title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: The novel, written in English, has been translated into 29 other languages for worldwide sales: Spanish, Catalan, Japanese, German, French, Portuguese, Danish, Czech, Serbian, Arabic, Hebrew, Norwegian, Icelandic, Swedish, Faroese, Turkish, Dutch, Persian, Italian, Finnish, Russian, Korean, Chinese, Ukrainian, Polish, Croatian, Greek, Romanian, Vietnamese and Slovenian.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: First published in 2012 by Alfred A. Knopf (now part of Penguin Random House), the novel was still a top seller for the firm when the film was released in 2017, when it sold 5 million copies in combined book and e-book units in the United States alone.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: A film adaptation directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Steve Conrad starring Julia Roberts and Owen Wilson as Isabel and Nate Pullman respectively, and Jacob Tremblay as August Pullman was released on 17 November 2017 by Lionsgate.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: A film adaptation directed by Marc Forster and written by Mark Bomback, starring Bryce Gheisar, Gillian Anderson, and Helen Mirren as Julian Albans, Vivienne, and Grandmère respectively. The film will be released on October 14, 2022, after being initially scheduled to release on September 16, 2022.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: "Auggie and Me" is a companion book to "Wonder" that contains "The Julian Chapter," which serves as a sequel to "Wonder". It contains three stories, each telling the events of "Wonder" from different perspectives. The first story, called "The Julian Chapter," is told from the point of view of school bully Julian where he explains why he mistreats Auggie and if he will change. The second, called "Pluto," focuses on August Pullman's life before Beecher Prep and is told from the point of view of Christopher, Auggie's oldest friend. The third is called "Shingaling" and is told from the point of view of Auggie's classmate Charlotte, who, in "Wonder," is the first person that is nice to him at Beecher Prep; it focuses on things that were going on between some of the girls in Auggie's year, such as Ximena Chin, Summer Dawson, and Maya Markowitz. Auggie finally adapted to his school with the help of his new friends.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: Though originally published separately, the three stories were eventually grouped together and sold as one.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: In "Wonder", Mr. Browne made a precept for every month. "365 Days of Wonder" states 365 different precepts collected by Mr. Browne. It also has thoughts and opinions by Mr. Browne after every month in the book.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: In this short picture book, Auggie talks about his life before the book "Wonder". Auggie focuses on this story on how we are all wonders. Auggie has his astronaut helmet on most of the time.


title: Wonder (Palacio novel)

text: In this 2019 graphic novel, Julian's Parisian grandmother tells him stories of her childhood as a young Jewish girl living in Nazi-occupied France during World War II, when she was hidden from the Nazis by a classmate and his family. The movie adaption is set to release October 14, 2022.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: The triangular theory of love is a theory of love developed by Robert Sternberg. In the context of interpersonal relationships, "the three components of love, according to the triangular theory, are an intimacy component, a passion component, and a decision/commitment component."


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Sternberg says that intimacy refers to "feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness in loving relationships," passion refers to "the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and related phenomena in loving relationships" and decision/commitment means different things in the short and long term. In the short-term, it refers to "the decision that one loves a certain other", and in the long-term, it refers to "one's commitment to maintain that love."


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Passion can be associated with either physical arousal or emotional stimulation. Passion is defined in three ways:


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Intimacy is described as the feelings of closeness and attachment to one another. This tends to strengthen the tight bond that is shared between those two individuals. Additionally, having a sense of intimacy helps create the feeling of being at ease with one another, in the sense that the two parties are mutual in their feelings.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Unlike the other two blocks, commitment involves a conscious decision to stick with one another. The decision to remain committed is mainly determined by the level of satisfaction that a partner derives from the relationship. There are three ways to define commitment:


title: Triangular theory of love

text: "The amount of love one experiences depends on the absolute strength of these three components, and the type of love one experiences depends on their strengths relative to each other." Different stages and types of love can be explained as different combinations of these three elements; for example, the relative emphasis of each component changes over time as an adult romantic relationship develops. A relationship based on a single element is less likely to survive than one based on two or three elements.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Of the multiple different early and later theories of love, there are two specific early theories that contribute to and influence Sternberg's theory.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: The first is a theory presented by Zick Rubin named The Theory of Liking vs. Loving. In his theory, to define romantic love, Rubin concludes that attachment, caring, and intimacy are the three main principles that are key to the difference of liking one person and loving them. Rubin states that if a person simply enjoys another's presence and spending time with them, that person only likes the other. However, if a person shares a strong desire for intimacy and contact, as well as cares equally about the other's needs and their own, the person loves the other. In Sternberg's theory, one of his main principles is intimacy. It is clear that intimacy is an important aspect of love, ultimately using it to help define the difference between compassionate and passionate love.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: The second, presented by John Lee, is the color wheel model of love. In his theory, using the analogy of primary colors to love, Lee defines the three different styles of love: Eros, Ludos, and Storge. Most importantly within his theory, he concludes that these three primary styles, like the making of complementary colors, can be combined to make secondary forms of love. In Sternberg's theory, he presents, like Lee, that through the combination of his three main principles, different forms of love are created.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Sternberg also described three models of love, including the Spearmanian, Thomsonian, and Thurstonian models. According to the Spearmanian model, love is a single bundle of positive feelings. In the Thomsonian model, love is a mixture of multiple feeling that, when brought together, produce the feeling. The Thurstonian model is the closest to the triangular theory of love, and dictates that love is made up of equal parts that are more easily understood on their own than as a whole. In this model, the various factors are equal in their contribution to the feeling, and could be disconnected from each other.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Sternberg's triangular theory of love was developed after the identification of passionate love and companionate love. Passionate love is focused on the present at the onset of a relationship, while companionate love endures and grows over time with deep meanings in that relationship. Both are different kinds of love but are connected in relationships.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Passionate love is associated with strong feelings of love and desire for a specific person. This love is full of excitement and novelty. Passionate love is important in the beginning of the relationship and typically lasts 3-12 months. There is a chemical component to passionate love; those experiencing it enjoy an increase in the neurotransmitters phenylethylamine and oxytocin. There is empirical research, particularly from Panksepp linking love to the opioid circuit in the brain. These feelings are most commonly found in the most early stages of love.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Companionate love follows passionate love. Companionate love is also known as affectionate love. When a couple reaches this level of love, they feel mutual understanding and care for each other. This love is important for the survival of the relationship. This type of love comes later on in the relationship and requires a certain level of knowledge for each person in the relationship.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Intimate love is the corner of the triangle that encompasses the close bonds of loving relationships. Intimate love felt between two people means that they each feel a sense of high regard for each other. They wish to make each other happy, share with each other, be in communication with each other, help when one is in need. A couple with intimate love deeply values each other. Intimate love has been called the "warm" love because of the way it brings two people close together. Sternberg's prediction of this love was that it would diminish as the relationship became less interrupted, thus increasing predictability.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Passionate love is based on drive. Couples in passionate love feel physically attracted to each other. Sexual desire is typically a component of passionate love. Passionate love is not limited to sexual attraction, however. It is a way for couples to express feelings of nurture, dominance, submission, self-actualization, etc. Passionate love is considered the "hot" component of love because of the strong presence of arousal between two people. Sternberg believed that passionate love will diminish as the positive force of the relationship is taken over by opposite forces. This idea comes from Solomon's opponent-force theory.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Commitment, or committed love, is for lovers who are committed to being together for a long period of time. Something to note about commitment, however, is that one can be committed to someone without feeling love for him or her, and one can feel love for someone without being committed to him or her. Commitment is considered to be the "cold" love because it does not require either intimacy or passion. Sternberg believed that committed love increases in intensity as the relationship grows. Commitment can be considered for friends as well.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Sternberg believed love to progress and evolve in predictable ways; that all couples in love will experience intimate, passionate, and committed love in the same patterns.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Although these types of love may contain qualities that exist in non-loving relationships, they are specific to loving relationships. A description of non-love is listed below, along with the other kinds of love. These kinds of love are combinations of one or two of the three corners of Sternberg's triangle of love.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: The three components, pictorially labeled on the vertices of a triangle, interact with each other and with the actions they produce so as to form seven different kinds of love experiences (nonlove is not represented). The size of the triangle functions to represent the "amount" of love—the bigger the triangle, the greater the love. Each corner has its own type of love and provides different combinations to create different types of love and labels for them. The shape of the triangle functions to represent the "style" of love, which may vary over the course of the relationship:


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Sternberg's triangular theory of love provides a strong foundation for his later theory of love, entitled Love as a Story. In this theory, he explains that the large numbers of unique and different love stories convey different ways of how love is understood. He believes, over time, this exposure helps a person determine what love is or what it should be to them. These two theories create Sternberg's duplex theory of love.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: "Personal relationships that have the greatest longevity and satisfaction are those in which partners are constantly working on sustaining intimacy and reinforcing commitment to each other."


title: Triangular theory of love

text: In a study done by Michele Acker and Mark Davis in 1992, Sternberg's triangular theory of love was tested for validity. By studying a population that extended outside the typically studied group of 18- to 20-year-old college students, Acker and Davis were able to study more accurately the stages of love in people. Some criticism of Sternberg's theory of love is that although he predicted the stages of a person's love for another person, he did not specify a time or point in the relationship when the stages would evolve. He does not specify whether the different parts of love are dependent on duration of relationship or on the particular stage that relationship has reached. Acker and Davis point out that the stage and duration of the relationship are potentially important to the love component and explore them.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: They find that there are no exact answers because not only each couple, but each individual in the couple experiences love in a different way. There are three perceptions of the triangular theory of love, or "the possibility of multiple triangles". Multiple triangles can exist because individuals can experience each component of love (or point of the triangle) more intensely than another. These separate triangles, according to Acker and Davis and many others, are 'real' triangles, 'ideal' triangles, and 'perceived' triangles.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: These 'real' triangles are indicative of how each individual views the progress and depth of his or her relationship. The 'ideal' triangles are indicative of each individual's ideal qualities of his or her partner/relationship. The 'perceived' triangles are indicative of each individual's ideas of how his or her partner is viewing the relationship. If any of these three separate triangles do not look the same as a person's partner's triangles, dissatisfaction is likely to increase.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: Sternberg's triangular theory of love may not be as simple as he initially laid it out to be. Sternberg measured his theory on couples who were roughly the same age (mean age of 28) and whose relationship duration was roughly the same (4 to 5 years). His sample size was limited in characteristic variety. Acker and Davis announced this issue as being one of three major problems with Sternberg's theory. Romantic love, in particular, is not often the same in undergraduate level couples as couples who are not undergrads. Acker and Davis studied a sample that was older than Sternberg's sample of undergraduates. Sternberg himself did this in 1997.


title: Triangular theory of love

text: The two other most obvious problems with Sternberg's theory of love are as follows. The first is a question of the separate nature of the levels of love. The second is a question of the measures that have previously been used to assess the three levels of love. These problems with Sternberg's theory continued to be studied, for example Lomas (2018).


title: Triangular theory of love

text: In a large-scale cross-cultural study published in the "Journal of Sex Research" in 2020, the cultural universality of the theory was supported.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: Monte Carlo is a 2011 American adventure-romantic comedy film based on "Headhunters" by Jules Bass. It was directed by Thomas Bezucha. Denise Di Novi, Alison Greenspan, Nicole Kidman, and Arnon Milchan produced the film for Fox 2000 Pictures and Regency Enterprises. It began production in Harghita, Romania on May 5, 2010. "Monte Carlo" stars Selena Gomez, Leighton Meester and Katie Cassidy as three friends posing as wealthy socialites in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The film was released on July 1, 2011. It features the song "Who Says" by Selena Gomez & the Scene and numerous songs by British singer Mika. "Monte Carlo" received mixed reviews from critics, and earned over $39 million on a $20 million budget. Fox Home Entertainment released "Monte Carlo" on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 18, 2011.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: Grace Bennett is a New York University-bound, Texas high-school student who works as a waitress in a restaurant with her high school dropout, best friend Emma Perkins to earn money for a post-graduation trip to Paris, France. Grace's stepfather pays for her uptight older stepsister Meg Kelly to join them, and Emma goes to Paris despite her boyfriend Owen's marriage proposal.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: The trip quickly proves to be a disappointment; the girls discover they were ripped off with a cramped hotel room and a tour that moves too fast for anyone to appreciate anything properly. After missing the bus and being left behind by their tour guide at the Eiffel Tower, the three girls seek refuge from the rain in a posh hotel. The hotel staff and paparazzi mistake Grace for the spoiled celebutante British heiress Cordelia Winthrop-Scott, Grace's double, who leaves rather than stay to attend an auction for a Romanian charity for which she is to donate a Bulgari necklace. Despite Meg's protests, the three girls spend the night in Cordelia's suite and fly to Monte Carlo with Cordelia's luggage the next day.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: At the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo, the girls meet Theo Marchand, the son of the philanthropist hosting the charity. Theo is cold towards the three because he loathes Cordelia's spoiled nature. He escorts them to a ball, where Grace successfully fools Cordelia's aunt Alicia and Emma dances with Prince Domenico. Meg reunites with Riley, an Australian backpacker she briefly met in Paris. They find they have things in common and spend time together before he leaves for Italy. Meanwhile, Owen decides to travel to Paris in search of Emma.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: When Grace participates in a polo game, Alicia discovers the impersonation because of Grace's different riding style. After calling the real Cordelia confirms her suspicion, Alicia believes Grace is a lookalike that Cordelia hired to take her place while she parties. However, after Alicia threatens her to expose the impersonation, Grace convinces her not to endanger the charity auction, and Alicia agrees to keep quiet.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: Theo grows attracted to "Cordelia's" frank personality, while Domenico invites Emma to a party on a yacht. Emma dresses up for the party in the Bulgari necklace but meets Meg on the way, and Meg takes the necklace for safekeeping but later forgets about it, accidentally leaving it in Riley's backpack. At the party, Emma becomes disillusioned by Domenico's obnoxiousness, snideness, and arrogance toward the waitresses.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: After seeing Emma in the newspaper account of Grace's appearance at the ball, Owen goes to Monte Carlo. Cordelia also arrives there and sees Grace in the newspaper. Finding the necklace is missing, she calls the police. The girls are in search for Riley after Meg tells Grace and Emma that he is leaving on a train to Italy, but later on he shows up at the hotel with the necklace to return to Meg. They find Cordelia in the suite, and when Cordelia threatens to withdraw the necklace from the auction, the girls panic and tackle her to the couch. When the police come to the door, they muffle her screams, and Grace covers for them. They tie Cordelia to a chair and gag her by stuffing an apple in her mouth so Grace can take her place at the auction while Emma watches Cordelia. Owen arrives to the hotel in France and finds Emma at the suite, and they reconcile.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: Cordelia eventually escapes and reveals Grace's fraud at the auction. She demands Grace's arrest, but after Grace's sincere public confession, Alicia bids the unexpectedly large amount of €6 million for the necklace to save her. When Cordelia still insists on the arrest, the inspector observes that Cordelia has no evidence that Grace did anything wrong now that the necklace has been returned and Cordelia can't prove when Grace was posing as her without compromising her own recent actions, and Cordelia can't force legal action just because she's upset about the situation. After the auction, the three girls leave and go on their separate ways. Meg decides to join Riley on his global travels around the world while Owen and Emma return to Texas, marry, and move into their own home. Theo and Grace reunite at the Romanian school, which the former runs and the latter volunteer-teaches.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: "Monte Carlo" is loosely based on the novel "Headhunters" by Jules Bass. The novel tells the story of four New Jersey women who pretend to be wealthy heiresses while searching for rich potential husbands in Monte Carlo. There, they meet four gigolos posing as wealthy playboys. Fox bought the film rights to the novel in 1999, three years prior to the novel's publication. In 2005, Hollywood trade magazine "Variety" announced that siblings Jez and John-Henry Butterworth would be writing the script. It was also reported that actress Nicole Kidman had signed on to play the lead as well as to produce the film with Rick Schwartz.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: The Butterworths were later fired and Tom Bezucha was hired to direct and co-write "Monte Carlo". Bezucha and Maria Maggenti turned in a draft of the screenplay by July 2007; it starred Kidman as "one of three Midwestern schoolteachers who decide to ditch a disappointing no-frills holiday in Paris and pose as wealthy women vacationing in Monaco". However, in 2010, executives had the film rewritten again after deciding that the film should have a more youthful spin. The updated script was co-written by Bezucha and April Blair, and changed the three school teachers to two college students and a recent high-school graduate. "Monte Carlo" was shot in Budapest, Hungary; Dunakeszi, Hungary; Paris, France; Harghita, Romania; and Monte Carlo, Monaco. It began filming in Harghita on May 5, 2010, and wrapped on July 7, 2010. It is the first film to use the film studio, Raleigh Studios Budapest.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: In March 2010, it was announced that Selena Gomez had been cast as one of the film's leads following the script's rewrite. For the role, Gomez spent several weeks learning to play polo, and practicing how to fake an English accent. Leighton Meester also negotiated a deal to star as one of the leads that month, and Katie Cassidy was cast as Emma in April. French actor Pierre Boulanger made his English-speaking feature debut in the film.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: The film's musical score was composed by Michael Giacchino. To coincide with the film's release, a soundtrack album was released by Varèse Sarabande on June 28, 2011.


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: "Monte Carlo" received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 40% based on 93 reviews. The website's consensus states "Although it has its charming moments, "Monte Carlo" is mostly silly, predictable stuff that never pushes beyond the boundaries of formula." At Metacritic the film received a score of 43 out of 100 based on reviews from 23 critics indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: Logan Hill of "Vulture" wrote, "The film wallows in expensive clothes and locales but, like a puff-piece celebrity profile, wants you to have it both ways: to ogle the glamour and admire the righteous soul that’s purportedly beneath the surface but barely in evidence."


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: Ben Sachs of the "Chicago Reader" wrote that "the movie hits a surprising range of emotional grace notes, including several moments of genuine regret, and concludes with an understated moral lesson about the value of self-respect over social status." Sandie Chen of Common Sense Media said the film was "silly, but sweet".


title: Monte Carlo (2011 film)

text: Fox Home Entertainment released "Monte Carlo" on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 18, 2011. The DVD extras include deleted scenes, a feature titled "Ding Dang Delicious: The Boys of Monte Carlo", a "Backstage Pass" and a theatrical trailer. The Blu-ray Disc features all the DVD features plus the addition of "Monte Carlo Couture", "Jet Setter's Dream", "Gossip with the Girls" and a digital copy of the film.


title: Asian fetish

text: An Asian fetish is a strong sexual or romantic preference for people of Asian descent or heritage. The term generally refers to people of East or Southeast Asian descent, though may also include those of South Asian descent.


title: Asian fetish

text: The derogatory term "yellow fever" is sometimes used to describe the fetishisation of East Asians by people of other ethnicities, especially among non-Asians, as well as having a preference for dating people of East Asian origin. The usage of "yellow" stems from the color terminology for race that is sometimes applied to people of East Asian descent.


title: Asian fetish

text: In the United States, women of primarily East Asian (and Southeast Asian to a lesser extent) origin and or descent are most commonly misrepresented through stereotypes as subservient, passive, mysterious, villainous in nature, and hyper-sexual. The oversimplification of these cultures portray homogenous versions of these groups. Such stereotypes are widely accepted as the driving factor behind the fetishization of Asian women in the West. Though there is no single origin for Asian fetish, the corresponding stereotypes of Asian women emerged in the 1800s due to the increasing levels of Western imperialism in Asia throughout the century. This is evidenced by the cultural attitudes reflected in both the politics and arts of the time.


title: Asian fetish

text: It is important to uncover the history of these cultural misrepresentations and their relationship to pop culture in order to begin to examine the subsequent implications of potential misrepresentations in the 21st century. Harmful stereotypes of Asian women in America influenced the first U.S. immigration law based on race, the Page Act of 1875, preventing Chinese women from entering the United States. These women were feared to lack moral character, were assumed to engage in prostitution, and spread sexually transmitted diseases to white men. At the same time, the coercive opening of treaty port cities in China, Japan, and Korea as a result of Western imperialism created a trade route to feed demand for Oriental art and collectibles, which often depicted sexualized geishas.  In Cornel West's book, "Race Matters", he describes the flaws of American society and its roots in historical inequalities and longstanding cultural stereotypes. In terms of Asian Americans, he states that their negative depiction continued through the nineteenth century as a yo-yo effect from "bad" to "good" to "bad" depending on the political climate at that time. The increase of Western power and presence in Asia also spawned well-known works of art that contributed to the depiction of Asian women as simultaneously innocent and over sexualized. French writer Pierre Loti's 1887 novel "Madame Chrysanthème" is a notable example. The semi-autobiographical story of a naval officer stationed in Nagasaki depicts his temporary Japanese wife as a dainty plaything to be acquired like a prized object. The novel was both wildly popular and internationally influential, inspiring the similarly famous 1904 Italian opera "Madame Butterfly" by Giacomo Puccini.


title: Asian fetish

text: There are several other misrepresentations of Asian women in American popular culture throughout the nineteenth century through the transformation of "bad Asian" to "good Asian" in Hollywood films such as "The Good Earth". "The screen reality coincided with the rewarding of the good Asian, as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was finally repealed in 1943. But this changed again with the Communist takeover of China in 1949, and the Chinese became once more the favorite Hollywood whipping boy, along with the Viet Cong." Asian American women were seen as the mysterious and scary henchwoman to the evil Asian villain or as the pathetic "Madame Butterfly" who could be cast aside at a moment's notice unless she commits suicide afterward as her lover leaves her. The "good" Asian women were those who are subservient to the white protagonist against her own people, while often giving her body to him in the process. "David Henry Hwang points out, the neocolonial notion that good elements of a native society, like a good woman, desire submission to the masculine West speaks precisely to the heart of our foreign policy blunders in Asia and elsewhere". If an Asian woman was not depicted as the villain, she is instead a mindless simpering sexual object.


title: Asian fetish

text: After World War II, the U.S. came to dominate among Western powers and accordingly exerted a strong military presence in Korea and Vietnam. The U.S. military took control of several Japanese military-run brothels in anticipation that their soldiers would need to "blow off steam" and encouraged engaging with prostitutes as a way to boost morale. Coupled with the poverty of local women, this created a booming sex industry, which further perpetuated the stereotype of Asian women as submissive and hypersexual. As a result of these sexual exploitations we see films such as "Year of the Dragon (1985)" Tracy Tzu is an Asian American news reporter and is given the impression that she is a smart young professional, but is then eventually manhandled and dominated by a white GI 'hero'. She is then overpowered and carried off to bed as if she is nothing but a trophy. As Richard E. Lee points out, Tzu's ambivalent position as both object of desire and seductive destroyer of the family is redeemed only by her collaboration with the White man and her ultimate devotion to him. These cinematic misrepresentations of Asian women portray them as eager to please the man that owned them and something to be desired or conquered. All of which have contributed to the misconception of Asian women even today, contributing to the subconscious, and dehumanizing thinking that may lead to sexual assault upon them. Coming back to the U.S. from the Korean and Vietnam Wars, American G.I.s brought women as war brides, contributing to the perception of Asians as passive trophies and victims without agency.  Popular media reflected such views of Asian women being promiscuous yet in need of saving, from pornography featuring sexually and domestically servile Asian war brides, to novels like Greene's "The Quiet American", to Kubrick's film "Full Metal Jacket".


title: Asian fetish

text: Despite the apparent improvements to be seen in cinematic depictions from the early 1900s to the 90s, Asian women are still seen as somehow "asking for it" and are never able to live up to the "decent, wholesome, white woman". In 2001's Rush Hour 2, we see Asian women in massage parlors given no lines or complexity to their characters, put on display solely for lead actors Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker to choose from. These media representations may lead viewers to see Asian women as nothing more than dainty sexual objects that contribute to Asian fetishes


title: Asian fetish

text: A common term used for Asian fetishization (particularly with East and Southeast Asians) is "yellow fever". The term was notably used in from the afterword to the 1988 play M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang, the afterword being written by the writer of the play. The term is used as a derogatory pun on the disease of the same name, comparing Caucasians with a fetish for East and Southeast Asians or "Orientals" to people who are infected with a disease.


title: Asian fetish

text: Yellow fever is used in Asian fetishization to refer to the color terminology of people of East Asian descent (and some South-East Asians), as historically, persons of East Asian heritage have been described as "yellow people" based on the tone of their skin.


title: Asian fetish

text: Hwang argues that this phenomenon is caused by the stereotyping of Asians in Western society. The term "yellow fever" is analogous to the term "jungle fever", a derogatory expression used for racial fetishism associated with dating between different races.


title: Asian fetish

text: In 2007, after a two-year study on dating preferences among 400 Columbia University students, researchers did not find evidence of a general preference among White men for women of East Asian descent. The study found that there was a "strong preference" for people to date within their own ethnic group. Though the report also found that there is a significantly higher pairing of European-American men with East Asian-American women because women of East Asian descent are less likely to prefer African-American or Latino-American men. The study took data from "several of decisions made by more than 400 daters from Columbia University's various graduate and professional schools".


title: Asian fetish

text: A 2013 study by the online dating app "Are You Interested" found that all American men, except Asian American men, prefer Asian American women. This contradicts the 2007 study, though some question the potential effect of sampling on the study's generalizability.


title: Asian fetish

text: "Yellow Fever" is known as a modern phenomenon in the realm of dating. Based on responses from a few Asian ethnic groups, the yellow fever phenomenon has created a psychological burden on people of East and Southeast Asian descent. They have been reported to experience doubt and suspicion that men who find them attractive may be primarily attracted to their ethnic features and culture rather than their personal traits or characteristics. People that are the targets of these racial fetishes may have experiences associated with feelings of depersonalization. The fetishized body of the East or Southeast Asian woman becomes a symbol of other people's desires; she may not be valued for who she is, but what she has come to represent. Racial depersonalisation can be especially hurtful to these women in situations where being recognized as an individual is important, such as romantic relationships, because a person may feel unloved if they sense they could be replaced by someone with similar qualities.


title: Asian fetish

text: Another effect of this fetish is that it may cause its targets to feel like an Other, because they are isolated and held to different standards of beauty. Asian American women report being complimented in ways that imply they are attractive because of their Asian ancestry. Because of this perceived Asian fetish, Asian American's ethnic and cultural differences are either seen as a failure to conform to mainstream Western standards of beauty, or as something that can be appreciated only on an alternative scale. This can cause insecurity, and affect a woman's self-worth and self-respect.


title: Asian fetish

text: Men with a preference for women of East or Southeast Asian descent are also affected by the stigma of their perceived fetish. These men are more likely to be viewed as inferior by others who assume that they date women of East or Southeast Asian descent because they are unable to date White women. This logic gives the idea that women of certain Asian backgrounds are considered "lesser" than White women. The stereotype that the Asian fetish perpetuates, about the sexual superiority of Asian women, may be perceived as reducing the status of Asian women to objects that are only valuable for sex and not as complete human beings. This sexual objectification leads to more fetishization.


title: Asian fetish

text: NPR correspondent Elise Hu offers that this can be a source of insecurity in Asian women's dating lives, asking: "Am I just loved because I'm part of an ethnic group that's assumed to be subservient, or do I have actual value as an individual, or is it both?". In the other direction, it has been argued that the notion of an Asian fetish creates the unnecessary and erroneous perception of multiracial relationships as being characterized by "patriarchal, racist power structures" in relationships.


title: Asian fetish

text: Writer Agness Kaku believes that mainstream Western culture undermines efforts to combat sexual harassment associated with Asian fetish. Noting how frequently women of Asian descent are subjected to verbal and online harassment, Kaku argues that Asian fetish "thrives on double standards that make light of racial bias against Asians" and states this downplaying leaves women vulnerable to stalking and violence.


title: Asian fetish

text: Asian Americans' body dissatisfaction has been linked to the way they are often portrayed in the media as sexual yet innocent, nerdy, and emotionally inept as well as the prevalence of White people in media. Asian Americans tend to have a wide range of body dissatisfaction, with some studies saying that they have less than White, Black, and Hispanic Americans while others say they range somewhere in between. However, unlike with many other non-White groups in America, Asian-Americans' body dissatisfaction does not relate to their levels of assimilation to American culture. This tends to be attributed to the fact that Asian-Americans are viewed as "Forever Foreigners."


title: Asian fetish

text: This concept applies in different ways depending on the context. In this case, it means that the "true" American is considered to be the European American, and all other Americans are considered something else before they are considered Americans, such as African Americans or Asian Americans. According to an article from the Autumn 2003 edition of The Journal of Negro Education, many Asian American girls and women strive to achieve what they see as Eurocentric traits, such as large breasts, green eyes, or light hair; features which are not as common among populations of Asian descent. In this article, Hmong American high school girls were the main focus. These girls specified that they tried to achieve these traits because they were things that they believed White men and boys found attractive.


title: Asian fetish

text: The Atlanta spa shootings in 2021 sparked debate around the effects of Asian fetish, with many popular and scholarly sources agreeing that the shooting is part of a long legacy of Western imperial violence against Asia projected onto female Asian women and female Asian bodies.


title: Asian fetish

text: In 2002, a study showed that though Asian women were underrepresented in popular media, they are over-represented in victim roles in violent pornography. This may both reflect and contribute to a type of fetishization that encourages violence against Asian women.


title: Asian fetish

text: A 1998 article in "The Washington Post" states that 36% of young Asian Pacific American men born in the United States married White women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took White husbands during the year of publication. In 2008, 9.4% of Asian American men married to White American women while 26.4% of Asian American women were married to White American men. 7% of married Asian American men have a non-Asian spouse, 17.1% of married Asian American women are married to a White spouse, and 3.5% of married Asian men have a spouse classified as "other" according to U.S. census racial categories. 75% of Asian/White marriages involve an Asian woman and a White man. There was a spike in White male, Asian female marriages during and following the U.S. Army 's involvement with wars in Asia, including WWII, Korea, and Vietnam. In 2010, 219,000 Asian American men married White American women compared to 529,000 White American men who married Asian American women.


title: Asian fetish

text: Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the Westerner's image of the Asian woman has been seen as subservient, loyal, and family oriented.


title: Asian fetish

text: After World War II, particularly feminine images of Asian women made interracial marriage between Asian American women and White men popular. Asian femininity and White masculinity are seen as a sign of modern middle-class manhood. Postcolonial and model minority femininity may attract some White men to Asian and Asian American women and men see this femininity as the perfect marital dynamic.  Some White men racialize Asian women as "good wives" or "model minorities" because of how Asian women are stereotyped as being particularly feminine.


title: Asian fetish

text: In preparation for a documentary on Asian fetish called "Seeking Asian Female", Chinese-American filmmaker Debbie Lum interviewed non-Asian men who posted online personal ads exclusively seeking Asian women. Things that the men reported finding appealing in Asian women included subtlety and quietness, eye-catching long black hair, a mysterious look in dark eyes, and a propensity to give more consideration to how their partner feels than to themselves. Lum characterized the stereotype associated with an Asian fetish as an obsession with seeking "somebody submissive, traditional, docile... the perfect wife who is not going to talk back".


title: Asian fetish

text: Asian women may be viewed by White men with Asian fetish as "good wives", as in they are perceived to be able to properly take care of their children during the day and fulfill their partner's sexual desires at night. In interviews done by Bitna Kim, "Caucasian" men explain their fetish for Asian women. The Caucasian men interviewed fantasize that an Asian woman possesses both beauty and brains, that she is "sexy, intelligent, successful, professional, caring, and family oriented"; that she does not wear "White girl clothes" and heavy makeup, and that they are not high maintenance. Hence, the men believe that Asian women have respectable mannerisms. These men see Asian women to be exotic, thus desirable, because of their supposed mysterious beauty and possession of a physical appearance perceived to be petite. Sexually, the men in these interviews had a commonality. They all believed that Asian women have submissive sex. They believed that an Asian woman did not mind putting her partner's pleasure above hers. These interviews show that some "Caucasian" men with Asian fetish believe that an Asian woman embodies a perfect wife as a "princess in public and a whore in the bedroom".


title: Asian fetish

text: Historically, the number of Thai women marrying Western men began to rise in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of Prime Minister Sarit Thanarat's economic policies which attracted foreign investment and Western men to Thailand. There is a social stigma in the country against Thai women marrying White men, who are also referred to as "farang" (a term used for people of European origin), but research published in 2015 indicated that an increasing number of young middle-class Thai women were marrying foreign men. A generation earlier, Thai women marrying foreign men had mostly been working class.


title: Asian fetish

text: Sources indicate that Sri Lanka is popular among Western "marriage bureaus" which specialize in the pairing of men who were "Europeans, North Americans and other westerners" with foreign women. The first and largest wave of Sri Lankan immigrants to Denmark were Sinhalese women who came to the country in the 1970s to marry Danish men they had met back in Sri Lanka. Statistics also show that marriages of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian men with Thai or Indian women tend to last longer than those of Indian men marrying Danish, Swedish or Norwegian wives.


title: Asian fetish

text: Filipina, Thai, and Sri Lankan women have traveled as mail-order brides to Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.


title: Asian fetish

text: Statistics detailing the sponsorship of spouses and fiancées to Australia between 1988/1989 and 1990/1991 showed that more women from the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indonesia, South Korea, and India were sponsored for citizenship than men from the same countries.


title: Asian fetish

text: Data published in 1999 indicated that an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 German men annually travelled abroad for sex tourism, with the Philippines, Thailand, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Hong Kong as their main destinations. For some White men, sex tourism to countries such as Thailand is built around a fantasy that includes the possibility of finding love and romance. This idea is based on the stereotype of "the Oriental woman" who is considered to be beautiful and sexually exciting as well as caring, compliant and submissive.


title: Asian fetish

text: According to a 2003 article, a study focused on Hmong American high school girls reported that due to dominant popular culture, girls had internalized "the image of the White American family as 'good' and 'normal,'" in contrast to their negative gender experiences in their own Hmong American households and the lack of positive depictions of Hmong or Asian people in popular culture. The girls thus doubted that marrying Hmong American men would lead to a family with gender equity that they desired. The article further detailed how the girls attempted to achieve what they saw as White traits to be attractive to White men or boys.


title: Asian fetish

text: There are relatively few representations of Asian people in Western media. Asian women in the media tend to be portrayed in two ways: as an exotic foreigner, docile and nonthreatening and sexual but also innocent; or as the nerd who is still aesthetically pleasing, but also emotionless and career-oriented. This leads many Asian women to believe that they have to be in one of these boxes. It tends to convey the message that if they are smart, they cannot be sexual; or, if they are sexual, they tend to not be aware of it. By the late 2010s, movies such as "Crazy Rich Asians" and "The Farewell" began to break these boundaries, but they are movies that center around the Asian experience, allowing for more diversity across Asian characters.


title: Asian fetish

text: Media in America that features racial diversity tends to be Black–White centered. This means that, if the character is not White, they tend to be Black. For example, the Netflix adaptation of "Dear White People" largely juxtaposes race on a Black versus White spectrum. While there is the occasional Asian or Hispanic person, they are often there for comedic value, much of which is stereotypical comedy rather than actual input into racial issues. This may make America appear to be composed only of Black people and White people, with Asians in either a limbo space, or a bubble where Asians only exist among other Asians.


title: Asian fetish

text: For Asian Americans, the ideal body is influenced by the media they see. Women tend to lean towards traits that distinguish between Asian American women and White American women. For example, one trait that is held up in Asian American communities is the double eyelid. Many Asians are born with the single-layered eyelid, but this ideal is so prevalent that people get surgery to achieve it.


title: Asian fetish

text: In her essay "Hateful Contraries: Media Images of Asian Women", British filmmaker Pratibha Parmar comments that the media's imagery of Asian women is "contradictory" in that it represents them as "completely dominated by their men, mute and oppressed" while also showing them as "sexually erotic creatures".


title: Asian fetish

text: Asian women have traditionally been stereotyped in mass media in the United States. In her essay "Lotus Blossoms Don't Bleed: Images of Asian Women", American filmmaker Renee Tajima-Peña identifies two basic stereotypes. The "Lotus Blossom Baby" is a feminine and delicate sexual-romantic object. In contrast, the "Dragon Lady" is treacherous and devious, and in some cases, a prostitute or madam. Tajima suggests that this view of Asian women contributes to the existence of the Asian mail-order bride industry in the US.


title: Asian fetish

text: It is argued that media may be furthering the progression of the Asian woman stereotype. This can be seen in movies, where the women are characterized by submissiveness. This trend is embodied within pornography, which focuses on an Asian women's stereotyped body type and her ability and desire to remain submissive to men. Asian pornography uprose when the United States government banned prostitution. But in other Asian countries, porn was supported, which lead to the accumulation and sexualization of Asian-based porn in the United States. The inability for one to truly understand another culture or production opens up more room for imagination and fantasy which eventually leads to fetishization.


title: Asian fetish

text: Asian women continue to be grossly misrepresented in the porn industry today. In 2021 Pornhub's most searched terms were hentai, Japanese, and Asian in which videos continue to depict these women through the 'evil' and 'submissive' archetypes. Jennifer Lynn Gossett and Sarah Byrne conducted a content-analysis study of 32 pornographic websites that advertised scenes depicting the rape or torture of women and found that nearly half of the sites used depictions of Asian women as victims of rape, a stark comparison to white women and women of other backgrounds.


title: Asian fetish

text: In contrast, we see Asian women as fiery dominatrices with little content in between. Hentai mirrors the same depictions of real pornography but with animations that exasperate childlike and submissive stereotypes of Asian Women but with exaggerated features of large breasts and a small waist eager to please the male character. The intent of these pornographic films is for enjoyment and capitalistic gains, but as philosopher bell hooks explains, this does not mean that the subliminal lessons are not learned by their viewers as momentary satisfaction can quickly turn into real dehumanizing unsatisfied desires. Asian American feminist Helen Zia has also argued that there is a strong connection between the portrayals of Asian Women in pornography, fetishization, dehumanization and violence against Asian women.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: Calvin Orin Ridley (born December 20, 1994) is an American football wide receiver for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama, and was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: When he was younger, Ridley played Pop Warner football in the same league as Baltimore Ravens quarterback Lamar Jackson, Arizona Cardinals wide receiver Marquise Brown and Las Vegas Raiders cornerback Trayvon Mullen, in the Pompano Beach area of Florida just four miles from the high school he would attend. Ridley attended Monarch High School in Coconut Creek, Florida, where he played high school football for the Knights. He played only three games in his senior year due to Florida age restriction rules, which doesn't allow anyone over the age of 19 and nine months to be eligible. Ridley was rated as a five-star recruit and was considered the best receiver in the class of 2015 according to 247Sports, Rivals, and ESPN. He committed to the University of Alabama to play college football on April 19, 2014.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: Ridley attended and played college football at the University of Alabama under Nick Saban. Ridley earned immediate playing time as a true freshman in 2015. In his first career game on September 5, 2015, he had three receptions for 22 yards against the University of Wisconsin. He scored his first collegiate touchdown in a victory over Louisiana-Monroe on September 26. In the following game, against Georgia, he had five receptions for 120 yards and a touchdown in the victory. He followed that up with 140 receiving yards and a touchdown in a victory over Arkansas. In the SEC Championship against Florida, he had eight receptions for 102 yards in the victory. The Alabama Crimson Tide made the College Football Playoff. In the 38–0 victory over Michigan State in the Cotton Bowl, he had 138 receiving yards and two touchdowns. In the National Championship against Clemson, he was held to six receptions for 14 yards but the Crimson Tide won the National Championship by a score of 45–40. Ridley led the SEC in receptions with 89 in 2015.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In the 2016 season, Ridley remained a strong threat for the Crimson Tide. In the second game of the season, he had nine receptions for 129 receiving yards and a touchdown against Western Kentucky. On October 1, Ridley hauled in 11 receptions for 174 yards and two touchdowns against the University of Kentucky. His 11 receptions, 174 yards, and two touchdowns were career highs. Over the remainder of the 2016 season, he had 41 receptions for 371 receiving yards and four touchdowns. Alabama once again won the SEC Championship and made the College Football Playoff. However, they fell to Clemson in a rematch in the National Championship.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In the 2017 season, Ridley started off strong with seven receptions for 82 yards and a touchdown in the 24–7 victory over Florida State. On November 11, against Mississippi State, he had five receptions for 171 receiving yards in the victory. Alabama made the College Football Playoff once again in the 2017 season. In the National Semifinal, Ridley had four receptions for 39 yards in the Sugar Bowl. In the National Championship against Georgia, he had four receptions for 32 yards and the late game-tying touchdown to help force overtime in the 26–23 victory.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: On January 10, 2018, it was announced that Ridley would forego his senior year at Alabama in favor of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: Ridley was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round with the 26th overall pick in the 2018 NFL Draft. On July 5, 2018, Ridley signed a four-year deal worth $10.9 million featuring a $6.1 million signing bonus.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: After a quiet NFL debut against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 1, he had four receptions for 64 yards and his first NFL touchdown in a 31–24 victory over the Carolina Panthers. On September 23, in Week 3, Ridley recorded seven receptions for 146 yards and three touchdowns in a 43–37 overtime loss to the New Orleans Saints. He followed that up with four receptions for 54 yards and two touchdowns in the next game against the Cincinnati Bengals.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: Ridley was named the Offensive Rookie of the Month for the month of September for collecting six touchdown receptions, which was the most in the league and tied an NFL record for a rookie in his first four games. In Week 17 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Ridley broke the Falcons single-season receiving touchdowns by a rookie record after scoring 10 touchdowns. The record was previously set by Junior Miller in 1980. Ridley finished the 2018 season leading all rookies in both receiving yards and receiving touchdowns, as well as leading all rookie wide receivers in receptions. He was named to PFWA All-Rookie Team, becoming the fourth Atlanta Falcons receiver to get this award, joining Shawn Collins (1989), Mike Pritchard (1991), and Julio Jones (2011).


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In Week 1 against the Minnesota Vikings, Ridley caught four passes for 64 yards and the first receiving touchdown of the season as the Falcons lost 12–28. In Week 2 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Ridley caught eight passes for 105 yards and a touchdown as the Falcons won 24–20. In Week 11 against the Carolina Panthers, Ridley finished with eight catches for 143 receiving yards and a touchdown as the Falcons won 29–3. In Week 14 against the Carolina Panthers, Ridley had five catches for 76 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 40–20 win. Ridley suffered an abdominal injury during the game, and was ruled out for the rest of the season. Overall, Ridley finished the 2019 season with 63 receptions for 866 receiving yards and seven receiving touchdowns.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In Week 1 against the Seattle Seahawks, Ridley recorded a career-high nine receptions for 130 yards and two receiving touchdowns as the Falcons lost 25–38. In Week 2 against the Dallas Cowboys, Ridley caught seven passes for 109 yards and two touchdowns during the 39–40 loss. Ridley tied Andre Rison for the franchise record for the most receiving touchdowns in the team's first two games of a season with four. Ridley posted his third consecutive 100-yard game in Week 3, posting five receptions for 110 receiving yards in a 26–30 loss to the Chicago Bears.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In the following week's game against the Carolina Panthers, Ridley continued his early season form, recording eight catches for 136 yards during the 23–16 loss.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In Week 14 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Ridley recorded eight catches for 124 yards and a touchdown during the 20–17 loss.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In Week 15 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Ridley recorded ten catches for 163 yards and a touchdown during the 31–27 loss.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: In Week 16 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Ridley recorded five catches for 130 yards during the 17–14 loss. Ridley was named to the Associated Press' All-Pro 2nd Team for his performance during the 2020 season. He finished the 2020 season with 90 receptions for 1,374 and nine receiving touchdowns. He was ranked 65th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: On May 3, 2021, the Falcons exercised the fifth-year option on Ridley's contract. The option guarantees a salary of $11.1 million for the 2022 season.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: On October 31, Ridley announced on Twitter that he was stepping away from football due to mental health reasons. Ridley finished the season with 31 receptions for 281 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: The NFL announced on March 7, 2022 that Ridley would be suspended indefinitely through at least the conclusion of the 2022 season for betting on games in the previous season, including on his own team. He will forfeit his base salary of $11.1M for 2022.


title: Calvin Ridley

text: On November 1, 2022, despite being suspended for the whole 2022 season, the Falcons traded Ridley to the Jacksonville Jaguars for conditional 2023 sixth-round and 2024 fourth-round picks. The 2023 pick can become a fifth-rounder if Ridley is reinstated. The 2024 pick can either become a third-rounder based on playing time or second-round pick if he signs a long-term extension.


The 2022 UEFA Europa Conference League Final was the final match of the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League, the first season of Europe's tertiary club football tournament organised by UEFA. It was played on 25 May 2022 at the Arena Kombëtare in Tirana, Albania, between Italian club Roma and Dutch club Feyenoord.


title: 2022 UEFA Europa Conference League Final

text: Roma won the match 1–0 to secure the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League title, the first club from Italy to win a UEFA competition in 12 years. As they had already qualified for the group stage of the 2022–23 UEFA Europa League via their domestic league performance, that competition's access list was rebalanced, with Feyenoord qualifying for the group stage instead of play-off round as the third place in the 2021–22 Eredivisie. If Roma had not qualified for the Champions League or the Europa League through their league performance, they would have received a place in the Europa League group stage instead.


text: The match was the first UEFA competition final to be played in Albania. The 21,690-seat Arena Kombëtare is the home stadium of the Albania national team, as well as clubs Dinamo Tirana and Partizani. Construction of the stadium began in 2016 and was completed by November 2019.


text: A bidding process was launched by UEFA to select the venues of the finals of the UEFA Europa Conference League in 2022 and 2023. Associations interested in hosting one of the finals had until 20 February 2020 to submit bid dossiers.


text: Arena Kombëtare was selected by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting on 3 December 2020.


text: This was Roma's third final in a major UEFA competition, having lost the 1984 European Cup Final to Liverpool and the 1991 UEFA Cup Final to fellow Italian club Inter Milan, who were the most recent Italian club to reach a European final – losing in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final. Roma was seeking to win their first trophy since the 2007–08 Coppa Italia, and a first European title for an Italian side since Inter won the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. Their head coach José Mourinho, having become the first manager to reach European finals with four different clubs – including the aforementioned 2010 Champions League Final, was seeking to become only the third manager – after Udo Lattek and Giovanni Trapattoni – to have won all three existing major European trophies, and the first to achieve the UEFA treble by winning the European Champion Clubs' Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup/Europa League, and UEFA Europa Conference League (in place of the now-defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup).


text: This was Feyenoord's fourth final in a major UEFA competition, having won the 1970 European Cup Final and both the 1974 and 2002 UEFA Cup finals. The first Dutch club to reach a European final since Ajax lost the 2017 UEFA Europa League Final to Mourinho's Manchester United and the most recent to win a European title, they were seeking to join Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Manchester United as the only clubs to have won all three existing major European trophies, and the first to achieve the UEFA treble by winning the European Champion Clubs' Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup/Europa League and UEFA Europa Conference League (again in place of the Cup Winners' Cup). Their head coach Arne Slot was seeking to become the first Dutch to win a European trophy since Dick Advocaat with Zenit Saint Petersburg in the 2008 UEFA Super Cup.


text: The two sides previously met twice in European competitions, in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League round of 32, with Roma won one and drew one.


text: The logo of the 2022 UEFA Europa Conference League Final was unveiled at the group stage draw on 27 August 2021 in Istanbul.


text: On 11 May 2022, UEFA announced Romanian István Kovács, a FIFA referee since 2010, would officiate the final. Kovács officiated six matches in the 2021–22 Champions League, three matches in the 2021–22 Europa League and one group stage fixture in the 2021–22 Europa Conference League season. He served as a referee at UEFA Euro 2020, where he officiated one group stage match. He also was a referee at the 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship and 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He was joined by his fellow countrymen Vasile Marinescu and Ovidiu Artene as assistant referees. Sandro Schärer of Switzerland served as the fourth official, while German Marco Fritz was appointed as the video assistant referee. Fritz's compatriots Christian Dingert and Bastian Dankert served as the assistant and support VAR officials, respectively.


text: The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the quarter-final and semi-final draws.


title: Yoo So-young

text: Yoo So-young (Hangul: 유소영; born March 29, 1986) is a South Korean actress and former member of the girl group After School. She is known for her supporting roles in Korean dramas, including "Dream High 2" and "High Society".


title: Yoo So-young

text: Yoo So-young debuted with After School's unofficial first appearance on December 29, 2008, at the SBS Song Festival, performing "Play Girlz" with Son Dam-bi. Prior to that, she made an appearance on KBS "TV Kindergarten One Two Three" as Hana; she also took part in 75th "Miss Chunhyang pageant", winning second place, in 2005. After School officially debuted in January 2009. She graduated from the group on October 29, 2009, to pursue a career in acting.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: Martha Bowes MacCallum (born January 31, 1964) is an American news host for Fox News. She is the host of "The Story with Martha MacCallum", broadcast from Manhattan. MacCallum joined the network in 2004. Her interviews with President Barack Obama, General David Petraeus, Arizona Senator and 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain, New Jersey governor Chris Christie, First Lady Laura Bush, and others have been featured on her programs.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: Martha MacCallum, the daughter of Elizabeth B. and Douglas C. MacCallum, Jr., was born and grew up in Wyckoff, New Jersey. After graduating from Ramapo High School in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, MacCallum earned her bachelor's degree in political science from St. Lawrence University in the North Country of New York State, and subsequently studied at the Circle in the Square Theatre School on Broadway, founding the Miranda Theater Company in New York. MacCallum next worked as an associate in corporate relations at Dow Jones & Company.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: MacCallum was at Wall Street Journal Television from 1991 to 1996, where she served as a business news correspondent and anchor for " The Wall Street Journal Report", "World Market Outlook", and "Business USA". In 1996, she moved to WBIS-TV, a short-lived sports and business station in New York, as an anchor and reporter.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: MacCallum was next a reporter/anchor for NBC/CNBC. She frequently contributed to "The News with Brian Williams", "Today", NBC affiliate news programs, and CNBC World before being assigned to co-anchor CNBC's "Morning Call with Martha MacCallum and Ted David". She also appeared on "Checkpoint," an evening show which examined homeland security and the War on Terror. MacCallum created the series "Inside the Business" for "Business Center", a former CNBC show.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: MacCallum joined the Fox News Channel in 2004. She hosted "The Live Desk" from 2006 to 2010 and "America's Newsroom" from 2010 to 2017. MacCallum hosted the new program, "The First 100 Days", on Fox News Channel, which debuted January 9, 2017. It was created as a replacement for "Tucker Carlson Tonight" when that program moved to the time slot formerly occupied by "The Kelly File" after Megyn Kelly's departure.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: On April 28, 2017, the show was rebranded as "The Story with Martha MacCallum". At the close of 2020, upstart Newsmax surged while MacCallum and Fox plunged in the ratings. She was demoted on January 11, when her show "The Story" was moved from the prime 7 p.m. ET time-slot to the 3 p.m. ET time-slot.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: After a mob of Trump supporters stormed the Capitol, MacCallum initially said, “This is a huge victory for these protesters. They have disrupted the system in an enormous way!” Later on during coverage of the events she called them "unsettling" and stated that "control has to be maintained." She likened the storming of the U.S. Capitol to a peaceful protest outside Josh Hawley's home a few days earlier; "The New York Times" said it was "bizarre" to link "swarms of Trump supporters breaking into the seat of democracy, an event that made worldwide news, to a small-scale incident at the home of a Republican official."


title: Martha MacCallum

text: MacCallum is a two-time recipient of the Gracie Award for Women in Journalism and has received the Soldiersocks Commitment To Serve award. Some have also been critical of her for using the term 'China Virus' for COVID-19.


title: Martha MacCallum

text: Martha MacCallum married Dan Gregory on August 22, 1992, at St. Elizabeth Church, Manhattan. Together, they have 3 children; two sons and a daughter.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The 2022–23 season is Liverpool Football Club's 131st season in existence and their 61st consecutive season in the top flight of English football. In addition to the domestic league, they are also participating in this season's editions of the FA Cup, EFL Cup and UEFA Champions League.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool kicked off the season with a 3–1 victory over Premier League champions Manchester City in the FA Community Shield for their 16th Community Shield and 68th official trophy, the latter being an English record.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The season is the first since 2015–16 without Sadio Mané, who transferred for Bayern Munich, and the first since 2014–15 without Divock Origi, who departed to AC Milan.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: Liverpool announced they would be touring South East Asia, starting with a match against rivals Manchester United in Bangkok on 12 July, followed by a trip to Singapore to face Crystal Palace on 15 July. On 16 June, the Reds announced a further two pre-season matches, against RB Leipzig and Strasbourg, and later announced another friendly against Red Bull Salzburg in Austria on 27 July.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: During the mid-season break as a result of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Liverpool announced they would be travelling to Dubai to take part in the Dubai Super Cup friendly tournament, facing Lyon and Milan on 11 and 16 December, respectively.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The club entered the competition in the third round and were drawn at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The traditional season curtain raiser was played between the previous season's league champions and FA Cup winners. As winners of the 2021–22 FA Cup, Liverpool faced 2021–22 Premier League champions Manchester City. Normally played at Wembley Stadium, this season it was played at Leicester City's King Power Stadium to avoid clashes with the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 competition.


title: 2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season

text: The round of 16 draw took place on 7 November, and Liverpool were drawn to Real Madrid, who they last met in the 2022 final.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Horatio Hornblower is a fictional officer in the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars, the protagonist of a series of novels and stories by C. S. Forester. He later became the subject of films, radio and television programmes, and C. Northcote Parkinson elaborated a "biography" of him, "The True Story of Horatio Hornblower".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Forester's series about Hornblower tales began with the novel "The Happy Return" (U.S. title "Beat to Quarters"), published in 1937. Here Hornblower is a captain on a secret mission to Central America in 1808. Later stories fill out his earlier years, starting with his unpromising beginning as a seasick midshipman. As the Napoleonic Wars progress he steadily gains promotion as a result of his skill and daring, despite his initial poverty and lack of influential friends. After surviving many adventures in a wide variety of locales he rises to become Admiral of the Fleet.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Forester's original inspiration was an old copy of the "Naval Chronicle" that described the effective dates of the Treaty of Ghent. It was possible for two countries to be at war in one part of the world after a peace was obtained months before in another because of the time required to communicate around the world. The burdens that this placed on captains far from home led Forester to invent a character struggling with the stresses of a "man alone".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: There are many parallels between Hornblower and real naval officers of the period, notably Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, Sir George Cockburn, Lord Cochrane, Sir Edward Pellew, Jeremiah Coghlan, Sir James Gordon and Sir William Hoste. The actions of the Royal Navy at the time, documented in official reports and in the "Naval Chronicle", provided much of the material for Hornblower's fictional adventures.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The name "Horatio" was inspired by the character in William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and chosen also because of its association with contemporary figures such as Nelson. The surname "Hornblower" comes from Arthur Hornblow, a Hollywood producer who was a colleague and a friend of Forester's.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Frederick Marryat has been identified as "the father of the seafaring adventure novel from which all others followed, from C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower to Patrick O'Brian's Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin". Hornblower and the eponymous protagonist of Marryat's novel "Peter Simple" both start their careers rather unpromisingly and without influential friends, but advance through hard work, honesty and bravery. Both fight duels before their careers have properly started and both are taken prisoner early in their careers.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Hornblower is courageous and intelligent, and a skilled seaman, but he is burdened by intense reserve, introspection and self-doubt, and is described as "unhappy and lonely". Despite numerous personal feats of extraordinary skill and cunning, he belittles his own achievements by numerous rationalisations, remembering only his fears. He consistently ignores or is unaware of the admiration in which he is held by his fellow sailors. He regards himself as cowardly, dishonest, and, at times, disloyal, never crediting his ability to persevere, think rapidly, organise or cut to the heart of a matter. His sense of duty, his hard work and his drive to succeed make these imagined negative characteristics undetectable by everyone but him. He obsesses over petty failures that reinforce his poor self-image. His introverted nature isolates him from the people around him, including his closest friend, William Bush, and his wives never fully understand him. He is guarded with almost everyone, unless the matter is the business of discharging his duty as a King's officer, when he is clear and decisive.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Hornblower possesses a highly developed sense of duty, though on occasion he is able to set it aside. For example, in "Hornblower and the Hotspur" he contrives an escape for his personal steward who would otherwise have been hanged for striking a superior officer. Hornblower is philosophically opposed to flogging and capital punishment, and is pained when circumstances or the Articles of War force him to impose such sentences.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: He suffers from seasickness at the start of each of his voyages. As a midshipman he becomes seasick at the sheltered roadstead of Spithead. He is tone-deaf and finds music an incomprehensible irritant: in a scene in "Hornblower and the Hotspur" he is unable to recognise the British national anthem.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: A voracious reader, he can discourse on both contemporary and classical literature. His skill at mathematics makes him both an adept navigator and a talented whist player. He uses his ability at whist to supplement his income during a poverty-stricken period of inactivity.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: With Hornblower, C. S. Forester is credited with inventing the naval historical novel. Stephanie Jones called Hornblower "the most renowned sailor in contemporary fiction".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Igor Webb noted that Forester intended to books to be read by adults, but they have become popular among adolescents as well.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Forester wrote the Hornblower series to avoid entanglements with real-world history. Hornblower is always off on another mission when a great naval victory occurs during the Napoleonic Wars.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Hornblower is born in Kent, the son of a physician. He has no inherited wealth or influential connections who can advance his career. In "The Happy Return", the first novel published, Hornblower's age is given as 37 in July 1808, implying a birth year of 1770 or 1771. However, when Forester decided to write about Hornblower's early career in the sixth novel "Mr Midshipman Hornblower", he made his hero about five years younger, giving his birth date as 4 July 1776, the date of the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence. This adjustment allows Hornblower to begin his career in wartime. He is given a classical education, and by the time he joins the Royal Navy, at the age of seventeen, he is well-versed in Greek and Latin. He is tutored in French by a penniless French émigré and has an aptitude for mathematics, which serves him well as a navigator.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Hornblower's early exploits are many and varied. He joins the Royal Navy as a midshipman where he is bullied and tries to resolve the matter with a duel. He is then transferred to under Edward Pellew and distinguishes himself. He fends off fire ships which interrupt his (failing) first examination for promotion to lieutenant. He is given command of the sloop "Le Rêve" while still only an acting lieutenant; the vessel blunders into a Spanish fleet in the fog, resulting in Hornblower's capture and imprisonment in Ferrol. During his captivity, he acquires a fluent knowledge of both Galician and Spanish, and is finally confirmed as a commissioned lieutenant. He leads a daring rescue of Spanish crewmen from a shipwreck during a storm, which leads to his being picked up by a British warship patrolling offshore; but since he had given his Spanish captors his parole that he would not escape, he insists upon being returned to captivity. The Spanish release him for his bravery.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: As a junior lieutenant, he serves in HMS "Renown" under Captain Sawyer, whose bouts of paranoia on a mission to the Caribbean strain discipline to breaking point. It is on this voyage that he begins his long friendship with William Bush, at the time his senior in rank. Due to his exploits, Hornblower is made commander, but his promotion is not confirmed when he returns to England following the Peace of Amiens. This causes him great financial distress: he has to repay the difference between a commander's pay and a lieutenant's from his meagre half pay. He uses his skill at whist to supplement his income, playing for money with admirals and other distinguished men in an officers' club.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: In 1803, renewed hostilities against France seem imminent, and Hornblower is confirmed in the rank of commander, and appointed captain of the sloop-of-war . Before sailing, he marries Maria, the daughter of his landlady, despite his doubts about the match. Maria dotes upon the irritable Hornblower in ways that he finds vexing; she annoys him both with her ignorance and hero-worship of him. However, he warms to her over the course of several books and becomes a good (though not perfect) husband to her and father to their two children, Horatio and Maria.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: After gruelling service during the blockade of Brest aboard "Hotspur", he is promised a promotion to post captain by Commander-in-Chief William Cornwallis and is recalled to England. He meets the Secretary of the Admiralty and the rank is conferred when Hornblower agrees to take part in a dangerous mission he himself has suggested: delivering forged letters to Admiral Villeneuve that lead the French fleet to sortie, leading to the British victory at Trafalgar.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Following this exploit, Hornblower is given command of the sixth-rate ship HMS "Atropos". His first task is to organise Nelson's funeral procession along the River Thames and he has to deal with the near-sinking of the barge conveying the hero's coffin.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: "Atropos" is ordered to join the British Mediterranean fleet. Hornblower is sent on a secret mission to recover gold and silver from a sunken British transport on the bottom of Marmorice Bay within the Ottoman Empire with the aid of pearl divers from Ceylon. The operation is successful, though Hornblower has a narrow escape from a Turkish warship intent on capturing the gold.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: After unloading the treasure at Gibraltar, "Atropos" and another British warship capture a large Spanish frigate after a desperate battle. In the friendly port of Palermo, Hornblower oversees the repairs of the battle damage. But just as this work is finished, the ship is given to the King of the Two Sicilies to keep him as an ally. Returning to England, Hornblower finds his two young children dying of smallpox.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Later in the timeline, but written of in the first novel in order of publication, he makes a long, difficult voyage in command of the frigate HMS "Lydia" round the Horn to the Pacific, where his mission is to support a megalomaniac, El Supremo, in his rebellion against the Spanish. He captures "Natividad", a much more powerful Spanish ship, but reluctantly has to cede it to El Supremo to placate him. When he finds that the Spanish have switched sides in the interim, he is forced to find and sink the ship he had captured—adding injury to insult, as he had given up the prize money to maintain the uneasy alliance with the madman.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Hornblower also takes on an important passenger in Panama—Lady Barbara Wellesley, the fictional younger sister of Arthur Wellesley (later to become the Duke of Wellington)—also Hornblower's future wife and the love of his life. He is at first nettled and infuriated by her forthright and outspoken manner, her ability to see easily through his reserve, and the great social gap between them. Over time, however, her beauty, strength, and intelligence win his heart, and the two become dangerously attracted to each other. Before things get out of hand, Hornblower informs Lady Barbara that he is married. She leaves the "Lydia" two days later when they rendezvous with other British ships. Hornblower fears for his career, having offended "the daughter of an earl, the sister of a marquis".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: After these exploits, he is given command of HMS "Sutherland", a seventy-four gun ship of the line. His feelings are disturbed during this period by the fact that his commander, Admiral Leighton, has recently married Lady Barbara, thereby apparently ending any hope that she and Hornblower might act on their feelings for one another. Hornblower is tormented by jealousy of Leighton, compounded by the admiral's dismissive treatment of him.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: While waiting at his Mediterranean rendezvous point for the rest of his squadron—and its commander—to arrive, he carries out a series of raids against the French along the south coast of Spain, earning the nickname "the terror of the Mediterranean". After saving Admiral Leighton's flagship, HMS "Pluto", which becomes dismasted in stormy seas, from the French battery at Rosas, he learns that a French squadron of four ships of the line has slipped the blockade at Toulon. He decides that his duty requires that he fight them at one-to-four odds to prevent them from entering a well-protected harbour. In the process, his ship is crippled, and with two-thirds of the crew incapacitated (including Lt. Bush) he surrenders to the French, but not before severely crippling three of the French ships and damaging the fourth. As a prisoner in Rosas, he witnesses the destruction of the French ships at anchor by Leighton's squadron.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: He is sent with his coxswain, Brown, and his injured first lieutenant, Bush, to Paris for a show trial and execution. During the journey, Hornblower and his companions escape. After a winter sojourn at the chateau of the Comte de Graçay, during which he has an affair with the nobleman's widowed daughter-in-law, the escapees travel down the river Loire to the coastal city of Nantes. There, he recaptures a Royal Navy cutter, the "Witch of Endor", mans the vessel with a commandeered gang of slave labourers, and escapes to the Channel Fleet.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: As a further indication of Hornblower's success, Lt. Bush is promoted into "Witch of Endor" as commander (returning with despatches to England), and shortly thereafter to post captain, with "the dockyard job at Sheerness waiting for [him]."


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: When Hornblower arrives home, he discovers that his first wife Maria has died in childbirth, that the baby boy survived, and that Lady Barbara (now widowed after Admiral Leighton died of wounds sustained during the attack on Rosas Hornblower had observed as a prisoner) has taken charge of the child, with her brothers Lords Wellesley and Wellington as godfathers.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Hornblower faces a mandatory court-martial for the loss of the "Sutherland", but is "most honourably acquitted." A national hero in the eyes of the public, and a useful propaganda tool for various politicians and the Prince Regent, he is made a Knight of the Order of the Bath and appointed a Colonel of Marines (a sinecure which confers a salary without any additional duties).


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Hornblower and Lady Barbara are now free (after a decent interval) to marry. They move to the fictional village of Smallbridge, Kent, where Hornblower, the new lord of the manor, longs for the sea.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: A return to duty comes when he is appointed to be commodore and sent with a squadron of small craft on a mission to the Baltic Sea, where he must be a diplomat as much as an officer. He foils an assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander I of Russia and is influential in the monarch's decision to resist the French invasion of the Russian Empire. While at the court of the Tsar, it is implied that he is unfaithful to Barbara, dallying with a young Russian noblewoman. He provides assistance in the siege of Riga, employing his bomb-ketches against the French army, where he meets General Carl von Clausewitz of the Prussian Army.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Ill with typhus, he returns to England. Upon his recovery, he is tasked with dealing with mutineers off the coast of France. After tricking the French into attacking the mutinous ship, he rounds up the rebels, personally shooting their ringleader as he tries to escape. When he is approached by a French official willing to negotiate the surrender of a major port, he seizes the opportunity and engineers the return of the Bourbons to France. He is rewarded by being created a peer as Baron Hornblower of Smallbridge in the County of Kent. However, his satisfaction is marred by the death in action of his friend, Bush.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: When Napoleon returns from exile at the start of the Hundred Days, Hornblower is staying at the estate of the Comte de Graçay. While there, he renews his affair with Marie de Graçay. When the French Army goes over to Napoleon en masse, Hornblower, the Count, and his family choose to fight rather than flee to Britain. He leads a Royalist guerrilla force, and causes the returned Emperor's forces much grief before his band is finally cornered; in a desperate shootout, Marie is slain, and Hornblower captured. After a brusque hearing before a military tribunal, he and the Count are both sentenced to death. However, he is granted a stay of execution and ultimately released due to Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: After several years ashore, he is promoted to rear admiral and appointed naval Commander-in-Chief of the West Indies. He foils an attempt by veterans of Napoleon's Imperial Guard to free Napoleon from his captivity on Saint Helena, captures a slave ship, and encounters Simón Bolívar's army. He also discovers a plot by Lady Barbara to engineer the escape of a Marine bandsman sentenced to death for a minor offence. He overlooks her breach of the law and reassures her of his love. While attempting to return to England, the Hornblowers are caught in a hurricane, and Horatio saves Barbara's life from the storm. In a moment of terror and desperation, she reveals that she never loved her first husband, only him. Hornblower retires to Kent and eventually becomes Admiral of the Fleet.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: His final achievement occurs at his home, when he assists a seemingly mad man claiming to be Napoleon to travel to France. That person turns out to be Napoleon III, the nephew of Hornblower's great nemesis and the future President and later Emperor of France. For his assistance, Lord Hornblower is created a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. At the end of his long and heroic career, he is wealthy, famous and contented, a beloved, indulgent husband and father, and finally free of the insecurities and self-loathing that had driven him throughout his life.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Forester provides two different brief summaries of Hornblower's career. The first was in the first chapter of "The Happy Return", which was the first Hornblower novel written. The second occurs midway through "The Commodore", when Czar Alexander asks him to describe his career. The two accounts are incompatible. The first account would have made Hornblower about five years older than the second. The second account is more nearly compatible with the rest of Hornblower's career, but it omits the time he spent as a commander in "Hornblower and the Hotspur". There are other discrepancies as well; in one account of his defeat of a Spanish frigate in the Mediterranean, he distinguished himself as lieutenant and in another he is a post-captain with less than three years seniority. In "The Happy Return", Bush is serving with Hornblower for the first time, but other books in the series set earlier in his career completely disregard that. It appears that these discrepancies arose as the series matured and accounts needed to be modified to coincide with his age and career.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: C. Northcote Parkinson wrote a fictional biography of Hornblower with the encouragement of C. S. Forester's widow, detailing his career as well as personal information. It corrects or elucidates some questionable points in the novels, and includes a confession that Hornblower kicked Captain Sawyer down the hatchway of the "Renown". It adds subsequent careers of Lord Hornblower's relatives, ending with the present Viscount Hornblower's emigration to South Africa in the late 1960s. According to Parkinson, Hornblower in later life became a director of P&O, Governor of Malta (1829–1831), Commander in Chief at Chatham (1832–1835), a viscount (in 1850), and Admiral of the Fleet, dying at the age of 80 on 12 January 1857.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: This biography has confused some readers, who have taken it as a factual work. Parkinson includes in Horatio's family tree a number of real-life Hornblowers. They include:


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: In addition, "The Hornblower Companion" includes maps showing where the action took place in the ten complete novels and Forester's notes on how they were written.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Another short story, "The Point and the Edge", is included only as an outline in "The Hornblower Companion".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The relationship between the year of publication of the stories and the historical years covered is illustrated in the diagram.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The first three novels written, "The Happy Return", "A Ship of the Line", and "Flying Colours" were collected as "Captain Hornblower R.N" (1939) by Michael Joseph and as "Captain Horatio Hornblower" (1939) by Little Brown in the US. Both a single-volume edition and a three-volume edition (in a slip case) were published.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: "Mr. Midshipman Hornblower", "Lieutenant Hornblower", and "Hornblower and the Atropos" were compiled in one book, variously titled "Hornblower's Early Years", "Horatio Hornblower Goes to Sea", or "The Young Hornblower". "Hornblower and the Atropos" was replaced by "Hornblower and the Hotspur" in later UK editions of "The Young Hornblower".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: "Hornblower and the Atropos", "The Happy Return", and "A Ship of the Line" were compiled into one omnibus edition, called "Captain Hornblower".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: "Flying Colours", "The Commodore", "Lord Hornblower", and "Hornblower in the West Indies" were presented as a third omnibus edition called "Admiral Hornblower" to fill out the series.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: "Commodore Hornblower", "Lord Hornblower", and "Hornblower in the West Indies" were also compiled into one book, called "The Indomitable Hornblower".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Four "Cadet Editions" were released by Little Brown and later by Michael Joseph, each collecting two Hornblower novels and edited for younger readers:


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The short stories "The Hand of Destiny", "Hornblower's Charitable Offering", and "Hornblower and His Majesty" plus other Hornblower material not previously published in book-form were collected in "Hornblower One More Time" (4 July 1976) though only 350 copies were printed.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: As of June 2017 Amazon offers an electronic (Kindle) omnibus, "Hornblower Addendum", consisting of the stories: "Hornblower and the Hand of Destiny", "Hornblower and the Widow McCool", "Hornblower's Charitable Offering", "Hornblower and His Majesty", and "The Last Encounter", although two of these are also included in the book "Hornblower During the Crisis".


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The Hornblower novels were all serialised in US periodicals and most also in UK periodicals. Except for the first novel "Beat to Quarters", the serialisations appeared before the books.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Ernest Hemingway is quoted as saying, "I recommend Forester to everyone literate I know," and Winston Churchill stated, "I find "Hornblower" admirable."


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The popular Richard Sharpe novels by Bernard Cornwell were inspired by the Hornblower series; Cornwell avidly read the series as a child, and was disappointed to learn that there was no similar series chronicling the Napoleonic Wars on land.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The first of Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin novels was commissioned by an editor at American publisher J. B. Lippincott & Co., who thought that it was likely that O'Brian could write more novels in the Hornblower genre.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The Richard Bolitho series by Douglas Reeman (writing as Alexander Kent) has drawn him acclaim "as the true heir to the highly successfully C. S. Forester [author of the Horatio Hornblower series of sea adventures]."


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Dudley Pope was encouraged by C. S. Forester to create his Lord Ramage series of novels set around the same period.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: Gene Roddenberry was influenced by the Hornblower character while creating the "Star Trek" characters James T. Kirk and Jean-Luc Picard. Nicholas Meyer, director of some of the "Star Trek" films, frequently cites Horatio Hornblower as one of his primary influences.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: David Weber's character Honor Harrington closely parallels Hornblower, and Weber deliberately gave her the same initials. Like Hornblower, Harrington comes from a modest background, lacking patronage of any sort, and throughout the series accrues promotions, peerages, and other honours, rising to the rank of admiral.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: The astronauts of the 1972 Apollo 17 mission to the Moon named a small crater near the landing site Horatio in honour of Horatio Hornblower.


title: Horatio Hornblower

text: In 1980, U.S. President Jimmy Carter gave his speech accepting the Democratic Party's nomination on August 14. This was notable for his gaffe intended to be a tribute to Hubert Humphrey, whom he referred to as "Hubert Horatio Hornblower".


title: Caravel

text: The caravel (Portuguese: , ) is a small maneuverable sailing ship used in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward (beating). Caravels were used by the Portuguese and Castilians for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries, during the Age of Discovery.


title: Caravel

text: Its English name derives from the Portuguese "caravela", which in turn may derive from the Latin "carabus" or in Greek, perhaps indicating some continuity of its carvel build through the ages.


title: Caravel

text: The earliest caravels originated in the thirteenth century on the coasts of Galicia and Portugal. They may well have been derived from similar Muslim craft that were used elsewhere in the Iberian Peninsula. These early caravels were used for offshore fishing and some coastal cargo carrying. They were small, lightly-built vesselsperhaps of 20 tons or less, carrying, in one regional example, a crew of 5 men. Evidence from 1388 suggests that these were . They carried a single-masted lateen rig. There is mention, in 1307, of larger caravels (up to 30 tons) in Biscaya size that can be regarded as a ship, rather than a boat. Caravels were clearly a common type in Iberia for most of the 15th century.


title: Caravel

text: The caravel became the preferred vessel for Portuguese explorers like Diogo Cão, Bartolomeu Dias or Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real, and by Christopher Columbus. They were agile and easier to navigate than the barca and barinel, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and 1 to 3 masts, with lateen triangular sails. Being smaller and having a shallow keel, the caravel could sail upriver in shallow coastal waters. With the lateen sails attached, it was highly maneuverable and could sail much nearer to the shore, while with the square Atlantic-type sails attached, it was very fast. Its economy, speed, agility, and power made it esteemed as the best sailing vessel of its time. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but did not hinder its success.