title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: Upon the film's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2006, film executive Harvey Weinstein, "in characteristically aggressive deal-making mode," sought to purchase distribution rights after its screening ended around 1:30 am. By 5:00 am on September 11, 2006, an agreement was reached, and a contract was signed later that morning, with The Weinstein Company officially purchasing global distribution rights for a reported $3.5 million. In the contract, Weinstein committed to giving the film a wide release in the United States under the Weinsteins' Dimension Films branch. Harvey Weinstein's brother Bob Weinstein, who managed Dimension Films, reportedly did not feel the film warranted a wide release: "I didn't feel that it was the right way to approach an artful film like this," he said. A test screening was undertaken in New Jersey, after which less than 30% of the audience reported a positive response, leaving the Weinsteins reluctant to give the film a wide release.


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: Despite the poor test screening, Dimension Films slated the film for a U.S. release of July 20, 2007. However, due to the subsequent financial failure of the studio's "Grindhouse", among other horror films, the Weinstein Company instead sold the film to Senator Entertainment US. Senator, a German company who had acquired distribution rights for the film in Germany and Austria, had recently established a U.S. branch. An American release through Senator never materialized, however, after the company's U.S. branch went out of business in April 2009, leaving the film held in limbo with other unreleased projects.


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: In 2008, the film was screened at the Gérardmer Film Festival, Lyon L'Étrange Festival, and the Fantasia Film Festival, and received a theatrical release in the United Kingdom on February 15, 2008, through Optimum Releasing. Between 2008 and 2010, it continued to open in various foreign markets, receiving theatrical releases in Germany and Austria (through Senator), as well as in Sweden, Mexico, Peru, and the Netherlands, among others.


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: At Comic-Con 2010, director Levine and star Heard appeared for a screening of the film, and hinted that a North American release was finally forthcoming, though they did not say when or who would be handling the release. In the spring of 2013, it was reported that The Weinstein Company had re-acquired distribution rights to the film. Several months later, the film was released on demand in North American markets through The Weinstein Company subsidiary, Radius-TWC, on September 6, 2013, and given a limited theatrical release on October 11, 2013, in the United States—over seven years after its premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival.


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: Upon its release in the United Kingdom in February 2008, the film grossed a total of US$400,851. It garnered an additional $482,500 in Germany upon its June 2008 release there. It was released in various other countries over the course of 2008 and 2009, and by April 2010 had grossed an international total of $1,893,697, more than covering its $750,000 budget.


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: The film received mixed reviews upon its initial festival screenings and subsequent European theatrical release in 2008. It holds a 46% approval rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 68 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The website's consensus states: ""Mandy Lane" has enough wit and craft to spark the horror fans' interest, but is not sufficiently original for mainstream audiences." On the website Metacritic, the film received a score of 44 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: It received a favorable review from "The Globe and Mail", who wrote that it "displays an intelligence lacking in most teen slasher pics," and "Film Threat" called the film "a well-shot, [...] semi-cerebral horror film." "eFilmCritic" wrote that the film's writing of its titular character is flawed, but it "evokes the rich landscapes of early Terrence Malick and the grimy grindhouse tales of the ‘70s, converging poetically into its heartmashing climax. This is a film where the blood and carnage doesn’t feel like corn syrup or CGI and each death grows in sadness, not quality." Bloody Disgusting called it "a solid entry into the slasher genre and a pretty damn good teen thriller too boot." Other critics gave the film less flattering reviews, with "The Guardian" calling it "bogus and compromised: an unreconstructed horror romp in the guise of a nerdish intellectual." "Slant Magazine" said the film "flaunts its knowledge of classic genre fundamentals but fails to do anything very clever or surprising with them," and later compared its cinematography and aesthetic mood to "The Virgin Suicides" (1999). Tim Robey of "The Telegraph" called the film "arrestingly well shot for a low-budget horror," but noted that it had an "anorexic plot."


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: The film continued to receive mixed reviews upon its theatrical release in the United States in October 2013. Nicholas Rapold of "The New York Times" praised the film, noting that "cinematographer Darren Genet draws from long shots of pursuits and a vaguely 1970s look, which wasn’t cutting-edge during the film’s making but suits the real-time nostalgia of high school activities, even murderous ones," and Scott Weinberg of FEARnet said the film "[brings] a quietly artistic taste of teen-aged sexual politics to a subgenre that's generally disinterested in anything resembling brains, wit, or subtext." The "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review as well, calling it "a small, tightly coiled spellbinder," and praised Heard's performance, referring to it as her most "definitive [performance] to date."


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: The "New York Post" gave the film a less favorable review, calling it "A slightly artsy attempt to revive the teen slasher movie [that] drifts awkwardly between popcorn entertainment and angsty mood piece." Christy Lemire of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that "[With the opening scene], Levine promisingly sets a dark and disturbing tone. But the vast majority of the film, which takes place nine months later, is a rather standard depiction of the bad kids trying to corrupt the last American virgin." Lemire also commented on the film's delayed release history, stating: "Its attempts at examining and subverting the well-worn conventions of the genre in the script from Jacob Forman might have seemed more novel seven years ago. But by now we've seen this approach executed much more effectively—and thrillingly." "The Washington Post", however, praised the film's acting and thematics, writing: "Thoughtful viewers may detect thematic whiffs of Columbine, blended with "Carrie" that darken and complicate the film’s aroma of stale blood. Thoughtful viewers? What kind of teen slasher movie is this? Too dumb for the arthouse, but too smart for the mall multiplex, the movie satisfies, paradoxically, precisely because it doesn’t deliver on expectations."


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: In his book "Nightmare Movies: Horror on Screen Since the 1960s", film scholar Kim Newman likened the film's teenage characters to the troubled youth in works by Richard Linklater or Larry Clark.


title: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane

text: "All the Boys Love Mandy Lane" was released on Blu-ray and DVD in the United Kingdom in a Region 2 format on July 21, 2008, by Optimum Home Entertainment. It was released in North America on Blu-ray and DVD in Region 1 format on December 3, 2013, through Anchor Bay Entertainment.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Kyle Allen (born March 8, 1996) is an American football quarterback for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). A native of Scottsdale, Arizona, he played high school football at Desert Mountain and was among the top football players of his class. He played college football at Texas A&M before transferring to Houston in 2016.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen signed with the Carolina Panthers as an undrafted free agent following graduation in 2018. That same year, he started the final game of the season following injuries to both Cam Newton and Taylor Heinicke, as well as for the majority of the 2019 season after Newton suffered another injury. He was traded to Washington in 2020 and started four games before breaking his ankle and missing the rest of the season.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen attended Desert Mountain High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was teammates with Baltimore Ravens tight end Mark Andrews. During his high school career, he passed for over 8,000 yards and had 86 passing touchdowns. Allen was a five-star recruit by Rivals.com and was ranked as the best pro-style quarterback and seventh best player overall in his class. He was highly recruited out of high school, receiving offers from several schools to play college football before committing to Texas A&M in June 2013. Allen played for the West team in the 2014 U.S. Army All-American Bowl, setting an Army Bowl record at the time with 183 passing yards.


title: Kyle Allen

text: As a true freshman in 2014, Allen competed with Kenny Hill before the season for the starting quarterback position. Hill would win the job with Allen appearing in games as a backup. After the team lost three straight games in October, the competition was opened again prior to the game against Louisiana-Monroe, and Allen won the starting quarterback position.


title: Kyle Allen

text: On September 14, 2014, he made his first appearance with the Aggies and threw for 122 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception. Allen helped lead the unranked Aggies past the #3 Auburn Tigers with for 277 yards and four touchdowns along with one interception in a 41–38 win, ending Auburn's chances of making the playoffs and putting A&M back in the Top 25.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen would finish the season with a 3–2 win–loss record, including a Liberty Bowl win. He earned the MVP award for the bowl game. He finished his freshman season with 118 completions off 192 attempts, 1,322 passing yards, 16 touchdowns, and seven interceptions.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Following the transfer of Kenny Hill to Texas Christian University, Allen was positioned to be the starter for the Aggies in 2015. On August 24 during the 2015 off-season, Allen was named the starting quarterback against Arizona State with competition from incoming freshman Kyler Murray.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Texas A&M got off to a 5–0 start, as Allen led the SEC in passing efficiency. Then, against Alabama, he threw three interceptions that were returned for touchdowns in a 41–23 loss. During that game, on Oct 16, he had a 50 percent completion rate. He went 12-for-34 passing (35.3 percent passing completion rate) for 88 yards in a 23–3 loss to Ole Miss on Oct. 24. The Friday before the following game, head coach Kevin Sumlin named Murray the starter and Allen started to practice with the third team.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Against Alabama, Allen said he suffered an AC sprain in his throwing shoulder but told the coaching staff he was well enough to face Ole Miss. Allen would then miss playing in the 35–28 win on Oct 31 against South Carolina and the Aggies loss to Auburn (26–10). Murray would start in both of those games and a home win over Western Carolina. Allen would return as the starter on Nov 21, a 25–0 win over Vanderbilt. He played his last game with the Aggies on November 28, 2015, completing 15/28 passes for 161 yards and a touchdown in a 7–19 loss to LSU. He finished his second year with completing 160/283 passes for 2,210 yards, 17 touchdowns, and 7 interceptions. Allen also ran for 65 yards and 2 touchdowns.


title: Kyle Allen

text: On December 10, 2015, Allen announced he would be transferring from Texas A&M. This decision made him unavailable to play in the Aggies' Music City bowl game. Allen ended his Aggies career with 278 completions in 475 attempts (58.5%), 3,532 passing yards, 33 passing touchdowns, and 14 interceptions in 20 games.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen announced on January 5, 2016, that he intended to transfer to the University of Houston. Allen began classes at Houston on January 19, but was not eligible to play for the Cougars during the 2016 season due to NCAA transfer guidelines that require transfers to sit out an entire year.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen began the 2017 season as the starting quarterback for the Houston Cougars. His first game was a 19–16 victory by the Cougars over the Arizona Wildcats on September 9, 2017.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen then was benched in favor of Kyle Postma during Houston's third game against Texas Tech after throwing four interceptions in three games. On January 11, 2018, Allen announced his decision to forgo his final year of eligibility and declared for the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Kyle Allen

text: On April 28, 2018, Allen signed with the Carolina Panthers as an undrafted free agent. He was waived on September 1, 2018, and was signed to the Panthers practice squad the next day. He was released on September 10, 2018. He was re-signed to the Panthers practice squad on October 30, 2018. On December 20, 2018, Allen was promoted to the active roster to back up Taylor Heinicke after starter Cam Newton was shut down for the season. On December 23, 2018, he made his NFL debut against the Atlanta Falcons in relief for an injured Heinicke going 4-of-4 with 38 yards in his two drives before Heinicke came back into the game at the two minute warning of the first half. Allen would go on to make his first NFL start in the last game of the season against the New Orleans Saints. He went 16-of-27 with 228 passing yards, with two passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown. He suffered an injury early in the fourth quarter and was relieved by Garrett Gilbert.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen made his first start of the season in Week 3 against the Arizona Cardinals due to a foot injury to Cam Newton. Allen threw for 261 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions as the Panthers won 38–20. In the following game against the Houston Texans, he went 24-of-34 for 232 passing yards in the 16–10 victory. He helped lead the Panthers to victories over the Jacksonville Jaguars and Tampa Bay Buccaneers over the following two weeks. In all during the first five games he started, he threw 9 touchdown passes with zero interceptions and secured five victories. In Week 8 against the San Francisco 49ers, Allen threw for 158 yards and three interceptions as the Panthers lost 51–13. In Week 11 against the Atlanta Falcons, Allen finished with 325 passing yards and four interceptions as the Panthers lost 29–3.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Allen's performance improved drastically in the following week against the New Orleans Saints. In the game, Allen threw for 256 yards and 3 touchdowns in the 34–31 loss. In Week 15 against the Seattle Seahawks, Allen threw for 277 yards, one touchdown, and three interceptions during the 30–24 loss. On December 16, 2019, one day after the game, the Panthers announced that Allen would be benched for rookie quarterback Will Grier in Week 16 against the Indianapolis Colts.


title: Kyle Allen

text: In Week 17 against the New Orleans Saints, Allen entered the game during the second quarter after Grier left the game due to a foot injury. Allen threw for 295 yards and an interception in the 42–10 loss. In total during the 2019 season, Allen appeared in 13 games and recorded 3,322 passing yards, 17 touchdowns, and 16 interceptions.


title: Kyle Allen

text: On March 24, 2020, Allen was traded to the Washington Football Team for a fifth-round pick in the 2020 NFL Draft. The trade reunited him with former Panthers head coach Ron Rivera, who became Washington's new head coach that season. Allen was named the starter after Dwayne Haskins was benched prior to their Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Rams. Against the Rams, he ran for a touchdown before missing the rest of the game after suffering a helmet-to-helmet hit by Jalen Ramsey in the second quarter. He returned the following week and started the next few games until he suffered a dislocated ankle in Week 9 against the New York Giants, and he was placed on injured reserve shortly after.


title: Kyle Allen

text: Washington placed an exclusive-rights free agent tender on Allen on March 10, 2021, which he signed on March 18. Allen played for the first time in the 2021 season in the Week 14 loss against the Dallas Cowboys, in relief of Taylor Heinicke who left the game in the fourth quarter due to injury. In the loss, Allen had four completions out of nine pass attempts for 52 yards, eleven rushing yards, and one lost fumble recovered by Dallas. On December 15, 2021, he was placed on the COVID-19 reserve list and placed back on the active roster nine days later.


title: Kyle Allen

text: On March 23, 2022, Allen signed a one-year, $2.5 million contract with the Houston Texans. Following the team's week 11 loss to the Washington Commanders, Allen was named the team's starter over Davis Mills. Allen would start the next two games, against the Miami Dolphins and Cleveland Browns, before being benched in favor of Mills; in his two starts, Allen threw two touchdowns to four interceptions and lost a fumble that was returned for a touchdown.


title: Emma Fuhrmann

text: Emma Cate Fuhrmann (born September 15, 2001) is an American actress known for her work as Finnegan O'Neil in "The Magic of Belle Isle" (2012), Espn Friedman in "Blended" (2014), and Cassie Lang in "" (2019).


title: Emma Fuhrmann

text: Born in Dallas, Texas, Fuhrmann is an avid supporter of the Alzheimer's Association and has been one of their Celebrity Champions since 2011. She also supports U.S. Military families through The Boot Campaign. She makes it her goal to always give back to the community in which she is shooting her films, whether it be the Food Pantry in Greenwood Lake, NY where she shot "The Magic of Belle Isle" or the orphanage, Grace Help Centre, in Rustenburg, South Africa near where she shot "Blended". Emma also works with cancer patients at Cook Children's Hospital in Fort Worth, Texas and is a strong supporter of The Gentle Barn, a California-based sanctuary for abused animals, as well as The Humane Society of the United States.


title: Emma Fuhrmann

text: During various interviews in 2013, then 11-year-old Fuhrmann talked about being very athletic, swimming on a swim team in the summer and skiing the slopes in the winter. At that time she also said that she liked fashion and designing her own clothes, and hoped to have her own label when she grew up. She teamed up with Drew Barrymore's Flower Beauty in July 2013 to promote her own makeup line for the teen demographic.


title: Emma Fuhrmann

text: Her film credits include playing the lead role as Finnegan O'Neil opposite Morgan Freeman in the Rob Reiner directed movie, "The Magic of Belle Isle", and her co-starring role as Adam Sandler's character's daughter, Espn, in "Blended", along with Sandler and Drew Barrymore. Fuhrmann was also featured in the 2015 film, "Lost in the Sun", with Josh Duhamel and Lynn Collins. Furthermore, she played an older Cassie Lang in "".


title: International Article Number

text: The International Article Number (also known as European Article Number or EAN) is a standard describing a barcode symbology and numbering system used in global trade to identify a specific retail product type, in a specific packaging configuration, from a specific manufacturer. The standard has been subsumed in the Global Trade Item Number standard from the GS1 organization; the same numbers can be referred to as GTINs and can be encoded in other barcode symbologies defined by GS1. EAN barcodes are used worldwide for lookup at retail point of sale, but can also be used as numbers for other purposes such as wholesale ordering or accounting. These barcodes only represent the digits 0–9, unlike some other barcode symbologies which can represent additional characters.


title: International Article Number

text: The most commonly used EAN standard is the thirteen-digit EAN-13, a superset of the original 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC-A) standard developed in 1970 by George J. Laurer. An EAN-13 number includes a 3-digit GS1 prefix (indicating country of registration or special type of product). A prefix with a first digit of "0" indicates a 12-digit UPC-A code follows. A prefix with first two digits of "45" or "49" indicates a Japanese Article Number (JAN) follows.


title: International Article Number

text: The less commonly used 8-digit EAN-8 barcode was introduced for use on small packages, where EAN-13 would be too large. 2-digit EAN-2 and 5-digit EAN-5 are supplemental barcodes, placed on the right-hand side of EAN-13 or UPC. These are generally used for periodicals like magazines or books, to indicate the current year's issue number; and weighed products like food, to indicate the manufacturer's suggested retail price.


title: International Article Number

text: The first three digits of the EAN-13 (GS1 Prefix) usually identify the GS1 Member Organization which the manufacturer has joined (not necessarily where the product is actually made). Note that EAN-13 codes beginning with 0 are actually 12-digit UPC codes with prepended 0 digit. In recent years, more products sold by retailers outside the United States and Canada have been using EAN-13 codes beginning with 0, since they were generated by GS1-US.


title: International Article Number

text: The 020-029 GS1 Prefixes are worth a special mention. GS1 defines this as being available for retailer internal use (or internal use by other types of business). Some retailers use this for proprietary (own brand or unbranded) products, although many retailers obtain their own manufacturer's code for their own brands. Other retailers use at least part of this prefix for products which are packaged in store, for example, items weighed and served over a counter for a customer. In these cases, the barcode may encode a price, quantity or weight along with a product identifier – in a retailer defined way. The product identifier may be one assigned by the Produce Electronic Identification Board (PEIB) or may be retailer assigned. Retailers who have historically used UPC barcodes tend to use GS1 prefixes starting with "02" for store-packaged products.


title: International Article Number

text: The EAN "country code" 978 (and later 979) has been allocated since the 1980s to reserve a Unique Country Code (UCC) prefix for EAN identifiers of published books, regardless of country of origin, so that the EAN space can catalog books by ISBNs rather than maintaining a redundant parallel numbering system. This is informally known as "Bookland". The prefix 979 with first digit 0 is used for International Standard Music Number (ISMN) and the prefix 977 indicates International Standard Serial Number (ISSN).


title: International Article Number

text: The manufacturer code is a unique code assigned to each manufacturer by the numbering authority indicated by the GS1 Prefix. All products produced by a given company will use the same manufacturer code. EAN-13 uses what are called "variable-length manufacturer codes". Assigning fixed-length 5-digit manufacturer codes, as the UCC has done until recently, means that each manufacturer can have up to 99,999 product codes. Many manufacturers do not have that many products, which means hundreds or even thousands of potential product codes are being wasted on manufacturers that only have a few products. Thus if a potential manufacturer knows that it is only going to produce a few products, EAN-13 may issue it a longer manufacturer code, leaving less space for the product code. This results in more efficient use of the available manufacturer and product codes.


title: International Article Number

text: In ISBN and ISSN, this component is used to identify the language in which the publication was issued and managed by a transnational agency covering several countries, or to identify the country where the legal deposits are made by a publisher registered with a national agency, and it is further subdivided any allocating subblocks for publishers; many countries have several prefixes allocated in the ISSN and ISBN registries.


title: International Article Number

text: The product code is assigned by the manufacturer. The product code immediately follows manufacturer code. The total length of manufacturer code plus product code should be 9 or 10 digits depending on the length of country code (2–3 digits).


title: International Article Number

text: In ISBN, ISMN and ISSN, it uniquely identifies the publication from the same publisher; it should be used and allocated by the registered publisher in order to avoid creating gaps; however it happens that a registered book or serial never gets published and sold.


title: International Article Number

text: The check digit is an additional digit, used to verify that a barcode has been scanned correctly. It is computed modulo 10, where the weights in the checksum calculation alternate 3 and 1. In particular, since the weights are relatively prime to 10, the EAN-13 system will detect all single digit errors. It also recognizes 90% of transposition errors (all cases, where the difference between adjacent digits is not 5).


title: International Article Number

text: The checksum is calculated as sum of products – taking an alternating weight value (3 or 1) times the value of each data digit. The checksum digit is the digit, which must be added to this checksum to get a number divisible by 10 (i.e. the additive inverse of the checksum, modulo 10). See ISBN-13 check digit calculation for a more extensive description and algorithm. The Global Location Number(GLN) also uses the same method.


title: International Article Number

text: The weight at a specific position in the EAN code is alternating (3 or 1) in a way, that the final data digit has a weight of 3 (and thus the check digit has a weight of 1).


title: International Article Number

text: All Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) and Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) codes meet the next rule:


title: International Article Number

text: Numbering the positions from the right (code aligned to the right), the odd data digits are always weight of 3 and the even data digits are always weight of 1, regardless of the length of the code.


title: International Article Number

text: The GTIN numbers, encoded to UPC-A, EAN-8 and EAN-13, all use similar encoding. The encoded data is usually repeated in plain text below the barcode.


title: International Article Number

text: The barcode consists of 95 areas (also called modules) of equal width. Each area can be either white (represented here as 0) or black (represented as 1). From left to right:


title: International Article Number

text: To encode the 13-digit EAN-13 number, the digits are split into 3 groups; the first digit, the first group of 6 and the last group of 6. The first group of 6 is encoded using a pattern whereby each digit has two possible encodings, one of which has even parity (denoted with letter G) and one of which has odd parity (denoted with letter L). The first digit is not represented directly by a pattern of bars and spaces, but is encoded indirectly, by selecting a pattern of choices between these two encodings for the first group of 6 digits, according to the table below. All digits in the last group of 6 digits are encoded using a single pattern RRRRRR, the one also used for UPC.


title: International Article Number

text: If the first digit is zero, all digits in the first group of 6 are encoded using the pattern LLLLLL used for UPC, therefore, a UPC barcode is also an EAN-13 barcode with the first digit set to zero.


title: International Article Number

text: This encoding guarantees that the first group always starts with an L-code, which has odd parity, and that the second group always starts with an R-code, which has even parity. Thus, it does not matter whether the barcode is scanned from the left or from the right, as the scanning software can use this parity to identify the start and end of the code.


title: International Article Number

text: Note: Entries in the R-column are bitwise complements (logical operator: negation) of the respective entries in the L-column. Entries in the G-column are the entries in the R-column in reverse bit order. See pictures of all codes against a colored background.


title: International Article Number

text: A run of one or more black areas is known as a "bar", and a run of one or more white areas is known as a "space". As can be seen in the table, each digit's encoding comprises two bars and two spaces, and the maximum width of a bar or space is four areas.


title: International Article Number

text: By using the barcode center marker, it is possible for a barcode scanner to scan just one half of the barcode at a time. This allows reconstruction of the code by means of a helical scan of the barcode by an angle of approximately 45 degrees.


title: International Article Number

text: Japanese Article Number (JAN) is a barcode standard compatible with the EAN. Use of the JAN standard began in 1978. Originally, JAN was issued a flag code (EAN's number system) of 49. In 1992, JAN was newly issued an additional flag code of 45. In January 2001 the manufacturer code changed to 7 digits (9 digits including the flag code) for new companies.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is an insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America. It is one of four living species of anteaters, of which it is the largest member. The only extant member of the genus Myrmecophaga, it is classified with sloths in the order Pilosa. This species is mostly terrestrial, in contrast to other living anteaters and sloths, which are arboreal or semiarboreal. The giant anteater is in length, with weights of for males and for females. It is recognizable by its elongated snout, bushy tail, long fore claws, and distinctively colored pelage.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater is found in multiple habitats, including grassland and rainforest. It forages in open areas and rests in more forested habitats. It feeds primarily on ants and termites, using its fore claws to dig them up and its long, sticky tongue to collect them. Though giant anteaters live in overlapping home ranges, they are mostly solitary except during mother-offspring relationships, aggressive interactions between males, and when mating. Mother anteaters carry their offspring on their backs until weaning them.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater is listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It has been extirpated from many parts of its former range. Threats to its survival include habitat destruction, fire, and poaching for fur and bushmeat, although some anteaters inhabit protected areas. With its distinctive appearance and habits, the anteater has been featured in pre-Columbian myths and folktales, as well as modern popular culture.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater got its binomial name from Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Its generic name, "Myrmecophaga", and specific name, "tridactyla", are both Greek, meaning "anteater" and "three fingers", respectively. "Myrmecophaga jubata" was used as a synonym. Three subspecies have been tentatively proposed: "M. t. tridactyla" (ranging from Venezuela and the Guianas to northern Argentina), "M. t. centralis" (native to Central America, northwestern Colombia, and northern Ecuador), and "M. t. artata" (native to northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela). The giant anteater is grouped with the semiarboreal northern and southern tamanduas in the family Myrmecophagidae. Together with the family Cyclopedidae, whose only extant member is the arboreal silky anteater, the two families comprise the suborder Vermilingua.


title: Giant anteater

text: Anteaters and sloths belong to order Pilosa and share superorder Xenarthra with the Cingulata (whose only extant members are armadillos). The two orders of Xenarthra split 66 million years ago (Mya) during the Late Cretaceous epoch. Anteaters and sloths diverged around 55 Mya, between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. The "Cyclopes" lineage emerged around 30 Mya in the Oligocene epoch, while the "Myrmecophaga" and "Tamandua" lineages split 10 Mya in the Late Miocene subepoch. During most of the Cenozoic era, anteaters were confined to South America, which was formerly an island continent. Following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 3 Mya, anteaters of all three extant genera invaded Central America as part of the Great American Interchange.


title: Giant anteater

text: The fossil record for anteaters is generally sparse. Known fossils include the Pliocene genus "Palaeomyrmidon", a close relative to the silky anteater, "Protamandua", the sister taxon to the clade that includes the giant anteater and the tamanduas from the Miocene, and "Neotamandua", a sister taxon to "Myrmecophaga". "Protamandua" was larger than the silky anteater, but smaller than a tamandua, while "Neotamandua" was larger, falling somewhere between a tamandua and a giant anteater. "Protamandua" did not appear to have feet specialized for terrestrial or arboreal locomotion, but it may have had a prehensile tail. "Neotamandua", though, is unlikely to have had a prehensile tail and its feet were intermediate in form between those of the tamanduas and the giant anteater. The species "Neotamandua borealis" was suggested to be an ancestor of the latter. Another member of the genus "Myrmecophaga" has been recovered from the Montehermosan Monte Hermoso Formation in Argentina and was described by Kraglievitch in 1934 as "Nunezia caroloameghinoi". The species was reclassified as "Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi" by S. E. Hirschfeld in 1976.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater is the most terrestrial of the living anteater species. Its ancestors may originally have been adapted to arboreal life; the transition to life on the ground could have been aided by the expansion of open habitats such as savanna in South America and the availability there of colonial insects, such as termites, that provided a larger potential food source. Both the giant anteater and the southern tamandua are well represented in the fossil record of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater can be identified by its large size, elongated muzzle, and long bushy tail. It has a total body length of . Males weigh and females weigh , making the giant anteater the biggest extant species in its suborder. The head of the giant anteater, at long, is particularly elongated, even when compared to other anteaters. Its tubular snout, which ends in its tiny mouth opening and nostrils, takes up most of its head. Its eyes and ears are relatively small. It has poor eyesight, but its sense of smell is 40 times more sensitive than that of humans.


title: Giant anteater

text: Even for an anteater, the neck is especially thick compared to the back of the head, and a small hump is found at the back of the neck. The coat is mostly greyish, brown or black and salted with white. The forelimbs are white, with black bands around the wrists, while the hindlimbs are dark. Thick black bands with white outlines stretch from throat to shoulder, ending in triangular points. The body ends in a brown tail. The coat hairs are long, especially on the tail, which makes the tail look larger than it actually is. A stiff mane stretches along the back. The bold pattern was thought to be disruptive camouflage, but a 2009 study suggests it is warning coloration. While adult males are slightly larger and more muscular than females, with wider heads and necks, visual sex determination can be difficult. The penis and testes are located internally between the rectum and urinary bladder in males, and females have a single pair of mammary glands near the armpits.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater has broad ribs. Despite its specific name, "tridactyla," meaning three fingers, it has five toes on each foot. Four toes on the front feet have claws, which are particularly elongated on the second and third digits. It walks on its front knuckles similar to gorillas and chimpanzees. Doing this allows the giant anteater to keep its claws out of the way while walking. The middle digits, which support most of its weight, are extended at the metacarpophalangeal joints and bent at the interphalangeal joints. Unlike the front feet, the hind feet have short claws on all five toes and walk plantigrade. As a "hook-and-pull" digger, the giant anteater's enlarged supraspinous fossa gives the teres major more leverage—increasing the front limbs' pulling power—and the triceps muscle helps power the flexion of the thickened third digit of the front feet.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater has a low body temperature for a mammal, about , a few degrees lower than a typical mammalian temperature of . Xenarthrans in general tend to have lower metabolic rates than most other mammals, a trend thought to correlate with their dietary specializations and low mobility.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater has no teeth and is capable of only very limited jaw movement. It relies on the rotation of the two halves of its lower jaw, held together by a ligament at the tip, to open and close its mouth. This is accomplished by its chewing muscles, which are relatively underdeveloped. Jaw depression creates an oral opening large enough for the slender tongue to flick out. It is typically long and is triangular posteriorly, rounded anteriorly, and ends in a small, rounded tip. The tongue is covered in backward-curving papillae and coated in thick, sticky saliva secreted from its enlarged salivary glands.


title: Giant anteater

text: The tube-like rostrum and small mouth opening restrict the tongue to protrusion-retraction movements. During feeding, the animal relies on the orientation of its head for aim. The tongue can reach up to , longer than the length of the skull, and move in and out around 160 times per minute (nearly three times per second). The anteater's tongue has little to no attachments to the hyoid and this is what allows it to flick its tongue at such distances and speed. The long sternoglossus muscle, which is formed by the fusion of the sternohyoid and the hyoglossus, is directly anchored to the sternum. The hyoid apparatus is large, V-shaped and flexible and supports the tongue as it goes in and out of the mouth. The buccinators allow it to slide back in without losing attached food and tighten the mouth to prevent food from escaping as it extends. When retracted, the tongue is held in the oropharynx by the secondary palate, preventing it from blocking respiration.


title: Giant anteater

text: Giant anteaters swallow at a much higher rate than most other mammals; when feeding, they swallow almost continuously. Before being swallowed, insects are crushed against the palate. The giant anteater's stomach, similar to a bird's gizzard, has hardened folds and uses strong contractions to grind up the insects. The digestive process is assisted by small amounts of ingested sand and soil. The giant anteater cannot produce stomach acid of its own, but uses the formic acid of its prey for digestion.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater is native to Central and South America. Its known range stretches from Honduras to the Gran Chaco region, and fossil remains have been found as far north as northwestern Sonora, Mexico. It is largely absent from the Andes and has been fully extirpated in Uruguay, Belize, El Salvador, and Guatemala, as well as in parts of Costa Rica, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. The species is found in a number of habitats including both tropical rainforest and xeric shrubland, provided enough prey is present to sustain it.


title: Giant anteater

text: The species is listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, due to the number of regional extirpations, and under Appendix II by CITES, tightly restricting international trade in specimens of the animal and its parts and derivatives. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population declined by 30%. In 1994, some 340 giant anteaters died due to wildfires at Emas National Park in Brazil. The animal is particularly vulnerable to fires due to its slow movement and flammable coat.


title: Giant anteater

text: Human-induced threats include collision with vehicles, attacks by dogs, and destruction of habitat. One study of anteater mortality along roads found that they are likely to become roadkill on straight roads with native vegetation along the side. A 2018 study in Brazil found that: (1) fragmentation of habitat could be more detrimental than road mortality, (2) 18–21% of suitable anteater habitat was below minimum patch size, (3) 0.1–1% of its distribution was maximum road density, (4) 32–36% of the anteater's range represented critical areas for its survival and (5) more conservation opportunities existed in the north of the country. A 2020 study in the Brazilian "Cerrado" found that road morality can decrease the local population growth by half.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater is commonly hunted in Bolivia, both for sport and sustenance. The animal's thick, leathery hide is used to make equestrian equipment in the Chaco. In Venezuela, it is hunted for its claws. Giant anteaters are killed for safety reasons, due to their reputation as dangerous animals. The giant anteater remains widespread. Some populations are stable and the animal is found in various protected areas in the Amazon, Pantanal and the "Cerrado". It is officially protected in some Argentine provinces as a national heritage species.


title: Giant anteater

text: The giant anteater may use multiple habitats. A 2007 study of giant anteaters in the Brazilian Pantanal found the animals generally forage in open areas and rest in forested areas, possibly because forests are warmer than grasslands on cold days and cooler on hot days. Anteater may travel an average of per day. Giant anteaters can be either diurnal or nocturnal. A 2006 study in the Pantanal found those anteaters to be mostly nocturnal: they are most active during nighttime and early morning, and retire as the temperature rises. On colder days, they start and end periods of activity earlier, shifting them into daylight hours, and may become diurnal. Diurnal giant anteaters have been observed at Serra da Canastra. Nocturnality in anteaters may be a response to human disturbances.


title: Giant anteater

text: Giant anteaters typically rest in dense brush, but may use tall grass on cooler days. They carve a shallow cavity in the ground for resting. The animal sleeps curled up with its bushy tail folded over its body. The tail serves both to conserve body heat and as camouflage. One anteater was recorded sleeping with its tail stretched out on a sunny morning with an ambient temperature of ; possibly it was positioned this way to allow its body to absorb the sun's rays for warmth.


title: Giant anteater

text: Giant anteaters are good swimmers and are capable of moving through wide rivers. They have been observed to bathe. They are also able to climb and have been recorded ascending both termite mounds and trees while foraging. One individual was observed holding onto a branch with its feet just touching the ground.


title: Giant anteater

text: Giant anteaters' home ranges vary in size depending on the location, ranging from as small as in Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil, to as large as in Iberá Natural Reserve, Argentina. Individuals mostly live alone, except for females that nurse their young and males courting females. Anteaters communicate their presence, status, and sexual condition with secretions from their anal glands. They also advertise their presence to other individuals though tree markings and urine. They appear to be able to recognize each other's saliva by scent.


title: Giant anteater

text: Females appear to be more tolerant of females than males are of males, leading to greater overlap in female home ranges. Males are more likely to engage in agonistic behaviors, such as slowly circling each other, chasing, or actual fighting. Circling anteaters may utter a drawn-out "harrr" noise. In combat, they slash at each other with their claws and wrestle each other to the ground. Fighting anteaters may emit roars or bellows. Males are possibly territorial.


title: Giant anteater

text: This animal is an insectivore, feeding mostly on ants or termites. In areas that experience seasonal flooding, like the grassy plains of the Venezuelan-Colombian Llanos, anteaters mainly feed on ants, because termites are less available. Conversely, anteaters at Emas National Park eat mainly termites, which occur in high density on the grasslands. At Serra da Canastra, anteaters switch between eating mainly ants during the wet season (October to March) and termites during the dry season (May to September).


title: Giant anteater

text: Anteaters track prey by their scent. After finding a nest, the animal tears it open with its long fore claws and inserts its long, sticky tongue to collect its prey. An anteater spends one minute on average feeding at a nest, visiting up to 200 nests in one day and consuming as many as 30,000 insects. The anteater may be driven away from a nest by the chemical or biting attacks of soldiers. Some termite species rely on their fortified mounds for protection and many individuals escape while the predator digs. These modes of defense prevent the entire colony from being eaten in one anteater attack.


title: Giant anteater

text: Other prey include the larvae of beetles and western honey bees that have located their hives in termite mounds. Anteaters may target termite mounds with bee hives. In captivity, anteaters are fed mixtures made of milk, eggs, mealworms, and ground beef. To drink, an anteater may dig for water when no surface water is available, creating waterholes for other animals.


title: Giant anteater

text: Giant anteaters can mate throughout the year. During courtship, a male consorts with an estrous female, following and sniffing her. Male and female pairs are known to feed at the same insect nest. While mating, the female lies on her side as the male crouches over her. A couple may stay together for up to three days and mate several times during that period. Gestation lasts around 190 days and ends with the birth of a single pup, which typically weighs around . Females give birth standing upright.


title: Giant anteater

text: Pups are born with eyes closed and begin to open them after six days. The mother carries its dependent pup on its back. The pup's black and white band aligns with its mother's, camouflaging it. The young communicate with their mothers with sharp whistles and use their tongues during nursing. After three months, the pup begins to eat solid food and is fully weaned by ten months. The mother grooms her offspring during rest periods lasting up to an hour. Grooming peaks during the first three months and declines as the young reaches nine months of age, ending by ten months. The decline mirrors that of the weakening bond between mother and offspring; young anteaters usually become independent by nine or ten months. Anteaters are sexually mature in 2.5–4 years.


title: Giant anteater

text: Giant anteaters can live around 16 years in captivity. They are primarily prey for jaguars and pumas and typically flee from danger by galloping, but if cornered, will rear up on their hind legs and slash at the attacker. The front claws of the giant anteater are formidable weapons, capable of killing a jaguar. The giant anteater is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasites "Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus" and "Moniliformis monoechinus".


title: Giant anteater

text: Although they are shy and typically attempt to avoid humans, giant anteaters can inflict severe wounds with their front claws and have been known to seriously injure or kill humans who corner and threaten them. Between 2010 and 2012, two hunters were killed by giant anteaters in Brazil; in both cases, the hunters were agitating and wounding cornered animals and the attacks appeared to be defensive behaviors. In April 2007, an anteater at the Florencio Varela Zoo mauled and killed a zookeeper with its front claws. The animal in question, a male named Ramon, had a reputation for aggressiveness.


title: Giant anteater

text: In the mythology and folklore of the indigenous peoples of the Amazon Basin, the giant anteater is depicted as a trickster foil to the jaguar, as well as a humorous figure due to its long snout. In one Shipib tale, an anteater challenged a jaguar to a breath-holding contest under water, which the jaguar accepted. After the two removed their pelts and submerged, the anteater jumped out of the water and stole the jaguar's pelt, leaving the jaguar with the anteater's pelt. In a Yarabara myth, the evil ogre Ucara is transformed into one by the sun. This myth emphasizes the nearly immobile nature of the anteater's mouth, which was considered a burden. The Kayapo people wear masks of various animals and spirits, including the anteater, during naming and initiation ceremonies. They believe women who touched anteater masks or men who stumbled while wearing them would die or receive some sort of physical disorder.


title: Giant anteater

text: During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the giant anteater was one of many native fauna taken to Europe for display. At first, Europeans believed all anteaters were female and mated with their noses, a misconception corrected by naturalist Félix de Azara. In the 20th century, Salvador Dalí wrote imaginatively that the giant anteater "reaches sizes bigger than the horse, possesses enormous ferocity, has exceptional muscle power, is a terrifying animal." Dalí depicted an anteater in the style of "The Great Masturbator". It was used as a bookplate for André Breton, who compared the temptations a man experiences in life to what "the tongue of the anteater must offer to the ant."


title: Giant anteater

text: The 1940 Max Fleischer cartoon "Ants in the Plants" features a colony of ants fighting off a villainous anteater. Released during the Phoney War, the film may have alluded to France's Maginot Line. An anteater is also a recurring character in the comic strip "B.C." This character was the inspiration for Peter the Anteater, the University of California, Irvine team mascot. In the Stephen King miniseries "Kingdom Hospital", the character Antubis appears in the form of an anteater-like creature with razor-sharp teeth.


title: Martha Higareda

text: Martha Elba Guadalupe Higareda Cervantes () (born August 24, 1983) is a Mexican actress, producer and screenwriter.


title: Martha Higareda

text: Higareda was born in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico, the daughter of actress Martha Cervantes and artist and therapist Jose Luis Higareda, and sister of actress Miriam Higareda. She began acting on the stage at a very early age, along with dancing jazz, flamenco, tap and folklore. At 14, she moved to Mexico City from her native Tabasco to pursue an acting career. Her debut was in theater participating in various plays, including "Little Women" and "Don Juan."


title: Martha Higareda

text: Being an advanced student, she entered College several years early at the age of 15; studying Communications at El Tecnologico de Monterrey. She would attend college in the mornings while going to acting school in the evenings and performing in theater on the weekends. A year later her mother and sister moved to Mexico City and attended acting school with her. She had her first TV debut as an anchor hostess in Disney Channel’s "Zapping Zone".


title: Martha Higareda

text: Alfonso Cuaron came to Mexico City auditioning for "Y Tu Mamá También", Martha got the part of Cecilia Huerta, Gael Garcia's girlfriend in the film, but being underage and due to the full on nudity in the movie she was not able to do the role. Cuaron encouraged her to keep pursuing her acting career. Soon after, she changed her major from Communications to the Performing Arts. In 2002, Higareda had her first leading role in the movie "Amarte Duele", directed by Fernando Sariñana, in which she shares credits with Luis Fernando Peña and Alfonso Herrera.


title: Martha Higareda

text: The movie quickly became a box office hit and launched Martha's career giving her the nickname "The Mexican Sweetheart". She received The Silver Goddess award for her performance as female lead and the MTV movies favorite actress award.


title: Martha Higareda

text: In 2003, she was offered the lead in a Mexican TV show "Enamórate" on TV Azteca, next to Yahir, where she also shared credits with María Inés Guerra, Martha Cristiana, Fernando Sarfati, and Amara Villafuerte. But Higareda's passion was in making movies. Higareda returned with the movie "Siete Días" next to Jaime Camil, in which she played a girl whose dream is to make U2 come to the city of Monterrey in less than a week.


title: Martha Higareda

text: She worked with Carlos Carrera (El crimen del Padre Amaro) in "Sexo, amor y otras perversiones" winning another Silver Goddess Award. And that same year she was nominated as best supporting actress for the Mexican Academy Awards for her role in "Fuera del Cielo", In 2007, she came with her latest production "Niñas Mal", directed by Fernando Sariñana where she shared credits with Camila Sodi and Ximena Sariñana. The movie produced by Columbia Pictures was a huge success in which Higareda portrayed punk stubborn yet sweet Adela, her unusual haircut and fashion statement quickly became a trend in Mexican teenagers.


title: Martha Higareda

text: She booked her first American movie in 2007 "Borderland" where she shared credits with Brian Presley and Beto Cuevas produced by Lionsgate. The movie was screening in the American Film Market when an Agent approached her, he introduced Martha to Craig Shapiro, whom to this day represents Higareda at ICM Partners. Shapiro convinced Martha to move to LA. In 2008, she moved to Hollywood to audition and study script writing and that same year, she worked in David Ayer's film "Street Kings", sharing credits with Keanu Reeves, Hugh Laurie, and Forest Whitaker.


title: Martha Higareda

text: She went back to her country with three finished scripts and at the age of 25 she wrote and produced her first independent film, "". The movie was in the top ten films in box-office for 10 consecutive weeks. She shot the prequel to the crime/action film "Smokin' Aces", "", as a deadly female assassin with poisonous lips. In 2012, she appeared in "Hello Herman" with Norman Reedus as an American reporter.


title: Martha Higareda

text: In "" she played the lead role, as a visually impaired woman trying to solve the murder of her sister. For this performance she won an Imagen Awards.


title: Martha Higareda

text: In 2014, she also wrote, produced and starred in "Casese Quien Pueda" (Marry me if you can) directed by Marco Polo Constandse and produced by Martha and Miri Higareda and Alejandra Cardenas. The movie quickly became the second biggest box office record of its time. This caught the attention of the American Studios. "I wanted not only to be in movies, but to know the guts of the industry. Making movies it's all a team effort, so if you surround yourself with the best people you learn from them and then if you can also give an opportunity to those whom you believe in their talent, magical things happen"


title: Martha Higareda

text: She won the Mayahuel Award at the Guadalajara International Film Festival for the movie "Mariachi Gringo", and that same year she played Amparo in the miniseries "Carlos". She worked in the Disney movie "McFarland, USA" with director Nikki Caro.


title: Martha Higareda

text: In 2016, she produced and starred in "No manches Frida", with Edward Allen and Mauricio Arguelles. From Pantelion, Lionsgate, Videocine and Constantin Film, "No Manches Frida" was another box office hit, where Higareda plays shy yet passionate Miss Lucy who falls in love with a criminal (Omar Chaparro). Martha pitched Chaparro for the role. Made for $2.5 million, the film made 23 million dollars in the box office.


title: Martha Higareda

text: Higareda produced with Miguel Mier, Jimena Rodriguez, Bernardo Rugama the box office success and Mexican adaptation of "3 idiots", a story about following your true passion. This subject has always interested Higareda as she has toured around her country giving inspirational yet grounding talks to teenagers.


title: Martha Higareda

text: In 2018, Higareda starred in Netflix's "Altered Carbon", a hard-boiled tech noir television series based on the book by Richard K. Morgan, as detective Kristin Ortega.


title: Martha Higareda

text: In 2019, she played the lead role of Marisol in Hulu's American horror anthology television series, "Into the Dark", episode "Culture Shock".


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Capernaum () is a 2018 Lebanese drama film directed by Nadine Labaki and produced by Khaled Mouzanar. The screenplay was written by Labaki, Jihad Hojaily and Michelle Keserwany from a story by Labaki, Hojaily, Keserwany, Georges Khabbaz and Khaled Mouzanar. The film stars Syrian refugee child actor Zain Al Rafeea as Zain El Hajj, a 12-year-old living in the slums of Beirut. "Capernaum" is told in flashback format, focusing on Zain's life, including his encounter with an Ethiopian immigrant Rahil and her infant son Yonas, and leading up to his attempt to sue his parents for child neglect.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: The film debuted at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, where it was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or, and won the Jury Prize. "Capernaum" received a 15-minute standing ovation following its premiere at Cannes on 17 May 2018. Sony Pictures Classics, which had previously distributed Labaki's "Where Do We Go Now?", bought North American and Latin American distribution rights for the film, while Wild Bunch retained the international rights. It received a wider release on 20 September 2018.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: "Capernaum" received critical acclaim, with particular praise given to Labaki's direction, Al Rafeea's performance and the film's "documentary-like realism". Writing for "The New York Times", Manohla Dargis and A. O. Scott named it as one of the greatest films of 2018. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, among several other accolades.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: "Capernaum" is both the highest-grossing Arabic and Middle-Eastern film of all time, after becoming a sleeper hit at the international box office with over worldwide, against a production budget of . Its largest international market is China, where it became a surprise blockbuster with over .


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Zain El Hajj, a 12-year-old from the slums of Beirut, is serving a five-year prison sentence in Roumieh Prison for stabbing someone whom he refers to as a "son of a bitch". Neither Zain nor his parents know his exact date of birth as they never applied/received an official birth certificate. Zain is brought before a court, having decided to take civil action against his parents, his mother, Souad, and his father, Selim. When asked by the judge why he wants to sue his parents, Zain answers "Because I was born" (or, more precisely, "because you had me"). Meanwhile, Lebanese authorities process a group of migrant workers, including a young Ethiopian woman named Rahil.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: The story then flashes back several months to before Zain was arrested. Zain lives with his parents and takes care of at least seven younger siblings who make money in various schemes instead of going to school. He uses forged prescriptions to purchase tramadol pills from multiple pharmacies, which they crush into powder and soak them into clothes, which his brother sells to drug addicts in prison. Zain also works as a delivery boy for Assad, the family's landlord, and the owner of a local market stall. One morning, Zain helps his 11-year-old sister Sahar to hide the evidence of her first period, fearing she will be married to Assad if her parents discover that she can now become pregnant.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Zain makes plans to escape with Sahar and begin a new life. However, his suspicions are proven correct as her parents marry off Sahar to Assad in exchange for two chickens. Furious at his parents, Zain runs away and catches a bus, where he meets an elderly man dressed in a knock-off Spider-Man costume who calls himself "Cockroach Man". Cockroach Man gets off the bus at the Luna Park in Ras Beirut and Zain follows him, spending the rest of the day at the park. While on the ferris wheel, Zain sees a beautiful sunset and begins to cry. Later, Zain meets Rahil, an Ethiopian migrant worker who is working as a cleaner at the park. She takes pity on Zain and agrees to let him live with her at her tin shack in exchange for Zain babysitting her undocumented infant son Yonas when she is at work.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Rahil's forged migrant documents are due to expire soon and she does not have enough money to pay her forger Aspro for new documents. Aspro offers to forge the documents for free if she gives Yonas to him so that Yonas can be adopted. Rahil refuses, despite Aspro's claims that Yonas' undocumented status will mean he can never receive an education or be employed. Rahil's documents expire and she is arrested by Lebanese authorities. After she does not return to the shack, Zain panics. Several days pass, and Zain begins looking after Yonas on his own, claiming that they are brothers, and begins selling tramadol again to earn money.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: One day, while at Souk Al Ahad, where Aspro is based, Zain meets a young girl named Maysoun. Maysoun is a Syrian refugee and claims that Aspro has agreed to send her to Sweden. Zain demands that Aspro send him to Sweden as well, which Aspro agrees to do if Zain gives him Yonas. Zain reluctantly agrees, and Aspro tells him that he will need some form of identification to become a refugee. Zain returns to his parents and demands they give him his identification, to which they laughingly tell him he doesn't have any. Having disowned him for leaving, they kick him out of their house, but not before revealing that Sahar had recently died due to difficulties with her pregnancy. Furious, Zain takes a large knife, runs out the house and stabs Assad. Zain is arrested and sentenced to five years at Roumieh Prison.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: While in prison, during a visit from his mother, Zain learns that Souad is pregnant yet again and plans to name the child Sahar. Disgusted by his mother's lack of remorse for her daughter's death, he tells her not to visit again, calling her "heartless". During a TV show requesting call-in commentary on child abuse, Zain contacts the media and says that he is tired of parents neglecting their children and plans to sue his parents for continuing to have children when they cannot take care of them. When the judge asks him what he wants from his parents, he says "I want them to stop having children", as he does not want them to suffer the neglect he has. Zain also alleges that Aspro is adopting children illegally and mistreating them. Aspro's house is raided and the children and parents are reunited, including Yonas and Rahil.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Zain's photo is taken for his ID card. The photographer cracks a joke at Zain's sour disposition—"It's your ID card, not your death certificate"—and Zain manages a smile.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: The film was produced on a budget of . Producer Khaled Mouzanar took out a mortgage on his house to raise a budget.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Zain Al Rafeea, a Syrian refugee living in the slums of Beirut since 2012, was 12 during production. Al Rafeea's character, Zain, is named for him. Many of the other actors were novices, which Labaki described as necessary because she wanted "a real struggle on that big screen". Al Rafeea contributed to shaping the film's dialogue, drawing on his experiences as a refugee living in a slum.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Although Labaki is also an actress, she gave herself only a small role, preferring the realist actors to draw from their own experiences. Shooting lasted six months and resulted in 500 hours of rushes, which took her and her editing team a year and a half to edit down to 2 hours. The first version of the film was 12 hours long, but working in sometimes 24-hour editing shifts with her editors, she was able to cut the film in time. She became very close to her editing team over this period and referred to them, and her crew, as her family.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: , the film has grossed $68,583,867 worldwide, against a production budget of . It has become the highest-grossing Arabic film, and the highest-grossing Middle-Eastern film of all time, surpassing the box office record of Labaki's earlier film "Where Do We Go Now?" (2012).


title: Capernaum (film)

text: The film had a limited release in the United States and Canada on 14 December 2018. The film went on to gross $1,661,096 in the United States and Canada, . Outside of the United States and Canada, the film has grossed in international markets, .


title: Capernaum (film)

text: It released in China on 29 April 2019, and debuted at number two there, behind "". "Capernaum" became a sleeper hit in China, with the help of strong word-of-mouth on Chinese social media (including platforms such as Douban and TikTok). By 5 May 2019, "Capernaum" had grossed in China, becoming the weekend's second top-grossing film internationally, behind only "Avengers: Endgame". By 16 May 2019, the film had crossed () in China, in just over two weeks, becoming a surprise blockbuster at the Chinese box office. , the film has grossed $54,315,148 in China.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: "Capernaum" has an approval rating of based on reviews by critics on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads, ""Capernaum" hits hard, but rewards viewers with a smart, compassionate, and ultimately stirring picture of lives in the balance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Many reviews were highly positive. A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" ranked it as the ninth greatest film of 2018, writing "naturalism meets melodrama in this harrowing, hectic tale of a lost boy’s adventures in the slums and shantytowns of Beirut...Labaki refuses to lose sight of the exuberance, grit and humor that people hold onto even in moments of the greatest desperation." "Variety"s Jay Weissberg judged "Capernaum" to represent a substantial improvement in Labaki's direction, bringing "intelligence and heart" to its issue. "The Hollywood Reporter" critic Leslie Felperin called it an effective melodrama. On Vulture.com, Emily Yoshida called Zain Al Rafeea "a startling, unforgettable presence". Yoshida also interpreted it as "one of the most forcefully pro-choice films I've ever seen", though abortion is not mentioned.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: Some reviews were more mixed. Writing for "The A.V. Club", A.A. Dowd called the film a "sadness pile that confuses nonstop hardship for drama, begging for our tears at every moment". "IndieWire" critic David Ehrlich also wrote a mixed review, calling it "an astonishing work of social-realism that's diluted (and ultimately defeated) by an array of severe miscalculations".


title: Capernaum (film)

text: The film was selected as the Lebanese entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards. It made the December shortlist in 2018, before being nominated for the Academy Award in January 2019.


title: Capernaum (film)

text: "Kafarnāḥūm", also known as Cafarnaúm or Capharnaüm. Capernaum was a village in the Galilee region in the territory of Israel; it was condemned by Jesus as one of the three settlements that refused to repent for its sins even after he performed miracles of healing there; in French, a "capharnaüm" is a place with a disorderly accumulation of objects; it is translated onscreen in this film as "Chaos."


title: Owen Tudor

text: Sir Owen Tudor (, 2 February 1461) was a Welsh courtier and the second husband of Queen Catherine of Valois (1401–1437), widow of King Henry V of England. He was the grandfather of Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Owen was a descendant of a prominent family from Penmynydd on the Isle of Anglesey, which traces its lineage back to Ednyfed Fychan (d. 1246), a Welsh official and seneschal to the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Tudor's grandfather, Tudur ap Goronwy, married Margaret, daughter of Thomas ap Llywelyn ab Owain of Cardiganshire, the last male of the princely house of Deheubarth. Margaret's elder sister married Gruffudd Fychan of Glyndyfrdwy, whose son was Owain Glyndŵr. Owen's father, Maredudd ap Tudur, and his uncles were prominent in Owain Glyndŵr's revolt against English rule, the Glyndŵr Rising.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Historians consider the descendants of Ednyfed Fychan, including Owen Tudor, one of the most powerful families in 13th to 14th-century Wales. The descendants of his many sons would form a wealthy 'ministerial aristocracy', acting as leading servants to the princes of Gwynedd, and play a key role in the attempts to create a single Welsh principality. This privilege endured after the Conquest of Wales by Edward I with the family continuing to exercise power in the name of the king of England, within Wales. However, there remained an awareness of the family's Welsh heritage and the accompanying loyalties led them to take part in the suppressed Glyndŵr Rising.


title: Owen Tudor

text: The fact that little is known about Tudor's early life and that it has instead become largely mythologized is attributed to his family's part in the Glyndŵr Rising. At various times it has been said that he was the bastard son of an alehouse keeper, that his father was a fugitive murderer, that he fought at Agincourt, that he was keeper of Queen Catherine's household or wardrobe, that he was an esquire of Henry V, and that his relationship with Catherine began when he fell into the queen's lap while dancing or caught the queen's eye when swimming. The sixteenth-century Welsh chronicler Elis Gruffydd did note that he was her sewer (someone who places dishes on the table and tastes them) and servant. However, it is known that after the Glyndŵr Rising several Welshmen secured positions at court, and in May 1421 an 'Owen Meredith' joined the retinue of Sir Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford, the steward of the king's household from 1415 until 1421.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Henry V of England died on 31 August 1422, leaving his wife, Queen Catherine, widowed. The dowager queen initially lived with her infant son, King Henry VI, before moving to Wallingford Castle early in his reign.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Catherine was rumoured to have had an affair with Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. These rumours, though based on questionable evidence, prompted a response from her son's regents, who objected to Somerset as a possible husband as he was a second cousin of Henry V through the legitimised Beaufort line sired by John of Gaunt. A parliamentary statute regulating the remarriage of widowed queens was passed. She subsequently married Owen Tudor and gave birth to three sons: Edmund, Jasper and Edward (see below).


title: Owen Tudor

text: Historian G. L. Harriss suggested that the affair with Beaufort resulted in the birth of Edmund Tudor. Harriss wrote, "By its very nature the evidence for Edmund Tudor's parentage is less than conclusive, but such facts, as can be assembled, permit an agreeable possibility that Edmund 'Tudor' and Margaret Beaufort were first cousins and that the royal house of 'Tudor' sprang in fact from Beauforts on both sides."


title: Owen Tudor

text: Following Queen Catherine's death, Owen Tudor lost the protection from the statute on dowager queens' remarriage and was imprisoned in Newgate Prison. In 1438 he escaped but was later recaptured and held in the custody of the constable of Windsor Castle.


title: Owen Tudor

text: In 1439, Henry VI of England granted him a general pardon, restoring his goods and lands. In addition, Henry VI granted him a pension of £40 per annum, provided him with a position in court, and appointed him the Keeper of the King's Parks in Denbigh. In 1442, Henry VI welcomed his two half-brothers, Edmund and Jasper, to court. In November 1452, they were created earls of Richmond and Pembroke with the acknowledgement that they were the king's half-brothers.


title: Owen Tudor

text: In 1459, Tudor's pension was increased to £100 per annum. Owen and Jasper were commissioned to arrest a servant of John Dwnn of Kidwelly, a Yorkist, and later that year, Tudor acquired an interest in the forfeited estates of another Yorkist, John, Lord Clinton. On 5 February 1460, Tudor and Jasper were granted life offices in the Duke of York's lordship of Denbigh, a prelude to them later seizing lordship.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Owen Tudor was an early casualty of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. He joined his son Jasper's army in Wales in January 1461, a force that was defeated at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross by Edward of York. On 2 February, Owen Tudor was captured and beheaded at Hereford. His head was placed on the market cross there, "and a madde woman kembyd hys here and wysche a way the blode of hys face" and set 100 candles about him.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Owen Tudor had expected to be imprisoned rather than executed. Moments before his execution he realised that he was to die and murmured "that hede shalle ly on the stocke that wass wonte to ly on Quene Katheryns lappe." His body was buried in a chapel on the north side of the Greyfriars' Church in Hereford. He had no memorial until his illegitimate son, David, paid for a tomb before the friary was dissolved.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Owen was a descendant of Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–1197), ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth, via the lineages that follow:


title: Owen Tudor

text: Rhys had a daughter, Gwenllian ferch (daughter of) Rhys, who married Ednyfed Fychan, Seneschal of the Kingdom of Gwynedd (d. 1246).


title: Owen Tudor

text: Ednyfed Fychan and Gwenllian ferch Rhys were the parents of Goronwy ab Ednyfed, Lord of Tref-gastell (d. 1268). Goronwy was married to Morfydd ferch Meurig, daughter of Meurig of Gwent. Meurig was the son of Ithel, grandson of Rhydd and great-grandson of Iestyn ap Gwrgant, the last king of Morgannwg (reigned 1081–1091) before its conquest by the Normans.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Goronwy and Morfydd were parents of Tudur Hen, Lord of Penmynydd (d. 1311). Tudur Hen married Angharad ferch Ithel Fychan, daughter of Ithel Fychan ap Ithel Gan, Lord of Englefield. They were the parents of Goronwy ap Tudur Hen, Lord of Penmynydd (d. 1331).


title: Owen Tudor

text: "Goronwy ap Tudur" was married to Gwerfyl ferch Madog, daughter of Madog ap Dafydd, Baron of Hendwr. They were the parents of Tudur ap Goronwy, also known as "Tudur Fychan" ("Tudur the Little") to distinguish him from his grandfather Tudur Hen ("Tudur the Old"), Lord of Penmynydd (d. 1367).


title: Owen Tudor

text: "Tudur Fychan" married Margaret ferch Thomas of Is Coed, of the native and Ancient Royal Houses of Wales. Margaret and her sisters, Ellen and Eleanor, were descended from Angharad ferch Llywelyn, daughter of Llywelyn the Great.


title: Owen Tudor

text: Tudur and Margaret were parents to "Maredudd ap Tudur" (died 1406). Maredudd married Margaret ferch Dafydd, the daughter of Dafydd Fychan, Lord of Anglesey, and his wife, Nest ferch Ieuan.


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: The 2021 AFC Champions League was the 40th edition of Asia's premier club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the 19th under the current AFC Champions League title.


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: Al-Hilal won their fourth title by defeating Pohang Steelers 2–0 in the final, becoming the most successful team in the history of the competition. As winners, they automatically qualified for the 2022 AFC Champions League (although they had already qualified through their domestic performance). They also earned the right to play in the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates.


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: The tournament was the first to involve 40 teams during the group stage, with an increase from the previous 32 teams.


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: Ulsan Hyundai of South Korea were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the semi-finals by fellow South Korean club Pohang Steelers.


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: The 46 AFC member associations (excluding the Northern Mariana Islands, which became a full member in December 2020 and are not eligible for this season) are ranked based on their clubs' performance over the last four years in AFC competitions (their national team's FIFA World Rankings no longer considered). The slots are allocated by the following criteria according to the Entry Manual:


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: For the 2021 AFC Champions League, the associations are allocated slots according to their association ranking which was published on 29 November 2019, which takes into account their performance in the AFC Champions League and the AFC Cup during the period between 2016 and 2019.


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: "In the following table, the number of appearances and last appearance count only those since the 2002–03 season (including qualifying rounds), when the competition was rebranded as the AFC Champions League."


title: 2021 AFC Champions League

text: On 25 January 2021, the AFC published the schedule of the competition. The group stage is played as centralized double round-robin tournament, and the round of 16 and quarter-finals are played as a single match.


title: Malbolge

text: Malbolge () is a public domain esoteric programming language invented by Ben Olmstead in 1998, named after the eighth circle of hell in Dante's "Inferno", the Malebolge. It was specifically designed to be almost impossible to use, via a counter-intuitive 'crazy operation', base-three arithmetic, and self-altering code. It builds on the difficulty of earlier challenging esoteric languages (such as Brainfuck and Befunge), but takes this aspect to the extreme, playing on the entangled histories of computer science and encryption. Despite this design, it is possible to write useful Malbolge programs.


title: Malbolge

text: Malbolge was very difficult to understand when it arrived. It took two years for the first Malbolge program to appear. The author himself has never written a Malbolge program. The first program was not written by a human being; it was generated by a beam search algorithm designed by Andrew Cooke and implemented in Lisp.


title: Malbolge

text: Later, Lou Scheffer posted a cryptanalysis of Malbolge and provided a program to copy its input to its output. He also saved the original interpreter and specification after the original site stopped functioning, and offered a general strategy of writing programs in Malbolge as well as some thoughts on its Turing completeness.


title: Malbolge

text: Olmstead believed Malbolge to be a linear bounded automaton. There is a discussion about whether one can implement sensible loops in Malbolge—it took many years before the first non-terminating one was introduced. A correct 99 Bottles of Beer program, which deals with non-trivial loops and conditions, was not announced for seven years; the first correct one was by Hisashi Iizawa in 2005. Hisashi Iizawa et al. also proposed a guide for programming in Malbolge for the purpose of obfuscation for software protection.


title: Malbolge

text: The standard interpreter and the official specification do not match perfectly. One difference is that the compiler stops execution with data outside the 33–126 range. Although this was initially considered a bug in the compiler, Ben Olmstead stated that it was intended and there was in fact "a bug in the specification".


title: Malbolge

text: Malbolge has three registers, a, c, and d. When a program starts, the value of all three registers is zero.


title: Malbolge

text: a stands for 'accumulator', set to the value written by all write operations on memory and used for standard I/O. c, the code pointer, is special: it points to the current instruction. d is the data pointer. It is automatically incremented after each instruction, but the location it points to is used for the data manipulation commands.


title: Malbolge

text: d can hold a memory address; [d] is register indirect; the value stored at that address. [c] is similar.


title: Malbolge

text: The virtual machine has 59,049 (3) memory locations that can each hold a ten-trit ternary number. Each memory location has an address from 0 to 59048 and can hold a value from 0 to 59048. Incrementing past this limit wraps back to zero.


title: Malbolge

text: The language uses the same memory space for both data and instructions. This was influenced by how hardware such as x86 architecture worked.


title: Malbolge

text: Before a Malbolge program starts, the first part of memory is filled with the program. All whitespace in the program is ignored and, to make programming more difficult, everything else in the program must start out as one of the instructions below.


title: Malbolge

text: The rest of memory is filled by using the "crazy" operation (see below) on the previous two addresses ([m] = crz [m - 2], [m - 1]). Memory filled this way will repeat every twelve addresses (the individual ternary digits will repeat every three or four addresses, so a group of ternary digits is guaranteed to repeat every twelve).


title: Malbolge

text: In 2007, Ørjan Johansen created Malbolge Unshackled, a version of Malbolge which does not have the arbitrary memory limit. The hope was to create a Turing-complete language while keeping as much in the spirit of Malbolge as possible. No other rules are changed, and all Malbolge programs that do not reach the memory limit are completely functional.


title: Malbolge

text: Malbolge has eight instructions. Malbolge figures out which instruction to execute by taking the value [c], adding the value of c to it, and taking the remainder when this is divided by 94. The final result tells the interpreter what to do:


title: Malbolge

text: After each instruction is executed, the guilty instruction gets encrypted (see below) so that it will not do the same thing next time, unless a jump just happened. Right after a jump, Malbolge will encrypt the innocent instruction just prior to the one it jumped to instead. Then, the values of both c and d are increased by one and the next instruction is executed.


title: Malbolge

text: For each ternary digit of both inputs, use the following table to get a ternary digit of the result. For example, crz 0001112220, 0120120120 gives 1001022211.


title: Malbolge

text: After an instruction is executed, the value at [c] (without anything added to it) will be replaced with itself mod 94. Then, the result is enciphered with one of the following two equivalent methods.


title: Malbolge

text: Lou Scheffer's cryptanalysis of Malbolge mentions six different cycles in the permutation. They are listed here:


title: Malbolge

text: These cycles can be used to create loops that do different things each time and that eventually become repetitive. Lou Scheffer used this idea to create a Malbolge program (included in his cryptanalysis linked below) that repeats anything the user inputs.


title: Malbolge

text: Malbolge is not Turing-complete, due to its memory limits. However, it otherwise has sequential execution, repetition, and conditional-execution. Several attempts have been made to create Turing-complete versions of Malbolge:


title: Malbolge

text: In the television series "Elementary", during the episode "The Leviathan" (season 1, episode 10), a clue written on a coffee order is described as having been written in Malbolge. It appears to be a small modification of the more verbose "Hello World" example shown above.


title: Malbolge

text: In the "" episode "The Golf Job" (season 1, episode 12), an SMS auto-reply reads "Breanna is unavailable Thursday through Sunday or until she masters Malbolge code."


title: Malbolge

text: In the "Billions" episode "The Limitless Shit" (season 5, episode 7), a programmer analyst at Axe Capital explains that he "... used to dick around with Malbolge, but just for fun."


title: Frieda Hughes

text: Frieda Rebecca Hughes (born 1 April 1960) is an English-Australian poet and painter. She has published seven children's books, four poetry collections and one short story and has had many exhibitions.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: Hughes is the daughter of poets Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes. Her mother was an American novelist and poet, and her father was the British poet laureate from 1984 until his death in 1998. Her mother took her life when Frieda was almost three; her father died of cancer. Hughes' brother, Nicholas Hughes, took his life on 16 March 2009.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: Hughes was born in London. Through their father's mother, Frieda and Nicholas are descendants of Nicholas Ferrar (1592–1637). She moved to Perth, Western Australia in 1988, and later settled in Wooroloo, a small hamlet north of Perth, in 1991, where the Australian landscape became the basis of much of her painting. She obtained dual Australian citizenship in 1992.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: Hughes was married to farmworker Desmond Dawe from 1979 to 1982. Her second husband was real estate agent Clive Anderson. Her third marriage, in 1996, was to Hungarian artist Laszlo Lukacs; they divorced in 2010 after a year-long separation. She has no children. Hughes rescues, keeps, and paints owls.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: Hughes graduated from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London, with a BA (Hons.) in 1988.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: In June 2002, she received an Invention and Innovation award from the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts for her project Forty Years.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: From 2006 to 2008 she wrote a weekly poetry column for "The Times" newspaper and in 2008 was chair judge for the Forward Prizes for Poetry and a judge for the National Poetry Competition.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: In February 2010 she was a guest on "Private Passions", the biographical music discussion programme on BBC Radio 3.


title: Frieda Hughes

text: In October 2015 Hughes spoke for the first time about her father as part of the BBC Two documentary "Ted Hughes: Stronger Than Death".


title: Frieda Hughes

text: Hughes's poems have also been published in "The New Yorker", "Tatler", "The Spectator", "Thumbscrew", "The Paris Review", "First Pressings", "The London Magazine", "The Times", "The Guardian", and "The Daily Telegraph" among others.


title: County Mayo

text: County Mayo (; , meaning "Plain of the yew trees") is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, in the province of Connacht, it is named after the village of Mayo, now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority. The population was 137,231 at the 2022 census. The boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time.


title: County Mayo

text: It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by County Galway; on the east by County Roscommon; and on the northeast by County Sligo. Mayo is the third-largest of Ireland's 32 counties in area and 18th largest in terms of population. It is the second-largest of Connacht's five counties in both size and population. Mayo has of coastline, or approximately 21% of the total coastline of the State. It is one of three counties which claims to have the longest coastline in Ireland, alongside Cork and Donegal. There is a distinct geological difference between the west and the east of the county. The west consists largely of poor subsoils and is covered with large areas of extensive Atlantic blanket bog, whereas the east is largely a limestone landscape. Agricultural land is therefore more productive in the east than in the west.


title: County Mayo

text: A survey of the terrestrial and freshwater algae of Clare Island was made between 1990 and 2005 and published in 2007. A record of "Gunnera tinctoria" is also noted.


title: County Mayo

text: Consultants working for the Corrib gas project have carried out extensive surveys of wildlife flora and fauna in Kilcommon Parish, Erris between 2002 and 2009. This information is published in the Corrib Gas Proposal Environmental impact statements 2009 and 2010.


title: County Mayo

text: There is evidence of human occupation of what is now County Mayo going far back into prehistory. At Belderrig on the north Mayo coast, there is evidence for Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) communities around 4500 BC. while throughout the county there is a wealth of archaeological remains from the Neolithic (New Stone Age) period (ca. 4,000 BC to 2,500 BC), particularly in terms of megalithic tombs and ritual stone circles.


title: County Mayo

text: The first people who came to Ireland – mainly to coastal areas as the interior was heavily forested – arrived during the Middle Stone Age, as far back as eleven thousand years ago. Artefacts of hunter/gatherers are sometimes found in middens, rubbish pits around hearths where people would have rested and cooked over large open fires. Once cliffs erode, midden remains become exposed as blackened areas containing charred stones, bones, and shells. They are usually found a metre below the surface. Mesolithic people did not have major rituals associated with burial, unlike those of the Neolithic (New Stone Age) period.


title: County Mayo

text: The Neolithic period followed the Mesolithic around 6,000 years ago. People began to farm the land, domesticate animals for food and milk, and settle in one place for longer periods. These people had skills such as making pottery, building houses from wood, weaving, and knapping (stone tool working). The first farmers cleared forestry to graze livestock and grow crops. In North Mayo, where the ground cover was fragile, thin soils washed away and blanket bog covered the land farmed by the Neolithic people.


title: County Mayo

text: Extensive pre-bog field systems have been discovered under the blanket bog, particularly along the North Mayo coastline in Erris and north Tyrawley at sites such as the Céide Fields, centred on the northeast coast.


title: County Mayo

text: The Neolithic people developed rituals associated with burying their dead; this is why they built huge, elaborate, galleried stone tombs for their dead leaders, known nowadays as megalithic tombs. There are over 160 recorded megaliths in County Mayo, such as Faulagh.


title: County Mayo

text: There are four distinct types of Irish megalithic tombs—court tombs, portal tombs, passage tombs and wedge tombs—examples of all of which can be found in County Mayo. Areas particularly rich in megalithic tombs include Achill, Kilcommon, Ballyhaunis, Moygownagh, Killala and the Behy/Glenurla area around the Céide Fields.


title: County Mayo

text: Megalithic tomb building continued into the Bronze Age when metal began to be used for tools alongside the stone tools. The Bronze Age lasted approximately from 4,500 years ago to 2,500 years ago (2,500 BC to 500 BC). Archaeological remains from this period include stone alignments, stone circles and fulachta fiadh (early cooking sites). They continued to bury their chieftains in megalithic tombs which changed design during this period, more being of the wedge tomb type and cist burials.


title: County Mayo

text: Around 2,500 years ago the Iron Age took over from the Bronze Age as more and more metalworking took place. This is thought to have coincided with the arrival of Celtic speaking peoples and the introduction of the ancestor of the Irish language. Towards the end of this period, the Roman Empire was at its height in Britain but it is not thought that the Roman Empire extended into Ireland. Remains from this period, which lasted until the Early Christian period began about AD 325 (with the arrival of Saint Patrick into Ireland, as a slave) include crannógs (Lake dwellings), promontory forts, ringforts and souterrains of which there are numerous examples across the county. The Iron Age was a time of tribal warfare and kingships, each fighting neighbouring kings, vying for control of territories and taking slaves. Territories were marked by tall stone markers, Ogham stones, using the first written down words using the Ogham alphabet. The Iron Age is the time period in which the mythological tales of the Ulster Cycle and sagas took place, as well as that of the Táin Bó Flidhais, whose narrative is set in mainly in Erris.


title: County Mayo

text: Christianity came to Ireland around the start of the 5th century. It brought many changes including the introduction of the Latin alphabet. The tribal 'tuatha' and new Christian religious settlements existed side by side. Sometimes it suited the chieftains to become part of the early Churches, other times they remained as separate entities. St. Patrick (4th century) may have spent time in County Mayo and it is believed that he spent forty days and forty nights on Croagh Patrick praying for the people of Ireland. From the middle of the 6th-century hundreds of small monastic settlements were established around the county. Some examples of well-known early monastic sites in Mayo include Mayo Abbey, Aughagower, Ballintubber, Errew Abbey, Cong Abbey, Killala, Turlough on the outskirts of Castlebar, and island settlements off the Mullet Peninsula like the Inishkea Islands, Inishglora and Duvillaun.


title: County Mayo

text: In 795 the first of the Viking raids took place. The Vikings came from Scandinavia to raid the monasteries as they were places of wealth with precious metal working taking place in them. Some of the larger ecclesiastical settlements erected round towers to prevent their precious items from being plundered and also to show their status and strength against these pagan raiders from the north. There are round towers at Aughagower, Balla, Killala, Turlough and Meelick. The Vikings established settlements that later developed into towns (Dublin, Cork, Wexford, Waterford etc.) but none were in County Mayo. Between the reigns of Kings of Connacht Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg (973–1010) and Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1106–1156), various tribal territories were incorporated into the kingdom of Connacht and ruled by the Siol Muirdaig dynasty, based initially at Rathcroghan in County Roscommon, and from 1050 at Tuam. The families of O'Malley and O'Dowd of Mayo served as admirals of the fleet of Connacht, while families such as O'Lachtnan, Mac Fhirbhisigh, and O'Cleary were ecclesiastical and bardic clans.


title: County Mayo

text: In AD 1169 when one of the warring kings in the east of Ireland, Dermot MacMurrough, appealed to the King of England for help in his fight with a neighbouring king, the response resulted in the Anglo-Norman colonisation of Ireland.


title: County Mayo

text: County Mayo came under Norman control in AD 1235. Norman control meant the eclipse of many Gaelic lords and chieftains, chiefly the O'Connors of Connacht. During the 1230s, the Anglo-Normans and Welsh under Richard Mór de Burgh (c. 1194 – 1242) invaded and settled in the county, introducing new families such as Burke, Gibbons, Staunton, Prendergast, Morris, Joyce, Walsh, Barrett, Lynott, Costello, Padden and Price, Norman names are still common in County Mayo. Following the collapse of the lordship in the 1330s, all these families became estranged from the Anglo-Irish administration based in Dublin and assimilated with the Gaelic-Irish, adopting their language, religion, dress, laws, customs and culture and marrying into Irish families. They became "more Irish than the Irish themselves".


title: County Mayo

text: The most powerful clan to emerge during this era were the Mac William Burkes, also known as the Mac William Iochtar (see Burke Civil War 1333–1338), descended from Sir William Liath de Burgh, who defeated the Gaelic-Irish at the Second Battle of Athenry in August 1316. They were frequently at war with their cousins, Clanricarde of Galway, and in alliance with or against various factions of the O'Conor's of Siol Muiredaig and O'Kelly's of Uí Maine. The O'Donnell's of Tyrconnell regularly invaded in an attempt to secure their right to rule.


title: County Mayo

text: The Anglo-Normans encouraged and established many religious orders from continental Europe to settle in Ireland. Mendicant orders—Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans and Franciscans began new settlements across Ireland and built large churches, many under the patronage of prominent Gaelic families. Some of these sites include Cong, Strade, Ballintubber, Errew Abbey, Burrishoole Abbey and Mayo Abbey. During the 15th and 16th centuries, despite regular conflicts between them as England chopped and changed between religious beliefs, the Irish usually regarded the King of England as their King. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in the mid-16th century, the English people, as was customary at that time, followed the religious practices of the reigning monarch and became Protestant. Many Irish people such as Grace O'Malley, the famous pirate queen, had close relationships with the English monarchy, and the English kings and queens were welcome visitors to Irish shores. The Irish however, generally held onto their Catholic religious practices and beliefs. The early plantations of settlers in Ireland began during the reign of Queen Mary in the mid-16th century and continued throughout the long reign of Queen Elizabeth I until 1603. By then the term "County Mayo" had come into use. In the summer of 1588, the galleons of the Spanish Armada were wrecked by storms along the west coast of Ireland. Some of the hapless Spaniards came ashore in Mayo, only to be robbed and imprisoned, and in many cases slaughtered.