan Berger left the band. The band added touring members Tony Camposeo on bass and Dylan Bowman on rhythm guitar, who later on became full-time members. The band embarked on the Heart vs. Mind Tour and the Massive Addictive Tour. On June 24, 2015, they announced a summer tour called The Crossroads Tour. The band opened for Crown the Empire and Hollywood Undead in September and October 2015 on Day of the Dead Tour and played select shows, as well as opening for Pop Evil in December.


title: I Prevail

text: On May 17, 2016, the band announced their headlining Strike the Match Tour throughout the summer, with special guests The White Noise, My Enemies & I, and Bad Seed Rising. On June 20, 2016, the band revealed the name of their debut album, "Lifelines", and on July 21, 2016 announced it would be available from October 21, 2016. The first single from the album, "Scars", was released on July 1, 2016. On July 19, 2016, I Prevail announced through social media that they would be supporting Pierce the Veil alongside Neck Deep on the Journey's Made to Destroy tour from September to October 2016. On August 14, 2016, the band released the second single from the album, "Stuck in Your Head". On September 28, 2016, the band released their third single "Come and Get It" through Short.Fast.Loud, an Australian-based punk and hardcore radio show on youth station Triple J. In December 2016, it was announced that bassist Tony Camposeo left the band to focus on producing music.


title: I Prevail

text: On March 22, 2017, I Prevail's participation in the 2017 Vans Warped Tour was confirmed. In late March/early April 2017, the band had their first major overseas headline tour, which included sold-out shows across Australia. On May 30, 2017, I Prevail announced the departures of Lee Runestad and that they would be replaced by Eli Clark as touring bassist and Gabe Helguera of Drum Beats Online as touring drummer. On August 8, 2017, I Prevail announced a fall-winter headline tour with The Word Alive, We Came as Romans, and Escape the Fate. Brian Burkheiser was put on emergency vocal rest and temporary hiatus due to a serious vocal cord injury.


title: I Prevail

text: On February 19, 2019, the band announced an upcoming album called "Trauma" and asked fans to share the announcement on social media 100,000 times before they released the first single. On February 26, 2019, the band released the lead single from the album, "Bow Down". Later that same day the band released "Breaking Down", a second track from the album. Along with the new single being released, Gabe Helguera was made a full time member of the band although Eli Clark was absent from both new music videos. According to Eli's LinkedIn profile he left the band in January 2019.


title: I Prevail

text: While in Australia for the Download Festival in March 2019. On March 18, 2019, the band released the third single off the new album, "Paranoid". "Trauma" was released on March 29, 2019. The album was the fourth-best selling album of the week in the US upon release, while its first single, "Breaking Down", hit the top 10 of the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Songs chart in May 2019. On August 6, 2019, A Day to Remember announced that I Prevail, Beartooth, & Can't Swim would be supporting them on their "Degenerates" headlining tour. In November 2019, the band received two Grammy Nominations; the Best Rock Album for "Trauma", and the Best Metal Performance for "Bow Down".


title: I Prevail

text: On June 17, 2022, the band released the single "Body Bag". The song is the lead single for their third studio album "True Power", which was


title: I Prevail

text: released on August 19, 2022. On July 12, 2022, the band released the second single "Bad Things". On August 19, 2022, the band released a music video for the song "Self-Destruction".


title: I Prevail

text: In Juue 2022, the band announced their True Power Tour starting in Asbury Park, New Jersey with openers; Pierce the Veil, Fit for a King, and Stand Atlantic (October 24 - November 22 shows) and Yours Truly (September 9 - October 9 shows). They will tour from September 9 to November 22, ending in Detroit, Michigan. On November 22, 2022, the band released a music video for the song "There’s Fear In Letting Go".


title: I Prevail

text: I Prevail's musical style has been mainly described as post-hardcore, metalcore, pop punk, hard rock, and rap metal. The band combines elements of metal, alternative, electronic, hip hop, trap, trap metal, nu metal, rap, and pop.


title: I Prevail

text: James Christopher Monger of AllMusic described the band's sound as a "blistering blend of metalcore, pop-punk, and post-hardcore that invokes names like Bring Me the Horizon, We Came as Romans, and A Day to Remember."


title: Organizational chart

text: An organizational chart, also called organigram, organogram, or organizational breakdown structure (OBS) is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs. The term is also used for similar diagrams, for example ones showing the different elements of a field of knowledge or a group of languages.


title: Organizational chart

text: The organization chart is a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to another, or others, of a company. It is also used to show the relation of one department to another, or others, or of one function of an organization to another, or others. This chart is valuable in that it enables one to visualize a complete organization, by means of the picture it presents.


title: Organizational chart

text: A company's organizational chart typically illustrates relations between people within an organization. Such relations might include managers to sub-workers, directors to managing directors, chief executive officer to various departments, and so forth. When an organization chart grows too large it can be split into smaller charts for separate departments within the organization. The different types of organization charts include:


title: Organizational chart

text: There is no accepted form for making organization charts other than putting the principal official, department or function first, or at the head of the sheet, and the others below, in the order of their rank. The titles of officials and sometimes their names are enclosed in boxes or circles. Lines are generally drawn from one box or circle to another to show the relation of one official or department to the others.


title: Organizational chart

text: The Scottish-American engineer Daniel McCallum (1815–1878) is credited for creating the first organizational charts of American business around 1854. This chart was drawn by George Holt Henshaw.


title: Organizational chart

text: The term "organization chart" came into use in the early twentieth century. In 1914 Brinton declared "organization charts are not nearly so widely used as they should be. As organization charts are an excellent example of the division of a total into its components, a number of examples are given here in the hope that the presentation of organization charts in convenient form will lead to their more widespread use." In those years industrial engineers promoted the use of organization charts.


title: Organizational chart

text: In the 1920s a survey revealed that organizational charts were still not common among ordinary business concerns, but they were beginning to find their way into administrative and business enterprises.


title: Organizational chart

text: An example of a "line relationship" (or chain of command in military relationships) in this chart would be between the general and the two colonels—the colonels are directly responsible to the general.


title: Organizational chart

text: An example of a "lateral relationship" in this chart would be between "Captain A", and "Captain B" who both work on level and both report to the "Colonel B".


title: Organizational chart

text: Various shapes such as rectangles, squares, triangles, circles can be used to indicate different roles. Color can be used both for shape borders and connection lines to indicate differences in authority and responsibility, and possibly formal, advisory and informal links between people. A department or position yet to be created or currently vacant might be shown as a shape with a dotted outline. Importance of the position may be shown both with a change in size of the shape in addition to its vertical placement on the chart.


title: Doc Antle

text: Bhagavan Mahamayavi Antle (born March 16, 1960), also known as Kevin Antle or Doc Antle, is an American animal trainer and private zoo operator.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle began raising dogs in his youth, and started operating a private zoo in 1983. Antle has worked as an animal trainer for films including "Ace Ventura" and "Dr. Doolittle" in addition to appearing as a guest on several television shows. In 2020, he was featured in the first season of Netflix true crime documentary series "Tiger King." Antle was the subject of a follow up documentary "Tiger King: The Doc Antle Story" released in December 2021.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle has faced accusations of animal cruelty throughout his career. In October 2020, Antle was charged with two felony counts related to wildlife trafficking and 13 additional misdemeanors after an investigation by the Attorney General of Virginia. Antle has also has faced public allegations of inappropriate relationships with minors at the private Buckingham County, Virginia zoo, and of operating a cult at the Myrtle Beach Safari location, claims that Antle denies. On June 3, 2022, Antle was arrested by the FBI for charges related to money laundering.


title: Doc Antle

text: Doc Antle was born Kevin Antle in Salinas, California in 1960. Antle grew up on an industrial farm in Salinas, part of a wealthy family connected to Tanimura & Antle, an agricultural company. His father was a boxer. Antle dropped out of school before the ninth grade. As teenagers, Antle and his girlfriend traveled to Virginia to attend a one month yoga retreat at Yogaville, a community founded by Swami Satchidananda Saraswati, an Indian spiritualist. The pair got married after the retreat and changed their names. Antle performed magic shows at the Yogaville ashram and became a close associate of Satchidananda.


title: Doc Antle

text: Through family business connections, Antle traveled to China where he studied basic medical training to serve rural populations and earned the nickname “doc”. He returned to the U.S. in the 1980s, a time where American interest in health food and mindful living was growing, and began practicing alternative medicine in the Yogaville community in Virginia.


title: Doc Antle

text: Although Antle has claimed to have a PhD in zoology, two of his former wives and other former staff members stated that he never attained a PhD, they also stated that he never went to a university, nor does he have a college degree of any kind. They claimed he instead paid someone to write that he was a doctor on a certificate while in China during a medical training course.


title: Doc Antle

text: In the 1980s Antle practiced as a magician and opened a private zoo in Buckingham County, Virginia on a 14-acre property near the Yogaville ashram that held 100 animals including lions, tigers, bears, monkeys, and an elephant. The private zoo was opened in 1983.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle is the founder and director of The Institute for Greatly Endangered and Rare Species (T.I.G.E.R.S.) in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and the Myrtle Beach Safari, a tour that runs through the facility. He is a self-described conservationist and is the executive director of the Rare Species Fund, a nonprofit organization that purports to fund wildlife conservation. Journalists have raised questions about how revenue generated by Antle's cub petting tours is distributed between his business and his nonprofit organization.


title: Doc Antle

text: Writing in "Variety", Rebecca Rubin states, "Antle has ties to Hollywood, having worked as an animal expert on films like "Dr. Dolittle" and "." He appeared frequently on late night talk shows and also provided creatures for movies including "The War," "The Jungle Book," "," "Mighty Joe Young" and "." Antle was credited as a "principal animal trainer" in the 1994 and 1995 "Ace Ventura" films, a "trainer" in the 1994 and 1997 "Jungle Book" films and as an animal trainer in "Mighty Joe Young".


title: Doc Antle

text: In 2001, Antle was on stage with Britney Spears during her performance of "I'm a Slave 4 U" at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards, which featured a caged tiger and a large albino python draped over Spears' shoulders. In 2008, Suryia and Roscoe, an orangutan and an orphaned blue tick hound which had formed an unusual relationship at Antle's zoo, appeared on the "Oprah Winfrey Show" in Chicago.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle was the subject of a three-part true crime documentary spin-off of "Tiger King", titled "Tiger King: The Doc Antle Story" released by Netflix on December 10, 2021.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle was fined by the USDA for abandoning deer and peacocks at his zoo in Buckingham, Virginia in 1989. In total, Antle has more than 35 USDA violations for mistreating animals. Joe Exotic, who operated the Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park, accused Antle of killing tigers in gas chambers to make space for further breeding. Antle delivered seven tigers to the Samut Prakan zoo in Thailand, which is a zoo that has faced allegations of keeping animals in terrible conditions.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle runs a charity called Rare Species Fund, which is dedicated towards protecting animals living in the wild. However, former employees of Antle have claimed that much of the charity's donations are funneled back to Antle.


title: Doc Antle

text: In late December 2019, South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Horry County Police Department raided Doc Antle's Myrtle Beach Safari. Antle told media at the time that this was for DNA testing lions for a multi-state investigation.


title: Doc Antle

text: In 2020, Antle was reported as being investigated by the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Justice for the illegal sale of big cats including tigers.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle was indicted in October 2020 by a grand jury in Frederick County, Virginia, after a months-long investigation by the Animal Law Unit of the Virginia Attorney General. The charges included felony wildlife trafficking as well as misdemeanor animal cruelty and violations of the Endangered Species Act. Prosecutors contend that Antle carried or caused the lions to be carried in a “cruel, brutal, or inhumane manner, so as to produce torture or unnecessary suffering.” A trial date was set for July 2022.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle was arrested on June 3, 2022, by the FBI and booked into jail for charges related to money laundering. He also faces charges relating to illegally trafficking animals, including leopards, cheetahs and a chimpanzee, in violation of the Endangered Species Act.


title: Doc Antle

text: Former employees of Antle's zoo, Myrtle Beach Safari, have accused him of using the zoo to create a cult-like following around him. Antle has expressed expectations that his employees must see the zoo as more than a workplace, as it is an all encompassing lifestyle. Antle has required female employees to be single, childless, to abstain from eating meat, and to wear certain clothing and weigh within 20 pounds of their "perfect athletic weight." Writing for "PopMatters", John Glover described Antle's operation as one where "staff is women who were groomed as teenagers for polygamy", an environment which Antle himself describes as a "complex lifestyle".


title: Doc Antle

text: Barbara Fisher, a former employee of T.I.G.E.R.S. who worked with Antle from 1999 to 2007, stated that she was pressured to get breast implants while working at the facility and that several employees legally changed their names under the direction of Antle. In the Netflix show, "Tiger King: The Doc Antle Story", Antle's former partner, Sumati Steinberg, alleges that when she tried to leave, Antle abused her by choking her until she passed out and breaking two of her ribs. Antle's second wife, Radha Hirsch, claims that she met Antle when she was just 11 years-old much to the chagrin of her mother, who attempted to end their relationship three years later when it became sexual. However, soon after, Antle picked Hirsch up from school and she ran off to live with him.


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle has criticized the accusations against him and his facility, specifically calling Fisher's claims "ramblings" and saying she has "issues and somehow those have boiled up".


title: Doc Antle

text: Antle is a vegetarian. He married his first wife, Betsy "Brami" Rodgers around the time they both attended a one month yoga retreat at Yogaville while teenagers. Rodgers and Antle have one child, a daughter named Devi. Two of Antle's former partners have stated that he practiced polygamy and had initiated relationships with them while they were 14-year-old members of the Yogaville community. Antle had a long term relationship with Sumati Steinberg, and they have one child, a daughter named Tilakam. Rodgers, Antle's first wife, has claimed that he established the polygamous relationships without her consent. Antle's second marriage was to Radha Hirsch. Antle and his third wife, Dawn Thurston, had two children, Kody and Tawny, prior to Thurston's death in a car accident at age 29.


title: Doc Antle

text: Several of Antle's children have worked with him at the Myrtle Beach Safari. Antle's daughters Tawny and Tilakum have both been criminally charged for animal cruelty and violations of the Endangered Species Act.


title: Division of labour

text: The division of labour is the separation of the tasks in any economic system or organisation so that participants may specialise (specialisation). Individuals, organizations, and nations are endowed with, or acquire specialised capabilities, and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of the capabilities of others in addition to their own. Specialised capabilities may include equipment or natural resources as well as skills, and training and combinations of such assets acting together are often important. For example, an individual may specialise by acquiring tools and the skills to use them effectively just as an organization may specialise by acquiring specialised equipment and hiring or training skilled operators. The division of labour is the motive for trade and the source of economic interdependence.


title: Division of labour

text: Historically, an increasing division of labour is associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and the increasing complexity of industrialised processes. The concept and implementation of division of labour has been observed in ancient Sumerian (Mesopotamian) culture, where assignment of jobs in some cities coincided with an increase in trade and economic interdependence. Division of labour generally also increases both producer and individual worker productivity.


title: Division of labour

text: After the Neolithic Revolution, pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population and led to specialisation of labour, including new classes of artisans, warriors, and the development of elites. This specialisation was furthered by the process of industrialisation, and Industrial Revolution-era factories. Accordingly, many classical economists as well as some mechanical engineers, such as Charles Babbage, were proponents of division of labour. Also, having workers perform single or limited tasks eliminated the long training period required to train craftsmen, who were replaced with less-paid but more productive unskilled workers.


title: Division of labour

text: In Plato's "Republic", the origin of the state lies in the natural inequality of humanity, which is embodied in the division of labour:


title: Division of labour

text: Silvermintz (2010) notes that "Historians of economic thought credit Plato, primarily on account of arguments advanced in his Republic, as an early proponent of the division of labour." Notwithstanding this, Silvermintz argues that "While Plato recognises both the economic and political benefits of the division of labour, he ultimately critiques this form of economic arrangement insofar as it hinders the individual from ordering his own soul by cultivating acquisitive motives over prudence and reason."


title: Division of labour

text: Xenophon, in the 4th century BC, makes a passing reference to division of labour in his "Cyropaedia" (a.k.a. "Education of Cyrus").


title: Division of labour

text: A simile used by Augustine of Hippo shows that the division of labour was practised and understood in late Imperial Rome. In a brief passage of his "The City of God", Augustine seems to be aware of the role of different social layers in the production of goods, like household ("familiae"), corporations ("collegia") and the state.


title: Division of labour

text: The 14th-century scholar Ibn Khaldun emphasised the importance of the division of labour in the production process. In his "Muqaddimah", he states:


title: Division of labour

text: Sir William Petty was the first modern writer to take note of the division of labour, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards. Classically, the workers in a shipyard would build ships as units, finishing one before starting another. But the Dutch had it organised with several teams each doing the same tasks for successive ships. People with a particular task to do must have discovered new methods that were only later observed and justified by writers on political economy.


title: Division of labour

text: Petty also applied the principle to his survey of Ireland. His breakthrough was to divide up the work so that large parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training.


title: Division of labour

text: Bernard de Mandeville discussed the matter in the second volume of "The Fable of the Bees" (1714). This elaborates many matters raised by the original poem about a 'Grumbling Hive'. He says:


title: Division of labour

text: In his introduction to "The Art of the Pin-Maker" ("Art de l'Épinglier", 1761), Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau writes about the "division of this work":


title: Division of labour

text: the text describing the various trades involved in the pin making activity; this can also be described as a division of labour.


title: Division of labour

text: In the first sentence of "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industrialism by determining that division of labour represents a substantial increase in productivity. Like du Monceau, his example was the making of pins.


title: Division of labour

text: Unlike Plato, Smith famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause. Therefore, while for Plato the level of specialisation determined by the division of labour was externally determined, for Smith it was the dynamic engine of economic progress. However, in a further chapter of the same book, Smith criticised the division of labour saying it can lead to "the almost entire corruption and degeneracy of the great body of the people.…unless the government takes some pains to prevent it." The contradiction has led to some debate over Smith's opinion of the division of labour. Alexis de Tocqueville agreed with Smith: "Nothing tends to materialize man, and to deprive his work of the faintest trace of mind, more than extreme division of labor." Adam Ferguson shared similar views to Smith, though was generally more negative.


title: Division of labour

text: The specialisation and concentration of the workers on their single subtasks often leads to greater skill and greater productivity on their particular subtasks than would be achieved by the same number of workers each carrying out the original broad task, in part due to increased quality of production, but more importantly because of increased efficiency of production, leading to a higher nominal output of units produced per time unit. Smith uses the example of a production capability of an individual pin maker compared to a manufacturing business that employed 10 men:One man draws out the wire; another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is a peculiar business; to whiten the pins is another; it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper; and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. I have seen a small manufactory of this kind, where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upwards of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day. Each person, therefore, making a tenth part of forty-eight thousand pins, might be considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day. But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day.Smith saw the importance of matching skills with equipment—usually in the context of an organisation. For example, pin makers were organised with one making the head, another the body, each using different equipment. Similarly, he emphasised a large number of skills, used in cooperation and with suitable equipment, were required to build a ship.


title: Division of labour

text: In the modern economic discussion, the term "human capital" would be used. Smith's insight suggests that the huge increases in productivity obtainable from technology or technological progress are possible because human and physical capital are matched, usually in an organisation. See also a short discussion of Adam Smith's theory in the context of business processes. Babbage wrote a seminal work "On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures" analysing perhaps for the first time the division of labour in factories.


title: Division of labour

text: In the "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals" (1785), Immanuel Kant notes the value of the division of labour:All crafts, trades and arts have profited from the division of labour; for when each worker sticks to one particular kind of work that needs to be handled differently from all the others, he can do it better and more easily than when one person does everything. Where work is not thus differentiated and divided, where everyone is a jack-of-all-trades, the crafts remain at an utterly primitive level.


title: Division of labour

text: Marx argued that increasing the specialisation may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work. He described the process as alienation: workers become more and more specialised and work becomes repetitive, eventually leading to complete alienation from the process of production. The worker then becomes "depressed spiritually and physically to the condition of a machine."


title: Division of labour

text: Additionally, Marx argued that the division of labour creates less-skilled workers. As the work becomes more specialised, less training is needed for each specific job, and the workforce, overall, is less skilled than if one worker did one job entirely.


title: Division of labour

text: Among Marx's theoretical contributions is his sharp distinction between the economic and the social division of labour. That is, some forms of labour co-operation are purely due to "technical necessity", but others are a result of a "social control" function related to a class and status hierarchy. If these two divisions are conflated, it might appear as though the existing division of labour is technically inevitable and immutable, rather than (in good part) socially constructed and influenced by power relationships. He also argues that in a communist society, the division of labour is transcended, meaning that balanced human development occurs where people fully express their nature in the variety of creative work that they do.


title: Division of labour

text: Henry David Thoreau criticised the division of labour in "Walden" (1854), on the basis that it removes people from a sense of connectedness with society and with the world at large, including nature. He claimed that the average man in a civilised society is less wealthy, in practice than one in "savage" society. The answer he gave was that self-sufficiency was enough to cover one's basic needs.


title: Division of labour

text: Thoreau's friend and mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, criticised the division of labour in his "The American Scholar" speech: a widely informed, holistic citizenry is vital for the spiritual and physical health of the country.