title: Jason Garrett

text: The highlight of Garrett's playing career occurred on the 1994 Thanksgiving Day game when he started in place of backup quarterback Rodney Peete, who was out with a sprained thumb he suffered in a win against the Washington Redskins. Garrett led the Cowboys over the Green Bay Packers by completing 15 of 26 passes for 311 yards and 2 touchdowns in the second half for a comeback win of 42–31, which earned him NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors. That game was named the fourth-best moment in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN in 2008. In 1998 he was promoted to the backup position and in the second game against the Denver Broncos, after Aikman suffered a broken clavicle, Garrett came in to finish the 23–42 loss. He would start the next five games and contribute to a 3–2 mark for a team that would go on to win the NFC East division by one game over the Arizona Cardinals. In 1999, he started two games for a 1–1 record.


title: Jason Garrett

text: Garrett was a part of the 1993 and 1995 Super Bowl winning teams. In eight seasons with the Cowboys, he played in 39 games and completed 165 of 294 passes (56.1%) for 2,042 yards, 11 touchdowns and five interceptions.


title: Jason Garrett

text: In 2000, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the New York Giants to back up Kerry Collins. On February 27, 2002, he was released for salary cap reasons and re-signed on July 24, although he would be declared inactive in 16 games, after being passed on the depth chart by Jesse Palmer who was named the backup quarterback. In 2003, he was declared inactive in 11 games as the third-string quarterback.


title: Jason Garrett

text: On March 15, 2004, Garrett signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was cut on August 31. On October 13, he was re-signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. After being declared inactive in week 6 and week 7, he was released on November 6. On November 24, he was signed as a free agent by the Miami Dolphins and was declared inactive for the last 6 games of the season.


title: Jason Garrett

text: After he retired as a player, he became the quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins in the 2005 season under head coach Nick Saban.


title: Jason Garrett

text: In January 2007, Garrett was hired by the Dallas Cowboys as offensive coordinator. He guided the Cowboys to the second-best offense in the NFL, which made him an attractive head coaching prospect. In January 2008, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job of the Baltimore Ravens and the Atlanta Falcons, receiving offers from both, but ultimately opted to remain in Dallas. His salary for the 2008 season was nearly $3 million; the highest salary for an assistant coach in the NFL at the time. On December 29, 2008, the Detroit Lions received permission to speak to Garrett regarding the team's head coaching vacancy according to ESPN sources. In January 2009, the Denver Broncos also interviewed him as a possible replacement for fired coach Mike Shanahan. He was also a finalist for the St. Louis Rams head coaching position, to replace Jim Haslett, the interim head coach. Ultimately, he lost the Rams job to Steve Spagnuolo.


title: Jason Garrett

text: On November 8, 2010, Garrett was named as interim head coach of the Cowboys after fourth-year head coach Wade Phillips was fired after a 1–7 start for the 2010 season. On November 14, Garrett won his first game as a head coach, beating the favored New York Giants by a score of 33–20 at New Meadowlands Stadium. The next week, he led the Cowboys to a 35–19 victory over the Detroit Lions, their first home win all season. He finished with a 5–3 record down the stretch. On January 6, 2011, Garrett was officially named the 8th head coach in Cowboys history. He was the first head coach born after the team was founded in 1960, and the first former Cowboys player to hold the post.


title: Jason Garrett

text: From 2011 to 2013, he had three straight 8–8 seasons, losing in the last game each season to NFC East division rivals New York Giants, Washington Redskins, and Philadelphia Eagles to miss the division championship and the playoffs each time. In 2014, Garrett achieved head-coaching success for the first time. The Cowboys, featuring several key draft picks maturing on the offensive line and the emergence of DeMarco Murray as a dominant running back, won the NFC East with a 12–4 record and were tied for the best record in the conference with the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks. The Cowboys were undefeated on the road, including impressive wins over Seattle and the NFC East frontrunners (at the time), the Philadelphia Eagles. Garrett's team lost the three-way tiebreaker to Green Bay and Seattle and therefore hosted the Detroit Lions in a wildcard-round game. , won 24–20 by the Cowboys, featured a controversial "flag pick up" after a penalty during a late Detroit drive, thereby allowing Dallas an improved chance to make a comeback and defeat the Lions. In the against the Green Bay Packers, hyped as a rematch of the famous Ice Bowl NFL championship game from 1967, Dallas held a lead in the second half, but after losing the lead due to a late Aaron Rodgers touchdown pass, had a potentially game-winning catch by Dez Bryant overturned in official replay, therefore sealing a 26–21 defeat to Green Bay.


title: Jason Garrett

text: On January 13, 2015, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones and Garrett agreed on a contract that kept Garrett in Dallas for 5 more years and paid him $30 million. The Cowboys entered the 2015 season with great expectations, but starting quarterback Tony Romo played in only 4 games after suffering two fractures in his left collarbone, and the team finished with a 4–12 mark.


title: Jason Garrett

text: The Cowboys bounced back in 2016 with their best record under Garrett (13–3) with the emergence of rookie quarterback Dak Prescott and running back Ezekiel Elliott, earning the #1 NFC spot in the playoffs and a first-round bye. However, they were upset in by Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers with a last-second field goal by Mason Crosby, losing the game 34–31. Garrett was named the NFL Coach of the Year for the 2016 season.


title: Jason Garrett

text: In 2017, the Cowboys finished with a 9–7 record and missed the playoffs. This was partially because star running back Ezekiel Elliott was suspended for 6 games due to violating the personal conduct policy.


title: Jason Garrett

text: In 2018, the Cowboys bounced back from a disappointing 3–5 record at the bye week to win 7 of their last 8 games and clinch the NFC East for the 3rd time since Garrett became head coach. They won their against the Seattle Seahawks, but lost in the to the Los Angeles Rams.


title: Jason Garrett

text: In 2019, the Cowboys finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs. Toward the end of the season, they had led the NFC East until losing to their division rival, the Philadelphia Eagles, in Week 16.


title: Jason Garrett

text: On January 5, 2020, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones announced that the Cowboys would not renew Garrett's contract, which expired at the conclusion of the 2019 season. Garrett finished his Cowboys tenure with an 85–67 record. He was 2–3 in the playoffs, never advancing past the divisional round.


title: Jason Garrett

text: On January 17, 2020, Garrett was hired by the New York Giants as their offensive coordinator under new head coach Joe Judge. Garrett tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020 and missed the team's week 15 game in 2020 against the Cleveland Browns. Garrett was fired from the Giants on November 23, 2021. After getting fired by the Giants, Garrett was rumored to be the frontrunner for the Duke University football head coaching job to replace long time head coach David Cutcliffe. However, just a few days later, Duke hired Mike Elko as their head coach.


title: Jason Garrett

text: Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job at Stanford in December of 2022 and was named a finalist. He ultimately decided to stay with NBC as a studio analyst.


title: Jason Garrett

text: On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Garrett would be an analyst for NBC Sports broadcasts of the United States Football League. On August 14, it was announced that Garrett has joined Jac Collinsworth as part of Notre Dame Football on NBC. He also joined Tony Dungy on NBC Sunday Night Football beginning in September.


title: Jason Garrett

text: Garrett’s brothers John and Judd also played in the World League of American Football, and Judd made second-team All-World League in 1991 after leading the league in catches. John was the head coach of the Lafayette College football team until 2021 when he was fired, and his younger brother Judd works in the Dallas Cowboys front office after being let go as tight ends coach for the St. Louis Rams. Since he played for the London Monarchs, Judd is the only one of the Garretts who played in the WLAF to have a World Bowl ring. Another brother, Jim Garrett III, is a teacher and former football coach.


title: Jason Garrett

text: His father, Jim Garrett, was an assistant coach for the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and Cleveland Browns and head coach of the Houston Texans of the World Football League and at Columbia University. From 1987 to 2004, he served as a scout for the Dallas Cowboys.


title: Gram

text: The gram (originally gramme; SI unit symbol g) is a unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one one thousandth of a kilogram.


title: Gram

text: Originally defined as of 1795 as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre [1 cm], and at the temperature of melting ice", the defining temperature (~0 °C) was later changed to 4 °C, the temperature of maximum density of water.


title: Gram

text: However, by the late 19th century, there was an effort to make the base unit the kilogram and the gram a derived unit. In 1960, the new International System of Units defined a "gram" as one one-thousandth of a kilogram (i.e., one gram is 1×10 kg). The kilogram, as of 2019, is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures from the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant (), which is kg⋅m⋅s.


title: Gram

text: The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the International System of Units (SI) is "g" following the numeric value with a space, as in "640 g" to stand for "640 grams" in the English language. The SI does not permit the use of abbreviations such as "gr" (which is the symbol for grains), "gm" ("g⋅m" is the SI symbol for gram-metre) or "Gm" (the SI symbol for gigametre).


title: Gram

text: The word "gramme" was adopted by the French National Convention in its 1795 decree revising the metric system as replacing the "gravet" introduced in 1793. Its definition remained that of the weight ("poids") of a cubic centimetre of water.


title: Gram

text: French "gramme" was taken from the Late Latin term "". This word—ultimately from Greek ("grámma"), "letter"—had adopted a specialised meaning in Late Antiquity of "one twenty-fourth part of an ounce" (two oboli), corresponding to about 1.14 modern grams. This use of the term is found in the "carmen de ponderibus et mensuris" ("poem about weights and measures") composed around 400 AD.


title: Gram

text: There is also evidence that the Greek was used in the same sense at around the same time, in the 4th century, and survived in this sense into Medieval Greek, while the Latin term did not remain current in Medieval Latin and was recovered in Renaissance scholarship.


title: Gram

text: The gram was the base unit of mass in the 19th-century centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). The CGS system co-existed with the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS), first proposed in 1901, during much of the 20th century, but the gram was displaced by the kilogram as the base unit for mass when the MKS system was chosen for the SI base units in 1960.


title: Gram

text: The gram is today the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide. Liquid ingredients may be measured by volume rather than mass.


title: Gram

text: Many standards and legal requirements for nutrition labels on food products require relative contents to be stated per 100 g of the product, such that the resulting figure can also be read as a percentage.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Jewish Christians () were the followers of a Jewish religious sect that emerged in Judea during the late Second Temple period (first century AD). The Nazarene Jews integrated the belief of Jesus as the prophesied Messiah and his teachings into the Jewish faith, including the observance of the Jewish law. The name may derive from the city of Nazareth, or from prophecies in Isaiah and elsewhere where the verb occurs as a descriptive plural noun, or from both. Jewish Christianity is the foundation of Early Christianity, which later developed into Christianity. Christianity started with Jewish eschatological expectations, and it developed into the worship of a deified Jesus after his earthly ministry, his crucifixion, and the post-crucifixion experiences of his followers. Modern scholarship is engaged in an ongoing debate as to the proper designation for Jesus' first followers. Many see the term Jewish Christians as anachronistic given that there is no consensus on the date of the birth of Christianity. Some modern scholars have suggested the designations "Jewish believers in Jesus" or "Jewish followers of Jesus" as better reflecting the original context.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Jewish Christians drifted apart from mainstream Judaism, eventually becoming a minority strand which had mostly disappeared by the fifth century. Jewish–Christian gospels have been lost except for fragments, so there is considerable uncertainty as to the scriptures used by this group.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The split of Christianity and Judaism took place during the first centuries CE. While the First Jewish–Roman War and the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE were main events, the separation was a long-term process, in which the boundaries were not clear-cut.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Early Jewish Christians (i.e. the Jewish followers of Jesus) referred to themselves as followers of "The Way" (: hė hodós), probably coming from , "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me." According to , the term "Christian" () was first used in reference to Jesus's disciples in the city of Antioch, meaning "followers of Christ", by the non-Jewish inhabitants of Antioch. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" () was by Ignatius of Antioch, in around 100 AD.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The term "Jewish Christian" appears in historical texts contrasting Christians of Jewish origin with gentile Christians, both in discussion of the New Testament church and the second and following centuries. It is also a term used for Jews who converted to Christianity but kept their Jewish heritage and traditions.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Christianity arose in the syncretistic Hellenistic world of the first century CE, which was dominated by Roman law and Greek culture. Hellenistic culture had a profound impact on the customs and practices of Jews, both in the Land of Israel and in the Diaspora. The inroads into Judaism gave rise to Hellenistic Judaism in the Jewish diaspora which sought to establish a Hebraic-Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of Hellenism.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Hellenistic Judaism spread to Ptolemaic Egypt from the 3rd century BCE, and became a notable "religio licita" after the Roman conquest of Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Judea, and Egypt, until its decline in the 3rd century parallel to the rise of Gnosticism and Early Christianity.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Burton Mack and a minority of commentators, the Christian vision of Jesus' death for the redemption of mankind was only possible in a Hellenised milieu.


title: Jewish Christian

text: During the early first century CE, there were many competing Jewish sects in the Holy Land and those that became Rabbinic Judaism and Proto-orthodox Christianity were but two of these. There were Pharisees, Sadducees, and Zealots, but also other less influential sects, including the Essenes. The first century BCE and first century CE saw a growing number of charismatic religious leaders contributing to what would become the Mishnah of Rabbinic Judaism; the ministry of Jesus would lead to the emergence of the first Jewish Christian community.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Although the gospels contain strong condemnations of the Pharisees, Paul the Apostle claimed to have been a Pharisee, and there is a clear influence of Hillel's interpretation of the Torah in the Gospel-sayings. Belief in the resurrection of the dead in the messianic age was a core Pharisaic doctrine.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Most of Jesus's teachings were intelligible and acceptable in terms of Second Temple Judaism; what set Christians apart from Jews was their faith in Christ as the resurrected messiah. While Christianity acknowledges only one ultimate Messiah, Judaism can be said to hold to a concept of multiple messiahs. The two most relevant are the Messiah ben Joseph and the traditional Messiah ben David. Some scholars have argued that the idea of two messiahs, one suffering and the second fulfilling the traditional messianic role, was normative to ancient Judaism, predating Jesus. Jesus would have been viewed by many as one or both.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Jewish messianism has its root in the apocalyptic literature of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE, promising a future "anointed" leader or Messiah to resurrect the Israelite "Kingdom of God", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. According to Shaye J.D. Cohen, Jesus's failure to establish an independent Israel, and his death at the hands of the Romans, caused many Jews to reject him as the Messiah. Jews at that time were expecting a military leader as a Messiah, such as Bar Kokhba.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Christian denominations, the bodily resurrection of Jesus after his death is the pivotal event of Jesus' life and death, as described in the gospels and the epistles. According to the gospels, written decades after the events of his life, Jesus preached for a period of one to three years in the early 1st century. His ministry of teaching, healing the sick and disabled and performing various miracles, culminated in his crucifixion at the hands of the Roman authorities in Jerusalem. After his death, he appeared to his followers, resurrected from death. After forty days he ascended to Heaven, but his followers believed he would soon return to usher in the Kingdom of God and fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the resurrection of the dead and the Last Judgment.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Proponents of higher criticism claim that regardless of how one interprets the mission of Jesus, he must be understood in context as a 1st-century Middle Eastern Jew.


title: Jewish Christian

text: There is widespread disagreement among scholars on the details of the life of Jesus mentioned in the gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings. Scholars often draw a distinction between the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith, and two different accounts can be found in this regard. Traditional scholarship on the subject stood on traditional theology. It emphasized Paul, and de-emphasized James and the Jewish grounding of early belief in Jesus. Modern scholarship sees Jesus and his Jewish followers as grounded in the beliefs and traditions of first century Judaism.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Critical scholarship has stripped away most narratives about Jesus as legendary, and the mainstream historical view is that while the gospels include many legendary elements, these are religious elaborations added to the accounts of a historical Jesus who was crucified under the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate in the 1st-century Roman province of Judea. His remaining disciples later believed that he was resurrected.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Five portraits of the historical Jesus are supported by mainstream scholars, namely the apocalyptic prophet, the charismatic healer, the Cynic philosopher, the Jewish Messiah, and the prophet of social change.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established a new Jewish sect, one that attracted both Jewish and gentile converts. The self-perception, beliefs, customs, and traditions of the Jewish followers of Jesus, Jesus's disciples and first followers, were grounded in first-century Judaism. According to New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman, a number of early Christianities existed in the first century CE, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including proto-orthodoxy, Marcionites, Gnostics and the Jewish followers of Jesus. According to theologian James D. G. Dunn, four types of early Christianity can be discerned: Jewish Christianity, Hellenistic Christianity, Apocalyptic Christianity, and early Catholicism.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The first followers of Jesus were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish proselytes. Jesus was Jewish, preached to the Jewish people, and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath, Jewish Christians, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief – that Jesus was the Messiah."


title: Jewish Christian

text: Jewish Christians were the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity. In the earliest stage the community was made up of all those Jews who believed that Jesus was the Jewish messiah. As Christianity grew and developed, Jewish Christians became only one strand of the early Christian community, characterised by combining the confession of Jesus as Christ with continued observance of the Torah and adherence to Jewish traditions such as Sabbath observance, Jewish calendar, Jewish laws and customs, circumcision, kosher diet and synagogue attendance, and by a direct genetic relationship to the earliest followers of Jesus.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Jerusalem Church was an early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which James the Just, the brother of Jesus, and Peter were leaders. Paul was in contact with this community. Legitimised by Jesus' appearance, Peter was the first leader of the Jerusalem "ekklēsia". He was soon eclipsed in this leadership by James the Just, "the Brother of the Lord," which may explain why the early texts contain scarce information about Peter. According to Lüdemann, in the discussions about the strictness of adherence to the Jewish Law, the more conservative view of James the Just became more widely accepted than the more liberal position of Peter, who soon lost influence. According to Dunn, this was not an "usurpation of power," but a consequence of Peter's involvement in missionary activities.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Eusebius' "Church History" 4.5.3–4: the first 15 Christian Bishops of Jerusalem were "of the circumcision". The Romans destroyed the Jewish leadership in Jerusalem in year 135 during the Bar Kokhba revolt, but it is traditionally believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the Jewish–Roman wars in Pella in the Decapolis.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Pauline epistles incorporate creeds, or confessions of faith, of a belief in an exalted Christ that predate Paul, and give essential information on the faith of the early Jerusalem Church around James, brother of Jesus. This group venerated the risen Christ, who had appeared to several persons, as in Philippians 2:6–11, the Christ hymn, which portrays Jesus as an incarnated and subsequently exalted heavenly being.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Early Christians regarded Jesus to be the Messiah, the promised king who would restore the Jewish kingdom and independence. Jewish messianism has its root in the apocalyptic literature of the 2nd century BCE to 1st century BCE, promising a future "anointed" leader or messiah to restore the Israelite "Kingdom of God", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. This corresponded with the Maccabean Revolt directed against the Seleucid Empire. Following the fall of the Hasmonean kingdom, it was directed against the Roman administration of Judea Province, which, according to Josephus, began with the formation of the Zealots and Sicarii during the Census of Quirinius (6 CE), although full-scale open revolt did not occur until the First Jewish–Roman War in 66 CE.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to the New Testament, some Christians reported that they encountered Jesus after his crucifixion. They argued that he had been resurrected (belief in the resurrection of the dead in the Messianic Age was a core Pharisaic doctrine), and would soon return to usher in the Kingdom of God and fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the resurrection of the dead and the Last Judgment.


title: Jewish Christian

text: gives an early testimony, which was delivered to Paul, of the atonement of Jesus and the appearances of the risen Christ to "Cephas and the twelve", and to "James [...] and all the apostles", possibly reflecting a fusion of two early Christian groups:


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Geza Vermes, the concept of resurrection formed "the initial stage of the belief in his exaltation", which is "the apogee of the triumphant Christ". The focal concern of the early communities is the expected return of Jesus, and the entry of the believers into the kingdom of God with a transformed body.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Ehrman, the resurrection experiences were a denial response to his disciples' sudden disillusionment following Jesus' death. According to Ehrman, some of his followers claimed to have seen him alive again, resulting in a multitude of stories which convinced others that Jesus had risen from death and was exalted to Heaven.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Paula Fredriksen, Jesus's impact on his followers was so great that they could not accept the failure implicit in his death. According to Fredricksen, before his death Jesus created amongst his believers such certainty that the Kingdom of God and the resurrection of the dead was at hand, that with few exceptions (John 20: 24–29) when they saw him shortly after his execution, they had no doubt that he had been resurrected, and the general resurrection of the dead was at hand. These specific beliefs were compatible with Second Temple Judaism.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Johan Leman, the resurrection must be understood as a sense of presence of Jesus even after his death, especially during the ritual meals which were continued after his death. His early followers regarded him as a righteous man and prophet, who was therefore resurrected and exalted. In time, Messianistic, Isaiahic, apocalyptic and eschatological expectations were blended in the experience and understanding of Jesus, who came to be expected to return to earth.


title: Jewish Christian

text: A point of debate is how Christians came to believe in a bodily resurrection, which was "a comparatively recent development within Judaism." According to Dag Øistein Endsjø, "The notion of the resurrection of the flesh was, as we have seen, not unknown to certain parts of Judaism in antiquity", but Paul rejected the idea of bodily resurrection, and it also can't be found within the strands of Jewish thought in which he was formed. According to Porter, Hayes and Tombs, the Jewish tradition emphasizes a continued spiritual existence rather than a bodily resurrection.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Nevertheless, the origin of this idea is commonly traced to Jewish beliefs, a view against which Stanley E. Porter objected. According to Porter, Jewish and subsequent Christian thought were influenced by Greek thoughts, where "assumptions regarding resurrection" can be found, which were probably adopted by Paul. According to Ehrman, most of the alleged parallels between Jesus and the pagan savior-gods only exist in the modern imagination, and there are no "accounts of others who were born to virgin mothers and who died as an atonement for sin and then were raised from the dead."


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Ehrman, a central question in the research on Jesus and early Christianity is how a human came to be deified in a relatively short time. Jewish Christians like the Ebionites had an Adoptionist Christology and regarded Jesus as the Messiah while rejecting his divinity, while other strands of Christian thought regard Jesus to be a "fully divine figure", a "high Christology". How soon the earthly Jesus was regarded to be the incarnation of God is a matter of scholarly debate.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Philippians 2:6–11 contains the Christ hymn, which portrays Jesus as an incarnated and subsequently exalted heavenly being:


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Dunn, the background of this hymn has been strongly debated. Some see it as influenced by a Greek worldview. while others have argued for Jewish influences. According to Dunn, the hymn contains a contrast with the sins of Adam and his disobedience. Dunn further notes that the hymn may be seen as a three-stage Christology, starting with "an earlier stage of mythic pre-history or pre-existence," but regards the humility-exaltation contrast to be the main theme.


title: Jewish Christian

text: This belief in the incarnated and exalted Christ was part of Christian tradition a few years after his death and over a decade before the writing of the Pauline epistles. According to Dunn, the background of this hymn has been strongly debated. Some see it as influenced by a Greek worldview,


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Burton L. Mack the early Christian communities started with "Jesus movements", new religious movements centering on a human teacher called Jesus. A number of these "Jesus movements" can be discerned in early Christian writings. According to Mack, within these Jesus-movements developed within 25 years the belief that Jesus was the Messiah, and had risen from death.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Erhman, the gospels show a development from a "low Christology" towards a "high Christology". Yet, a "high Christology" seems to have been part of Christian traditions a few years after his death, and over a decade before the writing of the Pauline epistles, which are the oldest Christian writings. According to Martin Hengel, as summarized by Jeremy Bouma, the letters of Paul already contain a fully developed Christology, shortly after the death of Jesus, including references to his pre-existence. According to Hengel, the Gospel of John shows a development which builds on this early high Christology, fusing it with Jewish wisdom traditions, in which Wisdom was personified and descended into the world. While this "Logos Christology" is recognizable for Greek metaphysics, it is nevertheless not derived from pagan sources, and Hengel rejects the idea of influence from "Hellenistic mystery cults or a Gnostic redeemer myth".


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Book of Acts reports that the early followers continued daily Temple attendance and traditional Jewish home prayer. Other passages in the New Testament gospels reflect a similar observance of traditional Jewish piety such as fasting, reverence for the Torah and observance of Jewish holy days.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Larry Hurtado, "the christology and devotional stance that Paul affirmed (and shared with others in the early Jesus-movement) was… a distinctive expression within a variegated body of Jewish messianic hopes." According to Dunn, Paul presents, in his epistles, a Hellenised Christianity. According to Ehrman, "Paul's message, in a nutshell, was a Jewish apocalyptic proclamation with a seriously Christian twist."


title: Jewish Christian

text: Paul was in contact with the early Christian community in Jerusalem, led by James the Just. Fragments of their beliefs in an exalted and deified Jesus, what Mack called the "Christ cult," can be found in the writings of Paul. According to the New Testament, Saul of Tarsus first persecuted the early Jewish Christians, but then converted. He adopted the name Paul and started proselytizing among the gentiles, adopting the title "Apostle to the Gentiles". Saint Peter, Paul and other Jewish Christians told the Jerusalem council that Gentiles were receiving the Holy Spirit, and so convinced the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow gentile converts exemption from most Jewish commandments at the Council of Jerusalem, which opened the way for a much larger Christian Church, extending far beyond the Jewish community.


title: Jewish Christian

text: While Paul was inspired by the early Christian apostles, his writings elaborate on their teachings, and also give interpretations which are different from other teachings as documented in the canonical gospels, early Acts and the rest of the New Testament, such as the Epistle of James.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Paul was, before his conversion, an antagonist of the followers of Jesus. Initially he persecuted the "church of God." Then he converted, starting to proselytize among the gentiles.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Some early Jewish Christians believed that non-Jews must convert to Judaism and adopt Jewish customs in order to be saved. Paul criticized Peter for himself declining to eat with gentiles during a visit by some of these Christians and therefore presenting a poor example to non-Jews joining the Christians. Paul's close coworker Barnabas sided with Peter in this dispute. Those that taught that gentile converts to Christianity ought to adopt more Jewish practices to be saved, however, were called "Judaizers". Though the Apostle Peter was initially sympathetic, the Apostle Paul opposed the teaching at the Incident at Antioch () and at the Council of Jerusalem (). Nevertheless, Judaizing continued to be encouraged for several centuries, particularly by Jewish Christians.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Paul opposed the strict applications of Jewish customs for gentile converts, and argued with the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow gentile converts exemption from most Jewish commandments at the Council of Jerusalem, where Paul met with the "pillars of Jerusalem Church" (whom Paul identifies as Peter, Jesus's brother James, and John) over whether gentile Christians need to keep the Jewish Law and be circumcised. According to Acts, James played a prominent role in the formulation of the council's decision ( NRSV) that circumcision was not a requirement. In Galatians, Paul says that James, Peter and John will minister to the "circumcised" (in general Jews and Jewish proselytes) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general, gentiles) (Galatians 2:9).


title: Jewish Christian

text: The "Catholic Encyclopedia" claims: "St. Paul's account of the incident leaves no doubt that St. Peter saw the justice of the rebuke." However, L. Michael White's "From Jesus to Christianity" claims: "The blowup with Peter was a total failure of political bravado, and Paul soon left Antioch as "persona non grata", never again to return." Scholar James D. G. Dunn, who coined the phrase "New Perspective on Paul", has proposed that Peter was the "bridge-man" (i.e., the "pontifex maximus") between the two other "prominent leading figures" of early Christianity: Paul and James, the brother of Jesus.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Talmud scholar Daniel Boyarin has argued that Paul's theology of the spirit is more deeply rooted in Hellenistic Judaism than generally believed. In "A Radical Jew," Boyarin argues that the Apostle Paul combined the life of Jesus with Greek philosophy to reinterpret the Hebrew Bible in terms of the Platonic opposition between the ideal (which is real) and the material (which is false). Judaism is a material religion, in which membership is based not on belief but rather descent from Abraham, physically marked by circumcision, and focusing on how to live this life properly. Paul saw in the symbol of a resurrected Jesus the possibility of a spiritual rather than corporeal Messiah. He used this notion of Messiah to argue for a religion through which all people—not just descendants of Abraham—could worship the God of Abraham. Unlike Judaism, which holds that it is the proper religion only of the Jews, Pauline Christianity claimed to be the proper religion for all people.


title: Jewish Christian

text: By appealing to the Platonic distinction between the material and the ideal, Paul showed how the spirit of Christ could provide "all" people a way to worship the God who had previously been worshipped only by Jews, Jewish proselytes and God-fearers, although Jews claimed that he was the one and only God of all. Boyarin roots Paul's work in Hellenistic Judaism and insists that Paul was thoroughly Jewish, but argues that Pauline theology made his version of Christianity appealing to gentiles. Boyarin also sees this Platonic reworking of both Jesus's teachings and Pharisaic Judaism as essential to the emergence of Christianity as a distinct religion, because it justified a Judaism without Jewish law.


title: Jewish Christian

text: As Christianity grew throughout the gentile world, the developing Christian tradition diverged from its Jewish and Jerusalem roots. Historians continue to debate the precise moment when early Christianity established itself as a new religion, apart and distinct from Judaism. It is difficult to trace the process by which the two separated or to know exactly when this began. Jewish Christians continued to worship in synagogues together with contemporary Jews for centuries. Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and Rabbinic movements from the mid-to late second century CE to the fourth century CE. Philip S. Alexander characterizes the question of when Christianity and Judaism parted company and went their separate ways as "one of those deceptively simple questions which should be approached with great care". The first centuries of belief in Jesus were characterized by great uncertainty and religious creativity. "Groups of believers coalesced into proto-factions of like-minded individuals, and then into factions. […] The degree of doctrinal cohesion of these groups is unknown. As attested by the extant texts, confusion and chaos were rampant." At first, early belief in Jesus was very much a local phenomenon with some degree of coordination among communities on a regional basis.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Both Early Christianity and Early Rabbinic Judaism were far less orthodox and less theologically homogeneous than in modern day. Both religions were significantly influenced by Hellenistic religion and borrowed allegories and concepts from Classical Hellenistic philosophy and the works of the Greek-speaking Jewish authors of the end of the Second Temple period. The two schools of thought eventually firmed up their respective "norms" and doctrines, notably by increasingly diverging on key issues such as the status of "purity laws", the validity of Judeo-Christian messianic beliefs, and, more importantly, the use of Koine Greek and Latin as sacerdotal languages replacing Biblical Hebrew.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Heinrich Graetz postulated a Council of Jamnia in 90 that excluded Christians from the synagogues, but this is disputed. Jewish Christians continued to worship in synagogues for centuries.


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, "the separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event", in which the church became "more and more gentile, and less and less Jewish". According to Cohen, early Christianity ceased to be a Jewish sect when it ceased to observe Jewish practices, such as circumcision. According to Cohen, this process ended in 70 CE, after the great revolt, when various Jewish sects disappeared and Pharisaic Judaism evolved into Rabbinic Judaism, and Christianity emerged as a distinct religion.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Talmudist and professor of Jewish studies Daniel Boyarin proposes a revised understanding of the interactions between nascent Christianity and Judaism in late antiquity, viewing the two "new" religions as intensely and complexly intertwined throughout this period. According to Boyarin, Judaism and Christianity "were part of one complex religious family, twins in a womb", for at least three centuries. Alan Segal also states that "one can speak of a 'twin birth' of two new Judaisms, both markedly different from the religious systems that preceded them".


title: Jewish Christian

text: According to Robert Goldenberg, it is increasingly accepted among scholars that "at the end of the 1st century CE there were not yet two separate religions called 'Judaism' and 'Christianity.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Jewish Christianity fell into decline during the Jewish–Roman wars (66–135) and the growing anti-Judaism perhaps best personified by Marcion of Sinope (c. 150). With persecution by the Nicene Christians from the time of the Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century, Jewish Christians sought refuge outside the boundaries of the Empire, in Arabia and further afield. Within the Empire and later elsewhere it was dominated by the gentile-based Christianity which became the State church of the Roman Empire and which took control of sites in the Holy Land such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Cenacle and appointed subsequent Bishops of Jerusalem.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Full-scale, open revolt against the Romans occurred with the First Jewish–Roman War in 66 CE. In 70 CE, Jerusalem was besieged and the Second Temple was destroyed. This event was a profoundly traumatic experience for the Jews, who were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, sectarianism largely came to an end. The Zealots, Sadducees, and Essenes disappeared, while the Early Christians and the Pharisees survived, the latter transforming into Rabbinic Judaism, today known simply as "Judaism". The term "Pharisee" was no longer used, perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian, and the rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Many historians argue that the gospels took their final form after the Great Revolt and the destruction of the Temple, although some scholars put the authorship of Mark in the 60s; this could help one understand their context. Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to record the oral law in writing.


title: Jewish Christian

text: A significant contributing factor to the split was the two groups' differing theological interpretations of the Temple's destruction. Rabbinic Judaism saw the destruction as a chastisement for neglecting the Torah. The early Christians however saw it as God's punishment for the Jewish rejection of Jesus, leading to the claim that the 'true' Israel was now the Church. Jews believed this claim was scandalous. According to Fredriksen, since early Christians believed that Jesus had already replaced the Temple as the expression of a new covenant, they were relatively unconcerned with the destruction of the Temple during the First Jewish-Roman War.


title: Jewish Christian

text: In Christian circles, the term "Nazarene" later came to be used as a label for those Christians who were faithful to Jewish law, in particular, it was used as a label for a certain sect of Christians. At first, these Jewish Christians, originally the central group in Christianity, were not declared unorthodox but they were later excluded from the Jewish community and denounced. Some Jewish Christian groups, such as the Ebionites, were accused of having unorthodox beliefs, particularly in relation to their views of Christ and gentile converts. The Nazarenes, who held to orthodoxy but adhered to Jewish law, were not deemed heretical until the dominance of orthodoxy in the 4th century. The Ebionites may have been a splinter group of Nazarenes, with disagreements over Christology and leadership. After the condemnation of the Nazarenes, the term "Ebionite" was often used as a general pejorative for all related "heresies".


title: Jewish Christian

text: Jewish Christians constituted a community which was separate from the Pauline Christians. There was a post-Nicene "double rejection" of the Jewish Christians by adherents of gentile Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. It is believed that no direct confrontation occurred between the adherents of gentile Christianity and the adherents of Judaic Christianity. However, by this time, the practice of Judeo-Christianity was diluted by internal schisms and external pressures. Gentile Christianity remained the sole strand of orthodoxy and it imposed itself on the previously Jewish Christian sanctuaries, taking full control of those houses of worship by the end of the 5th century.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Growing anti-Jewish sentiment among early Christians is evidenced by the Epistle of Barnabas, a late-1st/early-2nd century letter attributed to Barnabas, the companion of Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, although it could be by Barnabas of Alexandria, or an anonymous author using the name Barnabas. In no other writing of that early time is the separation of the gentile Christians from observant Jews so clearly insisted upon. Christians, according to Barnabas, are the only true covenant people, and the Jewish people are no longer in covenant with God. Circumcision and the entire Jewish sacrificial and ceremonial system have been abolished in favor of "the new law of our Lord Jesus Christ". Barnabas claims that Jewish scriptures, rightly understood, serve as a foretelling of Christ and its laws often contain allegorical meanings.


title: Jewish Christian

text: While 2nd-century Marcionism rejected all Jewish influence on Christianity, Proto-orthodox Christianity instead retained some of the doctrines and practices of 1st-century Judaism while rejecting others. They held the Jewish scriptures to be authoritative and sacred, employing mostly the Septuagint or Targum translations, and adding other texts as the New Testament canon developed. Christian baptism was another continuation of a Judaic practice.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Ebionites were a Jewish Christian movement that existed during the early centuries of the Christian Era. They show strong similarities with the earliest form of Jewish Christianity, and their specific theology may have been a "reaction to the law-free Gentile mission." They regarded Jesus as the Messiah while rejecting his divinity and his virgin birth, and insisted on the necessity of following Jewish law and rites. They used the Gospel of the Ebionites, one of the Jewish–Christian gospels; the Hebrew Book of Matthew starting at chapter 3; revered James the brother of Jesus (James the Just); and rejected Paul the Apostle as an apostate from the Law. Their name ( "Ebionaioi", derived from Hebrew "ebyonim", "ebionim", meaning "the poor" or "poor ones") suggests that they placed a special value on voluntary poverty.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Distinctive features of the "Gospel of the Ebionites" include the absence of the virgin birth and of the genealogy of Jesus; an Adoptionist Christology, in which Jesus is chosen to be God's Son at the time of his Baptism; the abolition of the Jewish sacrifices by Jesus; and an advocacy of vegetarianism.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Nazarenes originated as a sect of first-century Judaism. The first use of the term "sect of the Nazarenes" is in the Book of Acts in the New Testament, where Paul is accused of being a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes ("πρωτοστάτην τε τῆς τῶν Ναζωραίων αἱρέσεως"). The term then simply designated followers of "Yeshua Natzri" (Jesus the Nazarene), but in the first to fourth centuries the term was used for a sect of followers of Jesus who were closer to Judaism than most Christians. They are described by Epiphanius of Salamis and are mentioned later by Jerome and Augustine of Hippo, who made a distinction between the Nazarenes of their time and the "Nazarenes" mentioned in Acts 24:5.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Nazarenes were similar to the Ebionites, in that they considered themselves Jews, maintained an adherence to the Law of Moses, and used only the Aramaic "Gospel of the Hebrews", rejecting all the Canonical gospels. However, unlike half of the Ebionites, they accepted the Virgin Birth.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The "Gospel of the Hebrews" was a syncretic Jewish–Christian gospel, the text of which is lost; only fragments of it survive as brief quotations by the early Church Fathers and in apocryphal writings. The fragments contain traditions of Jesus' pre-existence, incarnation, baptism, and probable temptation, along with some of his sayings. Distinctive features include a Christology characterized by the belief that the Holy Spirit is Jesus' Divine Mother; and a first resurrection appearance to James, the brother of Jesus, showing a high regard for James as the leader of the Jewish Christian church in Jerusalem. It was probably composed in Greek in the first decades of the 2nd century, and is believed to have been used by Greek-speaking Jewish Christians in Egypt during that century.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Gospel of the Nazarenes is the title given to fragments of one of the lost Jewish-Christian Gospels of Matthew partially reconstructed from the writings of Jerome.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Knanaya of India descend from Syriac Christians of Jewish origin who migrated to India from Mesopotamia between the 4th and 9th century under the leadership of the merchant Knai Thoma. In the modern age, they are a minority community found among the St. Thomas Christians. The culture of the Knanaya has been analyzed by a number of Jewish scholars who have noted that the community maintains striking correlations to Jewish communities, in particular the Cochin Jews of Kerala. The culture of the Knanaya is a blend of Jewish-Christian, Syriac, and Hindu customs reflecting both the foreign origin of the community and the centuries that they have lived as a minority community in India.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Some typically Grecian "Ancient Synagogal" priestly rites have survived partially to the present, notably in the distinct church service of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, Syriac Orthodox Church and the Melkite Greek Catholic communities of the Hatay Province of Southern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The unique combination of ethnocultural traits inhered from the fusion of a Greek-Macedonian cultural base, Hellenistic Judaism and Roman civilization gave birth to the distinctly Antiochian "Middle Eastern-Roman" Christian traditions of Cilicia (Southeastern Turkey) and Syria/Lebanon:


title: Jewish Christian

text: Members of these communities still call themselves Rûm which literally means "Eastern Roman", "Byzantine" or "Asian Greek" in Turkish, Persian and Arabic. The term "Rûm" is used in preference to ""Ionani"" or ""Yāvāni"" which means "European Greek" or "Ionian" in Classical Arabic and Ancient Hebrew.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Most Middle-Eastern "Melkites" or "Rûms", can trace their ethnocultural heritage to the Southern Anatolian ('Cilician') and Syrian Hellenized Greek-speaking Jewish communities of the past and Greek and Macedonian settlers ('Greco-Syrians'), founders of the original "Antiochian Greek" communities of Cilicia, Northwestern Syria and Lebanon. Counting members of the surviving minorities in the Hatay Province of Turkey, in Syria, Lebanon, Northern Israel and their relatives in the diaspora, there are more than 1.8 million Greco-Melkite Christians residing in the Northern-MENA, the US, Canada and Latin America today, i.e., Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic Christians under the ancient jurisdictional authority of the patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem ("Orthodox" in the narrow sense) or their Uniat offshoots ("Catholic" or "united" with Rome).


title: Jewish Christian

text: Today, certain families are associated with descent from the early Jewish Christians of Antioch, Damascus, Judea, and Galilee. Some of those families carry surnames such as Youhanna (John), Hanania (Ananias), Sahyoun (Zion), Eliyya/Elias (Elijah), Chamoun/Shamoun (Simeon/Simon), Semaan/Simaan (Simeon/Simon), Menassa (Manasseh), Salamoun/Suleiman (Solomon), Youwakim (Joachim), Zakariya (Zacharias), [Kolath] and others.


title: Jewish Christian

text: In modern times, the term "Jewish Christian" is generally used in reference to ethnic Jews who have either converted to or been raised in Christianity. They are mostly members of Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Christian congregations, and they are generally assimilated into the Christian mainstream, but they may also retain a strong sense of attachment to their Jewish identity. Some Jewish Christians also refer to themselves as "Hebrew Christians".


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Hebrew Christian movement of the 19th century was an initiative which was largely led and integrated by Anglicans, and they included figures such as Michael Solomon Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem 1842–1845; some figures, such as Joseph Frey, the founder of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, were more assertive of their Jewish identity and independence.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies. According to Data which was provided by the Pew Research Center, as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult American Jews identify themselves as Christians, and most of them identify themselves as Protestants. According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were either raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. According to a 2012 study, 17% of Jews in Russia identify themselves as Christians.


title: Jewish Christian

text: Messianic Judaism is a religious movement which incorporates elements of Judaism with the tenets of Christianity. Its adherents, many of whom are ethnically Jewish, worship in congregations which recite Hebrew prayers. They also baptize messianic believers who are of the age of accountability (able to accept Jesus as the Messiah), often observe kosher


title: Jewish Christian

text: dietary laws and keep Saturday as the Sabbath. Additionally, they recognize the Christian New Testament as holy scripture, though most of them do not use the label "Christian" to describe themselves.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The two groups are not completely distinct; some adherents, for example, favor Messianic congregations but freely live in both worlds, such as the theologian Arnold Fruchtenbaum, the founder of Ariel Ministries.


title: Jewish Christian

text: The Hebrew Catholics are a movement of Jews who converted to Catholicism and Catholics of non-Jewish origin who choose to keep Jewish customs and traditions in light of Catholic doctrine.


title: Takis (snack)

text: Takis are a Mexican brand of rolled corn tortilla chip snack made by Barcel, a subsidiary of Grupo Bimbo. Fashioned after the taquito, it comes in numerous flavors, the best selling of which is the chili-lime "Fuego" flavor, sold in distinctive purple bags. Besides the rolled corn chips, Takis also produces a number of other snacks with the same flavor lines, including a number of different potato chip varieties, corn stix, popcorn, and peanuts.


title: Takis (snack)

text: Takis were invented in Mexico in 1999 and introduced to the United States in 2004. Barcel originally intended to aim Takis towards the Hispanic demographic of the snack market, but its popularity has quickly spread among teens of different cultural backgrounds.


title: Takis (snack)

text: In July 2020, Razor released their scooter designed with the Takis brand. Also in that month, Totino's released "Totino's Takis Fuego Mini Snack Bites", consisting of pizza snack rolls covered in "Takis Fuego" seasoning. In October 2020, Takis introduced "Takis Hot Nuts", featuring peanuts in a crunchy shell coated with Takis seasoning. Its flavors include "Fuego", "Flare" and "Smokin' Lime". In 2021, Grupo Bimbo expanded the Takis snack portfolio to include:


title: Takis (snack)

text: There have been multiple claims on the Internet that Takis and other spicy snacks cause ulcers and cancer. Though the aforementioned claims have been confirmed as false, scientists and doctors have attributed gastritis and other stomach-related problems to Takis. It has been recommended that Takis should only be consumed in moderation.


title: Real tennis

text: Real tennis – one of several games sometimes called "the sport of kings" – is the original racquet sport from which the modern game of tennis (also called "lawn tennis") is derived. It is also known as court tennis in the United States, formerly royal tennis in England and Australia, and courte-paume in France (to distinguish it from longue-paume, and in reference to the older, racquetless game of "jeu de paume", the ancestor of modern handball and racquet games). Many French real tennis courts are at "jeu de paume" clubs.


title: Real tennis

text: The term "real" was first used by journalists in the early 20th century as a retronym to distinguish the ancient game from modern "lawn" tennis (even though, at present, the latter sport is seldom contested on lawns outside the few social-club-managed estates such as Wimbledon).


title: Real tennis

text: There are more than 50 active real tennis courts in the world, located in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and France. Other countries have currently disused courts, such as the two in the Republic of Ireland. The sport is supported and governed by various organizations around the world.


title: Real tennis

text: The rules and scoring are similar to those of lawn tennis, which derives from real tennis, but are more complex. In both sports game scoring is by fifteens ("40" being short for the original forty-five). However, in real tennis, six games wins a set, without the need for a two-game margin as in lawn tennis although some tournaments require more games (as many as 10) to win, usually playing one, single set. A match is typically best of three sets, except matches between men in the major open tournaments, which are best of five sets.


title: Real tennis

text: Unlike latex-based technology underlying the modern lawn tennis ball, the game uses a cork-cored ball which is very close in design to the original balls used in the game. The diameter balls are handmade and consist of a core made of cork with fabric tape tightly wound around it, compacted by outer windings of string, and covered with a hand-sewn layer of heavy, woven, woollen cloth, traditionally Melton cloth (not felt, which is unwoven and not strong enough to last as a ball covering). The balls were traditionally white, but around the end of the 20th century "optic yellow" was introduced for improved visibility, as had been done years earlier in lawn tennis. The balls are much less bouncy than lawn tennis balls, and weigh about (lawn tennis balls typically weigh ).


title: Real tennis

text: The short, asymmetrical racquets are made of wood and use very tight nylon strings to cope with the heavy balls. The racquet oval is shaped to make it easier to strike balls close to the floor or in corners, and to facilitate a fast shot with a low trajectory that is difficult for an opponent to return. There are two companies in the world hand-crafting these racquets: Grays of Cambridge (UK) and Gold Leaf Athletics (US).


title: Real tennis

text: There are two basic designs in existence today: "jeu quarré," which is an older design, and "jeu à dedans". The court at Falkland Palace is a "jeu quarré" design which unlike jeu à dedans court lacks a tambour and dedans. Mary, Queen of Scots became especially fond of the game, and it is said that she scandalised the people of Scotland by wearing men's breeches to play. The more common real tennis court ("jeu à dedans") is a very substantial building (encompassing an area wider and longer than a lawn tennis court, with high walls and a ceiling lofty enough to contain all but the highest lob shots). It is enclosed by walls on all four sides, three of which have sloping roofs, known as "penthouses", beneath which are various openings ("galleries", from which spectators may view the game and which also play a role in scoring points), and a buttress that intrudes into the playing area ("tambour") off which shots may be played. There are no "standard dimensions" for courts. Most are about above the penthouses, and about on the playing floor, varying by a foot or two per court. They are doubly asymmetric: each end of the court differs in shape from the other, and the left and right sides of the court are also different.


title: Real tennis

text: The service is always made from the same end of the court (the "service" end); a good service must touch the service penthouse (above and to the left of the server) on or over the white service line on the receiver's ("hazard") side before touching the floor in a marked area on that side. There are numerous and widely varying styles of service. These are given descriptive names to distinguish them examples are "railroad", "bobble", "poop", "piqué", "boomerang", and "giraffe".


title: Real tennis

text: The game has many other complexities. For instance, when the ball bounces twice on the floor at the service end, the serving player does not generally lose the point. Instead a "chase" is called where the ball made its second bounce and the server gets the chance, later in the game, to "play off" the chase from the receiving end; but to win the point being played off, their shot's second bounce must be further from the net (closer to the back wall) than the shot they originally failed to reach. A chase can also be called at the receiving ("hazard") end, but only on the half of that end nearest the net; this is called a "hazard" chase.


title: Real tennis

text: Those areas of the court in which chases can be called are marked with lines running across the floor, parallel to the net, generally about apart – it is these lines by which the chases are measured. Additionally, a player can gain the advantage of serving only through skillful play (viz. "laying" a "chase", which ensures a change of end). This is in stark contrast to lawn tennis, where players alternately serve and receive entire games. In real tennis the service can only change "during" a game, and it is not uncommon to see a player serve for several consecutive games till a chase be made. Indeed, in theory, an entire match could be played with no change of service, the same player serving every point.


title: Real tennis

text: The heavy, solid balls take a great deal of spin, which often causes them to rebound from the walls at unexpected angles. For the sake of a good chase (close to the back wall), it is desirable to use a cutting stroke, which imparts backspin to the ball, causing it to come sharply down after hitting the back wall.


title: Real tennis

text: Another twist to the game comes from the various window-like openings ('galleries') below the penthouse roofs that, in some cases, offer the player a chance to win the point instantly when the ball is hit into the opening (in other cases, these windows create a "chase"). Effectively, these are "goals" to be aimed for. The largest such opening, located behind the server, is called the "dedans" and must often be defended on the volley from hard hit shots, called "forces", coming from the receiving ("hazard") side of the court. The resulting back-court volleys and the possibility of hitting shots off the side walls and the sloping penthouses give many interesting shot choices not available in lawn tennis. Moreover, because of the weight of the balls, the small racquets, and the need to defend the rear of the court, many lawn tennis strategies, such as playing with topspin, and serve-and-volley tactics, are ineffective.


title: Real tennis

text: The term "tennis" is thought to derive from the French word "tenez," which means "take heed" – a warning from the server to the receiver. Real tennis evolved, over three centuries, from an earlier ball game played around the 12th century in France. This had some similarities to palla, fives, Spanish pelota or handball, in that it involved hitting a ball with a bare hand and later with a glove. This game may have been played by monks in monastery cloisters, but the construction and appearance of courts more resemble medieval courtyards and streets than religious buildings. By the 16th century, the glove had become a racquet, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area, and the rules had stabilized. Real tennis spread across Europe, with the Papal Legate reporting in 1596 that there were 250 courts in Paris alone, near the peak of its popularity in France.


title: Real tennis

text: Royal interest in England began with Henry V (reigned 1413–22) but it was Henry VIII (reigned 1509–47) who made the biggest impact as a young monarch, playing the game with gusto at Hampton Court on a court he had built in 1530 and on several other courts in his palaces. His second wife Anne Boleyn was watching a game of real tennis when she was arrested and it is believed that Henry was playing tennis when news was brought to him of her execution. Queen Elizabeth I was a keen spectator of the game. During the reign of James I (1603–25), there were 14 courts in London.


title: Real tennis

text: In France, François I (1515–47) was an enthusiastic player and promoter of real tennis, building courts and encouraging play among both courtiers and commoners. His successor, Henry II (1547–59), was also an excellent player and continued the royal French tradition. The first known book about tennis, "Trattato del Giuoco della Palla" was written during his reign, in 1555, by an Italian priest, Antonio Scaino da Salo. Two French kings died from tennis-related episodes – Louis X of a severe chill after playing and Charles VIII after striking his head on the lintel of a door leading to the court in the royal Château at Amboise. King Charles IX granted a constitution to the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571, creating a career for the 'maître paumiers' and, establishing three levels of professionals – apprentice, associate, and master. The first codification of the rules of real tennis was written by a professional named Forbet and published in 1599.


title: Real tennis

text: The game thrived among the 17th-century nobility in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, and the Habsburg Empire, but suffered under English Puritanism, as it was heavily associated with gambling. By the Age of Napoleon, the royal families of Europe were besieged and real tennis, a court game, was largely abandoned. Real tennis played a role in the history of the French Revolution, through the Tennis Court Oath, a pledge signed by French deputies in a real tennis court, which formed a decisive early step in starting the revolution.


title: Real tennis

text: During the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racquet sports emerged in England: rackets and squash racquets.


title: Real tennis

text: There is documented history of courts existing in the German states from the 17th century, the sport evidently died out there during or after World War II.


title: Real tennis

text: In Victorian England, real tennis had a revival, but broad public interest later shifted to the new, much less difficult outdoor game of lawn tennis, which soon became the more popular sport, and was played by both genders (real tennis players were almost exclusively male). Real tennis courts were built in Hobart, Tasmania (1875) and in the United States, starting in 1876 in Boston, and in New York in 1890, and later at athletic clubs in several other cities. Real tennis greatly influenced the game of stické, which was invented in the 19th century and combined aspects of real tennis, lawn tennis and rackets.


title: Real tennis

text: Real tennis has the longest line of consecutive world champions of any sport in the world, dating from 1760.


title: Real tennis

text: A forgotten master of designing, building and restoring real tennis courts was the British Fulham-based builder, Joseph Bickley (1835–1923). He became a specialist around 1889 and patented a plaster mix to withstand condensation and dampness. Examples of his surviving work include: The Queen's Club, Lord's, Hampton Court Palace, Jesmond Dene, Newmarket, Moreton Hall, Warwickshire and Petworth House. There are also examples of his projects in Scotland and in the United States.


title: Real tennis

text: Tennis is mentioned in literature from the 16th century onwards. It is frequently shown in emblem books, such as those of Guillaume de La Perrière from 1539. Erasmus lets two students practice Latin during a game of tennis with a racquet in 1522, although the playing ground is not mentioned. A 1581 translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses by Giovanni Andrea dell'Anguillara, printed in Venice in quarto form transforms the fatal discus game between Apollo and Hyacinth into a fatal game of real tennis, or "racchetta."


title: Real tennis

text: William Shakespeare mentions the game in Act I Scene II of "Henry V"; the Dauphin, a French Prince, sends King Henry a gift of tennis-balls, out of jest, in response to Henry's claim to the French throne. King Henry replies to the French Ambassadors:


title: Real tennis

text: "His present and your pains we thank you for: When we have matched our rackets to these balls, we will, in France, by God's grace, play a set [that] shall strike his father's crown into the hazard ... And tell the pleasant Prince this mock of his hath turn'd his balls to gun stones". Michael Drayton makes a similar reference to the event in his "The bataille of Agincourt", published in 1627.


title: Real tennis

text: The Scottish gothic novel "The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner" by James Hogg (1824) describes a tennis match that degenerates into violence.


title: Real tennis

text: The detective story "Dead Nick" takes place in a tennis milieu. The title alludes to a shot that hits "the nick" (where the wall meets the floor), called "dead" because it then bounces very little and is frequently unreturnable.


title: Real tennis

text: "Hazard Chase" (1964), by Jeremy Potter, is a thriller-detective story featuring real tennis on the court at Hampton Court Palace. During the story the game is explained, and the book contains a diagram of a real tennis court. Jeremy Potter wrote historical works (including "Tennis and Oxford" (1994)), and was himself an accomplished player of the game, winning the World Amateur Over-60s Championship in 1986.


title: Real tennis

text: "The First Beautiful Game: Stories of Obsession in Real Tennis" (2006) by top amateur player Roman Krznaric contains a mixture of real tennis history, memoir and fiction, which focuses on what can be learned from real tennis about the art of living.


title: Real tennis

text: "The Corpse on the Court" (2013) is a mystery by Simon Brett. It features the recurring lead character of Jude learning many details about the sport from aficionados.


title: Real tennis

text: In "The Chase" by Ivor P. Cooper, in "Ring of Fire II" in the "1632 series", up-timers Heather Mason and Judy Wendell learn the sport from Thomas Hobbes. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden is depicted as an aficionado of the game.


title: Real tennis

text: "Sudden Death" (2013), a novel by Alvaro Enrigue, is interstitched throughout with descriptions of a real tennis match between the Italian artist Caravaggio and the Spanish poet Quevedo. The details of play are interspersed among historical reflections on the game, descriptions of techniques for making the balls, quotations from contemporary sources, gambling that accompanied the game, the backgrounds of the participants and the strategy discussions between the players and their seconds. It is intentionally unclear which details are real and which are imagined by the author.


title: Real tennis

text: Real tennis is featured in the film "The Seven-Per-Cent Solution", a fictional meeting between Sherlock Holmes and Sigmund Freud. One of the film's plot points turns on Freud playing a grudge match with a Prussian nobleman (in lieu of a duel).


title: Real tennis

text: The film "The French Lieutenant's Woman" includes a sequence featuring a few points being played. Also "The Three Musketeers" (1973) and "Ever After" briefly feature the game. Although presented with varying degrees of accuracy, these films provide a chance to see the game played, which otherwise may be difficult to observe personally.


title: Real tennis

text: The Showtime series "The Tudors" (2007) portrays Henry VIII playing the game. The film "The Man Who Knew Infinity" features a short sequence of G. H. Hardy (Jeremy Irons) and John Edensor Littlewood (Toby Jones) playing real tennis.


title: Real tennis

text: The series "Billions", "Opportunity Zone" episode, very briefly features Damian Lewis and Harry Lennix playing real tennis.


title: Real tennis

text: In the movie "Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead" they play a game of questions in a disused real tennis court.


title: Real tennis

text: A pair of supporting characters is seen briefly playing real tennis about 62 minutes into the 1984 Rob Lowe movie Oxford Blues.


title: Real tennis

text: Real tennis has occasionally been televised, but the court (which does not well lend itself to the placement of cameras), the speed at which the ball travels, and the complexity of the rules all militate against the effectiveness and popularity of televised programming.


title: Real tennis

text: Web-streaming is proving a helpful innovation, and realtennis.tv broadcast its first tournament, the European Open, from 8–9 March 2011.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Hitman 2 is a 2018 stealth video game that was developed by IO Interactive and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the seventh major installment in the "Hitman" video game series, the sequel to 2016's "Hitman" and the second game in the "World of Assassination" trilogy. The game's story continues the plot arc started in "Hitman" and follows assassin Agent 47 as he searches for the mysterious "Shadow Client" and his allies, who are trying to destroy Providence, a secretive organization that controls the world's affairs. Like its predecessor, "Hitman 2" features six large sandbox locations that players can freely explore to find opportunities to eliminate their targets. The game included two online multiplayer modes called "Sniper Assassin" and "Ghost Mode", whose internet servers were shut down in August 2020.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Sales of the 2016 episodic game "Hitman" fell short of expectations, prompting the series' publisher Square Enix to sell IO Interactive, which became an independent studio after a management buyout. With a limited cash flow, the studio laid off nearly half of its employees and had to reduce the scope of the sequel, whose development was about 25% completed. Because the framework had been created with the previous game, development of "Hitman 2" was faster than usual, taking about twenty-one months. The first game's episodic model was abandoned and "Hitman 2" was released in full. The studio supported the game with additional content, including two paid maps, and free elusive targets and contracts.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: "Hitman 2" was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in November 2018. Upon release, the game was met with generally positive reviews; critics considered it to be an improvement over its predecessor. The game's maps, sandbox design, gameplay enhancements, humour and assassination opportunities were praised, though the story and the multiplayer modes received a mixed response. "Hitman 2" recuperated its developmental costs but its launch during a crowded release window negatively affected sales. "Hitman 3", the follow-up in the "World of Assassination" trilogy, was released in January 2021.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Like the first game in the "World of Assassination" series, "Hitman 2" is a stealth game that is played from a third-person perspective. The player assumes control of Agent 47, an assassin whose targets are scattered across the world. The game has eight missions that are set in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand; Miami, Florida; a village in Colombia; the slums of Mumbai, India; a suburb of Vermont called Whittleton Creek; and a fictional North Atlantic island called Sgàil. The game's downloadable content (DLC) includes new locations; a bank in New York City and a resort in the Maldives. Players can download all of the chapters from "Hitman" if the player owns it or has bought the content as DLC, which incorporates the gameplay changes added to "Hitman 2" and allows "Hitman" to be played within "Hitman 2"s improved engine. Each of the game's locations is a sandbox-type environment players can explore. Players must understand the layout of the maps to identify infiltration opportunities.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Gameplay structure and design are largely similar to those of "Hitman" (2016). Players use variety of firearms and gadgets to eliminate their targets, and can use stealth tactics because Agent 47 is fragile in combat. The bodies of dead targets must be hidden to avoid detection. Alternatively, players can explore each location and eavesdrop on conversations to discover "missions stories", which are scripted mission sequences that help Agent 47 identify the location and routine of targets, and uncover unconventional infiltrations or opportunities to kill. Kills can be disguised as accidental deaths. Access to some areas of the game is restricted; players must gain access by obtaining a disguise either by incapacitating non-playable characters (NPCs) or by finding it somewhere in the map. Agent 47 can use "Instinct mode" to identify the targets' locations.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: As with the previous games in the series, 47 is expected to blend into the environment by conforming to its social norms and rules. Several quality-of-life adjustments were introduced. Artificial intelligence controlling the NPCs will notice Agent 47 through reflections in mirrors. A picture-in-picture mode informs players of events happening in other parts of the level. The instinct mode shows the field-of-view of security cameras. Agent 47's briefcase can be used to smuggle firearms into a location, and he can use foliage to hide from enemies and blend in with crowds. As players complete missions and challenges, they earn experience points (XP) and mastery levels, unlocking new starting locations and items when they replay the level. Non-lethal takedowns, completion of objectives, accidental and unnoticed kills, and efficiency contribute to the players' score and XP earned. Players' performances would then be uploaded to and shared on a leaderboard.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Escalations are missions that include multiple stages. After completing each stage, the player will unlock the next stage which will increase the difficulty by adding additional targets or requirements (such as specific disguises or kill methods). Elusive targets are time-limited assassination missions that can only be attempted once. Contracts mode allows players to assign assassination targets, set requirements for their killings, and share their contracts with other players. In Sniper Assassin mode, players are tasked with eliminating targets from afar using a sniper rifle within 15 minutes. As in the main campaign, the NPC will react to the player's actions and each map has numerous assassination opportunities. This mode can be played solo or with other players, who will assume control of either Stone or Knight, characters who are equipped with concussive shockwave rounds and wall-piercing ammunition, respectively. Ghost Mode is a competitive, multiplayer mode in which two players must race against each other to eliminate assassination targets. Players start in the same location with no equipment. The two players cannot directly interact with each other but can see the other player's avatar and will be notified when the other performs certain actions. They also share a target and ghost crates that contain disguises and weapons the players can use. The players who last discovers the crates may be left with inferior gadgets. If a player eliminates the target, the other player will have 20 seconds to eliminate their target in their world. Successful elimination of a target scores one point; the player who receives five points wins the game. Players lose one point if they kill a non-target character.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Following the events of "Hitman", Agent 47 embarks on a mission to find the mysterious "Shadow Client" for Providence, a secretive organization that controls most of the world's affairs. 47's employer, the International Contract Agency (ICA), has formed an uneasy alliance with Providence to stop the Shadow Client, whose actions are causing global panic, and 47 has agreed to help in return for Providence revealing his forgotten past. He begins by killing Alma Reynard, one of the Shadow Client's top lieutenants, in her home in New Zealand. He also kills tech moguls and Providence defectors Robert and Sierra Knox in Miami. Meanwhile, the Providence leaders become angry at the killings of several CEOs and business tycoons associated with the group. The Shadow Client is formally identified as Lucas Grey, a former head of security for Providence who, from his hideout in Central Europe, pursues his own plans with hacktivist Olivia Hall, intending to recruit 47 to help in his quest to destroy Providence.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: In a village in Colombia, 47 assassinates Rico Delgado, Jorge Franco, and Andrea Martínez, leaders of a drug cartel who have been using their smuggling network and business connections to aid Grey and his militia. Agent 47's handler Diana Burnwood reports the mission's success to Providence while visiting her family's graves in Surrey, England. Flashbacks reveal she watched as her parents were killed by a car bomb. Grey and his team blow up the headquarters of Ether Corporation in Johannesburg, kill its CEO, and steal an unidentified item, and his militia use a hostage situation to publicly reveal Providence's existence. In Mumbai, Agent 47 dismantles the militia's eastern cell by identifying and eliminating Grey's top lieutenant Wazir Kale and two of his associates, Vanya Shah and Dawood Rangan, who were responsible for the death of another Providence CEO.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: 47 follows Grey's trail to Romania and finds him at the asylum where he was created ("") by Dr. Ort-Meyer. Grey reveals to 47 that he is also a genetically engineered clone created by Ort-Meyer, formerly known as Subject 6. 47 recalls befriending Grey as a child, and the two vowing to take revenge on those responsible for turning them into assassins. Grey reveals Ort-Meyer was a member of Providence, which he says is controlled by three executive members known as the "Partners" and their second-in-command known as the "Constant". After Grey's and 47's plan to kill the Partners failed and they were captured, 47's memories were erased, though Grey escaped before the same could happen to him. Grey aims to capture the Constant, who is the only person who knows the identities of the Partners. His only lead, however, is 47's knowledge of the identity of the first Constant from a visit to Ort-Meyer decades earlier. Grey reveals the item he stole in Johannesburg is an antidote that may counteract 47's memory loss. Diana is initially reluctant to work with Grey, arguing the ICA does not take sides, but eventually abides by 47's wish to take the antidote.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: After taking the antidote, 47 remembers the first Constant was a KGB spymaster known as Janus. To avoid detection by ICA and Providence, Diana files a false report implicating Janus as the Shadow Client while claiming Grey is a subordinate, giving 47 a pretext to assassinate Janus, who is living in Vermont after retiring. After killing Janus, 47 finds evidence that he was planning to meet the current Constant at a gala held by the "Ark Society", a plutocratic survivalist group founded by Janus during his tenure as Constant. After Hall locates the gala on a remote North Atlantic island, 47 travels there to capture the Constant and kill Zoe and Sophia Washington, the Ark Society's newly appointed chairwomen, who each hold a trigger for a chip that will release lethal poison into the Constant's body if he is compromised.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: After the mission, the Constant is taken to a ship to have the poison chip surgically removed, and be interrogated about the Partners' identities. He reveals the Partners are representatives of Providence's founding families—the Ingram, Carlisle, and Stuyvesant families—and 47 and Grey leave to find them. The Constant taunts Diana, saying she does not know everything about 47. A final flashback depicts a young 47, under Providence's control, killing Diana's parents.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: As 47 and Grey begin their search for the Partners, Diana tells them Hall found recent obituaries for all three Partners, leaving the group to conclude the Partners faked their deaths and plan to resume their lives under new identities. The Constant, seemingly unaware of this contingency plan, tells 47 and Grey to follow their bank accounts, which lead them to a New York City bank branch. 47 infiltrates the bank to retrieve data files, as well as kill its director and Providence operative Athena Savalas to prevent the Partners from discovering the data breach.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: With the data acquired from the bank, Hall discovers the Partners paid large fees to HAVEN, a Maldives-based corporation that secretly creates new identities for wealthy criminals. To allow Hall to breach HAVEN's servers, 47 poses as a client to infiltrate the corporation's island resort and eliminate HAVEN's co-owners Ljudmila Vetrova, Steven Bradley, and Tyson Williams to prevent them from resetting access to the servers at 10-hour intervals. Hall gains access to HAVEN's files on the Partners and discovers the controlling shares that comprise the backbone of Providence have not been allocated to the Partners' new identities but rather to the Constant under the alias Arthur Edwards. Diana rushes to check on the Constant but finds he has escaped. Hall obtains the locations of the Partners and informs 47 and Grey, who prepare to hunt them down ("Hitman 3").


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: "Hitman 2" was developed by Danish video game studio IO Interactive. The game's predecessor, which had an episodic release, received critical acclaim but missed the sales expectations of franchise and studio owner Square Enix. The team began developing a sequel that would incorporate online modes and more gameplay features while experimenting with new gameplay mechanisms. While preparing for game's production, in May 2017, Square Enix announced it had sold IO Interactive to concentrate resources on other studios. While Square Enix negotiated with potential buyers of the studio, IO Interactive became independent following a management buyout. The management of the IO Interactive, which had about 200 employees, had to lay off 40% of the workforce due to limited cash flow. "Hitman 2"s development was about 25% completed.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: After the buyout, IO Interactive owned the intellectual property (IP) of "Hitman" and decided to make the first episode free-to-play. The number of players nearly tripled and a significant portion of them bought the full game, ensuring a steady revenue for the studio. Due to limited manpower, the team had to limit the scale of the sequel and many planned features were cut. Development of "Hitman 2" progressed quickly due to the foundation of "Hitman" (2016), which was originally designed as a platform known as "World of Assassination" to allow the developer to add content. The late success of "Hitman" helped IO Interactive show there was a demand for this type of game, and the studio secured additional funding for the game's production. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment signed to publish the sequel after partnering with IO Interactive on the Definitive Edition of "Hitman". The game was declared gold on 27 September 2018, meaning it was being prepared for duplication and release.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: The studio initially planned to include five massive maps in the game but decided to include six maps, some of which are smaller in scale. The game's locations were chosen early in the game's development; each level was assigned to a "track team" that would be responsible for its level design, targets, and opportunities. As with the original "Hitman", there are two types of levels in this game; "fortresses"—areas the player must infiltrate—and "snailhouses", levels with a circular design in which players are encouraged to explore the peripheral areas. The team visited the Maldives and Mumbai to ensure the locations in the game were authentic. According to the team, they did not intend to create an accurate version of these locations but wanted to "evoke the smells, tastes, and sounds of these places". One of the design principles was to ensure each map would have spaces players could familiarize themselves with while providing an element of surprise by showing operations that are typically conducted in secret. For instance, players can disguise themselves to enter areas of a bank that are off-limits to the public. IO experimented with the two established designs. For instance, Mumbai is a reverse fortress in which the player must identify an unknown civilian and eliminate them in a public area. Track teams needed to decide on the items featured in each level. Items and outfits generally are categorized as specific items used for mission stories, and items that were designed to fit each map's aesthetic. "Hitman 2" added regional accents to many of its maps, such as the Mumbai and Colombia levels.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: IO Interactive described Miami as the "biggest level we have ever done" during pre-release interviews stating there are "almost 2000 NPCs in the crowd". The idea of the mission was appealing to developers as games set at race events usually have the player driving in the race whereas this mission would let players explore everywhere else like the paddocks and stands. They went back and forth on whether by default Sierra Knox should win the race but ultimately decided to make her lose so that players can make the decision to set her up to win themselves, which adds to player agency and provides a sense of poetic justice. The race will end after around 20 minutes, after which Knox will start wandering around the VIP areas on foot, opening up new assassination opportunities. However, instead of forcing players to wait around the developers implemented ways to let players end the race early, allowing them to control the schedule of the level. The map layout is split into two halves with the race track down the middle, and each half is designed around one of the two targets. As a result, the level designers spent a lot of time finding many ways to let players cross the track such as overpasses and underground passageways.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: The New York DLC bank level was originally designed with side character Fabian Mann as a target as well as Athena Savalas, however IO were not sure what to do with the vault in the level or what to put inside it. They eventually decided that Mann should no longer be a target and instead made getting into the vault an objective of the level. To avoid the situation seen in the "Sapienza" mission from "Hitman" where IO said players felt forced to go down to the lab to destroy the virus every time they played, IO chose to let players decide to either break into the vault or instead collect a series of data disks carried by various characters (including Mann and Savalas). This concept would later be reused for the Dartmoor level in "Hitman 3".


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: While "Hitman" served as an introductory chapter to the "World of Assassination" series, "Hitman 2"s story has a more prominent role and a more structured narrative. "Hitman" was described as a "white collar new money" crime thriller whereas "Hitman 2" focuses on eccentric characters and "old money", which were inspired by secret societies. Much of the storytelling occurs within a level and during gameplay, and cutscenes mainly serve to tie together story threads. The abandonment of the episodic release model allowed IO Interactive to present a more cohesive story because players often forgot about narrative elements while they were playing "Hitman" due to its sparse release schedule. Like the first game, Agent 47 is a blank-state character and the story is mostly driven by his handler Diana Burnwood and Lucas Grey, both of whom have their own emotions, motivations and goals. Their presence allows Agent 47 to gradually develop as a character and foster change. The main story was written to motivate players to eliminate the targets. Mission stories in "Hitman 2" were designed to encourage players to try out new gameplay features, tools, and costumes, while providing additional story content. Developers were careful to ensure the game was hitting the right tone, recasting a more mature-sounding actor for Alma Reynard (the target from the opening New Zealand mission) and giving her a new outfit after the original take was "too young-sounding" in order to avoid the game becoming "too creepy or sexually predatory".


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: The game includes extensive dark humour; early promotion of the game showed Agent 47 whacking NPCs with a fish. According to Markus Friedl, the game's executive producer, "this little bit of tongue-in-cheek humor [is] very much part of the "Hitman" DNA". David Bateson, who provides the voice of Agent 47, initially thought some of the dialogue was absurd but grew to appreciate it after understanding how mission stories work. According to Bateson, while Agent 47 is an expert at disguising himself, he is a terrible actor. He was instructed not to change his accent when disguised as other personalities and he delivered his lines in a "delightfully wooden way".


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Warner Bros. announced "Hitman 2" on 7 June 2018. The game did not follow its predecessor's episodic release model after the developers received negative feedback from players of the first game. Players who pre-ordered the game gained immediate access to Sniper Assassin mode. In July 2018, IO Interactive announced a competition for Sniper Assassin players; the top-three players with the highest scores would have the opportunity to have their names and likeness incorporated into the game's post-release content. "Hitman 2" was released worldwide for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on 13 November 2018, although those who pre-ordered the game's gold edition gained access to the game four days earlier. On 1 September 2020, IO Interactive released "Hitman 2" for Google Stadia. The first level was made free-to-play on 27 February 2019.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: IO Interactive extensively supported "Hitman 2" with DLC, and regularly added escalation targets, challenge packs and elusive targets into the game. Sean Bean portrayed the game's first elusive target Mark Faba in the Miami map. This mission, which is titled "The Undying", was released on 18 November 2018, a week after the game's release. A temporary seasonal snow festival event set on the Hokkaido map from "Hitman" was added on 22 January 2019, later being permanently added in December that same year. A unique Halloween themed escalation called "The Mills Reverie" was released in October 2019.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: The game suffered an early bug that was referred to as the "homing briefcase", which was triggered when a briefcase was thrown at a target; the briefcase would spin and fly slowly towards the target, even if the target moved around the level. The homing behaviour is an intentional feature of all thrown melee items in "Hitman" but the speed was unusual. IO patched the game and the developers acknowledged the bug, adding a special briefcase item, the Executive Briefcase MKII, that restored the slow-homing speed. The item was released on 8 August 2019 as part of the "Best Case Scenario" challenge pack.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: Following the game's initial release, two paid expansions, each of which added new locations, missions, outfits, and weapons, were announced. The first expansion added a new main mission set in a bank in New York City as well as two single target "special assignment" missions set on variants of the Mumbai and Colombia maps on 25 June 2019. A new Sniper Assassin map called Hantu Port set in Singapore was released as part of the first expansion on 26 March 2019. The second expansion added another main mission set on Haven Island, an island in the Maldives, and two more special assignments set in Miami and Whittleton Creek on 24 September 2019. It also added another Sniper Assassin map set in a Siberian prison on 30 July 2019. The Bank and Haven Island missions continue the story from the main "Hitman 2" campaign.


title: Hitman 2 (2018 video game)

text: "Hitman 2" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Reviewers agreed the game does not significantly deviate from its predecessor's formula but they enjoyed the general gameplay loop and its improvements. Some gaming journalists said the episodic model of "Hitman" helped players thoroughly explore each level and were disappointed IO Interactive abandoned this release strategy for "Hitman 2".