title: Operators in C and C++

text: For the purposes of these tables, codice_8, codice_9, and codice_10 represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate. codice_11, codice_12 and codice_13 stand for any type(s), and codice_14 for a class type or enumerated type.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: All logical operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they behave as ordinary function calls, which means that "both" of their operands are evaluated, so they lose their well-used and expected short-circuit evaluation property.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: For the given operators the semantic of the built-in combined assignment expression codice_15 is equivalent to codice_16, except that codice_8 is evaluated only once.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: The following is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the grouping of operators and operands. Considering an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be grouped prior to any operator that is listed on a row further below it. Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator's precedence is unaffected by overloading.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a phrase structure grammar. The table given here has been inferred from the grammar. For the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.6 note 71 states that the C grammar provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and also states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammar closely follows the specification's section ordering:


title: Operators in C and C++

text: "The [C] syntax [i.e., grammar] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same as the order of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence first."


title: Operators in C and C++

text: A precedence table, while mostly adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, note that the ternary operator allows any arbitrary expression as its middle operand, despite being listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus codice_18 is interpreted as codice_19, and not as the meaningless codice_20. So, the expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between codice_21 and codice_22) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, note that the immediate, unparenthesized result of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of codice_23. Therefore, codice_24 is interpreted as codice_25 and not codice_26.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: The precedence table determines the order of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified by parentheses.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: Many of the operators containing multi-character sequences are given "names" built from the operator name of each character. For example, codice_38 and codice_39 are often called "plus equal(s)" and "minus equal(s)", instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "assignment by subtraction".


title: Operators in C and C++

text: The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the corresponding Standards) by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:


title: Operators in C and C++

text: is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is:


title: Operators in C and C++

text: If you want to use comma-as-operator within a single function argument, variable assignment, or other comma-separated list, you need to use parentheses, e.g.: int a = 1, b = 2, weirdVariable = (++a, b), d = 4;


title: Operators in C and C++

text: The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized. Conceptually, & and | are arithmetic operators like * and +.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: The expression is syntactically parsed as whereas the expression is parsed as . This requires parentheses to be used more often than they otherwise would.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: Historically, there was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators didn't exist. Instead had different meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in it behaved as a logical operator, but in it behaved as a bitwise one). It was retained so as to keep backward compatibility with existing installations.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: Moreover, in C++ (and later versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-way comparison operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in "bitwise" operations.


title: Operators in C and C++

text: These can be used exactly the same way as the punctuation symbols they replace, as they are not the same operator under a different name, but rather simple token replacements for the "name" (character string) of the respective operator. This means that the expressions and have identical meanings. It also means that, for example, the codice_40 keyword may be used to replace not only the "bitwise-and" operator but also the "address-of" operator, and it can even be used to specify reference types (e.g., ). The ISO C specification makes allowance for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file . For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header , the inclusion of which has no effect.


title: Teresa Wright

text: Muriel Teresa Wright (October 27, 1918 – March 6, 2005) was an American actress. She was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress: in 1941 for her debut work in "The Little Foxes", and in 1942 for "Mrs. Miniver", winning for the latter. That same year, she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "The Pride of the Yankees", opposite Gary Cooper. She is also known for her performances in Alfred Hitchcock's "Shadow of a Doubt" (1943) and William Wyler's "The Best Years of Our Lives" (1946).


title: Teresa Wright

text: Wright received three Emmy Award nominations for her performances in the "Playhouse 90" original television version of "The Miracle Worker" (1957), in the Breck Sunday Showcase feature "The Margaret Bourke-White Story", and in the CBS drama series "Dolphin Cove" (1989). She earned the acclaim of top film directors, including William Wyler, who called her the most promising actress he had directed, and Alfred Hitchcock, who admired her thorough preparation and quiet professionalism.


title: Teresa Wright

text: Muriel Teresa Wright was born on October 27, 1918, in Harlem, New York City, the daughter of Martha Espy and Arthur Hendricksen Wright, an insurance agent. Her parents separated when she was young. She grew up in Maplewood, New Jersey, where she attended Columbia High School. After seeing Helen Hayes star in "Victoria Regina" at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York City in 1936, Wright took an interest in acting and began playing leading roles in school plays.


title: Teresa Wright

text: She earned a scholarship to the Wharf Theater in Provincetown, Massachusetts, where she was an apprentice for two summers. Following her high school graduation in 1938, she went to New York, shortened her name to "Teresa Wright", and was hired as understudy to Dorothy McGuire and Martha Scott for the role of Emily in Thornton Wilder's stage production of "Our Town" at Henry Miller's Theatre. She took over the role when Scott left for Hollywood to film the on-screen version of the play.


title: Teresa Wright

text: In autumn 1939, Wright began a two-year appearance in the stage play "Life with Father", playing the role of Mary Skinner. It was there that she was discovered by Samuel Goldwyn, who came to see her in the show she had been appearing in for almost a year. Goldwyn would later recall his first encounter with her backstage:


title: Teresa Wright

text: Goldwyn immediately hired the young actress for the role of Bette Davis' daughter in the 1941 adaptation of Lillian Hellman's "The Little Foxes", signing her to a five-year Hollywood contract with the Goldwyn Studios. Asserting her seriousness as an actress, Wright insisted her contract contain unique clauses by Hollywood standards:


title: Teresa Wright

text: In 1941, Wright was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her film début in "The Little Foxes". The following year, she was nominated again, this time for Best Actress for "The Pride of the Yankees", in which she played opposite Gary Cooper as the wife of Lou Gehrig. The same year, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as the daughter-in-law of Greer Garson's character in "Mrs. Miniver". Wright is the first out of only nine actors who have been nominated in both categories in the same year. Her three Academy Award nominations and one Academy Award in her first three films is unique. She remains the only performer to have received Academy Award nominations for her first three films.


title: Teresa Wright

text: In 1943, Wright appeared in the acclaimed Universal film "Shadow of a Doubt", directed by Alfred Hitchcock, playing a young woman who discovers her beloved uncle (played by Joseph Cotten) is a serial murderer. Hitchcock thought Wright was one of the more intelligent actors he had worked with, and through his direction brought out her vivacity, warmth, and youthful idealism—characteristics uncommon in Hitchcock's heroines. In 1946, Wright delivered another notable performance in William Wyler's "The Best Years of Our Lives", an award-winning film about the adjustments of servicemen returning home after World War II. Critic James Agee praised her performance in "The Nation":


title: Teresa Wright

text: Four years later, she would appear in another story of war veterans, Fred Zinnemann's "The Men" (1950), which starred Marlon Brando in his film debut. In 1947, Wright appeared in the western "Pursued" opposite Robert Mitchum. The moody "Freudian western" was written by her first husband Niven Busch. The following year, she starred in "Enchantment", a story of two generations of lovers in parallel romances. Wright received glowing reviews for her performance. "Newsweek" commented: "Miss Wright, one of the screen's finest, glows as the Cinderella who captivated three men." And "The New York Times" concluded: "Teresa Wright plays with that breathless, bright-eyed rapture which she so remarkably commands."


title: Teresa Wright

text: In December 1948, after rebelling against the studio system that brought her fame, Teresa Wright had a public falling out with Samuel Goldwyn, which resulted in the cancellation of Wright's contract with his studio. In a statement published in "The New York Times", Goldwyn cited as reasons her refusal to publicize the film "Enchantment", and her being "uncooperative" and refusing to "follow reasonable instructions". In her written response, Wright denied Goldwyn's charges and expressed no regret over losing her $5,000 per week contract.


title: Teresa Wright

text: Years later, in an interview with "The New York Post", Wright recalled: "I was going to be Joan of Arc, and all I proved was that I was an actress who would work for less money." For her next film, "The Men" (1950), instead of the $125,000 she had once commanded, she received $20,000.


title: Teresa Wright

text: In the 1950s, Wright appeared in several unsuccessful films, including "The Capture" (1950), "Something to Live For" (1952), "California Conquest" (1952), "The Steel Trap" (1952), "Count the Hours" (1953), "The Actress" (1953), and "Track of the Cat" (1954), opposite Robert Mitchum again. Despite the poor box-office showing of these films, Wright was usually praised for her performances. Toward the end of the decade, Wright began to work more frequently in television and theatre. She received Emmy Award nominations for her performances in the "Playhouse 90" original television version of "The Miracle Worker" (1957) and in the Breck Sunday Showcase feature "The Margaret Bourke-White Story" (1960). In 1955 she played Doris Walker in "The 20th Century-Fox Hour" remake of the 1947 movie "Miracle on 34th Street", opposite MacDonald Carey and Thomas Mitchell.


title: Teresa Wright

text: On February 8, 1960, Wright was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars: one for motion pictures at 1658 Vine Street and one for television at 6405 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Teresa Wright

text: In the 1960s, Wright returned to the New York stage appearing in three plays: "Mary, Mary" (1962) at the Helen Hayes Theatre in the role of Mary McKellaway, "I Never Sang for My Father" (1968) at the Longacre Theatre in the role of Alice, and "Who's Happy Now?" (1969) at the Village South Theatre in the role of Mary Hallen. During this period, she toured throughout the United States in stage productions of "Mary, Mary" (1962), "Tchin-Tchin" (1963) in the role of Pamela Pew-Picket, and "The Locksmith" (1965) in the role of Katherine Butler Hathaway. In addition to her stage work, Wright made numerous television appearances throughout the decade, including episodes for "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour" (1964) on CBS, "Bonanza" (1964) on NBC, "The Defenders" (1964, 1965) on CBS, and "CBS Playhouse" (1969).


title: Teresa Wright

text: In 1975, Wright appeared in the Broadway revival of "Death of a Salesman", and in 1980, appeared in the revival of "Morning's at Seven", for which she won a Drama Desk Award as a member of the Outstanding Ensemble Performance. In 1989, she received her third Emmy Award nomination for her performance in the CBS drama series "Dolphin Cove". She also appeared in "Murder, She Wrote" in the episode "Mr. Penroy's Vacation". Her last television role was in an episode of the CBS drama series "Picket Fences" in 1996.


title: Teresa Wright

text: Wright's later film appearances included a major role in "Somewhere in Time" (1980), the grandmother in "The Good Mother" (1988) with Diane Keaton, and her final role as Miss Birdie in John Grisham's "The Rainmaker" (1997), directed by Francis Ford Coppola.


title: Teresa Wright

text: Wright was married to writer Niven Busch from 1942 to 1952. They had two children: a son, Niven Terence Busch, born December 2, 1944; and a daughter, Mary-Kelly Busch, born September 12, 1947. She married playwright Robert Anderson in 1959. They divorced in 1978, but maintained a close relationship until the end of her life.


title: Teresa Wright

text: In her last decade, Wright lived quietly in her New England home in the town of Bridgewater, Connecticut, in Litchfield County, appearing occasionally at film festivals and forums and at events associated with the New York Yankees. In 1996, she reminisced about Alfred Hitchcock at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, and in 2003, she appeared on the Academy Awards show in a segment honoring previous Oscar-winners.


title: Teresa Wright

text: Her daughter, Mary-Kelly, is an author of books for children and young adults. Wright has two grandchildren, one of whom, Jonah Smith, co-produced Darren Aronofsky's films "Pi" (1998) and "Requiem for a Dream" (2000). In 1998, Smith accompanied Wright on her first visit to Yankee Stadium when she was invited to throw the ceremonial first pitch. Her appearance in "Pride of the Yankees" had sparked an interest in baseball and led her to become a Yankees fan.


title: Teresa Wright

text: Teresa Wright died on March 6, 2005, of a heart attack at Yale-New Haven Hospital in Connecticut at the age of 86. She is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven.


title: Teresa Wright

text: When the roll call of former Yankees who had died was announced at Old Timer's Day on July 5, 2005, Wright's name was read among the ballplayers and members of the Yankees family.


title: Teresa Wright

text: "A Girl's Got to Breathe: The Life of Teresa Wright" by Donald Spoto was published in February 2016. Spoto was a close friend to Wright for more than 30 years and was given exclusive access by her family to her papers and correspondence. "Publishers Weekly" called the biography "an engaging and intimate portrait". "Library Journal" praised the book as "an affectionate tribute to a shamefully neglected talent".


title: Turtle Island (Native American folklore)

text: Turtle Island is a name for Earth or North America, used by some Indigenous peoples, as well as by some Indigenous rights activists. The name is based on a common North American Indigenous creation story and is in some cultures synonymous with "North America."


text: There are a number of contemporary works which continue to use and/or tell the story of the Turtle Island creation story.


text: The Lenape story of the "Great Turtle" was first recorded by Europeans between 1678 and 1680 by Jasper Danckaerts. The story is shared by other Northeastern Woodlands tribes, notably those of the Iroquois Confederacy.


text: The Lenape believe that, before creation, there was nothing, an empty dark space. However, in this emptiness, there existed a spirit of their creator, Kishelamàkânk. Eventually in that emptiness, he fell asleep. While he slept, he dreamt of the world as we know it today, the Earth with mountains, forests, and animals. He also dreamt up man, and he saw the ceremonies man would perform. Then he woke up from his dream to the same nothingness he was living in before. Kishelamàkânk then started to create the Earth as he had dreamt it.


text: First, he created helper spirits, the Grandfathers of the North, East, and West, and the Grandmother of the South. Together, they created the Earth just as Kishelamàkânk had dreamt it. One of their final acts was creating a special tree. From the roots of this tree came the first man, and when the tree bent down and kissed the ground, woman sprang from it.


text: All the animals and humans did their jobs on the Earth, until eventually a problem arose. There was a tooth of a giant bear that could give the owner magical powers, and the humans started to fight over it. Eventually, the wars got so bad that people moved away, and made new tribes and new languages. Kishelamàkânk saw this fighting and decided to send a spirit down, Nanapush, to bring everyone back together. He went on top of a mountain and started the first Sacred Fire, which gave off a smoke that caused all the people of the world to come investigate what it was. When they all came, Nanapush created a pipe with a sumac branch and a soapstone bowl, and the creator gave him Tobacco to smoke with. Nanapush then told the people that whenever they fought with each other, to sit down and smoke tobacco in the pipe, and they would make decisions that were good for everyone.


text: The same bear tooth later caused a fight between two evil spirits, a giant toad and an evil snake. The toad was in charge of all the waters, and amidst the fighting he ate the tooth and the snake. The snake then proceeded to bite his side, releasing a great flood upon the Earth. Nanapush saw this destruction and began climbing a mountain to avoid the flood, all the while grabbing animals that he saw and sticking them in his sash. At the top of the mountain there was a cedar tree that he started to climb, and as he climbed he broke off limbs of the tree. When he got to the top of the tree, he pulled out his bow, played it and sang a song that made the waters stop. Nanapush then asked which animal he could put the branches and the rest of the animals on top of in the water. The turtle volunteered saying he'd float and they could all stay on him, and that's why they call the land turtle island.


text: Nanapush then decided the turtle needed to be bigger for everyone to live on, so he asked the animals if one of them would dive down into the water to get some of the old Earth. The beaver tried first, but came up dead and Nanapush had to revive him. The loon tried second, but its attempt ended with the same fate. Lastly, the muskrat tried. He stayed down the longest, and came up dead as well, but he had some Earth on his nose that Nanapush put on the Turtles back. Because of his accomplishment, Nanapush told the muskrat he was blessed and his kind would always thrive in the land.


text: Nanapush then took out his bow and again sang, and the turtle started to grow. It kept growing, and Nanapush sent out animals to try to get to the edge to see how long it had grown. First, he sent the bear, and the bear returned in two days saying he had reached the end. Next, he sent out the deer, who came back in two weeks saying he had reached the end. Finally, he sent the wolf, and the wolf never returned because the land had gotten so big. The Lenape claim that this is why the wolf howls, that it is really a call for their ancestor to come back home. The Hat Man's seal is broken after centuries.


text: According to Iroquois oral tradition, "the earth was the thought of [a ruler] of a great island which floats in space [and] is a place of eternal peace." Sky Woman fell down to the earth when it was covered with water, or more specifically, when there was a "great cloud sea". Various animals tried to swim to the bottom of the ocean to bring back dirt to create land. Muskrat succeeded in gathering dirt, which was placed on the back of a turtle. This dirt began to multiply and also caused the turtle to grow bigger. The turtle continued to grow bigger and bigger and the dirt continued to multiply until it became a huge expanse of land. Thus, when Iroquois cultures refer to the earth, they often call it "Turtle Island".


text: According to Converse and Parker, the Iroquois faith shared with other religions the "belief that the earth is supported by a gigantic turtle." In the Seneca language, the mythical turtle is called "Hah-nu-nah", while the name for an everyday turtle is "ha-no-wa".


text: In other versions of the story, such as Susan M. Hills's, the muskrat or other animals die in their search for land for the Sky Woman (named Mature Flower in Hills's telling). This is a representation of the Haudenosaunee beliefs of death and chaos as forces of creation, as we all give our bodies to the land to become soil, which in turn continues to support life. We can see this concept playing out again when the Mature Flower's daughter dies during childbirth, becoming the first person to be buried on the turtle's back and whose burial post helped grow various plants such as corn and strawberries. This, according to Hill, also shows how soil, and the land itself, has the ability to act and shape creation. Some tellings do not include this expanded edition as part of the Creation Story, however, these differences are important to note when considering Haudenosaunee traditions and relationships.


text: The name Turtle Island is used by many Indigenous cultures in North America, and both native and non-native activists, especially since the 1970s when the term came into wider usage. American author and ecologist Gary Snyder uses the term to refer to North America, writing that it synthesizes both indigenous and colonizer cultures, by translating the indigenous name into the colonizer's languages (the Spanish "Isla Tortuga" being proposed as a name as well). Snyder argues that understanding North America under the name of Turtle Island will help shift conceptions of the continent. Turtle Island has been used by writers and musicians, including Snyder for his Pulitzer Prize-winning book of poetry, "Turtle Island"; the Turtle Island Quartet jazz string quartet; Tofurky manufacturer Turtle Island Foods; and the Turtle Island Research Cooperative in Boise, Idaho.


text: The Canadian Association of University Teachers has put into practice the acknowledgment of indigenous territory and claims, particularly at institutions located within unceded land or covered by perpetual decrees such as the Haldimand Tract. At Canadian universities, many courses, student and academic meetings, as well as convocation and other celebrations begin with a spoken acknowledgement of the traditional Indigenous territories, sometimes including reference to Turtle Island, in which they are taking place.


text: Thomas King's book tells us that "the truth about stories is they're all we are." King's book explores the power of story both in native lives and in the lives of every person on this planet. Every chapter opens with a telling of the story of the world on the back of a turtle in space, and in each chapter, it is slightly altered to show how stories change through tellers and audiences. Their fluidity is itself a characteristic of the story as they traverse through time.


text: King provides us with his own telling of the story using a woman named Charm as his Sky Woman. Charm is from a different planet and is described as being curious to a fault, often asking the animals of her planet questions they deem to be too nosy. When she becomes pregnant she develops a craving for Red Fern Root, which can only be found underneath the oldest tree. While digging for the Red Fern Root she digs so deep she makes a hole in the planet, and in her curiosity falls through all the way to earth. King tells us that this is a young Earth from before land was created, and in order to save Charm from falling hard and fast into the water and upsetting the stillness of the water, all the water birds fly up to catch her. With no land to set her on they offer her the back of the turtle. When Charm is almost ready to give birth the animals fear that the turtle will be too crowded, so she asks the animals to dive down to find mud so that she can use its magic to build dry land. Many animals try but most fail, until the otter dives down for days before finally surfacing, passed out from exhaustion, clutching mud in their paws. Charm creates land from the mud, magic, and the turtle's back and gives birth to twins which keep the earth in balance. One twin flattened out the land, created light, and created woman, while the other made valleys and mountains, shadows, and man.


text: King emphasizes that the Turtle Island creation story creates "a world in which creation is a shared activity...a world that begins in chaos and moves toward harmony." He explains that understanding and continuing to tell this story creates a world that values these ideas and relationships with nature. Without that understanding, we fail to uphold the relationships forged by Charm, the twins, and the animals that created the earth.


text: Robin Wall Kimmerer's book addresses the need for us to understand our reciprocal relationships with nature in order for us to understand and use ecology as a means to save the earth. The version of the story from Kimmerer starts off with the Sky Woman falling from a hole in the sky, cradling something tightly in her hands. Geese rise up to soften her landing and place her on the back of a turtle so that she does not drown. All the animals congregate to help find dirt for the sky woman so that she can build her habitat, some giving their lives in the search. Finally the muskrat surfaces, dead but clutching a handful of soil for the Sky Woman, who takes the offering gratefully and uses seeds from The Tree of Life to begin her garden using her gratitude and the gifts from the animals, thus creating Turtle Island as we know it. Through the Sky Woman story, Kimmerer tells us that we can not "begin to move toward ecological and cultural sustainability if we cannot even imagine what the path feels like."


text: Christopher B. Teuton book provides a comprehensive look into Cherokee oral traditions and art to bring them into the contemporary moment. He put together his collection with three friends, also master storytellers, who get together to swap stories from around the 14 Cherokee states. The first chapter of the book "Beginnings" starts with a telling of the Sky Woman story. Notably, this telling of Turtle Island has the water beetle dive for the earth necessary for the sky woman, where often you will see a muskrat or otter. Turtle Island is a running theme throughout the book, as it is the beginning of life and story.


text: "We Are Water Protectors" is a children's storybook written by Carole Lindstrom in 2020 in response to the building of the Dakota Access Pipeline, represented as a large black snake in the book. The book says that water is the source of all life, and it is all of ours duty to protect our water sources so that we can preserve not only ourselves but those of animals and the environment. The story draws important meanings from the Turtle Island creation story such as water as the origin of life and closes with a drawing of the main character returning the turtle to the water saying "We are stewards of the earth. Our spirits are not to be broken."


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Kevin Francis Sullivan (born October 26, 1949) is an American professional wrestler and booker, perhaps best known for his role in World Championship Wrestling.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Sullivan had been an amateur wrestler in the Boston area, and was not trained professionally. His first professional match was in Montreal, beating Fernand Frechette. Sullivan wrestled as "Johnny West" in the National Wrestling Alliance's Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling in the early 1970s, capturing the NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship with Ken Lucas, defeating Jack Morrell and Eddie Sullivan on March 11, 1971. Next, he went to Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF) in 1972 and captured the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship with Mike Graham. He then went north to join the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) as a mid-card face from 1974 to 1977. He had a (rare for the time) face versus face battle with Pete Sanchez on a Madison Square Garden undercard. Sullivan also wrestled as a face for promoter Roy Shire's Big Time Wrestling in San Francisco. Wrestling for Georgia Championship Wrestling, Sullivan and partner Austin Idol challenged The Fabulous Freebirds for the NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship in November 1980, during this feud was the angle where the Freebirds flattened all four of Idol's tires to prevent him and Sullivan from wrestling for the titles (though Idol only mentioned a single flat tire). Sullivan also worked in CWF as a face until the early 1980s. His first heel turn was in Georgia in late 1980, when he won the NWA National Television Championship from Steve Keirn on November 29, after Sullivan attacked Keirn during the match while Keirn was re-entering the ring. Sullivan would lose the belt to Steve O on January 16, 1981 due to outside interference by Keirn. From April to July 1981, Sullivan wrestled as a heel in the Memphis territory, where alongside Wayne Ferris (The Honky Tonk Man) and manager Jimmy Hart he battled the local faces including Jerry Lawler, while also continuing his feud with Keirn, who also was wrestling in Memphis at the time. Sullivan returned to Georgia as a heel in November 1981, but turned face by late-March 1982, feuding with Buzz Sawyer while in the Georgia territory before returning to Florida again to wrestle for Eddie Graham.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Known as the heel "Boston Battler", Sullivan's "Prince of Darkness" gimmick started during this time, adopting the persona of an occultist and cult leader who would invoke the powers of dark spirits in promos and matches. The gimmick was inspired by the then-ongoing Satanic panic.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: In CWF he became associated with "Maniac" Mark Lewin (Purple Haze), Mike Davis, Bob Roop, The Lock and Luna Vachon and others as the Army of Darkness. His biggest rivals during this time included Dusty Rhodes, Barry Windham, and his former partner Mike Graham. Sullivan split his time with International Championship Wrestling and brought "The Prince of Darkness" gimmick there, along with Lewin and Roop. He had the Fallen Angel as his valet, who later became known as Woman. Sullivan was the top heel in ICW when the company first went national and had noted feuds with Austin Idol, Superstar Billy Graham, Bruiser Brody, Joe Savoldi and Blackjack Mulligan.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Sullivan formed The Varsity Club upon arrival in Jim Crockett Promotions with Mike Rotunda and Rick Steiner. They immediately started feuding with Jimmy Garvin because Sullivan wanted Garvin's wife Precious for himself. This feud lasted a while with Sullivan kayfabe breaking Garvin's leg at one point. Steiner left the group and was replaced by "Dr. Death" Steve Williams and Dan Spivey. They feuded with Dusty Rhodes, The Road Warriors, Rick Steiner and Eddie Gilbert. Sullivan even attacked Gilbert's wife Missy Hyatt.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: By late 1989, the Varsity Club was gone, and Sullivan formed the stable "Sullivan's Slaughterhouse" with Cactus Jack and Buzz Sawyer (later replaced by Bam Bam Bigelow) to feud with Rotunda. Sullivan took time off in late 1990 and returned in early 1991 as the manager of One Man Gang, Black Blood, and the Angel of Death. They cut El Gigante's hair and had a brief feud. Sullivan also was the masked Great Wizard briefly to manage Oz. After his contract with WCW expired in August 1991, Sullivan worked in Japan, participating in FMW where he wrestled against Atsushi Onita with Ed Farhat, and later moved on to compete in W*ING.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Sullivan was in a feud with "Primetime" Brian Lee where after Lee's matches there would be a miniature tombstone brought to ringside. During this feud he was known as The Master and enlisted the help of The Nightstalker and the Mongolian Mauler to soften up Lee. After Lee defeated Nightstalker, he finally came face to face with The Master who was revealed to be Sullivan after he delivered a fireball to the face of Lee and was joined by Nightstalker in busting open Lee on live television. Lee would return and finally get the upper hand on Sullivan in a Singapore Spike match with Sullivan which Lee won after Nightstalker accidentally hit Sullivan with the spike. Sullivan left SMW shortly after losing a match to Ronnie Garvin by DQ in March 1994.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: In September 1993, Sullivan – along with Woman – joined the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based promotion Eastern Championship Wrestling. He debuted at UltraClash, teaming with Abdullah The Butcher against Stan Hansen and Terry Funk in a bunkhouse match. At NWA Bloodfest the following month, Sullivan faced Abdullah in a steel cage match that ended in a double disqualification. At Terror at Tabor in November, Sullivan won a battle royal. The following day, at November to Remember, he defeated Tommy Cairo.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: In December 1993, Sullivan formed a tag team with The Tazmaniac. In their first match together, the duo defeated Shane Douglas and Tommy Dreamer for the ECW Tag Team Championship. They successfully defended the titles against opponents such as Badd Company and The Young Dragons before a match against The Bruise Brothers in February 1994 ended in controversial fashion, resulting in the titles being vacated. Sullivan and The Tazmaniac defeated The Bruise Brothers in a rematch the following month to regain the titles, but lost them to The Public Enemy the next day. At The Night the Line Was Crossed that month, Sullivan and The Tazmaniac lost to Pat Tanaka and The Sheik.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: At Ultimate Jeopardy on March 26, 1993, Sullivan teamed with The Tazmaniac, Road Warrior Hawk, and ECW Heavyweight Champion Terry Funk to face Mr. Hughes, The Public Enemy, and Shane Douglas in an Ultimate Jeopardy match with the stipulation that Sullivan and The Tazmaniac would be forced to disband if they were defeated; the match ended when Douglas pinned Funk. Sullivan continued to team with The Tazmaniac until April 1994. In May 1994, Sullivan unsuccessfully challenged Mikey Whipwreck for the ECW Television Championship. His final match for ECW was a loss to Jimmy Snuka on May 14, 1994 at When Worlds Collide; during the match, Woman left Sullivan to join forces with The Sandman. Sullivan subsequently left ECW to return to World Championship Wrestling full-time; Woman remained in ECW until February 1996.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: While working for WCW, Sullivan – along with Brian Pillman and Sherri Martel – made an appearance at an ECW event on November 18, 1994 as part of a settlement for a copyright infringement claim filed against WCW by ECW.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Sullivan made appearances with World Championship Wrestling in January and March 1994, teaming with his kayfabe brother Dave Sullivan (a dyslexic character who was being picked on by The Nasty Boys) at house shows and on "WCW Pro" and "WCW Worldwide". In April 1994, Sullivan began appearing regularly with WCW.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Sullivan enlisted Cactus Jack's help and beat The Nasty Boys for the Tag Team Title. Dave was injured and out of action for a while and Sullivan split with Cactus after losing the titles. Sullivan defeated Cactus in a Loser Leaves WCW match at Fall Brawl.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Dave came back and dressed like his idol, Hulk Hogan. This infuriated Kevin, who hated Hogan, and they started feuding. Kevin brought in Hogan's best friend, Ed Leslie, as The Butcher, to help him with his feud against Hogan. He also brought in Avalanche and called the trio The Three Faces of Fear. They feuded with Hogan, Randy Savage and Sting. In early 1995, after not being able to end Hogan's career, Avalanche left the group and Sullivan turned on The Butcher.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Later in 1995 Sullivan began hearing the voice of someone calling for him to come find him. Over the course of several weeks, vignettes were shot with Sullivan searching for the man, who eventually became known as The Master. Once Sullivan found The Master he was rechristened with a new gimmick, The Taskmaster. The two men immediately started putting together a new group that eventually became known as the Dungeon of Doom. In time, the group grew to include Kamala, The Barbarian, Meng, The Yeti, Hugh Morrus, Loch Ness, One Man Gang, Big Bubba Rogers, and The Giant. Sullivan also brought in his former 3 Faces of Fear stablemates, with Avalanche wrestling as The Shark and The Butcher wrestling as The Zodiac. For a very short time, Big Van Vader also was a member. Managed by Sullivan, four Dungeon of Doom members lost to The Hulkamaniacs in a WarGames match at September's Fall Brawl. As a result of Hogan's win over Zodiac, he got to spend five minutes alone with Sullivan. The feud with Hogan continued for much of the remainder of the year and saw the group add Jimmy Hart as its manager, after he turned on Hogan in October 1995 and cost him the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in a match with the Giant.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: The Dungeon then feuded with the Four Horsemen, and Sullivan acquired a certain disliking for Brian Pillman. Once Sullivan sent Pillman packing, the Dungeon and the Horsemen joined forces again to get rid of Hulk Hogan and his friends and formed the unsuccessful Alliance To End Hulkamania.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Afterwards, Sullivan and Horseman Chris Benoit began a feud much like Sullivan had with Pillman. This feud lasted for over a year however, with Benoit "stealing" Woman from Sullivan. Sullivan brought in Jacquelyn to help him and also added Konnan to the Dungeon. Sullivan lost a retirement match to Benoit at Bash at the Beach on July 13, 1997.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: This loss gave him more time to concentrate on his job as booker. Sullivan stayed on as the booker or a member of the WCW booking committee after he put Benoit over clean and made a brief on-screen appearance with the reformed Varsity Club of Mike Rotunda and Rick Steiner with their cheerleader, Leia Meow. After a couple of months, he was back off television.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: In 2000, after the demotion of Ed Ferrara and Vince Russo (and subsequent departure of the latter), the resulting chaos led to Sullivan's promotion to head booker. This move infuriated a number of WCW wrestlers, given Sullivan's history of professional rivalries with Benoit (Benoit had an affair with Nancy Sullivan and later married her). Benoit, Dean Malenko, Eddie Guerrero and Perry Saturn would quit the night after, immediately signing with the World Wrestling Federation. Sullivan was fired before WCW's sale in 2001.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: In 2003, Sullivan made one surprise appearance in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, as the officiator in the first Clockwork Orange House of Fun match. In late 2003/2004, he worked for the All World Wrestling League/Big Time Wrestling. In 2010, Sullivan appeared as one of the main subjects in the feature-length documentary film "Card Subject To Change". In 2012 he started wrestling in the Pacific Northwest with his nephew Dash Venture and one other unknown individual. Together they won the AIWF World Six-Man Championship. On April 28, 2012 Sullivan made a surprise appearance, initially under a mask, during the Shane Douglas vs. 2 Cold Scorpio match at Extreme Reunion in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On March 8, 2013 Sullivan appeared in Nitro, West Virginia where he reunited with Dash Venture Sullivan in his corner as he faced Ron Mathis. On July 7, 2013 Sullivan appeared at Supercon in Miami as himself to sign autographs.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: He appears as himself in the opening wrestling sequence of the 2013 film "Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies" during APWA Wrestling Pile Driving Drugs II. He wrestled in a tag match teaming with Barbarian and was managed by Don West. They would defeat Beastman and Jock Samson. In May 2014, Kevin Sullivan began working for promoter Don West with the American Pro Wrestling Alliance and is the current booker for the promotion. Kevin put Don over, passing him the torch, saying that he would be darker than he ever was. Kevin is mentoring him as the manager for The First Family in the APWA with The Barbarian, Ricky Reyes and the Turkana Warrior. On June 26, 2014, Sullivan teamed with Ace Perry and Christian Skyfire to defeat John Wayne Murdoch, Reed Bentley and Tripp Cassidy in the Main Event of an Evolution Pro Wrestling event He is podcast host for MLW Radio. He co-hosted a free show with Mister Saint Laurent called "MSL & Sullivan" until early 2018 and continues to host a premium show called "Kevin Sullivan's Helluva Deal". On July 13, 2019, Sullivan wrestled against Brian Pillman Jr. in a No Holds Barred match which ended in a no contest at ECCW: Ballroom Brawl XII in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Sullivan served as a color commentator for the television show for the Texas-based SWE promotion in 2020 until the promotion closed in 2021. As of the end of 2021, Sullivan has become the manager of The Blood Hunter in PCW Ultra and World Class Pro.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: On June 24, 2016 Sullivan made a surprise appearance during an Unsanctioned Fight Without Honor match at Ring of Honor's Best in the World '16 between Steve Corino and B. J. Whitmer. Sullivan helped Whitmer win the match by striking Corino's head with his signature golden spike. He then formed an alliance with Whitmer and "Punishment" Damian Martinez in which Whitmer is billed as his second "son," and started terrorizing Corino as his "first son" for not letting his evil side out.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: Sullivan was married to Debra Stokes from 1970 to 1984. They have three children. Sullivan married Nancy Toffoloni in 1985. In April 2006, Sullivan married Samantha Connor. They have a son. Sullivan is Catholic.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: In an example of life imitating art, Nancy left him in favor of his rival, Chris Benoit, in 1997. The situation began in late 1996, when Sullivan conceived a storyline angle in WCW where Nancy, who under the ring name Woman was his manager, would leave him for Chris Benoit. Sullivan insisted that the two should travel together, share hotel rooms and hold hands in public to preserve kayfabe for the general public and to make the affair look real, but the storyline affair between Chris and Nancy became real in early 1997. Nancy ultimately married Benoit in November 2000. As a result, Sullivan and Benoit had a contentious backstage relationship at best, and Benoit defeated Sullivan in a Retirement match at Bash at the Beach in July 1997. Benoit did, however, admit to having a certain amount of respect for Sullivan, saying on the DVD "" that Sullivan never took undue liberties in the ring during their feud, even though he blamed Benoit for breaking up his marriage. Sullivan later publicly paid tribute to Chris and Nancy after their deaths in June 2007.


title: Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)

text: In 2022, Sullivan makes an appearance on "Judge Steve Harvey" with wrestler and manager J. J. Dillon.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: Sunny Day Real Estate is an American emo band from Seattle, formed in 1992. The band currently consists of founding members Jeremy Enigk (vocals, guitar), Dan Hoerner (guitar) and William Goldsmith (drums), alongside Greg Suran (guitar), who originally played with the band between 2000 and 2001, and Chris Jordan (bass), who joined the band in 2022. Founding bass guitarist Nate Mendel was a member of the band during three of its four incarnations.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: Sunny Day Real Estate were one of the early rock bands in the Midwest emo scene and helped establish the genre, despite not actually being from the Midwest themselves. In 1994, the band released their debut album "Diary" on Sub Pop Records to critical acclaim. However, shortly after recording their second album "LP2", the band broke up. Rhythm section Mendel and Goldsmith joined Foo Fighters, while lead vocalist and guitarist Enigk embarked on a solo career.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In 1997, they regrouped long enough to record two more studio albums and a live album, but ultimately disbanded once again in 2001. The band reunited again in 2009. Bassist Nate Mendel, who chose to remain with Foo Fighters during the previous reunion in 1997, took part in this reunion. In a 2013 interview with MusicRadar, Mendel said Sunny Day Real Estate was inactive. According to Mendel, the band attempted to record a full-length album after the end of their reunion tour, but the sessions "just fell apart". In 2014 the band released one song from those sessions, "Lipton Witch," on a split 7-inch vinyl with Circa Survive on Record Store Day.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In January 2022, the band announced its fourth reunion, with Chris Jordan replacing Mendel on bass guitar. The band embarked on a tour with The Appleseed Cast in September 2022.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In 1992, guitarist Dan Hoerner and bassist Nate Mendel met when they became housemates at the University of Washington. After jam sessions, they decided to form a band and sought a drummer, eventually deciding to invite William Goldsmith. Goldsmith played in many bands but decided to join the duo's project. They released a demo tape under the name "Empty Set". Post-release, the band changed their name from Empty Set to Chewbacca Kaboom, upon realization that a band with the name Empty Set already existed. However, when another demo tape was released, the new name earned them little attention, and it was yet again subject to change, this time to 'One Day I Stopped Breathing'. The band eventually settled on the name Sunny Day Real Estate. Mendel stated the band's name "was just a random thought that popped into my head that came from a Talking Heads song, '(Nothing But) Flowers'". He felt that since the band's outlook on the world saw that every possible thing was becoming a commodity to be bought and sold, it was possible that one day, people would even start selling sunny days. The lyrics made him ponder about what could be sold as property, and come up with the commercialization of sunny days.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: The newly baptized band started as an instrumental piece, but decided to add a singer. After testing with a female vocalist, Hoerner decided to start singing. The band recorded a self-released two-song 7-inch single called "Flatland Spider". Afterwards Mendel took a break to tour with another band, Christ on a Crutch. Goldsmith called his high school friend Jeremy Enigk to play along with them in a new project, Thief, Steal Me a Peach, where Hoerner played bass and Enigk became the guitarist. Despite Mendel having some objections, Enigk became a full-time member, and before long, Enigk ascended to become the permanent frontman of the band. Where Hoerner's vocal style had been in the rougher, hardcore vein, Enigk's vocals were higher-pitched. The musicians also decided to add slower tempos and more groove to their songs. The band's new style went on to shape what music fans and journalists alike consider the "indie-emo sound." Emotional hardcore being a style initiated in the late 1980s saw a divergence in sound with bands like Sunny Day Real Estate who strayed away from the hardcore tendencies of original emotional hardcore or emo while keeping some of the intensity and stylistic motifs.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: The band's debut album, "Diary", released by indie label Sub Pop in 1994, was greeted with numerous positive reviews. That September, the band performed lead single "Seven" on an episode of "The Jon Stewart Show". A few days later, they taped several songs for MTV's 120 Minutes. Through November and December, the band undertook a US tour with Shudder to Think and Soul Coughing in support of the album.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: The band projected an enigmatic presence to the public. While supporting "Diary", the band allowed only one publicity photo and granted just a single interview (though, strangely, the band posed for an advertisement for department-store chain Nordstrom). In a 1998 interview with Norm Arenas of Texas Is the Reason, Hoerner explained that the band made up a fake band name and brought in a fake lead singer for the ad shoot, only to have the store stick their real band name on the ad. For most of its early days, the band also refused to play a show in California, for reasons that were never fully explained. When the band was asked to perform at the 1994 Almost Acoustic Christmas in Los Angeles for radio station KROQ, Hoerner refused to join them, leaving Enigk, Mendel, and Goldsmith to perform the show as a trio.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: After finishing their 1994 US tour, the band regrouped to begin recording the follow-up to "Diary". While the events surrounding the sessions have not been publicly discussed, the band was clearly enduring internal conflict. Rumors abounded that the root cause was Enigk's sudden conversion to Christianity. In early 1995, the band announced that it was disbanding. William Goldsmith would later reveal in June 2020 on the "This Was The Scene" podcast that the band had already decided to split up before their first US tour in 1994 and the recording of the Pink Album.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: There was much talk but little really known about the reasons for the break-up. While many fans focused on Enigk being a reborn Christian, Enigk and other band members later downplayed that aspect. In a letter addressed "To Seth and other readers", Enigk responded to rumors regarding his faith. Dismissing the connection between his conversion and their break-up, Enigk wrote, "I took a shot on calling upon God. He answered me. My pain was gone. I was full of joy. I had hope again. I must say that the true God is the one who is in the Bible, Jesus Christ," and, "I would be a fool to say that He hasn't worked miracles in my life." Goldsmith would later reveal the break up was mainly due to their lack of success and Enigk's desire to leave the band.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In November 1995, Sub Pop released the band's second album, bearing only the label "Sunny Day Real Estate". The album was released without cover art or liner notes, and was distributed by Sub Pop as "LP2". It has also occasionally been referred to as "The Pink Album", a reference to its solid pink cover. When Sub Pop contacted the band for artwork for the release, the band had nothing to offer, so Goldsmith suggested that they "make it pink". The album included the songs recorded during the brief sessions, as well as tracks such as "Rodeo Jones" that were recorded during the sessions for "Diary".


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: Enigk confessed in an interview in December 2008 that because the band had already broken up during the recording of "LP2", he and Hoerner never sat down to complete the lyrics; "We broke up and we just felt like we were done. We put no energy into the artwork or into anything. On a lot of songs, there aren't lyrics! In a lot of cases, we never sat down to write them, because we just wanted to get it out of the way as fast as possible. So I just sang a lot of gibberish, which makes it really quirky. My favorite is the Japanese translations".


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: After the breakup, Enigk pursued a solo career, releasing his first solo album, "Return of the Frog Queen", in 1996. Hoerner moved out to a farm in rural Washington, while Mendel and Goldsmith joined Foo Fighters, the band which Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl had formed following the death of Kurt Cobain. In 1997, following a dispute with Grohl during the sessions for the second Foo Fighters record, Goldsmith departed the band, but Mendel remained.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In 1997, Sub Pop began pressing Enigk and Hoerner about the possibility of releasing a rarities record of Sunny Day Real Estate material, including the band's early 7-inch releases and otherwise unreleased songs, such as the band's unused contribution to "" soundtrack. Given that the album with only this material would have been rather short, the band decided to regroup to record a few new songs. While working on the songs, the quartet realized that whatever had driven them apart was behind them, and decided to continue working on new material, eventually signaling to Sub Pop that they wanted to release a full new album. Initially, Mendel intended to quit the Foo Fighters to rejoin Sunny Day full-time, but hedged for several months on actually quitting. Just before starting the recording sessions for the album, Mendel turned down the opportunity, noting that he did not want to leave what he had with the Foo Fighters for a potentially tenuous reunion.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In September 1998, the band released "How It Feels to Be Something On". For the album, the remaining trio replaced Mendel with Jeff Palmer, formerly of the Mommyheads. Palmer left the band after a short time, and he was replaced by Joe Skyward. The title track and "Every Shining Time You Arrive" were intended for Enigk's second solo album, but later became Sunny Day Real Estate songs. On the album, Hoerner took the opportunity to write about his environmental concerns in "100 Million".


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: While supporting the album, Sub Pop approached them about the possibility of filming the band for a live release. Two shows were documented, one on video and one on audio, in the form of "Live". In the weeks after their release, the band noted their displeasure with the video and CD, complaining that Sub Pop did not allow them final approval on the artwork or on the final mixes. Having fulfilled their contractual obligations, the band left the label.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: The search for a new label was a long and difficult process. Several major labels were eager to sign the band, but the band members felt uncomfortable with signing to a major label. The situation resulted in the departure of long-time manager Greg Williamson. Finally, the band signed with Time Bomb Recordings, an independent label distributed by BMG. With Time Bomb, the band hoped to have the freedom of an indie label backed by the wider distribution of a major label.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: The band joined with long-time Hüsker Dü sound engineer Lou Giordano to record "The Rising Tide", released in June 2000. The band had high expectations for the release, and subsequently undertook a lengthy US tour. At the end of the tour, the band expressed its desire to finally reach out to its European fans by undertaking its first overseas tour. However, on the eve of the tour, Time Bomb pulled its tour funding, claiming that they simply could not afford to support the band overseas. It turned out that the label had invested a substantial amount of money in supporting Peter Searcy's "Could You Please and Thank You", and the album had performed so poorly that the label was almost completely bankrupt. Not only could they not support Sunny Day Real Estate overseas, they could no longer fund the band at all. Some weeks later, the label ceased operations. Disillusioned and disappointed, the band retreated home, and subsequently announced their disbanding.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: After their second disbanding, Hoerner again retreated to his farm in Washington, eventually working with Chris Carrabba on tracks for Dashboard Confessional.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In 2001, Enigk and Goldsmith reunited with Mendel to form a new band, called The Fire Theft, releasing their first self-titled album in 2003. While they had the option of retaining the Sunny Day Real Estate name, the trio decided that it was time to leave the past behind them and start fresh. Mendel remained with the Foo Fighters, joining The Fire Theft when his schedule allowed it.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In 2006, Enigk reignited his solo career by recording and releasing the LP "World Waits" on his own label, Lewis Hollow Records. Following the October 17 release, Enigk embarked upon a supporting solo tour of the U.S. using material from his 2006 release, as well as his decade-prior solo album, "Return of the Frog Queen".


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: After some speculation in 2006 and 2008, in April 2009, several web sites reported that the band had reunited with all original members. The reunion was confirmed in June 2009, by Seattle radio DJ Andrew Harms from 107.7 The End. The band toured the United States and Canada in September and October 2009, and Australia in February 2010 as part of the Soundwave Festival. The band's first show was a surprise secret show on September 16, 2009, at Hell's Kitchen in Tacoma, Washington. To coincide with the new tour, the band's first two albums were remastered and reissued with bonus tracks and newly written liner notes.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: On September 29, 2009, the band performed the song "Seven" on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon". The band also performed at the 2010 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, and went on to play their first ever European gig on May 29 at Barcelona's Primavera Sound. After that, they played at the HMV Forum in London for their debut UK gig on May 31. They were also scheduled to play at the punk festival Groezrock in Belgium as part of a European tour, but had to cancel their date due to the volcanic ash situation.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In 2009, the band had been making statements from the stage implying that new recorded material was on the way. In early 2010, Dan Hoerner confirmed in an interview with Australian music website FasterLouder that the band were writing a new album, and were expecting to start recording in May 2010. Mendel ultimately returned to recording and touring with Foo Fighters.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In a 2013 interview with MusicRadar, Mendel stated that Sunny Day Real Estate was inactive. According to Mendel, the band attempted to record a new full length after the end of their reunion tour, but the sessions "just fell apart."


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In 2014, the band released a split 7-inch vinyl with Circa Survive on Record Store Day. The band's only song from the 7-inch, "Lipton Witch", is their first new material released in 14 years.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In December 2018, William Goldsmith claimed on his Facebook page that the unfinished fifth Sunny Day Real Estate album remained "silenced, abandoned and buried within the murkiest depths of David Grohl's sock drawer." He would later clarify that he was referring to the Grohl-owned Studio 606 where the album sessions took place and were abandoned due to Jeremy Enigk not receiving "the moral support as well as engineering that he deserved." Goldsmith also claimed that Grohl disapproved of Nate Mendel's involvement in The Fire Theft, and thus would not be supportive of Mendel completing the new Sunny Day Real Estate LP. Via Foo Fighters' representatives, Mendel denied Goldsmith's initial allegations, to which Goldsmith replied that he had not spoken with Mendel since 2011 after a planned conference call to discuss finishing the album did not happen.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: In January 2022, a new Instagram page for Sunny Day Real Estate was set up by Goldsmith, leading to speculation that a fourth reunion of the band was imminent. This was confirmed by "Spin" on January 24, 2022 – with Enigk, Hoerner and Goldsmith confirmed to be involved. A North American tour with the Appleseed Cast was announced in May 2022. On the 10th of September, Sunny Day Real Estate played their first show of this reunion at The Big Dipper (a venue co-owned by Hoerner) in Spokane.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: Sunny Day Real Estate has primarily been considered an emo band, as well as an indie rock, alternative rock, post-hardcore, post-punk or post-grunge band. They have also used musical elements of grunge.


title: Sunny Day Real Estate

text: As of 2008, "Diary" was the seventh best-selling album released on Sub Pop, having sold more than 231,000 copies. In 2013, "Diary" took the first place in LA Weekly's list "Top 20 Emo Albums in History". In 2016, "Diary" also topped the "Rolling Stone" list "40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time".


title: Kim Rae-won

text: Kim Rae-won (Korean: 김래원; born 19 March 1981) is a South Korean actor. He first rose to fame with his appearances in the 2003 romantic comedy series "Cats on the Roof", and movies such as "My Little Bride" (2004), "Sunflower" (2006), "The Prison" (2017), TV series "Love Story in Harvard" (2004), "Gourmet" (2008), "A Thousand Days' Promise" (2011), "Punch" (2014–2015), "Doctors" (2016), and "" (2018).


title: Kim Rae-won

text: Kim Rae-won initially wanted to become a professional basketball player, but when an injured ankle tendon ended that childhood dream, he turned to acting and studied Theater and Film at Chung-Ang University. He made his acting debut in the 1997 teen drama "Me", in the role of a newbie at the broadcasting club of his high school. This was followed by another teen drama, "School 2" (1999) and coming-of-age film "Plum Blossom" (2000).


title: Kim Rae-won

text: In 2002, Kim rose to fame after starring in the romance comedy drama "My Love Patzzi". His popularity further increased in 2003, playing a law student slacker who cohabitates with a girl (Jeong Da-bin) in the popular romance series "Cats on the Roof". He then played a carefree photographer who enters the life of an introverted girl in melodrama "...ing" and starred in the romantic comedy film "My Little Bride", in the role of a college graduate forced to marry a high school girl (Moon Geun-young). "My Little Bride" became a sleeper hit and was the second top-grossing Korean film of 2004.


title: Kim Rae-won

text: Kim continued playing romantic heroes on television, in dramas such as "Snowman" (2003), "Love Story in Harvard" (2004), and "Which Star Are You From" (2006). But on the big screen, he focused on darker, more masculine fare. He played a lowlife-turned-cop in "Mr. Socrates" (2005), a former gangster attempting to turn over a new leaf in "Sunflower" (2006), and an antihero art restorer in "Insadong Scandal" (2009).


title: Kim Rae-won

text: In 2008, Kim played an elementary school teacher who falls for a Korean-Japanese jewelry designer (Mirai Yamamoto) in the Japanese film . Later that year, he starred as a genius aspiring chef in "Gourmet", a hit series based on Huh Young-man's manhwa "Sikgaek".


title: Kim Rae-won

text: Kim then explored the melodrama genre in "A Thousand Days' Promise" (2011), by renowned TV screenwriter Kim Soo-hyun. Kim impressed the audience with his portrayal of a character torn between the longtime girlfriend whom his parents approve of, and the woman he truly loves (Soo Ae) who suffers from early-onset Alzheimer's disease.


title: Kim Rae-won

text: In the 2012 film "My Little Hero" (released internationally as "A Wonderful Moment"), Kim played a cynical music director who "discovers" a young boy in an audition contest. He next starred in 2014 legal thriller "Punch", where he wowed critics with his portrayal of a prosecutor who is diagnosed with a terminal illness and decides to use his remaining six months to bring down the corrupt officials within the legal system.


title: Kim Rae-won

text: This was followed by "Gangnam Blues", a 2015 noir action film by director Yoo Ha about the seedy underbelly behind the rapid real estate development of Gangnam in the 1970s. Kim shed 15 kilograms to make his role as a fist-fighting gangster more realistic. He then made his small-screen comeback in the SBS's medical drama "Doctors" opposite Park Shin-hye. The drama topped viewership ratings and popularity charts during its 10-week broadcast. Following "Doctors", Kim experienced a rise in popularity and commercial offers.


title: Kim Rae-won

text: In 2017, Kim starred in the crime action film "The Prison" alongside Han Suk-kyu, playing a former detective behind bars. The film became a surprise hit at the box office and received critical acclaim; and Kim was praised for his realistic execution of action scenes. Kim next starred in mystery thriller film "" by Kwak Kyung-taek. The same year, Kim made his television comeback in fantasy romance drama "".


title: Kim Rae-won

text: In September 2018, Kim was cast in the action film "Long Live The King" alongside Won Jin-ah, based on a webtoon of the same name. Kim will take the role of a mob boss who campaigns and becomes a politician. In 2019, Kim was also cast in the romantic comedy film "Crazy Romance" alongside "Snowman" co-star Gong Hyo-jin.


title: Kim Rae-won

text: In 2022, Kim returns to the small screen with SBS drama "The First Responders", his first terrestrial television in six years since 2016. In April 2022, it was reported that Kim had formed the Whale Company, an entity Kim founded as a sole agency.


title: Kim Rae-won

text: On 28 September 2011, Kim was reportedly involved in a physical altercation with a waitress at a bar in Gangnam, Seoul where he and employees of his then-agency Bless Entertainment were drinking. He issued a denial, claiming he had only interceded in a verbal argument between the woman and an agency rep, and later made a public apology regarding the incident.


title: Kim Rae-won

text: Kim has long been rumored to come from a very affluent family, which he denied in a 14 January 2013 guest appearance on talk show "Healing Camp", though he confirmed that he did inherit an apartment unit during middle school as well as a large sum of money from his grandmother.


title: Elena Anaya

text: She garnered public recognition in Spain for her performance in "Sex and Lucia" (2001), which also earned her a nomination to the Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress. She starred in "The Skin I Live In" (2011), for which she won the Goya Award for Best Actress. She is also known for her roles as one of Dracula's brides in "Van Helsing" (2004), the Spanish tourist in "Room in Rome" (2010) and Doctor Poison in "Wonder Woman" (2017).


title: Elena Anaya

text: Anaya was born in Palencia, Spain. She is the youngest of three children. Her mother, Elena (Nena), is a housewife who later owned a boarding house in Palencia. Her father, Juan José Anaya Gómez (1934–2011), was an industrial engineer.


title: Elena Anaya

text: She first received international attention in 2001 for her role in the sexually explicit drama "Sex and Lucía". She also had a small part the year after in Almodóvar's "Talk to Her".


title: Elena Anaya

text: Her best-known Hollywood film role was as Aleera, one of Dracula's brides in 2004's "Van Helsing". That same year, Anaya was named as one of European films' Shooting Stars by European Film Promotion.


title: Elena Anaya

text: After some "quiet" years playing supporting roles in international films such as "Savage Grace" (2007) and "Cairo Time" (2009), Anaya roared back into prominence with a starring role in 2010's "Room in Rome", and then a return to Almodóvar in 2011's "The Skin I Live In".


title: Elena Anaya

text: In August 2011, Spanish tabloid magazine "Cuore" published photographs of Anaya kissing director Beatriz Sanchís at a naturist beach in Menorca. They were reportedly in a relationship from 2008 to 2013.


title: Elena Anaya

text: In November 2016, it was announced that Anaya was expecting her first child with her partner, Tina Afugu Cordero, a costume designer. In February 2017, Anaya gave birth to their son.


The 1852 United States presidential election was the 17th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1852. Democrat Franklin Pierce defeated Whig nominee General Winfield Scott.


title: 1852 United States presidential election

text: Incumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore had succeeded to the presidency in 1850 upon the death of President Zachary Taylor. Fillmore endorsed the Compromise of 1850 and enforced the Fugitive Slave Law. This earned Fillmore Southern voter support and Northern voter opposition. On the 53rd ballot of the sectionally divided 1852 Whig National Convention, Scott defeated Fillmore for the nomination. Democrats divided among four major candidates at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. On the 49th ballot, dark horse candidate Franklin Pierce won nomination by consensus compromise. The Free Soil Party, a third party opposed to the extension of slavery in the United States and into the territories, nominated New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale.


text: With few policy differences between the two major candidates, the election became a personality contest. Though Scott had commanded in the Mexican–American War, Pierce also served. Scott strained Whig Party unity as his anti-slavery reputation gravely damaged his campaign in the South. A group of Southern Whigs and a separate group of Southern Democrats each nominated insurgent tickets, but both efforts failed to attract support.


text: Pierce and running mate William R. King won a comfortable popular majority, carrying 27 of the 31 states. Pierce won the highest share of the electoral vote since James Monroe's uncontested 1820 re-election. The Free Soil Party regressed to less than five percent of the national popular vote, down from more than ten percent in 1848, while overwhelming defeat and disagreement about slavery soon drove the Whig Party to disintegrate. Anti-slavery Whigs and Free Soilers would ultimately coalesce into the new Republican Party, which would quickly become a formidable movement in the free states.


text: Not until 1876 would Democrats again win a majority of the popular vote for president, and not until 1932 would they win a majority in both the popular vote and the electoral college.


text: The Democratic Party held its national convention in Baltimore, Maryland, in June 1852. Benjamin F. Hallett, the chair of the Democratic National Committee, limited the sizes of the delegations to their electoral votes and a vote to maintain the two-thirds requirement for the presidential and vice-presidential nomination was passed by a vote of 269 to 13.


text: James Buchanan, Lewis Cass, William L. Marcy, and Stephen A. Douglas were the main candidates for the nomination. All of the candidates led the ballot for the presidential nomination at one point, but all of them failed to meet the two-thirds requirement. Franklin Pierce was put up for the nomination by the Virginia delegation. Pierce won the nomination when the delegates switched their support to him after he had received the unamious support of the delegates from New England. He won on the second day of balloting after forty-nine ballots.


text: The delegation from Maine proposed that the vice-presidential nomination should be given to somebody from the Southern United States with William R. King being specifically named. King led on the first ballot before winning on the second ballot.


text: The Whig Party held its national convention in Baltimore, Maryland, in June 1852. The call for the convention had been made by Whig members of the United States Congress and thirty-one states were represented. A vote to have each state's vote be based on its electoral college strength was passed by a vote of 149 to 144, but it was rescinded due to disagreements from the Southern states and smaller Northern states.


text: The party had been divided by the Compromise of 1850 and was divided over the presidential nomination between incumbent President Millard Fillmore, who received support from the South, and Winfield Scott, who received his support from the North. William H. Seward, who had been the main opponent of the compromise in the United States Senate and advised President Zachary Taylor against it, supported Scott. Fillmore offered to give his delegates to Daniel Webster if he received the support of forty-one delegates on his own, but Webster was unsuccessful. Scott won the nomination on the 53rd ballot. William Alexander Graham won the vice-presidential nomination without a formal vote.


text: The Free Soil Party was still the strongest third party in 1852. However, following the Compromise of 1850, most of the "Barnburners" who supported it in 1848 had returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs rejoined the Whig Party. The second Free Soil National Convention assembled in the Masonic Hall in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. New Hampshire senator John P. Hale was nominated for president with 192 delegate votes (sixteen votes were cast for a smattering of candidates). George Washington Julian of Indiana was nominated for vice president over Samuel Lewis of Ohio and Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio.


text: The Union party was formed in 1850, an offshoot of the Whig party in several Southern states, including Georgia. As the 1852 presidential election approached, Union party leaders decided to wait and see who was nominated by the two major parties. The movement to nominate Daniel Webster as a third-party candidate began in earnest following the Whig Convention, largely driven by those who had been strenuously opposed to Winfield Scott's nomination for president, among them Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, and George Curtis. While Webster was against what he perceived as a "revolt" from the Whig Party and preferred not to be nominated, he let Americans vote for him should the party choose to nominate him.


text: The Union Party held its Georgia state convention on August 9, 1852, and nominated Webster for president and Charles J. Jenkins of Georgia for vice president. A formal convention was held at Faneuil Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 15, affirming the nominations made at the state convention in Georgia and rejecting Winfield Scott as nothing more than a military figure. The Webster/Jenkins ticket received nationwide support, particularly among Southern Whigs, but also in Massachusetts and New York, but it was largely perceived by many as nothing more than getting voters who would, in different circumstances, support Scott.


text: Webster had no real chance of winning the election, but even the new Know-Nothing party endorsed Webster and Jenkins, nominating them without even their own permission. However, Webster died nine days before the election of a cerebral hemorrhage on October 24, 1852.


text: Around the mid-1830s, nativists were present in New York politics, under the aegis of the American Republican Party. The American Republican party was formed in 1843 in major opposition to Catholicism and Catholic immigrants. In 1845, the party changed its name to the Native American Party. Their opponents nicknamed them the "Know Nothings" and the party liked the name and it became the nickname of the party after that until it collapsed in 1860. In 1852, the original presidential nominee planned by the Native American Party was Daniel Webster, the presidential nominee of the Union party. They nominated Webster without his permission, with George Corbin Washington (grandnephew of George Washington) as his vice presidential running mate. Webster died of natural causes nine days before the election, and the Know-Nothings quickly replaced Webster by nominating Jacob Broom for president and replaced Washington with Reynell Coates for vice president. In the future, former President Millard Fillmore would be their presidential nominee in 1856.


text: The Southern Rights Party was an offshoot of the Democratic party in several Southern states which advocated secession from the Union, electing a number of Congressmen and holding referendums on secession in a number of southern states, none of which were successful.


text: The Liberty Party had ceased to become a significant political force after most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848. Nonetheless, some of those who rejected the fusion strategy held a Liberty Party National Convention in Buffalo, New York. There were few delegates present, so a ticket was recommended and a later convention called. The Convention recommended Gerrit Smith of New York for president and Charles Durkee of Wisconsin for vice president. A second convention was held in Syracuse, New York, in early September 1852, but it too failed to draw enough delegates to select nominees. Yet a third convention gathered in Syracuse later that month and nominated William Goodell of New York for president and S.M. Bell of Virginia for vice president.


text: The Whigs' platform was almost indistinguishable from that of the Democrats, reducing the campaign to a contest between the personalities of the two candidates. The lack of clearcut issues between the two parties helped drive voter turnout down to its lowest level since 1836. The decline was further exacerbated by Scott's antislavery reputation, which decimated the Southern Whig vote at the same time as the pro-slavery Whig platform undermined the Northern Whig vote. After the Compromise of 1850 was passed, many of the southern Whig Party members broke with the party's key figure, Henry Clay.


text: Finally, Scott's status as a war hero was somewhat offset by the fact that Pierce was himself a Mexican–American War brigadier general.


text: The Democrats adopted the slogan: "The Whigs we Polked in forty-four, We'll Pierce in fifty-two", playing on the names of Pierce and former President James K. Polk.


text: Just nine days before the election, Webster died, causing many Union state parties to remove their slates of electors. The Union ticket appeared on the ballot in Georgia and Massachusetts, however.


text: When American voters went to the polls, Pierce won the electoral college in a landslide; Scott won only the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Vermont, while the Free Soil vote collapsed to less than half of what Martin Van Buren had earned in the previous election, with the party taking no states. The fact that Daniel Webster received a substantial share of the vote in Georgia and Massachusetts, even though he was dead, shows how disenchanted voters were with the two main candidates.


text: In the popular vote, while Pierce outpolled Scott by 220,000 votes, 17 states were decided by less than 10%, and eight by less than 5%. A shift of 69,000 votes to Scott in Delaware, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Pennsylvania would have left the electoral college in a 148–148 tie, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.


text: As a result of the devastating defeat and the growing tensions within the party between pro-slavery Southerners and anti-slavery Northerners, the Whig Party quickly fell apart after the 1852 election and ceased to exist. Some Southern Whigs would join the Democratic Party, and many Northern Whigs would help to form the new Republican Party in 1854.


text: Some Whigs in both sections would support the so-called "Know-Nothing" party in the 1856 presidential election. Similarly, the Free Soil Party rapidly fell away into obscurity after the election, and the remaining members mostly opted to join the former Northern Whigs in forming the Republican Party.


text: The Southern Rights Party effectively collapsed following the election, attaining only five percent of the vote in Alabama, and a few hundred in its nominee's home state of Georgia. It would elect a number of Congressmen in 1853, but they would rejoin the Democratic Party upon taking their seats in Congress.


text: This was the last election in which the Democrats won Michigan until 1932, the last in which the Democrats won Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio or Rhode Island until 1912, the last in which the Democrats won Wisconsin until 1892, the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut until 1876 and the last in which the Democrats won New York until 1868. It was, however, the last election in which the Democrats' chief opponent won Kentucky until 1896, and indeed the last until 1928 in which the Democrats' opponent obtained an absolute majority in the Bluegrass State.


text: Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, "Presidential ballots, 1836–1892" (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.


title: The Hardy Boys (2020 TV series)

text: The Hardy Boys is a mystery drama television series, based on "The Hardy Boys" book series created by Edward Stratemeyer. It is produced by Nelvana and Lambur Productions. All 13 episodes of the first season were released on Hulu on December 4, 2020. Season 2 was released April 6, 2022.


title: The Hardy Boys (2020 TV series)

text: The series stars Alexander Elliot, Rohan Campbell, Jennifer Hsiung, Keana Lyn, Riley O'Donnell, Bea Santos, and Adam Swain as the main characters. Filming took place mainly in Ontario, Canada, with featured locations including Cambridge, Port Hope, and Hamilton.


title: The Hardy Boys (2020 TV series)

text: "The Hardy Boys" follows two brothers, Frank and Joe Hardy, alongside their friends and father, trying to disclose the truth about something quite menacing happening right in their own town of Bridgeport.


title: The Hardy Boys (2020 TV series)

text: The series was announced in September 2019, and slated to be released on streaming service provider Hulu the next year. At the same time, Jason Stone and Steve Cochrane were set as part of the show's development. "The Hardy Boys" is based on the fictional book series of the same name written by multiple authors. A trailer was released in November 2020. The first season of "The Hardy Boys" premiered on Hulu in the United States on December 4, 2020, and consisted of 13 episodes. It began airing weekly on March 5, 2021 on YTV in Canada. "The Hardy Boys" was filmed in Ontario, Canada, with Cambridge serving as a featured location, and other settings including Port Hope and Hamilton. Almost the entirety of the cast were announced at once upon the series' December 4 release.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: The Outer Limits is an American television series that was broadcast on ABC from September 16, 1963, to January 16, 1965, at 7:30 PM Eastern Time on Mondays. It is often compared to "The Twilight Zone", but with a greater emphasis on science fiction stories (rather than stories of fantasy or the supernatural). It is an anthology of self-contained episodes, sometimes with plot twists at their ends.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: In 1997, the episode "The Zanti Misfits" was ranked #98 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Each show began with either a cold open or a preview clip, followed by a narration over visuals of an oscilloscope. Using an Orwellian theme of taking over your television, the earliest version of the narration was:


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Later episodes used one of two shortened versions of the introduction. The first few episodes began simply with the title screen followed by the narration and no cold open or preview clip. The Control Voice was performed by actor Vic Perrin.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: "The Outer Limits" was originally broadcast on the American television network ABC (1963–65). 49 episodes were produced. It was one of many series influenced by "The Twilight Zone" and "Science Fiction Theatre", though it ultimately proved influential in its own right. In the unaired pilot, it was called "Please Stand By", but ABC rejected that title. Series creator Leslie Stevens retitled it "The Outer Limits". With a few changes, the pilot aired as the premiere episode, "The Galaxy Being".


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Writers included creator Stevens and Joseph Stefano (screenwriter of the film "Psycho"), who was the Season 1 producer and creative guiding force, and who wrote more of the series' episodes than anyone. Future Oscar-winning screenwriter Robert Towne ("Chinatown") wrote "The Chameleon", the final Season 1 episode. A pair of Season 2 episodes, "Soldier" and "Demon with a Glass Hand", were written by Harlan Ellison. The latter won a Writers' Guild Award.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Writer Joseph Stefano was recruited in a late night phone call from Leslie Stevens; the two men had known each other for years. Stevens met him with composer/producer Dominic Frontiere and pitched the series to him asking him to come on as a writer and producer. Stefano, who had never produced before, felt reassured by Associate Producer Robert Justman to support him as Justman had experience in TV.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Season 1 combined science fiction and horror, while Season 2 was more focused on 'hard science fiction' stories, dropping the recurring "scary monster" motif of Season 1. Each episode in Season 1 was to have a monster or creature as a critical part of the story line in a villain of the week format. Season 1 writer and producer Joseph Stefano believed this element was necessary to provide fear, suspense, or at least a center for plot development. This kind of story element became known as "the bear". This device was, however, mostly dropped in Season 2 after Stefano left.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Two Season 1 episodes without a "bear" are "The Forms of Things Unknown" and "Controlled Experiment", the first of which was shot in a dual format as science fiction for "The Outer Limits" and as a thriller for a pilot for an unmade series, "The Unknown". Actor Barry Morse, who starred in "Controlled Experiment", states that it was made as a pilot for an unrealized science fiction/comedy series. It was the only comedic episode of "The Outer Limits".


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Earlier Season 1 episodes with no "bear" were "The Hundred Days of the Dragon" and "The Borderland", made before the "bear" convention was established. Season 2 episodes "with" a "bear" are "Keeper of the Purple Twilight", "The Duplicate Man", and "The Probe". "Bears" appear near the conclusion of the Season 2 episodes "Counterweight", "The Invisible Enemy", and "Cold Hands, Warm Heart".) The "bear" in "The Architects of Fear", the monstrously altered Allen Leighton, was judged by some of ABC's local affiliate stations to be so frightening that they broadcast a black screen during the "Thetan's" appearances, effectively censoring most of the show's last act. In other parts of the United States, the "Thetan" footage was tape-delayed until after the 11pm/10c news. In others, it was not shown at all.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Season 1 had music by Dominic Frontiere, who doubled as Production Executive; Season 2 featured music by Harry Lubin, with a variation of his "Fear" theme for "" being heard over the end titles.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: The program sometimes made use of techniques (lighting, camerawork, even make-up) associated with film noir or German Expressionism (see for example, "Corpus Earthling"). Credit for this is often given to the cinematographer Conrad Hall, who later won three Academy Awards for his work in motion pictures. However, Hall worked only on alternate episodes of this TV series during the first two-thirds of the first season. The program's other cinematographers included John M. Nickolaus and Kenneth Peach.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Season 1's monsters and creatures, and most props, were developed by a loose-knit group under the name Project Unlimited, whose members included Wah Chang, Gene Warren and Jim Danforth. Makeup effects were by Fred B. Phillips and John Chambers.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Many of the creatures that appeared in "Outer Limits" episodes were sold as models and action figures in the 1990s and 2000s. Limited-editions model kits, to be assembled and painted by the purchaser, were issued by Dimensional Designs. A smaller set of out-of-the-box action figures were sold in larger quantity by Sideshow Toys. The former produced a model kit of The Megasoid from "The Duplicate Man", and both created a figure of Gwyllm as an evolved man from "The Sixth Finger".


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: The series earned a loyal audience in its first season. Some viewers were reported to take TV sets with them if they had to be away from home, so they wouldn't miss an episode. However, the second season fared rather poorly in the Nielsen ratings after moving from Monday to Saturday night, where it competed with Jackie Gleason. Producer Joseph Stefano chose to leave the show after the first year; he realized that competing with the more popular Gleason would kill his show (proven by its cancellation midway through the second season). However, the series retained a following for many years after its original broadcast. Many decades later, horror writer Stephen King described it as one of the best programs of its type to run on network TV.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Originally scheduled to air on November 25, 1963, the episode "Nightmare" was delayed until December 2 due to television coverage of the state funeral of President John F. Kennedy.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Like "The Twilight Zone", "The Outer Limits" had an opening and closing narration in almost every episode. Both shows were unusually philosophical for science fiction anthology series, but differed in style. "The Twilight Zone" stories were often like parables, employing whimsy (such as the Buster Keaton time-travel episode "Once Upon a Time"), irony, or extraordinary problem-solving situations (such as the episode "The Arrival"). "The Outer Limits" was usually a straight action-and-suspense show which often had the human spirit in confrontation with dark existential forces from within or without, such as in the alien abduction episode "A Feasibility Study" or the alien possession story "The Invisibles". "The Outer Limits" was also known for the moody, textured look of many episodes (especially those directed by Byron Haskin or Gerd Oswald, or photographed by Conrad Hall) whereas "The Twilight Zone" tended to be shot more conventionally.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: There is common ground between some of the shows' episodes. As Schow and Frentzen, authors of "The Outer Limits: The Official Companion", have noted, several "Outer Limits" episodes are often misremembered by casual fans as "Twilight Zone" episodes—notably, "problem-solving" episodes such as "Fun and Games" and "The Premonition".


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: A few of the monsters from "The Outer Limits" reappeared in Gene Roddenberry's "" series later in the 1960s. The moving microbe beast in "The Probe" was modified and used as the 'Horta' in "The Devil in the Dark", operated by the same actor, Janos Prohaska. The "ion storm" from "The Mutant" (a projector beam shining through a container containing glitter in liquid suspension) became the transporter effect in "Star Trek". The black mask from "The Duplicate Man" was used by the character Dr. Leighton in "". The Megasoid from "The Duplicate Man" and the Empyrean from "Second Chance" (1964) were briefly seen near Captain Christopher Pike in other cages in the "Star Trek" pilot "". The process used to make pointed ears for David McCallum in "The Sixth Finger" was reused in "Star Trek" as well.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Lead actors who later appeared in "Star Trek"'s regular cast included Leonard Nimoy, who appeared in two "Outer Limits" episodes ("Production and Decay of Strange Particles" and "I, Robot"); and William Shatner, who appeared in the episode "Cold Hands, Warm Heart" as an astronaut working on a Project Vulcan. Other actors who subsequently appeared on "Star Trek" were Grace Lee Whitney (episode "Controlled Experiment") and James Doohan (episode "Expanding Human"). Roddenberry was often present in "The Outer Limits" studios, and hired several of its staff, including Robert Justman and Wah Chang, for "Star Trek". Michael Ansara, who appeared in the "Outer Limits" episode "Soldier", guest-starred as Klingon commander Kang in the original and spin-off "Star Trek" series. Arlene Martel, who appeared in the "Outer Limits" episode "Demon with a Glass Hand", guest-starred as Spock's Vulcan bride, T'Pring, in the "Star Trek" original series episode "Amok Time".


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Harlan Ellison contended that inspiration for James Cameron's "The Terminator" (1984) came in part from Ellison's work on "The Outer Limits". Cameron conceded the influence, and Ellison was awarded money and an end-credits mention in "The Terminator" (1984), stating the creators' wish of "acknowledgement to the works of Harlan Ellison". Cameron was against Orion's decision and was told that if he did not agree with the settlement, they would have Cameron pay for any damages if Orion lost Ellison's suit. Cameron replied that he "had no choice but to agree with the settlement. There was a gag order as well."


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Filmmaker Kevin Smith has stated that, before offering him the chance to write "Superman Lives" in 1996, Warner Bros. offered him two projects: a remake of "The Architects of Fear" and "Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian". In 2001, MGM made plans with Mark Victor and Michael Grais to produce a film adaptation of "The Outer Limits". Development began a year later with Gerald Di Pego co-writing with his sons Justin and Zachary, and Rupert Wainwright directing. A new adaptation was developed in 2010, with Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan writing and Jonathan Shestack producing. On June 20, 2014, "The Hollywood Reporter" said Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was developing a film version of "The Outer Limits" based on the "Demon with a Glass Hand" episode, with Scott Derrickson and C. Robert Cargill writing and Mark Victor producing. On April 1, 2019, "Variety" reported that an "Outer Limits" reboot was in development at a premium cable network.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Steve Streeter published "The Outer Limits Newsletter" from 1978 to 1983 and founded the Outer Limits Fan Club in 1978.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: Lyrics to the title song of the 1989 film "UHF", written by and starring "Weird Al" Yankovic, references "The Outer Limits" cold-open narration:


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: MGM Home Entertainment has released both seasons of "The Outer Limits" on DVD in Region 1. In 2007, they re-released the series in three separate sets. In October 2008, MGM released a 7-disc box set featuring all 49 episodes of the series. The re-releases of Season 2 correctly claim three discs in the set on the outer packaging, whereas the individual slim cases with the DVDs inside rather confusingly claim only two.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: On 27 March 2018, Kino Lorber released the first season on Blu-ray. The 7-disc set contains the 32 episodes of the first season. The second season was released 20 November 2018, but the episode "Soldier" had audio defects. A replacement disc was sent out from Kino in April 2019.


title: The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)

text: On Jun 24, 2020, Australia's Via Vision Entertainment released "The Outer Limits: Complete Original Series Collector's Edition" 11-disc Blu-ray set. It's coded for region B and comes in a hard box case with a 60-page Illustrated booklet, with essays by leading Outer Limits expert and author David J. Schow.


title: User (computing)

text: A user often has a user account and is identified to the system by a username (or user name). Other terms for username include login name, screenname (or screen name), account name, nickname (or nick) and handle, which is derived from the identical citizens band radio term.


title: User (computing)

text: End users are the ultimate human users (also referred to as operators) of a software product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product such as sysops, database administrators and computer technicians. The term is used to abstract and distinguish those who only use the software from the developers of the system, who enhance the software for end users. In user-centered design, it also distinguishes the software operator from the client who pays for its development and other stakeholders who may not directly use the software, but help establish its requirements. This abstraction is primarily useful in designing the user interface, and refers to a relevant subset of characteristics that most expected users would have in common.