title: Twin paradox

text: Neither Einstein nor Langevin considered such results to be problematic: Einstein only called it "peculiar" while Langevin presented it as a consequence of absolute acceleration. Both men argued that, from the time differential illustrated by the story of the twins, no self-contradiction could be constructed. In other words, neither Einstein nor Langevin saw the story of the twins as constituting a challenge to the self-consistency of relativistic physics.


title: Twin paradox

text: Consider a space ship traveling from Earth to the nearest star system: a distance years away, at a speed (i.e., 80% of the speed of light).


title: Twin paradox

text: To make the numbers easy, the ship is assumed to attain full speed in a negligible time upon departure (even though it would actually take about 9 months accelerating at 1 "g" to get up to speed). Similarly, at the end of the outgoing trip, the change in direction needed to start the return trip is assumed to occur in a negligible time. This can also be modelled by assuming that the ship is already in motion at the beginning of the experiment and that the return event is modelled by a Dirac delta distribution acceleration.


title: Twin paradox

text: The Earth-based mission control reasons about the journey this way: the round trip will take in Earth time ("i.e." everybody on Earth will be 10 years older when the ship returns). The amount of time as measured on the ship's clocks and the aging of the travelers during their trip will be reduced by the factor formula_1, the reciprocal of the Lorentz factor (time dilation). In this case and the travelers will have aged only when they return.


title: Twin paradox

text: The ship's crew members also calculate the particulars of their trip from their perspective. They know that the distant star system and the Earth are moving relative to the ship at speed "v" during the trip. In their rest frame the distance between the Earth and the star system is years (length contraction), for both the outward and return journeys. Each half of the journey takes , and the round trip takes twice as long (6 years). Their calculations show that they will arrive home having aged 6 years. The travelers' final calculation about their aging is in complete agreement with the calculations of those on Earth, though they experience the trip quite differently from those who stay at home.


title: Twin paradox

text: No matter what method they use to predict the clock readings, everybody will agree about them. If twins are born on the day the ship leaves, and one goes on the journey while the other stays on Earth, they will meet again when the traveler is 6 years old and the stay-at-home twin is 10 years old.


title: Twin paradox

text: The paradoxical aspect of the twins' situation arises from the fact that at any given moment the travelling twin's clock is running slow in the earthbound twin's inertial frame, but based on the relativity principle one could equally argue that the earthbound twin's clock is running slow in the travelling twin's inertial frame. One proposed resolution is based on the fact that the earthbound twin is at rest in the same inertial frame throughout the journey, while the travelling twin is not: in the simplest version of the thought-experiment, the travelling twin switches at the midpoint of the trip from being at rest in an inertial frame which moves in one direction (away from the Earth) to being at rest in an inertial frame which moves in the opposite direction (towards the Earth). In this approach, determining which observer switches frames and which does not is crucial. Although both twins can legitimately claim that they are at rest in their own frame, only the traveling twin experiences acceleration when the spaceship engines are turned on. This acceleration, measurable with an accelerometer, makes his rest frame temporarily non-inertial. This reveals a crucial asymmetry between the twins' perspectives: although we can predict the aging difference from both perspectives, we need to use different methods to obtain correct results.


title: Twin paradox

text: Although some solutions attribute a crucial role to the acceleration of the travelling twin at the time of the turnaround, others note that the effect also arises if one imagines two separate travellers, one outward-going and one inward-coming, who pass each other and synchronize their clocks at the point corresponding to "turnaround" of a single traveller. In this version, physical acceleration of the travelling clock plays no direct role; "the issue is how long the world-lines are, not how bent". The length referred to here is the Lorentz-invariant length or "proper time interval" of a trajectory which corresponds to the elapsed time measured by a clock following that trajectory (see Section Difference in elapsed time as a result of differences in twins' spacetime paths below). In Minkowski spacetime, the travelling twin must feel a different history of accelerations from the earthbound twin, even if this just means accelerations of the same size separated by different amounts of time, however "even this role for acceleration can be eliminated in formulations of the twin paradox in curved spacetime, where the twins can fall freely along space-time geodesics between meetings".


title: Twin paradox

text: For a moment-by-moment understanding of how the time difference between the twins unfolds, one must understand that in special relativity there is no concept of "absolute present". For different inertial frames there are different sets of events that are simultaneous in that frame. This relativity of simultaneity means that switching from one inertial frame to another requires an adjustment in what slice through spacetime counts as the "present". In the spacetime diagram on the right, drawn for the reference frame of the Earth-based twin, that twin's world line coincides with the vertical axis (his position is constant in space, moving only in time). On the first leg of the trip, the second twin moves to the right (black sloped line); and on the second leg, back to the left. Blue lines show the "planes of simultaneity" for the traveling twin during the first leg of the journey; red lines, during the second leg. Just before turnaround, the traveling twin calculates the age of the Earth-based twin by measuring the interval along the vertical axis from the origin to the upper blue line. Just after turnaround, if he recalculates, he will measure the interval from the origin to the lower red line. In a sense, during the U-turn the plane of simultaneity jumps from blue to red and very quickly sweeps over a large segment of the world line of the Earth-based twin. When one transfers from the outgoing inertial frame to the incoming inertial frame there is a jump discontinuity in the age of the Earth-based twin (6.4 years in the example above).


title: Twin paradox

text: As mentioned above, an "out and back" twin paradox adventure may incorporate the transfer of clock reading from an "outgoing" astronaut to an "incoming" astronaut, thus entirely eliminating the effect of acceleration. Also, the physical acceleration of clocks does not contribute to the kinematical effects of special relativity. Rather, in special relativity, the time differential between two reunited clocks is produced purely by uniform inertial motion, as discussed in Einstein's original 1905 relativity paper, as well as in all subsequent kinematical derivations of the Lorentz transformations.


title: Twin paradox

text: Because spacetime diagrams incorporate Einstein's clock synchronization (with its lattice of clocks methodology), there will be a requisite jump in the reading of the Earth clock time made by a "suddenly returning astronaut" who inherits a "new meaning of simultaneity" in keeping with a new clock synchronization dictated by the transfer to a different inertial frame, as explained in Spacetime Physics by John A. Wheeler.


title: Twin paradox

text: If, instead of incorporating Einstein's clock synchronization (lattice of clocks), the astronaut (outgoing and incoming) and the Earth-based party regularly update each other on the status of their clocks by way of sending radio signals (which travel at light speed), then all parties will note an incremental buildup of asymmetry in time-keeping, beginning at the "turn around" point. Prior to the "turn around", each party regards the other party's clock to be recording time differently from his own, but the noted difference is symmetrical between the two parties. After the "turn around", the noted differences are not symmetrical, and the asymmetry grows incrementally until the two parties are reunited. Upon finally reuniting, this asymmetry can be seen in the actual difference showing on the two reunited clocks.


title: Twin paradox

text: All processes—chemical, biological, measuring apparatus functioning, human perception involving the eye and brain, the communication of force—are constrained by the speed of light. There is clock functioning at every level, dependent on light speed and the inherent delay at even the atomic level. Biological aging, therefore, is in no way different from clock time-keeping. This means that biological aging would be slowed in the same manner as a clock.


title: Twin paradox

text: In view of the frame-dependence of simultaneity for events at different locations in space, some treatments prefer a more phenomenological approach, describing what the twins would observe if each sent out a series of regular radio pulses, equally spaced in time according to the emitter's clock. This is equivalent to asking, if each twin sent a video feed of themselves to each other, what do they see in their screens? Or, if each twin always carried a clock indicating his age, what time would each see in the image of their distant twin and his clock?


title: Twin paradox

text: Shortly after departure, the traveling twin sees the stay-at-home twin with no time delay. At arrival, the image in the ship screen shows the staying twin as he was 1 year after launch, because radio emitted from Earth 1 year after launch gets to the other star 4 years afterwards and meets the ship there. During this leg of the trip, the traveling twin sees his own clock advance 3 years and the clock in the screen advance 1 year, so it seems to advance at the normal rate, just 20 image seconds per ship minute. This combines the effects of time dilation due to motion (by factor ε=0.6, five years on Earth are 3 years on ship) and the effect of increasing light-time-delay (which grows from 0 to 4 years).


title: Twin paradox

text: Of course, the observed frequency of the transmission is also the frequency of the transmitter (a reduction in frequency; "red-shifted"). This is called the relativistic Doppler effect. The frequency of clock-ticks (or of wavefronts) which one sees from a source with rest frequency "f" is


title: Twin paradox

text: As for the stay-at-home twin, he gets a slowed signal from the ship for 9 years, at a frequency the transmitter frequency. During these 9 years, the clock of the traveling twin in the screen seems to advance 3 years, so both twins see the image of their sibling aging at a rate only their own rate. Expressed in other way, they would both see the other's clock run at their own clock speed. If they factor out of the calculation the fact that the light-time delay of the transmission is increasing at a rate of 0.8 seconds per second, "both" can work out that the other twin is aging slower, at 60% rate.


title: Twin paradox

text: Then the ship turns back toward home. The clock of the staying twin shows "1 year after launch" in the screen of the ship, and during the 3 years of the trip back it increases up to "10 years after launch", so the clock in the screen seems to be advancing 3 times faster than usual.


title: Twin paradox

text: When the source is moving towards the observer, the observed frequency is higher ("blue-shifted") and given by


title: Twin paradox

text: As for the screen on Earth, it shows that trip back beginning 9 years after launch, and the traveling clock in the screen shows that 3 years have passed on the ship. One year later, the ship is back home and the clock shows 6 years. So, during the trip back, "both" twins see their sibling's clock going 3 times faster than their own. Factoring out the fact that the light-time-delay is decreasing by 0.8 seconds every second, each twin calculates that the other twin is aging at 60% his own aging speed.


title: Twin paradox

text: The "x"–"t" (space–time) diagrams at left show the paths of light signals traveling between Earth and ship (1st diagram) and between ship and Earth (2nd diagram). These signals carry the images of each twin and his age-clock to the other twin. The vertical black line is the Earth's path through spacetime and the other two sides of the triangle show the ship's path through spacetime (as in the Minkowski diagram above). As far as the sender is concerned, he transmits these at equal intervals (say, once an hour) according to his own clock; but according to the clock of the twin receiving these signals, they are not being received at equal intervals.


title: Twin paradox

text: After the ship has reached its cruising speed of 0.8"c", each twin would see 1 second pass in the received image of the other twin for every 3 seconds of his own time. That is, each would see the image of the other's clock going slow, not just slow by the "ε" factor 0.6, but even slower because light-time-delay is increasing 0.8 seconds per second. This is shown in the figures by red light paths. At some point, the images received by each twin change so that each would see 3 seconds pass in the image for every second of his own time. That is, the received signal has been increased in frequency by the Doppler shift. These high frequency images are shown in the figures by blue light paths.


title: Twin paradox

text: The asymmetry between the Earth and the space ship is manifested in this diagram by the fact that more blue-shifted (fast aging) images are received by the ship. Put another way, the space ship sees the image change from a red-shift (slower aging of the image) to a blue-shift (faster aging of the image) at the midpoint of its trip (at the turnaround, 3 years after departure); the Earth sees the image of the ship change from red-shift to blue shift after 9 years (almost at the end of the period that the ship is absent). In the next section, one will see another asymmetry in the images: the Earth twin sees the ship twin age by the same amount in the red and blue shifted images; the ship twin sees the Earth twin age by different amounts in the red and blue shifted images.


title: Twin paradox

text: The twin on the ship sees low frequency (red) images for 3 years. During that time, he would see the Earth twin in the image grow older by . He then sees high frequency (blue) images during the back trip of 3 years. During that time, he would see the Earth twin in the image grow older by When the journey is finished, the image of the Earth twin has aged by


title: Twin paradox

text: The Earth twin sees 9 years of slow (red) images of the ship twin, during which the ship twin ages (in the image) by He then sees fast (blue) images for the remaining 1 year until the ship returns. In the fast images, the ship twin ages by The total aging of the ship twin in the images received by Earth is , so the ship twin returns younger (6 years as opposed to 10 years on Earth).


title: Twin paradox

text: To avoid confusion, note the distinction between what each twin sees and what each would calculate. Each sees an image of his twin which he knows originated at a previous time and which he knows is Doppler shifted. He does not take the elapsed time in the image as the age of his twin now.


title: Twin paradox

text: when the image was emitted. A similar calculation reveals that his twin was aging at the same reduced rate of "εf" in all low frequency images.


title: Twin paradox

text: It may be difficult to see where simultaneity came into the Doppler shift calculation, and indeed the calculation is often preferred because one does not have to worry about simultaneity. As seen above, the ship twin can convert his received Doppler-shifted rate to a slower rate of the clock of the distant clock for both red and blue images. If he ignores simultaneity, he might say his twin was aging at the reduced rate throughout the journey and therefore should be younger than he is. He is now back to square one, and has to take into account the change in his notion of simultaneity at the turnaround. The rate he can calculate for the image (corrected for Doppler effect) is the rate of the Earth twin's clock at the moment it was sent, not at the moment it was received. Since he receives an unequal number of red and blue shifted images, he should realize that the red and blue shifted emissions were not emitted over equal time periods for the Earth twin, and therefore he must account for simultaneity at a distance.


title: Twin paradox

text: During the turnaround, the traveling twin is in an accelerated reference frame. According to the equivalence principle, the traveling twin may analyze the turnaround phase as if the stay-at-home twin were freely falling in a gravitational field and as if the traveling twin were stationary. A 1918 paper by Einstein presents a conceptual sketch of the idea. From the viewpoint of the traveler, a calculation for each separate leg, ignoring the turnaround, leads to a result in which the Earth clocks age less than the traveler. For example, if the Earth clocks age 1 day less on each leg, the amount that the Earth clocks will lag behind amounts to 2 days. The physical description of what happens at turnaround has to produce a contrary effect of double that amount: 4 days' advancing of the Earth clocks. Then the traveler's clock will end up with a net 2-day delay on the Earth clocks, in agreement with calculations done in the frame of the stay-at-home twin.


title: Twin paradox

text: The mechanism for the advancing of the stay-at-home twin's clock is gravitational time dilation. When an observer finds that inertially moving objects are being accelerated with respect to themselves, those objects are in a gravitational field insofar as relativity is concerned. For the traveling twin at turnaround, this gravitational field fills the universe. In a weak field approximation, clocks tick at a rate of where "Φ" is the difference in gravitational potential. In this case, where "g" is the acceleration of the traveling observer during turnaround and "h" is the distance to the stay-at-home twin. The rocket is firing towards the stay-at-home twin, thereby placing that twin at a higher gravitational potential. Due to the large distance between the twins, the stay-at-home twin's clocks will appear to be sped up enough to account for the difference in proper times experienced by the twins. It is no accident that this speed-up is enough to account for the simultaneity shift described above. The general relativity solution for a static homogeneous gravitational field and the special relativity solution for finite acceleration produce identical results.


title: Twin paradox

text: Other calculations have been done for the traveling twin (or for any observer who sometimes accelerates), which do not involve the equivalence principle, and which do not involve any gravitational fields. Such calculations are based only on the special theory, not the general theory, of relativity. One approach calculates surfaces of simultaneity by considering light pulses, in accordance with Hermann Bondi's idea of the k-calculus. A second approach calculates a straightforward but technically complicated integral to determine how the traveling twin measures the elapsed time on the stay-at-home clock. An outline of this second approach is given in a .


title: Twin paradox

text: Knowing that the clock "K" remains inertial (stationary), the total accumulated proper time Δ"τ" of clock K' will be given by the integral function of coordinate time Δ"t"


title: Twin paradox

text: where "v"("t") is the "coordinate velocity" of clock K' as a function of "t" according to clock "K", and, e.g. during phase 1, given by


title: Twin paradox

text: where "a" is the proper acceleration, felt by clock K' during the acceleration phase(s) and where the following relations hold between "V", "a" and "T":


title: Twin paradox

text: Δ"τ" represents the time of the non-inertial (travelling) observer K' as a function of the elapsed time Δ"t" of the inertial (stay-at-home) observer "K" for whom observer K' has velocity "v"("t") at time "t".


title: Twin paradox

text: To calculate the elapsed time Δ"t" of the inertial observer "K" as a function of the elapsed time Δ"τ" of the non-inertial observer K', where only quantities measured by K' are accessible, the following formula can be used:


title: Twin paradox

text: where "a(τ)" is the proper acceleration of the non-inertial observer K' as measured by himself (for instance with an accelerometer) during the whole round-trip. The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality can be used to show that the inequality follows from the previous expression:


title: Twin paradox

text: Using the Dirac delta function to model the infinite acceleration phase in the standard case of the traveller having constant speed "v" during the outbound and the inbound trip, the formula produces the known result:


title: Twin paradox

text: In the case where the accelerated observer K' departs from "K" with zero initial velocity, the general equation reduces to the simpler form:


title: Twin paradox

text: which, in the "smooth" version of the twin paradox where the traveller has constant proper acceleration phases, successively given by "a", −"a", −"a", "a", results in


title: Twin paradox

text: where the convention "c" = 1 is used, in accordance with the above expression with acceleration phases and inertial (coasting) phases


title: Twin paradox

text: Twins Bob and Alice inhabit a space station in circular orbit around a massive body in space. Bob suits up and exits the station. While Alice remains inside the station, continuing to orbit with it as before, Bob uses a rocket propulsion system to cease orbiting and hover where he was. When the station completes an orbit and returns to Bob, he rejoins Alice. Alice is now younger than Bob. In addition to rotational acceleration, Bob must decelerate to become stationary and then accelerate again to match the orbital speed of the space station.


title: Twin paradox

text: Einstein's conclusion of an actual difference in registered clock times (or aging) between reunited parties caused Paul Langevin to posit an actual, albeit experimentally undetectable, absolute frame of reference:


title: Twin paradox

text: In 1911, Langevin wrote: "A uniform translation in the aether has no experimental sense. But because of this it should not be concluded, as has sometimes happened prematurely, that the concept of aether must be abandoned, that the aether is non-existent and inaccessible to experiment. Only a uniform velocity relative to it cannot be detected, but any change of velocity .. has an absolute sense."


title: Twin paradox

text: In 1913, Henri Poincaré's posthumous "Last Essays" were published and there he had restated his position: "Today some physicists want to adopt a new convention. It is not that they are constrained to do so; they consider this new convention more convenient; that is all. And those who are not of this opinion can legitimately retain the old one."


title: Twin paradox

text: In the relativity of Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz, which assumes an absolute (though experimentally indiscernible) frame of reference, no twin paradox arises due to the fact that clock slowing (along with length contraction and velocity) is regarded as an actuality, hence the actual time differential between the reunited clocks.


title: Twin paradox

text: That interpretation of relativity, which John A. Wheeler calls "ether theory B (length contraction plus time contraction)", did not gain as much traction as Einstein's, which simply disregarded any deeper reality behind the symmetrical measurements across inertial frames. There is no physical test which distinguishes one interpretation from the other.


title: Twin paradox

text: In 2005, Robert B. Laughlin (Physics Nobel Laureate, Stanford University), wrote about the nature of space: "It is ironic that Einstein's most creative work, the general theory of relativity, should boil down to conceptualizing space as a medium when his original premise [in special relativity] was that no such medium existed ... The word 'ether' has extremely negative connotations in theoretical physics because of its past association with opposition to relativity. This is unfortunate because, stripped of these connotations, it rather nicely captures the way most physicists actually think about the vacuum. ... Relativity actually says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of matter pervading the universe, only that any such matter must have relativistic symmetry (i.e., as measured)."


title: Twin paradox

text: In "Special Relativity" (1968), A. P. French wrote: "Note, though, that we are appealing to the reality of A's acceleration, and to the observability of the inertial forces associated with it. Would such effects as the twin paradox exist if the framework of fixed stars and distant galaxies were not there? Most physicists would say no. Our ultimate definition of an inertial frame may indeed be that it is a frame having zero acceleration with respect to the matter of the universe at large."


title: Twin paradox

text: The "ideal clock" is a clock whose action depends only on its instantaneous velocity, and is independent of any acceleration of the clock.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: Wisting is a Norwegian thriller police procedural television series starring Sven Nordin as widower William Wisting, a senior police detective, and in the first five episodes, co-starring Carrie-Anne Moss as FBI Special Agent Maggie Griffin.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: "Wisting" is the most expensive television drama series produced in Norway. Its first season is based on two Jørn Lier Horst novels, "The Caveman" (2013) and "The Hunting Dogs" (2012). In episodes 1–5, Wisting heads a murder investigation with FBI collaboration since the suspect is a serial killer hunted in the US. In episodes 6-10, Wisting has to defend himself against accusations of tampering with evidence in a previous murder case. In late 2020, the show was renewed for a second season. Four episodes, based on the novel "The Inner Darkness" (2019), were aired in Scandinavia as Season 2 starting 26 December 2021, with a third season of similar length already confirmed; those eight episodes were originally intended to all be included in Season 2. This four-episode third season, based on "The Night Man" (2009), screened in Scandinavia in April 2022.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: A man's body is found, hidden in the snow, under a tree on a Christmas tree farm near Larvik, Norway. This is investigated by William Wisting and his team of detectives. Fingerprints link the death to Robert Godwin, an American serial killer who has been on the run for more than 20 years. He is believed to have fled to Larvik, "hiding in plain sight", having assumed the identity of a local resident. In response the FBI sends Special Agents Maggie Griffin and John Bantham to assist the Norwegian investigation. But they must keep their presence secret to avoid alerting the killer, who they fear will flee again. Wisting's daughter, Line, is a journalist writing a story about their next-door neighbour, who had died alone in his house. Unwittingly, her investigating opens up connections with the police murder investigation and she becomes a target. Line's liaison with Bantham, allowing her to discover his identity, compromises his cover. Meanwhile, the police discover the killer's principal dumpsite, the body count sharply rises and the hunt moves over the border into Sweden before Wisting and Griffin corner the killer in a dramatic climax.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: Wisting appears on a national television show to discuss the Robert Godwin case. Instead he is ambushed by Philip Henden, a lawyer representing Vidar Haglund, who was jailed for 17 years in a different murder case. Now released, Haglund has always maintained his innocence. The crucial DNA evidence, placing him at the crime scene, is shown to have been tampered with, so Wisting is suspended while the investigation is carried out. Line Wisting is outraged that her father is being hounded by the newspaper for which she works and resolves to clear his name, but a murder case she is working on starts to become connected to everything else.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: A race against time to hunt down an escaped killer before he can strike again, with serious consequences for Wisting's team.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: The head of a girl is found placed on a spike in Larvik's town square, shocking the nation. When another dead body is pulled from the river, it becomes clear that the case may delve into broad international criminal connections.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: "Wisting"'s first season is based on two books by Jørn Lier Horst, "The Caveman" (2013) and "The Hunting Dogs" (2012). Horst is a best-selling author in Norway and has been translated into over 30 languages. Filming started in January 2018 on a 150-day schedule. The adaptation was written by Trygve Allister Diesen and Kathrine Valen Zeiner. Diesen also directed episodes along with Katarina Launing.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: The show's first season had a budget of NOK 110 million (€11.4 million). This sum incorporated a €1 million grant from Creative Europe as well as a grant of NOK 26.05 million (€2.7 million) from the Norwegian Film Institute. This makes the show the most expensive drama ever produced in Norway.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: The Norway and Sweden broadcast commenced in April 2019. In the US, the series was launched on December 18, 2019 via the Sundance Now streaming service. In the United Kingdom, the series was acquired by BBC Four from Banijay Rights and commenced broadcast on 28 December 2019, with two episodes being shown back-to-back for five weeks.


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: The Nordic press viewed the series favourably. "Stavanger Aftenblad" commented that it was "intricate and riveting", "Jyllands-Posten" called it "a sure winner" and "Aftenposten" praised its "nonstop momentum".


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: Writing in "The Wall Street Journal," Dorothy Rabinowitz found the series "seamlessly woven" and "superbly layered".


title: Wisting (TV series)

text: Writing in UK's "The Guardian", Euan Ferguson described the series as "... the best Nord-noir ever. Since the last one. What did Scandinavian film-makers think they were ever doing, 80 years of existential angst and Death playing nihilist chess, before remembering: we have crime. Coal. Snow. Blood. Fire. Cheekbones. Let’s do that."


title: Pumpkin seed

text: A pumpkin seed, also known in North America as a pepita (from the Mexican , "little seed of squash"), is the edible seed of a pumpkin or certain other cultivars of squash. The seeds are typically flat and asymmetrically oval, have a white outer husk, and are light green in color after the husk is removed. Some cultivars are huskless, and are grown only for their edible seed. The seeds are nutrient- and calorie-rich, with an especially high content of fat (particularly linoleic acid and oleic acid), protein, dietary fiber, and numerous micronutrients. "Pumpkin seed" can refer either to the hulled kernel or unhulled whole seed, and most commonly refers to the roasted end product used as a snack.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: Pumpkin seeds are a common ingredient in Mexican cuisine and are also roasted and served as a snack. Marinated and roasted, they are an autumn seasonal snack in the United States, as well as a commercially produced and distributed packaged snack, like sunflower seeds, available year-round. Pepitas are known by their Spanish name (usually shortened), and typically salted and sometimes spiced after roasting (and today also available as a packaged product), in Mexico and other Latin American countries, in the American Southwest, and in specialty and Mexican food stores.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: The earliest known evidence of the domestication of "Cucurbita" dates back 8,000–10,000 years ago, predating the domestication of other crops such as maize and common beans in the region by about 4,000 years. Changes in fruit shape and color indicate intentional breeding of "C. pepo" occurred by no later than 8,000 years ago. The process to develop the agricultural knowledge of crop domestication took place over 5,000–6,500 years in Mesoamerica. Squash was domesticated first, with maize second, followed by beans, all becoming part of the Three Sisters agricultural system.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: As an ingredient in mole dishes, they are known in Spanish as "pipián". A Mexican snack using pepitas in an artisan fashion is referred to as "pepitoría". Lightly roasted, salted, unhulled pumpkin seeds are popular in Greece with the descriptive name , from .


title: Pumpkin seed

text: The pressed oil of the roasted seeds of a "Cucurbita pepo" subsp. "pepo" var. 'styriaca' is also used in Central and Eastern Europe as cuisine. An example of this is pumpkin seed oil. Pumpkin seeds can also be made into a nut butter.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: Pumpkin seeds can also be used steeped in neutral alcohol, which is then distilled to produce an "eau de vie".


title: Pumpkin seed

text: Dried, roasted pumpkin seeds are 2% water, 49% fat, 15% carbohydrates, and 30% protein (table). In a 100 gram reference serving, the seeds are calorie-dense (574 kcal), and a rich source (20% of the Daily Value, DV, or higher) of protein, dietary fiber, niacin, iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and phosphorus (table). The seeds are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of riboflavin, folate, pantothenic acid, sodium, and potassium (table). Major fatty acids in pumpkin seeds are linoleic acid and oleic acid, with palmitic acid and stearic acid in lesser amounts.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: Pumpkin seed oil, a culinary specialty in and important export commodity of Central Europe, is used in cuisine as a salad and cooking oil.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: The total unsaturated fatty acid concentration ranged from 9% to 21% of the pepita. The total fat content ranged from 11% to 52%. Based on the quantity of alpha-tocopherol extracted in the oil, the vitamin E content of twelve "C. maxima" cultivar seeds ranged from 4 to 19 mg/100 g of pepita.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: Pumpkin seeds were once used as an anthelmintic in traditional medicine in China to expel tapeworms parasites, such as "Taenia" tapeworms. This led to the seeds being listed in the "United States Pharmacopoeia" as an antiparasitic from 1863 until 1936.


title: Pumpkin seed

text: Due to their versatility as a food product ingredient or snack, pumpkin seeds are projected to grow in sales by 13% annually and reach $631 million from 2020 to 2024. Demand from China and new varieties having seeds without hulls to make them easier to digest are major reasons for increased growth.


title: Sangeetha Krish

text: Sangeetha (born 21 October 1978) is an Indian actress, dancer, and television presenter who predominantly appears in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam films. She is known as "Rasika" in Malayalam movie industry. Making her acting debut in the mid-1990s, Sangeetha is best known for her performances in the films "Khadgam" (2002), "Pithamagan" (2003), "Uyir" (2006), "Dhanam" (2008) and "Sarileru Neekevvaru" (2020).


title: Sangeetha Krish

text: Sangeetha was born in Chennai, India, to Santharam and Bhanumathy. Her grandfather, K. R. Balan, is a film producer, who had produced more than 20 Tamil films. Also her father had produced several films. She has two brothers. She studied at St. John's English School and Junior College, Besant Nagar, Chennai.


title: Sangeetha Krish

text: She started her acting career in the late 1990s, beginning in an unreleased film opposite Venkat Prabhu titled "Poonjolai". Her debut release was the big-budget Malayalam political thriller, "Gangotri" (1997). She subsequently played small roles in successful films like "Summer in Bethlehem" (1998) and "Kaadhale Nimmadhi" (1998). She was cast as a second heroine in the Mammootty-starrer "Ezhupunna Tharakan" (1999) and Dileep starrer "Deepasthambham Mahaashcharyam" (1999). She also earned a small role in the Mohanlal-starrer "Sradha" (2000). Her supporting roles in "Khadgam" (2002) and "Pithamagan" (2003) earned her Filmfare Awards in Telugu and Tamil. She then debuted in Kannada films alongside of Dr. Vishnuvardhan in "Janani janmabhumi" (1997) and later acted alongside Sudeep in "Nalla" (2004).


title: Sangeetha Krish

text: She was a judge on Vijay TV's hit show Jodi No.1. She was one of the three judges along with Silambarasan and Sundaram in Jodi No.1 Season Two and with S.J.Suryaah and Sundaram in Jodi No.1 and with Jeeva and Aishwarya Dhanush in Jodi No.1 Season Three.


title: Sangeetha Krish

text: She was a guest judge during the finals of Vasantham Central's Indian dance competition "Dhool" held in Singapore in 2008.


title: Sangeetha Krish

text: And also she is a guest jude in Dhee and Jabardasth and she is hosted Bindaas game show for few episodes in Zee telugu


title: Sangeetha Krish

text: She married film playback singer Krish in 2009 at the Arunachaleshwarar Temple in Tiruvannamalai. The couple has a daughter.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: Survivor: The Australian Outback (also referred to as Survivor: Australia) is the second season of the American reality television series "Survivor". Broadcast by CBS, it was originally shown between January 28 and May 23, 2001. Filming took place at Goshen cattle station, on the bank of the Herbert River in northern Queensland from October 23 through December 3, 2000. The show was hosted by Jeff Probst and featured 16 participants competing over 42 days. It was the first season to have more than 39 days of gameplay.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: Tina Wesson was named the Sole Survivor, defeating Colby Donaldson by a jury vote of 4–3 and winning a prize of US$1,000,000. Wesson became the first female winner of the series. The series was generally well received, with many outlets considering it one of the best "Survivor" series. The opening episode premiered after Super Bowl XXXV to 43.5 million viewers.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: "Survivor" is a reality television show created by Mark Burnett and Charlie Parsons and based on the Swedish show "Expedition Robinson". The series follows a number of participants who are isolated in a remote location, where they must provide food, fire, and shelter for themselves. Every three days, one participant is removed from the series by majority vote, with challenges being held to give a reward (ranging from living and food-related prizes to a car) and immunity from being voted off the show. The last remaining player is awarded a prize of $1,000,000.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: Filming of "Survivor: The Australian Outback" took place from October 23 through December 3, 2000, at Goshen Station, a cattle station on the bank of the Herbert River (approximately 3 hours southwest of Cairns) in northern Queensland. The season premiered after Super Bowl XXXV on January 28, 2001, to 43.5 million viewers.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: The cast consisted of 16 contestants, who were initially separated into two tribes: Ogakor, named after the word for "crocodile" in the Kunjen language, and Kucha, named after the word for "kangaroo" in the Pakanha language. Midway through the season, the remaining ten players merged into a single "Barramundi" tribe, named after the river fish. The final seven eliminated contestants comprised the jury that decided who would be the winner.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: Tina Wesson, Colby Donaldson, Jerri Manthey, Alicia Calaway, and Amber Brkich returned to compete in "". Donaldson and Manthey would again return for "". Michael Skupin competed in "", while Wesson would appear on "" along with her daughter, Katie Collins (who appeared in "The Australian Outback" as a loved one via video chat). Jeff Varner and Kimmi Kappenberg returned for "", and Varner made his third "Survivor" appearance in "". Brkich, under her married name Mariano, competed again in "".


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: Outside "Survivor", Elisabeth Filarski, now Hasselbeck, went on to host on the ABC talk show "The View" and later served as a contributor to Fox News. Brkich also competed on "The Amazing Race 7" with her fiancé and fellow "Survivor" alumnus Rob Mariano; the couple, now married, then returned for "The Amazing Race 11". Jeff Varner and Alicia Calaway made an appearance on "Big Brother 2". Colby Donaldson hosted "Top Shot", which ran on the History Channel for five seasons.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: Although Ogakor fared significantly worse in challenges, the tribes were merged with five members apiece after Kucha member Michael Skupin suffered third-degree burns from a campfire and had to be medically evacuated. The first vote after the merge saw a tie, but Kucha member Jeff Varner was eliminated due to previous votes being cast against him. Ogakor's majority alliance of Colby Donaldson, Keith Famie, and Tina Wesson alternated between eliminating former Kucha members and betraying former tribe-mates Jerri Manthey and Amber Brkich. The three stayed together until the end, and Donaldson took Wesson with him into the final Tribal Council. Tina's strategic plan was valued over Colby's prowess in challenges, and she was awarded the title of Sole Survivor by a jury vote of 4–3.


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: The series was well received by critics. In 2013, both Andrea Reiher of Zap2it and Joe Reid of "The Wire" ranked "The Australian Outback" as the third greatest season of the series. Ken Tucker, writing for "Entertainment Weekly", gave the series a B+ grade, praising the evolution of the strategy used, but was less receptive to the editing used on the series. Since 2012, the "Survivor" site ""Survivor" Oz" has consistently ranked "The Australian Outback" highly in its annual polls ranking every season of the series; it was third in 2012, fourth in 2013 and 2015, and sixth in 2014. In the official issue of "CBS Watch" commemorating the 15th anniversary of "Survivor" in 2015, "The Australian Outback" was voted by viewers as the fourth greatest season in the series. In another poll for the same magazine, Skupin's injury in the fire was voted as the ninth most memorable moment in the series. In 2015, a poll by "Rob Has a Podcast" ranked "Australia" 10th out of 30, although host Rob Cesternino ranked the season 22nd. This was updated in 2021 during Cesternino's podcast, "Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings", ranking 20th out of 40. In 2020, this season was also ranked 17th out of 40 by "The Purple Rock Podcast", citing the good cast. Later in the year, "Inside Survivor" ranked this season 15th out of 40, praising the cast and iconic moments but acknowledging that the season declined after the merge of the two teams. Conversely, Dalton Ross of "Entertainment Weekly" called this season overrated, ranking it 24th out of 40. Host Jeff Probst ranked it as the 8th-best season, citing such memorable contestants as "Colby, the prototype for a Survivor 'hero'; Jerri, the original 'black widow'; and Elisabeth 'The View' Filarski," as well as Michael Skupin's injury. In 2021, Kristen Kranz of "Collider" also ranked "The Australian Outback" as the 8th best season of the series and praised it for having "no shortage of great players" as well as its introduction to, "some truly interesting characters to the "Survivor" world."


title: Survivor: The Australian Outback

text: During a reward trip, contestant Colby Donaldson broke an Australian law by breaking off coral from the Great Barrier Reef which could have resulted in a fine of 110,000. The helicopter pilot involved in the reward trip also broke an Australian law as he flew over sea bird rookeries. Producer Mark Burnett apologized on behalf of Donaldson and the production team after the season had aired.


title: Omri Katz

text: Omri Haim Katz (born May 30, 1976) is a retired American actor. His television and film credits include "Eerie Indiana", "Matinee", "Adventures in Dinosaur City", "Hocus Pocus", and the soap opera "Dallas".


title: Omri Katz

text: Katz was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, to Israeli-Jewish immigrants Rina and Yoram Katz. He has an older brother named Michael and an older sister named Lali. Katz also was a hairdresser. Katz resided in Israel for a year during his childhood.


title: Omri Katz

text: In 2015, it was reported Katz stays in touch with his "Hocus Pocus" co-stars. As of February 2022, Katz operated a cannabis company.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black squirrels are a melanistic subgroup of squirrels with black coloration on their fur. The phenomenon occurs with several species of squirrels, although it is most frequent with the eastern gray squirrel ("Sciurus carolinensis") and the fox squirrel ("Sciurus niger"). Black morphs of the eastern gray and fox squirrels are the result of an abnormal pigment gene. Several theories have surfaced as to why the black morph occurs, with some suggesting that the black morph is a selective advantage for squirrels inhabiting the northern ranges of the species, with the black-fur providing a thermal advantage over its non-melanistic counterpart.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black squirrels share the same natural range as their non-melanistic counterparts. In addition to their natural range, black morphs of eastern gray squirrels were also introduced into other areas of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries. Black morphs of eastern gray squirrels occur most frequently in the northern portion of its range around the Great Lakes Basin. Conversely, black morphs of fox squirrels typically occur most frequently in the southeastern portions of the species' natural range, the southeastern United States. Although they are found more frequently in those regions, the coloration remains uncommon in most areas that these species inhabit. However, black morphs of eastern gray squirrels forms the majority of the species' population in the Canadian province of Ontario, and the U.S. state of Michigan.


title: Black squirrel

text: Several municipalities and post-secondary schools in the United States have adopted a black squirrel for branding purposes, using it as a symbol and/or mascot. Some municipalities that have adopted the black squirrels as a symbol for their community have also passed ordinances that discourage attempts to threaten them.


title: Black squirrel

text: The black coloration in both eastern gray squirrels and fox squirrels is believed to stem from a faulty pigment gene. A study published by "FEBS Letters" in 2014 demonstrated how a pigment gene missing a piece of DNA, can be a determinant of an eastern gray squirrel's coat. The emergence of black fur in the eastern gray squirrel is believed to be the result of the 24 bp deletion from their melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene; with the specific allele referred to as MC1R∆24 A study published by "BMC Evolutionary Biology" pointed to evidence that the faulty pigment gene originated from the black fox squirrel, and was later passed on to eastern gray squirrels as a result of interspecies mating; given that the faulty gene in both species were identical. Black coat color is caused by a 24 base pair deletion in MC1R in the western population of fox squirrels and by a point mutation in the agouti-signaling protein gene in the southeastern population.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black morphs may also occur with Columbian ground squirrels, Eurasian red squirrels, Richardson's ground squirrels, and western gray squirrels, although it is far more unusual for the latter to display color polymorphism. No association between melanism and variations in their MC1R was found in Eurasian red squirrels; with researchers suggesting that the different color variations (including black morphs) in Eurasian red squirrels, and fox squirrels being a polygenic result. Melanism with Richardson's ground squirrels is due to recessive genes.


title: Black squirrel

text: With regard to black squirrels and melanism, two major theories dominate the literature, that its frequency is the result of crypsis, and/or the result of thermoregulation.


title: Black squirrel

text: It has been theorized that non-melanistic gray squirrels have a concealment advantage in forests dominated by deciduous trees, while black squirrels hold a concealment advantage in forested areas in the northern portions of its range, where conifer trees are more prevalent. The theory is based on the idea that forests where coniferous trees predominant block more sunlight from reaching the forest below, providing a dimly-lit habitat in which a darker-coated squirrel could better conceal itself compared to its lighter counterpart. It is also suggested that non-melanistic squirrels have a concealment advantage over their melanistic counterparts in deciduous forests because deciduous trees shed their leaves on a seasonal basis, illuminating the forested area below it during the winter season. A study conducted in 1989 on melanistic fox squirrels found the non-melanistic coloration better for concealment while the squirrel was still, but a melanistic coloration provided better concealment for when it was in motion.


title: Black squirrel

text: The frequency of black morph eastern gray squirrels is thought to have been once relatively common throughout the eastern gray squirrel range, although their frequency and population has dwindled since the 1700s. It has been suggested that their population declined due to extensive deforestation and the hunting of squirrels for their meat and pelts; with the newly changed environment providing non-melanistic gray colored squirrels an advantage in concealment. However, the theory that there black morphs squirrels were more prevalent prior to the 1700s, and that deforestation led to their decline has been challenged by some researchers. In one study, it was found a high frequency of black eastern gray squirrels living in rural southern Ontario, an area primarily made up of farmland.


title: Black squirrel

text: Melanism in fox squirrels in the southeast of its natural range have also been associated with crypsis, as it inhabits forests that go through periodic burnings. It has been suggested that black squirrels would be harder to detect in forests already burned, due to the blackened substrate.


title: Black squirrel

text: It has also been suggested that black morph squirrels have a considerably higher cold tolerance than that of gray squirrels given the color of their coat. Black-coated animals were found to have 18 percent lower heat loss in temperatures below , a 20 percent lower metabolic rate, and a non-shivering thermogenesis capacity that is higher than a gray morph. Additionally, researchers of the color morph have noted a strong negative correlation with the frequency of black squirrels and areas with high air temperature.


title: Black squirrel

text: The black-coat has been suggested as a selective advantage for squirrels inhabiting the northern ranges of the species, as it helps them inhabit colder regions. The apparent thermal advantage has contributed to the expansion of the eastern gray squirrel's range northward following the end of the last glacial period. Black morph eastern gray squirrels have been reported as far north as Sudbury, Ontario, past the traditional range of the eastern gray squirrels.


title: Black squirrel

text: A study published by the "European Journal of Ecology" in 2019 on eastern fox squirrels found that the melanistic morphs of the species saw noticeable increase of their surface temperature (fur and skin) in both sunny and cloudy weather; whereas the non-melanistic fox squirrels only saw their surface temperature increase when it was sunny with no cloud cover. Its ability to gain heat in sunny and cloudy conditions is believed to be the reason why melanistic squirrels are more active during winter mornings. However, the same study noted that there was no difference in metabolic heat production between the color morphs.


title: Black squirrel

text: Among eastern squirrels, gray mating pairs cannot produce black offspring. Gray squirrels have two copies of a normal pigment gene and black squirrels have either one or two copies of a mutant pigment gene. If a black squirrel has two copies of the mutant gene it will be jet black. If it has one copy of a mutant gene and one normal gene it will be brown-black. Approximately nine percent of melanistic eastern gray squirrels are believed to be jet black. In areas with high concentrations of black squirrels, litters of mixed-color individuals are common.


title: Black squirrel

text: Though melanistic gray squirrels are sometimes referred to as 'super squirrels' in the media, a study conducted in 1990 of black and gray morphs of the eastern gray squirrel concluded that there was no major difference in behavior between the morphs. The same study also found no difference between the morphs when reacting to either a human or canid predator. However, another study in 2010 also found that gray morphs of the eastern gray squirrel were more prone to initiate flight than black morphs after hearing a red-tailed hawk; although the fact that black morphs were less likely to initiate flight after hearing a red-tailed hawk may not be an effect of pigmentation, rather the environment they inhabit. Given the higher frequency of black morphs in urban setting, it has been suggested that black morphs have a higher tolerance for human/urban stimuli. It has also been suggested that behavioral differences with regards to mating may exist between the urban and rural populations of eastern gray squirrels.


title: Black squirrel

text: A 2019 study on fox squirrels found that there was no noticeable difference in metabolism between the different color morphs of that species. However, the same study on fox squirrels found that melanistic fox squirrels were more active than their non-melanistic counterparts during the winter and spring months, with melanistic fox squirrels found to be 30 percent more active during the mornings than their non-melanistic counterparts. Conversely the non-melanistic fox squirrels were more active during the autumn season. It has been suggested that the black squirrel's higher heat gain for its surface temperature is the reason why they are able to be active earlier in the day, and remain active longer.


title: Black squirrel

text: Natural populations of black morph eastern gray and fox squirrels can be found in the natural ranges of both species in North America, although their frequency varies depending on the area. Black fur for both species of squirrels is rare, and occurs at rates of less than one per cent. It has been suggested that one in 10,000 eastern gray squirrels are a black morph.


title: Black squirrel

text: It has been suggested that the frequency of the black color morph in the eastern gray squirrel populations has declined since the late 1700s, especially south of the Great Lakes. There is a higher frequency of the black morph in the northern portions of the eastern gray squirrel's range; which includes the southern portions of central Canada and northern United States. In particular, large populations of black squirrels are found within the Great Lakes Basin, with a notable increase in their frequency between the 41st parallel north and the 45th parallel north.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black squirrels occur with the highest frequency in Ontario and Michigan, and is the predominant color morph found in those areas; with the black morph accounting for 66 percent of squirrels documented on iNaturalist in Ontario, and 56 percent in Michigan. Significant populations of black morphs are also present in the other provinces/states that surround the Great Lakes; with approximately 15 percent of the eastern grey squirrels in those regions reported to be melanistic. Black squirrel populations south of the Great Lakes remain largely localized, with the frequency of black squirrels varying from one region to another. Black squirrels were found to be more common in urban areas as opposed to rural areas and forests. Among exurban populations of eastern gray squirrels, the black morph only occurs in high frequencies in Ontario, and northern Michigan.


title: Black squirrel

text: Conversely, black morphs of fox squirrels occur with the highest frequency in the southeastern portion of its natural range, the southeastern United States. Like the eastern gray squirrels, the frequency of black fox squirrels is dependent on the area, reaching a maximum frequency of 13 percent. Although they occur more frequently in the southeastern United States, large populations of black morph fox squirrels may be found in other areas of the species' natural range; including Council Bluffs, Iowa, around the Missouri River. Approximately half of the fox squirrels found in Council Bluffs are melanistic. Melanistic fox squirrels in Council Bluffs have since expanded across the Missouri River to other areas in the Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area; with melanistic fox squirrels now accounting for 4.6 to 7.6 percent of fox squirrels in Omaha.


title: Black squirrel

text: Several populations of black morph squirrels were the result of reintroduction/re-population programs intended to reintroduce the species and/or the black morph to areas they once inhabited, but had been wiped out by human hunting and predators in previous centuries.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black squirrels in Washington, D.C. originated from eighteen black morphs captured at Rondeau Provincial Park in Ontario and released in the parks around the National Mall in 1902 and in 1906 by Teddy Roosevelt. There remains a level of uncertainty as to why the black morphs were introduced into the National Mall; although representatives from the Smithsonian Museum suggest their introduction may have been part of a larger effort to revitalize the local eastern gray squirrel population whittled down by human hunting. By the 1960s, the black morphs had spread beyond the parks that surround the National Mall, although were largely contained by the Capital Beltway. In 2005, it was estimated that black morphs comprised between 5 to 25 percent of all eastern gray squirrels in that area.


title: Black squirrel

text: The present population of black eastern gray squirrels in Battle Creek, Michigan was reportedly introduced in 1915 by John Harvey Kellogg, who wanted to repopulate the area with the species after their populations were devastated in the previous centuries by predators and human hunters. He reportedly received 400 eastern gray squirrels from Kent County, Michigan, including some black morphs, and released them into the community. Researchers north of Battle Creek, at the Kellogg Biological Station, later trapped some black morph eastern gray squirrels in 1958 and 1962, and released them on the East Lansing campus of Michigan State University at the behest of the university's president.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black morphs were once present in Ohio, although the color morph were extirpated from the state by 1930. However, an initiative to reintroduce the black morphs into the squirrel population was undertaken in 1961 by Kent State University, based in Portage County. The university, in coordination from the Canadian and U.S. governments, released ten black squirrels from London, Ontario onto its campus grounds in an effort to reintroduce the black morphs into the area. By 1964, the population of the squirrels had increased to 150 according to the "Record-Courier". Black morphs of the eastern gray squirrels have since expanded through northeastern Ohio.


title: Black squirrel

text: Several populations of black morph squirrels were introduced into the area by accident. Some of these black morph populations have been embraced by their communities, although others are viewed as an invasive species to the local ecosystem.


title: Black squirrel

text: The introduction of black squirrels in the Quad Cities occurred in the 19th century. According to one story, recounted in the book "The Palmers", they were first introduced on the Rock Island Arsenal by either the Palmer family or the base commander. According to the story, some of the black morphs later escaped the arsenal by jumping across ice floes on the Mississippi River when it was frozen, and populated the other areas on Rock Island.


title: Black squirrel

text: Eastern gray squirrels, including their black morphs, were introduced into British Columbia during the early 1900s. The species was also later introduced into other areas of Canada in which it was not native to, such as Calgary, Alberta. The majority of the eastern gray squirrels in Calgary, originated as pets, or zoo animals that escaped captivity during the 1930s. As in Ontario, black eastern gray squirrels are now the predominant morph of the species found in Calgary.


title: Black squirrel

text: The black morph population in Marysville, Kansas were supposedly released into the area by accident. Reportedly the black morphs were brought to Marysville during the 1920s as a part of an exhibit for a circus, but were accidentally released after a child opened the cage holding the black morphs. Attempts to replicate Marysville city branding success with the black squirrels was also attempted by residents of Hobbs, New Mexico; who reportedly took some black morphs from Marysville to populate Hobbs. However, they were unsuccessful in introducing the black morphs into Hobbs, with the local squirrel population reportedly killing the black squirrels that were released there.


title: Black squirrel

text: The population of black squirrels in Massachusetts's Pioneer Valley originated from two shipments of Michigan black squirrels sent to Frank Stanley Beveridge, the founder of Stanley Park in Westfield. Beveridge reportedly released the black squirrels into the park he established during the late 1940s. The population of black squirrels have since spread throughout the Pioneer Valley, with large populations existing in Amherst and Westfield. During this same period, black squirrels from Canada were also released at parks in Princeton, New Jersey.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black morphs of eastern gray squirrels are also present in the United Kingdom. The black squirrel population in the UK originates from black morphs brought over from North America, as opposed to a mutation that occurred with the existing population of non-melanistic eastern gray squirrels. However, how the species was introduced into the country's ecosystem remains undetermined. Some suggest the black morph population originated from squirrels released into the wild in the 19th century, while others assert the population originated from black morphs in zoos that escaped captivity. The first black squirrel to be recorded in the wild in the United Kingdom was in 1912, in Woburn, Bedfordshire. By 2009, the black morph accounted for nearly half of all squirrels in Cambridgeshire and in other areas of England, including Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. There are an estimated 25,000 black morphs squirrels in the East of England in 2009. However, as eastern gray squirrels (both non-melanistic and black morphs) threatens the local Eurasian red squirrel population, local authorities have begun to regulate and control the spread of the species in parts of England.


title: Black squirrel

text: Black morph squirrels have been adopted by several for cities and post-secondary institutions in the United States for the purposes of public relations branding, often making the black morphs a mascot.


title: Black squirrel

text: The city of Marysville, Kansas, has adopted the black morph squirrels as an official mascot of the city in 1972, and the ""Black Squirrel Song"" becoming the town's official anthem in 1987. The same legislation that made it an official mascot provided the "mascots" the freedom to trespass on all city property, "immunity" from all traffic regulations, and the "first pick of all black walnuts growing within the city". Marysville is one of several communities in the United States that have enacted specific legislation to protect the black morph populations, given their low frequency south of the Great Lakes. Other cities that provide legal protection for black squirrels includes Council Bluffs, Iowa; which enacted an ordinance that discourages attempts to threaten them.


title: Black squirrel

text: Several American post-secondary institutions and/or their athletic programs use a black squirrel as their mascot, including Albion College and the Haverford College Fords.


title: Black squirrel

text: Several universities also use a black squirrel as an "unofficial" mascot or symbol for their institutions for public relations purposes. The black squirrels has been used as an "unofficial" mascot of Kent State University, and the county it resides in since the late 20th century. Kent State University hosts an annual "Black Squirrel Festival," a festival that commemorates the introduction of the species on the university campus in 1961. In 2009, a statue of a black squirrel was unveiled on the campus. The Kent State University Press named a trade imprint "Black Squirrel Books", after the black morph eastern gray squirrels that inhabit its campus. Other post-secondary that have also attracted print and digital publicity for its relationship with black squirrels includes Augustana College, the College of Wooster, and Sarah Lawrence College. Post-secondary institutions typically adopt the black squirrel as an informal mascot for branding purposes, in an effort to further their recognition and visibility, and to present an image of a "fun college campus".


title: Black squirrel

text: Black squirrels are major characters in British author Robin Jarvis's fantasy trilogies "The Deptford Mice" and "The Deptford Histories", which feature anthropomorphic animals. They are portrayed as being of royal blood, and are regarded as the wisest and noblest type of squirrel.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: Salomon Brothers, Inc., was an American multinational bulge bracket investment bank headquartered in New York. It was one of the five largest investment banking enterprises in the United States and the most profitable firm on Wall Street during the 1980s and 1990s. Its CEO and chairman at that time, John Gutfreund, was nicknamed "the King of Wall Street".


title: Salomon Brothers

text: Salomon Brothers served many of the largest corporations in America. At one time, it was the leading underwriter of corporate bonds and the largest dealer of Treasury Securities in the United States. It was also one of the top firms in futures and options (known as "derivatives") and in securitization in a range of asset classes including commercial real estate securities.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: The bank was famed for its "cutthroat corporate culture that rewarded risk-taking with massive bonuses, punishing poor results with a swift boot." In Michael Lewis' 1989 book "Liar's Poker", the insider descriptions of life at Salomon gave way to the popular view of banking in the 1980s and '90s as a money-focused and work-intense environment.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In February 2022, it was announced that the Salomon Brothers brand will be revived by a group of former employees and execs and operate as full-service investment bank again.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: Founded in 1910 by Arthur, Herbert, and Percy Salomon and a clerk, Ben Levy. The founding Salomon Brothers are descendants of Haym Salomon, primary financier of the American Revolutionary War, Consul to France, and childhood friend to Robert Morris, Founding Father and Superintendent of Finance of the United States. The company remained a partnership until the early 1980s. William Salomon, the son of Percy Salomon, became a managing partner and the head of the company in 1963.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In 1967, Salomon Brothers sponsored Muriel Siebert, the first woman to obtain a trading license on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In 1975, Salomon Brothers was formally recognized by other top investment banks as a "bulge bracket" firm, meaning it was one of the leaders in investment banking. In 1979, Salomon Brothers scored a major coup when IBM insisted that Morgan Stanley accept Salomon Brothers as co-manager on a $1-billion debt issue for a new generation of IBM computers. Morgan Stanley demanded sole management, but IBM affirmed Salomon Brothers’ role as co-manager. In response, Morgan Stanley refused to act as co-manager, and Salomon Brothers and Merrill Lynch were awarded top billing as a result.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In 1975, Salomon Brothers also aided the state’s efforts to save New York City from bankruptcy. When the Municipal Action Committee (MAC) was established and bonds were created in its name, Salomon Brothers and Morgan Guaranty Trust organized syndicates for the $1 billion bond sale. Both of the organizations were able to place the bonds successfully.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In 1978, John Gutfreund became a managing partner, and succeeded William Salomon as head of the company.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In 1981, it was acquired by the commodity trading firm Phibro Corporation and became "Salomon Inc". It was the reverse merger that enabled Gutfreund to take the company public. Gutfreund became the CEO of the company following the reverse merger.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: During the 1980s, Salomon was noted for its innovation in the bond market, selling the first mortgage-backed security, a hitherto obscure species of financial instrument created by Ginnie Mae. Shortly thereafter, Salomon purchased home mortgages from thrifts throughout the United States and packaged them into mortgage-backed securities, which it sold to local and international investors. Later, it moved away from traditional investment banking (helping companies raise funds in the capital market and negotiating mergers and acquisitions) to almost exclusively proprietary trading (the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, options, etc. for the profit of the company itself). Salomon had expertise in fixed income securities and trading based on daily swings in the bond market.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: The firm competed for the leveraged buyout of RJR Nabisco and the leveraged buyout of Revco stores (which ended in failure).


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In 1987, a New York Times report identified Salomon Brothers as in the top tier of firms along with Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: Salomon Brothers' success in the 1980s is documented in Michael Lewis' 1989 book, "Liar's Poker". Lewis went through Salomon's training program and then became a bond salesman at Salomon Brothers in London. Lewis presented an insider description of life at Salomon Brothers, and his book became a seminal work in terms of understanding the corporate culture at Salomon Brothers in the 1980s.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In 1991, U.S. Treasury Deputy Assistant Secretary Mike Basham learned that Salomon trader Paul Mozer had been submitting false bids in an attempt to purchase more treasury bonds than permitted by one buyer during the period between December 1990 and May 1991. Salomon was fined $190million for this infraction, and required to set aside $100million in a restitution fund for any injured parties. CEO Gutfreund left the company in August 1991 and a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) settlement resulted in a fine of $100,000 and Gutfreund being barred from serving as a chief executive of a brokerage firm. Warren Buffett briefly stepped into the CEO and chairman position. Buffett later promoted Deryck Maughan to take over as chairman and CEO. The scandal was then documented in the 1993 book "Nightmare on Wall Street". The firm was acquired by Travelers Group in 1997.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: The firm's top bond traders called themselves "Big Swinging Dicks," and were the inspiration for the book "The Bonfire of the Vanities", by Tom Wolfe. The expression "Big Swinging Dick(s)" itself was used to refer to the Salomon bankers who dominated the game of extraordinary profit-making.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: Some members of the Salomon Brothers' bond arbitrage, such as John Meriwether, Myron Scholes and Eric Rosenfeld later became involved with Long-Term Capital Management, a hedge fund that collapsed in 1998. The last years of Salomon Brothers, culminating in its involvement with Long-Term Capital Management, is chronicled in the 2007 book "A Demon of Our Own Design".


title: Salomon Brothers

text: Salomon (NYSE:SB) was acquired by Travelers Group in 1997; and, following the latter's merger with Citicorp in 1998, Salomon became part of Citigroup. The combined investment banking operations became known as Salomon Smith Barney. 7 World Trade Center, which had served as the headquarters for Salomon Brothers, continued to be used as the company's main office after the company was merged into Salomon Smith Barney.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: Although the Salomon name carried on as Salomon Smith Barney, the investment banking operations of Citigroup, the division was renamed on 7 April 2003 to "Citigroup Global Markets Inc." As of 2020, Citigroup no longer owns the Salomon Brothers trademark, according to the records provided by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.


title: Salomon Brothers

text: In February 2022, it was announced that the Salomon Brothers brand will be revived by a group of former employees and execs. President R. Adam Smith said that the trademark had been acquired and they plan to operate as a full-service investment bank again.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: Irumbu Thirai () is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action techno-thriller film directed by debutant P. S. Mithran. The film stars Vishal, Arjun, and Samantha Ruth Prabhu, with Yuvan Shankar Raja composing the soundtrack. The film was produced by Vishal Film Factory, and the venture began production in October 2016. The narrative centers around an army officer, who starts hunting down a gang of hackers after they steal money from his bank account.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: The film released worldwide on 11 May 2018 and received positive reviews from critics and audience praising the cast performances, writing, direction, action sequences and technical aspects. The film successfully completed 100-days at the box office and became the seventh-highest grossing Tamil film of 2018.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: Indian Army Major Kathiravan is working on anger management issues under chief psychiatrist Rathi Devi aka Rathi in order to return to his job. Soon they both fall in love where she counsels him to leave for his village to spend time with his father Rangaswamy and sister. Though having hated his father due to his habit of borrowing money, Kathiravan reluctantly agrees. Kathiravan finds that his sister's fiancé Kesavan's family demands them to bear the marriage expenses. He realizes his mistake of abandoning his family and promises to fulfill his sister's wish. Kathiravan returns to Chennai to apply for a loan, only to get rejected everywhere. With the advice of his uncle, he takes his father to Chennai along with him and tries to get a loan in Rangaswamy's name and is also rejected everywhere due to financial security.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: They are approached by a person, who claims to be a loan agent and tells them to forge documents to get a loan for a commission. Kathiravan initially refuses, but reluctantly agrees to the man's offer and submits all the original documents to him. The person helps them to obtain a loan of . Kathiravan is overjoyed and starts the marriage preparation. Later on, when Rangaswamy was unable to withdraw money due to insufficient balance, he informs Kathiravan, who in turn is surprised by the missing fund. Kathiravan enquires the bank, but to no avail. He becomes frustrated and scolds Rangaswamy. Unable to bear the words, Rangaswamy attempts suicide. In the hospital, Kathiravan learns that Rangaswamy took debts to extend Kathiravan's sick mother's life. He feels remorseful after hearing this and reconciles with Rangaswamy.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: On Rathi's advice and with the help of his friends in the military, he decides to the track down the person responsible for the theft. Kathiravan manages to apprehend and chase a loan agent similar to his loan agent in order to extradite information. Later, he gets a phone call from a private number who tells Kathiravan to release him as he knows all the details about him and even threatens to release the private files in his sister's phone on the net. This shocks Kathiravan, who leaves the agent, but the agent is fatally hit by a van. The mysterious person is later revealed to be Sathyamoorthy aka "White Devil", who is the kingpin of the Dark Net by the use of the Y2k Problem. He runs an educational trust as a front for his cybercrime network. Kathiravan tracks and confronts Sathyamoorthy where the latter reveals his knowledge of the former following him and tells him that he attacked his sister.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: Sathyamoorthy also tells Kathiravan that he put to his account from a flagged account for which he is court-martialed. However, Kathiravan tracks Sathyamoorthy's henchmen with Rathi's help and confronts Sathyamoorthy at the server farm, where the two engage in hand-to-hand combat. Sathyamoorthy defeats Kathiravan and burns the money due to his god-complex. All the people who were conned by Sathyamoorthy learns about Sathyamoorthy from Kathiravan, and they reach the docks. Kathiravan fights back and defeats Sathyamoorthy, where the people get their money transferred back to their respective accounts. Sathyamoorthy is arrested by the police but creates a new username named "Dark Angel" hinting a sequel.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: Vishal decided to fund and act in a venture directed by newcomer P. S. Mithran in August 2016, and subsequently signed on actress Samantha to play the leading female role in the film. The team signed Arya to play the antagonist in October 2016, with the actor accepting terms without hearing the film's entire script. Subsequently, music composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, cinematographer George C. Williams and editor Ruben were added to the project. Designers NJ Sathya and Neeraja Kona also were revealed to be in charge of the costumes of the lead actors for the film.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: The film began production following a launch event in October 2016, with Vishal and Samantha shooting scenes alongside actors Robo Shankar and Delhi Ganesh for the first schedule. Arya later opted out of the film citing that he was not ready to play an antagonist in Tamil cinema, and subsequently the team brought in Arjun.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: Before getting Arjun on board, Mithran was in talks to get S. J. Surya and Fahadh Faasil the role, but Surya chose "Mersal" and Fahadh chose "Velaikkaran".


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: The soundtrack and background score features music by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The songs were performed by relatively new singers. The album received positive reviews. IndiaGlitz, in its review, noted, "The album is a definite marker of Yuvan's expertise with Athiradi, Yaar Ivan and Azhage. Playlist worthy" Behindwoods in its review said "Irumbu Thirai album is mix of melodies and theme based songs that will work better with visuals"


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: The film was dubbed and released into Hindi as "The Return of Abhimanyu" and was dubbed in Malayalam under the same name. The satellite rights of the film's Tamil and Malayalam version were sold to Zee Tamil and Mazhavil Manorama while the digital rights were sold to ZEE5 and the dubbed versions were sold to Sun NXT and ManoramaMAX respectively.


title: Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

text: Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for 24.5 crore. The film grossed at the worldwide box office and became a commercial success.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Based on Japanese mythology, Orochimaru was created as one of the series' main antagonists, and was intended to represent the opposite of the protagonists' morals and values.</onlyinclude> His snake-like appearance features were intended to make it easier for the reader to recognize that he is a villain. Orochimaru is voiced by Kujira in the Japanese version, and by Steve Blum in the English dub.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Several anime and manga publications have praised and criticized Orochimaru's character. He has been praised as one of the series' premiere villains by reviewers for his lack of redeeming qualities and open malevolence. Among the "Naruto" reader base, Orochimaru has been a popular character, ranking within the top twenty in several polls. Numerous pieces of merchandise with Orochimaru's likeness have been released, including action figures, posters, and plush dolls.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Most of the traits of Orochimaru's character were taken from Japanese mythology. Orochimaru originates from the Japanese folktale "Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari" where he opposes the title character who also appears in "Naruto" as his former ally. He wields a sword named Kusanagi, which is said to be related to the creature known as the Yamata no Orochi; in Japanese mythology, Yamata no Orochi is defeated by the god Susanoo, a scene which is re-imagined in the manga and anime: Orochimaru uses a technique called "Yamata no Orochi", but is ultimately defeated by Itachi Uchiha's "Susanoo" technique.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: The introduction of Orochimaru to the series was first suggested by Masashi Kishimoto's superiors to improve the series' popularity. Kishimoto believed the series grew personality based on the Chunin Exams story arc and wanted it to end normally with Shikamaru Nara's victory. However, he eventually accepted their advice and Orochimaru was used to interrupt the arc. In an interview, Kishimoto asserted that making the villains "flamboyant" was one of his "guiding principles", and attributed this to his desire to have the villains have a "powerful aura". When asked if Orochimaru was still good, Kishimoto answered that Orochimaru is "truly evil" and that he is one of the several "hopeless evil characters" that appear in the series. Kishimoto originally planned to make Orochimaru look androgynous, but made him creepier due to the concept of him being a strong antagonist. Out of most of the characters, Orochimaru was the hardest one to write. Kishimoto wanted him to be a terrifying opponent, so he wondered if that was really the way to go to make him sound strong: "Then I started thinking it was good like that, he's strong and creepy, and the creepiness started increasing."


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: To follow the theme of distinguishing villains, Kishimoto attempted to make Orochimaru's face appear "pasty and sickly", which serves to emphasize the "scary looks" that Orochimaru expresses in the manga. Orochimaru's nature types are fire, earth, and wind. As these occurrences are his "trademark", Kishimoto modifies Orochimaru's appearance and the scene to focus on Orochimaru's face; for instance, highlights that are normally added to Orochimaru's hair are removed and the background is blanked out to create a "creepy atmosphere".


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Orochimaru acts as the primary antagonist for the first part of the series. After his parents were killed when he was young, Orochimaru's only source of affection was his teacher—Hiruzen Sarutobi, the Third Hokage—and his two teammates. As they grew older, Orochimaru, Jiraiya, and Tsunade collectively became known as the due to their exemplary ninja abilities in the Second Great Ninja War against Hanzo. Many of Orochimaru's abilities deal with snakes, which he summons to battle multiple opponents while simultaneously keeping himself out of harm's way. Through his experiments, he has been able to add some snake-like characteristics to his own body. In his desire to attain immortality to learn every jutsu (), Orochimaru developed a forbidden jutsu to steal his victim's body. Although he is essentially immortal, Orochimaru learns the process can not be done more than once every three years.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Orochimaru craved more power than could be obtained from training with his master and began abducting Konohagakure villagers for various experiments, with Yamato among his surviving victims. Unwilling to bring himself to harm Orochimaru upon learning of his actions, Hiruzen allowed his former pupil to escape and flee the village. Orochimaru eventually joined the criminal organization Akatsuki and became partners with a fellow rogue ninja named Sasori. However, after he attempted to steal the body of Itachi Uchiha through a forbidden jutsu to gain the failed, Orochimaru was forced to leave the organization. Orochimaru then founded his own ninja village, Otogakure, populated with ninjas loyal to him. They mostly serve as test subjects in his experimentation to become an ultimate being and as pawns to do his dirty work.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: During the Chunin Exams, Orochimaru plans the invasion of Konoha with the ninja of Sunagakure to not only kill Hiruzen, but also claim the body of Itachi's brother Sasuke Uchiha. To that end, Orochimaru infiltrates the Chunin Exam during the Forest of Death portion by killing a Kusagakure ninja named Shiore, assumes her identity, and personally tests Sasuke before branding him with a Curse Mark. He also faces Naruto Uzumaki, who effectively resists Orochimaru's giant snake jutsu using the chakra of the Nine-Tail Fox. Orochimaru, using the Five Elements Seal, blocks access to the chakra of the Nine-Tails by disturbing the balance of the original seal. For the duration of the Exams, Orochimaru lays in wait and secretly murders the Fourth Kazekage to assume his identity and get close to his mentor as the invasion begins. However, Orochimaru is forced to retreat when Hiruzen sacrifices himself through the Reaper Death Seal to take away Orochimaru's ability to perform jutsu, with his forces pulling back while Sunagakure later learns of Orochimaru's treachery. Orochimaru attempts to get aid from Tsunade before seeking out another way to cure himself in an attempt to be able to use jutsu again. When all his efforts prove unsuccessful, Orochimaru sends his Sound Four to fetch Sasuke in the hopes that a body-transfer will allow him to use his arms again. When Sasuke takes too long to arrive, Orochimaru is forced to switch to the body of one of his prisoners instead, and decides to train him until the day that he will be able to take Sasuke's body for himself.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Two and a half years later, in the second part of the series, Orochimaru confronts Naruto and his friends when they attempt to track down Sasuke. When Sasuke attempts to kill Naruto, Orochimaru dissuades him by pointing out the Naruto's use in taking down Akatsuki and thus reducing the number of enemies he has. Sasuke eventually uses his Sharingan to void Orochimaru's technique and retains control of his body while trapping Orochimaru's soul within him, which gives Sasuke access to many of Orochimaru's abilities in the process. During Sasuke's later fight with Itachi, Sasuke is left too weak to continue suppressing Orochimaru's soul, allowing Orochimaru to escape and try to take his body again. Before he can do so, Itachi seals him away.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: After Kabuto's defeat, Sasuke learns of Orochimaru's survival, as the Cursed Seals are revealed to hold copies of Orochimaru's consciousness in them, along with Orochimaru's cells that Kabuto injected into himself and subjugated. Using the Cursed Seal Orochimaru placed on his former student Anko Mitarashi, Sasuke releases Orochimaru and gives him a new body that Jugo provides with an absorbed part of Kabuto's flesh. Despite expressing no interest in the ongoing war and still desiring to claim Sasuke's body, Orochimaru joins Sasuke in his quest for answers over the nature of ninja, taking him and Taka to the Nara Shrine, where he undoes the Reaper Death Seal and regains the use of ninjutsu before transferring his being into a White Zetsu clone placed on Sasuke. In his new body, Orochimaru brings the first four Hokage back to life with the Reanimation Jutsu to give Sasuke the answers he wants. Seeing that his methods were flawed from inside Kabuto and interested in observing his former apprentice's new path, Orochimaru aids the Allied Shinobi Forces by helping Tsunade and the Kage, and assists in subduing the Shinju. After the Fourth Great Ninja War ends, among those caught under Madara's Infinite Tsukuyomi before being freed, Orochimaru resumes his experiments, albeit in a more humane manner, with Sasuke's Taka teammates supporting him as lab assistants, though Konoha remains suspicious of him and keeps tight surveillance on him in case he resumes his former human experimentation activities.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: In the sequel series "", which takes place 15 years after "Naruto", Orochimaru created two artificial humans based on his DNA, naming the youngest Mitsuki whom he considers a son and sends to live in Konoha to find his own path in life. He also appears in the "" side story with his younger appearance noted by the confused main characters. In the post-credits scene of "", Orochimaru is seen watching Mitsuki with his teammates.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Out of the five films on the series, Orochimaru so far has only appeared in the fifth "Naruto" film, "". He briefly appears in the fifth OVA "The Cross Roads". Orochimaru is a playable character in nearly all "Naruto" video games, including the and the . In some games, he utilizes variations of his techniques not seen in the anime or manga, and in the of the "Ultimate Ninja" series, Sealed Arms Orochimaru is available as a separate character. "" marks the first appearance of Orochimaru in a video game set in Part II, with the second one being "".


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Orochimaru also appears in two light novels from the franchise: in "Sasuke's Story", he aids Sasuke in a mission by providing him information about his target, and in "Konoha Hiden", he makes a cameo congratulating Naruto Uzumaki and Hinata Hyuga's wedding.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Orochimaru has been featured consistently in the "Weekly Shonen Jump" popularity polls, commonly placing in the top twenty characters. However, in the last popularity poll, he was out of the top thirty characters. Merchandise based on Orochimaru has also been released, including action figures, plush dolls, and key chains. AnimeCentral listed him as the tenth best villain in anime due to his objectives and methods, particularly how he scares Sasuke Uchiha the first time seeing him despite Sasuke's strength. In the book "Listverse.com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists: Fascinating Facts and Shocking Trivia on Movies, Music, Crime, Celebrities, History, and More" by Jamie Frater, Orochimaru was listed as the eighth most evil villain with the writer calling him "pure evil".


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Several publications for manga, anime, video games, and other related media praised and criticized Orochimaru's character. IGN writer Jason Van Horn compared Orochimaru's search for power and subsequent fall into villainy to that of Darth Sidious from "Star Wars", and labeled Orochimaru as "something more than just pure evil". Justin Rich from Mania Entertainment considered Orochimaru the "first real villain" of the series, noting that unlike Zabuza Momochi, the villain of the previous arc, he had no redeeming qualities. DVDTalk's Todd Douglass Jr. celebrated the introduction of Orochimaru into the series, as well as the potential plot development from the curse seal Orochimaru placed on Sasuke, describing it as one of the best parts of the series. Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network stated that Orochimaru's influence over Sasuke kept the tension high, even when he had minor appearances. Javier Lugo from Manga Life praised the fight between Orochimaru and the Third Hokage based on the surprises this encounter showed. Bamboo Dong from Anime News Network labeled Orochimaru as a character that can not be killed. IGN's Charles White considered Orochimaru as "one of the more interesting characters on the show" as he stateed Orochimaru "can literally steal the show at any time". A. E. Sparrow from the same site praised Orochimaru's scenario in the 13th volume of the manga as he interrupts the story arc to engage with the Third Hokage in a possible deathmatch despite interrupting the fight between Sasuke and Gaara which readers had been looking for.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: After Orochimaru's fight against the Hokage, About.com writer Deb Aoki commented that Orochimaru was in such poor shape to the point where he was replaced by Akatsuki as the new antagonists. In the book "The Rough Guide to Manga", Jason S. Yadao noted Orochimaru's impact in Part I of the series due to his influence on one of the protagonists, Sasuke, to abandon his comrades and join him. Holly Ellingwood from Active Anime described him as "sinister" and noted his proposal to revive Tsunade's loved ones in exchange for healing his arms made it appealing. Additionally, Kimlinger considered Kujira, Orochimaru's Japanese voice actress, to be one of the best from the series. Orochimaru's transfer of bodies was used as a reference by manga author Gege Akutami for his work "Jujutsu Kaisen" where an ancient being changes bodies as time progresses, more prominently the one of Suguru Geto.


title: Orochimaru (Naruto)

text: Despite the character's minor appearances in Part II, most of them were well received. The way Orochimaru angers Naruto Uzumaki in their battleand his management over events ever since his reintroduction are deemed as "near perfect" by Mania's Chris Beveridge. Orochimaru's fight against Sasuke in later parts of the series is praised by Manga Life's Park Cooper due to how it changes "the nature of things" in a short time. While Beveridge agrees with Cooper, he finds that the fight did not bring a certain end to Orochimaru, which he thought would have made it more entertaining. On the other hand, Beveridge likes how a flashback showed Orochimaru's backstory in Konoha, which helped explain the reason for his character during the fight between the two. His apparent redemption to follow Sasuke in later parts of the story is criticized by writer Jason Thompson during a review of the manga. On the other hand, Bryce Coulter from the Fandom Post finds Orochimaru's change based on Sasuke's new interest intriguing due to the future possibilities of becoming Konohagakure's ally. Ramsey Isler from IGN praises the relationship between Orochimaru and his ally Kabuto as the former often wondered if Kabuto was ever going to betray him. In the final episodes of the anime "Naruto Shippuden," Orochimaru made small cameos during the preparations for Naruto and Hinata's wedding which Amy Mcnulty from Anime News Network found hilarious.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: The "Visby" class is a warship in use by the Swedish Navy. It is the latest class of corvette adopted by the navy after the and corvettes. Its design emphasizes low visibility radar cross-section and infrared signature, and the class has received widespread international attention because of its capabilities as a stealth ship.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: The "Visby" ships are designed by Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) and built by Saab Kockums AB in Karlskrona. The first ship of the class was launched in 2000, but production then suffered repeated delays. The fifth and last ship was delivered in 2015.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: In 2021, an order was placed for the development of a second generation of evolved "Visby" corvettes.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: The hull is constructed with a sandwich design consisting of a PVC core with a carbon fibre and vinyl laminate (see also the Oceanic-Creations spin-off). There are multiple advantages to using composite materials in ship hulls. Good conductivity and surface flatness means a low radar signature, while good heat insulation lowers the infrared signature and increases survivability in case of fire. The composite sandwich used is also non-magnetic, which lowers the magnetic signature. Composites are also very strong for their relative weight, and less weight means a higher top speed and better maneuverability. The composite weighs roughly 50% less than the equivalent strength steel.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: "Visby"s angular tumblehome design reduces its radar signature. Jan Nilsson, one of the designers, told BBC News Online: "We are able to reduce the radar cross-section by 99%. That doesn't mean it's 99% invisible, it means that we have reduced its detection range." The 57 mm cannon barrel can be folded into the turret to reduce its cross-section. There are plans for additional improvements in this area, especially for the deck rails and masts.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: Much of the design was based on the experiences learned from the experimental ship HSwMS "Smyge". The class was originally designed to be divided into two subcategories where the last ship was optimized for surface combat and 4 others for submarine hunting; however, this was changed due to cutbacks.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: A helicopter, such as the Agusta Westland A109M selected by Sweden, can land, take off, and refuel on the upper deck. A helicopter hangar was originally planned but was considered to be too cramped and was removed.


title: Visby-class corvette

text: The ships took an exceptionally long time from launch to delivery and the construction has been fraught with repeated delays. In 2008, the only weapons system that had been integrated and tested in "Visby" was the gun.