title: Völkisch movement

text: Despite the previous lower-class connotation associated to the word "Volk", the "Völkisch" movement saw the term with a noble overtone suggesting a German ascendancy over other peoples. Thinkers led by Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882), Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927), Ludwig Woltmann (1871–1907) and Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) were inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in advocating a "race struggle" and a hygienist vision of the world. They had conceptualized a racialist and hierarchical definition of the peoples of the world where Aryans (or Germans) had to be at the summit of the white race. The purity of the bio-mystical and primordial nation theorized by the "Völkisch" thinkers then began to be seen as having been corrupted by foreign elements, Jewish in particular.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The same word "Volk" was used as a flag for new forms of ethnic nationalism, as well as by international socialist parties as a synonym for the proletariat in the German lands. From the left, elements of the folk-culture spread to the parties of the middle classes.


title: Völkisch movement

text: Although the primary interest of the Germanic mystical movement was the revival of native pagan traditions and customs (often set in the context of a quasi-theosophical esotericism), a marked preoccupation with purity of race came to motivate its more politically oriented offshoots, such as the "Germanenorden" (the Germanic or Teutonic Order), a secret society founded at Berlin in 1912 which required its candidates to prove that they had no "non-Aryan" bloodlines and required from each a promise to maintain purity of his stock in marriage. Local groups of the sect met to celebrate the summer solstice, an important neopagan festivity in "völkisch" circles (and later in Nazi Germany), and more regularly to read the Eddas as well as some of the German mystics.


title: Völkisch movement

text: Not all folkloric societies with connections to Romantic nationalism were located in Germany. The "Völkisch" movement was a force as well in Austria. Meanwhile, the community of Monte Verità ('Mount Truth') which emerged in 1900 at Ascona, Switzerland is described by the Swiss art critic Harald Szeemann as "the southernmost outpost of a far-reaching Nordic lifestyle-reform, that is, alternative movement".


title: Völkisch movement

text: The political agitation and uncertainty that followed World War I nourished a fertile background for the renewed success of various "Völkish" sects that were abundant in Berlin at the time, but if the "Völkisch" movement became significant by the number of groups during the Weimar Republic, they were not so by the number of adherents. A few "Völkische" authors tried to revive what they believed to be a true German faith ("Deutschglaube"), by resurrecting the cult of the ancient Germanic gods. Various occult movements such as ariosophy were connected to "Völkisch" theories, and artistic circles were largely present among the "Völkischen", like the painters Ludwig Fahrenkrog (1867-1952) and Fidus (1868-1948). By May 1924, essayist Wilhelm Stapel perceived the movement as capable of embracing and reconciling the whole nation: in his view, "Völkisch" had an idea to spread instead of a party programme and were led by heroes — not by "calculating politicians". Scholar Petteri Pietikäinen also observed "Völkisch" influences on Carl Gustav Jung.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The "völkisch" ideologies were influential in the development of Nazism. Indeed, Joseph Goebbels publicly asserted in the 1927 Nuremberg rally that if the populist ("völkisch") movement had understood power and how to bring thousands out in the streets, it would have gained political power on 9 November 1918 (the outbreak of the SPD-led German Revolution of 1918–1919, end of the German monarchy). Nazi racial understanding was couched in "völkisch" terms, as when Eugen Fischer delivered his inaugural address as Nazi rector, "The Conception of the Völkisch state in the view of biology" (29 July 1933). Karl Harrer, the Thule Society member most directly involved in the creation of the DAP in 1919, was sidelined at the end of the year when Hitler drafted regulations against conspiratorial circles, and the Thule Society was dissolved a few years later. The "völkisch" circles handed down one significant legacy to the Nazis: In 1919, Thule Society member Friedrich Krohn designed the original version of the Nazi swastika.


title: Völkisch movement

text: In January 1919, the Thule Society was instrumental in the foundation of the German Workers' Party (DAP), which later became the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), commonly called the Nazi Party. Thule Society members or visiting guests of the Thule Society who would later join the Nazi Party included Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Gottfried Feder, Dietrich Eckart and Karl Harrer. Notably, Adolf Hitler was never a member of the Thule Society and Rudolf Hess and Alfred Rosenberg were only visiting guests of the Thule Society in the early years before they came to prominence in the Nazi movement. After being appointed Chairman of the NSDAP in 1921, Hitler moved to sever the party's link with the Thule Society, expelling Harrer in the process; the Society subsequently fell into decline and was dissolved in 1925.


title: Völkisch movement

text: In Heathenry, the terms "Völkisch", "neo-völkisch", or the anglicisation "folkish", are used both as endo- and exonyms for groups that believe that the religion is intimately connected to a perceived biological race, which they often describe as "Northern European", or more specific groupings such as "English". These classifications are typically held to be self-evident by folkish Heathens, despite the academic consensus that race is a cultural construct. Folkish groups often use ethnonationalist language and maintain that only members of these racial groupings can legitimately adhere to the religion, holding the pseudoscientific view that "gods and goddesses are encoded in the DNA of the descendants of the ancients."


title: Völkisch movement

text: Folkish Heathens often express in online media belief in a threat from racial mixing, which is often blamed on the socio-political establishment, sometimes arguing their racial exclusivity is a result of the threat other ethnic groups pose to white people or due to explicit white supremacist ideologies. It has been noted that while the groups typically state an aim to revive Germanic paganism, their views regarding the centrality of race have origins instead in 19th century thinking. The Odinic Rite states that while prevention of ethnic mixing was not a stance taken by heathens prior to Christianisation, it is needed now to maintain "racial integrity" and prevent "crossed allegiances". The Odinic Rite and the Odinist Fellowship profess an apolitical stance, although academic Ethan Doyle White characterises their ideologies as the "extreme right".


title: Völkisch movement

text: As of 2021, 32 neo-völkisch organizations in the United States are designated as hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center, with the largest being the Asatru Folk Assembly.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Periphery is an American progressive metal band formed in Washington, D.C. in 2005. Their musical style has been described as progressive metal, djent, and progressive metalcore. They are considered one of the pioneers of the djent movement within progressive metal. They have also received a Grammy nomination. The band consists of vocalist Spencer Sotelo, guitarists Misha Mansoor, Mark Holcomb, Jake Bowen, and drummer Matt Halpern.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Since their self-titled debut, the band has released an additional five albums: "", the double album "" and "", "" and "". They've also released two EPs: "Icarus EP" and "Clear". All Periphery material is self-produced by the members of the band.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Periphery was formed in 2005 by guitarist Misha Mansoor, who slowly gained a reputation on the Internet via a regularly-updated Soundclick account, the Meshuggah and John Petrucci forums, and the sevenstring.org message boards. Before and during Periphery's tenure in the metal scene, Mansoor developed a reputation for doing his own audio production, the majority of which was performed with a home computer and a Pod XT. Mansoor has continued to update his personal project, Bulb, often transferring songs between the two projects. Mansoor also continues to be involved in a number of other musical projects, including Haunted Shores, Four Seconds Ago, and of Man Not of Machine.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Periphery went through a number of lineup changes during its early history. Originally, Misha played drums and guitar in the band, but began scoping out local talent and found local drummer Jason S. Berlin, and then switched permanently to guitar. Berlin was planning to pursue interests in Los Angeles and was replaced upon departure by Travis Orbin. Between 2005 and 2009, Periphery worked with vocalists Jake Veredika, Casey Sabol and Chris Barretto, gradually moving from a Meshuggah-influenced sound to a more ambient, melodic sound, with a focus on innovative production.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Periphery has toured extensively since 2008, supporting artists including DevilDriver, Dream Theater, Emmure, Veil of Maya, Animals as Leaders, God Forbid, Darkest Hour, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Fear Factory, Between the Buried and Me, and Fair to Midland.


title: Periphery (band)

text: In 2009, Travis Orbin left the band to join Sky Eats Airplane. He was then replaced by Matt Halpern, who was scouted by Mansoor whilst playing for a local pop band. In January 2010, Sumerian and Periphery announced on April 20, as the release date of the band's self-titled debut album, to be distributed by Sumerian Records in the United States; Distort Entertainment in Canada; Roadrunner Records in Australia; Century Media Records in Germany, and the rest of the world. On January 20, 2010, amid speculation that they had changed vocalists again, Periphery uploaded an album sampler with vocals by Spencer Sotelo, a San Diego native who was later announced to be Periphery's new vocalist, replacing Chris Barretto, who had been fired from the band due to personal differences (Mansoor referring to him as a "diva"), resulting in a minor feud that would not be resolved until late 2013 (see below).


title: Periphery (band)

text: Periphery released their self-titled debut album, "Periphery", through Sumerian Records on April 20, 2010. It debuted at No. 128 on the Billboard Top 200, as well as No. 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. To support the album: Periphery played multiple tours around the US and Canada; a short tour of Australia along with The Dillinger Escape Plan, and a headlining tour of the UK and mainland Europe in February 2011. The band's first headlining tour, "League Of Extraordinary Djentlemen Tour", had support from TesseracT and Monuments in the UK, while their mainland European shows included Monuments and The Safety Fire. The band ran into multiple health issues during the tour; Spencer Sotelo had a case of bronchitis and was regularly unable to perform the entire set. Jake Bowen fell and broke a finger in the first week of the UK tour and was unable to play for the rest of their headlining tour. He recovered and joined the band during the last couple of shows on their tour with Fair to Midland and Scale the Summit right before they dropped out of the tour.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On March 22, Periphery released a cover of Metallica's song "One", which was recorded for the Homefront video game soundtrack and was released as a free download on the Homefront main website.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On January 19, 2011, the music video for "Jetpacks Was Yes!" was posted on NME. The video features a re-recorded and re-structured version of the song which was released on "Icarus EP". Periphery's first single, from their "Icarus EP" titled "Frak the Gods", was released on March 24.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On July 6, 2011, Periphery announced via a MySpace blog post that the band had parted ways with guitarist Alex Bois. However, they did not change touring schedules, hiring Mark Holcomb and Adam "Nolly" Getgood (of British progressive metal band Red Seas Fire) to play Alex's parts during live shows until they found a permanent replacement.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On September 7, 2011, they were announced as the opening act for Dream Theater on the European leg of A Dramatic Turn of Events Tour starting in January 2012. In October 2011, the band announced that Holcomb was now the band's full-time guitarist, and in November bassist Tom Murphy decided to leave the band. This led to Getgood being assigned the role of bassist for their European tour with Dream Theater. The band also hired Holcomb's brother Jeff as a stand-in bass player for their 2012 US tour with Protest The Hero, Jeff Loomis, The Safety Fire and Today I Caught the Plague.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On February 21, 2012, the band re-released their debut album with a new single on iTunes entitled "Passenger". This was a partially re-recorded version of an old Haunted Shores song.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Periphery then entered the studio to work on their next two full-length releases to record reworked "Bulb" demos as well as completely new material written by the full band. The album was to be produced by Mansoor and Getgood and engineered and mixed by Taylor Larson (Sky Eats Airplane, Of Legends, Life on Repeat).


title: Periphery (band)

text: In July 2011, Mansoor elaborated on the forthcoming albums in Australian magazine "Mixdown". He confirmed that there would be two albums recorded, and that one would be a concept album. Mansoor has had an interest in a concept album for quite some time, stating that "[he] wanted to get this concept album out there. It's been an idea for years and years." Mansoor also revealed that the band would release the albums separately, saying "[they]'ll probably do a staggered release, three to six months apart" and that "[he] really want[s] them to be these separate bodies of work, because they will sound different, and be completely different approaches, too."


title: Periphery (band)

text: "" was made available for streaming on YouTube on June 28, 2012. Hours later, the band announced that Getgood had officially joined the band, his role in the band mostly being a bassist but also contributing to guitar parts in the studio (a role which he had already taken on during the recording of Periphery II), effectively making him the "multi-instrumentalist" of the band. Jeff Holcomb continued to perform with Periphery during the 2012 Summer Slaughter tour until they had to drop out due to a family emergency; this was done so that Getgood could perform his last show with Red Seas Fire at the inaugural UK Tech-Metal Fest.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Since the 2012 Summer Slaughter tour Jeff Holcomb has remained a regular part of the band's crew and still performs as a stand-in bass player when required. As well as this, he makes documentary films about the band's tours and directed the music video for Ragnarok.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Spencer Sotelo hinted in 2 tweets in September 2013 that Periphery were planning to release a new EP, the writing for which was already well under way, to tide their fans over until the release of "Juggernaut", the band's much anticipated third full-length album.


title: Periphery (band)

text: In October, it was announced that Misha Mansoor, Mark Holcomb & Jake Bowen were having signature pickups released; the Bare Knuckle Pickups Juggernaut, the Seymour Duncan Alpha/Omega and DiMarzio Titan pickups, respectively. It was also announced that Bowen's Ibanez LACS "Titan" would be made as a signature guitar.


title: Periphery (band)

text: In November 2013, former singer Chris Barretto made a surprise appearance during an encore of "Icarus Lives!" at the Gramercy Theater. As well as ending the long-standing feud between Chris and Periphery, it also marked the end of Periphery's "This Tour is Personal" headlining tour.


title: Periphery (band)

text: In December, Periphery announced a new release entitled "Clear", set for release on January 28, 2014. "Clear" is a separate project from "Juggernaut" and was built around a unique concept: each track apart from the opener "Overture" was assigned to a different member of the band, who acted as the "creative director" for their respective song, and every track shares a theme from "Overture" to link each track in the release together. The band insisted that it should not be considered an EP as at 30 minutes in length it is longer than most EPs, but should not be classified as an album.


title: Periphery (band)

text: "Juggernaut" is a concept which was under development by the band for several years. Misha had initially written a series of demos early in Periphery's history, which were sections of a planned extended composition with the "Juggernaut" title; this extended composition contained Periphery's breakthrough songs "Icarus Lives!" and "Jetpacks Was Yes!" as some of its sections. The idea of an extended piece was eventually scrapped and developed into a concept which would span an entire album.


title: Periphery (band)

text: During the "" album cycle it was planned that "Juggernaut" would be released 3–6 months after "Periphery II" as part of a double album. However, this plan was also dropped due to Periphery's touring commitments, pushing the release to 2015. The band delayed writing and pre-production even more to make time for writing and recording "Clear". In early July 2014, Periphery began tracking and recording songs for Juggernaut.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On the Escape From The Studio Tour, lead vocalist Spencer Sotelo stated that "Juggernaut" had been finished and would be released sometime in January 2015 through Sumerian Records. On November 5, 2014, Periphery announced a tour in support of the new record, which was released on January 27, 2015. They revealed that it will in fact be a double album, consisting of "" and "", and that support acts for the album release tour in early 2015 will be Nothing More, Wovenwar, and Thank You Scientist.


title: Periphery (band)

text: In early 2016, various Periphery members announced through social media that they were working on what would become their fifth studio album. Matt Halpern announced on his Instagram account that drums for the new untitled album would be tracked in February 2016. On April 26, 2016, Periphery announced on their official Facebook page that their new album would be called "" and that it would be released on July 22 the same year. The first new song, "The Price Is Wrong", was released on May 25. The next song to be released was "Flatline", which was made available to stream on YouTube on June 25. "Marigold", the first official music video from the album, was released on July 8. "Motormouth" and "The Way the News Goes..." were released to YouTube on July 14 and 15, respectively, followed by the release of "Prayer Position" on July 18. The band was nominated at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Metal Performance category for their song "The Price Is Wrong".


title: Periphery (band)

text: Additionally, it was announced that Adam "Nolly" Getgood would be focusing more on his personal production projects and would not be touring with Periphery. The band then decided to use Getgood's backing tracks for their live performances. On August 3, 2017, Getgood announced through Facebook his departure from the band, stating his lack of investment in Periphery, and his wanting to spend more time with his wife, as well as on production and GetGoodDrums. On April 19, 2018, the band's label, Sumerian Records, announced that Periphery was splitting from the label, and their next album would be released on their independent label 3DOT Recordings.


title: Periphery (band)

text: In April 2018, Mansoor uploaded a 10-minute YouTube video containing various clips from writing sessions with Bowen and Holcomb. In October, the band revealed that they had begun tracking songs for their sixth studio album, and that it would be released in 2019. It was also revealed that Adam "Nolly" Getgood, former bassist and now studio bassist only for the band, would be tracking and recording bass for the album and would once again be heavily involved in mixing, producing, and engineering the album, but would not contribute to the writing process. On January 27, 2019, Mark Holcomb stated that the next Periphery album would be released in April. On February 6, 2019, the band released a single called "Blood Eagle", and on March 1, Periphery released "Garden in the Bones", both from their studio album "", released on April 5, 2019, through their own label, 3DOT Recordings.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On March 11, 2021, various members of Periphery posted an in-studio photo of the band onto social media, announcing the first writing session for their seventh studio album. On October 12, 2022, Jake Bowen announced that the new album is completed and it's ready for mastering.


title: Periphery (band)

text: The band uses an extended range of tunings on 6-, 7-, and 8-string guitars. Their songs are predominantly in Drop C in 6-string (CGCFAD), Drop G# in 7-string (G#D#G#C#F#A#D#), and standard in 8-string (F#BEADGBE). Their 8-string songs include "Captain On", "Ji", "Extraneous", "A Black Minute", "The Event", "22 Faces", "Four Lights", "Stranger Things" and "Hell Below" (for this song, they drop the low F# string down to C#). For "Totla Mad" and "Frak the Gods", they drop the low C down to A# (A#GCFAD). For "Zyglrox", "Muramasa", "Alpha", "The Bad Thing", "Graveless", "Remain Indoors", "Habitual Line-Stepper", "Lune", "Prayer Position", "Chvrch Bvrner", "Garden in the Bones" and "Follow Your Ghost", they tune the low C (drop C) down to A (AGCFAD). "Ragnarok" are in a 7-string variation of the "Totla Mad" tuning, the low G# is tuned down to F# (F#D#G#C#F#A#D#). "Scarlet" is in Open Cadd9 tuning (CGCEGD). "Racecar" uses a tuning where instead of dropping the lowest string on the 7-string, they dropped the 6th string (A#C#G#C#F#A#D#). For the song "Reptile", they drop the 6th string from C (Drop C) to G (GGCFAD).


title: Periphery (band)

text: Guitarists Mark Holcomb and Misha Mansoor have a side project called Haunted Shores. This project first became active in April 2010, before Holcomb was a member of Periphery, releasing two songs on a split EP with Cyclamen. Through the remainder of 2010 and part of 2011, they periodically recorded and released new songs, sometimes featuring guest vocalists like Elliot Coleman or Mike Semesky. However, in late 2011 Holcomb officially joined Periphery, and the project unofficially went on hiatus. Their song "Passenger," which featured guest vocals by Spencer Sotelo, was released as a Periphery song in February 2012, and another song featuring Sotelo's vocals, "Scarlet" was re-recorded and released on Periphery's second album. No new music was released until 2015, when it was revealed that they were recording a 'debut' EP. "Viscera" was released on November 3, 2015, and featured a re-recorded version of one of their earlier songs ("Harrison Fjord") as well as several new songs.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Mansoor is also part of an electronic music side project with guitarist Jake Bowen, called Four Seconds Ago. Their debut album, "The Vacancy", was released September 28, 2018. Bowen also produces electronic music on his own, having released the full-length album "Isometric" on May 31, 2015.


title: Periphery (band)

text: On April 7, 2014, it was announced that vocalist Spencer Sotelo had become the new lead vocalist of post-hardcore band From First to Last. Additionally, Sotelo produces "Trent Reznor-inspired" music under the moniker Endur. Endur's debut album "American Parasite" was released October 27, 2017.


title: Periphery (band)

text: Mark Holcomb doubles as a professional voice actor in video games, most recently lending his voice to two main characters in the police-procedural RPG "Disco Elysium". Holcomb also co-wrote two songs on VUUR's 2016 debut album, "In This Moment, We Are Free - Cities": specifically, the songs "Freedom - Rio" and "Reunite! - Paris."


title: Periphery (band)

text: Mansoor has composed and produced songs for video game soundtracks, most notably "Follow in Flight" and "Breaking the Covenant" for the "Halo 2: Anniversary" soundtrack (part of the "") as well as the ending credits theme for the game "". He has also worked as a producer on releases by Animals as Leaders, Stray from the Path and Veil of Maya, among others. He also owns the guitar pedal company Horizon Devices, and co-owns software company GetGood Drums alongside Periphery bandmate Matt Halpern and former bandmate Adam "Nolly" Getgood.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Olivia Paige "Livvy" Dunne (born October 1, 2002) is an American artistic gymnast and social media personality. She was a member of the USA national gymnastics team in 2017 and is currently competing for Louisiana State University in the NCAA.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne was born in Westwood, New Jersey in 2002 and raised in Hillsdale, New Jersey. She started training in gymnastics when she was three years old.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne made her elite debut at the 2014 American Classic where she finished 28th in the all-around. She next competed at the U.S. Classic where she placed 33rd in the all-around.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: In 2015 Dunne re-qualified for elite status at the WOGA Classic, where she earned a qualifying score of 52.750 and placed fifth. She next competed at the American Classic where she placed eighth and qualified to compete at the 2015 National Championships. Dunne competed at the U.S. Classic where she placed 24th in the all-around. Dunne made her National Championships debut in 2015 where she placed 25th in the all-around.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne competed at the 2016 American Classic where she finished 27th in the all-around. She next competed at the 2016 U.S. Classic where she finished 24th. Dunne concluded the season competing at the 2016 National Championships where she finished 12th in the all-around. She also placed eighth on balance beam and sixth on floor exercise.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: In March, Dunne was selected for the team to compete at the 2017 City of Jesolo Trophy; as a result she was added to the National Team for the first time. She made her international debut there and placed sixth in the all-around. Dunne competed at the 2017 U.S. Classic in July where she finished fifth in the all-around. At the 2017 National Championships Dunne finished ninth in the all-around.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne turned senior in 2018. Although the United States did not send a team, Dunne represented her club at the 2018 City of Jesolo Trophy. She finished 15th in the all-around. She competed at the 2018 U.S. Classic only on uneven bars due to an ankle injury. Dunne qualified to compete at the National Championships via petition. She ended up placing 18th in the all-around.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne did not compete during the 2019 season in order to rest her injuries. In November Dunne officially signed her National Letter of Intent with Louisiana State University, starting in the 2020–21 season.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne qualified to the 2020 Nastia Liukin Cup after dropping down to Level 10. She ended up placing 11th.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne made her NCAA debut in a meet against Arkansas. At the SEC Championships Dunne only competed on uneven bars where she placed fifth and helped LSU finish second as a team behind Alabama. At the NCAA Championships semi-finals Dunne once again only competed on the uneven bars where she scored a 9.90 and finished ninth. However, LSU did not advance to the finals.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne competed in the opening match against Centenary. Her uneven bars score of 9.925 was the second highest of the night behind teammate Alyona Shchennikova. Dunne made her collegiate debut on floor exercise on January 28, earning a score of 9.800.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: Dunne joined the social media platform TikTok in 2020. Initially she posted videos of her gymnastics but later started posting videos of other areas of her life as well. As of July 2021, Dunne had amassed more than 4 million subscribers on TikTok and more than 1 million followers on Instagram, giving her one of the largest platforms for an NCAA athlete. As of August 2, 2021, Dunne became the most-followed NCAA athlete on social media with more than 5 million followers across multiple social platforms.


title: Olivia Dunne

text: On July 1, 2021, the NCAA changed its rule to allow its athletes to earn money from their name, image, and likeness. Dunne was projected to earn more compensation than any other collegiate athlete due to her large social media platform, which was a combined five million followers across both Instagram and TikTok at the time the rule change took effect. In August, Dunne announced that she signed with WME Sports, becoming their first NIL athlete. A month later she announced her first exclusive brand partnership, with activewear brand Vuori.


title: Ko Yong-hui

text: Ko Yong-hui (; ; 26 June 1952 – 13 August 2004), also spelled Ko Young-hee, was the consort of North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-il and the mother of his successor, Kim Jong-un. Within North Korea, she is only referred to by titles, such as "The Respected Mother who is the Most Faithful and Loyal 'Subject' to the Dear Leader Comrade Supreme Commander", "The Mother of Pyongyang", and "The Mother of Great Songun Korea".


title: Ko Yong-hui

text: Born in Osaka, Japan, to Korean parents, Ko's birth date and Japanese name in Japanese official records are 26 June 1952 and Takada Hime (高田姫), respectively. Her father, Ko Gyon-tek, worked in an Osaka sewing factory run by Japan's ministry of war, a 16th generation descendant of the Joseon scholar official, Go Deuk-jong. She, along with her family, moved to North Korea in May 1961 or in 1962 as part of a repatriation program. In the early 1970s, she began working as a dancer for the Mansudae Art Troupe in Pyongyang. Her younger sister Ko Yong-suk sought asylum from the U.S. embassy in Bern, Switzerland, while she was living there taking care of Kim Jong-un during his school days, according to South Korea's National Intelligence Service; U.S. officials arranged Ko Yong-suk's departure from the country without consulting South Korean officials.


title: Ko Yong-hui

text: It is thought that Ko and Kim Jong-il first met in 1972. In 1981, Ko had a son Kim Jong-chul, her first child with Kim. It was Kim's fourth child, after daughter Kim Hye-gyong (born 1968 to Hong Il-chon), son Kim Jong-nam (born 1971 to Song Hye-rim), and daughter Kim Sol-song (born 1974 to Kim Young-sook). Kim Jong-il's second child with Ko, the present North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-un, followed one to three years after Jong-chul. Their third child, Kim Yo-jong, a daughter, was believed to be about 23 in 2012. However, the birth year of Kim Yo-jong is also given as 1987.


title: Ko Yong-hui

text: On 27 August 2004, various sources reported that she had died in Paris from an unspecific illness, probably of breast cancer. However, there is another report, stating that she was treated in Paris in the spring of 2004 and flown back to Pyongyang where she fell into a coma and died in August 2004.


title: Ko Yong-hui

text: Under North Korea's "songbun" ascribed status system, Ko's Korean-Japanese heritage made her part of the lowest "hostile" class. Furthermore, her father worked in a sewing factory for the Imperial Japanese Army, which gave her the "lowest imaginable status qualities" for a North Korean.


title: Ko Yong-hui

text: Prior to an internal propaganda film released after the ascension of Kim Jong-un, there were three attempts made to idolize Ko, in a style similar to that associated with Kang Pan-sok, mother of Kim Il-sung, and Kim Jong-suk, mother of Kim Jong-il and the first wife of Kim Il-sung. These previous attempts at idolization failed and were stopped after Kim Jong-il's 2008 stroke.


title: Ko Yong-hui

text: The building of a cult of personality around Ko encounters the problem of her bad "songbun" due to her Japanese mother, even though it is usually passed on by the father. Making her identity public would have undermined the Kim family's pure bloodline, and after Kim Jong-il's death, her personal information, including her name, became state secrets. Ko's real name and other personal details have not been publicly revealed in North Korea, and she is referred to as "Mother of Great Songun Korea" or "Great Mother".


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a finite sequence of data points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. The DCT, first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, is a widely used transformation technique in signal processing and data compression. It is used in most digital media, including digital images (such as JPEG and HEIF), digital video (such as MPEG and H.26x), digital audio (such as Dolby Digital, MP3 and AAC), digital television (such as SDTV, HDTV and VOD), digital radio (such as AAC+ and DAB+), and speech coding (such as AAC-LD, Siren and Opus). DCTs are also important to numerous other applications in science and engineering, such as digital signal processing, telecommunication devices, reducing network bandwidth usage, and spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The use of cosine rather than sine functions is critical for compression, since it turns out (as described below) that fewer cosine functions are needed to approximate a typical signal, whereas for differential equations the cosines express a particular choice of boundary conditions. In particular, a DCT is a Fourier-related transform similar to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), but using only real numbers. The DCTs are generally related to Fourier Series coefficients of a periodically and symmetrically extended sequence whereas DFTs are related to Fourier Series coefficients of only periodically extended sequences. DCTs are equivalent to DFTs of roughly twice the length, operating on real data with even symmetry (since the Fourier transform of a real and even function is real and even), whereas in some variants the input and/or output data are shifted by half a sample. There are eight standard DCT variants, of which four are common.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The most common variant of discrete cosine transform is the type-II DCT, which is often called simply "the DCT". This was the original DCT as first proposed by Ahmed. Its inverse, the type-III DCT, is correspondingly often called simply "the inverse DCT" or "the IDCT". Two related transforms are the discrete sine transform (DST), which is equivalent to a DFT of real and "odd" functions, and the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), which is based on a DCT of "overlapping" data. Multidimensional DCTs (MD DCTs) are developed to extend the concept of DCT to MD signals. There are several algorithms to compute MD DCT. A variety of fast algorithms have been developed to reduce the computational complexity of implementing DCT. One of these is the integer DCT (IntDCT), an integer approximation of the standard DCT, used in several ISO/IEC and ITU-T international standards.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: DCT compression, also known as block compression, compresses data in sets of discrete DCT blocks. DCT blocks can have a number of sizes, including 8x8 pixels for the standard DCT, and varied integer DCT sizes between 4x4 and 32x32 pixels. The DCT has a strong "energy compaction" property, capable of achieving high quality at high data compression ratios. However, blocky compression artifacts can appear when heavy DCT compression is applied.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The discrete cosine transform (DCT) was first conceived by Nasir Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao while working at Kansas State University, and he proposed the concept to the National Science Foundation in 1972. He originally intended DCT for image compression. Ahmed developed a practical DCT algorithm with his PhD students T. Raj Natarajan, Wills Dietrich, and Jeremy Fries, and his friend Dr. K. R. Rao at the University of Texas at Arlington in 1973, and they found that it was the most efficient algorithm for image compression. They presented their results in a January 1974 paper, titled "Discrete Cosine Transform". It described what is now called the type-II DCT (DCT-II), as well as the type-III inverse DCT (IDCT). It was a benchmark publication, and has been cited as a fundamental development in thousands of works since its publication. The basic research work and events that led to the development of the DCT were summarized in a later publication by Ahmed, "How I Came Up with the Discrete Cosine Transform".


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Since its introduction in 1974, there has been significant research on the DCT. In 1977, Wen-Hsiung Chen published a paper with C. Harrison Smith and Stanley C. Fralick presenting a fast DCT algorithm. Further developments include a 1978 paper by M.J. Narasimha and A.M. Peterson, and a 1984 paper by B.G. Lee. These research papers, along with the original 1974 Ahmed paper and the 1977 Chen paper, were cited by the Joint Photographic Experts Group as the basis for JPEG's lossy image compression algorithm in 1992.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: In 1975, John A. Roese and Guner S. Robinson adapted the DCT for inter-frame motion-compensated video coding. They experimented with the DCT and the fast Fourier transform (FFT), developing inter-frame hybrid coders for both, and found that the DCT is the most efficient due to its reduced complexity, capable of compressing image data down to 0.25-bit per pixel for a videotelephone scene with image quality comparable to an intra-frame coder requiring 2-bit per pixel. In 1979, Anil K. Jain and Jaswant R. Jain further developed motion-compensated DCT video compression, also called block motion compensation. This led to Chen developing a practical video compression algorithm, called motion-compensated DCT or adaptive scene coding, in 1981. Motion-compensated DCT later became the standard coding technique for video compression from the late 1980s onwards.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The integer DCT is used in Advanced Video Coding (AVC), introduced in 2003, and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), introduced in 2013. The integer DCT is also used in the High Efficiency Image Format (HEIF), which uses a subset of the HEVC video coding format for coding still images.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: A DCT variant, the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), was developed by John P. Princen, A.W. Johnson and Alan B. Bradley at the University of Surrey in 1987, following earlier work by Princen and Bradley in 1986. The MDCT is used in most modern audio compression formats, such as Dolby Digital (AC-3), MP3 (which uses a hybrid DCT-FFT algorithm), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), and Vorbis (Ogg).


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The discrete sine transform (DST) was derived from the DCT, by replacing the Neumann condition at "x=0" with a Dirichlet condition. The DST was described in the 1974 DCT paper by Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao. A type-I DST (DST-I) was later described by Anil K. Jain in 1976, and a type-II DST (DST-II) was then described by H.B. Kekra and J.K. Solanka in 1978.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Nasir Ahmed also developed a lossless DCT algorithm with Giridhar Mandyam and Neeraj Magotra at the University of New Mexico in 1995. This allows the DCT technique to be used for lossless compression of images. It is a modification of the original DCT algorithm, and incorporates elements of inverse DCT and delta modulation. It is a more effective lossless compression algorithm than entropy coding. Lossless DCT is also known as LDCT.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT is the most widely used transformation technique in signal processing, and by far the most widely used linear transform in data compression. Uncompressed digital media as well as lossless compression had impractically high memory and bandwidth requirements, which was significantly reduced by the highly efficient DCT lossy compression technique, capable of achieving data compression ratios from 8:1 to 14:1 for near-studio-quality, up to 100:1 for acceptable-quality content. DCT compression standards are used in digital media technologies, such as digital images, digital photos, digital video, streaming media, digital television, streaming television, video on demand (VOD), digital cinema, high-definition video (HD video), and high-definition television (HDTV).


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT, and in particular the DCT-II, is often used in signal and image processing, especially for lossy compression, because it has a strong "energy compaction" property: in typical applications, most of the signal information tends to be concentrated in a few low-frequency components of the DCT. For strongly correlated Markov processes, the DCT can approach the compaction efficiency of the Karhunen-Loève transform (which is optimal in the decorrelation sense). As explained below, this stems from the boundary conditions implicit in the cosine functions.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: DCTs are also widely employed in solving partial differential equations by spectral methods, where the different variants of the DCT correspond to slightly different even/odd boundary conditions at the two ends of the array.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: DCTs are also closely related to Chebyshev polynomials, and fast DCT algorithms (below) are used in Chebyshev approximation of arbitrary functions by series of Chebyshev polynomials, for example in Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT is the coding standard for multimedia telecommunication devices. It is widely used for bit rate reduction, and reducing network bandwidth usage. DCT compression significantly reduces the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital signals.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT-II, also known as simply the DCT, is the most important image compression technique. It is used in image compression standards such as JPEG, and video compression standards such as H.26x, MJPEG, MPEG, DV, Theora and Daala. There, the two-dimensional DCT-II of formula_1 blocks are computed and the results are quantized and entropy coded. In this case, formula_2 is typically 8 and the DCT-II formula is applied to each row and column of the block. The result is an 8 × 8 transform coefficient array in which the formula_3 element (top-left) is the DC (zero-frequency) component and entries with increasing vertical and horizontal index values represent higher vertical and horizontal spatial frequencies.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Advanced Video Coding (AVC) uses the integer DCT (IntDCT), an integer approximation of the DCT. It uses 4x4 and 8x8 integer DCT blocks. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and the High Efficiency Image Format (HEIF) use varied integer DCT block sizes between 4x4 and 32x32 pixels. , AVC is by far the most commonly used format for the recording, compression and distribution of video content, used by 91% of video developers, followed by HEVC which is used by 43% of developers.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Multidimensional DCTs (MD DCTs) have several applications, mainly 3-D DCTs such as the 3-D DCT-II, which has several new applications like Hyperspectral Imaging coding systems, variable temporal length 3-D DCT coding, video coding algorithms, adaptive video coding and 3-D Compression. Due to enhancement in the hardware, software and introduction of several fast algorithms, the necessity of using M-D DCTs is rapidly increasing. DCT-IV has gained popularity for its applications in fast implementation of real-valued polyphase filtering banks, lapped orthogonal transform and cosine-modulated wavelet bases.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: DCT plays a very important role in digital signal processing. By using the DCT, the signals can be compressed. DCT can be used in electrocardiography for the compression of ECG signals. DCT2 provides a better compression ratio than DCT.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT is widely implemented in digital signal processors (DSP), as well as digital signal processing software. Many companies have developed DSPs based on DCT technology. DCTs are widely used for applications such as encoding, decoding, video, audio, multiplexing, control signals, signaling, and analog-to-digital conversion. DCTs are also commonly used for high-definition television (HDTV) encoder/decoder chips.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: A common issue with DCT compression in digital media are blocky compression artifacts, caused by DCT blocks. The DCT algorithm can cause block-based artifacts when heavy compression is applied. Due to the DCT being used in the majority of digital image and video coding standards (such as the JPEG, H.26x and MPEG formats), DCT-based blocky compression artifacts are widespread in digital media. In a DCT algorithm, an image (or frame in an image sequence) is divided into square blocks which are processed independently from each other, then the DCT of these blocks is taken, and the resulting DCT coefficients are quantized. This process can cause blocking artifacts, primarily at high data compression ratios. This can also cause the "mosquito noise" effect, commonly found in digital video (such as the MPEG formats).


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: DCT blocks are often used in glitch art. The artist Rosa Menkman makes use of DCT-based compression artifacts in her glitch art, particularly the DCT blocks found in most digital media formats such as JPEG digital images and MP3 digital audio. Another example is "Jpegs" by German photographer Thomas Ruff, which uses intentional JPEG artifacts as the basis of the picture's style.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Like any Fourier-related transform, discrete cosine transforms (DCTs) express a function or a signal in terms of a sum of sinusoids with different frequencies and amplitudes. Like the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), a DCT operates on a function at a finite number of discrete data points. The obvious distinction between a DCT and a DFT is that the former uses only cosine functions, while the latter uses both cosines and sines (in the form of complex exponentials). However, this visible difference is merely a consequence of a deeper distinction: a DCT implies different boundary conditions from the DFT or other related transforms.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The Fourier-related transforms that operate on a function over a finite domain, such as the DFT or DCT or a Fourier series, can be thought of as implicitly defining an "extension" of that function outside the domain. That is, once you write a function formula_4 as a sum of sinusoids, you can evaluate that sum at any formula_5, even for formula_5 where the original formula_4 was not specified. The DFT, like the Fourier series, implies a periodic extension of the original function. A DCT, like a cosine transform, implies an even extension of the original function.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: However, because DCTs operate on "finite", "discrete" sequences, two issues arise that do not apply for the continuous cosine transform. First, one has to specify whether the function is even or odd at "both" the left and right boundaries of the domain (i.e. the min-"n" and max-"n" boundaries in the definitions below, respectively). Second, one has to specify around "what point" the function is even or odd. In particular, consider a sequence "abcd" of four equally spaced data points, and say that we specify an even "left" boundary. There are two sensible possibilities: either the data are even about the sample "a", in which case the even extension is "dcbabcd", or the data are even about the point "halfway" between "a" and the previous point, in which case the even extension is "dcbaabcd" ("a" is repeated).


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Each boundary can be either even or odd (2 choices per boundary) and can be symmetric about a data point or the point halfway between two data points (2 choices per boundary), for a total of 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 possibilities. Half of these possibilities, those where the "left" boundary is even, correspond to the 8 types of DCT; the other half are the 8 types of DST.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: These different boundary conditions strongly affect the applications of the transform and lead to uniquely useful properties for the various DCT types. Most directly, when using Fourier-related transforms to solve partial differential equations by spectral methods, the boundary conditions are directly specified as a part of the problem being solved. Or, for the MDCT (based on the type-IV DCT), the boundary conditions are intimately involved in the MDCT's critical property of time-domain aliasing cancellation. In a more subtle fashion, the boundary conditions are responsible for the "energy compactification" properties that make DCTs useful for image and audio compression, because the boundaries affect the rate of convergence of any Fourier-like series.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: In particular, it is well known that any discontinuities in a function reduce the rate of convergence of the Fourier series, so that more sinusoids are needed to represent the function with a given accuracy. The same principle governs the usefulness of the DFT and other transforms for signal compression; the smoother a function is, the fewer terms in its DFT or DCT are required to represent it accurately, and the more it can be compressed. (Here, we think of the DFT or DCT as approximations for the Fourier series or cosine series of a function, respectively, in order to talk about its "smoothness".) However, the implicit periodicity of the DFT means that discontinuities usually occur at the boundaries: any random segment of a signal is unlikely to have the same value at both the left and right boundaries. (A similar problem arises for the DST, in which the odd left boundary condition implies a discontinuity for any function that does not happen to be zero at that boundary.) In contrast, a DCT where "both" boundaries are even "always" yields a continuous extension at the boundaries (although the slope is generally discontinuous). This is why DCTs, and in particular DCTs of types I, II, V, and VI (the types that have two even boundaries) generally perform better for signal compression than DFTs and DSTs. In practice, a type-II DCT is usually preferred for such applications, in part for reasons of computational convenience.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Formally, the discrete cosine transform is a linear, invertible function formula_8 (where formula_9 denotes the set of real numbers), or equivalently an invertible × square matrix. There are several variants of the DCT with slightly modified definitions. The real numbers formula_10 are transformed into the real numbers formula_11 according to one of the formulas:


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Some authors further multiply the formula_13 and formula_14 terms by formula_15 and correspondingly multiply the formula_16 and formula_17 terms by formula_18 which makes the DCT-I matrix orthogonal, if one further multiplies by an overall scale factor of formula_19 but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT-I is exactly equivalent (up to an overall scale factor of 2), to a DFT of formula_20 real numbers with even symmetry. For example, a DCT-I of formula_21 real numbers formula_22 is exactly equivalent to a DFT of eight real numbers (even symmetry), divided by two. (In contrast, DCT types II-IV involve a half-sample shift in the equivalent DFT.)


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Note, however, that the DCT-I is not defined for formula_23 less than 2, while all other DCT types are defined for any positive formula_24


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Thus, the DCT-I corresponds to the boundary conditions: formula_25 is even around formula_26 and even around formula_27; similarly for formula_28


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: This transform is exactly equivalent (up to an overall scale factor of 2) to a DFT of formula_30 real inputs of even symmetry where the even-indexed elements are zero. That is, it is half of the DFT of the formula_30 inputs formula_32 where formula_33 formula_34 for formula_35 formula_36 and formula_37 for formula_38 DCT-II transformation is also possible using 2 signal followed by a multiplication by half shift. This is demonstrated by Makhoul.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Some authors further multiply the formula_16 term by formula_40 and multiply the rest of the matrix by an overall scale factor of formula_41 (see below for the corresponding change in DCT-III). This makes the DCT-II matrix orthogonal, but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT of half-shifted input. This is the normalization used by Matlab, for example, see. In many applications, such as JPEG, the scaling is arbitrary because scale factors can be combined with a subsequent computational step (e.g. the quantization step in JPEG), and a scaling can be chosen that allows the DCT to be computed with fewer multiplications.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT-II implies the boundary conditions: formula_25 is even around formula_43 and even around formula_44 formula_45 is even around formula_46 and odd around formula_47


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Because it is the inverse of DCT-II (up to a scale factor, see below), this form is sometimes simply referred to as "the inverse DCT" ("IDCT").


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Some authors divide the formula_49 term by formula_50 instead of by 2 (resulting in an overall formula_51 term) and multiply the resulting matrix by an overall scale factor of formula_52 (see above for the corresponding change in DCT-II), so that the DCT-II and DCT-III are transposes of one another. This makes the DCT-III matrix orthogonal, but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT of half-shifted output.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT-III implies the boundary conditions: formula_25 is even around formula_54 and odd around formula_55 formula_45 is even around formula_57 and even around formula_58


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT-IV matrix becomes orthogonal (and thus, being clearly symmetric, its own inverse) if one further multiplies by an overall scale factor of formula_60


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: A variant of the DCT-IV, where data from different transforms are "overlapped", is called the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT).


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The DCT-IV implies the boundary conditions: formula_25 is even around formula_62 and odd around formula_63 similarly for formula_28


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: DCTs of types I–IV treat both boundaries consistently regarding the point of symmetry: they are even/odd around either a data point for both boundaries or halfway between two data points for both boundaries. By contrast, DCTs of types V-VIII imply boundaries that are even/odd around a data point for one boundary and halfway between two data points for the other boundary.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: In other words, DCT types I–IV are equivalent to real-even DFTs of even order (regardless of whether formula_23 is even or odd), since the corresponding DFT is of length formula_20 (for DCT-I) or formula_67 (for DCT-II & III) or formula_68 (for DCT-IV). The four additional types of discrete cosine transform correspond essentially to real-even DFTs of logically odd order, which have factors of formula_69 in the denominators of the cosine arguments.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: However, these variants seem to be rarely used in practice. One reason, perhaps, is that FFT algorithms for odd-length DFTs are generally more complicated than FFT algorithms for even-length DFTs (e.g. the simplest radix-2 algorithms are only for even lengths), and this increased intricacy carries over to the DCTs as described below.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Using the normalization conventions above, the inverse of DCT-I is DCT-I multiplied by 2/("N" − 1). The inverse of DCT-IV is DCT-IV multiplied by 2/"N". The inverse of DCT-II is DCT-III multiplied by 2/"N" and vice versa.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Like for the DFT, the normalization factor in front of these transform definitions is merely a convention and differs between treatments. For example, some authors multiply the transforms by formula_71 so that the inverse does not require any additional multiplicative factor. Combined with appropriate factors of (see above), this can be used to make the transform matrix orthogonal.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Multidimensional variants of the various DCT types follow straightforwardly from the one-dimensional definitions: they are simply a separable product (equivalently, a composition) of DCTs along each dimension.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: For example, a two-dimensional DCT-II of an image or a matrix is simply the one-dimensional DCT-II, from above, performed along the rows and then along the columns (or vice versa). That is, the 2D DCT-II is given by the formula (omitting normalization and other scale factors, as above):


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The "3-D DCT-II" is only the extension of "2-D DCT-II" in three dimensional space and mathematically can be calculated by the formula


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Technically, computing a two-, three- (or -multi) dimensional DCT by sequences of one-dimensional DCTs along each dimension is known as a "row-column" algorithm. As with multidimensional FFT algorithms, however, there exist other methods to compute the same thing while performing the computations in a different order (i.e. interleaving/combining the algorithms for the different dimensions). Owing to the rapid growth in the applications based on the 3-D DCT, several fast algorithms are developed for the computation of 3-D DCT-II. Vector-Radix algorithms are applied for computing M-D DCT to reduce the computational complexity and to increase the computational speed. To compute 3-D DCT-II efficiently, a fast algorithm, Vector-Radix Decimation in Frequency (VR DIF) algorithm was developed.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: In order to apply the VR DIF algorithm the input data is to be formulated and rearranged as follows. The transform size "N × N × N" is assumed to be 2.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The figure to the adjacent shows the four stages that are involved in calculating 3-D DCT-II using VR DIF algorithm. The first stage is the 3-D reordering using the index mapping illustrated by the above equations. The second stage is the butterfly calculation. Each butterfly calculates eight points together as shown in the figure just below, where formula_77.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: If the even and the odd parts of formula_80 and formula_81 and are considered, the general formula for the calculation of the 3-D DCT-II can be expressed as


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The whole 3-D DCT calculation needs formula_88 stages, and each stage involves formula_89 butterflies. The whole 3-D DCT requires formula_90 butterflies to be computed. Each butterfly requires seven real multiplications (including trivial multiplications) and 24 real additions (including trivial additions). Therefore, the total number of real multiplications needed for this stage is formula_91 and the total number of real additions i.e. including the post-additions (recursive additions) which can be calculated directly after the butterfly stage or after the bit-reverse stage are given by formula_92


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The conventional method to calculate MD-DCT-II is using a Row-Column-Frame (RCF) approach which is computationally complex and less productive on most advanced recent hardware platforms. The number of multiplications required to compute VR DIF Algorithm when compared to RCF algorithm are quite a few in number. The number of Multiplications and additions involved in RCF approach are given by formula_93 and formula_94 respectively. From Table 1, it can be seen that the total number


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: of multiplications associated with the 3-D DCT VR algorithm is less than that associated with the RCF approach by more than 40%. In addition, the RCF approach involves matrix transpose and more indexing and data swapping than the new VR algorithm. This makes the 3-D DCT VR algorithm more efficient and better suited for 3-D applications that involve the 3-D DCT-II such as video compression and other 3-D image processing applications.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The main consideration in choosing a fast algorithm is to avoid computational and structural complexities. As the technology of computers and DSPs advances, the execution time of arithmetic operations (multiplications and additions) is becoming very fast, and regular computational structure becomes the most important factor. Therefore, although the above proposed 3-D VR algorithm does not achieve the theoretical lower bound on the number of multiplications, it has a simpler computational structure as compared to other 3-D DCT algorithms. It can be implemented in place using a single butterfly and possesses the properties of the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm in 3-D. Hence, the 3-D VR presents a good choice for reducing arithmetic operations in the calculation of the 3-D DCT-II, while keeping the simple structure that characterize butterfly-style Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithms.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The image to the right shows a combination of horizontal and vertical frequencies for an formula_95 two-dimensional DCT. Each step from left to right and top to bottom is an increase in frequency by 1/2 cycle.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: For example, moving right one from the top-left square yields a half-cycle increase in the horizontal frequency. Another move to the right yields two half-cycles. A move down yields two half-cycles horizontally and a half-cycle vertically. The source data is transformed to a linear combination of these 64 frequency squares.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The M-D DCT-IV is just an extension of 1-D DCT-IV on to  dimensional domain. The 2-D DCT-IV of a matrix or an image is given by


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: We can compute the MD DCT-IV using the regular row-column method or we can use the polynomial transform method for the fast and efficient computation. The main idea of this algorithm is to use the Polynomial Transform to convert the multidimensional DCT into a series of 1-D DCTs directly. MD DCT-IV also has several applications in various fields.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Although the direct application of these formulas would require formula_99 operations, it is possible to compute the same thing with only formula_100 complexity by factorizing the computation similarly to the fast Fourier transform (FFT). One can also compute DCTs via FFTs combined with formula_101 pre- and post-processing steps. In general, formula_102 methods to compute DCTs are known as fast cosine transform (FCT) algorithms.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: The most efficient algorithms, in principle, are usually those that are specialized directly for the DCT, as opposed to using an ordinary FFT plus formula_103 extra operations (see below for an exception). However, even "specialized" DCT algorithms (including all of those that achieve the lowest known arithmetic counts, at least for power-of-two sizes) are typically closely related to FFT algorithms – since DCTs are essentially DFTs of real-even data, one can design a fast DCT algorithm by taking an FFT and eliminating the redundant operations due to this symmetry. This can even be done automatically . Algorithms based on the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm are most common, but any other FFT algorithm is also applicable. For example, the Winograd FFT algorithm leads to minimal-multiplication algorithms for the DFT, albeit generally at the cost of more additions, and a similar algorithm was proposed by for the DCT. Because the algorithms for DFTs, DCTs, and similar transforms are all so closely related, any improvement in algorithms for one transform will theoretically lead to immediate gains for the other transforms as well .


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: While DCT algorithms that employ an unmodified FFT often have some theoretical overhead compared to the best specialized DCT algorithms, the former also have a distinct advantage: Highly optimized FFT programs are widely available. Thus, in practice, it is often easier to obtain high performance for general lengths with FFT-based algorithms.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Specialized DCT algorithms, on the other hand, see widespread use for transforms of small, fixed sizes such as the DCT-II used in JPEG compression, or the small DCTs (or MDCTs) typically used in audio compression. (Reduced code size may also be a reason to use a specialized DCT for embedded-device applications.)


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: In fact, even the DCT algorithms using an ordinary FFT are sometimes equivalent to pruning the redundant operations from a larger FFT of real-symmetric data, and they can even be optimal from the perspective of arithmetic counts. For example, a type-II DCT is equivalent to a DFT of size formula_104 with real-even symmetry whose even-indexed elements are zero. One of the most common methods for computing this via an FFT (e.g. the method used in FFTPACK and FFTW) was described by and , and this method in hindsight can be seen as one step of a radix-4 decimation-in-time Cooley–Tukey algorithm applied to the "logical" real-even DFT corresponding to the DCT-II.


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Because the even-indexed elements are zero, this radix-4 step is exactly the same as a split-radix step. If the subsequent size formula_105 real-data FFT is also performed by a real-data split-radix algorithm (as in ), then the resulting algorithm actually matches what was long the lowest published arithmetic count for the power-of-two DCT-II (formula_106 real-arithmetic operations).


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: A recent reduction in the operation count to formula_107 also uses a real-data FFT. So, there is nothing intrinsically bad about computing the DCT via an FFT from an arithmetic perspective – it is sometimes merely a question of whether the corresponding FFT algorithm is optimal. (As a practical matter, the function-call overhead in invoking a separate FFT routine might be significant for small formula_108 but this is an implementation rather than an algorithmic question since it can be solved by unrolling or inlining.)


title: Discrete cosine transform

text: Each basis function is multiplied by its coefficient and then this product is added to the final image.


title: Bovinae

text: Bovines (subfamily Bovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is still debated, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hooves and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns. The largest extant bovine is the gaur.


title: Bovinae

text: In many countries, bovid milk and meat is used as food by humans. Cattle are kept as livestock almost everywhere except in parts of India and Nepal, where they are considered sacred by most Hindus. Bovids are used as draft animals and as riding animals. Small breeds of domestic bovid, such as the Miniature Zebu, are kept as pets. Bovid leather is durable and flexible and is used to produce a wide range of goods including clothing and bags.


title: Bovinae

text: Bovine is derived from Latin "bos", "ox", through Late Latin "bovinus". Bos comes from the Indo-European root "*gous", meaning ox.


title: Greer Grammer

text: Kandace Greer Grammer (born February 15, 1992) is an American actress and former beauty queen. She is best known for her role as Lissa Miller in the MTV series "Awkward" and for her role in the 2021 Netflix-released film "Deadly Illusions".


title: Greer Grammer

text: Grammer was born on February 15, 1992, in Los Angeles, California to actor Kelsey Grammer and make-up artist Barrie Buckner. Her parents were never married. Through her father, she has three half-sisters: Spencer (born 1983), Mason (born 2001), and Faith (born 2012) and three half-brothers: Jude (born 2004), Gabriel (born 2014), and James (born 2016). She was raised primarily by her mother in Malibu, California. She was named after actress Greer Garson.


title: Greer Grammer

text: Grammer became passionate for theater at a young age, participating in various plays from the age of 5 before competing in pageants as a teenager. She attended Idyllwild Arts Academy for two years, receiving training under their theater program. She graduated from the University of Southern California in June 2014 as a theater major. She is also a member of the Delta Tau chapter of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority.


title: Greer Grammer

text: Grammer entered her first beauty pageant in 2008, winning the title of Miss Teen Malibu. She went on to place within the top 10 in the Miss California Teen competition. She competed again the following year, successfully retaining her crown and again placing within the Top 10 of the state competition. In 2009, she represented the Marina Del Rey region, placing in the Top 10 of the 2010 state competition for the third year in a row. That year, Grammer also held the title of Miss Regional California Teen 2011.


title: Greer Grammer

text: Grammer competed at the Miss California Teen 2011 competition representing Thousand Oaks. She placed in the Top 10. After this competition, she retired from beauty pageants.


title: Greer Grammer

text: Grammer's first acting role was as a guest star on an episode of the Nickelodeon teen series "iCarly" in 2010. She then went on to star in the independent films "Almost Kings", "Chastity Bites", and "An Evergreen Christmas."


title: Greer Grammer

text: In 2011, Grammer was cast as Lissa Miller in the MTV comedy series, "Awkward". She was in a recurring role for the first two seasons before being promoted to a series regular for seasons three, four and five. In 2015, she guest starred as McKenna on "Melissa & Joey" for three episodes of the final season.


title: Greer Grammer

text: It was announced in June 2015 that Grammer would be starring in the upcoming Lifetime original movie, "Manson's Lost Girls", to be released in 2016. In July 2015, it was announced that she would be starring as Summer Roberts in "The Unauthorized O.C. Musical", a stage adaptation of the pilot episode of The O.C.


title: Greer Grammer

text: In 2016, Grammer began a recurring role on the ABC sitcom "The Middle", playing Axl Heck's girlfriend April. The role lasted until 2017. In 2021, she acted in the thriller drama film, "Deadly Illusions".


title: Water polo

text: Water polo is a competitive team sport played in water between two teams of seven players each. The game consists of four quarters in which the teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team's goal. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match. Each team is made up of six field players and one goalkeeper. Excluding the goalkeeper, players participate in both offensive and defensive roles. It is typically played in an all-deep pool where players cannot touch the bottom.


title: Water polo

text: A game consists mainly of the players swimming to move about the pool, treading water (mainly using the eggbeater kick), passing the ball, and shooting at the goal. Teamwork, tactical thinking and awareness are also highly important aspects. Water polo is a highly physical and demanding sport and has frequently been cited as one of the most difficult to play.


title: Water polo

text: Special equipment for water polo includes a water polo ball, a ball of varying colors which floats on the water; numbered and coloured caps; and two goals, which either float in the water or are attached to the sides of the pool.


title: Water polo

text: The game is thought to have originated in Scotland in the mid-19th century; specifically, William Wilson is thought to have developed it in the 1870s as a sort of "water rugby". The game further developed with the formation of the London Water Polo League and has since expanded, becoming popular in parts of Europe, the United States, Brazil, China, Canada and Australia.


title: Water polo

text: The history of water polo as a team sport began as a demonstration of strength and swimming skill in mid-19th century England and Scotland, where water sports and racing exhibitions were a feature of county fairs and festivals. Men's water polo was among the first team sports introduced at the modern Olympic games in 1900. The present-day game involves teams of seven players (plus up to six substitutes), with a water polo ball similar in size to a soccer ball but constructed of air-tight nylon.


title: Water polo

text: One of the earliest recorded viewings of water polo was conducted at the 4th Open Air Fete of the London Swimming Club, held at the Crystal Palace, London on 15 September 1873. Another antecedent of the modern game of water polo was a game of water ‘handball’ played at Bournemouth on 13 July 1876. This was a game between 12 members of the Premier Rowing Club, with goals being marked by four flags placed in the water near to the midpoint of Bournemouth Pier. The game started at 6:00 pm and lasted for 15 minutes (when the ball burst) watched by a large crowd; with plans being made for play on a larger scale the following week.


title: Water polo

text: The rules of water polo were originally developed in the late nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. Wilson is believed to have been the First Baths Master of the Arlington Baths Club in Glasgow. The first games of 'aquatic football' were played at the Arlington in the late 1800s (the club was founded in 1870), with a ball constructed of India rubber. This "water rugby" came to be called "water polo" based on the English pronunciation of the Balti word for ball, "pulu". Early play allowed brute strength, wrestling and holding opposing players underwater to recover the ball. Players held underwater for lengthy periods usually surrendered possession. The goalie stood outside the playing area and defended the goal by jumping in on any opponent attempting to score by placing the ball on the deck.


title: Water polo

text: Water polo is now popular in many countries around the world, notably Europe (particularly in Italy, Spain, Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands and Romania), Australia, Brazil, Canada and the United States.


title: Water polo

text: Some countries have two principal competitions: a more prestigious league which is typically a double round-robin tournament restricted to the elite clubs, and a cup which is a single-elimination tournament open to both the elite and lesser clubs.


title: Water polo

text: The rules of water polo cover the play, procedures, equipment and officiating of water polo. These rules are similar throughout the world, although slight variations to the rules do occur regionally and depending on the governing body. Governing bodies of water polo include FINA, the international governing organization for the rules; LEN, which governs the rules for international European matches; the NCAA rules, which govern the rules for collegiate matches in the United States; the NFHS rules which govern the rules in high schools in the US and the IOC rules which govern the rules at Olympic events.


title: Water polo

text: There are seven players in the water from each team at one time. There are six players that play out and one goalkeeper. Unlike most common team sports, there is little positional play; field players will often fill several positions throughout the game as situations demand. These positions usually consist of a center forward, a center back, the two wing players and the two drivers. Players who are skilled in all positions of offense or defense are called utility players. Utility players tend to come off of the bench, though this is not absolute. Certain body types are more suited for particular positions, and left-handed players are especially coveted on the right-hand side of the field, allowing teams to launch two-sided attacks.


title: Water polo

text: The offensive positions include: one center forward (also called a "set", "hole-set", "center", "setter", "hole", or "2-meter man", located on or near the 2-meter, roughly in the center of the goal), two wings (located on or near the 2-meter, just outside of the goal posts, respectively), two drivers (also called "flats", located on or near the 5-meter, roughly at the goal posts, respectively), and one "point" (usually just behind the 5 meter, roughly in the center of the goal, respectively), positioned farthest from the goal. The wings, drivers and point are often called the perimeter players; while the hole-set directs play. There is a typical numbering system for these positions in U.S. NCAA men's division one polo. Beginning with the offensive wing to the opposing goalie's right side is called one. The flat in a counter clockwise from one is called two. Moving along in the same direction the point player is three, the next flat is four, the final wing is five, and the hole set is called six. Additionally, the position in which a player is can give advantages based on a player's handedness, to improve a shooting or passing angle (for example, the right wing is often left handed).


title: Water polo

text: The center sets up in front of the opposing team's goalie and scores the most individually (especially during lower level play where flats do not have the required strength to effectively shoot from outside or to penetrate and then pass to teammates like the point guard in basketball, or center midfield player in soccer). The center's position nearest to the goal allows explosive shots from close-range.


title: Water polo

text: Defensive positions are often the same, but just switched from offence to defence. For example, the centre forward or hole set, who directs the attack on offence, on defence is known as "hole D" (also known as set guard, hole guard, hole check, pit defence or two-metre defence), and guards the opposing team's centre forward (also called the hole). Defence can be played man-to-man or in zones, such as a 2–4 (four defenders along the goal line). It can also be played as a combination of the two in what is known as an "M drop" defence, in which the point defender moves away ("sloughs off") his man into a zone in order to better defend the centre position. In this defence, the two wing defenders split the area furthest from the goal, allowing them a clearer lane for the counter-attack if their team recovers the ball.


title: Water polo

text: The goalkeeper has the main role in blocking shots against the goal as well as guiding and informing their defense of imposing threats and gaps in the defense. The goalkeeper usually begins the offensive play by passing the ball across the pool to an attacker. It is not unusual for a goalkeeper to make an assisting pass to a goal on a break away.


title: Water polo

text: The goalkeeper is given several privileges above those of the other players, but only within the five-meter area in front of their own goal:


title: Water polo

text: In general, a foul that would cause an ejection of a field player might bring on a five-metre shot on the goalkeeper. The goalkeeper also has one limitation that other players do not have: he cannot cross the half-distance line. Also, if a goalkeeper pushes the ball under water, the action will not be punished with a turnover like with field players, but with a penalty shot.


title: Water polo

text: The most basic positional set up is known as a "3–3", so called because there are two lines in front of the opponent's goal. Another set up, used more by professional teams, is known as an "arc", "umbrella", or "mushroom"; perimeter players form the shape of an arc around the goal, with the hole set as the handle or stalk. Yet another option for offensive set is called a 4–2 or double hole; there are two center forward offensive players in front of the goal. Double hole is most often used in "man up" situations, or when the defense has only one skilled "hole D", or to draw in a defender and then pass out to a perimeter player for a shot ("kick out").


title: Water polo

text: Another, albeit less common offense, is the "motion c", sometimes nicknamed "washing machine offence", in which two "weak-side" (to the right of the goal for right-handed players) perimeter players set up as a wing and a flat. The remaining four players swim in square pattern in which a player swims from the point to the hole and then out to the strong side wing. The wing moves to the flat and the flat to the point. The weak side wing and flat then control the tempo of play and try to make passes into the player driving towards the centre forward who can then either shoot or pass. This form of offence is used when no dominate hole set is available, or the hole defence is too strong. It is also seen much more often in women's water polo where teams may lack a player of sufficient size or strength to set up in the centre forward. The best advantage to this system is it makes man-coverage much more difficult for the defender and allows the offence to control the game tempo better once the players are "set up". The main drawback is this constant motion can be very tiring as well as somewhat predictable as to where the next pass is going to go.


title: Water polo

text: When the offence takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to advance the ball down the field of play and to score a goal. Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming with the ball in front of them (dribbling). If an attacker uses their arm to push away a defending player and free up space for a pass or shot, the referee will rule a turnover and the defence will take possession of the ball. If an attacker advances inside the 2-metre line without the ball or before the ball is inside the 2-metre area, they are ruled offside and the ball is turned over to the defence. This is often overlooked if the attacker is well to the side of the pool or when the ball is at the other side of the pool.


title: Water polo

text: The key to the offence is to accurately pass (or "set") the ball into the centre forward or hole set, positioned directly in front of the goal ("the hole"). Any field player may throw the hole set a "wet pass". A wet pass is one that hits the water just outside the hole set's reach. A dry pass may also be used. This is where the hole set receives the ball directly in his hand and then attempts a shot at the cage. This pass is much more difficult because if the pass is not properly caught, the officials will be likely to call an offensive foul resulting in a change of ball possession. The hole set attempts to take possession of the ball [after a wet pass], to shoot at the goal, or to draw a foul from his defender. A minor foul is called if his defender (called the "hole D") attempts to impede movement before the hole set has possession. The referee indicates the foul with one short whistle blow and points one hand to the spot of the foul and the other hand in the direction of the attack of the team to whom the free throw has been awarded. The hole set then has a "reasonable amount of time" (typically about three seconds; there is no FINA rule on this issue) to re-commence play by making a free pass to one of the other players. The defensive team cannot hinder the hole set until the free throw has been taken, but the hole set cannot shoot a goal once the foul has been awarded until the ball has been played by at least one other player. If the hole set attempts a goal without the free throw, the goal is not counted and the defence takes possession of the ball, unless the shot is made outside the 5-metre line. As soon as the hole set has a free pass, the other attacking players attempt to swim (or "drive") away from their defenders towards the goal. The players at the flat position will attempt to set a screen (also known as a pick) for the driver. If a driver gets free from a defender, the player calls for the pass from the hole set and attempts a shot at the goal.


title: Water polo

text: If a defender interferes with a free throw, holds or sinks an attacker who is not in possession or splashes water into the face of an opponent, the defensive player is excluded from the game for twenty seconds, known as a 'kick out' or an ejection. The attacking team typically positions 4 players on the 2 metre line, and 2 players on 5 metre line (4–2), passing the ball around until an open player attempts a shot. Other formations include a 3–3 (two lines of three attackers each) or arc (attackers make an arc in front of the goal and one offensive player sits in the 'hole' or 'pit' in front of the goal). The five defending players try to pressure the attackers, block shots and prevent a goal being scored for the 20 seconds while they are a player down. The other defenders can only block the ball with one hand to help the goalkeeper. The defensive player is allowed to return immediately if the offence scores, or if the defence recovers the ball before the twenty seconds expires.


title: Water polo

text: On defence, the players work to regain possession of the ball and to prevent a goal in their own net. The defence attempts to knock away or steal the ball from the offense or to commit a foul in order to stop an offensive player from taking a goal shot. The defender attempts to stay between the attacker and the goal, a position known as "inside water".


title: Water polo

text: Even with good backup from the rest of the defenders, stopping attacks can prove very difficult if the goalkeeper remains in the middle of the goal. The most defensible position is along a semicircular line connecting the goalposts and extending out in the centre. Depending on the ball carrier's location, the goalkeeper is positioned along that semicircle roughly a metre out of the goal to reduce the attacker's shooting angle. The goalkeeper stops using their hands to tread water once the opponent enters at about the 7 metre mark and starts to lift their upper body using the eggbeater technique to prepare to block the shot. Finally the goalkeeper tries to block the ball down, which is often hard for the longer reaches, but prevents an offensive rebound and second shot. As is the case with other defensive players, a goalkeeper who aggressively fouls an attacker in position to score can be charged with a penalty shot for the other team. The goalkeeper can also be ejected for twenty seconds if a major foul is committed. Also inside the five metre mark, the goalie can swing at the ball with a closed fist without being penalised.


title: Water polo

text: If an offensive player, such as the centre forward, has possession of the ball in front of the goal, the defensive player tries to steal the ball or to keep the centre from shooting or passing. If the defender cannot achieve these aims, he may commit a foul intentionally. The hole set then is given a free throw but must pass off the ball to another offensive player, rather than making a direct shot at the goal. Defensive perimeter players may also intentionally cause a minor foul and then move toward the goal, away from their attacker, who must take a free throw. This technique, called sloughing, allows the defense an opportunity to double-team the hole set and possibly steal the inbound pass. The referee may refrain from declaring a foul, if in his judgment this would give the advantage to the offender's team. This is known as the "Advantage Rule".


title: Water polo

text: Water polo is a contact sport, with little protective gear besides swim suits and caps with ear protectors, and thus injuries are common. Among the most frequent serious injuries are those affecting the head and shoulders. Those induced to the head are usually caused by elbows or the ball itself, while shoulder injuries are a result of grabbing and pushing while throwing the ball or simply of repetitive overexertion of joints and muscles when taking hard shots. The hands and fingers are vulnerable areas, due to contact when opponents attempt to steal the ball, or when players block shots. Other injuries take place underwater, such as leg and groin injuries, as many actions cannot be seen from above the surface and not much padding is used to protect the players.


title: Water polo

text: Sunburn is a common minor injury in outdoor matches. Players often don't apply sunscreen as it makes their skin, and hence the ball, slippery; FINA and most state governing bodies forbid the use of copious sunscreen to make the body harder for the opposing team to grip.


title: Water polo

text: Inner tube water polo is a style of water polo in which players, excluding the goalkeeper, are required to float in inner tubes. By floating in an inner tube players expend less energy than traditional water polo players, not having to tread water. This allows casual players to enjoy water polo without undertaking the intense conditioning required for conventional water polo.


title: Water polo

text: Surf polo, another variation of water polo, is played on surfboards. First played on the beaches of Waikiki in Hawaii in the 1930s and 1940s, it is credited to Louis Kahanamoku, Duke Kahanamoku's brother.


title: Water polo

text: Canoe polo or kayak polo is one of the eight disciplines of canoeing pursued in the UK, known simply as "polo" by its aficionados. Polo combines paddling and ball handling skills with a contact team game, where tactics and positional play are as important as the speed and fitness of the individual athletes.


title: Water polo

text: Flippa ball is a precursor variant intended for younger and beginner players to learn the basics of polo. It is played in shallow water and permits touching the bottom of the pool. Players rotate positions after each score.


title: Water polo

text: Men's water polo at the Olympics was the first team sport introduced at the 1900 games, along with cricket, rugby, football, polo (with horses), rowing and tug of war. Women's water polo became an Olympic sport at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games after political protests from the Australian women's team.


title: Water polo

text: One of the most historically known matches often referred to as the "Blood in the Water match", was a 1956 Summer Olympics semi-final match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, played in Melbourne. As the athletes left for the games, the Hungarian revolution began, and the Soviet army crushed the uprising. The Hungarians defeated the Soviets 4–0 before the game was called off in the final minute to prevent angry Hungarians in the crowd reacting to Valentin Prokopov punching Ervin Zádor.


title: Water polo

text: Every 2 to 4 years since 1973, a men's Water Polo World Championship is organized within the FINA World Aquatics Championships. Women's water polo was added in 1986. A second tournament series, the FINA Water Polo World Cup, has been held every other year since 1979. In 2002, FINA organised the sport's first international league, the FINA Water Polo World League.


title: Water polo

text: Professional water polo is played in many Southern and Eastern European countries like Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Spain, etc. with the LEN Euroleague tournament played amongst the best teams.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Gabrielle "Gabi" Lemos Garcia is a Brazilian mixed martial artist, 9x Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) World Champion, 11x Pan Jiu-Jitsu Champion and 4 X ADCC Submission Fighting World champion. One of the most successful competitors of all time in the female black belt divisions, and a member of the IBJJF Hall of Fame.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Gabi Garcia was born on November 17, 1985 in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Garcia's early and mid-teens were spent playing sports including volleyball, team handball, and field hockey. At age 13, Garcia and her family moved to São Paulo. Around this age, Garcia's uncle helped begin her training in Jiu-Jitsu. Before eventually committing herself full-time to a Jiu-Jitsu career, Garcia was in her final year of a university course study in advertising.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia trains in São Paulo with Fabio Gurgel, at the Alliance team, where she has achieved four Abu Dhabi Combat Club championships and nine World Jiu-Jitsu Championships.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia's results from the 2013 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championships were automatically disqualified when she tested positive for the fertility drug Clomiphene, which is on the USADA banned list. After a case review, Garcia was found not at fault, no suspension was given and she remained eligible to compete.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: In 2019, Garcia became the first woman to win four ADCC gold medals with a submission in the finals against Carina Santi.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: In 2021, following a WNO (Who's Number One ) fight against Nathiely De Jesus, Garcia called for a match between her and Gordon Ryan. ADCC medalist Craig Jones verbally agreed to compete against her in an intergender match, the match has not been officially booked for any promotion as yet.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: At the 2021 IBJJF World Championships, Garcia was submitted for the first time in the history of her competitive career at black belt by Yara Soares and she retired from IBJJF competition at the conclusion of the competition.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia was at one point scheduled to face Megumi Yabushita for the Japanese promotion Real Fight Championship. This bout, however, fell through.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia was then scheduled to make her MMA debut with Jungle Fight in March 2015. However, this bout also didn't happen.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: On November 6, 2015, it was announced during Bellator 145 that Garcia would face Lei'D Tapa for Rizin Fighting Federation on December 31, 2015. She won the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: In her second fight for the promotion, Garcia faced Anna Malyukova at Rizin Fighting Federation 1 on April 17, 2016. She won the fight via armbar submission in the second round.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: For her third fight with Rizin, Garcia faced Destanie Yarbrough at on September 25, 2016. She won the fight via americana submission in the first round.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia was scheduled to face Shinobu Kandori at on December 31, 2016. However, Kandori pulled out of the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Yumiko Hotta. Garcia won the bout via TKO in the first round.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia next faced Russian boxer Oksana Gagloeva on July 30, 2017 at . The bout ended in a No Contest due to an eye poke that occurred just fourteen seconds into the first round.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia was scheduled to face Shinobu Kandori on December 29 at , but the fight was canceled when Garcia missed weight by 28 pounds.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia faced Barbara Nepomuceno at Rizin 14 on December 31, 2018 in a 226 lb catchweight bout. She won the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Gabi Garcia

text: Garcia made her shoot boxing debut on July 7, 2017 when she faced Megumi Yabushita at Shoot Boxing Girl's S-Cup 2017. The bout was declared a No Contest after twice hitting Yabushita with illegal soccer kicks when her opponent fell to the ground.


title: Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone

text: Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline; 25 February 1883 – 3 January 1981) was a member of the British royal family. She is the longest-lived British princess of royal blood, and was the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria. Princess Alice was the chatelaine of Rideau Hall in Ottawa from 1940 until 1946, while her husband Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, served as Governor General of Canada.


title: Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone

text: Princess Alice was born on 25 February 1883 at Windsor Castle, the only daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (the youngest of the four sons of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort) and his wife Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Her younger brother and only sibling, Prince Charles Edward (later Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), was born on 19 July 1884.