title: Tom Hooper

text: He was offered the chance to direct "Iron Man 3" for Marvel Studios but declined and instead signed on to direct "Les Misérables" for Working Title Films, which he had first heard about while discussing a different project with screenwriter William Nicholson in 2010. Hooper had not seen the musical, so watched a performance of it in London's West End. Adapted from the musical, the film starred Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen, and Eddie Redmayne. As the film required the actors to sing and dance, they were auditioned in front of Hooper, producers and composers. The role of Fantine was hugely contested; Hooper said, "It was like half a dozen of the biggest female movie stars on the planet wanted to play the role".


title: Tom Hooper

text: Hooper investigated filming the feature in 3D, and performed some camera tests before deciding to film it with traditional 2D methods. He stated "[...] I slightly worry with 3D that some people will physically struggle with it. If you have a certain type of eyesight it can be more demanding than watching a normal movie." Unlike other musical films, "Les Misérables" features the actors singing live on camera, rather than miming to backing vocals. Hooper told "Los Angeles Times" that he thought there was a "slightly strange falseness" when he saw musical films where the actors sang to recordings. The actors wore wireless earpieces on set so they could sing to accompanying piano music. Hooper believed this method allowed the actors to have emotional control over their songs: "When Annie [Hathaway, who plays Fantine] is singing 'I Dreamed a Dream', if she needs to take a tenth of a second to have a thought before she sings it, or to have an emotion before she sings a line, she can take it.""Les Miserables" was released in North America on 25 December 2012, and received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture.


title: Tom Hooper

text: Hooper's fifth feature film, "The Danish Girl", was released in late 2015. It loosely tells the story of Lili Elbe, one of the first people to undergo sex reassignment surgery, and wife Gerda Wegener. It stars Eddie Redmayne and Alicia Vikander, both of whom received Academy Award nominations. Critics were generally positive about the film.


title: Tom Hooper

text: In May 2016, it was announced that he would direct an adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, "Cats", which is in turn, based on T. S. Eliot's "Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats". Filming commenced in November 2018 and the film, which stars Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, James Corden, Idris Elba and Taylor Swift, was released on 20 December 2019 but was a critical and commercial failure. Hooper co-produced the original song "Beautiful Ghosts" with Lloyd Webber and Greg Wells, written by Swift and Lloyd Webber.


title: Tom Hooper

text: Hooper uses camera styles "that encode the DNA of the storytelling in some way" and will reuse and develop filming styles in successive productions. Hooper identifies research as being key to his process of directing period dramas such as "John Adams" to make the scenes authentic. For "The Damned United", Hooper and director of photography Ben Smithard researched the look of the late 1960s and early 1970s through football photography books. Hooper has also been influenced by cinematographer Larry Smith, who worked with Stanley Kubrick and advised Hooper of techniques used by Kubrick. Hooper and Smith have worked together on "Cold Feet", "Love in a Cold Climate", "Prime Suspect", "Red Dust" and "Elizabeth I".


title: Tom Hooper

text: Hooper also uses uncommon framing techniques to emphasise story; in "John Adams", he wanted to imply American independence seemed unlikely during the Revolutionary War, so he used "a very rough camera style—almost all hand held, wide lenses close to the actors, lots of movement, many cameras shooting at once so there was often not a settled master "point of view", and lots of unmatching dutch tilts so the horizon lines of the frame were often being thrown off." The America-set scenes were contrasted by the scenes set in France, in which more traditional filming techniques were employed to evoke a feel of entrenched values. Similarly, in "The Damned United", Hooper began to experiment with using wide-angle lenses and putting actors in the extreme edges of the frame. He was influenced by the unusual framing from social photography of the 1970s, and he and Ben Smithard decided to adopt the framing style while scouting locations. Hooper used the same style in "The King's Speech", particularly in the scene where Bertie and Logue meet in Logue's consulting room; Colin Firth is framed to the extreme left of the picture, leaving most of the shot dominated by the rough wall behind Firth.


title: Tom Hooper

text: Another frequently used technique is Hooper's tendency to use a variety of focal length camera lenses to distort the resulting picture. In "The Damned United" he used a 10mm lens, notably in the scene where Clough stays inside during the Derby–Leeds match. Hooper operated the camera in this scene himself. In "The King's Speech", Hooper used "typically 14mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm and 27mm" lenses and put the camera close to the actors' faces. Hooper said the use of this method in the first consulting room scene served to "suggest the awkwardness and tension of Logue and Bertie's first meeting".


title: Tom Hooper

text: Following the release of "Cats," reports came from the film's visual effects departments of Hooper's "hurtful," "horrible," "disrespectful" and "demeaning attitude" towards them and their work. The VFX team reportedly were forced to work upwards of 90 hour working weeks, with some employees staying at the offices for two to three days at a time just to finish the film. One member of the VFX team said Hooper's treatment "was pure, almost slavery for us", with six months to complete the trailer, and only four months to complete the film. Hooper supposedly had no inclination as to the process of visual effects, thus the VFX department couldn't show Hooper the step-by-step process of what he wanted, such as animatics, unless it was already rendered. He reportedly would send e-mails to individual VFX artists on the film to denigrate their work. Hooper would also insult them during conference meetings, calling the work "garbage." Neither Hooper nor Universal have commented on the accusations.


title: Paul Rosenberg (music manager)

text: Paul D. Rosenberg (born August 1, 1971) is an American music manager, current CEO of Goliath Records and former CEO of Def Jam Recordings, best known as the agent and manager of American rapper Eminem. He is also known for his associations with The Knux, DJ AM, Action Bronson, and band Blink-182.


title: Paul Rosenberg (music manager)

text: In addition to being a manager of several music acts, Rosenberg is also the co-founder of hip-hop record label Shady Records, founded in 1999. Rosenberg first became involved with Eminem in 1997, during the recording of the "Slim Shady EP", and has since been featured in a skit (titled "Paul" in each appearance except "The Eminem Show", where it was called "Paul Rosenberg") on most of the albums from "The Slim Shady LP" through "Relapse", as well as "Kamikaze", as a character concerned with the particular record, advising Eminem on steps to take and often ordering him to "tone down" the lyrics or scrap the album completely. The skit does not appear in "Recovery", "The Marshall Mathers LP2", "Revival" and "Music to Be Murdered By". With Eminem, Rosenberg co-wrote every skit on the 2009 album "Relapse".


title: Paul Rosenberg (music manager)

text: Rosenberg is affiliated with Deckstar and Lawrence Vavra, in addition with Steve Aoki and his label Dim Mak Records, working in the management area. Paul is a co-producer for Eminem's hip-hop radio station Shade 45, which is channel 45 on SiriusXM satellite radio. He became manager of New York City rapper Action Bronson in late 2012, getting him signed to Vice Records and then to his own management firm Goliath Artists.


title: Paul Rosenberg (music manager)

text: In late 2015, Rosenberg also added enigmatic, anonymous rapper Spark Master Tape to his management Goliath Artists.


title: Paul Rosenberg (music manager)

text: In 2016, Rosenberg and Action Bronson along with Vice created the TV series "Fuck, That's Delicious", for which Rosenberg acts as the executive producer.


title: Paul Rosenberg (music manager)

text: On August 1, 2017, he was appointed chairman and CEO of Def Jam Recordings, succeeding the current CEO, Steve Bartels. The transition took place in 2018.


title: Paul Rosenberg (music manager)

text: On February 21, 2020, Rosenberg stepped down from his position as CEO of Def Jam and announced the formation of Goliath Records, a joint venture label with Universal Music Group.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Kordell Stewart (born October 16, 1972) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons, primarily with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Nicknamed "Slash", he played college football at Colorado. Stewart achieved recognition for the "Miracle at Michigan", a Hail Mary pass he completed to defeat Michigan in 1994. He was selected by the Steelers in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart held a variety of roles for the Steelers before becoming their starting quarterback in 1997, which saw him help guide the team to an AFC Championship Game appearance. His most successful season was in 2001 where he led Pittsburgh to an American Football Conference (AFC) top seed and a return to the conference championship, while earning Pro Bowl and AFC Offensive Player of the Year honors. Stewart's performance declined the following year, resulting in him being released by the Steelers. Afterwards, Stewart played one season for the Chicago Bears and held a backup role during two seasons with the Baltimore Ravens. He ranks fourth in quarterback rushing touchdowns at 38.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Kordell Stewart was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He attended John Ehret High School in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: In 1991, Stewart received a scholarship to the University of Colorado. Playing under coach Bill McCartney, he became one of the most prolific quarterbacks in school history, setting several Buffaloes records, including most passes completed, most passing yards, and most touchdown passes.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart led the option-oriented Buffaloes to a pair of top-10 regular-season finishes in the AP and Coaches polls in 1992 and 1994 as well as wins in the 1993 Aloha Bowl and 1995 Fiesta Bowl. He was selected as a second-team All-American his senior year as nationally ranked No. 3 Colorado finished 11–1 in 1994.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: One of his greatest moments for the Colorado Buffaloes occurred in the beginning of his college career. On September 5, 1992, Stewart started his first game as a sophomore as Colorado unveiled a pass-oriented offense that lifted the 12th-ranked Buffaloes past in-state rival Colorado State, 37–17. Stewart connected on 21 of 36 passes for a then school-record 409 yards and four touchdowns in the contest.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: On September 24, 1994, Stewart threw the game-winning, 64-yard Hail Mary touchdown pass into the end zone to wide receiver Michael Westbrook in the closing seconds to beat the Michigan Wolverines.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart got his chance to start at quarterback in 1997. Prior to that, with Mike Tomczak as the starting quarterback, he played wide receiver. In his first season as a starting quarterback in the NFL, he led the Steelers to an 11–5 record and the AFC Championship Game which they lost to the Denver Broncos. Stewart threw three interceptions (two of which were made in the opposing Denver end zone), and lost a fumble accounting for all four Steeler turnovers in a 24–21 loss.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Prior to the 1998 season, the Steelers lost their offensive coordinator, Chan Gailey as he was signed as the Cowboys head coach. To replace him, the Steelers brought in Ray Sherman from the Vikings. In addition, Stewart's leading receiver and Pro Bowler Yancey Thigpen also left via free agency after the 1997 season. By mid-season in 1998, the Steelers had lost three of the five starting offensive linemen from the 1997 AFC Championship game and, as a result, Stewart and the Steelers offense struggled and failed to make the playoffs in both seasons.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Coach Bill Cowher named Kent Graham quarterback to start the season, and the team got off to a 1–3 start. When Graham injured his hip, Stewart was tapped to replace him. The team finished 9–7 and missed the playoffs by one game.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: As starting quarterback, Stewart led the 2001 Steelers to a 13–3 regular-season record and the top seed in the AFC playoffs. Under the tutelage of new QB coach Tom Clements and new offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey, Stewart had his best year as a pro, throwing for over 3,000 yards, completing 60 percent of his passes, and attaining a passer rating of 81.7. He threw for 14 TDs and ran for five more. Stewart was elected to the Pro Bowl and was named the Steelers MVP.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: The Steelers easily defeated the then-defending Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens in the divisional playoffs. The eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots defeated the Steelers in the AFC Championship Game.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart began the 2002 season as the Steelers' starting quarterback, but after throwing an interception into double coverage in the end zone at home against the Cleveland Browns in the third game of the season, he was replaced by increasingly popular backup Tommy Maddox, and Stewart was released at the end of the season. Stewart did start two games in place of an injured Maddox to keep the team's playoff hopes alive. Maddox returned, and Stewart never played in Pittsburgh again.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: The following season, Stewart signed as a free agent with the Chicago Bears and was named the starter. After several poor performances in 2003, he was replaced in favor of Chris Chandler. After getting the same results from Chandler, he was reinserted as the starter, before getting benched in favor of rookie Rex Grossman after the Bears were eliminated from the playoffs. Stewart was released at the end of the season.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart was signed in 2004 by the Ravens to play a backup role to Kyle Boller, and later served as a replacement for the injured Anthony Wright. He did not, however, throw a pass that season. He was unexpectedly successful as an emergency replacement for punter Dave Zastudil, being named NFL Special Teams Player of the Week for his performance. He was released following the 2004 season, but due to an injury to starting quarterback Kyle Boller during Week #1 of the 2005 season, the Ravens once again signed Stewart to be a backup to Anthony Wright.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Pittsburgh Steelers color commentator Myron Cope gave Stewart the nickname "Slash". He chose this name under the presumption that Stewart could play multiple positions—quarterback/receiver/rusher (quarterback "slash" receiver "slash" rusher).


title: Kordell Stewart

text: After confining him to many utility roles during the 1995 season, when the Steelers made it to Super Bowl XXX only to lose to the Dallas Cowboys, the team gave Stewart the opportunity to compete for the starting quarterback position in 1996. Following a preseason battle, Bill Cowher named Jim Miller as the Steelers' starting quarterback and kept Stewart in his "Slash" role. Miller struggled at Jacksonville on opening day and was replaced by Mike Tomczak for the rest of the season. In a December 1996 game against the Carolina Panthers, Stewart set a then-NFL record for longest touchdown run by a quarterback with an 80-yard rush.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Following Boller's reactivation on November 9, 2005, the Ravens cut Stewart instead of keeping him as a third-string player, activating running back Musa Smith instead. Stewart had no comment following the announcement he had been cut from the team.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: On April 29, 2008, in an interview on the WCNN "680 The Fan", Stewart expressed interest in returning to the NFL. Also, according to ESPN2's "First Take" on July 28, 2008, Stewart had not officially retired and had been working out at his home, to attempt a comeback during following pre-season. He later was put into free agency but was never selected by a team.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: He appeared in January 2009 as an analyst on ESPN's "College Football Live", and then later appeared again in July during the show's "50 States Tour" for the show's episode regarding Colorado athletics.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart was also a sideline reporter for the United Football League and is currently an analyst on various ESPN shows such as "NFL Live", "NFL 32", "Take 2", and "Mike and Mike in the Morning".


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart met Porsha Williams, a granddaughter of civil rights leader Hosea Williams, in 2009 at downtown Atlanta's Luckie Lounge. On May 21, 2011, they married in a lavish ceremony that was featured on WE tv's "Platinum Weddings". Stewart filed for divorce from Williams on March 22, 2013, on the grounds that the marriage was irretrievably broken. Initial reports stated he was unwilling to pay any spousal support.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: In March 2017, Kordell won a $3 million lawsuit against internet personality Andrew Chad Caldwell, who made headlines in 2014 in front of a St. Louis church stating that he was delivered from homosexuality. Andrew Caldwell claimed to have a gay relationship with Kordell, which was proven false.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: On March 23, 1998, Stewart appeared on the first-ever cover of "ESPN The Magazine" alongside Kobe Bryant, Alex Rodriguez and Eric Lindros.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Stewart later published an essay on "The Players' Tribune", detailing the racism and false rumors of homosexuality he faced as the Steelers' quarterback.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Robert Patrick Casey Jr. (born April 13, 1960) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Pennsylvania, a seat he has held since 2007. A member of the Democratic Party, Casey previously served as Pennsylvania Auditor General from 1997 to 2005 and as Pennsylvania Treasurer from 2005 to 2007.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Casey is the son of Bob Casey, a former governor of Pennsylvania. After graduating from Scranton Preparatory School in 1978, he attended the College of the Holy Cross. He received his J.D. degree from the Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law. Casey practiced law in Scranton, Pennsylvania, before beginning his political career as Pennsylvania's auditor general, a post to which he was elected in 1996 and re-elected in 2000.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2002, Casey attempted to follow in his father's footsteps by running for governor of Pennsylvania, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by eventual general election victor Ed Rendell. After being term-limited out of his position as auditor general, Casey was elected treasurer in the 2004 election. Casey defeated two-term Republican incumbent Rick Santorum in the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania. He was reelected in 2012 and 2018, becoming Pennsylvania's first ever Democrat to win a third consecutive term in the Senate.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, one of eight children of Ellen (née Harding) and Bob Casey, the 42nd governor of Pennsylvania. He is of Irish descent.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey played basketball and graduated from Scranton Preparatory School in 1978. Following in his father's footsteps, he graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 1982, and received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from the Columbus School of Law at The Catholic University of America in 1988. Between college and law school, Casey served as a member of the Jesuit Volunteer Corps, and spent a year teaching 5th grade and coaching basketball at the Gesu School in inner-city Philadelphia.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey and his wife Terese were married in 1985, and they have four daughters: Elyse, Caroline, Julia and Marena.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey ran for and was elected Pennsylvania State Auditor General in 1996. He was re-elected in 2000, and served for two terms, from 1997 to 2005.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In a 2002 PoliticsPA feature story designating politicians with yearbook superlatives, he was named the "Most Likely to Succeed".


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey attempted to follow in his father's footsteps by running for Pennsylvania Governor. Casey faced former Philadelphia mayor Ed Rendell in the Democratic primary election. The Pennsylvania Democratic Party threw their support behind Casey, whom they saw as a more electable candidate than Rendell. In a bitter primary, Rendell won the nomination by winning only 10 out of 67 counties: Philadelphia and its suburbs (Bucks, Chester, Montgomery, and Delaware), its Lehigh Valley exurbs (Berks, Lehigh and Northampton), Lancaster County, and Centre County, the home of Penn State University. Rendell went on to win the general election.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2004, Casey, who was term limited in his Auditor General position, ran for State Treasurer. He was elected on a platform advocating government accountability and served from 2005 to 2007.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2005, Casey received calls from U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer (D-NY), the chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, as well as Senator Harry Reid (D-NV), the Senate Minority Leader. Both men asked him to run for U.S. Senate in 2006 against Republican incumbent Rick Santorum. On March 5, 2005, Casey launched his campaign for the Democratic nomination. Casey's run for the Senate was his fifth statewide campaign in nine years.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey was almost immediately endorsed by Governor Ed Rendell, his primary election opponent from 2002. He was endorsed by two Democrats who had been mentioned as possible U.S. Senate nominees: former Congressman Joe Hoeffel, who had run against Pennsylvania's other Senator, Arlen Specter, in 2004, and former State Treasurer Barbara Hafer, whom many in the abortion rights movement had attempted to convince to run against Casey in the Democratic primary.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey's more socially conservative views led to two challenges in the Democratic primary. His two challengers, college professor Chuck Pennacchio and pension lawyer Alan Sandals, argued that Casey's views on abortion and other social issues were too conservative for most Pennsylvania Democrats. Casey refuted this, arguing his opinions gave him cross-party appeal. He easily defeated both challengers in the May 16 primary receiving 85% of the vote.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: On election night, Casey won the race with 59% of the vote, compared to 41% for incumbent Senator Rick Santorum. Casey's margin of victory was the highest ever for a Democrat running for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania. Casey's 17.4-point victory margin was also the largest for a challenger to any incumbent Senator since James Abdnor unseated George McGovern by 18.8 points in 1980.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey sought re-election in 2012. His re-election prospects were uncertain. Observers noted that as the election approached, Casey, an early supporter of Obama, had "started to oppose the president outright or developed more nuanced responses to events that differentiate him from Mr. Obama. Analysts say Mr. Casey wants to put some distance between himself and a president whose job approval ratings in Pennsylvania are poor". In October 2011, the National Journal noted that "the Scranton area is hugely important for 2012" for both Obama and Casey, but "the city has among the worst unemployment in the state, and it's filled with the blue-collar Dems who weren't very enthusiastic about Obama when he first ran for president. How Casey navigates his relationship with the president will speak volumes about his re-election prospects."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In December 2011, it was reported that the AFL–CIO would be spending "over $170,000" on pro-Casey TV ads.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey easily defeated challenger Joseph Vodvarka in the spring Democratic primary, and faced former coal company owner and Republican nominee Tom Smith in the fall general election. He defeated Smith on November 6, 2012, 53.7% to 44.6%, to win a second term, making him the first Democrat elected to a second term in the Senate from Pennsylvania since Joseph S. Clark Jr.'s 1962 victory.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey defeated his Republican challenger, U.S. Congressman and former Hazelton mayor Lou Barletta, by a 55.7% to 42.6% margin. The victory made Casey the first Democrat to be elected to a third term in state history, as well as the first to win six statewide elections generally.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: On March 28, 2008 Casey endorsed frontrunner Barack Obama in the Democratic Party presidential primary. The "Pennsylvania Report" said that he "struck gold" by endorsing Obama early in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary, a move that gave him "inside access to the halls of the White House". Casey campaigned across Pennsylvania in support of Obama's candidacy in the months leading up to the primary in that state; they bowled together at Pleasant Valley Lanes in Altoona.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey has been described as an "even-keeled moderate, not only in tone but in policy", but since Donald Trump entered the White House, Casey has developed a "new, saltier social media prowess". Casey's outspoken opposition to many of Trump's actions has prompted one local media outlet to describe his new strategy before his 2018 re-election campaign as: "Oppose Trump every chance he gets."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: On February 18, 2018, speaking to John Catsimatidis on New York radio station WNYM Casey issued a warning to special counsel Robert Mueller not to deliver a report on his findings in the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections investigation too near to the 2018 midterm elections. While saying he could not "make any assumptions about where the Mueller investigation is going,” he stated that he "would recommend Mueller not release a report on his findings near the midterms,” because it would "distract from elections or cause people to question the election's integrity.”


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In April 2019, Casey was one of seven senators to sign a letter led by Debbie Stabenow and Joni Ernst to United States Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue urging the Agriculture Department to implement conservation measures in the 2018 Farm Bill "through a department-wide National Water Quality Initiative, which would build off the existing initiative housed at the Natural Resource Conservation Service."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2019, Casey, Mazie Hirono, and Patty Murray led 32 other senators in introducing the Child Care for Working Families Act, a bill that created 770,000 new child care jobs and that ensured families under 75 percent of the state median income did not pay for child care with higher earning families having to pay "their fair share for care on a sliding scale, regardless of the number of children they have." The legislation also supported universal access to high-quality preschool programs for all 3 and 4-year-olds and gave the child care workforce a changed compensation and training to aid both teachers and caregivers.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey has criticized what he views as "draconian cuts to Medicare and Medicaid", and has stated that Medicare Part D is "fundamentally flawed" and in need of a "complete overhaul". He has also supported the Family and Medical Leave Expansion Act, which would expand the Family and Medical Leave Act, authored in the early 1990s by Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd, to companies with at least 25 employees.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey is an opponent of privatizing Social Security. Casey criticized Santorum for voting against an increase in the minimum wage.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey voted in January 2010 to re-confirm Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke. Casey was among 41 Senators who co-sponsored PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) anti-piracy and theft legislation, the Senate version of Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA).


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In January 2014, Casey released a new report on income inequality in Pennsylvania and urged Congress to close the income gap by raising the minimum wage, extending unemployment insurance, and increasing funding for early education. Bob Casey has said that he believes that the United States has not exhausted its options to stop foreign countries from flooding the United States with steel supplies, and has stated that he wants the Trump administration to defend nuclear power in Pennsylvania.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In April 2017, Casey was one of eight Democratic senators to sign a letter to President Trump noting government-subsidized Chinese steel had been placed into the American market in recent years below cost and had hurt the domestic steel industry and the iron ore industry that fed it, calling on Trump to raise the steel issue with President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in his meeting with him.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: As a candidate for State Treasurer in 2004, Casey opposed school vouchers, and supported using state funds "to increase the availability of safe, quality and affordable early care and education for families that choose to use these programs".


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey questioned Donald Trump's nomination of Betsy DeVos to be Secretary of Education on the grounds that she and her husband had donated to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), which seeks to "defend individual rights on college campuses". "Ms. DeVos must fully explain whether she supports the radical view that it should be more difficult for campus sexual-assault victims to receive justice," said Casey. In an op-ed in "The Wall Street Journal", FIRE co-founder Harvey Silverglate noted that "FIRE vigorously defends the free-speech and due-process rights of college students and faculty" and that the organization "is nonpartisan and has defended students and faculty members on the left and right", making "common cause with politically diverse organizations ranging from the American Civil Liberties Union and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers to the Heritage Foundation, Young Americans for Liberty and the Cato Institute". Casey's position was challenged in "USA Today" by Stuart Taylor and KC Johnson, who pointed out that, contrary to a letter in which Casey and Sen. Patty Murray (WA) described campus sexual assault as "affecting millions of college students", 5,178 campus rapes were reported in 2014. Politico ran a prominent piece that echoed Casey's characterization of FIRE, while National Review and other publications assailed Casey and defended FIRE.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Instead, he supports increased federal investment in hybrid and alternative fuel technology to help wean the United States off of foreign oil. In a debate, Casey criticized his Republican opponent Rick Santorum for not recognizing the danger of global warming. He also supports increased funding for Brownfield cleanup, as well as a reinstatement of the polluter-pays principle for the Superfund program.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In February 2021, Casey was one of seven Democratic U.S. Senators to join Republicans in blocking a ban of hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Among over 70 other Senators, Casey wrote to urge the European Union to designate Hezbollah as a terrorist organization. In 2014, he and Senator Rubio urged the Obama administration to prioritize the issue of ISIS's financial support. He introduced the Stop Terrorist Operational Resources and Money (STORM) Act of 2016, which punishes countries that accept terrorist financing by their citizens or within their borders. Casey voted for the Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act, which was designed to ensure that the U.S. is not a market for antiquities looted from Syria and which was signed into law by Obama.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In April 2019, Casey was one of thirty-four senators to sign a letter to President Trump encouraging him "to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America", asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity" through preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding. The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S., citing the funding's helping to improve conditions in those countries.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In December 2012, Casey introduced legislation that would extend the payroll tax cut for another year and provide tax credits for employers that add jobs.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In December 2016, Casey joined a group of other Senate Democrats led by Joe Manchin of West Virginia who refused to back down on a demand that expiring benefits for retired coal workers be extended. Casey, described as "unusually animated", said he would "vote against a must-pass spending bill needed to keep the government running" if the coal miners' benefits were not extended.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Alongside all other Senate Democrats, Bob Casey voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, saying that it was "a giveaway to the super rich". Bob Casey also proposed to expand the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit prior to the TCJA's passage, and the Tax Cuts and Jobs act incorporated a larger expansion of this credit. Bob Casey also supports expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit and supports making the Adoption Tax Credit refundable.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In March 2019, Casey and thirty-eight other senators signed a letter to the Appropriations Committee opining that contractor workers and by extension their families "should not be penalized for a government shutdown that they did nothing to cause" while noting that there were bills in both chambers of Congress that if enacted would provide back pay to compensate contractor employees for lost wages before urging the Appropriations Committee "to include back pay for contractor employees in a supplemental appropriations bill for FY2019 or as part of the regular appropriations process for FY2020."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: At the beginning of his Senate career, Casey was considered a strong supporter of gun rights, voting against restrictions on gun rights in 2012. In 2009, Casey voted to allow firearms in checked baggage on trains, and he has also voted against bills that would restrict gun ownership; in 2013 he voted to ban high-capacity magazines carrying over 10 rounds. On April 17, 2013, Casey voted in favor of the Public Safety and Second Amendment Rights Protection Act to amend the background check process and require a background check for firearms transfers made at gun shows or on the internet. His fellow Pennsylvania Senator Pat Toomey was a cosponsor in creating the bill.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: On June 16, 2016, "The Washington Post" reported that "'pro-gun' Bob Casey" had become "an evangelist for gun control laws". After the Sandy Hook school massacre in December 2012, he had "completely flipped his views" on several gun issues, largely as a result of having been "accosted" by his wife and daughter. "Casey has since embraced every major proposal to counter gun violence," reported the Post, "including a renewed ban on assault weapons and enhanced background checks before gun purchases." In the wake of the Orlando Pulse massacre, he unveiled the Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which would have prevented persons convicted of hate crimes from purchasing weapons. He said he had never really thought about the gun issue until Sandy Hook, "coasting along with Pennsylvania's traditional pro-gun views in a state where the National Rifle Association has held sway for decades". After Sandy Hook, he "found it unacceptable that the NRA opposed any new laws".


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: On June 25, 2016, Philadelphia Magazine ran an article about Casey's "profound about-face on gun control", noting that it had taken place within "a matter of days" and that Casey "was the first to introduce gun control legislation after the massacre in Orlando". Casey said that his switch had been a result of "thinking of the enormity of it, what happened to those children, which was indescribably horrific, and then having my wife and daughter say to me, 'You're going to vote on this at some point. How are you going to vote?'" He said that "I had to ask myself that question, because normally I would stay in my lane. There's only two lanes on this. It's the NRA lane, or the voting for commonsense gun measures lane. So I decided whether I was going to stay in the old lane, in which I had traveled a long time but really had never been challenged or had to cast a real big vote."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In January 2019, Casey was one of forty senators to introduce the Background Check Expansion Act, a bill that would require background checks for either the sale or transfer of all firearms including all unlicensed sellers. Exceptions to the bill's background check requirement included transfers between members of law enforcement, loaning firearms for either hunting or sporting events on a temporary basis, providing firearms as gifts to members of one's immediate family, firearms being transferred as part of an inheritance, or giving a firearm to another person temporarily for immediate self-defense.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey supported President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009, and he voted for the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Bob Casey won a 2012 Champion for Children Award from First Focus in honor of his commitment to improving the lives of children.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: On September 27, 2013, Casey introduced the Children's Hospital GME Support Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 1557; 113th Congress) into the Senate. This bill would reauthorize a program that provides funding to children's hospitals in the United States to help with the training of graduate medical students.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: On March 25, 2014, Casey introduced the Emergency Medical Services for Children Reauthorization Act of 2014 (S. 2154; 113th Congress) into the Senate. The bill that would amend the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize the Emergency Medical Services for Children Program through FY2019. The bill would authorize appropriations of about $20 million in 2015 and $101 million over the 2015-2019 period. Casey argued that "this low-cost program has saved the lives of countless children and adolescents in the past 30 years, and I urge my colleagues to support this critically important program."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In January 2019, Casey was one of six Democratic senators to introduce the American Miners Act of 2019, a bill that would amend the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 to swap funds in excess of the amounts needed to meet existing obligations under the Abandoned Mine Land fund to the 1974 Pension Plan as part of an effort to prevent its insolvency as a result of coal company bankruptcies and the 2008 financial crisis. It also increased the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund tax and ensured that miners affected by the 2018 coal company bankruptcies would not lose their health care.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In August 2019, Casey was one of nineteen senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin and United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar requesting data from the Trump administration in order to aid in the comprehension of states and Congress on potential consequences in the event that the Texas v. United States Affordable Care Act (ACA) lawsuit prevailed in courts, citing that an overhaul of the present health care system would form "an enormous hole in the pocketbooks of the people we serve as well as wreck state budgets".


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In August 2019, when asked during a town hall if he supports Medicare for All, Casey declined to directly answer, but stated that he supports "universal coverage".


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In September 2019, amid discussions to prevent a government shutdown, Casey was one of six Democratic senators to sign a letter to congressional leadership advocating for the passage of legislation that would permanently fund health care and pension benefits for retired coal miners as "families in Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming, Alabama, Colorado, North Dakota and New Mexico" would start to receive notifications of health care termination by the end of the following month.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: While Casey identifies as pro-life, and he had previously expressed support for overturning "Roe v. Wade", a 2018 "Politico" article indicated that "[a]fter a decade in the Senate, Casey has become an increasingly reliable vote in support of abortion rights — scoring as high as 100 percent on NARAL Pro-Choice America's vote tally in 2016 and 2017 ... although his 2018 rating is sure to be lower." "Politico" acknowledged that scorecards "are an imperfect calculation of a lawmaker's position", adding that Casey asserted that he had voted anti-abortion on 13 of the 15 abortion-related measures during his career.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2022, he reversed his prior position on "Roe" and said he supports legislation to codify national abortion rights.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2005, Casey opposed the funding of embryonic stem cell research. In 2006, Casey supported the DFLA's Pregnant Women Support Act, which sought to reduce abortion by providing support to women experiencing unplanned pregnancies. However, Casey has voted against barring HHS grants to organizations that provide abortion services, where such services may often not be central to the organization's chief purpose. Casey also supports over-the-counter sale of emergency contraception.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In January 2010, during a debate on the Affordable Care Act, Casey was heckled for his handling of the abortion provisions in the health-care bill and for not taking an uncompromising anti-abortion stance. Casey was the primary sponsor of an amendment to prevent government funds from being used for abortion services, but when he tried to organize a compromise that appealed to both Democrats and the party's lone holdout (Sen. Ben Nelson), he angered some religious groups. According to "Politico", "Like conservative anti-abortion groups, [Casey] opposes the "Roe" decision and opposes the taxpayer funding of the [abortion] procedure. But like progressive abortion rights organizations, he supports Obamacare, access to contraception through programs such as Title X and funding for Planned Parenthood."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2011, Casey was not endorsed in NARAL Pro-Choice America's election guide. That year, he voted against defunding Planned Parenthood, against H.R.1 and for cloture for the nomination of Goodwin Liu, earning him a 100% rating from NARAL.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2017, Casey voted for legislation that would have overturned the Mexico City Policy, which prohibits foreign aid for organizations that provide or promote abortion. Casey's vote for overturning that policy prompted anti-abortion activists to question his commitment to the anti-abortion cause. The National Right to Life Committee criticized Casey for his 2017 vote against the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In 2015 and 2018, Casey joined two other Democrats (Joe Manchin and Joe Donnelly) by voting for bills that would ban abortion after 20 weeks of pregnancy.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey, along with 45 other U.S. Senators, voted in favor of allowing debate to continue on the Women's Health Protection Act in a roll call vote held on February 28, 2022. Casey voted for the measure again on May 11 in the wake of the leak of the decision on "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization". Casey said that if the bill passed cloture, he would still vote for it.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey considers birth control as a tool to reduce the necessity of abortions. He has called on greater funding for access to birth control measures, specifically supporting Planned Parenthood's efforts in making contraception more open and accessible to women.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In April 2019, Casey was one of forty-one senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that President Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey supported the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007 (S. 1348), a bill voted down in the 110th United States Congress, which would have provided a path to legal citizenship for undocumented persons currently residing in the United States. He also supported the Clinton amendment, the Menendez amendment, and the Alaska amendments.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: During the 2006 Senate race, Casey expressed support for the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: He took part in a Philadelphia International Airport protest against President Trump's January 2017 travel ban. Leaving a black tie event Saturday night to join the protest, he tweeted: "I won't stand by as the promise of America is diminished."


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In May 2017, Casey, along with nine other senators and 13 members of the House of Representatives, requested in a letter to the Homeland Security Secretary, that they stop the detention of four children and their mothers at the Berks County Residential Center. Many of the families had been detained there without legal recourse for more than a year and a half. Casey also personally took to social media with impassioned appeals to the White House on behalf of a Honduran 5 year old and his 25-year-old mother being held at the same facility, and were now facing deportation. They had fled violence and death threats and sought asylum in the US back in 2015, but failed their credible fear interview. Attorneys have since been appealing their case, and the legal team was in the middle of the process of applying for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status for the child when they were awakened at 3:30AM on May 3 by Immigration and Customs Enforcement and put on a plane to Honduras. "This child and his mother deserved better from this Administration. They got the absolute worst," Casey remarked.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In June 2019, Casey and six other Democratic senators were led by Hawaii Senator Brian Schatz in sending letters to the Government Accountability Office along with the suspension and debarment official and inspector general at the US Department of Health and Human Services citing recent reports that showed "significant evidence that some federal contractors and grantees have not provided adequate accommodations for children in line with legal and contractual requirements" and urged officials in the government to determine whether federal contractors and grantees are in violation of contractual obligations or federal regulations and should thus face financial consequences.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: He expressed support for the confirmation of both John Roberts and Samuel Alito for seats on the Supreme Court of the United States; these judges were believed to be in favor of overturning Roe v. Wade.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey voted for the confirmation of both Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In March 2017, Casey voted against confirming Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court, citing "real concerns" with Gorsuch's "rigid and restrictive" judicial philosophy, and some of his past opinions on issues relating to the health and safety of workers and the rights of those with disabilities. He also voted against the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. On October 23, 2020, Casey voted against the confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: Casey, a longtime supporter of civil unions, stated his support for same-sex marriage on April 1, 2013. He also supports the adoption of children by same-sex couples.


title: Bob Casey Jr.

text: In June 2019, Casey was one of eighteen senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo requesting an explanation of a decision by the State Department to not issue an official statement that year commemorating Pride Month nor issue the annual cable outlining activities for embassies commemorating Pride Month. They also questioned why the LGBTI special envoy position had remained vacant and asserted that "preventing the official flying of rainbow flags and limiting public messages celebrating Pride Month signals to the international community that the United States is abandoning the advancement of LGBTI rights as a foreign policy priority."


title: Louse

text: Louse (: lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been recognized as an order, infraorder, or a parvorder, as a result of developments in phylogenetic research.


title: Louse

text: Lice are obligate parasites, living externally on warm-blooded hosts which include every species of bird and mammal, except for monotremes, pangolins, and bats. Lice are vectors of diseases such as typhus.


title: Louse

text: Chewing lice live among the hairs or feathers of their host and feed on skin and debris, while sucking lice pierce the host's skin and feed on blood and other secretions. They usually spend their whole life on a single host, cementing their eggs, called nits, to hairs or feathers. The eggs hatch into nymphs, which moult three times before becoming fully grown, a process that takes about four weeks.


title: Louse

text: Genetic evidence indicates that lice are a highly modified lineage of Psocoptera (now called Psocodea), commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. The oldest known fossil lice are from the Paleogene, though molecular clock estimates suggest that they originated earlier, during the Cretaceous.


title: Louse

text: Humans host two species of louse—the head louse and the body louse are subspecies of "Pediculus humanus"; and the pubic louse, "Pthirus pubis". The body louse has the smallest genome of any known insect; it has been used as a model organism and has been the subject of much research.


title: Louse

text: Lice were ubiquitous in human society until at least the Middle Ages. They appear in folktales, songs such as "The Kilkenny Louse House", and novels such as James Joyce's "Finnegans Wake". They commonly feature in the psychiatric disorder delusional parasitosis. A louse was one of the early subjects of microscopy, appearing in Robert Hooke's 1667 book, "Micrographia".


title: Louse

text: Lice are divided into two groups: sucking lice, which obtain their nourishment from feeding on the sebaceous secretions and body fluids of their host; and chewing lice, which are scavengers, feeding on skin, fragments of feathers or hair, and debris found on the host's body. Many lice are specific to a single species of host and have co-evolved with it. In some cases, they live on only a particular part of the body. Some animals are known to host up to fifteen different species, although one to three is typical for mammals, and two to six for birds. Lice generally cannot survive for long if removed from their host. If their host dies, lice can opportunistically use phoresis to hitch a ride on a fly and attempt to find a new host.


title: Louse

text: Sucking lice range in length from . They have narrow heads and oval, flattened bodies. They have no ocelli, and their compound eyes are reduced in size or absent. Their antennae are short with three to five segments, and their mouthparts, which are retractable into their head, are adapted for piercing and sucking. There is a cibarial pump at the start of the gut; it is powered by muscles attached to the inside of the cuticle of the head. The mouthparts consist of a proboscis which is toothed, and a set of stylets arranged in a cylinder inside the proboscis, containing a salivary canal (ventrally) and a food canal (dorsally). The thoracic segments are fused, the abdominal segments are separate, and there is a single large claw at the tip of each of the six legs.


title: Louse

text: Chewing lice are also flattened and can be slightly larger than sucking lice, ranging in length from . They are similar to sucking lice in form but the head is wider than the thorax and all species have compound eyes. There are no ocelli and the mouthparts are adapted for chewing. The antennae have three to five segments and are slender in the suborder Ischnocera, but club-shaped in the suborder Amblycera. The legs are short and robust, and terminated by one or two claws. Some species of chewing lice house symbiotic bacteria in bacteriocytes in their bodies. These may assist in digestion because if the insect is deprived of them, it will die.


title: Louse

text: Lice are usually cryptically coloured to match the fur or feathers of the host. A louse's color varies from pale beige to dark gray; however, if feeding on blood, it may become considerably darker.


title: Louse

text: Female lice are usually more common than males, and some species are parthenogenetic, with young developing from unfertilized eggs. A louse's egg is commonly called a nit. Many lice attach their eggs to their hosts' hair with specialized saliva; the saliva/hair bond is very difficult to sever without specialized products. Lice inhabiting birds, however, may simply leave their eggs in parts of the body inaccessible to preening, such as the interior of feather shafts. Living louse eggs tend to be pale whitish, whereas dead louse eggs are yellower. Lice are exopterygotes, being born as miniature versions of the adult, known as nymphs. The young moult three times before reaching the final adult form, usually within a month after hatching.


title: Louse

text: Humans host three different kinds of lice: head lice, body lice, and pubic lice. Head lice and body lice are subspecies of "Pediculus humanus", and pubic lice are a separate species, "Pthirus pubis". Lice infestations can be controlled with lice combs, and medicated shampoos or washes.


title: Louse

text: The average number of lice per host tends to be higher in large-bodied bird species than in small ones. Lice have an aggregated distribution across bird individuals, i.e. most lice live on a few birds, while most birds are relatively free of lice. This pattern is more pronounced in territorial than in colonial—more social—bird species.


title: Louse

text: Bird taxa that are capable of exerting stronger antiparasitic defense—such as stronger T cell immune response or larger uropygial glands—harbor more taxa of Amblyceran lice than others.


title: Louse

text: Reductions in the size of host populations may cause a long-lasting reduction of louse taxonomic richness, for example, birds introduced into New Zealand host fewer species of lice there than in Europe. Louse sex ratios are more balanced in more social hosts and more female-biased in less social hosts, presumably due to the stronger isolation among louse subpopulations (living on separate birds) in the latter case. The extinction of a species results in the extinction of its host-specific lice. Host-switching is a random event that would seem very rarely likely to be successful, but speciation has occurred over evolutionary time-scales so it must be successfully accomplished sometimes.


title: Louse

text: Lice may reduce host life expectancy if the infestation is heavy, but most seem to have little effect on their host. The habit of dust bathing in domestic hens is probably an attempt by the birds to rid themselves of lice. Lice may transmit microbial diseases and helminth parasites, but most individuals spend their whole life cycle on a single host and are only able to transfer to a new host opportunistically. Ischnoceran lice may reduce the thermoregulation effect of the plumage; thus heavily infested birds lose more heat than others.


title: Louse

text: Phthiraptera lice are members of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), the order that contains booklice, barklice and barkflies. Within Psocodea, lice are within the suborder Troctomorpha, and most closely related to the family Liposcelididae. The oldest confirmed fossil louse is a bird louse, "Megamenopon rasnitsyni", from Eckfelder Maar, Germany, which dates to the Eocene, around 44 million years ago. "Saurodectes vrsanskyi" from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Zaza Formation of Buryatia, Russia, has also been suggested to be a louse, but this is tentative.


title: Louse

text: Phthiraptera is clearly a monophyletic grouping, united as the members are by a number of derived features including their parasitism on warm-blooded vertebrates and the combination of their metathoracic ganglia with their abdominal ganglia to form a single ventral nerve junction. The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders, the sucking lice (Anoplura) and the chewing lice (Mallophaga); however, subsequent classifications suggest that the Mallophaga are paraphyletic and four suborders were then recognized:


title: Louse

text: Upon finding that Phthiraptera was nested within Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, in 2021 de Moya et al. proposed reducing the rank of Phthiraptera to infraorder, and the four suborders to parvorder. These changes were accepted by Psocodea Species File and others, with the exception of placing Phthiraptera under the infraorder Nanopsocetae, as a parvorder, with the four subgroups listed above. These classifications are likely to change in the future as a result of ongoing phylogenetic research.


title: Louse

text: Nearly 5,000 species of louse have been identified, about 4,000 being parasitic on birds and 800 on mammals. Lice are present on every continent in all the habitats that their host animals occupy. They are found even in the Antarctic, where penguins carry 15 species of lice (in the genera "Austrogonoides" and "Nesiotinus"). The oldest known record of the group is "Megamenopon rasnitsyni" from the Eocene of Germany, but it is essentially a modern form, belonging to Amblycera, so the group as a whole likely has an origin in the Mesozoic.


title: Louse

text: Lice have been the subject of significant DNA research in the 2000s that led to discoveries on human evolution. The three species of sucking lice that parasitize human beings belong to two genera, "Pediculus" and "Pthirus": head lice ("Pediculus humanus capitis"), body lice ("Pediculus humanus humanus"), and pubic lice ("Pthirus pubis"). Human head and body lice (genus "Pediculus") share a common ancestor with chimpanzee lice, while pubic lice (genus "Pthirus") share a common ancestor with gorilla lice. Using phylogenetic and cophylogenetic analysis, Reed et al. hypothesized that "Pediculus" and "Pthirus" are sister taxa and monophyletic. In other words, the two genera descended from the same common ancestor. The age of divergence between "Pediculus" and its common ancestor is estimated to be 6-7 million years ago, which matches the age predicted by chimpanzee-hominid divergence. Because parasites rely on their hosts, hostparasite cospeciation events are likely.


title: Louse

text: Genetic evidence suggests that human ancestors acquired pubic lice from gorillas approximately 3-4 million years ago. Unlike the genus "Pediculus", the divergence in "Pthirus" does not match the age of host divergence that likely occurred 7 million years ago. Reed et al. propose a "Pthirus" species host-switch around 3-4 million years ago. While it is difficult to determine if a parasitehost switch occurred in evolutionary history, this explanation is the most parsimonious (containing the fewest evolutionary changes).


title: Louse

text: Additionally, the DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans used clothing between 80,000 and 170,000 years ago, before leaving Africa. Human head and body lice occupy distinct ecological zones: head lice live and feed on the scalp, while body lice live on clothing and feed on the body. Because body lice require clothing to survive, the divergence of head and body lice from their common ancestor provides an estimate of the date of introduction of clothing in human evolutionary history.


title: Louse

text: The mitochondrial genome of the human species of the body louse ("Pediculus humanus humanus"), the head louse ("Pediculus humanus capitis") and the pubic louse ("Pthirus pubis") fragmented into a number of minichromosomes, at least seven million years ago. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA in human body and hair lice reveals that greater genetic diversity existed in African than in non-African lice. Human lice can also shed light on human migratory patterns in prehistory. The dominating theory of anthropologists regarding human migration is the Out of Africa Hypothesis. Genetic diversity accumulates over time, and mutations occur at a relatively constant rate. Because there is more genetic diversity in African lice, the lice and their human hosts must have existed in Africa before anywhere else.


title: Louse

text: Lice have been intimately associated with human society throughout history. In the Middle Ages, they were essentially ubiquitous. At the death of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1170, it was recorded that "The vermin boiled over like water in a simmering cauldron, and the onlookers burst into alternate weeping and laughing". The clergy often saw lice and other parasites as a constant reminder of human frailty and weakness. Monks and nuns would purposely ignore grooming themselves and suffer from infestations to express their religious devotion. A mediaeval treatment for lice was an ointment made from pork grease, incense, lead, and aloe.


title: Louse

text: Robert Hooke's 1667 book, "Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and Inquiries thereupon", illustrated a human louse, drawn as seen down an early microscope.


title: Louse

text: Margaret Cavendish's satirical "The Description of a New World, Called The Blazing-World" (1668) has "Lice-men" as "mathematicians", investigating nature by trying to weigh the air like the real scientist Robert Boyle.


title: Louse

text: In 1935 the Harvard medical researcher Hans Zinsser wrote the book "Rats, Lice and History", alleging that both body and head lice transmit typhus between humans. Despite this, the modern view is that only the body louse can transmit the disease.


title: Louse

text: Soldiers in the trenches of the First World War suffered severely from lice, and the typhus they carried. The Germans boasted that they had lice under effective control, but themselves suffered badly from lice in the Second World War on the Eastern Front, especially in the Battle of Stalingrad. "Delousing" became a euphemism for the extermination of Jews in concentration camps such as Auschwitz under the Nazi regime.


title: Louse

text: In the psychiatric disorder delusional parasitosis, patients express a persistent irrational fear of animals such as lice and mites, imagining that they are continually infested and complaining of itching, with "an unshakable false belief that live organisms are present in the skin".


title: Louse

text: The human body louse "Pediculus humanus humanus" has (2010) the smallest insect genome known. This louse can transmit certain diseases while the human head louse ("P. h. capitis"), to which it is closely related, cannot. With their simple life history and small genomes, the pair make ideal model organisms to study the molecular mechanisms behind the transmission of pathogens and vector competence.


title: Louse

text: James Joyce's 1939 book "Finnegans Wake" has the character Shem the Penman infested with "foxtrotting fleas, the lieabed lice, ... bats in his belfry".


title: Louse

text: Clifford E. Trafzer's "A Chemehuevi Song: The Resilience of a Southern Paiute Tribe" retells the story of Sinawavi (Coyote)'s love for Poowavi (Louse). Her eggs are sealed in a basket woven by her mother, who gives it to Coyote, instructing him not to open it before he reaches home. Hearing voices coming from it, however, Coyote opens the basket and the people, the world's first human beings, pour out of it in all directions.


title: Louse

text: The Irish songwriter John Lyons (b. 1934) wrote the popular song "The Kilkenny Louse House". The song contains the lines "Well we went up the stairs and we put out the light, Sure in less than five minutes, I had to show fight. For the fleas and the bugs they collected to march, And over me stomach they formed a great arch". It has been recorded by Christie Purcell (1952), Mary Delaney on "From Puck to Appleby" (2003), and the Dubliners on "Double Dubliners" (1972) among others.


title: Louse

text: Robert Burns dedicated a poem to the louse, inspired by witnessing one on a lady's bonnet in church: "Ye ugly, creepin, blastid wonner, Detested, shunn'd, by saint and sinner, How dare ye set your fit upon her, sae fine lady! Gae somewhere else, and seek your dinner on some poor body." John Milton in "Paradise Lost" mentioned the biblical plague of lice visited upon pharaoh: "Frogs, lice, and flies must all his palace fill with loathed intrusion, and filled all the land." John Ray recorded a Scottish proverb, "Gie a beggar a bed and he'll repay you with a Louse."


title: Louse

text: In Shakespeare's "Troilus and Cressida", Thersites compares Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon, to a louse: "Ask me not what I would be, if I were not Thersites; for I care not to be the louse of a lazar, so I were not Menelaus."


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: A Passage to India is a 1984 epic historical drama film written, directed and edited by David Lean. The screenplay is based on the 1960 play of the same name by Santha Rama Rau, which was in turn based on the 1924 novel of the same name by E. M. Forster.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Set in the 1920s during the period of the British Raj, the film tells the story of the interactions of several characters in the fictional city of Chandrapore, namely Dr Aziz, Mrs Moore, Adela Quested, and Richard Fielding. When newcomer to India, Adela, accuses Aziz of an attempted rape within the famed Marabar Caves, the city is split between the British elite and the native underclass as the budding friendship between Aziz and Fielding is tested. The film explores themes of racism, imperialism, religion, and the nature of relationships both friendly and marital.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: This was the final film of Lean's prestigious career, and the first feature film he had directed in fourteen years, since "Ryan's Daughter" in 1970. Receiving praise as Lean's finest since "Lawrence of Arabia", "A Passage to India" received eleven nominations at the 57th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Lean, and Best Actress for Judy Davis for her portrayal as Adela Quested. Peggy Ashcroft won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal as Mrs Moore, making her, at 77, the oldest actress to win the award, and Maurice Jarre won his third Academy Award for Best Original Score.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Adela Quested is sailing from England to British Raj India with Mrs. Moore, the mother of Quested’s intended bridegroom, Ronny Heaslop, Mrs. Moore's son from her first marriage. Heaslop is the City magistrate in Chandrapore, the anglicized spelling of Chandrapur. Adela intends to see if she can make a go of it.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: The ladies are disappointed to find that the British community is very much separated from the Indian population and culture with a growing Indian independence movement in the 1920s. They are encouraged when the local school superintendent Richard Fielding, introduces them to the eccentric elderly Hindu Brahmin scholar Professor Narayan Godbole. Mrs. Moore meets by chance another Indian local, Dr Aziz Ahmed, a widower who is surprised by her kindness and lack of prejudice. Aziz offers to host an excursion to the local Marabar Caves.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: The initial exploration of the caves shows that the size of the party should be limited when Mrs. Moore suffers from claustrophobia and the noise from the large entourage echoes exponentially inside the caves. Mrs. Moore encourages Adela and Aziz to continue their exploration of the caves alone with just one guide.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: They reach the caves at a higher elevation some distance from the group and, before entering, Aziz steps away to smoke a cigarette. He returns to find Adela has disappeared. Shortly afterwards, he sees her running headlong down the hill, disheveled. She is picked up by the doctor's wife, Mrs. Callendar, and taken to the Callendars' home. Adela is bleeding and delirious. Dr. Callendar medicates Adela with a hypodermic syringe.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Upon his return to Chandrapore, Dr. Aziz is accused of attempting to rape Adela inside the caves, is jailed awaiting trial, and the incident becomes a "cause célèbre". Mrs. Moore firmly believes Aziz did not commit any offence and departs India for England. Seemingly enjoying her passage at sea, Mrs. Moore suddenly suffers an apparent heart attack and dies.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: In court, Adela is questioned by the prosecutor, who is stunned when Adela replies that Dr. Aziz never entered the cave, where the supposed attempt took place. It becomes clear to Adela that her earlier signed accusation of attempted rape was false, so she recants. Aziz is freed and celebrated for his innocence. Adela is abandoned to her own devices by the British, except for Mr. Fielding, who assists her to safety at the college. She plans to return to England at the earliest moment. Aziz rids himself of his western associations and vows to find a new job in another Indian state; he opens a clinic in the lake area near Srinagar, Kashmir.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Meanwhile, through Adela, Fielding has married Stella Moore, Mrs. Moore's daughter from her second marriage. Aziz eventually reconciles with Fielding, and Aziz writes to Adela asking her to forgive him for taking so long to come to appreciate the courage she exercised when she withdrew her accusation in court.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: E. M. Forster began writing "A Passage to India" during a stay in India from late 1912 to early 1913 (he was drawn there by a young Indian Muslim, Syed Ross Masood, whom he had tutored in Latin), completing it only after he returned to India as secretary to a maharajah in 1921. The novel was published on 6 June 1924. It differs from Forster's other major works in the overt political content, as opposed to the lighter tone and more subdued political subtext in works such as "Howards End" and "A Room With a View".


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: "A Passage to India" deals with the delicate balance between the English and the Indians during the British Raj. The question of what actually happened in the caves remains unanswered in the novel. "A Passage to India" sold well and was widely praised in literary circles. It is generally regarded as Forster's best novel, quickly becoming a classic of English literature.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Over many years several film directors were interested in adapting the novel to the big screen, but Forster, who was criticised when the novel was published, rejected every offer for the film rights, believing that any film of his novel would be a travesty. He feared that whoever made it would come down on the side of the English or the Indians, and he wanted balance. However he did allow Indian author Santha Rama Rau to adapt it for the theatre in 1957.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: David Lean had read the novel and saw the play in London in 1960, and, impressed, attempted to purchase the rights at that time, but Forster, who rejected Santha Rama Rau's suggestion to allow Indian film director Satyajit Ray to make a film, said no.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Following Forster's death in 1970, the governing board of fellows of King's College at Cambridge inherited the rights to his books. However, Donald Parry, his executor, turned down all approaches, including those of Joseph Losey, Ismail Merchant and James Ivory, and Waris Hussein, who after adapting Santha Rama Rau's play for the BBC in the 1960s now wanted to make a feature film. Ten years later, when Professor Bernard Williams, a film enthusiast, became chief executor, the rights for a film adaptation became available.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Producer John Brabourne, also known as John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne, whose father had been Governor of Bombay and later Governor of Bengal, and who was married to the daughter of Lord Mountbatten, the last viceroy, had sought the film rights for twenty years. He and his business partner, Richard Goodwin, had produced Franco Zeffirelli's "Romeo and Juliet" (1968) and films based on Agatha Christie's mysteries, including the 1974 "Murder on the Orient Express." In March 1981, Brabourne and Goodwin obtained the rights to make a film adaptation of "A Passage to India". The contract stipulated that Santha Rama Rau write the screenplay and it reserved the right to approve the director.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: "Forster gave us a verbal go-ahead", remembered Goodwin later, "but my partner (John Brabourne) and I never got it in writing. So it was another 10 years before the Forster estate arranged the sale of film rights". Lindsay Anderson later claimed he turned down a chance to direct the film of the novel.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Brabourne, an admirer of the film "Doctor Zhivago", wanted David Lean to direct the film. Lean was ready to break his 14-year hiatus from filmmaking following mostly negative reviews received for "Ryan's Daughter" in 1970. Since then, Lean had fought to make a two-part epic telling the true story of the Mutiny on the Bounty, for which he could not obtain financing (the budget was an estimated $50 million), and had given some thought about doing a film adaptation of "Out of Africa", from the book by Isak Dinesen, which Sydney Pollack ultimately directed in 1985. By September 1981, Lean was approved as director and Santha Rama Rau completed a draft of the script.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: The contract stipulated that Santha Rama Rau would write the screenplay. She had met with E. M. Forster, had successfully adapted "A Passage to India" as a play, and had been charged by the author with preserving the spirit of the novel. However, Lean was determined to exercise input in the writing process. He met with Rau in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, and over ten days they talked about the novel and discussed the script.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: The initial script pleased neither the producer, John Brabourne, nor Lean. They considered it too worldly and literary, the work of a playwright, and unsuitable for a film. Most of the scenes took place indoors and in offices while Lean had in mind to film outdoors as much as possible. With India in the title of the film, he reasoned, audiences would expect to see many scenes filmed of the Indian landscape. Lean commented: "We are blessed with a fine movie title, "A Passage to India". But it has built in danger; it holds out such a promise. The very mention of India conjures up high expectations. It has sweep and size and is very romantic". Lean did not want to present a poor man's pre-independence India when for the same amount of money he could show the country's visual richness.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: During 1982, Lean worked on the script. He spent six months in New Delhi, to have a close feeling for the country while writing. As he could not stay longer for tax reasons, he then moved to Zurich for three months, finishing it there. Following the same method he had employed adapting Charles Dickens's "Great Expectations", he went through Rau's original script and his copy of the novel, picking out the episodes that were indispensable and passing over those that did not advance the plot. Lean typed out the whole screenplay himself, correcting it as he went along, following the principle that scripts are not written, but rewritten.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: The director cast Australian actress Judy Davis, then 28, as the naive Miss Quested after a two-hour meeting. When Davis gave her interpretation of what happened in the caves — "She can’t cope with her own sexuality, she just freaks out" — Lean said that the part was hers. Davis had garnered international attention in Gillian Armstrong's "My Brilliant Career" (1979) and had appeared in "A Woman Called Golda" (1982) as a young Golda Meir.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Lean wanted Celia Johnson, star of "Brief Encounter", to play Mrs Moore, but she turned down the part and died before the film was released. The director then offered the part to Peggy Ashcroft, a stage actress who had appeared in films only sporadically. She was not enthusiastic when Lean asked her to be Mrs Moore. "Mr Lean, I’m 75 years old", she protested. "So am I", he replied. Although she had recently worked in India on the TV miniseries "The Jewel in the Crown", she said, "I thought, 'Oh dear, I really don’t want to do it', but it's very difficult to turn down a Lean film".


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Satyajit Ray, who had hoped to direct his adaptation of "A Passage to India", recommended 38-year-old Bengali actor Victor Banerjee for the role of Dr Aziz. The character required a combination of foolishness, bravery, honour and anger. After some hesitation, Lean cast Banerjee, but the director had to overcome the restrictions of British equity to employ an Indian actor. Lean got his way, and the casting made headlines in India. "It was a matter of national pride that an Indian was cast instead of an Asian from England" observed Banerjee.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Peter O'Toole was Lean's first choice to play Fielding. The role eventually went to James Fox. Despite having quarrelled with Lean in the 1960s about a proposed film about Gandhi that ultimately was scrapped, Alec Guinness agreed to portray Professor Godbole. The relationship between the two men deteriorated during filming, and when Guinness learned that much of his performance was left on the cutting room floor due to time constraints, he saw it as a personal affront. Guinness would not speak to Lean for years afterwards, patching things up only in the last years of Lean's life. Nigel Hawthorne was cast as Turton but fell ill and was replaced on-set by Richard Wilson.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Financing the film was difficult. EMI provided some initial money, but Lean paid his own expenses scouting locations and writing the screenplay. Eventually the budget was raised from EMI, Columbia and HBO.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: In December 1984, Thorn EMI offered investors the chance to invest in several films by issuing £36 million worth of shares. The films were "A Passage to India" (1984), "Morons from Outer Space", "Dreamchild", "Wild Geese II" and "The Holcroft Covenant" (all 1985).


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: The Marabar Caves are based on the Barabar Caves, some 35 km north of Gaya, in Bihar. Lean visited the caves during pre-production, and found them flat and unattractive; concerns about bandits were also prevalent. Instead he used the hills of Savandurga and Ramadevarabetta some tens of kilometers from Bangalore, where much of the principal filming took place; small cave entrances were carved out by the production company. Other scenes were filmed in Ramanagaram (Karnataka) and Udhagamandalam (Tamil Nadu) and in Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir). Some interiors were shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey and in Bangalore Palace.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: The film's score was composed by longtime Lean collaborator Maurice Jarre. According to Jarre, the director told him, "Maurice, I want you to write music right from your groin for this very long scene in the cave. This isn't a story of India, it's a story of a woman. I want you to write music that evokes awakening sexuality".


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Jarre wrote 45 minutes of music in two and a half weeks. He said, "David talks to me in images. A film artist never asks for an oboe to cover up a bad scene; a film artist doesn't think of music as medicine for a sick movie. David talks to me as he would talk to an actor."


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called it "[Lean's] best work since "The Bridge on the River Kwai" and "Lawrence of Arabia" and perhaps his most humane and moving film since "Brief Encounter". Though vast in physical scale and set against a tumultuous Indian background, it is also intimate, funny and moving in the manner of a film maker completely in control of his material … Though [Lean] has made "A Passage to India" both less mysterious and more cryptic than the book, the film remains a wonderfully provocative tale, full of vivid characters, all played to near perfection."


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" observed that "Forster's novel is one of the literary landmarks of this century, and now David Lean has made it into one of the greatest screen adaptations I have ever seen … [He] is a meticulous craftsman, famous for going to any length to make every shot look just the way he thinks it should. His actors here are encouraged to give sound, thoughtful, unflashy performances … and his screenplay is a model of clarity."


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: "Variety" called the film "impeccably faithful, beautifully played and occasionally languorous" and added, "Lean has succeeded to a great degree in the tricky task of capturing Forster's finely edged tone of rational bemusement and irony."


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: "Time Out London" thought the film was "a curiously modest affair, abandoning the tub-thumping epic style of Lean's late years. While adhering to perhaps 80 per cent of the book's incident, Lean veers very wide of the mark over E.M. Forster's hatred of the British presence in India, and comes down much more heavily on the side of the British. But he has assembled his strongest cast in years … And once again Lean indulges his taste for scenery, demonstrating an ability with sheer scale which has virtually eluded British cinema throughout its history. Not for literary purists, but if you like your entertainment well tailored, then feel the quality and the width."


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Channel 4 said, "Lean was always preoccupied with landscapes and obsessed with the perfect shot – but here his canvas is way smaller than in "Lawrence of Arabia", for instance … Still, while the storytelling is rather toothless, "A Passage to India" is certainly well worth watching for fans of the director's epic style."


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "A Passage to India" holds a rating of 77% from 26 critics, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""A Passage to India" is a visually striking exploration of colonialism and prejudice, although it doesn't achieve the thematic breadth of director David Lean's finest work." The film is assigned an average score of 78 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 14 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first DVD on 20 March 2001. It was in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks and subtitles in English, French, and Spanish. Bonus features included "Reflections of David Lean", an interview with the screenwriter/director, cast biographies, and production notes.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: On 9 September 2003, Columbia Pictures released the box set "The David Lean Collection", which included "Lawrence of Arabia", "The Bridge on the River Kwai", and "A Passage to India".


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: On 15 April 2008, Sony released "A Passage To India (2-Disc Collector's Edition)". In addition to "Reflections of David Lean" from the 2001 release, bonus features included commentary with producer Richard Goodwin; "E.M. Forster: A Profile of an Author", covering some of the main themes of the original book; "An Epic Takes Shape", in which cast and crew members discuss the evolution of the film; "An Indian Affair", detailing the primary production period; "Only Connect: A Vision of India", detailing the final days of shooting at Shepperton Studios and the post-production period; "Casting a Classic", in which casting director Priscilla John discusses the challenges of bringing characters from the book to life; and "David Lean: Shooting with the Master", a profile of the director.


title: A Passage to India (film)

text: On 15 April 2008, Sony released a Blu-ray HD Collector's Edition with a restored print and new digital mastering.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates (also known as Star Wars: Episode IX – Duel of the Fates) was the original draft of the third film in the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy. Named after the franchise's musical composition of the same name, the script was written in 2016 by Colin Trevorrow and Derek Connolly while Trevorrow was attached as director. After Trevorrow left the project in 2017, it was replaced with a script by J. J. Abrams and Chris Terrio that became 2019's "", although the film retained modified ideas from "Duel of the Fates".


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: A draft of the script of "Duel of the Fates" was leaked online in January 2020, shortly after the release of "The Rise of Skywalker". It garnered attention due to "The Rise of Skywalker"s polarizing reception, and inspired fan-made adaptations.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: Several years after the events of "", the First Order rules the galaxy with General Hux as its chancellor. Taking control of Coruscant, the First Order daily publicly executes members of a crushed Resistance and has blocked communications across the galaxy. Still free from the First Order's control, Rey, Finn, Poe Dameron, Rose Tico and BB-8 steal a Star Dreadnought from the occupied planet of Kuat and take it to Korilev, where surviving members of the Resistance, led by General Leia Organa, have established a new base.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: Kylo Ren discovers a Sith holocron in Darth Vader's castle on Mustafar, which leads him to seek the training of a 7000-year-old alien named Tor Valum, who taught Emperor Palpatine's master Darth Plagueis. During training, Kylo fights a phantom of Vader and masters the power to absorb life energy, which he uses to kill Tor Valum. Rey learns from Jedi texts that a device that can fix communications is on Coruscant. Finn, Rose, R2-D2, and C-3PO try to restore communications with the device while Rey, Chewbacca, and Poe go to Bonadan in order to find the planet Mortis, where Rey saw herself dueling Kylo.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: On Coruscant, Finn and Rose activate a device that would allow Leia to inspire rebellion, but they are attacked by the First Order. After Rose is captured, Finn fights RK-514 and, as a redeemed stormtrooper, spares his life after defeating him. RK-514 convinces others to defect. Finn leads a revolution on Coruscant with the help of droids, citizens, and the defected stormtroopers. Poe, Chewbacca, and a Resistance army arrive to fight the remaining First Order forces. Leia convinces Lando Calrissian to join the rebellion with smugglers. When the First Order is defeated, Hux kills himself with a purple-bladed lightsaber. After being tortured, Rose rewires the hyperdrive of the First Order's capital ship, causing it to crash above Coruscant.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: After defeating Kylo's Knights of Ren, Rey battles him on Mortis, where he blinds and nearly kills her. Luke Skywalker's Force spirit offers moral support to Rey, and she confronts Kylo for a second time. Rey says her masters were wrong to reject the dark side and embraces both, allowing her to defeat Kylo. Kylo attempts to kill Rey by draining her life energy, but Leia manages to contact him through the Force and convinces him to stop. As a result, he transfers his own life energy to Rey, healing her and saving her life at the cost of his own. Before Kylo dies, his last words reveal Rey's true birth name to be Rey Solana. On the verge of death, Rey meets with the spirits of Luke, Yoda, and Obi-Wan Kenobi, who allow her to choose between staying dead or returning to life.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: Finn, Poe, Rose, and Chewbacca receive medals at the Resistance base. Finn and Rose settle on Modesta, where they raise Force-sensitive children. Rey arrives at their homestead in a silhouette and vows to teach the children about the Force and how the balance of light and dark will maintain galactic peace.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: In August 2015, Colin Trevorrow was announced as the director of "Episode IX"; he wrote a script titled "Duel of the Fates" with frequent collaborator Derek Connolly. The draft dated December 2016 would have required changes due to the death of actress Carrie Fisher (who played Leia Organa) the same month. The script draft was leaked online in January 2020 (while "The Rise of Skywalker" was in theaters). A number of Twitter users expressed that they would have preferred to see Trevorrow's "Duel of the Fates" over "The" "Rise of Skywalker", which was written by J. J. Abrams and Chris Terrio. Major differences featured in "Duel of the Fates" are that Rey—who has the last name Solana—is not related to Palpatine (Darth Sidious), Kylo Ren seeks to be trained by Sith Master Tor Valum (who was going to be revealed as the master of Darth Plagueis), and the final battle centers upon the previously established planets Coruscant from the prequel trilogy and Mortis from animated series. Other differences include that Rey is blinded by an unredeemed Kylo Ren, Luke's spirit has a more significant role, and R2-D2 suffers severe damage. The R2-D2 scene is the only one which Trevorrow has officially commented on, noting on Twitter that the droid would have been repaired. As part of an online Comic-Con event, Trevorrow called his departure from the film "traumatic" and showed a spaceship model, called a TIE marauder, he designed with his son for the unmade film.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: Some story elements survived in "The Rise of Skywalker", notable examples including Kylo finding a Sith holocron in Darth Vader's castle on Mustafar and the transference of Force energy, and Rey using Force Lightning against an enemy.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: While an initially reluctant Lando helping save the day by surprisingly arriving leading a fleet of spaceships made it into the final film, in "Duel of the Fates", Lando was originally going to be introduced as enjoying a life of luxury by owning a cabaret bar. The views of Lando's portrayer Billy Dee Williams aligned with that more than was ultimately made, as he stated that due to Lando's gambling backstory, he imagined old Lando as a rich "Las Vegas entrepreneur and showman like Steve Wynn", and that he favored that to the military general side of Lando. The cabaret bar was replaced with Lando being on exile on a desert planet, which was noted as less what people would expect from Lando by "Screen Rant". "Entertainment Weekly" noted that Lando would have made sense in the planet of casinos depicted in "The Last Jedi". Director Rian Johnson considered placing Lando in the scene and returning him to his morally ambiguous roots, by having him betray the heroes again, but ultimately replaced him by creating the less moral character of DJ.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: According to the website "Polygon", the desert planet where Lando was found was the final addition to the film, as noted in its officially written artbook by Phil Szostak. In regards to the unmade "Duel of the Fates" script, the artbook noted only a few images related to the unfilmed script made it to the book, and that it did not even list Trevorrow's name among the main creative forces of the film. It also described the leaked "Duel of the Fates" concept art as coming from earlier drafts of such book.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: A TIE fighter Echelon ship statue survived in the Disney theme park , the ship was developed by Colin Trevorrow during his work on "Episode IX" before being replaced as the film's director.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: The draft gained attention due to the mixed response of "The Rise of Skywalker". Upon release, "The Rise of Skywalker" was criticized for revealing its lack of a plan connecting the sequel trilogy (most notably retconning events of "The Last Jedi"), its plot holes (Palpatine's return and his relationship to Rey being the most prominent), and its treatment of minority and female characters, particularly Rose Tico, Poe Dameron, and Finn. Actress Kelly Marie Tran's screentime as Rose was reduced from 10 minutes in "The Last Jedi" to less than two minutes in "The Rise of Skywalker", while Poe's new backstory as a smuggler was seen as racist towards Latinos due to him being portrayed by Guatemalan-born actor Oscar Isaac. Finn's actor, John Boyega, also criticized the film for sidelining characters played by people of color, including him, Tran, and Isaac. Eliana Dokterman, writing for "Time" magazine, called the film and its retcons "problematic", perceiving Abrams' choices as having been made to appease the complaints leveled by a toxic contingent of online fandom angered by "The Last Jedi", in particular online trolls who harassed Johnson and several cast members, most notably Tran. "The Rise of Skywalker" is tied with "" as the lowest-rated live-action "Star Wars" film on Rotten Tomatoes and the second-lowest behind "The Phantom Menace" on Metacritic. "Screen Rant" ranked it as the worst live-action film and "Entertainment Weekly" ranked it the worst "Star Wars" film.


title: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates

text: Before the draft was revealed as real, "Esquire" described it as too good to be fan-fiction, calling the script "worldclass", and in contrast criticized "The Rise of Skywalker" as cowardly for not killing any main character, other than Palpatine, "the old man that was already dead". Nerdist notes that Rey remained a nobody, as compared to making her a Palpatine, which completely undermined the meaning of "The Last Jedi". "Inverse" states that "Duel of the Fates" has two massive flaws in its roles for Leia and her son, Kylo Ren. However, "Inverse" praised the discarded script for multiple reasons, including being darker and less reliant on nostalgia and retcons than the final film, as well as connecting better to "The Force Awakens" due to providing an actual explanation for Rey's visions of the Knights of Ren, which "Inverse" also praised for providing better reasons for Rey to shoot Force Lightning. The "Duel of the Fates" script treated such ability as Rey's Dark Side powers being triggered by her realizing the Knights of Ren killed her parents, rather than the final film's treatment which turned it into a hereditary skill, something no previous film had done.