title: Macky Sall

text: In the June 2007 parliamentary election, Sall was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate on the national list of the Coalition. After the election, Wade appointed Minister Delegate for the Budget Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré as Prime Minister on 19 June, replacing Sall, who had resigned along with his government shortly beforehand then fall out of elections. Sall said that he was proud of what he had accomplished as Prime Minister.


title: Macky Sall

text: Sall was not elected as President of the National Assembly one day later, on 20 June 2007; he was the only candidate and received 143 votes from the 146 deputies present. Sall and Wade came into conflict later in 2007 when Sall called Wade's son Karim, the President of the National Agency of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), for a hearing in the National Assembly regarding construction sites in Dakar for the OIC Summit planned to take place there in March 2008. This was perceived as an attempt by Sall to weaken Karim's position and possibly influence the eventual presidential succession in favor of himself, provoking the enmity of Wade and his loyalists within the PDS. In November 2007, the PDS Steering Committee abolished Sall's position of Deputy Secretary-General, which had been the second most powerful position in the party, and it decided to submit a bill to the National Assembly that would reduce the term of the President of the National Assembly from five years to one year. Following the death of Mourides religious leader Serigne Saliou Mbacké in late December 2007, his successor, Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké, asked Wade to forgive Sall; Wade then met with Sall and the two were said to have made peace in early January 2008.


title: Macky Sall

text: Sall nevertheless remained at odds with the PDS leadership in 2008. In September 2008, a PDS deputy presented the bill to reduce the term of the President of the National Assembly to one year, and later in the month, Sall was called before the PDS Disciplinary Committee, although he did not appear. On this occasion, Sall was accused of divisive personal initiatives within the party; he also allegedly committed "acts aimed at undermining the image of the party and country", referring in particular to Sall's visits to the Senate of France and the United States Democratic Party's 2008 Convention. A statement released by Sall's political adviser condemned the move to discipline Sall as an "attempt at political liquidation".


title: Macky Sall

text: On 13 October 2008, the National Assembly voted to reduce the term of the President of the National Assembly to one year; this was approved by President Wade on 21 October. Despite Sall's determined efforts to maintain his position, the National Assembly voted to dismiss him as President of the National Assembly on 9 November 2008. There were 111 votes in favor of his removal and 22 against it. Sall promptly announced that he was resigning from the PDS; this decision meant that he would lose his seat in the National Assembly, as well as his seat on Fatick's municipal council and his post as Mayor of Fatick. He also said that he would create a new party. Mamadou Seck was elected to replace Sall as President of the National Assembly on 16 November 2008.


title: Macky Sall

text: Sall founded his own party, the Alliance for the Republic–Yaakaar (APR), on 1 December 2008. The Interior Ministry accused Sall of money laundering on 26 January 2009; Sall denied this and said that the accusation was politically motivated. In late February 2009 it was decided not to prosecute Sall due to lack of evidence.


title: Macky Sall

text: Following the March 2009 local election in Fatick, Sall was re-elected to his former post as Mayor in April 2009. He received 44 votes from the 45 municipal councillors present; the Sopi Coalition's five councillors were not present for the vote. In the same local elections, the APR was also successful in the city of Gossas, twelve districts in the north of the country and three in the south.


title: Macky Sall

text: Intending to stand in the 2012 Presidential elections, Sall travelled through Senegal and met with members of the Senegalese overseas community. He employed , a former member of the French National Assembly who had previously been a close associate of Wade, as an advisor. In 2010, a poll indicated that he was the frontrunner for the presidency in Dakar and its environs.


title: Macky Sall

text: Senegal under Macky Sall has taken a neutral approach to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, abstaining from many United Nations resolutions concerning it. He has met with both Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv.


title: Macky Sall

text: World leaders who have met Macky Sall in Senegal include Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and former U.S President Barack Obama.


title: Macky Sall

text: Sall has repeatedly defended the country's laws on homosexuality, saying Senegal is not yet ready to decriminalise homosexuality (despite an urge to do so by many world leaders, especially Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and former U.S President Barack Obama), while insisting he and the Senegalese people are "tolerant" and not homophobic.


title: Macky Sall

text: Sall is a polyglot, being able to speak five languages; three local languages (Pulaar, Wolof and Serer) and two European languages (French and English).


title: Macky Sall

text: In the 2012 Presidential elections, Sall ran as the candidate of the "Macky 2012" coalition, with the slogan, "The Path of Real Development" ("Yoonu Yookuté" in Wolof). He campaigned across the country, without cutting off ties with the "23 Juin" (M23) opposition movement, which protested against Wade in Dakar calling for him to be barred from running for a third term.


title: Macky Sall

text: The initial result of 26 February 2012 election saw Sall obtain 26.5% of the vote against Wade's 34.8%, forcing a runoff. In the runoff, Sall convinced all the eliminated candidates and disqualified candidate Youssou N'Dour to support him, forming a coalition named "Benno Bokk Yakkar" (Wolof for "United in the Same Hope"). He achieved this by promising to return to five-year presidential terms from the previous seven-year term that Wade controversially restored; he also said he would ensure that no leader could serve for more than two terms. The runoff took place on 25 March 2012, and Wade phoned Sall at 21:30 GMT to concede the race with congratulations, before the made the official proclamation that Sall had won with 65.8% of the vote.


title: Macky Sall

text: Sall was inaugurated as the fourth President of Senegal on 2 April at the King Fahd Palace hotel. The next day he appointed technocrat and banker Abdoul Mbaye as his prime minister, who became the head of a government limited to 25 ministers and announced his intention to dissolve the National Assembly in order to hold legislative elections on 1 July.


title: Macky Sall

text: Two controversies marked Sall's first days in office: his visit to his French counterpart, Nicolas Sarkozy, days before the latter's defeat in the 2012 French presidential elections and the publication of his net worth, an astonishing 1.3 billion CFA Francs, largely acquired during his tenure as Wade's prime minister.


title: Macky Sall

text: In the lead-up to the legislative elections in July, for which he managed to preserve the Benno Bokk Yakaar coalition intact, Sall carried out many symbolic gestures. In accordance with his promise to reduce state spending, he curtailed some ministerial perks, announced an audit of his predecessor's administration and cancelled 59 projects and agencies which were judged unnecessary. He ended several contracts within the Presidential Palace and limited the salaries of the directors of agencies, but also increased the number of minister-counsellors. He re-established the Court for the Repression of Illegal Enrichment and announced the creation of a National Anti-corruption Office (Ofnac) and a National Commission for the restitution of property and recovery of wrongly acquired possessions, as well as annulling some of the final decrees and contracts signed by Wade. To reduce the cost of living, the government of Abdoul Mbaye lowered the price of oil, rice and sugar. Retirement pensions were revalued, farmers received emergency subsidies, and the 29 permits issued to foreign deep sea trawlers by the preceding government were annulled. In advance of the new school year, national conferences on education were scheduled.


title: Macky Sall

text: In the foreign policy sphere, Sall charged foreign minister Alioune Badara Cissé with renewing Senegal's traditional links with Morocco, Mauritania and the Gambia and restoring Senegal's diplomatic role in Africa. Two difficult legal cases challenged his commitment to avoid interfering with the judiciary: the socialist Barthélémy Dias was charged with the murder of a PDS member and the marabout , an old supporter of Wade was accused of being involved in the deaths of two of his followers.


title: Macky Sall

text: In February 2013, Sall secured $7.5 billion for his economic development plan, dubbed "Emergent Senegal", designed to transform Senegal into an emergent economy by 2035 through investments in agriculture, infrastructure and tourism. Sall's government also moved toward the establishment of a new universal healthcare system. While the World Trade Organisation called Sall's plans "ambitious," popular dissatisfaction with the slow pace of progress was reported.


title: Macky Sall

text: In September 2013, Sall dismissed Mbaye and named the Minister of Justice, Aminata Touré to the position of Prime Minister. On 4 July 2014, she was dismissed as prime minister by parliament after she failed to win a council seat in Dakar in the local elections and Macky Sall appointed one of his advisors, Mohammed Dionne as Prime Minister.


title: Macky Sall

text: Since his election in 2012, peace in the Casamance region has been a top priority for Sall. The Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) have been pursuing the cause of separatism for Casamance, a small region in the south of the country dominated by Christians from the minority Jola ethnic group, since the 1970s. On 1 May 2014, one of the leaders of the MFDC, Salif Sadio, sued for peace and declared a unilateral cease-fire after secret talks held at the Vatican between his forces and Sall.


title: Macky Sall

text: In January 2016, Sall supported proposed constitutional reforms that would limit any president to two consecutive terms in office, and reduce the term of office from seven years to five, in accordance with his promise at the 2012 election. The Constitutional Council refused to allow Sall to shorten his own term of office, but allowed the other changes to be put to a referendum, to the dismay of some of Sall's former supporters. Protests and violent clashes preceded the referendum, which passed on 20 March 2016 with 63% in favour and turnout slightly in excess of 40%.


title: Macky Sall

text: In June 2020 Sall said he was self-isolating after he was exposed to someone with COVID-19. On 1 November 2020, he formed the fourth Sall government.


title: Macky Sall

text: Sall was elected as chairperson of the African Union for the year 2022, with his term beginning on 5 February 2022.


title: Macky Sall

text: On 3 June 2022, Sall met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Sochi, Russia to discuss grain deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to Africa. Sall told Putin he should be "aware that our countries, even if they are far from the theatre [of action], are victims of this economic crisis" caused by the war in Ukraine. Prior to the war, Russia and Ukraine supplied more than 40% of wheat needs in Africa. Sall also complained that the side effects of the EU's decision to expel many Russian banks from SWIFT will hurt the ability of African countries to pay for imported food and fertilizers from Russia.


title: Macky Sall

text: President Sall was awarded the 2020 Sunhak Peace Prize for successfully shortening the presidential term from seven to five years and reviving the economy through transparent policies.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In classical physics and special relativity, an inertial frame of reference (also called inertial reference frame, inertial frame, inertial space, or Galilean reference frame) is a frame of reference that is not undergoing any acceleration. It is a frame in which an isolated physical object — an object with zero net force acting on it — is perceived to move with a constant velocity (it might be a zero velocity) or, equivalently, it is a frame of reference in which Newton's first law of motion holds.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: All inertial frames are in a state of constant, rectilinear motion with respect to one another; in other words, an accelerometer moving with any of them would detect zero acceleration.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: It has been observed that celestial objects which are far away from other objects and which are in uniform motion with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation maintain such uniform motion.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Measurements in one inertial frame can be converted to measurements in another by a simple transformation, the Galilean transformation in Newtonian physics and the Lorentz transformation in special relativity.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In analytical mechanics, an inertial frame of reference can be defined as a frame of reference that describes time and space homogeneously, isotropically, and in a time-independent manner.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In a "non-inertial reference frame", viewed from a classical physics and special relativity perspective, the interactions between the fundamental constituents of the observable universe (the physics of a system) vary depending on the acceleration of that frame with respect to an inertial frame. Viewed from this perspective and due to the phenomenon of inertia the 'usual' physical forces between two bodies have to be supplemented by apparently sourceless inertial forces.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Viewed from a general relativity theory perspective appearing inertial forces (the supplementary external causes) are attributed to geodesic motion in spacetime.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In classical physics, for example, a ball dropped towards the ground does not move exactly straight down because the Earth is rotating. This means the frame of reference of an observer on Earth is not inertial. As a consequence the science of physics has to take into account the Coriolis effect—an apparent force— to predict the respective small horizontal motion. Another example of an apparent force appearing in rotating reference frames concerns the centrifugal effect, the centrifugal force.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: The motion of a body can only be described relative to something else—other bodies, observers, or a set of spacetime coordinates. These are called frames of reference. If the coordinates are chosen badly, the laws of motion may appear to be more complex than necessary. For example, suppose a free body that has no external forces acting on it is at rest at some instant. In many coordinate systems, it would begin to move at the next instant, even though there are no forces on it. However, a frame of reference can always be chosen in which it remains stationary. Similarly, if space is not described uniformly or time independently, a coordinate system could describe the simple flight of a free body in space as a complicated zig-zag in its coordinate system. Indeed, an intuitive summary of inertial frames can be given: in an inertial reference frame, the laws of mechanics take their simplest form.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: According to the first postulate of special relativity, all physical laws take their simplest form in an inertial frame, and there exist multiple inertial frames interrelated by uniform translation:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: This simplicity manifests itself in that inertial frames have self-contained physics without the need for external causes, while physics in non-inertial frames have external causes. The principle of simplicity can be used within Newtonian physics as well as in special relativity; see Nagel and also Blagojević.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In practical terms, the equivalence of inertial reference frames means that scientists within a box moving uniformly cannot determine their absolute velocity by any experiment. Otherwise, the differences would set up an absolute standard reference frame. According to this definition, supplemented with the constancy of the speed of light, inertial frames of reference transform among themselves according to the Poincaré group of symmetry transformations, of which the Lorentz transformations are a subgroup. In Newtonian mechanics, which can be viewed as a limiting case of special relativity in which the speed of light is infinite, inertial frames of reference are related by the Galilean group of symmetries.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Newton posited an absolute space considered well approximated by a frame of reference stationary relative to the fixed stars. An inertial frame was then one in uniform translation relative to absolute space. However, some scientists (called "relativists" by Mach), even at the time of Newton, felt that absolute space was a defect of the formulation, and should be replaced.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Indeed, the expression "inertial frame of reference" () was coined by Ludwig Lange in 1885, to replace Newton's definitions of "absolute space and time" by a more operational definition. As translated by Iro, Lange proposed the following definition:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: The inadequacy of the notion of "absolute space" in Newtonian mechanics is spelled out by Blagojević:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: The utility of operational definitions was carried much further in the special theory of relativity. Some historical background including Lange's definition is provided by DiSalle, who says in summary:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Classical theories that use the Galilean transformation postulate the equivalence of all inertial reference frames. Some theories may even postulate the existence of a privileged frame which provides absolute space and absolute time. The Galilean transformation transforms coordinates from one inertial reference frame, formula_1, to another, formula_2, by simple addition or subtraction of coordinates:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: where r and "t" represent shifts in the origin of space and time, and v is the relative velocity of the two inertial reference frames. Under Galilean transformations, the time "t" − "t" between two events is the same for all reference frames and the distance between two simultaneous events (or, equivalently, the length of any object, |r − r|) is also the same.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Within the realm of Newtonian mechanics, an inertial frame of reference, or inertial reference frame, is one in which Newton's first law of motion is valid. However, the principle of special relativity generalizes the notion of inertial frame to include all physical laws, not simply Newton's first law.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Newton viewed the first law as valid in any reference frame that is in uniform motion relative to the fixed stars; that is, neither rotating nor accelerating relative to the stars. Today the notion of "absolute space" is abandoned, and an inertial frame in the field of classical mechanics is defined as:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Hence, with respect to an inertial frame, an object or body accelerates only when a physical force is applied, and (following Newton's first law of motion), in the absence of a net force, a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will continue to move uniformly—that is, in a straight line and at constant speed. Newtonian inertial frames transform among each other according to the Galilean group of symmetries.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: If this rule is interpreted as saying that straight-line motion is an indication of zero net force, the rule does not identify inertial reference frames because straight-line motion can be observed in a variety of frames. If the rule is interpreted as defining an inertial frame, then we have to be able to determine when zero net force is applied. The problem was summarized by Einstein:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: There are several approaches to this issue. One approach is to argue that all real forces drop off with distance from their sources in a known manner, so we have only to be sure that a body is far enough away from all sources to ensure that no force is present. A possible issue with this approach is the historically long-lived view that the distant universe might affect matters (Mach's principle). Another approach is to identify all real sources for real forces and account for them. A possible issue with this approach is that we might miss something, or account inappropriately for their influence, perhaps, again, due to Mach's principle and an incomplete understanding of the universe. A third approach is to look at the way the forces transform when we shift reference frames. Fictitious forces, those that arise due to the acceleration of a frame, disappear in inertial frames, and have complicated rules of transformation in general cases. On the basis of universality of physical law and the request for frames where the laws are most simply expressed, inertial frames are distinguished by the absence of such fictitious forces.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: This principle differs from the special principle in two ways: first, it is restricted to mechanics, and second, it makes no mention of simplicity. It shares with the special principle the invariance of the form of the description among mutually translating reference frames. The role of fictitious forces in classifying reference frames is pursued further below.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: It is important to note some assumptions made above about the various inertial frames of reference. Newton, for instance, employed universal time, as explained by the following example. Suppose that you own two clocks, which both tick at exactly the same rate. You synchronize them so that they both display exactly the same time. The two clocks are now separated and one clock is on a fast moving train, traveling at constant velocity towards the other. According to Newton, these two clocks will still tick at the same rate and will both show the same time. Newton says that the rate of time as measured in one frame of reference should be the same as the rate of time in another. That is, there exists a "universal" time and all other times in all other frames of reference will run at the same rate as this universal time irrespective of their position and velocity. This concept of time and simultaneity was later generalized by Einstein in his special theory of relativity (1905) where he developed transformations between inertial frames of reference based upon the universal nature of physical laws and their economy of expression (Lorentz transformations).


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Frames of reference are especially important in special relativity, because when a frame of reference is moving at some significant fraction of the speed of light, then the flow of time in that frame does not necessarily apply in another frame. The speed of light is considered to be the only true constant between moving frames of reference.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: The definition of inertial reference frame can also be extended beyond three-dimensional Euclidean space. Newton's assumed a Euclidean space, but general relativity uses a more general geometry. As an example of why this is important, consider the geometry of an ellipsoid. In this geometry, a "free" particle is defined as one at rest or traveling at constant speed on a geodesic path. Two free particles may begin at the same point on the surface, traveling with the same constant speed in different directions. After a length of time, the two particles collide at the opposite side of the ellipsoid. Both "free" particles traveled with a constant speed, satisfying the definition that no forces were acting. No acceleration occurred and so Newton's first law held true. This means that the particles were in inertial frames of reference. Since no forces were acting, it was the geometry of the situation which caused the two particles to meet each other again. In a similar way, it is now common to describe that we exist in a four-dimensional geometry known as spacetime. In this picture, the curvature of this 4D space is responsible for the way in which two bodies with mass are drawn together even if no forces are acting. This curvature of spacetime replaces the force known as gravity in Newtonian mechanics and special relativity.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Einstein's theory of special relativity, like Newtonian mechanics, postulates the equivalence of all inertial reference frames. However, because special relativity postulates that the speed of light in free space is invariant, the transformation between inertial frames is the Lorentz transformation, not the Galilean transformation which is used in Newtonian mechanics. The invariance of the speed of light leads to counter-intuitive phenomena, such as time dilation and length contraction, and the relativity of simultaneity, which have been extensively verified experimentally. The Lorentz transformation reduces to the Galilean transformation as the speed of light approaches infinity or as the relative velocity between frames approaches zero.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Here the relation between inertial and non-inertial observational frames of reference is considered. The basic difference between these frames is the need in non-inertial frames for fictitious forces, as described below.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: This idea was introduced in Einstein's 1907 article "Principle of Relativity and Gravitation" and later developed in 1911. Support for this principle is found in the Eötvös experiment, which determines whether the ratio of inertial to gravitational mass is the same for all bodies, regardless of size or composition. To date no difference has been found to a few parts in 10. For some discussion of the subtleties of the Eötvös experiment, such as the local mass distribution around the experimental site (including a quip about the mass of Eötvös himself), see Franklin.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Einstein's general theory modifies the distinction between nominally "inertial" and "non-inertial" effects by replacing special relativity's "flat" Minkowski Space with a metric that produces non-zero curvature. In general relativity, the principle of inertia is replaced with the principle of geodesic motion, whereby objects move in a way dictated by the curvature of spacetime. As a consequence of this curvature, it is not a given in general relativity that inertial objects moving at a particular rate with respect to each other will continue to do so. This phenomenon of geodesic deviation means that inertial frames of reference do not exist globally as they do in Newtonian mechanics and special relativity.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: However, the general theory reduces to the special theory over sufficiently small regions of spacetime, where curvature effects become less important and the earlier inertial frame arguments can come back into play. Consequently, modern special relativity is now sometimes described as only a "local theory". "Local" can encompass, for example, the entire Milky Way galaxy: The astronomer Karl Schwarzschild observed the motion of pairs of stars orbiting each other. He found that the two orbits of the stars of such a system lie in a plane, and the perihelion of the orbits of the two stars remains pointing in the same direction with respect to the solar system. Schwarzschild pointed out that that was invariably seen: the direction of the angular momentum of all observed double star systems remains fixed with respect to the direction of the angular momentum of the Solar System. These observations allowed him to conclude that inertial frames inside the galaxy do not rotate with respect to one another, and that the space of the Milky Way is approximately Galilean or Minkowskian.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In an inertial frame, Newton's first law, the "law of inertia", is satisfied: Any free motion has a constant magnitude and direction. Newton's second law for a particle takes the form:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: with F the net force (a vector), "m" the mass of a particle and a the acceleration of the particle (also a vector) which would be measured by an observer at rest in the frame. The force F is the vector sum of all "real" forces on the particle, such as contact forces, electromagnetic, gravitational, and nuclear forces.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In contrast, Newton's second law in a rotating frame of reference (a non-inertial frame of reference), rotating at angular rate "Ω" about an axis, takes the form:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: which looks the same as in an inertial frame, but now the force F′ is the resultant of not only F, but also additional terms (the paragraph following this equation presents the main points without detailed mathematics):


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: where the angular rotation of the frame is expressed by the vector Ω pointing in the direction of the axis of rotation, and with magnitude equal to the angular rate of rotation "Ω", symbol × denotes the vector cross product, vector x locates the body and vector v is the velocity of the body according to a rotating observer (different from the velocity seen by the inertial observer).


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: The extra terms in the force F′ are the "fictitious" forces for this frame, whose causes are external to the system in the frame. The first extra term is the Coriolis force, the second the centrifugal force, and the third the Euler force. These terms all have these properties: they vanish when "Ω" = 0; that is, they are zero for an inertial frame (which, of course, does not rotate); they take on a different magnitude and direction in every rotating frame, depending upon its particular value of Ω; they are ubiquitous in the rotating frame (affect every particle, regardless of circumstance); and they have no apparent source in identifiable physical sources, in particular, matter. Also, fictitious forces do not drop off with distance (unlike, for example, nuclear forces or electrical forces). For example, the centrifugal force that appears to emanate from the axis of rotation in a rotating frame increases with distance from the axis.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: All observers agree on the real forces, F; only non-inertial observers need fictitious forces. The laws of physics in the inertial frame are simpler because unnecessary forces are not present.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In Newton's time the fixed stars were invoked as a reference frame, supposedly at rest relative to absolute space. In reference frames that were either at rest with respect to the fixed stars or in uniform translation relative to these stars, Newton's laws of motion were supposed to hold. In contrast, in frames accelerating with respect to the fixed stars, an important case being frames rotating relative to the fixed stars, the laws of motion did not hold in their simplest form, but had to be supplemented by the addition of fictitious forces, for example, the Coriolis force and the centrifugal force. Two experiments were devised by Newton to demonstrate how these forces could be discovered, thereby revealing to an observer that they were not in an inertial frame: the example of the tension in the cord linking two spheres rotating about their center of gravity, and the example of the curvature of the surface of water in a rotating bucket. In both cases, application of Newton's second law would not work for the rotating observer without invoking centrifugal and Coriolis forces to account for their observations (tension in the case of the spheres; parabolic water surface in the case of the rotating bucket).


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: As we now know, the fixed stars are not fixed. Those that reside in the Milky Way turn with the galaxy, exhibiting proper motions. Those that are outside our galaxy (such as nebulae once mistaken to be stars) participate in their own motion as well, partly due to expansion of the universe, and partly due to peculiar velocities. For instance, the Andromeda Galaxy is on collision course with the Milky Way at a speed of 117 km/s. The concept of inertial frames of reference is no longer tied to either the fixed stars or to absolute space. Rather, the identification of an inertial frame is based on the simplicity of the laws of physics in the frame.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: John Stachel wrote: once one gave up the existence of a privileged frame of reference (the ether frame) there was no reason why one should stop at the relativity of inertial frames. The "conventional answer" to such doubts was that the laws of nature took a simpler form in the inertial frames of reference because in these frames one did not have to introduce inertial forces when writing down Newton's law of motion.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: In practice, although not a requirement, using a frame of reference based upon the fixed stars as though it were an inertial frame of reference introduces very little discrepancy. For example, the centrifugal acceleration of the Earth because of its rotation about the Sun is about thirty million times greater than that of the Sun about the galactic center.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: To illustrate further, consider the question: "Does our Universe rotate?" To answer, we might attempt to explain the shape of the Milky Way galaxy using the laws of physics, although other observations might be more definitive; that is, provide larger discrepancies or less measurement uncertainty, like the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation or Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The flatness of the Milky Way depends on its rate of rotation in an inertial frame of reference. If we attribute its apparent rate of rotation entirely to rotation in an inertial frame, a different "flatness" is predicted than if we suppose part of this rotation actually is due to rotation of the universe and should not be included in the rotation of the galaxy itself. Based upon the laws of physics, a model is set up in which one parameter is the rate of rotation of the Universe. If the laws of physics agree more accurately with observations in a model with rotation than without it, we are inclined to select the best-fit value for rotation, subject to all other pertinent experimental observations. If no value of the rotation parameter is successful and theory is not within observational error, a modification of physical law is considered, for example, dark matter is invoked to explain the galactic rotation curve. So far, observations show any rotation of the universe is very slow, no faster than once every years (10 rad/yr), and debate persists over whether there is "any" rotation. However, if rotation were found, interpretation of observations in a frame tied to the universe would have to be corrected for the fictitious forces inherent in such rotation in classical physics and special relativity, or interpreted as the curvature of spacetime and the motion of matter along the geodesics in general relativity.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: When quantum effects are important, there are additional conceptual complications that arise in quantum reference frames.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: An accelerated frame of reference is often delineated as being the "primed" frame, and all variables that are dependent on that frame are notated with primes, e.g. "x′", "y′", "a′".


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: The vector from the origin of an inertial reference frame to the origin of an accelerated reference frame is commonly notated as R. Given a point of interest that exists in both frames, the vector from the inertial origin to the point is called r, and the vector from the accelerated origin to the point is called r′.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: where V and A are the velocity and acceleration of the accelerated system with respect to the inertial system and v and a are the velocity and acceleration of the point of interest with respect to the inertial frame.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: These equations allow transformations between the two coordinate systems; for example, we can now write Newton's second law as


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: When there is accelerated motion due to a force being exerted there is manifestation of inertia. If an electric car designed to recharge its battery system when decelerating is switched to braking, the batteries are recharged, illustrating the physical strength of manifestation of inertia. However, the manifestation of inertia does not prevent acceleration (or deceleration), for manifestation of inertia occurs in response to change in velocity due to a force. Seen from the perspective of a rotating frame of reference the manifestation of inertia appears to exert a force (either in centrifugal direction, or in a direction orthogonal to an object's motion, the Coriolis effect).


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: A common sort of accelerated reference frame is a frame that is both rotating and translating (an example is a frame of reference attached to a CD which is playing while the player is carried). This arrangement leads to the equation (see Fictitious force for a derivation):


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Inertial and non-inertial reference frames can be distinguished by the absence or presence of fictitious forces, as explained shortly.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: The presence of fictitious forces indicates the physical laws are not the simplest laws available so, in terms of the special principle of relativity, a frame where fictitious forces are present is not an inertial frame:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Bodies in non-inertial reference frames are subject to so-called "fictitious" forces (pseudo-forces); that is, forces that result from the acceleration of the reference frame itself and not from any physical force acting on the body. Examples of fictitious forces are the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force in rotating reference frames.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: How then, are "fictitious" forces to be separated from "real" forces? It is hard to apply the Newtonian definition of an inertial frame without this separation. For example, consider a stationary object in an inertial frame. Being at rest, no net force is applied. But in a frame rotating about a fixed axis, the object appears to move in a circle, and is subject to centripetal force (which is made up of the Coriolis force and the centrifugal force). How can we decide that the rotating frame is a non-inertial frame? There are two approaches to this resolution: one approach is to look for the origin of the fictitious forces (the Coriolis force and the centrifugal force). We will find there are no sources for these forces, no associated force carriers, no originating bodies. A second approach is to look at a variety of frames of reference. For any inertial frame, the Coriolis force and the centrifugal force disappear, so application of the principle of special relativity would identify these frames where the forces disappear as sharing the same and the simplest physical laws, and hence rule that the rotating frame is not an inertial frame.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Newton examined this problem himself using rotating spheres, as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. He pointed out that if the spheres are not rotating, the tension in the tying string is measured as zero in every frame of reference. If the spheres only appear to rotate (that is, we are watching stationary spheres from a rotating frame), the zero tension in the string is accounted for by observing that the centripetal force is supplied by the centrifugal and Coriolis forces in combination, so no tension is needed. If the spheres really are rotating, the tension observed is exactly the centripetal force required by the circular motion. Thus, measurement of the tension in the string identifies the inertial frame: it is the one where the tension in the string provides exactly the centripetal force demanded by the motion as it is observed in that frame, and not a different value. That is, the inertial frame is the one where the fictitious forces vanish.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: So much for fictitious forces due to rotation. However, for linear acceleration, Newton expressed the idea of undetectability of straight-line accelerations held in common:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: This principle generalizes the notion of an inertial frame. For example, an observer confined in a free-falling lift will assert that he himself is a valid inertial frame, even if he is accelerating under gravity, so long as he has no knowledge about anything outside the lift. So, strictly speaking, inertial frame is a relative concept. With this in mind, we can define inertial frames collectively as a set of frames which are stationary or moving at constant velocity with respect to each other, so that a single inertial frame is defined as an element of this set.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: For these ideas to apply, everything observed in the frame has to be subject to a base-line, common acceleration shared by the frame itself. That situation would apply, for example, to the elevator example, where all objects are subject to the same gravitational acceleration, and the elevator itself accelerates at the same rate.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Inertial navigation systems used a cluster of gyroscopes and accelerometers to determine accelerations relative to inertial space. After a gyroscope is spun up in a particular orientation in inertial space, the law of conservation of angular momentum requires that it retain that orientation as long as no external forces are applied to it. Three orthogonal gyroscopes establish an inertial reference frame, and the accelerators measure acceleration relative to that frame. The accelerations, along with a clock, can then be used to calculate the change in position. Thus, inertial navigation is a form of dead reckoning that requires no external input, and therefore cannot be jammed by any external or internal signal source.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: A gyrocompass, employed for navigation of seagoing vessels, finds the geometric north. It does so, not by sensing the Earth's magnetic field, but by using inertial space as its reference. The outer casing of the gyrocompass device is held in such a way that it remains aligned with the local plumb line. When the gyroscope wheel inside the gyrocompass device is spun up, the way the gyroscope wheel is suspended causes the gyroscope wheel to gradually align its spinning axis with the Earth's axis. Alignment with the Earth's axis is the only direction for which the gyroscope's spinning axis can be stationary with respect to the Earth and not be required to change direction with respect to inertial space. After being spun up, a gyrocompass can reach the direction of alignment with the Earth's axis in as little as a quarter of an hour.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Consider a situation common in everyday life. Two cars travel along a road, both moving at constant velocities. See Figure 1. At some particular moment, they are separated by 200 metres. The car in front is travelling at 22 metres per second and the car behind is travelling at 30 metres per second. If we want to find out how long it will take the second car to catch up with the first, there are three obvious "frames of reference" that we could choose.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: First, we could observe the two cars from the side of the road. We define our "frame of reference" "S" as follows. We stand on the side of the road and start a stop-clock at the exact moment that the second car passes us, which happens to be when they are a distance apart. Since neither of the cars is accelerating, we can determine their positions by the following formulas, where formula_18 is the position in meters of car one after time "t" in seconds and formula_19 is the position of car two after time "t".


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Notice that these formulas predict at "t" = 0 s the first car is 200 m down the road and the second car is right beside us, as expected. We want to find the time at which formula_21. Therefore, we set formula_21 and solve for formula_23, that is:


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Alternatively, we could choose a frame of reference "S′" situated in the first car. In this case, the first car is stationary and the second car is approaching from behind at a speed of . In order to catch up to the first car, it will take a time of , that is, 25 seconds, as before. Note how much easier the problem becomes by choosing a suitable frame of reference. The third possible frame of reference would be attached to the second car. That example resembles the case just discussed, except the second car is stationary and the first car moves backward towards it at .


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: It would have been possible to choose a rotating, accelerating frame of reference, moving in a complicated manner, but this would have served to complicate the problem unnecessarily. It is also necessary to note that one is able to convert measurements made in one coordinate system to another. For example, suppose that your watch is running five minutes fast compared to the local standard time. If you know that this is the case, when somebody asks you what time it is, you are able to deduct five minutes from the time displayed on your watch in order to obtain the correct time. The measurements that an observer makes about a system depend therefore on the observer's frame of reference (you might say that the bus arrived at 5 past three, when in fact it arrived at three).


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: For a simple example involving only the orientation of two observers, consider two people standing, facing each other on either side of a north-south street. See Figure 2. A car drives past them heading south. For the person facing east, the car was moving towards the right. However, for the person facing west, the car was moving toward the left. This discrepancy is because the two people used two different frames of reference from which to investigate this system.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: For a more complex example involving observers in relative motion, consider Alfred, who is standing on the side of a road watching a car drive past him from left to right. In his frame of reference, Alfred defines the spot where he is standing as the origin, the road as the -axis and the direction in front of him as the positive -axis. To him, the car moves along the axis with some velocity in the positive -direction. Alfred's frame of reference is considered an inertial frame of reference because he is not accelerating (ignoring effects such as Earth's rotation and gravity).


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Now consider Betsy, the person driving the car. Betsy, in choosing her frame of reference, defines her location as the origin, the direction to her right as the positive -axis, and the direction in front of her as the positive -axis. In this frame of reference, it is Betsy who is stationary and the world around her that is moving – for instance, as she drives past Alfred, she observes him moving with velocity in the negative -direction. If she is driving north, then north is the positive -direction; if she turns east, east becomes the positive -direction.


title: Inertial frame of reference

text: Finally, as an example of non-inertial observers, assume Candace is accelerating her car. As she passes by him, Alfred measures her acceleration and finds it to be in the negative -direction. Assuming Candace's acceleration is constant, what acceleration does Betsy measure? If Betsy's velocity is constant, she is in an inertial frame of reference, and she will find the acceleration to be the same as Alfred in her frame of reference, in the negative -direction. However, if she is accelerating at rate in the negative -direction (in other words, slowing down), she will find Candace's acceleration to be in the negative -direction—a smaller value than Alfred has measured. Similarly, if she is accelerating at rate "A" in the positive -direction (speeding up), she will observe Candace's acceleration as in the negative -direction—a larger value than Alfred's measurement.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Paranormal Activity 4 is a 2012 American found footage supernatural horror film, directed by Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost and written by Christopher Landon from a story by Chad Feehan. The film features Katie Featherston, who starred in the first film, and had cameos in the other two. The film was released in theaters and IMAX on October 17, 2012, in the United Kingdom and was released on October 19, 2012, in the United States, by Paramount Pictures. It is the fourth installment in the "Paranormal Activity" series, and a sequel to "Paranormal Activity 2", set several years later.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: On October 9, 2006, Kristi Rey and her husband Daniel were killed by her demon-possessed sister Katie, who then abducts Kristi's one-year-old son, Hunter. The police are still unable to find Katie and Hunter. In November 2011, Alex Nelson is living in a wealthy suburb of Henderson, Nevada with her father Doug, mother Holly, and little brother Wyatt. Alex records footage with a laptop webcam before Alex and her best friend Ben set up cameras all over the house after many strange occurrences, which escalate into several cars parked outside a neighbor's house, and objects such as chandeliers, kitchen knives, the family car, and garage doors becoming sentient.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: The neighbor has a son, Robbie, who stays at the Nelsons' home while his mother is hospitalized. Wyatt tells Alex about Robbie's imaginary friend Toby, and Alex finds Robbie in a closet saying "He doesn't like you watching us". Wyatt also tells Alex and Ben about meeting "him", revealing a green symbol on his back identical to an ancient Hittite symbol, one that would prepare a victim for demonic possession. They learn that the possession ritual requires a virgin blood sacrifice. It is then revealed than Robbie's mother is actually Katie. Wyatt is told by her that he and Robbie were adopted and that his other family needs him back. He argues with an unseen, unheard presence about his real name, declaring, "I'm not Hunter!". As the month progresses, there are even more odd activities, such as Wyatt going in a trance and levitating Alex. One night, a possessed Katie sneaks into the house and tells Wyatt she'll wait until he is "ready". Alex tries to show her parents the footage, but it has been mysteriously erased.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: The next day, while Doug and Alex are out, two deaths occur at the home. Holly is violently thrown against the ceiling, and Ben, visiting the home to inform Alex about the symbol's relation to a coven, has his neck twisted by Katie. Alex and Doug arrive home at night after dinner and Doug goes next door, believing he saw Holly and Wyatt. Alex finds Ben's body in the house and is suddenly knocked down by a force and been dragged. She flees to Katie's home and finds Doug being dragged out of sight. She searches for him when she hears Wyatt's voice, before a demonic Katie runs towards her in a hallway. Alex escapes from Katie by jumping through a window into the yard, where she finds Wyatt and dozens of women walking towards her. She flees but Katie lunges at her, the camera falls to the ground and the footage is cut off (and Alex was killed).


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: A fourth "Paranormal Activity" film was first hinted by Paramount domestic distribution head Don Harris in an interview with "TheWrap" published on October 23, 2011, two days after the United-States-wide release of the third film. As of that day, the entire franchise grossed $450 million on a budget of $8,015,000, the third movie grossing $54 million. Stated Harris, "I can't imagine that we wouldn't make a number four, and I imagine [Paramount Film Group president] Adam Goodman this morning is thinking about the challenge. I'm sure he's thinking, 'Now what do I do?'"


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Paramount Pictures announced on January 2, 2012, that "Paranormal Activity 4" was in the works. Information on the characters had been scarce, stating that Brady Allen was set to play a character named Robbie. Katie Featherston reprised her role as Katie, who was still possessed from the ending of the first two films, but other cast and characters that appeared in the film were kept under wraps.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman returned to direct the film, and their experience in producing documentaries continued to help them with directing a found footage film. Contemporary technologies, such as an Xbox Kinect camera and Skype, were incorporated to make the film realistic to audiences using them and to keep the found footage style innovative.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: On June 23, 2012, it was confirmed that the fourth film had begun filming. A trailer debuted on August 3 in front of "Total Recall". The first theatrical trailer was released for the film on August 1, 2012. The trailer showed that the film is a sequel to "Paranormal Activity 2", following the story of a possessed Katie and Hunter after their disappearance at the end of the second film. The movie also featured a new scare technique, of footage being shown from a laptop in a video chat, that the directors felt would rival the 'fan cam' from the previous movie and that because of it being familiar technology it was "built for a horror movie". The movie also featured an Xbox Kinect, a MacBook Pro, smartphones and a Canon XA10.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: The end credits of the film include a dedication to actor Stephen Dunham, who played Alex's father Doug. Dunham died shortly after filming was completed, suffering a heart attack on September 14, 2012, which was his forty-eighth birthday.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Since its January 2012 announcement, most of the information on the plot, cast, and shooting location was unknown before its release.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: With "Paranormal Activity 4", Paramount continued the marketing method of holding "demand" advanced screenings and airing commercials with footage of audience reactions. On September 24, 2012, a 30-second teaser was exclusively released on "Digital Spy"s website.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: The post-credits scene teases "", which is a Latino spin-off of the "Paranormal Activity" series released on January 3, 2014. The post-credits scene was taken out of the film when the DVD was released.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Domestically, "Paranormal Activity 4" did not perform as well as "Paranormal Activity 2" or "Paranormal Activity 3". It debuted with $4.8 million in midnight showings. That made it the third highest in midnight grosses for a horror film behind only its predecessors, "Paranormal Activity 3" ($8 million) and "Paranormal Activity 2" ($6.3 million). It then grossed $15 million in its opening day, also lower than the third film ($26.2 million) and second film ($20.1 million), bringing its total to $29 million in its opening weekend. 60% of audiences that viewed it on opening weekend were under 25, and it had an equal portion of male and female watchers.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Before the opening weekend, some analysts predicted "Paranormal Activity 4" to start at number-one but with a lesser gross than its predecessor. Box Office Mojo's Ray Subers cited examples of the like of fourth films in other franchises, such as "Saw IV" (2007), "Shrek Forever After" (2010), and "" (2011); and Grady Smith brought up the film's negative initial reviews and possible competition with another supernatural horror film "Sinister". Ultimately, however, the opening weekend gross was lower than the projected numbers, including Paramount's range of $35 million–$40 million, and analysts' numbers of $40 million–$42.1 million.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: After the weekend, Smith suspected the 9 a.m. Thursday screening time allowed for negative word of mouth to get out sooner and that competition from "Sinister" hurt its potential. Brooks Barnes of "The New York Times" suggested negative critical reception and viewer fatigue from the franchise as well as found footage films trying to replicate it harmed interest in "Paranormal Activity 4". Megan Colligan, the president of domestic distribution for Paramount, attributed the lower-than-expected numbers to a market saturation of sequels plus the film's bigger focus on international marketing.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: The film was predicated by Smith, since after the opening weekend, to have a front-loaded run, where most audiences rush to see the film on opening weekend only for its numbers to decline dramatically in later weeks; he cited a 38% drop in gross from Friday to Saturday ($15.1 million–$9.4 million) and the fact that front-loaded features are the most prominent in the horror genre. On the second weekend, "Paranormal Activity 4" went down to fourth place, grossing $8.5 million; the total by the second weekend, $42.5 million, was $10 million lower than the opening weekend of the previous film alone, and its 71% drop was the deepest in the series, lower than the third film's 66% second-week drop. The top-15 of the weekend also included newly entered films also underperforming, such as "Cloud Atlas", "", "Fun Size", and "Chasing Mavericks"; which Subers suggested allowed "Argo", in its third week, to take the number-one spot.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: "Paranormal Activity 4" improved on the predecessors in terms of international numbers; it opened in 24 countries with an opening weekend gross of $26.4 million, 11% higher than that of the third installment. That weekend, it opened at number one in Australia, Germany, Mexico, and Brazil; number two in the United Kingdom and Russia; and number four in Spain. The next weekend, the amount of countries playing the movie expanded to 45, and it grossed $14.1 million bringing the total to $48.3 million; a nation where the film debuted then included the Netherlands, where it opened in second place. It grossed another $14.3 million the next weekend (now having a $68.8 million total gross) with only six national markets added and more strong debuts in countries like France and Japan.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: A movie theatre chain in the United Kingdom, Cineworld, accidentally showed screenings of the film, "Paranormal Activity 4" rather than the DreamWorks animated film, "", leaving children traumatized. Similar events happened in the US in 2007, with screenings of "The Hills Have Eyes 2" instead of "The Last Mimzy", in 2010 with screenings of "Saw 3D" instead of "Megamind" and in 2015 with an accidental screening of "" instead of "Inside Out".


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 23% based upon 112 reviews, with an average rating of 4.20/10. The website's consensus stated that "While it does manage to wring a few more screams out of the franchise's surprisingly durable premise, "Paranormal Activity 4" provides fans of the series with dismayingly diminishing returns." On Metacritic the film has a score of 40 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade C, on a scale from A+ to F.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Drew McWeeny gave the film a C+, saying that while he felt that the film "played it safe", he still found the film to be shameful. Shaun Munro also reacted negatively, saying that he felt that the film would only be enjoyed by the "die-hard" fans of the previous films in the franchise. Ryan Lambie reacted negatively, giving the film a rating of 2/5, and saying that the film did not introduce any new ideas. Scott Weinberg gave a positive review, saying that there was "some fun" to be had in the film, also felt that the film would likely only be enjoyed by fans of the previous films. Fred Topel also gave a positive review, saying that the film included iconography from some classic horror films.


title: Paranormal Activity 4

text: Kathryn Newton won the Young Artist Award in the category Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress


title: Gil Gerard

text: Gil Gerard (born January 23, 1943) is an American actor, whose roles include Captain William "Buck" Rogers in the 1979–81 television series "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century".


title: Gil Gerard

text: Gerard was born January 23, 1943 in Little Rock, Arkansas, to a college instructor mother and a salesman father. In 1960, he attended Maryknoll Seminary in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, and played the title role in an all-male production of "The Music Man". He graduated from Little Rock Catholic High School for Boys, and later attended the University of Central Arkansas but dropped out before graduation/


title: Gil Gerard

text: Gerard traveled to New York City, where he studied drama by day and drove a taxicab at night. Gerard picked up a fare who showed a lively interest in the problems of unknown, unemployed actors. Before he left the cab, he told Gerard to report in a few days to the set of "Love Story", which was being filmed on location in New York. When Gerard arrived on the "Love Story" set, he was hired as an extra. Later that day, he was singled out for a "bit" part, but he was not included in the finished film.


title: Gil Gerard

text: During the next few years, he did most of his acting in television commercials, almost 400, including a stint as spokesman for the Ford Motor Company. After small roles in the gay-themed film "Some of My Best Friends Are..." (1971), and the thriller "Man on a Swing" (1974), Gerard gained a prominent role in the daytime soap opera "The Doctors" for two years. Gerard formed his own production company in partnership with a writer-producer, co-authored a screenplay called "Hooch" (1977) and filmed it as a starring vehicle for himself. With "Hooch" completed, he traveled to California to co-star with Yvette Mimieux in "Ransom for Alice!" (1977) and to play Lee Grant's youthful lover in Universal's "Airport '77" (1977). He appeared in a 1977 episode of "Hawaii Five-O" ("The Ninth Step") as Marty Cobb, a former cop and recovering alcoholic. A guest appearance in "Little House on the Prairie" impressed producer-star Michael Landon, who cast him in the leading role in the 1978 TV movie "Killing Stone".


title: Gil Gerard

text: Gerard then landed his best-known role, as Captain William "Buck" Rogers in the TV series "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" which ran from 1979-81, with the feature-length pilot episode being released theatrically some months prior to the first broadcast of the series. After this, he was featured in a number of other TV shows and movies, including starring roles in the 1982 TV movie "Hear No Evil" as Dragon, the short-lived series "Sidekicks" (1986) and "E.A.R.T.H. Force" (1990).


title: Gil Gerard

text: In 1992, Gerard hosted the reality TV series "Code 3", which followed firefighters from different areas of the US as they respond to emergency calls. The show ran on the Fox TV Network until the following year. For the remainder of the 1990s, Gerard made guest appearances on various TV shows, including "Fish Police", "Brotherly Love", "The Big Easy", "Days of Our Lives" and "Pacific Blue".


title: Gil Gerard

text: In January 2007, Gerard was the subject of the one-hour documentary "Action Hero Makeover", which was written, produced and directed by his then-longtime companion, Adrienne Crow for the Discovery Health Channel. The film documented his year-long progress after undergoing life-saving mini-gastric bypass surgery in October 2005. According to the program, he had been struggling with his weight for 40 years, losing weight only to gain it back. By the time of the program's production, his weight had risen to over , and he had many life-threatening health problems including a severe problem with type 2 diabetes. Within five days of the surgery he had lost , within three months he had lost , and within ten months he lost a total of .


title: Gil Gerard

text: Gerard and his "Buck Rogers" co-star Erin Gray reunited in 2007 for the TV film "Nuclear Hurricane", and also returned to the "Buck Rogers" universe by playing the characters' parents in the pilot episode of James Cawley's "Buck Rogers Begins" Internet video series in 2009.


title: Gil Gerard

text: Gerard guest-starred as Admiral Jack Sheehan in "Kitumba", the January 1, 2014, episode of the fan web series "".


title: Gil Gerard

text: By the end of the 1980s, Gerard had been married and divorced four times. His first marriage, in the 1960s to a secretary in his home state of Arkansas, lasted just eight months. After moving to New York to pursue his acting ambitions, his second marriage to a bank executive was equally troubled though lasted (on and off) for seven years. Following his move to Los Angeles in the late 1970s, he married model/actress Connie Sellecca in 1979. Their son, Gilbert Vincent Gerard, or "Gib", was born in 1981. Their seven-year marriage began to disintegrate following the cancellation of Gerard's show "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" and his increasing addictions to drugs, alcohol, and overeating. The marriage was formally dissolved in 1987, following a bitter custody battle which gave Sellecca main custody of their son. Gerard married again the same year, to interior designer Bobi Leonard, though the marriage lasted only a year and was then formally dissolved in 1989.


title: Gil Gerard

text: Gerard has been frank about his battle with addictions. Although he went through recovery for his addiction to cocaine and alcohol, following his divorce from Sellecca in the mid 1980s, his compulsive eating habits increased and he would find himself devouring unhealthy portions of junk food. By 1988, he weighed and used a self-help treatment for his addiction, though he estimated that his weight problem had cost him work opportunities in the region of a million dollars. By 1990, he weighed .


title: Numero sign

text: The numero sign or numero symbol, №, (also represented as Nº, No, No. or no.), is a typographic abbreviation of the word "number"("s") indicating ordinal numeration, especially in names and titles. For example, using the numero sign, the written long-form of the address is shortened to , yet both forms are spoken long.


title: Numero sign

text: Typographically, the numero sign combines as a single ligature the uppercase Latin letter with a usually superscript lowercase letter, sometimes underlined, resembling the masculine ordinal indicator . The ligature has a code point in Unicode as a precomposed character, .


title: Numero sign

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" derives the numero sign from Latin , the ablative form of ("number", with the ablative denotations of "by the number, with the number"). In Romance languages, the numero sign is understood as an abbreviation of the word for "number", e.g. Italian , French , and Portuguese and Spanish" ".


title: Numero sign

text: This article describes other typographical abbreviations for "number" in different languages, in addition to the numero sign proper.


title: Numero sign

text: The numero sign as a single glyph, despite its widespread usage internationally, is not a standard keyboard symbol in virtually any European language. Its substitution by the two separate letters and is common. A capital or lower-case "n" may be used, followed by "o.", superscript "o", ordinal indicator, or the degree sign; this will be understood in most languages.


title: Numero sign

text: In Bulgarian the numero sign is often used and it is present in three widely used keyboard layouts accessible with in BDS and prBDS and with on the Phonetic layout.


title: Numero sign

text: In English, the non-ligature form is typical and is often used to abbreviate the word "number". In North America, the number sign, , is more prevalent. The ligature form does not appear on British or American QWERTY keyboards.


title: Numero sign

text: The numero symbol is not in common use in France and does not appear on a standard AZERTY keyboard. Instead, the French Imprimerie nationale recommends the use of the form "n" (an "n" followed by a superscript lowercase "o"). The plural form "n" can also be used. In practice, the "o" is often replaced by the degree symbol (°), which is visually similar to the superscript "o" and is easily accessible on an AZERTY keyboard.


title: Numero sign

text: "Nomor" in Indonesian and "nombor" in Malaysian; therefore "No." is commonly used as an abbreviation with standard spelling and full stop.


title: Numero sign

text: The sign is usually replaced with the abbreviations "n." or "nº", the latter using a masculine ordinal indicator, rather than a superscript "O".


title: Numero sign

text: Because of more than three centuries of Spanish colonisation, the word "número" is found in almost all Philippine languages. "No." is its common notation in local languages as well as English.


title: Numero sign

text: In Portuguse the notation "n.º" is mandatorily used with a period after the letter “n”. However, it is frequent to see the misusage without the period.


title: Numero sign

text: Although the letter is not in the Cyrillic alphabet, the numero sign is typeset in Russian publishing, and is available on Russian computer and typewriter keyboards.


title: Numero sign

text: The numero sign is very widely used in Russia and other post-Soviet states in many official and casual contexts. Examples include usage for law and other official documents numbering, names of institutions (hospitals, kindergartens, schools, libraries, organization departments and so on), numbering of periodical publications (such as newspapers and magazines), numbering of public transport routes, etc.


title: Numero sign

text: "№ п/п" ("", "sequential number") is universally used as a table header to denote a column containing the table row number.


title: Numero sign

text: The № sign is sometimes used in Russian medical prescriptions (which according to the law must be written in Latin language) as an abbreviation for the Latin word "numero" to indicate the number of prescribed dosages (for example, tablets or capsules), and on the price tags in drugstores and pharmacy websites to indicate number of unit doses in drug packages, although the standard abbreviation for use in prescriptions is the Latin


title: Numero sign

text: The numero sign is not typically used in Iberian Spanish, and it is not present on standard keyboard layouts. According to the Real Academia Española and the Fundéu BBVA, the word "número" (number) is abbreviated per the Spanish typographic convention of "letras voladas" ("flying letters"). The first letter(s) of the word to be abbreviated are followed by a period; then, the final letter(s) of the word are written as lowercase superscripts. This gives the abbreviations n. (singular) and n. (plural). The abbreviation "no." is not used, because it might be mistaken for the Spanish word "no" (no, not). Furthermore, nro. and núm. are also acceptable abbreviations for "número". The numero sign either as a one-character symbol (№) or composed of the letter N plus the superscript "o" character (sometimes underlined or substituted by ordinal indicator º) is common in Latin America, where the interpolated period is sometimes not used in abbreviations.


title: Numero sign

text: In some languages, "Nr.", "nr.", "nr" or "NR" is used instead, reflecting the abbreviation of the language's word for "number". German ' is represented this way, and this language capitalises all nouns and abbreviations of nouns. Lithuanian uses it as well, and it is usually capitalised in bureaucratic contexts, especially with the meaning "reference number" (such as ', "contract No.") but in other contexts it follows the usual sentence capitalisation (such as "tel. nr.", abbreviation for "", "telephone number"). It is most commonly lowercase in other languages, such as Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Estonian and Swedish. Some languages, such as Polish, omit the dot in abbreviations, if the last letter of the original word is present in the abbreviation.


title: Numero sign

text: On typewriters and computers that do not support this symbol, it is acceptable and commonplace to replace it with the trigraph "No." (letter "N", letter "o", and a period (full stop)).


title: Numero sign

text: On typewriters and computers that support the degree symbol a digraph "N°" may be used. If the masculine ordinal indicator is available, the better digraph "Nº" may be used. These result in a passable approximation of the numero sign, but a consistent notation must be used in digital data which must be searchable.


title: Numero sign

text: In macOS, the character can be typed using "U.S. Extended" and "Irish Extended" keyboard layouts by typing . As of macOS 10.13, this combination does not yield the numero symbol when "U.S." or "U.S. International" is chosen. It will only yield the numero symbol when "ABC – Extended" is chosen as the input keyboard.


title: Numero sign

text: In X11 (and related, like Linux) systems with a compose key, the character can be typed using , , . Alternatively standard XIM style can be used: then .


title: Numero sign

text: In Microsoft Windows and HTML in general, the numero sign can be entered by the Unicode input methods codice_1 or codice_2.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Jackass 3D (known as Jackass 3 on home media) is a 2010 American 3D reality comedy film directed by Jeff Tremaine. It is the third installment in the "Jackass" film series, and the sequel to "Jackass Number Two" (2006). The film stars the regular "Jackass" cast of Johnny Knoxville, Bam Margera, Ryan Dunn, Steve-O, Dave England, Wee Man, Preston Lacy, Danger Ehren, and Chris Pontius. This is the last "Jackass" film to feature Dunn before his death in 2011 and Margera as a principal member before his departure in 2020 (Margera is briefly in "Jackass Forever"). This is also the last "Jackass" film to feature a guest appearance by Rip Taylor, who died in October 2019.


title: Jackass 3D

text: The film was theatrically released in the United States in the 3D format on October 15, 2010, by Paramount Pictures, marking the tenth anniversary of the "Jackass" television series. It received generally positive reviews from critics. The film grossed $171.7 million worldwide against a production budget of $20 million. A sequel, titled "Jackass Forever", was released on February 4, 2022 to positive reviews.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Unused material of the film was released on a separate movie titled "Jackass 3.5", which was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 14, 2011.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Beavis and Butt-Head open the film with an explaination of 3D technology; in a matter typical for the characters, they start arguing and quickly get into a slap-fight, with several of the moves especially animated to come out of the screen in a 3D setting. The opening sequence features the members lining up, standing in each color of the rainbow while an opera version of the "Jackass" theme song "Corona" plays. Once Johnny Knoxville introduces the film, each cast member does small stunts by various objects in slow-motion to "The Kids are Back" by Twisted Sister. The opening sequence, as well as many of the stunts, were filmed with Phantom high speed cameras which shoot at 1,000 frames per second.


title: Jackass 3D

text: The most notable stunts and pranks include; Johnny Knoxville being camouflage-painted as a bull charges at him, Bam Margera falling into a pit filled with snakes, Ryan Dunn playing the tuba while a male sheep rams him, Steve-O drinking Preston Lacy's sweat after riding an elliptical, Wee Man participating in a bar brawl with other little people, Preston Lacy getting a football kicked against his face, Chris Pontius flying an RC helicopter as it's tied to his penis, Ehren McGhehey getting his crooked tooth pulled by Bam's Lamborghini, and Dave England playing tetherball with a beehive against Steve-O.


title: Jackass 3D

text: The final stunt involves Steve-O being launched in the air while inside a port-a-potty connected to bungee cords. The following closing skit is done in a similar fashion as the introduction, as Knoxville announces he's about to "end the movie", then triggers an old-fashioned dynamite plunger; after the rest of the crew is disappointed by the initial explosion being a mere puff of air out of a nearby piñata, everything in the room is destroyed in a series of large explosions as the blown-up objects are thrown at the cast (like the opening, all shown in slow-motion) to the tune of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. After the explosions are finished, the cast members are flushed away by a wave pool. As in the past two "Jackass" films, comedian Rip Taylor makes an appearance before the credits roll, celebrating the end of the film in overly dramatic fashion.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Notable exceptions are former "Jackass" mainstays Brandon DiCamillo, who had a falling out with cast member Bam Margera, and Raab Himself, who was recovering from alcoholism and drug addiction.


title: Jackass 3D

text: In December 2009, director Jeff Tremaine began doing camera tests with the 3D equipment. In that same month, Johnny Knoxville announced the return of the entire cast of the previous two movies. According to "Deadline Hollywood", a stunt called "The Heli-cockter" was filmed and shown to Paramount executives in its 3D format to greenlight the project. Chris Pontius tethered a remote control-operated helicopter to his penis, and grinned while he swung it around.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Filming of the stunts began on January 25, 2010, Tremaine filmed the crew on private property unlike the traditional Jackass fashion of filming in the streets (although in the film, several skits/pranks were shot in public), and it includes "occasional forays to foreign countries." Bam Margera told the Artisan News Service that the movie was 70% done and half the crew had been to the hospital with Margera having "three broken ribs and a broken shoulder and a twisted ankle as we speak." During filming, recurring guest cast member Loomis Fall suffered a compound fracture of his clavicle after an improper landing during a stunt involving an umbrella and a jet engine.


title: Jackass 3D

text: On the subject of the stunts, director Jeff Tremaine said he was aiming to revamp most of the old stunts from the original show into the movie (example: the "Poo Cocktail Supreme" is based on a stunt originally done by Knoxville on the television show). The stunt, "The Lamborghini Tooth Pull" was originally shot for "Jackass Number Two" with Margera's uncle, Vincent Margera (also known as Don Vito) but after Margera's arrest back in 2006, the stunt was pulled from the final cut of the movie and was not shown in "Jackass 2.5", so it was re-shot with Ehren McGhehey for this film, and the elder Margera was declared persona non grata among the cast and crew for a time.


title: Jackass 3D

text: In April 2010, JackassWorld.com was closed, leaving a posting that said "gone filmin'," and "Thanks for the support the past two years. To keep abreast and adick of all things related to the world of jackass and Dickhouse (including the currently in production flick jackass 3D), follow us on Facebook and Twitter." In an interview with Rick Kosick, he revealed that JackassWorld.com will no longer be a web site after the movie releases. Despite this, it was relaunched as the main website for Dickhouse Productions.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Cameraman Lance Bangs explains the transition from television to cinema screen: "It's utterly crazy. Everything in 3-D looks as brightly colored as candy. I'm a cameraman on it, and it's amazing to watch the footage being turned 3-D, like watching everything through a viewfinder." He later went on to say, "I thought I was above peer pressure, but there's such camaraderie. I took part in a few stunts and ended up humiliated and hurt — me, the poetic film-maker friend of Spike Jonze."


title: Jackass 3D

text: In late May 2010, Knoxville stated that Steve-O's sobriety was at its best and, "[t]here is no beer on set this time around even if some of us wish there was." He also said, "And to be honest it's going great. Everyone has had different injuries throughout which is a good sign and Steve-O is probably getting the best footage out of everybody. He is really going for it. He wants to prove to everyone he can do these stunts sober. It's been two years since he had a drink now. Everyone has been real supportive of him."


title: Jackass 3D

text: At the 2010 MTV Movie Awards, Tremaine said filming was nearly finished but they had not shot internationally yet but intended to shoot "a couple of bits".


title: Jackass 3D

text: An injury to cast member Bam Margera forced a rewrite for the beginning of the movie. On June 12, 2010, Margera was beaten on the head with a bat by a 59-year-old African-American woman outside of his bar, The Note. The woman alleged Bam called her a "nigger" and that she was offended, but did not hit him. When Margera was approached by TMZ two days after the incident, he told them he "never used the n-word" and that "[the lady] attacked me times before". He explained:


title: Jackass 3D

text: Margera added in the same interview that the opening sequence is being shot with Phantom high speed cameras, which record at 1,000 frames per second to produce hyper-slow motion, similar to the opening sequence of "Zombieland". Appropriately, make-up effects designer Tony Gardner, creator of the zombie hordes for "Zombieland," was a designer for all of the "Jackass" films.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Deleted scenes that were filmed but got cut out of "Jackass 3D" and "Jackass 3.5" include; "BB Gun Nipple Piercing" where Wee Man shoots Steve-O in the nipple with a BB gun; "Bed Sled" where Chris Pontius and Dave England slide down a snowy mountain on an inflatable bed; "Soda Enema" where Johnny Knoxville puts pepper mint candies in a cola bottle which explodes into Bam Margera's ass; "Super Mighty Glue Goatee" where Knoxville puts super mighty glue on his chin and sticks it to Phil Margera's hairy chest; "Banana Gauntlet" where Wee Man, Dave, and Bam slide on a lubed up table with banana peels while they're dressed up as gorillas, and trying to avoid the bananas that are swinging in their way; and "Piss Drink" where Steve-O uses Knoxville's catheter for Knoxville's torn urethra as a straw to drink his piss. Some of these deleted scenes are briefly shown in the credits of "Jackass 3D" or "Jackass 3.5". Steve-O uploaded the full "BB Gun Nipple Piercing" to his YouTube channel.


title: Jackass 3D

text: "Jackass 3D" earned $117.2 million in North America, and $53.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $170.3 million. It is the highest-grossing film of the series worldwide and separately in North America and overseas.


title: Jackass 3D

text: In the United States, the film had a record opening day for a fall release movie ($22 million), and posted a record October midnight opening ($2.5 million). It then held the record for the highest opening weekend gross in the month of October as well as the Fall season ($50.4 million) for one year until "Paranormal Activity 3" claimed it in 2011 with a weekend gross of $52.6 million. Based on early outperforming predictions it would earn $30 million. It marked the highest-grossing opening weekend of the franchise, ahead of "" ($22.8 million) and "Jackass Number Two" ($29 million). 3D accounted for a whopping 90% of its opening weekend gross; however, it still improved on the attendance of its predecessors. It then earned $65.6 million in its first week, which marked the largest Fall opening week of all time. It closed in theaters on January 20, 2011, with $117.2 million. The film made more overseas than both its predecessors combined. Its highest-grossing country, outside North America, was Australia ($9.9 million).


title: Jackass 3D

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 65% based on 110 reviews, and an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "The Jackass gang might be running out of gross-out stunts, but this installment contains plenty of brilliantly brain-dead comedy – and the 3-D adds a pungent new dimension." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B grade. He notes that the audience wants to see Knoxville and the boys top themselves, and ultimately they achieve that. Gleiberman described the 3D as "the usual big nothing" and fails entirely to make the film any more disgusting.


title: Jackass 3D

text: "Washington Post" critic Dan Kois described the film as "a touching ode to male friendship at its most primal" and describes the atmosphere as one of "infectious bonhomie". He sarcastically asks viewers if they are "highbrow" enough for "Jackass 3D". He notes the apprehension of the performers before the stunts is nearly as exciting as the stunts themselves. Kois shows his appreciation not just for the stunts but also the way in which they are repeated in slow motion. He gives the film 3/4 stars. Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" criticizes the film describing it as "reductive, insanely violent slapstick" but he accepts that is the idea. Roger Moore of the "Orlando Sentinel" complains that the performers "aren't getting better, they're getting older" and the stunts that were cute ten years ago now seem forced and a little desperate.


title: Jackass 3D

text: The DVD and Blu-ray versions of "Jackass 3D" were released on March 8, 2011, in three different versions. The first version is a Blu-ray/DVD combo pack with a digital copy; the second is a limited-edition two-disc DVD pack, and the third copy is a single-disc DVD. The special features on the Blu-ray/DVD combo pack include 11 deleted scenes and 29 outtakes, while the DVD versions include 2 deleted scenes and 5 outtakes. All versions include the MTV making-of special and a trailer. With the Blu-ray/DVD combo pack and the limited edition two-disc DVD pack, the second disc includes an anaglyphic 3D version of the movie (four pairs of glasses were provided). No true Blu-ray 3D version has been made available to date. Jackass 3D is exclusively available for rent on 3DTVs which support the 3DGO! streaming app, as well as through VR platforms through Bigscreen VR.


title: Jackass 3D

text: "Jackass 3.5" was a home media version with additional footage. The film was compiled from outtakes shot during the making of the third film and released in weekly installments on Joost from April 1 through June 13, 2011. The first trailer was originally released online on January 27, 2011, and the feature-length movie was released on Blu-ray and DVD on June 14, 2011, less than a week before Ryan Dunn's death.


title: Jackass 3D

text: In describing the sequel in an interview conducted prior to "Jackass 3D"s theatrical release, Johnny Knoxville said, "We shot two movies worth of material." Originally, Knoxville said the film might be ready for a Christmas 2010 DVD release, but it was reported in late October that the film would not be released until after Christmas.


title: Jackass 3D

text: The television premiere for "Jackass 3.5" was June 9 on MTV, which was followed by an encore on MTV2 on June 10. Notably, it was shown on November 28, 2011, after the "Tribute to Ryan Dunn" on MTV.


title: Jackass 3D

text: The DVD was released in Australia on August 3 as part of an eight-disc box-set which also includes the other movies, all three volumes of the television series and the "Lost Tapes". The film was released as a separate disc on September 1. The set was also published in the United States & Canada in 2016, omitting the series (already released on DVD there), but including the 3 main films, as well as the three "Jackass .5" films, plus "Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa" and its ".5" film.


title: Jackass 3D

text: In March 2012, Johnny Knoxville discussed the possibility of a fourth film, saying "we're keeping our mind open" and "I've got 50–60 ideas on top of all the stuff we didn't get to shoot." Then in June 2012, it was reported Paramount "registered several domains for a film that would be called "Bad Grandpa"."


title: Jackass 3D

text: During Bam Margera's September 18, 2012 interview on "The Howard Stern Show" about "Jackass" he said: "There's going to be a whole movie about Knoxville's grandpa character."


title: Jackass 3D

text: "Bad Grandpa" was officially announced in July 2013 and released on October 25, 2013, exactly 11 years after the release of the first film. The film was dedicated to cast member Ryan Dunn who died in 2011 following a fatal car crash.


title: Jackass 3D

text: Jackass 3D: Music from the Motion Picture was released via a link to Punknews.org on the official "Jackass" Facebook page. Karen O of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs returns again to contribute toward the soundtrack (like "Jackass Number Two").


title: Jackass 3D

text: In August 2010, Rivers Cuomo confirmed that the song "Memories" performed by Weezer will be featured in the film.


title: Jackass 3D

text: CKY also announced that they created an exclusive track for the movie, titled "Afterworld". The single was released on September 30, 2010.


title: Metro Detroit

text: The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is a major metropolitan area in the U.S. State of Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and its surrounding area. There are varied definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, a federal agency of the United States. Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, food, cultural diversity and sports. The area includes a variety of natural landscapes, , and beaches, with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes. Metro Detroit also has one of the largest metropolitan economies in America with seventeen Fortune 500 companies.


title: Metro Detroit

text: The Detroit Urban Area, which serves as the metropolitan area's core, ranks as the 11th most populous in the United States, with a population of 3,734,090 as of the 2010 census and an area of . This urbanized area covers parts of the counties of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne. These counties are sometimes referred to as the Detroit Tri-County Area and had a population of 3,862,888 as of the 2010 census with an area of .


title: Metro Detroit

text: The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a federal agency of the United States, defines the Detroit–Warren–Dearborn Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as the six counties of Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 4,296,250 with an area of .


title: Metro Detroit

text: The nine county area designated by the OMB as the Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor Combined Statistical Area (CSA) includes the Detroit–Warren–Dearborn MSA and the three additional counties of Genesee, Monroe, and Washtenaw (which include the metropolitan areas of Flint, Monroe, and Ann Arbor, respectively). It had a population of 5,318,744 as of the 2010 census, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States, covering an area of . Lenawee County was removed from the CSA in 2000, but added back in 2013.


title: Metro Detroit

text: With the adjacent city of Windsor, Ontario, and its suburbs, the combined Detroit–Windsor area has a population of about 5.7 million. When the nearby Toledo metropolitan area and its commuters are taken into account, the region constitutes a much larger population center. An estimated 46 million people live within a radius of Detroit proper. Metro Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Conan Smith, a businessperson quoted in a 2012 article by "The Ann Arbor News", stated the most significant reason Washtenaw County, including Ann Arbor, is not often included in definitions of Metro Detroit is that there is a "lack of affinity that Washtenaw County as a whole has with Wayne County and Detroit or Oakland County and Macomb". Ann Arbor is nearly 43 miles by car from Downtown Detroit, and developed separately as a university city, with its own character. Smith said that county residents "just don't yet see ourselves as a natural part of that [Detroit] region, so I think it feels a little forced to a lot of people, and they're scared about it".


title: Metro Detroit

text: Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a major center of commerce and global trade, most notably as home to America's 'Big Three' automobile companies: General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. Detroit's six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) has a population of about 4.3 million and a workforce of about 2.1 million. In December 2017, the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate at 4.2%. The Detroit MSA had a Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) of $252.7 billion as of September 2017.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and hydrogen fuel cell development.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Metro Detroit is one of the leading health care economies in the U.S., according to a 2003 study measuring health care industry components, with the region's hospital sector ranked fourth in the nation.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest US city to offer casino resort hotels. Caesars Windsor, Canada's largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Hollywood Casino in the city. The casino hotels contribute significant tax revenue along with thousands of jobs for residents. Gaming revenues have grown steadily, with Detroit ranked as the fifth-largest gambling market in the United States for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included, Detroit's gambling market ranks either third or fourth.


title: Metro Detroit

text: There are about four thousand factories in the area. The domestic auto industry is primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. The area is an important source of engineering job opportunities. A rise in automated manufacturing using robotic technology has created related industries in the area.


title: Metro Detroit

text: A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Detroit–Windsor region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the city's international border crossing.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Detroit automakers and local manufacturers have made significant restructurings in response to market competition. GM made its initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010, after bankruptcy, bailout, and restructuring by the federal government. Domestic automakers reported significant profits in 2010, interpreted by some analysts as the beginning of an industry rebound and an economic recovery for the Detroit area.


title: Metro Detroit

text: The region's nine-county area, with its population of 5.3 million, has a workforce of about 2.6 million and about 247,000 businesses. Fourteen Fortune 500 companies are based in metropolitan Detroit. In April 2015, the metropolitan Detroit unemployment rate was 5.1 percent, a rate lower than the New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta metropolitan areas.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Metro Detroit has made Michigan's economy a leader in information technology, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. Michigan ranks fourth nationally in high-tech employment with 568,000 high-tech workers, including 70,000 in the automotive industry.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Michigan typically ranks second or third in overall Research & development (R&D) expenditures in the United States. Metro Detroit is an important source of engineering and high-tech job opportunities. As the home of the "Big Three" American automakers (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler), it is the world's traditional automotive center and a key pillar of the U.S. economy. In the 2010s, the domestic auto industry accounts, directly and indirectly, for one of ten jobs in the United States, making it a significant component for economic recovery.


title: Metro Detroit

text: For 2010, the domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.


title: Metro Detroit

text: Metro Detroit serves as the headquarters for the United States Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command (TACOM), with Selfridge Air National Guard Base. Detroit Metropolitan Airport (DTW) is one of America's largest and most recently modernized facilities, with six major runways, Boeing 747 maintenance facilities, and an attached Westin Hotel and Conference Center.