title: Censorship of YouTube

text: On April 6, 2015, YouTube was again briefly blocked, alongside Facebook and Twitter, due to the widespread posting of footage of a prosecutor killed during a hostage crisis.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: On December 23, 2016, YouTube again became briefly inaccessible in Turkey according to reports validated by internet monitoring group Turkey Blocks after footage that allegedly showed the immolation of Turkish soldiers by jihadists was shared on the site. The site is now accessible again as of December 25.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: The UAE's Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA) briefly blocked YouTube from August 2006 to October 2006 due to increasing concerns regarding the presence of adult content in the website. According to the TRA, the block was done due to YouTube not categorizing and separating adult pornographic content from normal content. The ban was lifted in October 2006.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: During the Venezuelan presidential crisis of 2019, YouTube has been heavily censored regularly by Venezuela's state-owned internet service provider, CANTV. The blocking of YouTube and social media websites by the Venezuelan government were intended to suppress information relating to Juan Guaidó and the pro-opposition National Assembly. This mainly affects the access of streaming platforms like Periscope, YouTube, Bing, and other Google services.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: On January 21, 2019, the day of a Bolivarian National Guard rebellion in the Cotiza neighborhood of Caracas, internet access to some social media websites, including YouTube was reported to be blocked for CANTV users. The Venezuelan government denied it had engaged in blocking.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: During the Venezuela Aid Live concert on February 22, access to YouTube was blocked for CANTV users during the concert, alongside National Geographic and Antena 3 that were removed from cable and satellite TV for broadcasting the concert. Guaidó speech during the February 23 entry of the humanitarian aid, YouTube was blocked.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: The longest block of YouTube to date started during a National Assembly session on March 6, lasting 20 hours.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: The YouTube live stream of the press conference of US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Colombian President Iván Duque Márquez on April 15, 2019, was disrupted for CANTV users.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: It was blocked again from March 24, 2009, although a Foreign Ministry spokesperson would neither confirm nor deny whether YouTube had been blocked. Since then, YouTube has been inaccessible from Mainland China.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: However, YouTube can still be accessed from Hong Kong, Macau, the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, specific hotels, and by using a VPN. Since 2018, when the term "YouTube" is searched on Baidu, the following message is displayed: "According to local regulations and policies, some results cannot be shown."


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: Even though YouTube is blocked under the Great Firewall, many Chinese media outlets, including China Central Television (CCTV), have official YouTube accounts. In spite of the ban, Alexa ranks YouTube as the 5th most visited website in China.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: YouTube has been intermittently blocked in Eritrea since 2011 by some ISPs, although a spokesperson for Freedom House speculated this was due to bandwidth considerations.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: On December 3, 2006, Iran temporarily blocked access to YouTube and several other sites, after declaring them as violators of social and moral codes of conduct. The YouTube block came after a video was posted online that appeared to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex. The block was later lifted and then reinstated after Iran's 2009 presidential election. In 2012, Iran reblocked access, along with access to Google, after the controversial film "Innocence of Muslims" trailer was released on YouTube.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: On January 17, 2016, some users reported that the website was unblocked, although the site was blocked again on January 20, 2016. Some startups, television shows, celebrities, and reformist politicians such as Khatami use this website.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: YouTube is blocked in North Korea because of the country's laws regarding the Internet and its accessibility. It has been fully blocked since April 2016, and the North Korean government has warned that anyone who tries to access it is subject to punishment.


title: Censorship of YouTube

text: On December 25, 2009, for security reasons, YouTube was blocked in Turkmenistan by the only ISP in the country, Turkmentelecom. Other websites, such as LiveJournal were also blocked.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: In April 2017, it was announced that the club would take over El Jaish SC and merge with following the 2016–17 Qatar Stars League and be known as Al-Duhail Sports Club in rebranding of Lekhwiya SC.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: The club was founded as Al-Shorta Doha and in 2009 was renamed to Lekhwiya. Lekhwiya Club has the biggest financial budget in Qatar.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: Upon the club's reformation, it was entered into the Qatari 2nd Division. It came fourth in the league on its first year before winning the next season in 2010.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: In the club's first season in the Qatar Stars League, Lekhwiya finished at the top of the standings to win the 2010–11 Qatar Stars League. It was the first league title in the club's history. They also managed to reach the final of the 2010 Sheikh Jassem Cup, before losing in the final to Al-Arabi.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: Their first official debut in a continental competition came on March 7, 2012, in the 2012 AFC Champions League. They won their first match against Al-Ahli of Saudi Arabia, with Nam Tae-Hee scoring the only goal and also scoring the first-ever goal for Lekhwiya in any regional competition.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: In the 2011–12 Qatar Stars League season, Lekhwiya retained the league title with two games left to be played.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: They inaugurated a new stadium Abdullah bin Khalifa Stadium, also known as Lekhwiya Sports Stadium, on February 15, 2013 in a match against Al Khor and won their third league title in the first season at the new stadium.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: in April 2017 the club announced that they would take over El Jaish SC and rebranded the club into Al-Duhail SC.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: At the end of the 2017–2018 Season the Club became the first club to hold all three domestic Titles the league, Qatar Cup and Emir Cup.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: Lekhwiya's stadium began construction in 2011. The first phase was completed in May 2012. The stadium was officially inaugurated on February 15, 2013 with the first match played being a Qatar Stars League fixture against Al Khor. The official seating capacity is 10,000, it is located in the ISF area of Doha.


title: Al-Duhail SC

text: Lekhwiya's reserve team currently competes in the Qatargas League, the second-tier of Qatari football. <br>


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "Believe" is a song recorded by American entertainer Cher from her twenty-second studio album of the same name. Preceding the album release by three days, it was released as the album's lead single on October 19, 1998. A demo written by Brian Higgins, Matthew Gray, Stuart McLennen and Timothy Powell, was played to Warner Bros. Records' chairman Rob Dickins, who suggested Cher record it. Dickins initially disliked the song, as he felt it did not have strong verses, so he hired two more writers, Steve Torch and Paul Barry in order to complete it. Recording took place at London's Dreamhouse Studio, while production was in charge of Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "Believe" represents a complete musical departure from Cher's previous efforts, adopting an upbeat dance-pop style. It featured a pioneering use of the audio processing software Auto-Tune to distort Cher's vocals, which was widely imitated and became known as the "Cher effect". The song's lyrics describe empowerment and self-sufficiency after a painful breakup.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "Believe" topped numerous charts around the world. It earned Cher a place in the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the oldest female solo artist to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and became the highest-selling single by a solo female artist in the United Kingdom. "Believe" is one of the best-selling singles, with sales of over 11 million copies worldwide. Reviewers praised its production and catchiness and named it one of Cher's most important releases. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and won Best Dance Recording.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: The music video, directed by Nigel Dick, has Cher performing in a nightclub. Cher has performed the song a number of times, including four of her concert tours, most recently the Here We Go Again Tour in 2018. It has been covered by a number of artists, and has been featured in several elements of popular culture. Scholars and academics noted the way in which Cher was able to re-invent herself and remain fresh and contemporary amidst the more teen pop-based music of the period. They also credited "Believe" for restoring Cher's popularity and cementing her position as a pop culture icon.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "Believe" was named the best-performing song of 1999 by "Billboard". It was placed on the 2021 revised list of "Rolling Stone"s "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" at No. 337.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: A demo of "Believe", written by Brian Higgins, Matthew Gray, Stuart McLennen and Timothy Powell, circulated at Warner Records for months. According to producer Mark Taylor, "everyone loved the chorus but not the rest of the song". Warner chairman Rob Dickins asked the production house Dreamhouse to work on it; their goal was to make a dance record that would not alienate Cher fans. Two more writers, Steve Torch and Paul Barry, joined and completed a version that Dickens and Cher were happy with."


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: Though she is not credited as a songwriter, Cher said she contributed the lines 'I need time to move on, I need love to be strong / I've had time to think it through and maybe I'm too good for you". According to Cher, "I was singing [the song] in the bathtub, and it seemed to me the second verse was too whiny. It kind of pissed me off, so I changed it. I toughened it up a bit."


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "Believe" was recorded in mid-1998 in Kingston upon Thames, London, at the Dreamhouse studio operated by Metro Productions. It was assembled with Cubase VST on an early model Power Macintosh G3, with synthesizers including a Clavia Nord Rack and an Oberheim Matrix 1000. Cher's vocals were recorded on three TASCAM DA-88 digital audio recorders with a Neumann U67 microphone.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: The effects on Cher's vocals were achieved using the pitch correction software Auto-Tune. Auto-Tune was designed to be used subtly to correct sharp or flat notes in vocal performances; however, Taylor used extreme settings to create unnaturally rapid corrections, thereby removing portamento, the natural slide between pitches in singing. Taylor said it was "the most nerve-wracking part of the project", as he was not sure how Cher would react. She approved and insisted the effect remain when Warner wanted it removed. In an attempt to protect their method, the producers initially claimed it was achieved using a vocoder. The effect was widely imitated and became known as the "Cher effect".


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "Believe" is a dance-pop and electropop song. It contains uncredited samples of "Prologue" & "Epilogue" performed by the Electric Light Orchestra. The track was recorded in the key of F major with a tempo of 133 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of F–C–Gm–B–F–Am–Gm–Dm, and Cher's vocal range spans from the low note of F to the high note of C.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: Bill Lamb from About.com said that the song is a "perfect piece of dance-pop". AllMusic editor Joe Viglione called "Believe" a "pop masterpiece, one of the few songs to be able to break through the impenetrable wall of late 1990s fragmented radio to permeate the consciousness of the world at large." Michael Gallucci gave a lukewarm review, writing that the "Believe" album is an "endless, and personality-free, thump session". Chuck Taylor from "Billboard" said that it is "the best darn thing that Cher has recorded in years". He added, "Some songs are so natural, so comfortably sung, that you wonder that somebody didn't think them up decades before. With this, you'll be whirling around the floor, tapping hard on the accelerator to "Believe," a simple ode to those feelings that we all search out and cling to. Cher is just a prize here; even her hardy detractors will be fighting the beat on this one." Matt Stopera and Brian Galindo from "BuzzFeed" noted it as "iconic". Damon Albarn, frontman of the bands Blur and Gorillaz, called the song "brilliant". "Entertainment Weekly" described the song as "poptronica glaze, the soon-to-be club fave..." and noted Cher's voice as "unmistakable". Tom Ewing from Freaky Trigger wrote that "Believe" "is a record in the "I Will Survive" mode of embattled romantic defiance – a song to make people who've lost out in love feel like they're the winners." He added that "it's remarkable that it took someone until 1998 to come up with "do you believe in life after love?", and perhaps even more remarkable that it wasn't Jim Steinman, but the genius of the song is how aggressive and righteous Cher makes it sound."


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: Deborah Wilker from "Knight Ridder" said that "her electronically altered vocal" on "Believe" "is like nothing she's ever done." "Knight Ridder" also described the song as "present-tense disco, with Cher an anthemic, Madonna manqué." "New York Daily News" described the song as a "club track so caffeinated, it not only microwaved her cold career to scorching-hot but gave dance music its biggest hit since the days of disco." They also noted the song's "killer hook and amazing beat." Neil Strauss from "The New York Times" wrote that "the verses are rich and bittersweet, with the added gimmick of breaking up Cher's voice through an effect that makes her sound robotic. And the choruses are catchy and uplifting, with Cher wailing, "Do you believe in life after love?" All of it bounces over a bed of 80s-style electronic pop. It is a song with a universal theme—a woman trying to convince herself that she can survive a breakup". Another editor, Jim Sullivan noted the track as a "hooky, defiant, beat-fest of a song". Bob Waliszewski of "Plugged In" said that Cher "musters self-confidence to deal with a failed romance". Robert Christgau highlighted "Believe" as the best song on the album. Dave Fawbert from "ShortList" described "Believe" as a "really great pop song with, as ever, an absolute powerhouse vocal performance from Cher".


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: The song was released as the album's lead single on October 19, 1998, peaked at number one in 21 countries worldwide. On January 23, 1999, it reached the Top 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached number one on the chart on March 13, making Cher the oldest female artist (at the age of 52) to perform this feat. Cher also set the record for the longest gap between number-one singles on the Hot 100; there was a gap of 33 years and 7 months between her singles "I Got You Babe" and "Believe" reaching number one. "Believe" was ranked as the number-one song of 1999 by "Billboard" on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot Dance Club Play charts and became the biggest single in her entire career. "Believe" became Cher's 17th and last top ten hit in the US.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Believe" debuted atop the UK Singles Chart on October 25, 1998 – for the week ending date October 31, 1998 – during a week in which the top five singles were all new entries, a first for the chart. It became Cher's fourth number one in the UK and remained at the top of the chart for seven consecutive weeks. "Believe" become Britain's biggest-selling song of 1998, and won its writers three Ivor Novello Awards (for Best Selling UK Single, for Best Song Musically and Lyrically, and for International Hit of the Year) at the 1999 ceremony. On July 30, 2021, "Believe" was certified Quadruple Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. As of October 2017, the song has sold 1,830,000 copies in Britain, making it the biggest-selling song by a woman on the UK Singles Chart. At 52 years old Cher was the oldest female artist to top the UK charts, a record that has since been broken by Kate Bush who was 63 when "Running Up That Hill" reached number one.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: The success of the song not only expanded through each country's singles chart, but also most countries' dance charts. In the United States "Believe" spent 15 weeks on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart, five of those weeks at number one, and 22 weeks on the European Hot Dance Charts. "Believe" also set a record in 1999 after spending 21 weeks in the top spot of the Billboard Hot Dance Singles Sales chart, it was still in the top ten even one year after its entry on the chart. On October 13, 2008, the song was voted number 10 on Australian VH1's Top 10 Number One Pop Songs countdown. "Believe" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Dance Recording at 42nd Grammy Awards, the latter of which it won. Peter Rauhofer (Club 69) won the Grammy Award in 2000 for Best Remixer of the Year for his remix of Cher's "Believe".


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: The official music video for "Believe", directed by Nigel Dick, features Cher in a nightclub in a double role as a singer on stage while wearing a glowing headdress and as a supernatural being in a cage (with auto-tuned voice) surrounded by many people to whom she is giving advice. The video largely revolves around a woman who is in the club looking for her boyfriend and is heartbroken when she sees him with another woman. The version on "" is slightly different from the previous version (the version that is also included on the Mallay Believe Bonus VCD) with additional scenes towards the end that were not in the original video. There are also two 'rough' versions of the video as the song was released in Europe before a video was completed. The first is a compilation of scenes from the videos of Cher's previous singles "One by One" and "Walking in Memphis" and the second includes a brief scene of the "Believe" video where Cher sings the chorus while the rest of the video is composed of scenes from "One by One".


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: Three official remix videos exist for this song. Two of the remix videos were created by Dan-O-Rama in 1999. Both follow different concepts from the original unmixed video. Instead of showing the significance of the lyrics the videos mostly show Cher with different colored backgrounds and people dancing. The two remixes used for these videos were the Almighty Definitive Mix and the Club 69 Phunk Club Mix. The third video entitled Wayne G. Remix was released by Warner Bros. and the concept is similar to the Club 69 Phunk Club Mix video.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "Billboard" music critic Chuck Taylor in March 1999 graded the video a "C", praising Cher's appearance and hairstyle but criticizing "an unnecessary subplot about a few kids stalking each other."


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: Cher performed the song during the Do You Believe?, , Cher at the Colosseum and the Dressed to Kill Tour. While she would lip-sync the entire song on various television programs, she would only lip-sync the synthesized verses when performing on her Believe and Farewell tours, the Colosseum shows and on the 2002 edition of "VH1 Divas Live". Since 1999, the song has been the encore to all of Cher's concerts until her 2014 Dressed to Kill Tour, where the encore is the ballad "I Hope You Find It", a second single from her 25th studio album "Closer to the Truth". It returned as the encore at her Classic Cher (2017-2020) shows and stayed in that place for the Here We Go Again Tour (2018-2020) as well.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: "VH1" placed "Believe" at number 60 in their list of 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2000 and at number 74 in their list of 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s in 2007. In 2007, "Rolling Stone" placed "Believe" at No. 10 in their list of the "20 Most Annoying Songs" In 2020, British national newspaper "The Guardian" ranked "Believe" as the 83rd greatest UK number one. "Believe" was placed on the 2021 revised list of "Rolling Stone"'s "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: In July 2020, a digital publication "The Pudding" carried out a study on the most iconic songs from the '90s and songs that are most known by Millennials and the people of Generation Z. "Believe" was the sixth song with the highest recognisability rate.


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: In May 2012 after successfully auditioning for The X Factor UK, Ella Henderson, then 16 years old, performed a ballad arrangement of "Believe" after the Bootcamp round, reducing guest judge Nicole Scherzinger to tears. The cover, which was based on Adam Lambert's version performed on American Idol in 2009, was so popular for its slow tempo, emotional interpretation that Henderson released an acoustic performance in 2013 on YouTube and performed it at the National Television Awards on January 23rd, 2013. Henderson also included a studio version of the cover on a deluxe edition of her debut album "Chapter One" as part of a pre-order EP ""Chapter One Sessions"".


title: Believe (Cher song)

text: In December 2018 Lambert performed his ballad version of "Believe" again in honor of Cher during the 41st annual Kennedy Center Honors; the performance was highly acclaimed, with Cher stating that she was "at a loss for words" and was moved to tears. On December 6, 2019, Lambert released a studio version of his version of "Believe" which reached number 23 on the "Billboard" Digital Song Sales chart on December 21, 2019.


title: Melissa Reese

text: Melissa Reese (born March 1, 1990) is an American musician and model who has collaborated frequently with Bryan "Brain" Mantia and is a current member of hard rock band Guns N' Roses.


title: Melissa Reese

text: Reese was born in Seattle, Washington. She is the youngest of three girls born into a household of Chinese, English, Spanish, Japanese, Filipino, Irish, Scottish and Danish descent.


title: Melissa Reese

text: Reese began singing and playing piano at age 4. She started writing music on the piano at age 12. At 13 years old, her talents were discovered by musician Tom Whitlock, who helped her get into the music industry. When she was 17, she learned Pro Tools, Reason, and Logic Pro then began performing and producing her own music. She attended Roosevelt High School, where she sang in the vocal jazz ensemble. Reese won an outstanding soloist award at the Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival in high school. After graduating school, Reese began experimenting with recording, creating a module that featured a Boss BR-8 and a Roland Groovebox.


title: Melissa Reese

text: Her first EP was released under the name Lissa (2007), and featured collaboration with Bryan Mantia and Pete Scaturro. Three of the songs of the EP were featured in various TV shows, including "Gossip Girl" and "Keeping up with the Kardashians".


title: Melissa Reese

text: Reese has worked with funk artist Bootsy Collins, rapper Chuck D, singer Vanessa Carlton, soul artist Goapele and singer Taylor Swift. In addition to composing, Reese has produced work for artists such as Drumma Boy. She also did work on the soundtrack for the movie "The Assignment".


title: Melissa Reese

text: Reese has worked on several projects with Mantia, a composing team dubbed "Brain and Melissa". In 2010, along with Buckethead, they released the multi-CD sets "Kind Regards" and "Best Regards". Brain and Melissa composed part of the soundtrack in the video game "Infamous 2", for which they were nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Original Composition" by the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences awards. Other video games the duo worked on include "PlayStation Home", "ModNation Racers", "Twisted Metal", "" and "Infamous: Second Son". They also scored the films "Detention" and "Power/Rangers". They have worked with music video director Joseph Kahn on several television commercials for NASCAR, SEAT, and Qoros. In addition, they scored a commercial for Johnnie Walker Blue which featured a computer-generated Bruce Lee. They also worked on several remixes of songs from "Chinese Democracy" for a planned remix album. In addition, the two created a stock music album called "Eclectic Cinema" alongside former Guns N' Roses guitarist Paul Tobias, and Guns N' Roses and Buckethead collaborator Pete Scaturro. They are currently working on the soundtrack for the upcoming movie "" and the upcoming Joseph Kahn film "Bodied".


title: Melissa Reese

text: The duo performed at a Houston Rockets halftime show on November 10, 2017, performing remixes of "Sorry" and "If the World" from "Chinese Democracy", and a cover of KISS's "Do You Love Me?" from "Destroyer". They played another NBA halftime show, this time for the Los Angeles Clippers, on November 27, 2017.


title: Melissa Reese

text: Reese joined Guns N' Roses in March 2016 as the band's second keyboardist, replacing Chris Pitman, while also playing synthesizer, sub-bass, background vocals, and programming for all electronic sounds during live performances. She first performed with the band on the Not in This Lifetime... Tour. Upon joining the band, she had two weeks to learn 50 songs to prepare for the tour, working 15 hours a day to learn them. Reese described how she joined the band, stating "They knew of me as a producer and heard about my poetry work. I knew a lot of people in their camp. It just came up as an idea: what about her? I thought it was a joke... But then, it wasn’t a joke. Axl called [Brain] and asked 'Do I have your blessing on this? [...] Can she pull it off?'.


title: Melissa Reese

text: As well as singing backing vocals, Reese's role in the band has been described as the "enhancer", using Akai samplers among other tools to produce sounds from "Chinese Democracy" songs, as well as playing the Moog synthesizer on "Paradise City". Speaking of her role, she stated "I don't want to get in the way of these songs. On the keys, I add sonic layers to thicken our sound, without sticking out like a sore thumb. Anything from synths [to] organic patches and samples."


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: Timothy Malcolm Healy (born 29 January 1952) is a British actor from Newcastle upon Tyne, England, best known for playing Dennis Patterson in the comedy-drama series "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet", Les/Lesley Conroy in the comedy series "Benidorm", and Gastric in the comedy series "Still Open All Hours".


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: Timothy Malcolm Healy was born in the Benwell area of Newcastle upon Tyne on 29 January 1952, the son of Sadie (née Wilson) and Timothy Malcolm Healy Sr. He worked as a welder in a factory and joined the British Army, serving part-time in the 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment. In 1973, he successfully responded to an advert for the Northern Arts School, obtaining a student grant and moving into acting. He was an early member of the Live Theatre Company, a touring company which put on drama productions in community halls and working men's clubs.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: In 1982, Healy appeared in "", depicting the triumph of West Auckland F.C. in the Sir Thomas Lipton Cup. In 1983, Healy was brought to public attention for his role in "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet" a TV comedy drama series about British builders working in Germany.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: In 1984 Healy appeared in the "Minder" episode "A Star is Gorn," in which he played George, an enforcer for Cyril Ash, a crooked music agent.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: During the mid-80s, Healy also played Barney Bodger, the blundering handyman in the Children's ITV series "Tickle on the Tum", becoming a favourite with young viewers.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: In the early-1990s, he appeared as a cockney ex-pat in the BBC series "Boys From The Bush" and played a binman in "Common as Muck". In 1994 he appeared in one episode of the fourth series of Heartbeat , he played Cedric Shanks. In 2001, Healy appeared in the surreal BBC situation comedy "Breeze Block", playing the head of a strange family. Healy had high hopes for the series, but was reportedly upset when it was only screened on the digital channel BBC Choice (later relaunched as BBC Three) and never broadcast on BBC One or BBC Two. He starred as a folk musician in the first episode of comedy series, "Phoenix Nights". His band, "Half a Shilling", sang a song called "Send the Buggers Back", supposedly about a set of Holy Communion shoes, but clearly intended (to those who are themselves racist) as a racist anthem. He played Jackie Elliot in the West End musical "Billy Elliot".


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: Healy appeared in the film "Purely Belter" as the abusive father of delinquent teenager Gerry and appeared in "Coronation Street" as Paul Jones, the father of barman Sean Tully. Healy previously appeared on the show in 1976 as a bingo caller. In 2002 Healy appeared as DS Philip Carter In an episode of Silent Witness. 2003, Healy appeared as Inspector Colin Duggan in an episode of the BBC drama "Murder in Mind". In 2009, Healy appeared in the BBC drama "Waterloo Road" as a Security Guard, Dave Miller, a love interest for Steph Haydock, played by former real life wife, Denise Welch. In 2013, Healy appeared as Eric in the Sky Living Sitcom "The Spa" for one series.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: When Healy's ex wife, Denise Welch, was a guest on "The Paul O'Grady Show", an apparently aged man came on the show to talk about a subject. He sounded unwell while Welch was speaking, and to her and everyone's surprise, he revealed himself to be Healy. Healy starred in the third series of the ITV comedy "Benidorm" playing a cross dresser called Lesley. He later became a regular in the fourth series in 2011. His character is really called Les and has a son, Liam.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: Healy has also had a role in Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer's show "Catterick" as a helpful man with a chronically cold wife. In November 2013, he filmed a cameo in the first episode of the second series of the BBC sitcom "Hebburn".


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: In September 2009, Healy became the voice of The Greener Company – a wood-burning stove company based in Lymm, Cheshire. Working in conjunction with The Greener Company and Smooth FM, Healy plays the role of David – The Wood-Burning Stove fitter for The Greener Company. David is a character in a series of radio commercials used to promote the company.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: Healy married actress Denise Welch in 1988. They had two sons before divorcing in 2012; their oldest son, Matthew, is the lead singer of the band The 1975.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: Healy often shows support for the children's charity, Children North East, which is based in Newcastle, by making appearances at events and showing support at their community based projects. The charity raise funds for youth projects, such as WEYES project, in the west end area where Healy grew up.


title: Tim Healy (actor)

text: He co-founded the Sammy Johnson Memorial Fund, established to support young talent in North East England. He hosts the biannual "Sunday for Sammy" concerts in aid of the fund.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: The 1998–99 UEFA Champions League was the 44th season of the UEFA Champions League, Europe's premier club football tournament, and the seventh since it was renamed from the "European Champion Clubs' Cup" or "European Cup". The competition was won by Manchester United, coming back from a goal down in the last two minutes of injury time to defeat Bayern Munich 2–1 in the final. Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored United's goals after Bayern had hit the post and the bar. They were the first English club to win Europe's premier club football tournament since 1984 and were also the first English club to reach a Champions League final since the Heysel Stadium disaster and the subsequent banning of English clubs from all UEFA competitions between 1985 and 1990. It was the first time since 1968 that Manchester United won the Champions League, giving them their second title.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: Manchester United also completed the Treble, becoming the fourth side in Europe to do so and in the process prevented Bayern Munich from achieving the feat themselves, Bayern eventually finished runners-up in their domestic cup two weeks later.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: Manchester United won the trophy without losing a single match, despite having competed in a group with Bayern Munich, Barcelona and Brøndby, plus two highly rated Italian clubs in the knock-out stages. However, United became champions with just five wins in total, the lowest number of wins recorded by a champion in the Champions League era to date, though the competition now has an extra round of two matches in the knock-out stages.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: It was the first time the Champions League was won by a team that had neither won their domestic league nor the Champions League the previous season and therefore would not have qualified for the tournament under the old qualification rules (title holder or national league champion). For the second time, the runners-up of eight domestic leagues entered the competition.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: Number of teams per country as well as the starting round for each club and seeding were based on 1998 UEFA league coefficient, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1993–94 to 1997–98.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held in Geneva, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: Note: Winning teams of the first qualifying round were drawn against teams qualified directly for the second qualifying round (16 and 16 teams).


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: Twenty-four teams took part in the group stage: the national champions of Italy, Germany, Spain, France, Netherlands, England and Portugal, the title holders, and the 16 winning teams from the second qualifying round. Arsenal, Athletic Bilbao, Brøndby, Croatia Zagreb, HJK, Internazionale, Kaiserslautern, Lens and Sturm Graz made their debuts in the group stage of the competition. This was the first time that a team from Finland played in the group stage.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: The teams were divided into six groups of four teams each, with the teams in each group playing each other twice (home and away) in a double round-robin format. Three points were awarded for each win, with one point each for a draw and none for a defeat. The winners of each group progressed to the quarter-finals, along with the two best second-placed teams. In the event that two or more teams had the same number of points at the end of the group stage, the rankings of the teams in question were determined by the following criteria:


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: The knockout stage was played in a single-elimination tournament format consisting of three rounds: quarter-finals, semi-finals and final. Each tie in the quarter-finals and semi-finals was played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home, while the final was played as a single match at a neutral venue. In the quarter-finals and semi-finals, in the event that two teams scored the same number of goals over the two legs of their tie, the winner would be determined by the number of goals scored away from home. If both sides scored the same number of goals away from home, two 15-minute periods of extra time would be played. If both teams scored the same number of goals during extra time, the visiting team would qualify for the next round by virtue of having scored more goals away from home. If neither side scored during extra time, the match would be decided by a penalty shoot-out. In the final, if the scores were level after 90 minutes, two 15-minute periods of golden goal extra time would be played; i.e. whichever team scored first would be declared the winner. If neither side scored during golden goal extra time, a penalty shoot-out would again be used to determine the winner.


title: 1998–99 UEFA Champions League

text: In the quarter-finals, the two best runners-up could not be drawn together, nor could the winners and runners-up from the same group. Both runners-up played the first leg of their quarter-final at home, as did the teams drawn first in the other two quarter-finals.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Ovinton J'Anthony Mayo (born November 5, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who plays for Zamalek of the Egyptian Basketball Super League. He played a single season of college basketball for the USC Trojans while earning first-team All-Pac-10 honors. However, he was retroactively declared ineligible when it was discovered that he had received improper benefits in violation of NCAA rules before he even played a game, and the Trojans vacated all of their 21 wins from the 2007–08 season.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo entered the 2008 NBA draft and was selected by the Minnesota Timberwolves with the third overall pick. He was later traded to the Memphis Grizzlies, with whom he played four seasons. Mayo signed with the Dallas Mavericks in 2012, and then with the Milwaukee Bucks in 2013. In July 2016, Mayo was banned from the NBA for violating the league's anti-drug program. After a two-year hiatus, he resumed his career with Atléticos de San Germán of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN) in Puerto Rico.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo began playing high school basketball at Rose Hill Christian High School in Ashland, Kentucky. In Kentucky, grade schoolers can play high school basketball, and Mayo averaged 23.1 points for Rose Hill's varsity team while in 7th grade. In 8th grade he was just turning 15 and tallied 27 points per game and was named a first-team all-state player by the "Louisville Courier-Journal". Mayo then moved to suburban Cincinnati to live with club team coach Dwaine Barnes. (Mayo referred to him as his "grandfather" but the two aren't related.) Mayo enrolled at North College Hill High School in North College Hill, Ohio in April 2003. "The Cincinnati Enquirer" and local television stations sent reporters to cover Mayo's first day of school at NCH.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo was selected as Mr. Basketball of Ohio for the second consecutive season, in addition to being named Associated Press Division III Player of the Year for the second consecutive season. He averaged nearly 29 points, nine rebounds, and six assists per game. He also led his team to three consecutive AP poll titles and appeared in the pages of "Sports Illustrated" among other publications.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: In February 2006, Mayo attracted the largest crowd to ever see a high school game in Cincinnati, Ohio when 16,202 fans watched North College Hill fall to the nation's number one rated team, Oak Hill Academy. Mayo had been considered a lock to make the leap straight from high school to the NBA, but the Collective Bargaining Agreement between the NBA and its players instituted a rule that a player must be at least a year out of high school before he can enter the NBA, effectively curtailing those plans. On July 5, 2006, it was reported by ESPN that he would attend USC.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo enrolled at Huntington High School in Huntington, West Virginia for the 2006–07 school year. He formally committed to USC in November 2006.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: In January 2007, Mayo allegedly assaulted referee Mike Lazo after being ejected from a Huntington High game vs. Capital High School at the Charleston Civic Center. In accord with West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission rules, Mayo was suspended for two games. However, due to allegations that Lazo had overreacted and faked the incident, a temporary restraining order was signed by Cabell County Circuit Court Judge Dan O'Hanlan, temporarily lifting the suspensions on Mayo and five other players suspended due to incidents at that game. However, shortly after, the restraining order was nullified, and Mayo was suspended for three games, a punishment that Mayo described as "fair".


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo was selected by the West Virginia Sports Writers Association as the 2007 recipient of the Bill Evans Award for the state's boys basketball player of the year. Mayo led the state in scoring for the 2006–2007 season at 28.4 points per game. Runner-up in the voting was teammate Patrick Patterson.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On March 17, 2007, Mayo led Huntington High School to its third consecutive Class AAA basketball championship in the state of West Virginia with 103–61 rout of South Charleston. Mayo finished with a triple-double: 41 points, 10 rebounds, and 11 assists.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: He graduated in May 2007 and signed a letter of intent to enroll at USC. He scored a 29 on the ACT, placing him in the 95th percentile nationally.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo had given Kansas State a soft verbal commitment to play for them, but retracted it when head coach Bob Huggins announced he would take the same position at West Virginia. Frank Martin, by whom Mayo was recruited, was named head coach. Former teammate at North College Hill High School Bill Walker opted to stay and play for Martin.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC) in the summer of 2007, taking two classes. While waiting for the season to begin, he played pickup basketball at the UCLA men's gym against NBA players such as Kobe Bryant, Sam Cassell, Kevin Garnett, Mike Dunleavy, Jr., D. J. Augustin, Jason Kidd, Adam Morrison, and J. J. Redick.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo earned All-Pac-10 first team honors. In the 2008 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball tournament, the Trojans lost to UCLA, featuring Kevin Love and Russell Westbrook, in the semi-finals. Both Mayo and Love were selected to the All-Pac-10 tournament team. In his NCAA Tournament debut with the Trojans, Mayo scored 20 points as USC was beaten by Kansas State.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On May 11, 2008, ESPN reported that a former "confidant", Louis Johnson, revealed on ESPN's TV show "Outside the Lines" that Mayo received numerous gifts in violation of NCAA rules. The report stated that Mayo received the gifts from Rodney Guillory before and during his tenure at USC. Guillory is said to have received the money from the Bill Duffy Associates Sports Management (BDA).


title: O. J. Mayo

text: In April 2009, the NCAA combined its investigations of Mayo and former running back Reggie Bush into a single probe of the Trojans' athletic program.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On January 3, 2010, USC announced that it had determined Mayo was ineligible for the 2007–2008 season because he had received improper benefits, and had thus forfeited his amateur status before ever playing a game for USC. As a result, USC vacated all 21 of its wins from the 2007–08 season, dropping its record to 0–12. A vacated game does not count as a win for the other team, but is officially treated as having never happened. USC also withdrew from postseason consideration (including the Pac-10 conference tournament) for the 2009–10 season.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On June 26, 2008, Mayo was selected 3rd overall in the 2008 NBA draft by the Timberwolves. Later that day, he was traded, along with Marko Jarić, Antoine Walker, and Greg Buckner, to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Kevin Love, Mike Miller, Brian Cardinal, and Jason Collins. Mayo was a part of the Select Team that helped get the U.S. national team ready for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Mayo was the runner-up for the 2008–09 NBA Rookie of the Year Award, finishing second behind Chicago Bulls point guard Derrick Rose.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On November 1, 2009, Mayo scored a career-high 40 points against the Denver Nuggets on 17 of 25 shooting.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo was late for a game-day shootaround and was taken out of the starting lineup starting November 20, 2010. On a return flight to Memphis from Los Angeles, Mayo was involved in a fight with teammate Tony Allen over a debt from an in-flight card game. On January 27, the NBA suspended Mayo for 10 games following a positive test for the steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which violates the league's anti-drug program. Mayo blamed an over the counter supplement that he didn't know was banned by the NBA for the positive test, but he declined to say which supplement he used. He later said an unnamed energy drink he bought at a gas station contained the banned substance.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Despite playing in all 66 games of the shortened 2011–12 season, Mayo did not start in any games for the Grizzlies, playing as a sixth man. When he was asked if being a reserve hurt his value, he answered, "I would say so, I would probably say so. What do you think?"


title: O. J. Mayo

text: The Grizzlies did not sign a qualifying offer sheet for Mayo, making him an unrestricted free agent. On July 19, Mayo officially signed with the Mavericks.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On December 8, Mayo tied his career-high of 40 points in a game against the Houston Rockets. Two days later, he tied a career high of playing 52 minutes in a double-overtime loss to the Boston Celtics. On December 28, 2012, Mayo had a career high of 5 steals against the Denver Nuggets. On March 6, Mayo recorded a new career high of 12 assists against the Houston Rockets. After Nowitzki, the Mavericks' all-time leading scorer, returned, Mayo saw his scoring average dip. Mayo said, "I'm a scorer and can shoot the ball a little bit, but I like to be a playmaker. I like to try to take what the defense gives you and not just concentrate on scoring the ball. Find other guys."


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo finished the season with averages of 15.3 points, 4.4 assists and 3.5 rebounds while playing a team-high 35.5 minutes per game. His production dropped considerably after the All-Star break, when star player Nowitzki re-emerged after missing the first 27 games. On April 18, 2013, he announced he would decline the player option on his contract for the following season and become a free agent.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On July 13, 2013, Mayo signed a three-year, $24 million contract with the Milwaukee Bucks. The signing was essentially a trade of starting shooting guards, as Monta Ellis departed Milwaukee to sign with Dallas.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On October 30, 2013, in his Bucks debut, Mayo recorded 13 points and 5 rebounds in a loss to the New York Knicks. Mayo later missed time during the 2013–14 season due to issues with his conditioning as he appeared in a career-low 52 games.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo bounced back for the Bucks in 2014–15, recording seven 20-plus point games on the season. In Game 4 of the Bucks' first round playoff match-up against the Chicago Bulls, Mayo scored 18 points and hit a clutch three-pointer with 1:42 left in the game to give the Bucks a six-point lead.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On November 19, 2015, Mayo made his season debut for the Bucks after missing the first 11 games of the season due to a strained right hamstring he suffered in the final preseason game. On December 5, he had a season-best game after coach Jason Kidd started him at point guard, largely due to the Bucks being down on point guards due to injury. In 35 minutes of action, he recorded 17 points and 5 assists in a 106–91 win over the New York Knicks. On February 9, 2016, he returned to action against the Boston Celtics after missing 11 games with a left hamstring injury. On March 10, he was ruled out for the rest of the season after he suffered a fractured right ankle.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On July 1, 2016, Mayo was dismissed from the NBA for a drug violation. He was eligible for reinstatement around the start of the 2018–19 NBA season.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On April 4, 2018, Mayo was reported to sign with Atléticos de San Germán of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional. On June 27, he was released.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo started 18 of his 21 appearances with the team, shooting just 39.0 percent from the field and 34.7 percent from beyond the arc. He averaged 13.4 points, 3.9 rebounds, 3.5 assists and 1.1 steals.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On October 22, 2018, Mayo was reported to sign with Dacin Tigers of the Super Basketball League in Taiwan. Mayo finished the 2018–19 SBL season with averages of 22.7 points, 7.3 rebounds, 4.3 assists and 1.6 steals in 36 total games played (33 in the regular season and 3 in the playoffs), averaging 28.2 minutes per game and shooting 47.7% from the field (36.2% from the 3-point line).


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Soon after the Taiwan's SBL season ended, Mayo signed with Hunan Jinjian Miye of National Basketball League (NBL), the second-tier league in China.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On October 17, 2019, The Taipei Fubon Braves officially announced that they signed Mayo for the upcoming ASEAN Basketball League (ABL) season.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo signed with the Liaoning Flying Leopards of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) and made his debut in the 2019–20 CBA season on June 23, 2020 scoring 28 points in a 102–106 loss to the Guangzhou Loong Lions.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On July 17, 2020, Mayo scored 44 points in a win against Ty Lawson's Fujian Sturgeons, while shooting 8–10 from the three-point line. On July 26, Mayo won the CBA Player of the Month award for the month of July. Over 15 regular season games, Mayo averaged 28.4 points, 7.1 rebounds, 4.3 assists and 2.5 steals per game, shooting 57% from the field (43.5% from three) in 35.9 minutes of average playing time.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On November 13, 2020, Mayo set a new career-high of 48 points in a win against the Qingdao Eagles. He also had 8 rebounds and 6 assists.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On September 20, 2021, Mayo signed a one-year contract with the Russian team UNICS Kazan of the VTB United League. On February 7, 2022, Mayo scored a buzzer-beating game-winner against arch-rivals CSKA Moscow to give UNICS the win after triple overtime. He averaged 7.2 points on 35.4% shooting in nine games.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo was a part of the Select Team that helped get the U.S. national team ready for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: His parents are Alisha Mayo and Kenneth Maurice Ziegler. Mayo did not live with his father while growing up.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: Mayo's brother, Todd, played basketball for the Marquette Golden Eagles. He was selected by the Westchester Knicks in the 2014 NBA Development League Draft and played for them until being waived on January 28, 2015.


title: O. J. Mayo

text: On March 9, 2007, Mayo and three other men were cited by the Cabell County Sheriff's Department for misdemeanor simple possession of marijuana. Officers found the cannabis in a car in which Mayo was a passenger and, since no one claimed possession, all occupants were ticketed. Charges against Mayo were dropped on March 12, 2007 after one of the other passengers in the vehicle took responsibility for the marijuana.


title: Aries Spears

text: Aries Spears (born April 3, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian and actor from New Jersey. Spears was a regular on Fox's sketch comedy series "MADtv", appearing in 198 episodes, making him the second longest-serving cast member on the show behind Michael McDonald. In 2011, he released a special called "Aries Spears: Hollywood, Look I'm Smiling". He co-hosted for the AVN Awards in 2018.


title: Aries Spears

text: Spears was born in Chicago, Illinois and moved to New York when he was a year or two old. His mother, Doris Spears, is a jazz singer. Spears moved to New Jersey at age 11 and attended Arthur M. Judd Elementary School. He became a comedian at 14, performing stand-up comedy in various comedy clubs in New York City. He was expelled for fighting during his sophomore year in North Brunswick Township High School in North Brunswick Township, at age 17. Spears started doing his own comedy routine around his hometown.


title: Aries Spears

text: Spears said that his first stand-up comedy was doing impressions at the Uptown Comedy Club in Harlem, and Spears said that he recalls himself doing impressions of James Brown and Jack Nicholson during his first stand-up comedy.


title: Aries Spears

text: Spears' first television appearance was on Russell Simmons's "Def Comedy Jam," followed by "It's Showtime at the Apollo" (1987). He moved to Los Angeles in 1992, landed a recurring role on "A Different World" (1993) and became a regular at The Comedy Store, The Improv and The Laugh Factory. Other television credits include "Crosstown Traffic", "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr." (1993) and "Soul Train".


title: Aries Spears

text: At 16, Spears landed a part in the movie "Malcolm X". Shortly thereafter, he was cast in a starring role opposite Glenn Frey in "South of Sunset" (1993). Spears's other movie appearances include "Home of Angels" (1994), "The Pest" (1997), "Jerry Maguire" in which he played Teepee, brother of Rod Tidwell (1996), "Out-of-Sync" (1995), and "The Proud Family" (2003).


title: Aries Spears

text: He joined the cast of "MADtv" during its 3rd season in 1997, and he left at the end of its 10th season in 2005. During his stay, he created characters such as comedian Belma Buttons (co-host of fictional BET show "Reality Check"), Dollar Bill Montgomery (a host of an urban parody of "Politically Incorrect" called "Real **********ing Talk with Dollar Bill Montgomery"), James Brown Jr. (co-host of "Cabana Chat"), and controversial rapper Emcee Esher. He is well known for his impressions of celebrities, including rappers Jay-Z, Kanye West, LL Cool J, DMX, and Snoop Dogg actors Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Sylvester Stallone, Denzel Washington, and Arnold Schwarzenegger, as well as fellow comedians Eddie Murphy and Paul Mooney.


title: Aries Spears

text: Spears appeared in a 2nd-season episode of "Mind of Mencia", which parodied Jamie Foxx's role in Kanye West's music video for "Gold Digger." He also appeared in the 2006 movie "Hood of Horror." Spears performed in the TV series "The Underground" and voiced the character Wizard Kelly in the animated television series "The Proud Family."


title: Aries Spears

text: Spears appeared in two episodes of Frank Caliendo's sketch comedy show "Frank TV" as Shaquille O'Neal.


title: Aries Spears

text: He appeared alongside Cedric the Entertainer and other comedians in the "All Star Comedy Jam" in 2009.


title: Aries Spears

text: His 2011 stand-up comedy special "Aries Spears: Hollywood, Look I'm Smiling" was shown on Showtime. According to Deadline Hollywood, Spears was expected to appear in the dark comedy feature film directed by Vladislav Kozlov "The Immortalist" in 2020, along with Franco Nero, Sherilyn Fenn, Paul Rodriguez, and Jeff DuJardin.


title: Aries Spears

text: On August 30, 2022, Spears and Tiffany Haddish were sued for alleged grooming and sexual abuse of two minors. The lawsuit details that the minors were recruited to film comedy skits, and were asked to perform sexually suggestive content. Spears' attorney stated “he isn’t going to fall for any shakedown” in reference to Spears. That September, the accuser filed to have the claims against both dismissed with prejudice.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Captain Samuel Bellamy ( 23 February, 1689 – 26 April 1717), later known as "Black Sam" Bellamy, was an English sailor, turned pirate, who operated in the early 18th century. He is best known as the wealthiest pirate in recorded history, and one of the faces of the Golden Age of Piracy. Though his known career as a pirate captain lasted little more than a year, he and his crew captured at least 53 ships. Called "Black Sam" in Cape Cod folklore because he eschewed the fashionable powdered wig in favor of tying back his long black hair with a simple band, Bellamy became known for his mercy and generosity toward those he captured on his raids. This reputation earned him another nickname, the "Prince of Pirates". He likened himself to Robin Hood, with his crew calling themselves "Robin Hood's Men".


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Bellamy was born in Devon, England, in 1689, and began sailing for the British Royal Navy as a teenager. After traveling to Cape Cod around 1715, he then went south to the Florida coast in an effort to locate a sunken treasure fleet. From there he made his way to the Bahamas, sailing under Benjamin Hornigold and his second-in-command, Edward "Blackbeard" Teach. After Hornigold and Teach were voted out of command, Bellamy took a captured vessel as his own, before capturing a state-of-the-art slave trade ship, the "Whydah Gally", in the early spring of 1717. Two months later, the vessel was caught in a nor'easter storm off the coast of Massachusetts and sank, taking Bellamy and most of his crew down with it. The remains of the "Whydah Gally" were discovered in 1984, making it the first fully authenticated golden age pirate ship discovered in North America.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Bellamy was the youngest of six known children born to Stephen and Elizabeth Bellamy in the parish of Hittisleigh on Dartmoor in Devon, Kingdom of England, in 1689. Elizabeth died soon after, and was buried on 23 February, 1689, three weeks before Samuel's baptism on 18 March. The future pirate became a sailor at a young age; in his late teens, he joined the Royal Navy and fought in several battles. Though it has been speculated that he may have had a wife and child, there is no definite historical proof of this.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Bellamy traveled to Cape Cod around 1715, allegedly to seek some of his relatives there. According to an abundance of local lore on the subject, it is believed that he took up an affair with a local beauty, Goody Hallett — the "Witch of Wellfleet". Professor Elizabeth Reynard, in her 1934 book, "The Narrow Land", gave her the name "Maria", and though there is no evidence of her bearing that name, it has nevertheless become a popular name for her. Other modern authors have called her "Mariah" and "Mary". Her age and marital status remains a subject of much debate. Some stories depict her as a young lady between 16 and 25, while others depict her as a very old woman. In some stories, her parents liked him, but did not think a poor self-confident sailor was husband material; circumstantial evidence indicates that she may have already been married, confirming some stories that it was Bellamy's intent to seek his fortune and then return, not to marry her, but to take her away.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: For whatever reason, he left Cape Cod in early 1716 with a group of men to seek the vast treasures on the Florida coast from the Spanish wreck of the 1715 Treasure Fleet. Wealthy jeweler Palgraves Williams (also recorded as Palsgrave, Paulgrave, Paulgraves, Paulsgrave and Paul), son of Rhode Island Attorney General John Williams, joined Bellamy and funded their expedition. After Bellamy left the Cape, Hallett was found to be pregnant by Bellamy. It is said that she gave birth to a son and hid the child in a barn for warmth while she foraged for food; and when she returned she found that the child had choked to death on the straw. Some legends say that it was the barn of the notable Knowles family; others claim it to be that of Justice Joseph Doane who had banished her. In either case, she was arrested for the child's murder and imprisoned in the Old Jail of Barnstable, Massachusetts (the oldest wooden jail house in the United States; said to be haunted by her). Her sentence was relatively short, but she was exiled from the town. Even after that, she still waited for him in Eastham.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: The treasure hunters apparently met with little success, as they soon turned to piracy in the crew of pirate captain Benjamin Hornigold, who commanded the "Marianne" with his first mate, the soon to become famous Edward "Blackbeard" Teach.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: In the summer of 1716, the crew became irritated by Hornigold's unwillingness to attack ships of England, his home country. By a majority vote of the crew, Hornigold was deposed as captain of the "Marianne" and left the vessel with his loyal followers, including Teach. The remaining 90-man crew then elected Bellamy as captain.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Upon capturing a second ship, the "Sultana," it was made into a galley, and with approval of the crew, Bellamy took it as his own and assigned his friend Palsgrave Williams as commander of the "Marianne". They sailed briefly alongside Olivier Levasseur, who left early in 1717 to raid South America. However, Bellamy's greatest capture was to come in the spring of 1717, when he spotted the "Whydah Gally" (pronounced ) sailing through the Windward Passage between Hispaniola and Cuba. Built in England in 1715 as a state-of-the-art, 300-ton, English slave ship with 18 guns (cannons), and with speeds of up to , the "Whydah" was on its maiden voyage in 1716 and had just finished the second (Africa to Caribbean) leg of the Atlantic slave trade, loaded with a fortune in gold, indigo, Jesuit's bark, ivory and other precious trade goods from the sale of 312 slaves. Bellamy chased the "Whydah" for three days before getting close enough to fire. After a single shot, Captain Lawrence Prince surrendered the "Whydah" by lowering its flag. True to his reputation for generosity, Bellamy rewarded Prince's lack of resistance by trading the "Sultana" for the "Whydah". Removing the captain's quarters and upgrading the ship to 28 guns, Bellamy turned his new flagship northwards along the eastern coast of the Carolinas and on to New England.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Captain Charles Johnson (possibly a pseudonym) wrote what became the first standard historical text on pirates, "A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates". That source relates the story of the "Whydah" overtaking a sloop commanded by Captain Beer. Bellamy had wanted to let the captain keep his ship, but his crew had just voted to burn it, and the captain of the merchant vessel had just declined an invitation to join the pirates. Bellamy is attributed with making this now-famous speech:


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Johnson attributes these speeches to "Captain Bellamy" without naming Samuel Bellamy specifically; other writers like Philip Gosse attribute the speeches to Charles Bellamy, a separate pirate unrelated to Samuel Bellamy. They operated at the same time in the same areas and their exploits are often conflated.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Captain Samuel Bellamy, now known as Black Bellamy, was well known to his contemporaries and chroniclers as a distinctive figure, a tall, strong, well-mannered and very tidy man. He liked expensive clothes, especially black coats. His favorite weapons were four duelling pistols that he always carried in his sash:


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: As captain, his leadership style was almost democratic. His crew was very fond of him, sometimes even referring to him as "Robin Hood of the Sea" and themselves as "Robin Hood's Men". Captain Bellamy was also a good tactician. Usually, he had two ships under his control. His flagship was powerful with many cannons and the second one was light but fast, which made a good balance. With coordinated attacks, they managed to capture ships easily without harming them.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Just two months after acquiring the "Whydah", as she and the "Marianne" approached Cape Cod, Williams told Bellamy that he wished to visit his family in Rhode Island, and the two agreed to meet up again near Maine. Bellamy and the "Whydah" captured several other small vessels in the area, including the "Anne Galley", to which he appointed his quartermaster Richard Noland as captain.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: If Bellamy intended to revisit his lover Maria Hallett, he failed. The "Whydah" was swept up in a violent nor'easter storm off Cape Cod at midnight, on 26 April 1717, and was driven onto the sand bar shoals in of water some from the coast of what is now Wellfleet, Massachusetts. At 15 minutes past midnight, the masts snapped and drew the heavily loaded ship into 30 feet of water, where she capsized and quickly sank, taking Bellamy and all but two of the "Whydah's" 146-man crew with her.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: 104 bodies were known to have washed ashore and were buried by the town coroner, leaving 42 bodies unaccounted for. The "Mary Anne" was also wrecked that night several miles south of the "Whydah", leaving seven more survivors. All nine survivors from the two ships were captured and prosecuted for piracy in Boston, and six were convicted on 22 October 1717 and hanged on 15 November 1717. (King George's pardon of all pirates, issued on 5 September, supposedly arrived in Boston three weeks too late). Two were set free, the court believing their testimony that they had been forced into piracy. The last, a 16-year-old Miskito Indian from Central America, John Julian, was believed to have been sold into slavery to John Quincy, the great-grandfather of U.S. President John Quincy Adams.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Williams waited for Bellamy to rendezvous; when Bellamy never appeared, Williams realized what had happened, and sailed south to Nassau in the "Marianne". Noland also searched for Bellamy off Maine; failing to find him, he took the "Anne Galley" south, raiding ships along the way before accepting a pardon in the Bahamas.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: In July 1984, Bellamy became famous again when the discovery of the wreckage of his flagship "Whydah" was announced, and would soon become the first authenticated pirate shipwreck ever discovered in North America. At the time of its sinking, the "Whydah" was the largest pirate prize ever captured, and the treasure in its hold amassed roughly 4.5 to 5 tons, including huge quantities of indigo, ivory, gold, and 20,000 to 30,000 pounds sterling, divided into 180 sacks of each. The discovery of the wreck was made in 1982 by a diving crew led and funded by underwater explorer Barry Clifford.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: In 1985, Clifford recovered the ship's bell, upon which were the words "THE WHYDAH GALLY 1716", the first incontrovertible evidence of his find. He subsequently founded The Whydah Pirate Museum on MacMillan Wharf in Provincetown, Massachusetts, dedicated to Bellamy and the "Whydah". It houses many artifacts which were brought from the actual wreck, including a cannon found to be stuffed with precious stones, gold and artifacts. A portion of the some 200,000 artifacts so far recovered are currently on a six-year tour around the United States under the sponsorship of the National Geographic Society. From May 2017 through 30 July 2017, it was at the Portland Science Center in Portland, Maine.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: Suspected remains of Bellamy were found near the wreck of his ship, in February 2018. The bones were near a pistol identified as his, and DNA tests were carried out with a living relative to confirm. In May 2018, tests confirmed that the bones were of an Eastern European man, though not Bellamy.


title: Samuel Bellamy

text: In February 2021, Clifford announced six more pirates' bones were discovered in concretements of debris, and will be tested for DNA matches once they are extracted.


title: Joy Reid

text: Joy-Ann M. Lomena-Reid (born December 8, 1968), known professionally as Joy Reid, is an American cable television host, MSNBC national correspondent, liberal political commentator, and author. She hosted the weekly MSNBC morning show, "AM Joy", and in 2018, "The New York Times" stated that "Ms. Reid, the daughter of immigrants, has emerged as a 'heroine' of the anti-Trump 'resistance'." In 2019 she published the book, "The Man Who Sold America: Trump and the Unraveling of the American Story". On July 9, 2020, MSNBC announced that Reid would host "The ReidOut", a new Washington-based weeknight show in the 7 p.m. Eastern time slot vacated in March by "Hardball" host Chris Matthews' retirement.


title: Joy Reid

text: Reid was born Joy-Ann Lomena in Brooklyn, New York City. Her father was from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and her mother a college professor and nutritionist from Guyana. Her parents met in graduate school at the University of Iowa in Iowa City. Reid was raised Methodist and has one sister and one brother. Her father was an engineer who was mostly absent from the family; her parents eventually divorced and her father returned to the Congo. She was raised mostly in Denver, Colorado, until the age of 17, when her mother died of breast cancer and she moved to Flatbush, Brooklyn, to live with an aunt. Reid graduated from Harvard University in 1991 with a concentration in film studies.


title: Joy Reid

text: In a 2013 interview, Reid recalled that her college experience was a quick immersion into a demographically opposite place from where she lived, from a community that was eighty percent African American to a community that was six percent African American. She had to learn to live with roommates and people who were not her family. She paid her own bills and tuition while at Harvard and said it was a good learning and growing experience overall.


title: Joy Reid

text: In 1997, Reid married Jason Reid, who later became a documentary film editor. The couple has three children.


title: Joy Reid

text: Reid began her journalism career in 1997, leaving New York and her job at a business consulting firm to begin working in South Florida for a WSVN Channel 7 morning show. She left journalism in 2003 to work with the group America Coming Together to oppose the Iraq War and President George W. Bush. She later returned to broadcasting as a talk radio host and worked on Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.


title: Joy Reid

text: From 2006 to 2007, Reid was the co-host of "Wake Up South Florida", a morning radio talk show broadcast from Radio One's then-Miami affiliate WTPS, alongside "James T" Thomas. She served as managing editor of The Grio (2011–2014), a political columnist for "Miami Herald" (2003–2015), and the editor of "The Reid Report" political blog (2000–2014).


title: Joy Reid

text: From February 2014 to February 2015, Reid hosted her own MSNBC afternoon cable news show, "The Reid Report". The show was canceled on February 19, 2015, and Reid was shifted to a new role as an MSNBC national correspondent. Beginning in May 2016, Reid hosted "", a political weekend-morning talk show on MSNBC, and was a frequent substitute for other MSNBC hosts, including Chris Hayes and Rachel Maddow. As of 2018, Reid's morning show on Saturdays averaged nearly one million weekly viewers.


title: Joy Reid

text: Reid is the author of the book "Fracture: Barack Obama, the Clintons, and the Racial Divide", published by HarperCollins on September 8, 2015.


title: Joy Reid

text: In 2015, Reid gave the inaugural Ida B. Wells lecture at Wake Forest University's Anna Julia Cooper Center.


title: Joy Reid

text: In 2017, Reid ranked fourth among Twitter's top tweeted news outlets and most tweeted journalist at each outlet. "The Daily Dot" credited her in August of that year with coining the term "KHive" for supporters of Kamala Harris.


title: Joy Reid

text: In July 2020, MSNBC announced that Reid would host "The ReidOut", a new Washington-based weeknight commentary show in the 7 p.m. Eastern time slot vacated by the March 2020 retirement of "Hardball" host Chris Matthews, making her cable's first Black female primetime anchor.


title: Joy Reid

text: In 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" said she had the "ability to break down complex issues in a way that makes them digestible and accessible." In 2018, "The New York Times" stated that "Ms. Reid, the daughter of immigrants, has emerged as a 'heroine' of the anti-Trump 'resistance'."


title: Joy Reid

text: Reid was a 2003 Knight Center for Specialized Journalism fellow. In 2018, Reid was nominated for three NABJ Salute to Excellence Awards. One for her segment where a pastor is pulled to safety at the Charlottesville white nationalist march, for Reid's reporting on the damage caused by the hurricanes to the US Virgin Islands and lastly for the segment that won her an award Tragedy of ‘Time: The Kalief Browder Story’ where Reid sat down with Kalief's brother Deion Browder and filmmaker Julia Mason. In 2016, she received the Women's Media Center's Carol Jenkins Visible and Powerful Media Award.


title: Joy Reid

text: In late 2017, and again in April 2018, Twitter user @Jamie_maz reproduced posts written between 2007 and 2009 on Reid's former blog "Reid Report" which, as "The Nation" described it, "us[ed] the trope of gay sex to mock politicians and journalists." Following criticism, Reid apologized, calling the posts "insensitive, tone-deaf and dumb." A second batch of posts gained attention, which described kissing between men as disgusting to straight people, accused gay men of being "attracted to very young, post-pubescent types", and declared opposition to same-sex marriage. In one post, Reid wrote about her views: "Does that make me homophobic? Probably." Reid claimed she did not remember making those posts, and asked lawyers to investigate if her blog or its archives might have been hacked, though Wayback Machine, where the posts had been found, said it detected no evidence of hacking in the archived versions of her site. The second batch of posts prompted LGBT advocacy group PFLAG to rescind its plan to give Reid an award, and "The Daily Beast" to suspend future columns from her. An analysis published by "The Daily Beast" thoroughly disputed her claims of being a victim of hacking. Reid opened the April 28, 2018, edition of "AM Joy" with an apology. Responses to her apology tended to be divided along party lines.


title: Joy Reid

text: In April 2018, further blog posts from 2005 through 2007 were brought to public attention. According to "The Washington Post", Reid's controversial remarks included encouraging her readers to watch the film "Loose Change" and saying of Israel "God is not a real estate broker. He can’t just give you land 1,000 years ago that you can come back and claim today." Reid claimed Jewish people spend half a million dollars on their bar and bat mitzvah celebrations. She also described CNN's Wolf Blitzer, who is Jewish, as a "former flak for the American Israeli Public Affairs Committee " who "doesn't even try to hide his affinity for his Israeli guests, or his partisanship for their cause". The Zionist Organization of America called for MSNBC to fire Reid for promoting "sinister anti-Semitic canards". Another controversial post, from 2007, contained a photoshopped image of Senator John McCain's face superimposed on the body of Seung-Hui Cho, who perpetrated the Virginia Tech shooting.


title: Joy Reid

text: In June 2018, Reid formally apologized for her past writings, saying, "I'm a better person today than I was over a decade ago. There are things I deeply regret and am embarrassed by, things I would have said differently, and issues where my position has changed. Today I'm sincerely apologizing again." MSNBC expressed its continued support, saying in a statement that some of the blog posts were "obviously hateful and hurtful," but that they were "not reflective of the colleague and friend we have known at MSNBC for the past seven years" and that "Joy has apologized publicly and privately and said she has grown and evolved in the many years since, and we know this to be true."


title: Joy Reid

text: On the September 1, 2020 episode of "The ReidOut", Reid criticized President Donald Trump's unwillingness to condemn Kyle Rittenhouse. She held that this amounted to what US media would usually describe as "radicalizing people" in the case of "leaders, let's say in the Muslim world, talk a lot of violent talk and encourage their supporters to be willing to commit violence including on their own bodies in order to win against whoever they decide is the enemy". The Southern Poverty Law Center and Muslim Advocates, both civil rights organizations, and representatives Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib criticized Reid's remarks as Islamophobic and called for an apology. Conversely, commentator Jennifer Rubin defended Reid, arguing she had merely highlighted a double standard in the media without endorsing it.


title: Joy Reid

text: On November 3, 2020, while discussing President Trump's comments on taking key swing state elections to the Supreme Court, Reid said "If somehow they manage to stumble into the Supreme Court, do any of you guys expect Uncle Clarence and Amy Coney Barrett and those guys to actually follow the letter of the law?" Reid was criticized for apparently using the epithet "Uncle Tom" to refer to Clarence Thomas, with some on social media calling the statement racist and disgusting.


title: International Democrat Union

text: The International Democrat Union (IDU) is an international alliance of centre-right political parties. Headquartered in Munich, Germany, the IDU consists of 84 full and associate members from 65 countries. It is chaired by Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada, two affiliated international organizations (International Young Democrat Union and International Women's Democrat Union) and six affiliated regional organizations (Union of Latin American Parties, Asia Pacific Democrat Union, Caribbean Democrat Union, Democrat Union of Africa, European People's Party and European Conservatives and Reformists Party).


title: International Democrat Union

text: The IDU allows centre-right conservative political parties around the world to establish contacts and discuss different views on public policy and related matters. Their stated goal is the promotion of "democracy and [of] centre-right policies around the globe". The IDU has some overlap of member parties with the Centrist Democrat International (CDI), but the CDI is more centrist and communitarian than the IDU.


title: International Democrat Union

text: Though the IDU was founded to be politically on the centre-right, a number of its member parties have been increasingly seen as further right on the political spectrum.


title: International Democrat Union

text: The group was founded in 1983 as the umbrella organisation for the European Democrat Union (EDU), Caribbean Democrat Union (CDU), and the Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU). Created at the instigation of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush, the organisation was founded at a joint meeting of the EDU and APDU in London, United Kingdom.


title: International Democrat Union

text: The IDU has several regional affiliates: the Democrat Union of Africa, the Union of Latin American Parties, the Asia Pacific Democrat Union, the Caribbean Democrat Union, the European People's Party, and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party. It also has an affiliated youth wing in the International Young Democrat Union, and an affiliated women's wing in the International Women's Democrat Union.


title: International Democrat Union

text: The IDU was founded in London on 24 June 1983. According to Richard V. Allen, to be admitted as a member, a party must qualify as a "mainstream conservative" party influenced by classical liberalism.


title: Moe Greene

text: Morris "Moe" Greene is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's 1969 novel "The Godfather" and the 1972 film of the same name. Both Greene's character and personality are based on Bugsy Siegel: his affiliation with the mob in Los Angeles, his involvement in the development of Las Vegas, and his flamboyant tendencies. Greene is portrayed in the movie by Alex Rocco.


title: Moe Greene

text: Greene is introduced in "The Godfather" as a renowned Jewish mobster and former executioner for Murder, Inc. He is credited with the development of gambling and entertainment in Las Vegas and bringing the interests of the most powerful organized crime organizations in America to Nevada. Greene is in business with Don Vito Corleone, who bankrolls the creation of Greene's first hotel-casino. In return, Greene takes the Don's second son, Fredo Corleone, under his wing during the war between the Five Families in New York, with the Molinari Family guaranteeing Fredo's safety. Although Fredo is greatly influenced by both Greene and the city, family heir Michael Corleone disapproves of the effect it has on his brother, whom Greene reportedly chastised and slapped around in public.


title: Moe Greene

text: At a discreet meeting with Greene, Michael expresses his disapproval and makes an offer to buy out Greene's entire interest in the casino as part of the Corleones' relocation to Nevada. Offended, Greene angrily refuses, claiming that the Corleones have neither the favor nor the power required to drive him out of the business and are only moving to Las Vegas because the other families are chasing them out of New York. In the film, he also belittles Michael's credentials as a Don, saying, "I made my bones when you were going out with cheerleaders!"


title: Moe Greene

text: In the novel, Greene is murdered shortly afterward by Al Neri. At the end of the film, Michael has Greene killed as part of his slaughter of the Corleone family's enemies. An unknown assassin surprises Greene while he is getting a massage and shoots him through the eye. This allows Greene's casinos to become property of the Corleone family.


title: Moe Greene

text: Greene's death also plays a part in the second film in the series. Greene was a childhood friend to Michael's business partner and rival Hyman Roth, and it is implied that Roth's anger over Greene's murder is one motivation for his plan to destroy Michael Corleone.


title: Moe Greene

text: Alex Rocco's portrayal of Greene "cemented Rocco's place in Hollywood mob cinema". Greene's character and death scene have been described as "iconic". Greene's death is loosely based on the murder of mobster Bugsy Siegel.


title: Moe Greene

text: The phrase "Moe Greene special" was coined in reference to his execution by being shot through the eye. Moe Greene special has subsequently been referenced in other gangster shows including "The Sopranos", in the episode "Meadowlands".


title: Vibranium

text: Vibranium () is a fictional metal appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, noted for its extraordinary abilities to absorb, store, and release large amounts of kinetic energy. Mined only in Wakanda, the metal is associated with Black Panther, who wears a suit of vibranium, and with Captain America, who bears a vibranium/steel alloy shield. An alternate isomer of the material known as Antarctic Vibranium or Anti-Metal has appeared in the Savage Land.


title: Vibranium

text: Vibranium first appeared in "Daredevil" #13 (February 1966), which was written by Stan Lee and illustrated by John Romita. Here, vibranium was seen to be an unusual metallic element with decidedly strange properties. Since that point in Marvel Comics continuity, it has been established that there are a few variations of this element which can be found in isolated regions all around the world. The variation first introduced in "Daredevil" #13 eventually became known as Anti-Metal. This variation's unique attribute is that it can cut through any known metal. In the Marvel Universe, Anti-Metal can traditionally be found only in Antarctica. Later in "Fantastic Four" #53 (August 1966), by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, a new variation of vibranium was introduced in the isolated nation of Wakanda. This variation had the unique attribute of being able to absorb sound. This is the variation which is most often identified in continuity as simply "vibranium".


title: Vibranium

text: In the Marvel Universe, vibranium was first deposited on Earth by a meteorite 10,000 years ago. In the comics, the first documented discovery of vibranium was during a human expedition to Antarctica. This particular isotope of vibranium was called "Anti-Metal" due to its property of dissolving other metals.


title: Vibranium

text: In the comics, a different variety of vibranium found in Wakanda absorbs sound waves and other vibrations, including kinetic energy. Absorbing sound waves, vibrations, and kinetic energy makes this metal stronger. To protect this resource, Wakandans concealed their country from the outside world. Wakandan king T'Chaka funded his country's education by occasionally selling off minuscule quantities of the metal. As a result, Wakanda is one of the world's most technologically advanced nations.


title: Vibranium

text: During the early 1940s, a small amount of Wakandan vibranium came into the possession of the scientist Myron MacLain. He tried to combine vibranium with iron to form a new tank armor, but was unable to fuse the elements. One morning, he found that the two materials had bonded on their own in an unknown manner. The ultra-resilient alloy was used to create Captain America's shield. MacLain worked for decades (without success) to duplicate the accident. However, during an experiment in the 1960s, he developed the virtually indestructible metal adamantium.


title: Vibranium

text: When T'Challa became king of Wakanda, he strove to end his country's isolation from the rest of the world. Making the existence of vibranium known to the outside world around the mid-1980s, he sold small quantities of it to foreigners who, he believed, would not use it to harmful ends. T'Challa used the profits to enrich and modernize his nation.


title: Vibranium

text: Over the years, many have tried to obtain or affect the mound of vibranium at Wakanda, but for the most part Wakanda has kept it safe, and become quite powerful in the process.


title: Vibranium

text: During their Secret Invasion of Earth, the Skrulls assumed the identity of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and enslaved natives of the Savage Land to mine Anti-Metal. They also invaded Wakanda. The Wakandans successfully repelled the attack.


title: Vibranium

text: When Wakanda was politically overtaken by the xenophobic Desturi, they granted Doctor Doom access to the country's vibranium vaults. Fearing Doom would use it to amplify his mystical energies, T'Challa activated a failsafe he had developed that rendered all processed vibranium inert.


title: Vibranium

text: The rumors about its alien origin had later been proven true, as while most of earth's vibranium had been all but liquidated, certain planetary systems carry an ample supply of the element deep within certain extraterrestrial biospheres, as was the case with a refugee planet that the Spartax Empire tried reclaiming during Captain Marvel's space travels. In the wake of the continuity-wide spanning reboot of the Marvel multiverse chronicled in "Secret Wars: Battleworld", vibranium's abundance in Wakanda and beyond has re-flourished to sizable quantities, and the mutant criminal Vanisher was absconding and selling Wakandan vibranium on the black market in New York City.


title: Vibranium

text: When a small sub-molecular imperfection was introduced into Captain America's shield, each impact over the years spread to neighboring molecules. It grew until the molecular bonds of the shield were completely broken down, shattering the shield. The shattering effect continued to spread to other vibranium, unconnected to the shield. This created a vibranium "cancer", a shock wave propagating throughout the world. It violently detonated any vibranium it found, from mineral deposits to components of ships or equipment. The shock wave was traveling to the "Great Vibranium Mound" in Wakanda, where the resulting explosion could destroy the world. With the unwitting aid of the villain Klaw, Captain America was able to stop the cancer and restore his shield.


title: Vibranium

text: In the Marvel Comics Universe, vibranium is a rare metallic substance of extraterrestrial origin. It exists in many forms:


title: Vibranium

text: Wakandan Vibranium is the most common variety, and is often referred to simply as "vibranium". It is a rare substance native only to the fictional small African nation of Wakanda.


title: Vibranium

text: The Wakandan isotope possesses the ability to absorb all vibrations in the vicinity as well as kinetic energy directed at it. The energy absorbed is stored within the bonds between the molecules that make up the substance. As a result, kinetic energy is dissipated within the bonds instead. There are limits to the capacity of the energy that can be stored, and although the exact limitations are not yet known, there have been a few examples. One such instance was when the Roxxon Energy Corporation discovered that a small island in the South Atlantic had a foundation composed of vibranium. Due to this, Roxxon found it necessary to destroy the island with explosives. Unable to absorb the force of the explosions, the vibranium was destroyed, but it succeeded in entirely absorbing the sound made by the explosion, preventing damage to the surrounding area.


title: Vibranium

text: This variety of vibranium is also a powerful mutagen. Vibranium exposure led to the mutation of many Wakandan natives. Its radiation has also permeated much of Wakanda's flora and fauna, including the Heart-Shaped Herb eaten by members of the Black Panther Tribe and the flesh of the White Gorilla eaten by the members of the White Gorilla Tribe. Both give superhuman abilities to whoever eats them.


title: Vibranium

text: Better known as Anti-Metal, this isotope is native to the Savage Land. The variation produces vibrations of a specific wavelength that break down the molecular bonds in other metals, causing them to liquefy. It was first discovered by the famous explorer named Robert Plunder; the father of Kevin and Parnival Plunder during his initial jaunt in the primordial environment untouched by time.


title: Vibranium

text: His more villainous son, who went on to become The Plunderer, would seek to find his father who dubbed the Plunder Stone and all recorded knowledge of the family relic only accessible through his inherited medallion fashioned from the stone, to pillage and terrorize the world by liquidating all armaments used against him. Wakandan vibranium is able to become an artificial and unstable form of the Anti-Metal variety of vibranium through certain particle bombardments on it. If huge quantities of Anti-Metal are gathered together, the vibrations increase exponentially. One such case occurred with the most stable reactionary transformation baryon beam bombardment.


title: Vibranium

text: Much like natural Wakandan vibranium, Antarctic vibranium can cause human mutations. One person who donned an Anti-Metal full body suit for protection against Moon Knight and his arsenal began to emit the same metal-melting radiation he had intended to weaponize.


title: Vibranium

text: There are at least two forms of man made vibranium created outside of Wakanda through various means. The first variant is called NuForm which featured in the Vibranium Vendetta event of Marvel Comics imprint, created by the Roxxon Corporation for unknown reasons, It was an alchemic blend made through the combination of organic and mineral elements, the properties of this Vibranium brand mimicked natural vibranium but had the tendency to degrade into Antarctic vibranium unless tempered through use of microwave bombardment, and even then that was only a temporary solution.


title: Vibranium

text: The second is a particularly dangerous artificial brand created at Horizon Labs by Professor Sajani Jaffrey called Reverbium.


title: Vibranium

text: Unlike standard vibranium, this faux material rapidly amplifies and projects sound and vibratory energy in pulse waves which would only strengthen over time before violently detonating. Max Modell, head scientist of Horizon at the time, ordered its immediate dissolution given how dangerous it was but Sajani held on to some of it without her team's knowledge. Reverbium would turn up again in the hands of A.I.M Scientists under the influence of Klaw, who had used it in a new scheme against Black Panther and the nation of Wakanda; the faux vibranium also had the effect of enhancing his sonic powers to unknown degrees.


title: Vibranium

text: Famed Wakandan scientist and Wakanda University professor Obinna Nwabueze discovered a new form of vibranium. Testing its subatomic structure, he concluded that the metal had a sort of sentience.


title: Vibranium

text: The naturally occurring sentient metal came from the echo caves of the Dora Milaje, the king's personal guard. Each recruit who entered the caves imprinted upon the Living Vibranium; each trainee took some into their bodies. The metal would sometimes take the form of visitors. The Dora fashioned weapons to control Living Vibranium, including the Talking Drum to guide a devastating weapon called the Mimic-27.


title: Vibranium

text: The Dora Milaje also use the treated Living Vibranium in special spears they wield to better bond with and access the domain which stores their special vibranium's sentience.


title: Vibranium

text: Other properties include, but are not limited to, having a natural symbiosis with both its contents and the environment around it. Being capable of causing all manner of disruptive geological phenomena like earthquakes and sending local wildlife into a frenzy. As well as other effects like emitting carrier waves which allow it to sync with other vibranium caches to activate or depower it, show the recipient users visions of their future, as well as emit vibrations instead of absorbing them for the purpose of entering and exiting a separate dimension where the Mimic's conscious mind awaits those who seek its use. The metal itself is incredibly volatile because of this, coming with the risk of running rampant and causing all manner of havoc and devastation if improperly handled or making contact with an errant character template.


title: Vibranium

text: Vibranium appears in "". A nanite-based artificial intelligence known as "the Fold" attempts to harvest Vibranium in Wakanda in order to construct communication towers around the world, spreading its control signal globally. While the heroes manage to thwart the invasion, they are unable to prevent the Fold from constructing enough towers to make it a global threat.


title: Vibranium

text: Vibranium is referenced in the 2019 single "Take Me Back to London" by Ed Sheeran (featuring Stormzy) in verse 3, where Stormzy raps "I drink super-malts and vibranium / I got an RM11 titanium".


title: Vibranium

text: It is also referenced in the bridge of the 2020 track "Love Is a War" by Jeremy Renner, who played Hawkeye in several Marvel Cinematic Universe films. The line is "To hit me harder, I feel nothing / And all my armor is vibranium".


title: Vibranium

text: In 2016, Hyperloop Transportation Technologies developed a real-world smart composite material that they named Vibranium. The lightweight carbon fiber material for the Hyperloop pods is reported to provide the passengers double protection against damage to the exterior. The company says that its Vibranium is 8 times lighter than aluminum and 10 times stronger than steel alternatives. The smart material can transmit critical information regarding temperature, stability, integrity and more, wirelessly and virtually instantly.


title: Vibranium

text: Journalists have drawn parallels between Wakanda's vibranium reserves and the mining of coltan in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Coltan is an ore containing niobium and tantalum, two rare and valuable metals, and its exploitation is linked with child labour, systematic exploitation of the population by governments or militant groups, exposure to toxic chemicals and other hazards; see coltan mining and ethics. Historian Thomas F. McDow draws a parallel to uranium, found in the mine Shinkolobwe in Haut-Katanga Province, also in the Democratic Republic of Congo.


title: Vibranium

text: The concept of vibranium as an extremely valuable material, monopolized and mastered by the African civilization of Wakanda, has been subject to scholarly analysis. Several studies have looked at it from the perspective of cultural studies and literary criticism, including tying it to the genre of afrofuturism. Alessio Gerola noted in the context of the 2018 movie "Black Panther", that "Fundamental disagreements about vibranium’s existence and use drive the film’s plot, but the mythology and history of vibranium are even more essential to understanding how and why characters like Klaue, Killmonger, T’Challa, and Shuri treat vibranium the way they do", concluding that "Vibranium, from a narrative point of view, simply represents the power of possibilities and the disagreements that arise about the “great responsibilities” that follow from such “great powers.”


title: Vibranium

text: It has been also analyzed with regards to its physical properties as a type of supermaterial. In 2017 Mark J. Whiting concluded that vibranium, as described in fiction, is not unrealistic, and resembles "a high-entropy shape-memory alloy composite, reinforced with a ceramic", beyond the ability of our current material science to produce, but not beyond the ability of our current theoretical science to explain. It has been suggested that the popular culture impact of this material can make it useful as a teaching aid when attempting to interest students in material science and related fields.


title: Dawn (rapper)

text: Kim Hyo-jong (born June 1, 1994), better known as Dawn and formerly E'Dawn, is a South Korean rapper and singer-songwriter. Dawn is best known as a former rapper and songwriter of the South Korean boy band Pentagon, releasing nine EPs in both Korean and Japanese before his departure from Cube Entertainment in 2018. Dawn also participated in the group Triple H alongside (then) bandmate Hui and labelmate Hyuna for the release of two EPs.