title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: Prior to the 1897 Supreme Court case "Robertson v. Baldwin", the federal courts had been silent on the issue of concealed carry. In the from a maritime law case, the Supreme Court commented that state laws restricting concealed weapons do not infringe upon the right to bear arms protected by the federal Second Amendment. However, in the context of such rulings, open carry of firearms was generally unrestricted in the jurisdictions in question, which provided an alternative means of "bearing" arms.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: In the majority decision in the 2008 Supreme Court case of "District of Columbia v. Heller", Justice Antonin Scalia wrote;


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: "Heller" was a landmark case because for the first time in United States history a Supreme Court decision defined the right to bear arms as constitutionally guaranteed to private citizens rather than a right restricted to "well regulated militia[s]". The Justices asserted that sensible restrictions on the right to bear arms are constitutional, however, an outright ban on a specific type of firearm, in this case handguns, was in fact unconstitutional. The Heller decision is limited because it only applies to federal enclaves such as the District of Columbia. In 2010, the SCOTUS expanded Heller in "McDonald v. Chicago" incorporating the 2nd Amendment through the 14th Amendment as applying to local and state laws. Various Circuit Courts have upheld their local and state laws using intermediate scrutiny. The correct standard is strict scrutiny review for all "fundamental" and "individual" rights. On June 28, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the handgun ban enacted by the city of Chicago, Illinois, in "McDonald v. Chicago", effectively extending the Heller decision to states and local governments nationwide. Banning handguns in any jurisdiction has the effect of rendering invalid any licensed individual's right to carry concealed in that area except for federally exempted retired and current law enforcement officers and other government employees acting in the discharge of their official duties.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in "New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen", that the Second Amendment does protect "an individual's right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home." The case struck down New York's strict law requiring people to show "proper cause" in order to get a concealed weapons permit, and could affect similar laws in other states such as California, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. Shortly after the Supreme Court ruling, the attorney generals of each of California, Hawaii (concealed carry licenses only), Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island (permits issued by municipalities only) issued guidance that their "proper cause" or similar requirements would no longer be enforced.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: Even when self-defense is justified, there can be serious civil or criminal liabilities related to self-defense when a concealed carry permit holder brandishes or fires their weapon. For example, if innocent bystanders are hurt or killed, there could be both civil and criminal liabilities even if the use of deadly force was completely justified. Some states technically allow an assailant who is shot by a gun owner to bring civil action. In some states, liability is present when a resident brandishes the weapon, threatens use, or exacerbates a volatile situation, or when the resident is carrying while intoxicated. It is important to note that simply pointing a firearm at any person constitutes felony assault with a deadly weapon unless circumstances validate a demonstration of force. A majority of states who allow concealed carry, however, forbid suits being brought in such cases, either by barring lawsuits for damages resulting from a criminal act on the part of the plaintiff, or by granting the gun owner immunity from such a civil suit if it is found that they were justified in shooting.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: Simultaneously, increased passage of "Castle Doctrine" laws allow persons who own firearms and/or carry them concealed to use them without first attempting to retreat. The "Castle Doctrine" typically applies to situations within the confines of one's own home. Nevertheless, many states have adopted escalation of force laws along with provisions for concealed carry. These include the necessity to first verbally warn a trespasser or lay hands on a trespasser before a shooting is justified (unless the trespasser is armed or assumed to be so). This escalation of force does not apply if the shooter reasonably believes a violent felony has been or is about to be committed on the property by the trespasser. Additionally some states have a duty to retreat provision which requires a permit holder, especially in public places, to vacate themself from a potentially dangerous situation before resorting to deadly force. The duty to retreat does not restrictively apply in a person's home or business though escalation of force may be required. In 1895 the Supreme Court ruled in "Beard v. United States" that if an individual does not provoke an assault and is residing in a place they have a right to be, then they may use considerable force against someone they reasonably believe may do them serious harm without being charged with murder or manslaughter should that person be killed. Further, in Texas and California homicide is justifiable solely in defense of property. In other states, lethal force is authorized only when serious harm is presumed to be imminent.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: Even given these relaxed restrictions on use of force, using a handgun must still be a last resort in some jurisdictions; meaning the user must reasonably believe that nothing short of deadly force will protect the life or property at stake in a situation. Additionally, civil liabilities for errors that cause harm to others still exist, although civil immunity is provided in the Castle Doctrine laws of some states (e.g., Texas).


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: Criminal possession of a weapon is the unlawful possession of a weapon by a citizen. Many societies both past and present have placed restrictions on what forms of weaponry private citizens (and to a lesser extent police) are allowed to purchase, own, and carry in public. Such crimes are public order crimes and are considered "mala prohibita", in that the possession of a weapon in and of itself is not evil. Rather, the "potential" for use in acts of unlawful violence creates a possible need to control them. Some restrictions are strict liability, whereas others require some element of intent to use the weapon for an illegal purpose. Some regulations allow a citizen to obtain a permit or other authorization to possess the weapon under certain circumstances. Lawful uses of weapons by civilians commonly include hunting, sport, collection and self-preservation.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: The penalties for carrying a firearm in an unlawful manner varies widely from state-to-state, and may range from a simple infraction punishable by a fine to a felony conviction and mandatory incarceration. An individual may also be charged and convicted of criminal charges other than unlawful possession of a firearm, such as assault, disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, or trespassing. In the case of an individual with no prior criminal convictions, the state of Tennessee classifies the unlawful concealed carry of a loaded handgun as a Class C misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of 30 days imprisonment and/or a $500 fine. While in New York State, a similar crime committed by an individual with no criminal convictions is classified as a Class D felony, punishable by a mandatory minimum of 3.5 years imprisonment, to a maximum of 7 years. As New York State does not recognize any pistol permits issued in other states, the statute would apply to any individual who does not have a valid New York State issued concealed carry permit, even if such individual has a valid permit issued in another jurisdiction. In addition, the New York State statutory definition of a "loaded firearm" differs significantly from what may be commonly understood, as simply possessing any ammunition along with a weapon capable of firing such ammunition satisfies the legal definition of a loaded firearm in New York. The large variability of state carry laws has resulted in confusing circumstances where a person in Vermont (which requires no license of any kind to carry a concealed weapon by anyone who is not prohibited by law), could unwittingly travel into the adjacent state of New York, where such individual, despite acting entirely within the law of Vermont, would then face a mandatory 3.5 year prison sentence simply for accidentally crossing the state's border into New York. These circumstances are aggravated by the fact that many NYS police departments as well as the New York State Police do not recognize the protections granted federally under the Firearm Owners Protection Act, which was intended to prevent such prosecutions.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: Research has had mixed results, indicating variously that right-to-carry laws have no impact on violent crime, that they increase violent crime, and that they decrease violent crime.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: A comprehensive 2004 review of the existing literature by the National Academy of Sciences found that the results of existing studies were sensitive to the specification and time period examined, and concluded that a causal link between right-to-carry laws and crime rates cannot be shown. Quinnipiac University economist Mark Gius summarized literature published between 1993 and 2005, and found that ten papers suggested that permissive CCW laws reduce crime, one paper suggested they increase crime, and nine papers showed no definitive results. A 2017 review of the existing literature concluded, "Given the most recent evidence, we conclude with considerable confidence that deregulation of gun carrying over the last four decades has undermined public safety—which is to say that restricting concealed carry is one gun regulation that appears to be effective." A 2016 study in the "European Economic Review" which examined the conflicting claims in the existing literature concluded that the evidence CCW either increases or decreases crime on average "seems weak"; the study's model found "some support to the law having a negative (but with a positive trend) effect on property crimes, and a small but positive (and increasing) effect on violent crimes". The "Washington Post" fact-checker concluded that it could not state that CCW laws reduced crime, as the evidence was murky and in dispute. In a 2017 article in the journal "Science," Stanford University law professor John Donohue and Duke University economist Philip J. Cook write that "there is an emerging consensus that, on balance, the causal effect of deregulating concealed carry (by replacing a restrictive law with an RTC law) has been to increase violent crime". Donohue and Cook argue that the crack epidemic made it difficult to determine the causal effects of CCW laws and that this made earlier results inconclusive; recent research does not suffer the same challenges with causality. A 2018 RAND review of the literature concluded that concealed carry either has no impact on crime or that it may increase violent crime. The review said, "We found no qualifying studies showing that concealed-carry laws decreased [violent crime]."


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: A 2020 study in "PNAS" found that right-to-carry laws were associated with higher firearm deaths. A 2019 panel study published in the "Journal of General Internal Medicine" by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that “shall issue" concealed carry laws were associated with a 9% increase in homicides. A 2019 study in the "American Journal of Public Health" found that greater restrictions on concealed carry laws were associated with decreases in workplace homicide rates. Another 2019 study in the "American Journal of Public Health" found that states with right-to-carry laws were associated with a 29% higher rate of firearm workplace homicides. A 2019 study in the "Journal of Empirical Legal Studies" found that right-to-carry laws led to an increase in overall violent crime. A 2017 study in the "American Journal of Public Health" found that "shall-issue laws" (where concealed carry permits must be given if criteria are met) "are associated with significantly higher rates of total, firearm-related, and handgun-related homicide" than "may-issue laws" (where local law enforcement have discretion over who can get a concealed carry permit). A 2011 study found that aggravated assaults increase when concealed carry laws are adopted.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: A 2019 study in "Journal of American College of Surgeons" found "no statistically significant association between the liberalization of state level firearm carry legislation over the last 30 years and the rates of homicides or other violent crime." This is also in line with a 1997 study researching county level data from 1977 to 1992 concluding that allowing citizens to carry concealed weapons deters violent crimes and it appears to produce no increase in accidental deaths. A 2018 study in "The Review of Economics and Statistics" found that the impact of right-to-carry laws was mixed and changed over time. RTC laws increased some crimes over some periods while decreasing other crimes over other periods. The study suggested that conclusions drawn in other studies are highly dependent on the time periods that are studied, the types of models that are adopted and the assumptions that are made. A 2015 study that looked at issuance rates of concealed-carry permits and changes in violent crime by county-level in four shall-issue states found no increases or decreases in violent crime rates with changes in permit issuances. A 2019 study in the "International Review of Law and Economics" found that with one method, right-to-carry laws had no impact on violent crime, but with another method led to an increase in violent crime; neither method showed that right-to-carry laws led to a reduction in crime. A 2003 study found no significant changes in violent crime rates amongst 58 Florida counties with increases of concealed-carry permits. A 2004 study found no significant association between homicide rates and shall-issue concealed carry laws.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: A 2013 study of eight years of Texas data found that concealed handgun licensees were much less likely to be convicted of crimes than were nonlicensees. The same study found that licensees' convictions were more likely to be for less common crimes, "such as sexual offenses, gun offenses, or offenses involving a death." A 2020 study in "Applied Economics Letters" examining concealed-carry permits per capita by state found a significant negative effect on violent crime rates. A 2016 study found a significant negative effect on violent crime rates with passage of shall-issue laws. A 2017 study in "Applied Economics Letters" found that property crime decreased in Chicago after the implementation of the shall issue concealed carry law. A 2014 "Applied Economics Letters" study found states with more permissive conceal carry laws had lower murder rates than states with restrictive laws. Another 2014 study found that RTC laws by state significantly reduce homicide rates.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: In 1996, economists John R. Lott, Jr. and David B. Mustard analyzed crime data in all 3,054 counties in the United States from 1977 to 1992, finding counties that had shall-issue licensing laws overall saw murders decrease by 7.65 percent, rapes decrease by 5.2 percent, aggravated assaults decrease by 7 percent and robberies decrease by 2.2 percent. The study was widely disputed by numerous economists. The 2004 National Academy of Sciences panel reviewing the research on the subject concluded, with one dissenting panelist, that the Lott and Mustard study was unreliable. Georgetown University Professor Jens Ludwig, Daniel Nagin of Carnegie Mellon University and Dan A. Black of the University of Chicago in "The Journal of Legal Studies", said of the Lott-Mustard study, "once Florida is removed from the sample, there is no longer any detectable impact of right-to-carry laws on the rates of murder and rape".


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: A 2022 study examining the Sullivan Act of 1911 found that the law had no impact on overall homicide rates, reduced overall suicide rates, and caused large and sustained decrease in gun-related suicide rates.


title: Concealed carry in the United States

text: In 2016 FBI analyzed 40 "active shooter incidents" in 2014 and 2015 where bystanders were put in peril in on-going incidents that could be affected by police or citizen response. Six incidents were successfully ended when citizens intervened. In two stops citizens restrained the shooters, one unarmed, one with pepper spray. In two stops at schools, the shooters were confronted by teachers: one shooter disarmed, one committed suicide. In two stops citizens with firearms permits exchanged gunfire with the shooter. In a failed stop attempt, a citizen with a firearms permit was killed by the shooter. In 2018 the FBI analyzed 50 active shooter incidents in 2016 and 2017. This report focused on policies to neutralize active shooters to save lives. In 10 incidents citizens confronted an active shooter. In eight incidents the citizens stopped the shooter. Four stops involved unarmed citizens who confronted and restrained or blocked the shooter or talked the shooter into surrender. Four stops involved citizens with firearms permits: two exchanged gunfire with a shooter and two detained the shooter at gunpoint for arrest by responding police. Of the two failed stops, one involved a permit holder who exchanged gunfire with the shooter but the shooter fled and continued shooting and the other involved a permit holder who was wounded by the shooter. "Armed and unarmed citizens engaged the shooter in 10 incidents. They safely and successfully ended the shootings in eight of those incidents. Their selfless actions likely saved many lives."


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Candida is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of hosts including humans; however, when mucosal barriers are disrupted or the immune system is compromised they can invade and cause disease, known as an opportunistic infection. Candida is located on most mucosal surfaces and mainly the gastrointestinal tract, along with the skin. "Candida albicans" is the most commonly isolated species and can cause infections (candidiasis or thrush) in humans and other animals. In winemaking, some species of "Candida" can potentially spoil wines.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Many species are found in gut flora, including "C. albicans" in mammalian hosts, whereas others live as endosymbionts in insect hosts. Systemic infections of the bloodstream and major organs (candidemia or invasive candidiasis), particularly in patients with an impaired immune system (immunocompromised), affect over 90,000 people a year in the US.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Antibiotics promote yeast (fungal) infections, including gastrointestinal (GI) "Candida" overgrowth and penetration of the GI mucosa. While women are more susceptible to genital yeast infections, men can also be infected. Certain factors, such as prolonged antibiotic use, increase the risk for both men and women. People with diabetes or the immunocompromised, such as those infected with HIV, are more susceptible to yeast infections.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: "Candida antarctica" and "Candida rugosa" are a source of industrially important lipases, while "Candida krusei" is prominently used to ferment cacao during chocolate production. "Candida rugosa" is also used as an enzyme supplement to support fat digestion with its broad specificity for lipid hydrolysis.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: When grown in a laboratory, "Candida" appears as large, round, white or cream ("albicans" means "whitish" in Latin) colonies, which emit a yeasty odor on agar plates at room temperature.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: "C. albicans" ferments glucose and maltose to acid and gas, sucrose to acid, and does not ferment lactose, which helps to distinguish it from other "Candida" species.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Recent molecular phylogenetic studies show that the genus "Candida", as currently defined, is extremely polyphyletic (encompassing distantly-related species that do not form a natural group). Before the advent of inexpensive molecular methods, yeasts that were isolated from infected patients were often called "Candida" without clear evidence of relationship to other "Candida" species. For example, "Candida glabrata", "Candida guilliermondii", and "Candida lusitaniae" are clearly misclassified and will be placed in other genera once phylogenetic reorganization is complete (for example, see Khunnamwong "et al." 2015).


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Some species of "Candida" use a non-standard genetic code in the translation of their nuclear genes into the amino acid sequences of polypeptides. The difference in the genetic code between species possessing this alternative code is that the codon CUG (normally encoding the amino acid leucine) is translated by the yeast as a different amino acid, serine. The alternative translation of the CUG codon in these species is due to a novel nucleic acid sequence in the serine-tRNA (ser-tRNACAG), which has a guanosine located at position 33, 5' to the anticodon. In all other tRNAs, this position is normally occupied by a pyrimidine (often uridine). This genetic code change is the only such known alteration in cytoplasmic mRNA, in both the prokaryotes, and the eukaryotes, involving the reassignment of a sense codon. This novel genetic code may be a mechanism for more rapid adaptation to the organism's environment, as well as playing an important role in the evolution of the genus "Candida" by creating genetic barriers that encouraged speciation.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: "Candida" are almost universal in low numbers on healthy adult skin and "C." "albicans" is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female genital tracts. The dryness of skin compared to other tissues prevents the growth of the fungus, but damaged skin or skin in intertriginous regions is more amenable to rapid growth.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Overgrowth of several species, including "C." "albicans", can cause infections ranging from superficial, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) or vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis) and subpreputial candidiasis, which may cause balanitis, to systemic, such as fungemia and invasive candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture-wearers. In otherwise healthy individuals, these superficial infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications (commonly over-the-counter antifungal treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole). In debilitated or immunocompromised patients, or if introduced intravenously (into the bloodstream), candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscesses, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, or infections of the eyes or other organs. Typically, relatively severe neutropenia (low neutrophils) is a prerequisite for "Candida" to pass through the defenses of the skin and cause disease in deeper tissues; in such cases, mechanical disruption of the infected skin sites is typically a factor in the fungal invasion of the deeper tissues. The most common way to treat invasive candida infections is with the use of amphotericin or fluconazole; other methods would include surgery.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: "C. albicans" has been used in combination with carbon nanotubes (CNT) to produce stable electrically-conductive bio-nano-composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature-sensing elements.


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Among "Candida" species, "C. albicans", which is a normal constituent of the human flora, a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of "Candida" bloodstream infections (candidemia). Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by "C. glabrata" and "C. rugosa", which could be because they are frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole-group of antifungals. Other medically important species include "C. parapsilosis", "C. tropicalis", "C. dubliniensis". and the more recent upcoming pathogen "C. auris".


title: Candida (fungus)

text: Other "Candida" species, such as "C. oleophila", have been used as biological control agents in fruit.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Christopher Daniel Lilley (born 10 November 1974) is an Australian comedian, actor, writer, musician, director, and producer. He is known for his creation and portrayal of several fictional characters in the mockumentary television series "" (2005), "Summer Heights High" (2007), "Angry Boys" (2011), "" (2013), "Jonah from Tonga" (2014), and the web series "Lunatics" (2019). He is a two-time winner of the Logie Award for Most Popular Actor.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley was born in Turramurra, on Sydney's Upper North Shore, and was the youngest of four siblings. He was raised in Turramurra and attended Pymble Public School. He later studied at Barker College, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts (majoring in Contemporary Music) with a Diploma of Education from Macquarie University in Sydney, when he graduated in 1997.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: He began his career in his twenties as a stand-up comedian while also working as a childcare worker at Turramurra North Public School and a shop assistant.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: In 2003, Lilley made his debut in "Big Bite", a Seven Network comedy programme, in which he portrayed extreme sports enthusiast Extreme Darren and the high-school drama teacher Mr G, a character that he continued in "Summer Heights High". "Big Bite" was nominated for Best Television Comedy Series at the 2003 Australian Film Institute Awards, marking the first time a comedy programme from a commercial television network had ever been nominated at the Australian Film Institute Awards. It did not win. The producers co-credited Lilley; however, the show lasted only one series before being spun off into a comedy/variety programme. Lilley was a recurring guest on the programme, but it was cancelled after only a few episodes.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley appeared in the film satire "Ned", based on the Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. He appeared as the "MSN Butterfly" in a series of television advertisements and Cinema for MSN. He has also appeared on the "Hamish & Andy" radio show.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: In 2015, Lilley was the main actor for The Stafford Brothers, Rick Ross and Jay Sean's "When You Feel This" music video.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: After the cancellation of "Big Bite", Lilley created "", a six-part series on the ABC, in which he portrayed various characters nominated for the Australian of the Year Award. The series was co-written with Ryan Shelton.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley portrayed several : , a self-obsessed police officer; , a Chinese Australian university physics student from Melbourne; , a 47-year-old housewife with a dream to roll on her side from Perth, Western Australia to Uluru, Northern Territory; , a teenage boy who donates an eardrum to his deaf twin brother, Nathan (both Daniel and Nathan later appeared in "Angry Boys"); and , a narcissistic girl attending a private high school in Sydney (Ja'mie later appeared in "Summer Heights High" and "Ja'mie: Private School Girl").


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley was nominated for Best Comedy Series and Best Lead Actor in Television at the 2006 Australian Film Institute Awards, and won the Best New Talent and Most Outstanding Comedy Program awards at the Logie Awards of 2006. He also received a Rose d'Or award in Switzerland for Best Male Comedy Performance. Following the series' success, it was sold to other countries under the new name "The Nominees".


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: In the series, Lilley played the series' three main characters at a public school: Ja'mie King, Mr G and Jonah Takalua. In March 2008, Lilley released a single, "Naughty Girl", based on the series, and performed in character as drama teacher Mr G.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: At the 2008 Logie Awards he was nominated for four awards including Most Outstanding Actor and Gold Logie for Most Popular Personality on Television, and won the Silver Logie for Most Popular Actor and the Logie Award for Most Outstanding Comedy Program.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: The series was sold to the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Lilley embarked on a promotional tour of the United States in October 2008 to promote the U.S. broadcast of the series, which began airing on HBO on 9 November 2008. The BBC began showing the programme on BBC Three in June 2008.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: When asked whether there would be a second series, Lilley stated, "I never thought about it in the beginning because it was always a one-off thing. I'm not into just cashing in and rolling off into a second series that is not as good. I really enjoyed making the show, so the thought of writing and going back there again is really fun and exciting, but I haven't made a decision on what to do next."


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: "Angry Boys", Lilley's third mockumentary series, aired on ABC in Australia and BBC in the UK in 2011, and HBO in the US in 2012. The 12-part comedy series features six vastly different new characters played by Lilley. The show introduces S.mouse!, a US rapper; Jen Okazaki, manipulative Japanese mother; Blake Oakfield, a champion surfer; Ruth "Gran" Sims, a guard at a juvenile detention facility; and her grandchildren, South Australian twins Daniel and Nathan Sims (who also featured in "We Can Be Heroes").


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley won the inaugural AACTA Award in 2012 for Best Comedy Performance in Television for "Angry Boys".


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: "Ja'mie: Private School Girl", which aired in 2013, is a six-part half-hour comedy series. It was produced by Melbourne-based production company Princess Pictures and Chris Lilley, and was a co-production between the ABC in Australia and HBO in the US. It was pre-sold to BBC Three in the UK.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: On 8 September 2013, Lilley revealed that the returning character to the series was Ja'mie King, from "" and "Summer Heights High"; he also revealed the title of the show.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley won the 2014 Silver Logie for Most Popular Actor for his performance in "Ja'mie: Private School Girl".


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: On 26 November 2013, Lilley confirmed that he would be reviving Jonah Takalua for a new show in 2014, titled "Jonah From Tonga". Jonah had been introduced in Lilley's 2007 series "Summer Heights High". At the conclusion of that series, Jonah was expelled from Summer Heights High School. In the new series, his father, Rocky Takalua, has sent him back to his homeland of Tonga to live with his uncle and their family in order to get Jonah's life back on track.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: The six-part series was produced by Princess Pictures and Chris Lilley in conjunction with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The show was originally posted online on the ABC iView service, available for viewing by Australian residents, and on BBC iPlayer in the United Kingdom, from 2–4 May 2014, before airing on ABC1 from 7 May 2014 and BBC Three from 8 May 2014. In New Zealand Māori Television screened the first episode on 29 July 2017, but then withdrew later episodes.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: In March 2018, it was announced that Lilley had been signed by Netflix to create a 10-part series, with the titular character not yet disclosed. Filming began at the Bond University campus on the Gold Coast, Queensland.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: On 10 April 2019, a trailer surfaced online showing a number of new characters. The show is called "Lunatics" and features a group of eccentric characters with different talents or oddities. Alongside the series order announcement, it was confirmed that Lilley would star in the lead role. "Lunatics" was released on 19 April 2019 exclusively on Netflix.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: "Lunatics" features six different characters, all played by Lilley, which include fashion retailer Keith Dick; estate agent Quentin Cook; 7-foot college student Becky Douglas; 12-year-old Gavin McGregor, who is an heir to an earldom; ex-pornstar Joyce Jeffries; and South African Jana Melhoopen-Jonks, a celebrity pet psychic who is also a lesbian.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley collaborated with The Jonas Brothers and Paris Hilton with his "Lunatics" characters Keith Dick and Jana Melhoopen-Jonks.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley's series "Summer Heights High" gained significant controversy, criticism and media scrutiny for its portrayal of such issues as mental disabilities, homosexuality, sexual abuse, and racism. Even before the series aired, some community groups complained about a "rape joke" and Mr G's inappropriate "touching" of a boy with Down syndrome. The "Herald Sun" reported that parents and some teachers have considered the possibility that the show is influencing children to misbehave at school. Students were reportedly imitating Jonah and Ja'mie, repeating lines that were bullying, racist, and homophobic. Education Union branch president Mary Bluett stated in response that the show was "clearly tongue-in-cheek". After episode three, in which a character called Annabel dies after taking ecstasy, the family of Annabel Catt, a 20-year old woman who died taking drugs at the 2007 Good Vibrations Festival in Sydney, complained that the program had been lampooning Annabel's death. ABC apologised to the family, stating that the situation was purely coincidental and assured them that the filming of the episode in question had been completed eleven days before her daughter's death. ABC thereafter began to display a message before each episode stating that there is no link between the series' characters and people in real life.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: On 29 July 2017, Lilley was the subject of criticism after posting a remix on his Instagram account of a music clip entitled "Squashed Nigga", starring the character S.mouse from Lilley's 2011 TV show, "Angry Boys". The music video featured an indigenous boy lying on the ground with his arms splayed. On 24 July 2017, the court case based on the death of Elijah Doughty had ended in controversy and was the subject of pro-Aboriginal protests. Just like the real case, Lilley's music video described an Aboriginal boy being run over and killed. It was reported that many who criticised Lilley's inopportune timing were blocked from his Twitter account, with Lilley later deleting his social media accounts.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Lilley's series "Jonah from Tonga" was called "racist" and resulted in protests from academics and Tongan youth concerned at the inaccurate and demeaning portrayals of Tongan culture. The show received criticism for Lilley’s imitation of a person of colour, which was dubbed by certain media commentators as “brownface”, an act they have compared to blackface minstrel shows of the 19th century and early 20th century. The creators of the 2004 ABC TV documentary series "Our Boys" stated that Lilley drew inspiration for the Jonah character from their work. The subject of "Our Boys" recalled being "absolutely embarrassed, full of hate, angry and exploited" by the "racist" Jonah character that was based on him. The series' director, as well as a teacher at Canterbury Boys High School also felt that the character "exploited" the Tongan students who Lilley had met while visiting the school after seeing "Our Boys" on television in 2004.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Many major US civil rights organisations wrote to HBO expressing their "deep concern" over "Jonah From Tonga". These included the NAACP, National Hispanic Media Coalition, American Indians in Film/TV, Empowering Pacific Islander Communities and The Asian Pacific American Media Coalition (which itself includes the Asian American Justice Center, Asian Pacific American Advocates, Japanese American Citizens League, Media Action Network for Asian Americans, National Federation of Filipino American Associations, and more).


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: In 2019, Lilley was again accused of blackface by journalists for his "Lunatics" character Jana Melhoopen-Jonks, a South African woman. This accusation was later acknowledged to have been unfounded, as this character is "clearly white."


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: Following the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, BBC iPlayer removed "Jonah from Tonga" from its online streaming service. On 11 June 2020, Netflix confirmed it had removed four of Lilley's series from its streaming service, also in response to the Black Lives Matter protests and movement. In the weeks following these events, Lilley posted multiple videos of content involving the Jonah character to his YouTube channel.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

text: The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.


title: No More Tears

text: No More Tears is the sixth solo studio album by English heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. Released on 17 September 1991, the album charted at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart and number seven on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart. "No More Tears" spawned four singles which reached the top ten of the US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, including the number two "Mama, I'm Coming Home", and the Grammy-winning track "I Don't Want to Change the World". Along with 1980's "Blizzard of Ozz" it is one of Osbourne's two best-selling solo albums in North America, having been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA and double platinum by CRIA. It was Osbourne's final album to feature drummer Randy Castillo and longtime bassist and songwriter Bob Daisley.


title: No More Tears

text: Guitarist Zakk Wylde contributed songwriting to the album, while Motörhead bassist/vocalist Lemmy Kilmister wrote the lyrics for six songs; however, only four were used on the album. Although Mike Inez appeared in the album's videos and promotional tours, long-time Osbourne collaborator Bob Daisley plays bass on the entire album. Inez is credited as a writer for the title track; although he does not perform on the actual recording, the intro bass riff was composed by him.


title: No More Tears

text: The 2002 reissue of "No More Tears" featured two additional tracks entitled "Don't Blame Me" and "Party with the Animals". Both tracks had originally been released in 1991 as B-sides. The version of "Don't Blame Me" on the 2002 reissue contains a different set of lyrics than the original b-side. The original b-side version can be found on the single and the original Japanese pressing of the CD.


title: No More Tears

text: According to professional wrestler and Fozzy lead vocalist Chris Jericho, when asked about the title of the song "A.V.H.", Osbourne told him it stands for "Aston Villa Highway", an homage to the football team he and his Black Sabbath bandmates followed as young men growing up in Birmingham.


title: No More Tears

text: "No More Tears" received positive reviews from critics, and is considered to be one of Osbourne's best albums. "Loudwire" ranked the album #22 on their list of "Top 90 Hard Rock + Metal Albums of the '90s". "Ultimate Classic Rock" included "No More Tears" on their list "Top 100 '90s Rock Albums". They also considered it to be Osbourne's third best album, only behind his first two albums. "Classic Rock" also considered it to be Osbourne's third best album.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: "Elseworlds" is the fifth Arrowverse crossover event that features episodes of the television series "The Flash", "Arrow", and "Supergirl" on The CW. The crossover event began on December 9, 2018, with "The Flash", continued on "Arrow" on December 10, and concluded on "Supergirl" on December 11. "Elseworlds" introduces the characters Batwoman and Lois Lane, and the fictional Gotham City, to the universe. In the crossover, Green Arrow, Flash, and Supergirl are drawn to Gotham City to confront Dr. John Deegan over his work at Arkham Asylum.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: The crossover was confirmed in May 2018 at The CW's upfront presentation, where the inclusion of Batwoman and Gotham City were revealed. Throughout August and September that year, casting for the crossover—including Ruby Rose as Batwoman, Elizabeth Tulloch as Lois Lane, and the announcement that Tyler Hoechlin would return to portray Superman—was revealed. The title of the crossover was announced at the end of September and filming began in October 2018. In "Elseworlds", Arrowverse actors portray other roles and John Wesley Shipp reprises his role as Barry Allen / Flash from the 1990 series "The Flash". The conclusion of "Elseworlds" set up "Crisis on Infinite Earths" as the next crossover, which aired between December 2019 and January 2020.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: On a ravaged Earth-90, The Flash escapes as a mysterious figure uses a powerful book. On Earth-1, the same figure gives the book to Arkham Asylum psychiatrist John Deegan, who uses it to rewrite reality according to his will. The following day, Oliver Queen and Barry Allen wake up in each other's lives. Team Flash does not believe them and locks them up in the S.T.A.R. Labs pipeline. Oliver and Barry use each other's abilities to escape and travel to Earth-38 to get help from Kara Danvers and acquaint themselves with her cousin Clark Kent and Lois Lane, at Smallville, Kansas. Meanwhile, an android called A.M.A.Z.O. awakens and threatens Central City. Cisco Ramon retrieves Oliver and Barry from Earth-38, with Kara and Clark helping. After defeating A.M.A.Z.O., Clark returns to protect Earth-38. Cisco vibes Deegan and the mysterious figure, who sees them vibing him and tells the group that something is coming and they will not be able to stop it. Oliver realizes the figure and Deegan were located in Gotham City.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: In Gotham, Barry, Oliver and Kara are arrested by the GCPD. They are bailed out by Wayne Enterprises' CEO Kate Kane, who tells them Deegan is at Arkham Asylum. The trio, with the assistance of Caitlin and Diggle, break into Arkham to confront Deegan. They retrieve the "Book of Destiny" but Deegan escapes by causing a mass breakout. During a confrontation with inmate Nora Fries, Barry and Oliver are exposed to fear gas and believe each other to be Malcolm Merlyn and Eobard Thawne, respectively. After stopping the breakout, Kate, as the vigilante Batwoman, rouses them from their hallucinatory state and tells them to leave Gotham. They head to A.R.G.U.S. to restore reality, where Earth-90's Flash warns them about Mar Novu / Monitor, who is testing worlds for an impending crisis. They confront Novu, who breaches away Earth-90's Flash, reclaims the book and returns it to Deegan, who writes a new reality in which Barry and Oliver are powerless criminals known as the Trigger Twins and are confronted by a black-suited Superman.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: Oliver realizes the Superman impostor is actually Deegan before forcing him to save innocents while they escape to find Cisco. Deegan and his forces, including the Earth-1 doppelgänger of Kara's adoptive sister Alex Danvers, are holding Kara at S.T.A.R. Labs. Barry and Oliver locate Cisco and persuade him to take them to Earth-38. They find Clark, who agrees to return with them to Earth-1 while Kara persuades Alex to release her. Arriving on Earth-1, Clark and Oliver fight Deegan and his forces while Alex, Barry, and Kara locate the Book of Destiny in the Time Vault and take it to Clark, who restores Barry, Oliver, and Kara to their real selves. Deegan retrieves the book and attempts to rewrite reality again. To impede his progress, Barry and Kara slow down time by speeding around the Earth in opposite directions. Oliver confronts Novu, asking him to spare Barry and Kara, but Novu demands something from Oliver in exchange. Clark, joined by Lois, Brainiac 5, and J'onn J'onzz, fights Deegan and a revived A.M.A.Z.O. Barry and Kara are nearly torn apart by their speed but Oliver shoots the book with an arrow enhanced by Novu. Deegan reverts to himself, though heavily disfigured, and reality is restored. After returning to Earth-38, Clark and Lois tell Kara they are expecting a child and will return to Argo City, leaving Earth's protection to her. On Earth-1, Oliver is contacted by Kate, who says Deegan, now incarcerated at Arkham, has made a new friend who tells Deegan: "Worlds will live, worlds will die, and the universe will never be the same".


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: Coming off the previous year's crossover, "Crisis on Earth-X", executive producer Marc Guggenheim noted that the process to pull off that crossover had made each series' crews "pretty burned out", with them "feeling the effects of it literally a year after". This led the producers to want to take a year off from the yearly crossovers, but were convinced by The CW to create another when they allowed the crossover to not be with all four series as "Crisis on Earth-X" had been. In May 2018, The CW president Mark Pedowitz and "Arrow" lead Stephen Amell announced at The CW's upfront presentation that Batwoman, fighting alongside the other Arrowverse heroes, would be introduced in the upcoming crossover. The fictional Gotham City would also appear. Despite the inclusion of the character and city, the crossover would not include the television series "Gotham" that airs on Fox. That July, the CW was planning a potential standalone Batwoman series after her appearance in the crossover; Caroline Dries, who was creating and writing the potential Batwoman series, was expected to consult on the crossover. It was confirmed that "Legends of Tomorrow" would not feature in the crossover. "Legends of Tomorrow" co-showrunner Phil Klemmer said because the crossover was being used to launch the Batwoman-led series, "it just became over capacity", and that because "Legends of Tomorrow" would have a 16-episode season, the crossover would have been "a tonal speed-bump, or a departure, and we just don't have time to step away from our story this year". Despite not being part of the official crossover, "Legends of Tomorrow" co-showrunner Keto Shimizu revealed "Legends of To-Meow-Meow", the show's episode airing the week of the crossover, would be "crossing over with ourselves" through the use of alternate time periods, and Adam Tsekhman guest stars as Gary Green in the "Supergirl" episode.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: At the end of September 2018, the title of the crossover was announced as "Elseworlds", sharing the name of the "Elseworlds" imprint of comics from DC Comics that takes place outside the DC Universe canon. The producers initially considered titling it "Identity Crisis" but abandoned the idea because, according to Guggenheim, this title would be "false advertising, because we’re obviously not doing the Brad Meltzer, Rags Morales "Identity Crisis" story".


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: The story for "Elseworlds" was created by Greg Berlanti, the executive producers and writers from each series, Geoff Johns, and Dries. "Arrow" showrunner Beth Schwartz referred to these people as "the Super Writers' Room", and noted that Marc Guggenheim, who was a consultant on "Arrow"s seventh season, had "taken the lead on the crossover", acting as the showrunner for it. "The Flash" episode was written by Eric Wallace and Sam Chalsen, the "Arrow" episode features a story by Caroline Dries and a teleplay by Marc Guggenheim, and the "Supergirl" episode features a story by Marc Guggenheim and a teleplay by Derek Simon and Robert Rovner. The episodes' scripts were completed by mid-September 2018. Guggenheim said "Elseworlds" would have a long-lasting impact for the Arrowverse and "lays the groundwork for next year's crossover". At the conclusion of "Elseworlds", it was revealed that the next crossover would be "Crisis on Infinite Earths" in late 2019, adapting the storyline from the comic of the same name.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: The preceding episodes of each series feature "puzzling events" that lead to the events of the crossover. The same end-credits scene teasing the events of crossover was shown at the end of the episodes "Bunker Hill", "Unmasked", and "What's Past Is Prologue". The scene also confirmed Earth-90 as the earth for the Flash from the 1990 television series. Guggenheim said the tease was "cool because we’ve never ... setup the crossover in the previous episodes before". The tease was meant to be one of two options for the "Elseworlds" cold opening. The writers could not choose which opening they would use; Guggenheim said someone decided to "take one cold open, move that and make that the post-credit tag, like the way "The Flash" typically does, at the end of all three shows, and then have the other cold open at the beginning of hour one". "Supergirl" co-showrunner Robert Rovner said the tease was only supposed to air with "Flash"s "What's Past Is Prologue"; it was added to the other two episodes to make things easier for viewers because they "are coming to [the crossover] from our separate shows and we wanted something that [connects them together]".


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: Stephen Amell announced that, unlike previous Arrowverse crossovers, this one would not be as extravagant, but more about "the characters and the story", focusing on Green Arrow, Flash, Supergirl, Superman, and Batwoman. According to Guggenheim, by focusing only on Green Arrow, Flash, and Supergirl, the writers "really had a chance to tell a story about the troika that we’ve never really been able to do before". "Legends of Tomorrow" was not included in "Elseworlds" to highlight the amount of time Amell, Grant Gustin, and Melissa Benoist could interact. "Elseworlds" returned to the episodic format of the earlier crossovers, contrasting with the approach taken with "Crisis on Earth-X". Rovner said, "It's like a three chapters of one story, but they’re all kind of unique to their own show"; "The Flash" showrunner Todd Helbing added, ""Flash" kind of feels like a "Flash" episode, "Arrow" feels like an "Arrow" episode, [and] "Supergirl" feels like a "Supergirl" episode".


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: "Elseworlds" features Amell and Gustin portraying each other's characters. Gustin noted, "You’re not going to see me playing Oliver Queen's mannerisms, or Stephen playing Barry's mannerisms. It's more being aware that for some reason we’ve switched lives and destinies. It's more the fun of the situational comedy that we keep finding ourselves in, and less us having a complete role reversal." Amell added, "there are elements of his personality I have to embrace, and there are elements of my personality that he has to embrace" for Oliver and Barry to defeat the threat. Supergirl is the only other character who can see the true identities of Barry and Oliver; Benoist said, "She inevitably becomes kind of a middleman because ultimately there's conflict between the two and they start butting heads". Schwartz said "Elseworlds" would not "feel quite as dark" as "Crisis on Earth-X" and that there was "a lot more fun to be had" in "Elseworlds". Other reality changes in the episodes include Barry and Oliver becoming wanted criminals known as the Trigger Twins.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: Including Superman, who Berlanti had permission to use before March 2018, in the crossover helped justify introducing Lois Lane to the Arrowverse because she was a character the writer of "Supergirl" always wanted to introduce and "she organically fit" into the crossover story. With Kara "at a crossroads" after the events of "Bunker Hill", Rover said "the journey that she's on is kind of helped by Clark, who is returning from Argo [City] kind of on his own journey". Hoechlin also portrays John Deegan when he rewrites himself to be an antagonistic version of Superman. Gotham City in the crossover is considered "a failed city"; Batman "has been missing for several years", resulting in an increase in crime. Speaking of their adaptation of Gotham City, Dries called the city "not a happy place", "grimy", and "scary", adding, "Some people are thriving in [Batman's] absence because now they can start to do their own thing without the oversight. A lot of other people are suffering and they’re losing hope, and the city itself and infrastructure is falling apart". Guggenheim called it "a dead city" and "practically a ghost town". While Batman is not seen in the crossover, the characters debate his existence; Oliver feels he is a myth and Barry believes he is real. Chronologically, Batwoman's appearance fits around "Who Are You", the fourth episode of "Batwoman"s first season that aired in October 2019, with Dries noting "Batwoman" would be "officially caught up" to "Elseworlds" at the conclusion of that episode.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: "Elseworlds" includes many easter eggs and nods to past DC television series and media. The line spoken by Psycho Pirate at the end of the crossover—"worlds will live, worlds will die, and the universe will never be the same"—paraphrases the tagline DC Comics used to advertise "Crisis on Infinite Earths" in the run-up to its launch in 1985.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: In early August, Ruby Rose was cast as Batwoman for the crossover and potential series. The producers noted Rose's passion in her audition and her "aura of cool, nonchalant, somewhat aloof, mixed with charming and thoughtful and funny that it just kind of all made sense for her to be Kate", according to Dries. Later that month, it was revealed that Tyler Hoechlin would reprise his role as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman in all three episodes and that the producers were planning to introduced Lois Lane in the crossover. By mid-September, Elizabeth Tulloch was cast as Lois Lane, Stephen Amell's wife Cassandra Jean Amell was cast to portray Nora Fries, Jeremy Davies had been cast as antagonist John Deegan, and LaMonica Garrett was cast in the "prominent role" of Mar Novu / Monitor. During filming in late October 2018, it was revealed that John Wesley Shipp, who has portrayed Henry Allen and Jay Garrick in the Arrowverse, would be reprising his role as Barry Allen / Flash from the 1990 television series. By the end of filming in early November, Bob Frazer was cast as Roger Hayden / Psycho Pirate.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: In "Elseworlds", Hoechlin wears an all-black Superman suit while portraying John Deegan's antagonistic version of the character. This costume is similar to the one he wears in the comics after returning from the dead as part of the "Death of Superman" crossover. Shipp's Flash costume from the 1990s series was recreated by "The Flash" costume designer Kate Main, using the original costume as a reference. Justin Hartley's Green Arrow costume from "Smallville" is seen in the opening on Earth-90. Guggenheim received permission from the Warner Bros. archives to include it, but had stipulations that it could not be worn by anyone and could not get dirty. He said, "we put it on a dummy, so thereby we satisfied that loophole, and as far as not getting it dirty, hopefully whoever at archives provided it to us never actually saw that episode."


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: Filming for "Elseworlds" began on October 9, 2018. On October 17, filming for the Kent family farm occurred at the farmhouse used in the series "Smallville". The "Supergirl" writers pitched the "Smallville" farm as the meeting point for Kara and Clark because, considering the characters' experiences at the start of the crossover, it was an "organic place for them to meet". A "derelict mental health facility" in Vancouver was used for the Arkham Asylum scenes. Scenes of Gotham City and Wayne Enterprises were filmed in Chicago, Illinois. Filming concluded on November 3. Kevin Tancharoen directed "The Flash" episode, James Bamford served as director for the "Arrow" episode, and Jesse Warn directed "Supergirl"s episode.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: In scenes featuring the Earth-90 Flash, Danny Elfman's 1990s "Flash" series theme is used, while the theme song from "Smallville", "Save Me" by Remy Zero, is used when Smallville on Earth-38 is first revealed.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: The first teasers for the crossover aired on November 12 and 13, 2018, during episodes of "Arrow" and "The Flash", respectively. On November 16, DC Comics released a poster for the event in the style of a comics cover, drawn by Amy Reeder. An additional teaser for the first episode aired during the November 18 episode of "Supergirl" and a week later, the official trailer was released.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: The crossover began with "The Flash" on December 9, 2018, continued on "Arrow" on December 10, and concluded on "Supergirl" on December 11, all on The CW. "The Flash", which normally airs on Tuesdays at 8 pm, and "Supergirl", which normally airs on Sundays at 8 pm, swapped time-slots for the crossover.


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating, based on 14 reviews for the episode. The website's critical consensus reads, "With disorienting body swaps, confusingly altered realities, and an awesome Superman-Supergirl team-up, there is a lot to love in this joy-filled Arrowverse crossover episode of "The Flash"". IGN rated "The Flash" episode 8.0/10. The verdict reads, "The body-swap premise at the center of the episode made the kickoff to the crossover a delight, though not without its flaws. Fortunately the charm of Barry and Oliver being forced to live each others’ lives overshadowed the other shortcomings of the episode."


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating, based on 14 reviews for the episode. The website's critical consensus reads, "'Elseworlds, Part 2' is a riotous continuation of this body-switching Arrowverse arc, successfully exploiting the chemistry between the television universe's ensemble and slickly introducing Ruby Rose as Batwoman". IGN rated "Arrow"s episode 8.5/10. The verdict reads, "[Part 2] not only manages to continue the momentum (and hilarity) of the previous episode, it also confidently introduces two elements that could have lasting effects on the Arrowverse as a whole -- Batwoman, and the promise of a potential Crisis (on Infinite Earths?). Fueled by the easy chemistry of Grant Gustin, Stephen Amell, and Melissa Benoist, [this] is one of the most enjoyable episodes from any of the shows in recent years."


title: Elseworlds (Arrowverse)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating, based on 14 reviews for the episodes. The website's critical consensus reads, "'Elseworlds, Part 3' wraps up the crossover fun in style, tying up enough loose ends to satisfy while providing a few unexpected twists to keep fans on their toes". IGN rated the "Supergirl" episode 8.7/10. The verdict reads, "If not the outright best of the Arrowverse crossovers, Elseworlds finds the most success in blending epic superhero spectacle with strong characterization and personal stakes. [this episode] wraps up the crossover with plenty of both, capping off a particularly strong character arc for Oliver Queen and making terrific use of Tyler Hoechlin's Superman. And despite all the emphasis on an even bigger conflict to come, [this episode] wraps up its own threads on a satisfying note."


title: Cubic crystal system

text: In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Each is subdivided into other variants listed below. Although the "unit cells" in these crystals are conventionally taken to be cubes, the primitive unit cells often are not.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The primitive cubic lattice (cP) consists of one lattice point on each corner of the cube; this means each simple cubic unit cell has in total one lattice point. Each atom at a lattice point is then shared equally between eight adjacent cubes, and the unit cell therefore contains in total one atom ( × 8).


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The body-centered cubic lattice (cI) has one lattice point in the center of the unit cell in addition to the eight corner points. It has a net total of two lattice points per unit cell ( × 8 + 1).


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The face-centered cubic lattice (cF) has lattice points on the faces of the cube, that each gives exactly one half contribution, in addition to the corner lattice points, giving a total of 4 lattice points per unit cell ( × 8 from the corners plus  × 6 from the faces).


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The face-centered cubic lattice is closely related to the hexagonal close packed (hcp) system, where two systems differ only in the relative placements of their hexagonal layers. The [111] plane of a face-centered cubic lattice is a hexagonal grid.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Attempting to create a base-centered cubic lattice (i.e., putting an extra lattice point in the center of each horizontal face) results in a simple tetragonal Bravais lattice.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Coordination number (CN) is the number of nearest neighbors of a central atom in the structure. Each sphere in a cP lattice has coordination number 6, in a cI lattice 8, and in a cF lattice 12.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Atomic packing factor (APF) is the fraction of volume that is occupied by atoms. The cP lattice has an APF of about 0.524 , the cI lattice an APF of about 0.680, and the cF lattice an APF of about 0.740.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The "isometric crystal system" class names, point groups (in Schönflies notation, Hermann–Mauguin notation, orbifold, and Coxeter notation), type, examples, international tables for crystallography space group number, and space groups are listed in the table below. There are a total 36 cubic space groups.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: As a rule, since atoms in a solid attract each other, the more tightly packed arrangements of atoms tend to be more common. (Loosely packed arrangements do occur, though, for example if the orbital hybridization demands certain bond angles.) Accordingly, the primitive cubic structure, with especially low atomic packing factor, is rare in nature, but is found in polonium. The "bcc" and "fcc", with their higher densities, are both quite common in nature. Examples of "bcc" include iron, chromium, tungsten, and niobium. Examples of "fcc" include aluminium, copper, gold and silver.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Another important cubic crystal structure is the diamond cubic structure, which can appear in carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin. Unlike fcc and bcc, this structure is not a lattice, since it contains multiple atoms in its primitive cell. Other cubic elemental structures include the A15 structure found in tungsten, and the extremely complicated structure of manganese.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Compounds that consist of more than one element (e.g. binary compounds) often have crystal structures based on the cubic crystal system. Some of the more common ones are listed here. These structures can be viewed as two or more interpenetrating sublattices where each sublattice occupies the interstitial sites of the others.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: One structure is the "interpenetrating primitive cubic" structure, also called a "caesium chloride" structure. This structure is often confused for a body-centered cubic structure, because the arrangement of atoms is the same. The true structure is shown in the graphic showing two individual primitive cubic structures that are superimposed within each other with the corner of one structure in the center of the cube of the other structure.  It helps to convince yourself that it is not body-centered cubic because there is no translational symmetry along the ½, ½, ½, plane, the chloride would be translated into a cesium, not another chloride.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: It works the same way for the NaCl structure described in the next section.  If you take out the Cl atoms, the leftover Na atoms still form an FCC structure, not a simple cubic structure.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: In the unit cell of CsCl, each ion is at the center of a cube of ions of the opposite kind, so the coordination number is eight. The central cation is coordinated to 8 anions on the corners of a cube as shown, and similarly, the central anion is coordinated to 8 cations on the corners of a cube. Alternately, one could view this lattice as a simple cubic structure with a secondary atom in its cubic void.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: In addition to caesium chloride itself, the structure also appears in certain other alkali halides when prepared at low temperatures or high pressures. Generally, this structure is more likely to be formed from two elements whose ions are of roughly the same size (for example, ionic radius of Cs = 167 pm, and Cl = 181 pm).


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The space group of the caesium chloride (CsCl) structure is called Pmm (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or "221" (in the International Tables for Crystallography). The Strukturbericht designation is "B2".


title: Cubic crystal system

text: There are nearly a hundred rare earth intermetallic compounds that crystalize in the CsCl structure, including many binary compounds of rare earths with magnesium, and with elements in groups 11, 12, and 13. Other compounds showing caesium chloride like structure are CsBr, CsI, high-temperature RbCl, AlCo, AgZn, BeCu, MgCe, RuAl and SrTl.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The space group of the rock-salt or halite (sodium chloride) structure is denoted as Fmm (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or "225" (in the International Tables for Crystallography). The Strukturbericht designation is "B1".


title: Cubic crystal system

text: In the rock-salt structure, each of the two atom types forms a separate face-centered cubic lattice, with the two lattices interpenetrating so as to form a 3D checkerboard pattern. The rock-salt structure has octahedral coordination: Each atom's nearest neighbors consist of six atoms of the opposite type, positioned like the six vertices of a regular octahedron. In sodium chloride there is a 1:1 ratio of sodium to chlorine atoms.  The structure can also be described as an FCC lattice of sodium with chlorine occupying each octahedral void or vice versa.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Examples of compounds with this structure include sodium chloride itself, along with almost all other alkali halides, and "many divalent metal oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides". According to the radius ratio rule, this structure is more likely to be formed if the cation is somewhat smaller than the anion (a cation/anion radius ratio of 0.414 to 0.732).


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The interatomic distance (distance between cation and anion, or half the unit cell length "a") in some rock-salt-structure crystals are: 2.3 Å (2.3 × 10 m) for NaF, 2.8 Å for NaCl, and 3.2 Å for SnTe. Most of the alkali metal hydrides and halides have the rock salt structure, though a few have the caesium chloride structure instead.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Many transition metal monoxides also have the rock salt structure (TiO, VO, CrO, MnO, FeO, CoO, NiO, CdO). The early actinoid monocarbides also have this structure (ThC, PaC, UC, NpC, PuC). Other compounds showing rock salt like structure are TiB, ZrB, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, SnTe, AgF, AgCl, and AgBr.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Much like the rock salt structure, the fluorite structure (AB) is also an Fmm structure but has 1:2 ratio of ions. The anti-fluorite structure is nearly identical, except the positions of the anions and cations are switched in the structure. They are designated Wyckoff positions 4a and 8c whereas the rock-salt structure positions are 4a and 4b.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The space group of the Zincblende structure is called F3m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or 216. The Strukturbericht designation is "B3".


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The Zincblende structure (also written "zinc blende") is named after the mineral zincblende (sphalerite), one form of zinc sulfide (β-ZnS). As in the rock-salt structure, the two atom types form two interpenetrating face-centered cubic lattices. However, it differs from rock-salt structure in how the two lattices are positioned relative to one another. The zincblende structure has tetrahedral coordination: Each atom's nearest neighbors consist of four atoms of the opposite type, positioned like the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron. In zinc sulfide the ratio of zinc to sulfur is 1:1. Altogether, the arrangement of atoms in zincblende structure is the same as diamond cubic structure, but with alternating types of atoms at the different lattice sites. The structure can also be described as an FCC lattice of zinc with sulfur atoms occupying half of the tetrahedral voids or vice versa.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Examples of compounds with this structure include zincblende itself, lead(II) nitrate, many compound semiconductors (such as gallium arsenide and cadmium telluride), and a wide array of other binary compounds. The boron group pnictogenides usually have a zincblende structure, though the nitrides are more common in the wurtzite structure, and their zincblende forms are less well known polymorphs.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: This group is also known as the II-VI family of compounds, most of which can be made in both the zincblende (cubic) or wurtzite (hexagonal) form.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The Heusler structure, based on the structure of CuMnAl, is a common structure for ternary compounds involving transition metals. It has the space group Fmm (No. 225), and the Strukturbericht designation is L2. Together with the closely related half-Heusler and inverse-Huesler compounds, there are hundreds of examples.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: The space group of the iron monosilicide structure is P23 (No. 198), and the Strukturbericht designation is B20. This is a chiral structure, and is sometimes associated with helimagnetic properties. There are four atoms of each element for a total of eight atoms in the unit cell.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: Examples occur among the transition metal silicides and germanides, as well as a few other compounds such as gallium palladide.


title: Cubic crystal system

text: It has three orientations of stacked tetradecahedrons with pyritohedral cells in the gaps. It is found as a crystal structure in chemistry where it is usually known as a "type I clathrate structure". Gas hydrates formed by methane, propane, and carbon dioxide at low temperatures have a structure in which water molecules lie at the nodes of the Weaire–Phelan structure and are hydrogen bonded together, and the larger gas molecules are trapped in the polyhedral cages.


title: Big Mouth (South Korean TV series)

text: Big Mouth () is a 2022 South Korean television series starring Lee Jong-suk, Im Yoon-ah and Kim Joo-hun. It aired from July 29 to September 17, 2022 on MBC TV's Fridays and Saturdays at 21:50 (KST) time slot. It is also available for streaming on Disney+ in selected regions.


title: Big Mouth (South Korean TV series)

text: The series tells the story of an underperforming lawyer who gets caught up in a murder case. In order to survive and protect his family, he digs into a huge conspiracy among the privileged upper classes.


title: Big Mouth (South Korean TV series)

text: "Big Mouth" was initially confirmed to be released on tvN. However, in April 2022, it was announced that the series would air on MBC TV's newly established Fridays and Saturdays time slot instead, in July.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: Development was headed by director Masayoshi Kikuchi, with art by Ryuta Ueda. The influence was drawn from late 1990s Japanese popular culture such as the rhythm game "PaRappa the Rapper", and the anti-establishment themes in the film "Fight Club". The environments were based on Tokyo shopping districts in Shibuya and Shinjuku, with graffiti designed by artists including Eric Haze. It was the first game to use a cel-shaded art style, developed in response to the team's disappointment towards the then-late 1990s library of Sega games overly consisting primarily of fantasy and sci-fi genre games.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" received acclaim and is considered one of the best video games ever made for its graphics, soundtrack and gameplay. It won several awards and was nominated for many others. A Game Boy Advance version, developed by Vicarious Visions, was released in 2003, along with versions for Japanese mobile phones. In 2012, "Jet Set Radio" was digitally re-released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and iOS, followed by releases for Windows, PlayStation Vita and Android. A sequel, "Jet Set Radio Future", was released for the Xbox in 2002.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: The player controls a member of a gang of graffiti-tagging inline skaters. The game consists of three types of levels: Street, Rival Showdown, and Trial. The Street levels come in two categories. The first is to tag every graffiti point in each area previously tagged by a rival gang before the timer runs out while evading the authorities. The second category serves as a boss battle by chasing the rival gang members and spraying graffiti on them. The more graffiti points are sprayed, the more deadly the authorities become. Graffiti points are marked by arrows and require paint to tag them. Players can spray graffiti by either pressing a single button or inputting commands using the analog stick depending on the size of the graffiti spot. Players are unable to spray graffiti if they run out of paint, which must be refilled by obtaining yellow and blue spray cans scattered across the stage. Yellow spray cans refill a single spray can, and blue spray cans refill five. Enemies will pursue players and attempt to deplete their health. Health can be replenished by obtaining red and green spray cans. Performing tricks adds bonus points to the player's overall score and can help the player gain access to areas difficult to reach.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: In Rival Showdown levels, more playable characters can be unlocked after they are defeated by matching the rival's movements in technique sections or by spraying graffiti before the rival in race sections. Trial levels are unlocked after Street and Rival Showdown levels are cleared in a specific area. There are three kinds of trials: Jet Graffiti, Jet Tech, and Jet Crash. In Jet Graffiti, the objective is to spray all the graffiti points within the time limit. Jet Tech prioritizes in obtaining the top score within the time limit. In Jet Crash, the objective is to reach the goal and spray graffiti on it before the opponent. Players can customize their graffiti by choosing presets, or create their own using the Graffiti editor. By using a VMU, players can upload their graffiti to the official website for other players to use or download graffiti from other players. More Graffiti presets can be unlocked by collecting Graffiti Soul icons scattered throughout stages.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: DJ Professor K broadcasts the pirate radio station Jet Set Radio to gangs of youths known as the Rudies, who roam Tokyo-to, skating and spraying graffiti. One gang, the GGs, competes for turf with the all-female jilted lovers Love Shockers in the shopping districts of Shibuya-Cho, the cyborg otaku Noise Tanks in the Benten entertainment district, and the kaiju-loving Poison Jam in the Kogane dockyard. The authorities, led by Captain Onishima, pursue the gangs with riot police and military armaments. After the GGs defeat Poison Jam, Noise Tanks, and Love Shockers in turf wars, they each drop a piece of a mysterious vinyl record. Professor K says that the mysterious vinyl record collected is "The Devil's Contract" and has the power to summon a demon.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: The GGs are joined by Combo and Cube, who explain that their hometown, Grind City, has been overtaken by the Rokkaku Group business conglomerate. They ask the GGs to help them to free their friend, Coin, who has been captured by the Rokkaku Group, due to their interest in his massive vinyl collection. The Rokkaku pursue the GGs and steal "The Devil's Contract". Poison Jam explains that the Rokkaku CEO, Goji Rokkaku, plans to use the record to make a contract with the demon and take over the world. The GGs defeat Goji in the rooftop of his headquarters by destroying his turntable and render him powerless to the evil powers summoned by tagging his forehead. Freedom is returned to the streets of Tokyo-to. In a twist, Combo reveals that "The Devil's Contract" is an old record with no demonic powers and that wealth had driven Goji to insanity. DJ Professor K addresses to those with doubts in his audience that this story is up to them to believe, but he ends the transmission with "On the streets, there's no such thing as 'The End'!"


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" was developed by Smilebit, a Sega studio formed from members of Team Andromeda, the developers of the "Panzer Dragoon" games for the Sega Saturn. The development team consisted of fewer than 25 developers, with an average age of under 25. Programming began in mid-1999. The game was announced at the 1999 Tokyo Game Show and drew media attention for its cel-shaded style. During the early stages of development, director Masayoshi Kikuchi had difficulty leading the team without prior directing experience. The visual style was established prior to the gameplay; according to Kikuchi, it could have become an adventure game or role-playing game. His superiors were not satisfied with early concepts, and so Kikuchi used trial and error to develop a concept that he believed everyone would find interesting.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: Ueda wanted to create something "cool" that dealt with popular culture and was completely unlike the team's previous game, the 1998 role-playing game "Panzer Dragoon Saga". Ueda's drawings of a punky character with headphones and rollerblades became the foundation of the game. Ueda had joined Sega after being impressed by the "freshness" and international appeal of Sonic the Hedgehog, but was disappointed with the excessive focused saturation of overtly fantastical manga and anime-style designs, and hoped to create something original. Smilebit drew inspiration from games outside the typical game genres of science fiction and fantasy. Ueda was particularly inspired by a demonstration of the PlayStation rhythm game "PaRappa the Rapper" at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show: "I think that's the first game with pop culture like that. They did it first. After that I decided to make a true game, not just a visual experience, that was actually for adults." The anti-establishment themes of the 1999 film "Fight Club" were another influence.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: Smilebit used thicker lines for stand-out objects. Smilebit developed a new cel-shading technique not used at the time as it would not have been possible on the Dreamcast or PlayStation 2. The game features graffiti by a variety of artists, including Eric Haze, who had designed album art for acts including the Beastie Boys and Public Enemy. Smilebit initially planned to make a skateboarding game, but this was changed due to the legs having to be fixed.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" was one of the earliest games to feature an open 3D world, which presented the team's biggest challenge. Kikuchi said: "Making an entire town in a game was quite the prospect. It's not hard with modern hi-spec hardware, but that wasn't the case back then... It was very difficult from a programming standpoint." Another Sega game developed in that period, "Shenmue" (1999), also featured an open world, but Kikuchi said the games posed different technical challenges, as "Shenmue" does not allow the player to jump or move at speed. The team implemented grinding to allow players to enjoy speed without worrying about colliding with obstacles. Smilebit chose to have a fixed camera as an attempt to reduce motion sickness. They attempted to make the game impossible to duplicate on PlayStation 2 by pushing the Dreamcast limitations using bright colors, realistic shadows, and more than sixteen NPCs on-screen without lag that would have been impossible on PS2 due to its smaller memory.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: The settings were inspired by Japanese locations such as the Tokyo shopping districts of Shibuya and Shinjuku, which Smilebit photographed to use as references. Sega feared that the game's style might alienate players outside Japan and requested changes for the international versions. The team added stages modeled after New York City: one based on Times Square, and another on Roosevelt Avenue along Queens and Brooklyn, and changed the nationality of two characters to American. The interactive credits sequence of the Japanese version was also cut, as localizing it would have meant rebuilding the stage with English names. Sega sold the international version in Japan as "De La Jet Set Radio". Ueda was unhappy about the changes, which he said diminished the essential Japanese elements of the game.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: The "Jet Set Radio" soundtrack includes original and licensed tracks with a variety of genres including J-pop, hip hop, funk, electronic dance, rock, acid jazz, and trip hop. The main theme of the game is called "Let Mom Sleep". The North American version and international rereleases add metal songs. The 2012 port omits "Yappie Feet" and "Many Styles" for licensing reasons. The music has been described as energetic, rhythm-heavy, defiant, and multicultural. Most of the soundtrack was composed by Hideki Naganuma, with additional tracks by Richard Jacques, Deavid Soul, Toronto, and B.B. Rights. Naganuma attempted to match the visual style, and experimented with voices, cutting, and rearranging samples to the point that they became nonsensical. In 2012, Naganuma said "Jet Set Radio" and its sequel had been his favorite projects. Smilebit worked with Sega of America and Sega of Europe to include as many street culture elements as possible, hoping to create music that was internationally acceptable.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio Original Soundtrack" was distributed by Polydor Records on December 20, 2000, in Japan. For the HD release, a new soundtrack was distributed by Sumthing Else on September 18, 2012, for North America and Europe and contained additional tracks from the sequel, "Jet Set Radio Future". A second soundtrack for the HD version, "Jet Set Radio: Sega Original Tracks", was distributed by Sega and released on iTunes on October 3, 2012.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" was released in Japan on June 29, 2000. In North America, it was released on October 31 as "Jet Grind Radio" due to trademark problems for "Jet Set" in the United States at the time. The PAL version was released later on November 24 under the original name. The North American and PAL versions contained two new maps, new songs, and other in-game content designed to increase the game's appeal to Western audiences. To promote the North American release, Sega of America held a "Graffiti is Art" competition for contestants to enter their own graffiti art pieces to Sega. Sega chose five finalists and flew them into San Francisco, California on October 21, where they competed to make graffiti art pieces on a canvas within a 3 and a half-hour timeframe for a prize of $5000. Mayor of San Francisco, Willie Brown discovered the competition and attempted to revoke Sega of America's permit, but was unsuccessful due to obtaining the permit legally.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: Sega re-released the game in Japan under the name This version was released on October 18, 2001, in Japan via Dreamcast Direct (later renamed Sega Direct) and included a T-shirt featuring the protagonist Beat for those who pre-ordered. This version features content that was originally exclusive to PAL and North American versions, namely music, two playable characters, and two stages.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" was remade as two 2D mobile versions. The first, a side-scrolling game in which players escape police, was released for Japanese mobile phones by Sega on June 22, 2001. It was followed by a remake for Game Boy Advance developed by Vicarious Visions and published by THQ in North America on June 26, 2003, and in Europe on February 20, 2004. The Game Boy Advance version uses the "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2" engine and an isometric perspective, and it emulates the cel-shaded graphics of the Dreamcast game, with some original stages and shortened songs.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: In 2012, high-definition ports developed by BlitWorks were released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows, PlayStation Vita, iOS, and Android. The ports add features, including widescreen HD graphics, online leaderboards, achievements, and a new camera system. It combines the North American, European, and Japanese versions' soundtracks and adds bonus tracks from "Jet Set Radio Future", but it omits the PAL version's tracks "Yappie Feet" and "Many Styles". To promote the ports, Sega ran a contest to allow players to submit their own artwork to be used as graffiti within the game. The game was made backwards-compatible with the Xbox One in May 2016.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: In North America, the PS3 version was released on September 18, with PlayStation Plus members able to purchase it early on September 11. The PS3 version was released in Europe the following day alongside The Xbox Live Arcade and Windows version for both North America and Europe. The PlayStation Vita version was scheduled for release on October 16, but was delayed for development optimization reasons; it was released on November 20 in North America and in Europe the following day. The PS3, Xbox 360, and PlayStation Vita versions were released in Japan simultaneously on February 20, 2013.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: The iOS and Android versions were released in North America and Europe on November 29, 2012. Japan received the iOS version on December 20, 2012 and Android on January 30, 2013. The smartphone versions were delisted as of 2015 due to compatibility problems with iOS updates.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" received acclaim for its gameplay, visual style, and music. "Gamers' Republic" called it flawless. "IGN" praised the extra gameplay modes, saying they added replay value. "Official Dreamcast Magazine" ("ODCM") found the exaggerated physics and interactivity of the levels immersive. "DC-UK" described the gameplay as a combination of "Crazy Taxi" and "Tony Hawk" and concluded that the gameplay was better than both. "GameSpot" praised the pacing, stating that the beginning of the game is simple and slowly becomes more challenging as the player progresses. "GameFan" was not impressed with the early stages, but their opinion changed as they progressed the game and were happy with the result. "Next Generation" found the story modifications of the English versions jarring, although, he complimented the new stages, calling them "impressive" and "a worthy addition to Japanese cityscapes of the original". The camera controls were commonly criticized, but most reviewers said the overall quality outweighed them.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "IGN" said the visual style "looks like a moving cartoon, and every character, right down to the police dogs, is practically overflowing with personality ... It has the type of look that makes non-gamers can't help but be impressed". "ODCM" called it "gorgeous" and compared it to the move to color television. "DC-UK" also praised it for resembling a 2D cartoon in 3D space, and considered it ground-breaking. "GamePro" wrote that the visuals were unique and that the stylized design was convincing and fun.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "GamePro" called "Jet Set Radio" one of the best-sounding games of the year for its soundtrack, and "ODCM" said it had "one of the best soundtracks ever". "IGN" also praised the soundtrack, but was critical of the tracks added to the North American release, in particular songs from Rob Zombie. "Next Generation", however, did not consider the new tracks to make a difference, stating the soundtrack was incredible from the start. "GameSpot" said the soundtrack fit perfectly into the game's environment.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: When reviewing the HD remaster, the game received mixed reactions from critics. "GamesRadar+" praised how it is a joy to play even 12 years after its release. "Eurogamer" also gave positive statements, calling the visual style "timeless", and complimented the HD remaster, stating "12 years on and this is a surprisingly rigorous game built of oddball delights, then, and the HD updating has only enhanced its charms. The skating's still great, the city's still a joy to explore, and the soundtrack's still one of the very best ever put together". "Game Informer" was more critical, opining that the gameplay was archaic and frustrating. "Game Informer" further elaborated that in retrospect, the originally released visual style blinded them from its faulty gameplay. Both "TouchArcade" and "Pocket Gamer" criticized smartphone versions for the touchscreen controls and unable to keep up with the tasks the game requires.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: Across all versions of the game combined, including the original and re-releases sales of "Jet Set Radio" surpassed 1 million copies worldwide.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" won the Best Console Game at the E3 Game Critics Awards in 2000 and was the runner up for Best in Show at the same event. The game won the category of "Excellence in Visual Arts" award, received a "Game Spotlights Award" and was nominated for Game of the year at the 2001 Game Developers Choice Awards. It was nominated for Game Design, Game of the Year, Console Game of the Year, Console Innovation, Original Music Composition, Sound Design, and Visual Engineering at the 4th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards in 2001. It won GameSpot's annual "Best Graphics, Artistic" award among console games, and was nominated in the "Best Game Music" and "Best Platform Game" categories. "Gamers' Republic" awarded it "Best 3D Game Design" in its 2000 Year in Review. The game was also featured in "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die".


title: Jet Set Radio

text: "Jet Set Radio" is recognized as one of the first games to feature cel-shaded graphics, with exaggerated shapes, thick lines, and flat, bright colors. Insomniac owner Ted Price credited it as an influence on their game "Sunset Overdrive". Numerous indie developers have cited "Jet Set Radio" as a major influence on their games, the most notable being the successfully crowdfunded "Hover: Revolt of Gamers", "Lethal League", and "Bomb Rush Cyberfunk", all of which draw heavy inspiration from "Jet Set Radio"s visuals and music and feature contributions from its composer, Hideki Naganuma. The game has also been speedrun at Games Done Quick multiple times. Other fan community-based "Jet Set Radio" projects include "Jet Set Radio Live", a 24/7 browser-based radio station based on the fictional radio station in-game created in January 2016 and the albums "Memories of Tokyo-To" released on February 20, 2018 and "Sounds of Tokyo-To Future" by American musician 2 Mello on August 24, 2021.


title: Jet Set Radio

text: A sequel, "Jet Set Radio Future", was released for the Xbox in 2002, early in the system's life cycle. Two main characters, Beat and Gum, are playable characters in "Sega Superstars Tennis" and "Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed", and the former appears in "Sonic Universe" issue #45, an adaptation of the game along with "Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing".


title: Jet Set Radio

text: In 2009, an early antagonist in the game, Captain Onishima, was ranked 95th in IGN's "Top 100 Videogame Villains" list. "Jet Set Radio" and "Jet Set Radio Future" are highly requested games to be ported to the Xbox One, the Xbox Series X/S, and the Nintendo Switch. In 2021, Sega teased the possibility of a "Jet Set Radio" reboot, and announced Beat as a playable character for "".


title: Yodeling

text: Yodeling (also jodeling) is a form of singing which involves repeated and rapid changes of pitch between the low-pitch chest register (or "chest voice") and the high-pitch head register or falsetto. The English word "yodel" is derived from the German (and originally Austro-Bavarian) word "jodeln", meaning "to utter the syllable "jo"" (pronounced "yo" in English). This vocal technique is used in many cultures worldwide. Recent scientific research concerning yodeling and non-Western cultures has shown that music and speech evolved from a common prosodic precursor.


title: Yodeling

text: Alpine yodeling was a longtime rural tradition in Europe, and became popular in the 1830s as entertainment in theaters and music halls.


title: Yodeling

text: In Europe, yodeling is still a major feature of folk music (Volksmusik) from Switzerland, Austria and southern Germany and can be heard in many contemporary folk songs, which are also featured on regular TV broadcasts.


title: Yodeling

text: In the United States, traveling minstrels were yodeling in the 19th century, and, in 1920, the Victor recording company listed 17 yodels in their catalogue. In 1928, blending Alpine yodeling with African American work and blues music styles and traditional folk music, Jimmie Rodgers released his recording "Blue Yodel No. 1". Rodgers' "blue yodel", a term sometimes used to differentiate the earlier Austrian yodeling from the American form of yodeling introduced by Rodgers, created an instant national craze for yodeling in the United States; according to a black musician who lived near Rodgers in Mississippi, both black and white musicians began to copy Rodgers' style of vocal delivery.


title: Yodeling

text: When sound films first became available in the 1930s the industry began to turn out numerous films to meet the nation's fascination with the American cowboy. The singing cowboy was a subtype of the archetypal cowboy hero of early Western films, popularized by many of the B-movies of the 1930s and 1940s.


title: Yodeling

text: The transformation of Rodgers' blue yodel to the cowboy yodel involved a change in both rhythm and a move away from Southern blues-type lyrics. Some yodels contained more of the Alpine type of yodel as well. Most famous of the singing cowboy film stars were Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, both accomplished yodelers. The popularity of yodeling lasted through the 1940s, but by the 1950s it became rare to hear yodeling in country and western music.


title: Yodeling

text: Most experts agree that yodeling was used in the Central Alps by herders calling their stock or to communicate between Alpine villages. The multi-pitched "yelling" later became part of the region's traditional lore and musical expression. The earliest record of a yodel is in 1545, where it is described as "the call of a cowherd from Appenzell". Music historian Timothy Wise writes:


title: Yodeling

text: From its earliest entry into European music of whatever type, the yodel tended to be associated with nature, instinct, wilderness, pre-industrial and pastoral civilization, or similar ideas. It continues to be associated with rural and folk musics or to connote those in other contexts. Because of this original folk connection, yodeling remained associated with the outdoors, with rustic rather than sophisticated personae, and with particular emotional or psychological states or semantic fields.


title: Yodeling

text: British stage performances by yodelers were common in the nineteenth century. Sir Walter Scott wrote in his June 4, 1830, journal entry that "Anne wants me to go hear the Tyrolese Minstrels but ... I cannot but think their yodeling ... is a variation upon the tones of a jackass." In Europe, yodeling is still a major feature of folk music (Volksmusik) from Switzerland, Austria, and southern Germany, and the Swiss Amish in the United States maintain the practice of yodeling to this day.


title: Yodeling

text: Apart from the Alps, yodeling can be found in the Solomon Islands, Hawaii, Madagascar, the USA, Romania, Bulgaria, and Africa


title: Yodeling

text: Although associated with the Swiss Alps and Austrian Tyrol, ethnomusicologists believe that the origins of yodeling can be traced back tens of thousands of years to ancient African nomadic hunter-gatherer societies.Upon being imported into America in the mid-19th century, it was promulgated through travelling entertainment shows.