title: Spa

text: The Baden-Baden bathing procedure began with a warm shower. The bathers next entered a room of circulating, hot air for 20 minutes, spent another ten minutes in a room with temperature, partook of a vapor bath, then showered and received a soap massage. After the massage, the bathers swam in a pool heated approximately to body temperature. After the swim, the bathers rested for 15 to 20 minutes in the warm "Sprudel" room pool . This shallow pool's bottom contained an layer of sand through with naturally carbonated water bubbled up. This was followed by a series of gradually cooler showers and pools. After that, the attendants rubbed down the bathers with warm towels and then wrapped them in sheets and covered them with blankets to rest for 20 minutes. This ended the bathing portion of the treatment. The rest of the cure consisted of a prescribed diet, exercise, and water-drinking program.


title: Spa

text: The European spas provided various other diversions for guests after the bath, including gambling, horse racing, fishing, hunting, tennis, skating, dancing, golf, and horseback riding. Sight-seeing and theatrical performances served as further incentives for people to go to the spa. Some European governments even recognized the medical benefits of spa therapy and paid a portion of the patient's expenses. A number of these spas catered to those suffering from obesity and overindulgence in addition to various other medical complaints. In recent years, the elegance and style of earlier centuries may have diminished, but people still come to the natural hot springs for relaxation and health. In Germany, the tradition survives to the present day. 'Taking a cure' ("Kur") at a spa is generally covered to a large amount by both public and private health care insurance. Usually, a doctor prescribes a stay of three weeks at a mineral spring or other natural setting where a patient's condition will be treated with healing spring waters and natural therapies. While the insurance companies used to also cover meals and accommodation, many now only pay for the treatments and expect the patient to pay for transportation, accommodation, and meals. Most Germans are eligible for a "Kur" every two to six years, depending on the severity of their condition. Germans do still get paid their regular salary during this time away from their job, which is not taken out of their vacation days.


title: Spa

text: Some European colonists brought with them knowledge of the hot water therapy for medicinal purposes, and others learned the benefits of hot springs from the Native Americans. Europeans gradually obtained many of the hot and cold springs from the various Indian tribes. They then developed the spring to suit European tastes. By the 1760s, British colonists were traveling to hot and cold springs in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia in search of water cures. Among the more frequently visited of these springs were Bath, Yellow, and Bristol Springs in Pennsylvania; and Warm Springs, Hot Springs, and White Sulphur Springs (now in West Virginia) in Virginia. In the last decade of the 1700s, New York spas were beginning to be frequented by intrepid travelers, most notably Ballston Spa. Nearby Saratoga Springs and Kinderhook were yet to be discovered.


title: Spa

text: Colonial doctors gradually began to recommend hot springs for ailments. Dr. Benjamin Rush, American patriot and physician, praised the springs of Bristol, Pennsylvania, in 1773. Dr. Samuel Tenney in 1783 and Dr. Valentine Seaman in 1792 examined the water of Ballston Spa in New York and wrote of possible medicinal uses of the springs. Hotels were constructed to accommodate visitors to the various springs. Entrepreneurs operated establishments where the travelers could lodge, eat, and drink. Thus began the health resort industry in the United States.


title: Spa

text: After the American Revolution, the spa industry continued to gain popularity. The first truly popular spa was Saratoga Springs, which, by 1815, had two large, four-story, Greek revival hotels. It grew rapidly, and by 1821 it had at least five hundred rooms for accommodation. Its relative proximity to New York City and access to the country's most developed steamboat lines meant that by the mid-1820s the spa became the country's most popular tourist destination, serving both the country's elite and a more middle-class audience. Although spa activity had been central to Saratoga in the 1810s, by the 1820s the resort had hotels with great ballrooms, opera houses, stores, and clubhouses. The Union Hotel (first built in 1803 but steadily expanded over the coming decades) had its own esplanade, and by the 1820s had its own fountain and formal landscaping, but with only two small bathhouses.


title: Spa

text: As the resort developed as a tourist destination mineral bathhouses became auxiliary structures and not the central features of the resort, although the drinking of mineral water was at least followed as a pro-forma activity by most in attendance, despite nightly dinners that were elaborate and extensive. Although the ostensible purpose of the Saratoga and other New York spas was to provide access to the healthful mineral waters, their real drawing card was a complex social life and a cultural cachet. However, the wider audience it garnered by the late 1820s began to take some of the bloom off the resort, and in the mid-1830s, as a successful bid to revive itself, it turned to horse racing.


title: Spa

text: By the mid-1850s hot and cold spring resorts existed in 20 states. Many of these resorts contained similar architectural features. Most health resorts had a large, two-story central building near or at the springs, with smaller structures surrounding it. The main building provided the guests with facilities for dining, and possibly, dancing on the first floor, and the second story consisted of sleeping rooms. The outlying structures were individual guest cabins, and other auxiliary buildings formed a semicircle or U-shape around the large building.


title: Spa

text: These resorts offered swimming, fishing, hunting, and horseback riding as well as facilities for bathing. The Virginia resorts, particularly White Sulphur Springs, proved popular before and after the Civil War. After the Civil War, spa vacations became very popular as returning soldiers bathed to heal wounds and the American economy allowed more leisure time. Saratoga Springs in New York became one of the main centers for this type of activity. Bathing in and drinking the warm, carbonated spring water only served as a prelude to the more interesting social activities of gambling, promenading, horse racing, and dancing.


title: Spa

text: During the last half of the 19th century, western entrepreneurs developed natural hot and cold springs into resorts — from the Mississippi River to the West Coast. Many of these spas offered individual tub baths, vapor baths, douche sprays, needle showers, and pool bathing to their guests. The various railroads that spanned the country promoted these resorts to encourage train travel. Hot Springs, Arkansas, became a major resort for people from the large metropolitan areas of St. Louis and Chicago.


title: Spa

text: The popularity of the spas continued into the 20th century. Some medical critics, however, charged that the thermal waters in such renowned resorts as Hot Springs, Virginia, and Saratoga Springs, New York, were no more beneficial to health than ordinary heated water. The various spa owners countered these arguments by developing better hydrotherapy for their patients. At the Saratoga spa, treatments for heart and circulatory disorders, rheumatic conditions, nervous disorders, metabolic diseases, and skin diseases were developed. In 1910, the New York state government began purchasing the principal springs to protect them from exploitation.


title: Spa

text: When Franklin Delano Roosevelt was governor of New York, he pushed for a European type of spa development at Saratoga. The architects for the new complex spent two years studying the technical aspects of bathing in Europe. Completed in 1933, the development had three bathhouses — Lincoln, Washington, and Roosevelt — a drinking hall, the Hall of Springs, and a building housing the Simon Baruch Research Institute. Four additional buildings composed the recreation area and housed arcades and a swimming pool decorated with blue faience terra-cotta tile. Saratoga Spa State Park's Neoclassical buildings were laid out in a grand manner, with formal perpendicular axes, solid brick construction, and stone and concrete Roman-revival detailing.


title: Spa

text: The spa was surrounded by a natural park that had of bridle paths, "with measured walks at scientifically calculated gradients through its groves and vales, with spouting springs adding unexpected touches to its vistas, with the tumbling waters of Geyser Brook flowing beneath bridges of the fine roads. Full advantage has been taken of the natural beauty of the park, but no formal landscaping". Promotional literature again advertised the attractions directly outside the spa: shopping, horse races, and historic sites associated with revolutionary war history. New York Governor Herbert Lehman opened the new facilities to the public in July 1935.


title: Spa

text: Other leading spas in the U.S. during this period were French Lick, Indiana; Hot Springs and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and Warm Springs, Georgia. French Lick specialized in treating obesity and constipation through a combination of bathing and drinking the water and exercising. Hot Springs, Virginia, specialized in digestive ailments and heart diseases, and White Sulphur Springs, Virginia, treated these ailments and skin diseases. Both resorts offered baths where the water would wash continuously over the patients as they lay in a shallow pool. Warm Springs, Georgia, gained a reputation for treating infantile paralysis by a procedure of baths and exercise. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who earlier supported Saratoga, became a frequent visitor and promoter of this spa.


title: Spa

text: A 'body treatment', 'spa treatment', or 'cosmetic treatment' is non-medical procedure to help the health of the body. It is often performed at a resort, destination spa, day spa, beauty salon or school.


title: Spa

text: By the late 1930s more than 2,000 hot- or cold-springs health resorts were operating in the United States. This number had diminished greatly by the 1950s and continued to decline in the following two decades. In the recent past, spas in the U.S. emphasized dietary, exercise, or recreational programs more than traditional bathing activities.


title: Spa

text: Up until recently, the public bathing industry in the U.S. remained stagnant. Nevertheless, in Europe, therapeutic baths have always been very popular, and remain so today. The same is true in Japan, where the traditional hot springs baths, known as "onsen", always attracted plenty of visitors.


title: Spa

text: But also in the U.S., with the increasing focus on health and wellness, such treatments are again becoming popular.


title: Spa

text: Spa - places devoted to overall well-being through a variety of professional services that encourage the renewal of mind, body and spirit.


title: Spa

text: The International Spa and Body Wrap Association (ISBWA) is an international association for spas and body wrap centers around the world. The main concern of the ISBWA is the regulation of the industry and the welfare of the consumers. Member organisations are to adhere to the ISBWA code of ethics, which requires them to do the following:


title: Spa

text: The Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code (USPSHTC) is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Mary Jo Kopechne (; July 26, 1940 – July 18 or 19, 1969) was an American secretary, and one of the campaign workers for U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign, a close team known as the "Boiler Room Girls". In 1969, she drowned when a car driven by U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy left a narrow road on Chappaquiddick Island and overturned into Poucha Pond.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kopechne was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, although she is sometimes described as being from nearby Forty Fort, Pennsylvania. She was the only child of Joseph Kopechne, an insurance salesman, and Gwen (née Jennings), a homemaker. Kopechne was of part Polish heritage through her father. Her grandfathers both worked as coal miners in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Her family history in the Wyoming Valley area of northeastern Pennsylvania goes back 250 years on her maternal side.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: When Kopechne was an infant, her family moved to Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. She was raised Catholic and attended parochial schools. She graduated with a degree in business administration from Caldwell College for Women in 1962.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kopechne was inspired by President John F. Kennedy's inaugural command "Ask what you can do for your country". After graduation, Kopechne moved to Montgomery, Alabama, for a year at the Mission of St. Jude, which participated in the Civil Rights Movement. She also taught business classes in typing and shorthand at Montgomery Catholic High School, and was an advisor to the school newspaper. One former student recalled her as


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: "a petite strawberry blonde with pep in her step. She had confidence and a zest for life that was intriguing. ... She was humble and kind, and stood firm in her beliefs. ... Tough, but fun in the classroom, creating speed challenges, expecting accuracy, and rewarding generously."


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: By 1963, Kopechne relocated to Washington, D.C., to work as secretary for United States Senator George Smathers (D-FL). She joined the secretarial staff of Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY), following his election in November 1964. For that office, she worked as a secretary to the senator's speechwriter, and as a legal secretary to one of his legal advisers. Kopechne was a loyal worker. Once, during March 1967, she stayed up all night at Kennedy's Hickory Hill home, to type a major speech against the Vietnam War, while the senator and his aides such as Ted Sorensen made last-minute changes to it. She enthusiastically played on the Kennedy office softball team, playing catcher.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: During the 1968 U.S. presidential election, Kopechne helped with the wording of Kennedy's March speech that announced his presidential candidacy. During his campaign, she worked as one of the Boiler Room Girls; the affectionate nickname given to six young women whose office area was in a hot, loud, windowless location in Kennedy's Washington campaign headquarters. They were vital in tracking and compiling data and intelligence on how Democratic delegates from various states were intending to vote; Kopechne's responsibilities included Pennsylvania. Kopechne and the other staffers were knowledgeable politically, and were chosen for their ability to work skillfully for long, hectic hours on sensitive matters. They talked daily with field managers, and also helped distribute policy statements to strategic newspapers. She has been described as hero-worshiping the senator.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kopechne was devastated emotionally by the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy in June 1968. After working briefly for the Kennedy proxy campaign of George McGovern, she said that she could not return to work on Capitol Hill, saying: "I just feel Bobby's presence everywhere. I can't go back because it will never be the same again." But as her father later said, "Politics was her life". In September 1968, she was hired by Matt Reese Associates, a Washington, D.C., firm that helped establish campaign headquarters and field offices for politicians, and was one of the first political consulting companies. In the fall elections of 1968, Kopechne did work on the re-election campaign of Senator Joseph S. Clark, Jr. (D-PA), who eventually lost.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: She was also assigned to recruit volunteers in Colorado for former Governor Stephen McNichols's run for the Senate against incumbent Senator Peter H. Dominick (R). McNichols lost his run, and Kopechne returned to Washington, D.C. By mid-1969, she had completed work for the eventually successful mayoral campaign of Thomas J. Whelan in Jersey City, New Jersey. She was on her way to a successful professional career; one of the political professionals who worked with her in Jersey City characterized her as "an exceptionally hard-working and skillful professional who knew her craft".


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kopechne lived with three other women in the Washington neighborhood of Georgetown. She was a fan of the Boston Red Sox, and of fellow Polish-American Carl Yastrzemski. She was a devout Roman Catholic, with a demure, serious, "convent school" demeanor, and rarely drank much.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: On July 18, 1969, Kopechne attended a party on Chappaquiddick Island, off the east coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. The celebration was in honor of the dedicated work of the Boiler Room Girls, and was the fourth such reunion of Robert Kennedy campaign workers. Robert's surviving brother, Senator Ted Kennedy, was there. Kopechne reportedly left the party with Kennedy at 11:15 p.m.; according to his account, he had offered to drive her to catch the last ferry back to Edgartown, where she was staying. She did not tell her close friends at the party that she was leaving, and she left her purse and keys behind. Kennedy drove the 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88 off a narrow, unlit bridge, which lacked guardrails and was not on the route to Edgartown. The vehicle landed on its roof in Poucha Pond. Kennedy extricated himself from the vehicle and survived, but neglected to inform authorities of the accident until the next day.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Assistant Medical examiner Donald Mills signed a death certificate, listing cause of death as accidental drowning. A private funeral for Kopechne was held at St. Vincent's Roman Catholic Church in Plymouth, Pennsylvania, on July 22, 1969. The service was attended by Kennedy, his wife Joan, his sister-in-law Ethel, and hundreds of onlookers. Kopechne was buried in St. Vincent's Cemetery in Larksville, Pennsylvania, in the parish cemetery on the side of Larksville Mountain. She was among the fifth generation of her family interred in that cemetery.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: The exact time and cause of Kopechne's death is not positively known, due to conflicting witness testimony at the January 1970 inquest, and lack of an autopsy.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kennedy failed to report the incident to the authorities until the car and Kopechne's body were discovered the next morning. Kopechne's parents said that they learned of their daughter's death from Kennedy, before he informed authorities of his involvement. They learned that Kennedy had been the driver from wire press releases some time later.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: A week after the incident, Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident after causing injury. He received a two-month suspended sentence. On a national television broadcast that night, Kennedy said that he had not been driving "under the influence of liquor", nor had he ever had a "private relationship" with Kopechne. Massachusetts officials pressed for weeks to have Kopechne's body exhumed for an autopsy, but in December 1969, a Pennsylvania judge sided with the parents' request not to disturb her burial site.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: The Chappaquiddick incident and Kopechne's death became the topic of at least 15 non-fiction books, as well as a novella by Joyce Carol Oates. Even otherwise sympathetic, mainstream biographers believed there were outstanding serious questions about Kennedy's timeline of events that night, specifically his actions following the incident. The quality of the investigation has been scrutinized, particularly whether official deference was given to a powerful and influential politician and his family. The events surrounding Kopechne's death damaged Kennedy's reputation, and are regarded as a major reason why he was never able to mount a successful campaign for President of the United States and essentially chose not to pursue the office.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: But Kennedy overcame this and some lesser personal scandals to have a very long career as a Senator, and to achieve a lengthy list of major legislative accomplishments.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kennedy expressed remorse over his role in Kopechne's death in his posthumously published memoir, "True Compass" (2009).


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: But the disparity of the outcomes remained; Kennedy biographer Peter Canellos has written of the aftermath: "Every day that he lived was one that Kopechne – a talented woman with political interests of her own – would not. It seemed cosmically unfair that he should have a second act when she couldn't even complete her first."


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kopechne's parents received a $141,000 settlement from Kennedy's insurance company. They subsequently moved to Swiftwater, Pennsylvania. On the 25th anniversary of her death, in 1994, they said that Kennedy had never apologized directly to them over his role in it, but that other members of the Kennedy family had written letters to them. Their only child gone, they never felt that justice had really been done in the case.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kopechne's father died in a nursing home in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 2003. Her mother died in a nursing home in Plains Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in 2007.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: In 2015, two cousins of Kopechne's in Pennsylvania self-published the book "Our Mary Jo", which sought to emphasize the influence of her life, rather than discuss Kennedy or Chappaquiddick. It also includes some of the hundreds of condolence letters that Kopechne's parents received. Because Kopechne had been a strong believer in education and was deeply Catholic, family members started a scholarship fund in Kopechne's name at nearby Misericordia University.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: In 2017, Kopechne was portrayed by actress Kate Mara in John Curran's film "Chappaquiddick". Mara gives Kopechne a sympathetic interpretation, although much of the film takes place after her death.


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: A full biography, "Before Chappaquiddick: The Untold Story of Mary Jo Kopechne" (2020), was written by William C. Kashatus and published by Potomac Books. Kashatus has said that he spent more than a decade researching the work, inspired by Kopechne as an exemplar of the culture of the Wyoming Valley area,


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: "where the people have a strong work ethic, very strongly Catholic at that period of time, and they raised their kids to respect themselves, respect other people, and work hard. And she really represented that to me."


title: Mary Jo Kopechne

text: Kopechne and the Chappaquiddick incident are referenced in the 2019 series "For All Mankind", which depicts an alternate history where Kennedy cancels his Chappaquiddick party after Soviets land on the moon before the U.S., thus avoiding Kopechne's death; Kennedy goes on to win the 1972 Presidential election and is accused of having an extramarital affair with Kopechne, who is working as a White House aide.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Let's Make a Deal (also known as LMAD) is an American television musical comedy variety-game show that originated in the United States in 1963 and has since been produced in many countries throughout the world. The program was created and produced by Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall, the latter serving as its host for nearly 30 years.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The format of "Let's Make a Deal" involves selected members of the studio audience, referred to as "traders", making deals with the host. In most cases, a trader will be offered something of value and given a choice of whether to keep it or exchange it for a different item. The program's defining game mechanism is that the other item is hidden from the trader until that choice is made. The trader thus does not know if they are getting something of equal or greater value or a prize that is referred to as a "zonk," an item purposely chosen to be of little or no value to the trader.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: "Let's Make a Deal" is also known for audience members who dress in outrageous costumes in order to increase their chances of being selected as a trader.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The current edition of "Let's Make a Deal" has aired on CBS since October 5, 2009, when it took over the spot on the network's daytime schedule vacated by the long-running soap opera "Guiding Light". Wayne Brady is the host of the current series, with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer/assistant. Tiffany Coyne is the current model, joining in 2010, with musician Cat Gray in 2011.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Starting in fall 2020, "Let's Make a Deal" began filming with a hybrid of audience members in-studio seated in pods as well as virtual contestants playing from their homes due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (nicknamed "At-Homies"). According to executive producer John Quinn, all COVID-19 protocols are in effect during production, including social distancing, testing, masks (only for crewmembers and while off set), and personal protective equipment.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The 13th season of the current version premiered on September 13, 2021. Three primetime episodes were filmed and aired during the season. The 14th season premiered on September 19, 2022. As has been the case since Season 12, primetime episodes will air during the 2022-23 season.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The show is owned by Marcus/Glass Productions, a joint venture of Marcus Entertainment (Marcus Lemonis) and Nancy Glass following an August 2021 acquisition of Hatos-Hall assets, with Sharon Hall, a former Endemol Shine executive, as the consultant. From January 2022, CAN'T STOP media will be in charge of the format's international distribution.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: "Let's Make a Deal" first aired on NBC on December 30, 1963 as part of its daytime schedule. The show moved to ABC on December 30, 1968, where it remained until July 9, 1976; and on two occasions the show was given a weekly nighttime spot on those networks. The first syndicated edition of "Let's Make a Deal" premiered on August 30, 1971. Distributed by ABC Films, and then by its successor Worldvision Enterprises once the fin-syn rules were enacted, the series ran until 1977 and aired weekly.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: A revival of the series based in Hall's native Canada was launched in 1980 and aired in syndication on American and Canadian stations for one season. This series was produced by Catalena Productions and distributed in America by Rhodes Productions, Catalena's partner company; Catalena was forced into bankruptcy by an unpaid Monty Hall in August 1981. In the fall of 1984, the series returned for a third run in syndication as "The All-New Let's Make a Deal". Running for two seasons until 1986, this series was distributed by Telepictures.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: NBC revived "Let's Make a Deal" twice in a 13-year span. The first was a daytime series in 1990 that was the first to not be produced or hosted by Monty Hall. Instead, the show was a production of Ron Greenberg and Dick Clark, and featured Bob Hilton (best known for announcing other game shows) as host (although Hall would eventually return as guest host after Hilton's dismissal).


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: A primetime edition was launched in 2003 but drew poor ratings and was cancelled after three of its intended five episodes had aired. This version had reporter Billy Bush as host, and had a significantly larger budget.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: A partial remake called "Big Deal", hosted by Mark DeCarlo, was broadcast on Fox in 1996. In 1998 and 1999, Buena Vista Television (now Disney–ABC Domestic Television) was in talks with Stone-Stanley (the producers of "Big Deal") to create a revival hosted by Gordon Elliott, but it was never picked up. The show was one of several used as part of the summer series "Gameshow Marathon" on CBS in 2006, hosted by Ricki Lake.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: As noted above, CBS revived "Let's Make a Deal" in 2009. The revival premiered on October 5, 2009, and CBS airs the show daily at 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. in other time zones). Like the program that it replaced, the long-running soap opera "Guiding Light", affiliates can choose to air it in either time slot; most affiliates, however, prefer the early slot in order to pair the two CBS daytime game shows together (this scheduling strategy is most common in the Eastern Time Zone, where daytime shows air an hour later locally than in later time zones). Markets running the show in the later slot include Bakersfield, Baton Rouge, Chattanooga, Champaign (IL), Chicago, Dayton, Des Moines, Gainesville (FL), Houston, Jefferson City (MO), Kansas City, Las Vegas, Little Rock, Lexington (KY), Macon, Minneapolis, Nashville, New Orleans, Orlando, Peoria, St. Louis, Memphis, and Wichita.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: From September 27, 2010 to October 1, 2010, "Let's Make a Deal" and "The Price Is Right" aired two episodes a day on an alternating week. CBS did this to fill a gap between the final episode of "As the World Turns", which ended a fifty-four-year run on September 17, 2010, and the debut of "The Talk". The double-run games aired at 2:00 p.m. Eastern.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Although the current version of the show debuted in September 2009, long after "The Price Is Right" (which made the switch in 2008, first with primetime episodes in February, then daytime in September) and the two Bell created daytime soap operas had made the switch to high definition, "Let's Make a Deal" was, along with "Big Brother", one of only two programs across the five major networks that was still being actively produced in standard definition. For the start of production for its 2014–15 season in June 2014, "Let's Make a Deal" began being produced in high definition, with "Big Brother 16" making the switch later in June. "Let's Make a Deal" was the last remaining CBS program to make the switch by air date, with the first HD episode airing on September 22, 2014.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 2020, "Let's Make a Deal Primetime" on CBS was announced, making the show one of the first to appear in primetime on the three legacy networks as a regular primetime series. Three primetime episodes were announced, with the first airing October 27 as part of CBS launching both of their daytime game shows' pandemic-delayed seasons in primetime, the second on December 1 featuring guest star Phil Keoghan, and the third, a Holiday-themed episode with families on December 22. Three more primetime episodes aired during the 2021-22 season and additional primetime editions will air during the 2022-23 season.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Monty Hall was the host of nearly every episode of "Let’s Make a Deal" that aired from 1963 until 1986, and he or later his family has been involved on all versions of the show in one form or another. This encompassed the entire original daytime series, which ran until 1976, as well as the accompanying primetime episodes that aired on both NBC and ABC and the three syndicated productions that launched in 1971, 1980, and 1984. He was absent only twice during that span due to illness; in 1971 Dennis James was called on to substitute while in 1985 Geoff Edwards hosted a week of episodes while Hall recovered from a bout of laryngitis.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Bob Hilton became the new host for the NBC 1990 series; however, due to low ratings, Hilton was fired from the show and in October 1990, Hall returned to the show (but was announced as "guest host") and remained as host until the series was canceled in January 1991. Billy Bush emceed the 2003 series, with Hall making a cameo appearance in one episode.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Each "Let's Make a Deal" announcer also served as a de facto assistant host, as many times the announcer would be called upon to carry props across the trading floor. The original announcer for the series was Wendell Niles, who was replaced by Jay Stewart in 1964. Stewart remained with "Let's Make a Deal" until the end of the syndicated series in 1977. The 1980 Canadian-produced syndicated series was announced by Chuck Chandler. The 1984 syndicated series had Brian Cummings in the announcer/assistant role for its first season, with disc jockey Dean Goss taking the position for the following season. The 1990 NBC revival series was announced by Dean Miuccio, with the 2003 edition featuring Vance DeGeneres in that role.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The longest tenured prize model on "Let's Make a Deal" was Carol Merrill, who stayed with the series from its debut until 1977. The models on the 1980s series were Maggie Brown, Julie Hall (1980), Karen LaPierre, and Melanie Vincz (1984). For the 1990 series, the show featured Georgia Satelle and identical twins Elaine and Diane Klimaszewski, who later gained fame as the Klimaszewski Twins.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Hall (2010 and 2013) and Merrill (2013) both appeared on the current Brady version, each making one-week appearances. The 2013 celebration of the franchise's 50th anniversary was Hall's last official appearance on the show prior to his death, but Hall also appeared in 2017 CBS publicity shots with Brady as part of a CBS Daytime publicity photo celebrating the network's daytime ratings. Hall served as a consultant on the show from 2009 until his death, although episodes which he worked continued to air into 2018 because of taping days (Hall's death resulted in a later-season episode to be repurposed and aired earlier as a memorial episode). After the acquisition of Hatos-Hall by Marcus/Glass Productions, his daughter Sharon became a consultant to the show.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: When the current version debuted in 2009 at Las Vegas, Alison Fiori was the show's original model, lasting for much of the first season in Las Vegas before the show moved to Los Angeles. During the 2013–14 season, Danielle Demski was the show's model for most of the season while Tiffany Coyne was on parental leave, and remains as Coyne's backup when necessary, most recently during the 2019–20 season.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The original daytime series was recorded at NBC Studios in Burbank, California, and then at ABC Television Center in Los Angeles once the program switched networks in 1968. The weekly syndicated series also taped at ABC Television Center, doing so for its first five seasons. After ABC cancelled the daytime series in 1976, production of the syndicated series ceased there as well and the sixth and final season was recorded in the ballroom of the Westgate Las Vegas hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The 1980 Canadian series was taped at Panorama Film Studios in West Vancouver, British Columbia, which production company Catalena Productions used as its base of operations. "The All-New Let's Make a Deal" taped its first season of episodes in Burbank at NBC Studios, then moved to Sunset Las Palmas Studios in Hollywood, California, for the second and final season. The 1990 NBC daytime series was recorded at Disney-MGM Studios on the grounds of Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. The 2003 revival returned production to Burbank.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The current edition of the series first originated from the Tropicana in Las Vegas. The show returned to Hollywood in 2010, first at Sunset Bronson Studios from 2010-2015 and later at Raleigh Studios from 2015-2017. In 2017, the show moved to Saticoy Studios in Van Nuys, California. As of 2022, the show tapes at Quixote Studios in Sylmar, California.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The theme music for the 1963-77 versions was composed by Sheldon Allman. The theme, along with all incidental music, was performed by an in-studio combo led by Ivan Ditmars, consisting of an electric organ, guitar, drums, and on the nighttime version, a harp. In some seasons of the nighttime show, the combo was further augmented by a horn section. The final season of the nighttime show taped in Las Vegas eliminated the in-studio band in favor of pre-recorded tracks, due to Ivan Ditmars' retirement.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The 1980-81 theme, composed by Stan Worth, was an updated version of the original theme, with more of a disco sound.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The 1984-86 version featured a brand new theme provided by Score Productions, although original composer Sheldon Allman returned as music director for the first season. Todd Thicke replaced Allman in that role for the second season. Both music directors utilized music from previous Hatos-Hall shows, such as "Split Second", as incidental cues during the show.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The 2009 revival features another new theme composed by Brian Teed. Since 2011, keyboardist Cat Gray has provided in-studio musical accompaniment.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Each episode of "Let's Make a Deal" consists of several "deals" between the host and one or more members of the studio audience, referred to as "traders." Audience members are picked at the host's whim as the show moves along, and married couples are often selected to play together as traders. The deals are mini-games within the show that take several formats.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In the simplest format, a trader is given a prize or cash amount of medium value (on the order of a few hundred dollars), and the host offers them the opportunity to trade for an unknown prize. This latter item may be concealed on the stage behind one of three curtains, within a large "box" onstage (large panels painted to look like a box), inside a smaller box carried on a tray, or occasionally in other formats. On occasion, the initial prize may itself be hidden behind a curtain, or in a box or some other container.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Technically, traders are supposed to bring something to trade in, but this rule has seldom been enforced. On several occasions, a trader is actually asked to trade in an item such as their shoes or purse, only to receive the item back at the end of the deal as a "prize". On at least one occasion, the purse was taken backstage and a high-valued prize such as the ignition key to a new car was placed inside of it.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Prizes generally consist of either cash or merchandise with genuine value, such as a trip, electronics, furniture, appliances, or a car. At times, a small prize (typewriter, pocket tape recorder, etc.) may contain a cash bonus or a written/recorded message awarding cash or a larger prize to a trader who has chosen it. Traders who choose boxes or curtains are at risk of receiving booby prizes called "zonks," which can be outlandish items (live animals, junked cars, giant articles of clothing, etc.) or legitimate prizes with relatively very little value (wheelbarrows, giant teddy bears, piles of food, etc.). On rare occasions, a trader receives a zonk that proves to be a cover-up for a valuable prize, such as a fur coat hidden inside a garbage can.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Though usually considered joke prizes, traders legally win the zonks. However, after the taping of the show, any trader who had been zonked is offered a consolation prize (currently $100) instead of having to take home the actual zonk. This is partly because some of the zonks are impractical or physically impossible to receive or deliver to the traders (such as live animals or a stagehand wearing an animal costume), or the props are owned by the studio. A disclaimer at the end of the credits of later 1970s episodes read "Some traders accept reasonable duplicates of zonk prizes." Starting in the 2012–13 season, CBS invited viewers to provide zonk ideas to producers. At the end of the season, the viewer whose zonk was judged the most creative won $2,500, and other viewers' zonk ideas were also used. Whenever a viewer-submitted zonk appeared on the show, the announcer credited its originator. The contest has been continued throughout the past several seasons after its 2012 introduction.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: As the end credits of the show roll, it is typical for the host to ask random members of the studio audience to participate in fast deals. In the current Wayne Brady version, these are often referred to as "quickie deals", and are conducted by the host, announcer, and model each. CBS will post information on the show's Twitter address (@LetsMakeADeal) days before taping to encourage audience members to carry certain items in their pockets in order to win an additional $100-$500 when the host, announcer, or model approaches them at the end of the show and asks to see such items. The deals are usually in the form of the following:


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Starting with the 2021-22 season as the show modified its format due to the COVID pandemic, players at home play the Quickie Deals round the same way as the in-studio contestants.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Deals are often more complicated than the basic format described above. Additionally, some deals take the form of games of chance, and others are played as pricing games.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Depending on the game, the trader is given the opportunity to stop playing at various points, keeping any cash/prizes already won or accepting an offer of a guaranteed prize, or continue to play and risk losing everything.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Other deals related to pricing merchandise are featured in order to win a larger prize or cash amount. Sometimes traders are required to price individual items (either grocery products or smaller prizes generally valued less than $100) within a certain range to win successively larger prizes or a car. Other times traders must choose an item that a pre-announced price, order grocery items or small prizes from least to most expensive, or two items with prices that total a certain amount to win a larger prize. These games are not used on the CBS version because of their similarities to "The Price is Right".


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: On the CBS version, due to the similarities of the pricing game concept with "The Price Is Right", quiz games are used instead. These deals involve products in the form of when they were introduced to the market, general knowledge quizzes, currency exchange rates (at the time of taping), or knowledge of geography of trips to certain locales used as prizes.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The Big Deal serves as the final segment of the show and offers a chance at a significantly larger prize for a lucky trader. Before the round, the value of the day's Big Deal is announced to the audience.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The process for choosing traders (two up to 2003, one since 2009) has remained the same. Starting with the highest winner, the host asks traders if they wanted to trade in everything they had won to that point for a chance to choose one of three numbered doors on the stage. The process continued until a trader agreed to play; up to 2003, the procedure continued until a second trader was chosen. In two-player games until 2003, the trader who was the bigger winner earned first choice of the doors, and the other trader then chose from the remaining two.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Each of the doors conceals either a prize package of some sort, or a cash award hidden inside a prop such as a bank vault, piggy bank, or blank check. On occasion, a door containing an all-cash prize is opened before the traders make their choices, but the amount of the prize is not revealed. Frequently but not always, the value of the "Low" Door (the lowest-valued door) is less than the value of the player's original winnings, while the "Medium" Door's value is at least $1,000 more than the player's traded winnings.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: When the Big Deal is not behind the selected door, one of the non-Big Deal doors is opened first, then the chosen door, with the Big Deal revealed last, although second on rare occasions. If that occurs, the contestant is told they’ll still get something great. If the Big Deal door is selected, the other two doors are usually revealed first, although on rare occasions, the Big Deal door has been revealed second, after one of the other two doors (usually the "Medium" door) is revealed.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The Big Deal prize is usually the most extravagant on each episode, and is often a car, a vacation with first-class accommodations, or a collection of high-value furniture/appliances. On occasion, the Big Deal consists of one of the all-cash prizes mentioned above; at other times, a cash bonus is added to the prizes in the Big Deal to bring the total up to the announced value. On other occasions, the prize consists of "Everything in the Big Deal," which awards the cash/merchandise behind all three doors to the trader who chooses it.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Traders who have won zonks become eligible for the Big Deal only if not enough winners of actual cash/prizes volunteer to play. The Big Deal is the only time during the show in which participants are guaranteed to receive a genuine prize, although that prize could always be far less in value than the prize(s) the contestant traded away. (There was a deliberately placed Zonk in a door during the pilot episode, which was not chosen, but it has never been allowed in a legal episode for broadcast.)


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: During the 1975–76 syndicated season, winners of the Big Deal were offered a chance to win the "Super Deal". At this point, Big Deals were limited to a range of $8,000 to $10,000. The trader could risk their Big Deal winnings on a shot at adding a $20,000 cash prize, which was hidden behind only one of three mini-doors onstage. The other two doors contained cash amounts of $1,000 or $2,000; however, the $1,000 value was later replaced with a "mystery" amount between $1,000 and $9,000. A trader who decided to play risked their Big Deal winnings and selected one of the mini-doors. If the $20,000 prize was behind the door, the trader kept the Big Deal and added the $20,000 prize, for a potential maximum total of $30,000. However, if a trader selected one of the other two doors, he or she forfeited the Big Deal prizes but kept the cash amount behind the door. The Super Deal was discontinued when the show permanently moved to Las Vegas for the final season (1976–77), and Big Deal values returned to the previous range of $10,000 to $15,000.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: From 2012 to 2016 of the Brady version, the Super Deal was offered as a limited event (usually for a week of shows promoted as "Super Deal Week") and was not played regularly. The show designated one or two weeks of episodes, typically airing during a special event (e.g., the 500th episode, 50th anniversary of franchise, etc.). In this version, the top cash prize was $50,000 while the other two cash prizes were $1,000 and $2,000. In addition, instead of using mini-doors, the cash amounts were hidden in three large colored envelopes of red, green, and blue, respectively referred by Brady as ruby, emerald, and sapphire.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In the 2019 premiere week, a variant called “Trip-Tastic” was played. At three random points in the game, Tiffany will show the dealer a golden ticket. This ticket allows them to play Trip-Tastic. The round is played as follows: the three envelopes, ruby, emerald, and sapphire, are now attached to a map of the Earth. The first ticket holder makes a choice. Then, the second chooses between the remaining 2, leaving one envelope for the last ticket holder. After that, Wayne will reveal the envelope holding $500. Then he opens another envelope. The one that has the ticket, wins not one, not two but three trips. The others leave with $500 and $1,000, respectively.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: For season premiere weeks in 2015 and 2016 of the Brady version, Big Deal of the Day winners had an opportunity to win every non-zonk, non-cash prize from that day's episode as a "Mega-Deal". Prior to the start of the Big Deal, the contestant picked both a Big Deal curtain and one of seven Mega Deal cards (reduced by one for each day that the Mega Deal was not won that week). Unlike the Super Deal, the contestant does not risk their winnings in the Mega Deal. Only if the contestant won the Big Deal would the contestant's card be revealed. If the card was the Mega Deal, they won every non-zonk, non-cash prize on the show that day. Regardless, at the end of the Big Deal, whichever door was chosen was the contestant's to keep.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The week of May 9, 2016 was designated "Mash-Up Week." During each of the five broadcast days, "Deal" and sister show "The Price Is Right" each featured one game from the other's lineup. The games were slightly modified to reflect the nature of the shows on which they were played; those on "TPIR" required contestants to price items, while those on "Deal" used random draws and the offer of cash/prize deals to stop a game early. "Mash-Up Week" returned to both shows the week of March 23, 2020.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Mondays are Mega Money Mondays, meaning that one player was guaranteed to win a large amount of cash. The amount was usually $10,000, but could be as much as $50,000. The prize could either be offered as the main prize for a Trading deal, or added on as an additional prize to another prize package. On occasion, it has even been hidden in a Zonk prize. On at least one occasion, since it had not been won during regular game play, the $10,000 was given as a prize for a Quickie Deal at the end of the show (in this case, it was substituted for the usual $500 prize given to a Twitter follower for bringing the requested item of the day).


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Fridays are Fabulous Car Fridays, where one Trading game was played for a car worth over $30,000. These have included BMWs, Porsches, Mercedes-Benzes and--one one occasion--a Lamborghini worth over $347,000. On these shows, the game with the car is the only one played for a car as the main prize (other episodes usually have two "car games"); typically, the other "car game's" prize is replaced by a cash amount of $10,000, $15,000 or $20,000.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Upon the original "Let's Make a Deal"s debut, journalist Charles Witbeck was skeptical of the show's chances of success, noting that the previous four NBC programs to compete with CBS's "Password" had failed. Some critics described the show as "mindless" and "demeaning to traders and audiences alike".


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: By 1974, however, the show had spent more than a decade at or near the top of daytime ratings, and became the highest-rated syndicated primetime program. It was so popular that, when Hall moved the "Let's Make a Deal" to ABC because of a contract dispute, doing so greatly damaged NBC's daytime ratings and greatly improved ABC's. The show held the world's record for the longest waiting list for tickets in show-business history; there were 350 seats available for each show, and a wait time of two to three years after requesting a ticket.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 2001, "Let's Make a Deal" was ranked as #18 on "TV Guide"s list of "The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time". In 2006, GSN aired a series of specials counting down its own list of the "50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time", on which "Let's Make a Deal" was #7.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 2014, the American series won a Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song for "30,000 Reasons to Love Me", composed by Cat Gray and sung by Wayne Brady.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: Rights were formerly held by RTL Group worldwide, but under current owners Marcus Lemonis and Nancy Glass, international rights are held by Can't Stop Media except for countries where it currently is produced by RTL. The show has been licensed the show to 22 countries.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 1964, Milton Bradley released a home version of "Let's Make a Deal" featuring gameplay somewhat different from the television show. In 1974, Ideal Toys released an updated version of the game featuring Hall on the box cover, which was also given to all traders on the syndicated version in the 1974–75 season. An electronic tabletop version by Tiger Electronics was released in 1998. In the late summer of 2006, an interactive DVD version of "Let's Make a Deal" was released by Imagination Games, which also features classic clips from the Monty Hall years of the show. In 2010, Pressman Toy Corporation released an updated version of the box game, with gameplay more similar to the 1974 version, featuring Brady on the box cover.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 1999, the website BuyBidWin.com licensed the rights to "Let's Make a Deal" as it launched a website featuring Monty Hall.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 1999, Shuffle Master teamed up with Bally's to do a video slot machine game based on the show with the voice and likeness of Monty Hall.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 2004, IGT (International Gaming Technology) did a new video slot game based on the show still featuring Monty Hall.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 2004, the now defunct website GameShow24.com was going to release a beta game based on "Let's Make a Deal".


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: In 2013, Aristocrat Technology did an all-new video slot machine game based on the Wayne Brady version.


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The Monty Hall Problem, also called the Monty Hall paradox, is a "veridical paradox" because the result appears impossible but is demonstrably true. The Monty Hall problem, in its usual interpretation, is mathematically equivalent to the earlier Three Prisoners problem, and both bear some similarity to the much older Bertrand's box paradox. The problem examines the counterintuitive effect of switching one's choice of doors, one of which hides a "prize".


title: Let's Make a Deal

text: The problem has been analyzed many times, in books, articles and online. In an interview with "The New York Times" reporter John Tierney in 1991, Hall gave an explanation of the solution to that problem, stating that he played on the psychology of the trader, and why the solution did not apply to the case of the actual show.


title: Michelada

text: A michelada (Spanish pronunciation: [mitʃeˈlaða]) is a Mexican drink made with beer, lime juice, assorted sauces (often chili-based), spices, and chili peppers. It is served in a chilled, salt-rimmed glass. There are numerous variations of this beverage throughout Mexico.


title: Michelada

text: In Mexico City, the most common form is prepared with beer, lime, salt, and particular hot sauces or chile slices. There are several other optional ingredients, such as Maggi sauce, soy sauce, Tajín, Worcestershire sauce, chamoy powder, serrano peppers, or clamato.


title: Michelada

text: One involves a woman named Michel Ésper at Club Deportivo Sinaloa in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. In the 1960s, Ésper began to ask for his beer with lime, salt, ice, and a straw, in a cup called "chabela", as if it were a beer lemonade (limonada). Members of the club started asking for beer as "Michel's lemonade", with the name shortening over time to Michelada. As time went by, other sauces were added to the original recipe. Today, it contains the same ingredients as a chelada, but contains ice and chile powder on the rim.


title: Michelada

text: Another etymology states that "michelada" is a portmanteau of "mi chela helada". The word "chela" is a popular term for a cold beer in Mexico; therefore the phrase "mi chela helada" means "my ice cold beer".


title: Michelada

text: In the 2010s, major U.S. beer producers began marketing "cervezas preparadas", illustrating the wide variety of recipes in the chelada/michelada category and acknowledging its popularity among the country's Latin American population, along with the increasing popularity of the drink outside of the Latin American population.


title: Michelada

text: In 2007, Miller Brewing Company began producing Miller Chill, a "Chelada-style light lager with a hint of salt and lime". Anheuser-Busch makes Budweiser Chelada and Bud Light Chelada, a combination of lager, clamato, lime juice, and salt. In 2012, Tecate began offering a michelada flavored with lime and spices. In 2015, Cervecería Centro Americana, a Guatemalan Brewery, released a Michelada under the trade name Dorada Draft Michelada Chiltepe. The beverage is spiced with chipotle peppers, the most widely used peppers in the region.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK; ), translated as the Chinese Proficiency Test, is the standardized test of Standard Chinese (a type of Mandarin Chinese) language proficiency of Mainland China for non-native speakers such as foreign students and overseas Chinese. The test is administered by Hanban, an agency of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The test cannot be taken in Taiwan, where only the Taiwan's TOCFL exam can be taken. In turn, the TOCFL exam is not available in Mainland China.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: Development of the HSK test began in 1984 at Beijing Language and Culture University, and was officially made a national standardized test in 1992. By 2005, over 120 countries had participated as regular host sites and the tests had been taken around 100 million times (domestic ethnic minority candidates included). The general count of candidates from outside of China is stated as being around 1.9 million. In 2011, Beijing International Chinese College became the first HSK testing center to conduct the HSK test online.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The HSK test is analogous to the English TOEFL, and an HSK certificate is valid without any limitation in China. The test aims to be a certificate of language proficiency for higher educational and professional purposes. It is not uncommon to refer to a standard or level of proficiency by the HSK level number, or score. For example, a job description might ask for foreign applicants with "HSK5 or better."


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The HSK is administered solely in Mandarin and in simplified Chinese characters; however, if the exam is paper-based, the test-taker can choose to write the writing assignments in simplified or in traditional characters, at their discretion. The test can be either paper-based or Internet-based, depending on what the specific test center offers. With an Internet-based test, the writing part with characters (from HSK 3 on) is subjectively and slightly easier, as one types the pinyin and selects the right character from the list, while with a paper-based test, one must remember the characters, their strokes and their order, and write them out.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: In 2020, an internal Chinese academic paper discussed that the Chinese Proficiency Standards would undergo a change: a hybrid paradigm of "Three Stages and Nine Levels" characterized by all-in-one integration. The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China announced further details regarding HSK 3.0 on April 1, 2021. Among the information shared was a wordlist for each individual stage, and a date for the introduction of the new test—July 1, 2021. As of April 2022 no HSK 3.0 tests have been rolled out and only a single preparation book for the basic levels has been published, additionally the HSK 2.0 test format is still in use. An update on the official HSK website suggests, that the April 2021 date only signified the start date for the conception of the new HSK 3.0. New practice materials for the intermediate and advanced levels are expected to be released in the third or fourth quarter of 2022. One of the main problems with the current HSK test is that it does not follow the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CETR). For example, HSK 6 was nowhere close to Near Native C2 in English, and so on.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The new test is meant to follow the latest research in the field of language studies and testing. The basic levels (roughly corresponding to CEFR A1/A2) should test from 500 to 2245 words, the intermediate levels (roughly corresponding to CEFR B1/B2) from 3245 to 5456 words, the advanced levels (roughly corresponding to CEFR C1/C2) from about 6000 to 11000 words.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The intermediate levels should test the ability to understand slightly modified authentic materials or authentic materials written/spoken in a clear manner and intended for educated mother tongue speakers: materials concerning everyday topics, simple articles, simple commentaries and critiques found in newspapers and magazines.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The advanced levels should test the ability to understand longer, more complicated and abstract materials: extracts from authentic sources such as textbooks for Chinese university students, Chinese magazine and essays, extracts from modern Chinese literature, interviews and extracts from Chinese media. Moreover, Classical Chinese expressions and grammatical structures used in modern formal Chinese should be included too.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The previous format was introduced in 2010, with a philosophy of testing "comprehensive language and communication ability". Most notable are the inclusion of written segments at all levels (not just in the Advanced levels as in the pre-2010 test), a reform of the ranking system, and the use of new question structures. Complete vocabulary lists, previous tests, and simulated tests are available as preparation materials. A minor update of the vocabulary lists was made in 2012.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The HSK consists of a written test and an oral test, which are taken separately. This oral test is also known as the HSKK or .


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The Listening, Reading and Writing tests each have a maximum score of 100. HSK 1 and 2 therefore have a maximum score of 200 with 120 points required to pass. HSK 3 and 4 have a maximum of 300 points with 180 points required to pass. There is no minimum number of points required for each of the sections as long as the sum is over 120 or 180 points respectively.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: HSK 5 and 6 also have a maximum of 300 points and originally required a score of 180 points to pass. However, since a decision made in February 2013, there has been no official passing score for either HSK 5 or 6.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: Hanban provides examples of the exam for the different levels together with a list of words that need to be known for each level. These examples are also available (together with the audio for the Listening Test) on the websites of the Confucius Institute at QUT and HSK Academy.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The written version is now available in two forms, a computer and a paper based test. Both tests are still held at test centers, the differences between the two are as follows:


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The HSKK test is a separate test. However, the three HSKK levels correspond with the six HSK levels of the written test.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: In 2010, Hanban asserted that the HSK's six levels corresponded to the six levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) However, the German and French associations of Chinese language teachers reject this equivalency, arguing that HSK Level 6 is only equivalent to CEFR Level B2 or C1.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: Formerly, there were 11 possible ranks (1-11) and 3 test formats (Basic, Elementary/Intermediate, and Advanced). A rank of between 3 and 8 was needed to enroll in a Chinese university, depending on the subject being studied. A score of 9 or higher was a common business standard.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: A student taking the Basic test (HSK) could attain a rank of 1 through 3 (1-3), or fail to meet requirements and thus not receive a rank. The Elementary/Intermediate test (HSK) covered ranks 3-8 (3-8), with ranks below 3 not considered. Likewise, the Advanced test (HSK) covered ranks 9-11 (9-11), with scores below 9 not considered.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The previous format for both Basic and Elementary/Intermediate HSK included four sections: listening comprehension, grammar structures, reading comprehension, and written expressions. Aside from the written expressions portion (which requires writing of Chinese characters), these two tests were completely multiple-choice. The Advanced HSK however, added an additional two portions: spoken and written.


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The HSK is held at designated test centers in China and abroad. A list of test centers can be found at the HSK website. Test dates are published annually and written tests are more frequently held than spoken ones, generally around once a month, depending on the test center. Test registration is usually open until 30 days prior to the actual test date for the paper-based test or around 10 days prior the actual test date for the computer-based test. Results are generally available around 30 days after completion (but no definite date is given for results).


title: Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

text: The test cannot be taken in Taiwan (The Republic of China). In Taiwan, only the TOCFL exam can be taken. Conversely, the TOCFL can not be taken in Mainland China, Macau and Hong Kong.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: See How They Run is a 2022 comedy mystery film directed by Tom George, written by Mark Chappell and produced by Damian Jones and Gina Carter. The film stars Sam Rockwell, Saoirse Ronan, Adrien Brody, Ruth Wilson, Reece Shearsmith, Harris Dickinson and David Oyelowo.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: "See How They Run" was released theatrically by Searchlight Pictures in the United Kingdom on 9 September 2022 and in the United States on 16 September. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $22 million worldwide.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: In 1953 London, Agatha Christie's play "The Mousetrap" celebrates its 100th performance, and sleazy American director Leo Köpernick has been hired by producer John Woolf to allow him to direct the film adaptation. After Köpernick's drunken behaviour towards the female lead Sheila Sim leads to a fistfight with her husband and co-star Richard Attenborough, Köpernick is killed backstage by an unseen assailant.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: Inspector Stoppard investigates the murder, shadowed by the inexperienced Constable Stalker. Everyone at the theatre is declared a suspect and a potential victim, including the play's producer Petula Spencer and Woolf's wife Edana Romney. Stoppard attempts to close the theatre until the murder is solved, but the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Harold Scott, intervenes, assigning Stalker to assist in the investigation.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: Stoppard and Stalker search Köpernick's room at the Savoy Hotel, finding his address book of women's details. The hotel manager recalls Köpernick's violent argument with screenwriter Mervyn Cocker-Norris, who admits to arguing with Köpernick over the director's vision for an action-packed ending for "The Mousetrap" film. Mervyn, who lives with his hot-headed "nephew" Gio, remembers a "plain woman" arriving at the hotel with Köpernick's son.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: Stoppard and Stalker question Woolf, who was blackmailed by Köpernick after he discovered Woolf's affair with his assistant, Ann. Dennis, an usher at the theatre, offers an unhelpful description of a suspicious figure; Attenborough and Sim are questioned as well. Spencer explains that she optioned "The Mousetrap"s film rights to Woolf, but he would be contractually unable to produce the adaptation until the show had closed.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: At a pub, Stoppard bonds with Stalker and reveals that his unfaithful wife left him after having a child with another man. Driving a drunken Stoppard home, Stalker finds news articles and a picture of his ex-wife, fitting Mervyn's description of a "homely woman with glasses". Combined with Dennis' description, this leads Stalker to suspect Stoppard may be the killer, and she searches for his ex-wife in Köpernick's address book.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: Stoppard and Stalker attend a performance of "The Mousetrap", during which Mervyn, Woolf, Dennis, Gio and Stoppard leave the auditorium; Stalker soon follows after watching Stoppard retrieve his gloves. In the foyer, Mervyn is strangled to death by a gloved figure. Stalker spots Stoppard kneeling over the body and gives chase, knocking him unconscious with a snow shovel.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: Stoppard awakens in a cell, and Stalker and Scott accuse him of carrying out the murders. Stalker has summoned Joyce, the mother of Köpernick's son, but she is not Stoppard's ex-wife, exonerating him. Stalker escorts Joyce and her son home, and Joyce mentions overhearing a man with a "village idiot" accent. Reading through Mervyn's research on "The Mousetrap", Stoppard realises the identity of the killer and races to the suspect's apartment, where Stalker has already burst inside and found the necessary evidence: the killer is Dennis.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: Attenborough, Sim, Woolf, Ann, Spencer and her elderly mother arrive at the home of Agatha Christie in Wallingford, Berkshire, having received invitations to dinner. The butler Fellowes is perplexed by their arrival, but Christie's husband, Max Mallowan, allows them inside. The group are held at gunpoint by Dennis, whom Spencer's mother recognises as Dennis Corrigan, an abused child whose brother's death inspired the plot of "The Mousetrap". Dennis explains that he killed Köpernick and Mervyn in an attempt to stop the play and its adaptation, disgusted by the exploitation of his brother's tragedy for entertainment.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: Having forged the invitations to lure everyone together, Dennis has captured Edana, mistaking her for Christie. Christie enters with tea, including a poisoned cup for Dennis which Fellowes inadvertently drinks instead. An armed Stoppard arrives and a shootout ensues; Sim distracts Dennis with a molotov cocktail, and Stalker nearly takes a bullet to save Stoppard, matching Köpernick's story pitch, before Agatha dispatches Dennis with a shovel. It is revealed that the bullet did, in fact, hit Stoppard. Some time later, Stalker passes her sergeant's exams and a recovering Stoppard receives the King's Police and Fire Services Medal, and they attend another performance of "The Mousetrap" together.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: The film was announced in November 2020 as an untitled mystery film from Searchlight Pictures, with Tom George on board to direct from a screenplay by Mark Chappell. Filming wrapped by April 2021. The title was revealed to be "See How They Run" in July 2021.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: "See How They Run" was theatrically released in the UK on 9 September 2022, and in the US on 16 September. The film was originally set for a 30 September release in the US, but was brought forward by two weeks due to "the lack of major studio product" late in the year.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: , "See How They Run" has grossed $9.6 million in the US and Canada, and $12.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $22 million.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: The film made $1.1 million on its first day and went on to debut to $3.1 million from 2,404 cinemas, finishing fourth at the box office. The film made $1.9 million in its second weekend and $1 million in its third.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: According to the streaming aggregator JustWatch, "See How They Run" was the 8th most streamed film across all platforms in the United States, during the week of 31 October to 6 November 2022, and the 10th during the week of 7 November to 13 November 2022.


title: See How They Run (2022 film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes sampled 190 critics and judged 75% of the reviews positive, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website states the film "may not do itself many favors by asking for Christie comparisons, but this is still one fun whodunit". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: "867-5309/Jenny" is a 1981 song written by Alex Call and Jim Keller and performed by Tommy Tutone that was released on the album "Tommy Tutone 2", on the Columbia Records label. It peaked at No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in May 1982, and No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in April 1982.


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: Lead guitarist Jim Keller, interviewed by "People" in 1982, said: "Jenny is a regular girl, not a hooker. Friends of mine wrote her name and number on a men's room wall at a bar. I called her on a dare, and we dated for a while. I haven't talked with her since the song became a hit, but I hear she thinks I'm a real jerk for writing it."


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: On March 28, 2008, Tommy Tutone lead singer Tommy Heath stated on the "WGN Morning News" that the number was real and it was the number of a girl he knew. As a joke, he wrote it on a bathroom wall in a motel where they were staying. "We laughed about it for years," he said.


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: However, in a June 2004 interview with "Songfacts", co-writer Alex Call explained his version of the song's real origins:


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: "There was no Jenny," Call also told a Tampa, Florida, columnist in June 2009. "The number? It came to me out of the ether."


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: The song, released in late 1981, initially gained popularity on the American West Coast in January 1982; many who had the number soon abandoned it because of unwanted calls.


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: Asking telephone companies to trace the calls was of no use, as Charles and Maurine Shambarger (then in West Akron, Ohio at +1-216-867-5309) learned when Ohio Bell explained: "We don’t know what to make of this. The calls are coming from all over the place." A little over a month later, they disconnected the number and the phone became silent.


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: In some cases, the number was picked up by commercial businesses or acquired for use in radio promotions.


title: 867-5309/Jenny

text: Singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen's 2007 single "Radio Nowhere" features a set of guitar riffs at the beginning that many fans considered particularly similar to "867-5309/Jenny", although the lyrics and the tone of the two songs are quite different. Regarding legal action, Heath said "I think it's close enough that if I wanted to, I could work with it... I don't really get into that sort of thing, but the kids do need braces, so maybe I will." He later clarified that he had no interest in suing and felt "really honored at a similarity, if any."


title: Observational comedy

text: Observational comedy is a form of humor based on the commonplace aspects of everyday life. It is one of the main types of humor in stand-up comedy. In an observational comedy act, the comedian makes an observation about something which is common enough to be familiar to their audience, but not commonly discussed. Such observations are typically presented with the phrase "Have you ever noticed...?" or "Did you ever notice...?" which has become a comedy cliché.


title: Observational comedy

text: British comedians Richard Herring and Jo Caulfield wrote in an article that observational comedy relies upon the fact that the observation is "universally familiar" but that it "won't necessarily have been consciously noted by your audience", arguing that the statements can be neither too obvious nor too obscure. Similarly, Eddie Izzard noted that a comedian's observations need to be relatable in order to be successful. Douglas Coupland claims that "it takes a good observational comedian to tell you what, exactly, is the 'deal'" with the phenomenon they are observing, and describes ideal topics for observational comedy as "those banalities and fragments of minutiae lurking just below the threshold of perception".


title: Observational comedy

text: Although observational comedy became popular in the United States in the 1950s, one author suggests that even much older jokes commented on human nature in comparable ways. Shelley Berman was one of the pioneers in the field. Other influential observational comics include David Brenner, George Carlin, and Jerry Seinfeld. A 1989 "Los Angeles Times" article wrote that Seinfeld is "clearly the standard of excellence in observational comedy", while Judd Apatow called Seinfeld "the greatest observational comedian who ever lived".


title: Observational comedy

text: The British observational comedy tradition began with the Irish comedian Dave Allen's performances in the early 1970s. More recently, James Acaster has developed a form of "uber-trivial" observational comedy, which has been described as a spoof of the traditional observational form.


title: Nine Network

text: The Nine Network (stylised 9Network, commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine) is an Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is owned by parent company Nine Entertainment and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia.


title: Nine Network

text: From 2017 to 2021, the network's slogan has been "We Are the One". Since 2021, the network has changed its slogan back to the iconic Golden Era slogan "Still the One".


title: Nine Network

text: As of 2022, the Nine Network is the second-rated television network in Australia, behind the Seven Network, and ahead of the ABC TV, Network 10 and SBS.


title: Nine Network

text: The Nine Network's first broadcasting station was launched in Sydney, New South Wales, as TCN-9 on 16 September 1956 by "The Daily Telegraph" owner Frank Packer.


title: Nine Network

text: John Godson introduced the station and former advertising executive Bruce Gyngell presented the first programme, "This Is Television" (so becoming the first person to appear on Australian television). Later that year, GTV-9 in Melbourne commenced transmissions to broadcast the 1956 Summer Olympics, later forming the National Television Network alongside QTQ-9 in Brisbane in 1959 and NWS-9 in Adelaide, the basis of the current Nine Network, in 1959. Before its formation, TCN-9 was then affiliated with HSV-7 (because alongside the Seven Network, they were both Australia's first television stations, having opened in 1956, and GTV-9's sister affiliate was ATN-7.


title: Nine Network

text: The network, by 1967, had begun calling itself the National Nine Network, and became simply the Nine Network Australia in 1987. Kerry Packer inherited the company after his father's death in 1974. Before the official conversion to colour on 1 March 1975, it was the first Australian television station to regularly screen programmes in colour with the first program to use it premiering in 1971, the very year NTD-8 in Darwin commenced.


title: Nine Network

text: The New South Wales Rugby Football League grand final of 1967 became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live nationally. The Nine Network paid $5,000 () to attain the broadcasting rights.


title: Nine Network

text: Nine Network station STW-9 Perth, which opened in 1965, became owned-and-operated station when Alan Bond purchased the network for one billion dollars in 1987, a deal that became effective after government approvals in 1988. However, in 1989, Bond Media sold the station to Sunraysia Television for A$95 million, due to the federal cross-media ownership laws which restricted the level of national reach for media owners. Nine, which then also included Channel 9 in Brisbane, fell back into the hands of Kerry Packer after Alan Bond's bankruptcy in 1992.


title: Nine Network

text: In 2011, GTV 9 Melbourne moved from 22 Bendigo Street, Richmond, to 717 Bourke Street, Docklands. 22 Bendigo Street started out as the Wertheim Piano Factory, then became the Heinz Soup Factory, then GTV9. The building in Bendigo Street still stands, now as luxury apartments.


title: Nine Network

text: Nine began using the slogan "Let Us Be The One" (based on The Carpenters' song, later used by ABC in the United States) in 1977 and became the number-one free-to-air network in Australia; its "National Nine News" became the most-watched news service. In 1978, Nine switched its slogan to "Still the One" (modelled on the campaign used by ABC in the United States and using the Orleans song Still the One), which lasted until a decline in ratings in January 2006. During the 1980s, Nine's ratings peaked. From 1999 to 2001, the network began losing ground to the Seven network in news and entertainment, but received a boost after the coverage of the 11 September attacks in 2001. By 1991, the network was re-branded to its current branding. The death of CEO Kerry Packer in 2005 triggered more problems for the network. Digital terrestrial television was introduced on 1 January 2001.


title: Nine Network

text: Nine stayed strong throughout 2003–04, winning 77 out of 80 ratings weeks across those two years (with Network Ten claiming the other three weeks), but was hit hard when Seven introduced a new line-up in 2005, though Nine finished ahead of Seven that year. Meanwhile, "National Nine News" was overtaken by "Seven News" for the first time ever, while "Today" was beaten by Seven's fledgling "Sunrise" program. In 2006, Nine continued on its downward trend, losing most news weeks to "Seven News" and just winning the year thanks to its coverage of the 2006 Commonwealth Games. To try to revitalise the network in its 50th anniversary, Nine adopted a new, but critically received, logo that removed the nine dots, which had been part of the network's identity since 1969. In May 2007, Nine partially reintroduced the Nine dots, which resulted in the square logo changing into a three-dimensional (3D) cube that rotates, with the dots visible on every second side of the cube.


title: Nine Network

text: After a period of declining ratings, David Gyngell returned to the job of chief executive officer in October 2007, succeeding Eddie McGuire.


title: Nine Network

text: In 2007, despite several hits, Seven won the whole year by a significant margin. The Seven Network had won 38 weeks, whereas the Nine Network only won two.


title: Nine Network

text: The Network expanded into Northern NSW with the acquisition on NBN Television in May 2007. However, NBN was retained as an independent Nine affiliate following the acquisition. Deborah Wright who had been doing various roles for the station was promoted to CEO.


title: Nine Network

text: In 2008, as part of a major relaunch, the network dropped the blue box, and reinstated its nine dots in its logo, with a 3D look. After losing viewers to "Seven News", Nine relaunched its news service as "Nine News", which managed to win more weeks over Seven in the first half of 2008. Nine also launched a break-out hit, "Underbelly", which attracted over 2.5 million viewers in its first season. Nine tried to attract younger demographics, so while Seven went on to win the ratings year in total people, Nine was rated the number one network in the key 18–49 and 25–54 demographics.


title: Nine Network

text: In March 2008, the Nine Network launched a high-definition channel called Nine HD on channel 90 until 2010.


title: Nine Network

text: In 2009, Nine started relatively strongly due to the top-rating Australian drama "" and the Twenty20 Cricket series until Nine lost the rights in 2018 but could not hold its audience after Network Ten's "MasterChef Australia" became a hit. Nine became inconsistent with scheduling and removal of programmes. Nine also launched a number of reality shows, including "Ladette to Lady", "Wipeout Australia", "HomeMADE", "Australia's Perfect Couple", and "The Apprentice Australia", in the hope of achieving the same success other networks had with the genre. All the new formats underperformed in the ratings and did not help the network establish any stable local content. Nine also expanded its news strand with the reintroduction of a late-night bulletin (for its owned-and-operated stations), an extended morning bulletin and weekend editions of "Today". The flagship 6:00 pm state bulletins continued to fall in the ratings, though its Melbourne bulletin remained competitive, being the only market to win any weeks against "Seven News".


title: Nine Network

text: In August 2009, Nine launched its own digital multi-channel called GO! on Channel 99, primarily aimed at a younger demographic. The shares from GO! contributed to Nine's weekly shares and allowed it to enjoy several weeks of weekly ratings wins. In September, the network took on a new slogan, "Welcome Home", and revamped its graphic package. With the resurgence of "Nine News", growth of "Today", stabilisation of "60 Minutes" and a new programme line-up consisting of "Hey Hey It's Saturday", "Underbelly" and "Sea Patrol", Nine enjoyed more ratings success.


title: Nine Network

text: In 2010, Nine obtained the rights to exclusive coverage of the Sydney New Year's Eve fireworks. GO! won the year in digital shares only. On 26 September 2010, Nine launched their third digital channel GEM (an acronym of General Entertainment and Movies) on Channel 90. In 2011, the Nine Network announced a new "Home of Comedy" line-up with comedy shows such as "Two and a Half Men", "The Big Bang Theory", and other American sitcoms, along with the launch of a live comedy show "Ben Elton Live From Planet Earth", which was cancelled after only three episodes due to low ratings. Nine also brought back "This Is Your Life" with Eddie McGuire as host, although the series was cancelled after airing four episodes. The Nine Network had success in the ratings in the second half of 2011 with "The Block", "", and "The Celebrity Apprentice Australia". The highly anticipated return of a revamped ninth season of "Two and a Half Men" proved a huge success for the network, generating 2.3 million viewers and dominating the week as top program. The return of new episodes of the popular sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was also a huge success for the network, scoring high figures consistently week after week and dominating the evening as top program. Despite this, the Nine Network finished in second place in the ratings again in 2011 on 19.6%, behind the Seven Network (23.1%) and ahead of the Network Ten (15.9%), ABC TV (12.2%) and SBS (4.6%).


title: Nine Network

text: On 24 November 2011, the Nine Network announced the line-up for 2012, with a focus on reality programs, including an Australian version of "The Voice", the return of "Big Brother", "Excess Baggage", and "The Celebrity Apprentice Australia". The Nine Network also aired coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. A new morning show, "Mornings", replaced the departure of Kerri-Anne Kennerley's self-titled show, after nine years on air. The program, now called "Today Extra", is hosted by Sylvia Jeffreys and David Campbell.


title: Nine Network

text: On 26 March 2012, the Nine Network launched Extra, a new channel aimed at delivering home shopping, brand funded, religious, community, educational and multi-cultural programming content created by advertisers.


title: Nine Network

text: It was reported on 31 May 2012 that the Australian telecommunications company Telstra and WIN Television Network CEO, Bruce Gordon, are considering making a takeover bid for Nine Entertainment. The network currently is trying to fight off administration as it deals with a debt exceeding A$3.3 billion.


title: Nine Network

text: It was reported on 3 June 2013 that the Nine Network would immediately purchase Adelaide affiliate NWS-9 from the WIN Corporation as part of a deal to secure international cricket television rights. On 3 July 2013, it was reported that Nine would exercise an option to also buy STW-9 from WIN Corporation. Both purchases have resulted in these stations being, once again, O&O stations of the network for the first time since the 1980s.


title: Nine Network

text: As of 10 December 2013, Nine no longer broadcasts on analogue TV and is now only available through digital TV or digital set-top box.


title: Nine Network

text: On 27 January 2014, the Nine Network have stopped using the Supertext logo and have switched to their own Closed Captioning logo.


title: Nine Network

text: Nine relaunched 9HD, in November 2015, an HD simulcast of their primary channel, on channel 90 and launched new lifestyle channel 9Life on channel 94. In addition to the relaunch of 9HD, GEM (renamed 9Gem) was reduced to standard definition and moved to channel 92 and GO! (renamed 9Go!) was moved to channel 93. On 16 December 2015, Nine also changed its on-air theme for a continuous design across all of its channels with the Nine News/9news.com.au branding to remain unchanged. This included a new look for program listings, program advertisements and promos. Additionally in November 2015, Hugh Marks replaced David Gyngell as CEO.


title: Nine Network

text: On 27 January 2016, Nine's online catch-up video on-demand service 9Jumpin was retired and replaced by 9Now. 9Now offers a range of content larger than 9Jumpin and also offers a live streaming service for Nine's multicast channels. Live streaming for Nine was launched on the same day, with streaming for 9Gem, 9Go! and 9Life launched on 19 May 2016. Following the launch of 9Now, the WIN Corporation, owner of Nine affiliate WIN Television, filed a lawsuit against Nine Entertainment Co., claiming that live streaming into regional areas breaches their affiliation agreement. The case was later dismissed on 28 April 2016 with Justice Hammerschlag of the NSW Supreme Court stating that, "I have concluded that live streaming is not broadcasting within the meaning of the PSA (program supply agreement), and that Nine is under no express or implied obligation not to do it."


title: Nine Network

text: Following their victory in the 9Now court case, Nine Entertainment Co. announced on 29 April 2016 that it had signed a $500 million five year affiliation deal with Southern Cross Austereo, the then-primary regional affiliate of Network 10. On 1 July 2016, WIN Television lost its Nine affiliate status to Southern Cross, which had Nine's metropolitan branding introduced across its now Nine-branded television assets. Nine later secured an affiliate deal with Mildura Digital Television, a joint venture between WIN and Prime Media Group, on 28 June 2016 to supply Nine content to the Mildura and Sunraysia area due to WIN switching affiliation to Network Ten. Nine finalised supply deals with WIN for South Australia and Griffith on 29 June 2016 after long negotiations, with a deal for Tasmanian joint venture TDT secured the following day after long negotiations. A supply deal for Western Australia joint venture West Digital Television was not secured before the 1 July 2016 deadline, but a deal was later finalised on 2 July 2016 with programming resuming that night.


title: Nine Network

text: Also after 10 years as an independent affiliate, NBN Television was finally folded in to the Nine Network with the NBN logo being retired on air after 54 years. However, despite being a Nine O&O, NBN News remains as an independent news bulletin, despite adopting the full Nine News on air look.


title: Nine Network

text: In June 2018, it was announced that Nine would enter into a joint venture with Australian News Channel (ANC) to create "Your Money", a business news channel that was replaced the Sky News Business Channel on Foxtel channel 601 and also available free-to-air through Nine on channel 95, replacing Extra. However, it closed on 17 May 2019 due to lack of advertising and poor ratings.


title: Nine Network

text: After 12 years, the Nine Network won the 2019 ratings year for the first time since 2006. The Seven Network had won every ratings year between 2007 and 2018 inclusive, however, due to lower than expected ratings, and a launch of new programs not performing as hoped, this allowed Nine to regain lost ground during the most competitive times of the ratings period (most notably, Nine's "Married At First Sight" performed above expectations, and consistently beat "My Kitchen Rules" which saw its lowest figures on record) which resulted in Nine's first win in the first quarter since 2009.


title: Nine Network

text: Nine's yearly share for 2019 concluded at 29.4%, a 2.1% increase from 2018 (27.3%) compared to Seven's 29.0%, a 1.7% decline from 2018 (30.7%)


title: Nine Network

text: In 2020, despite drastic and last minute changes to most network's programming schedules in light of the COVID–19 pandemic the Nine Network has managed to retain the number one lead by a considerable margin.


title: Nine Network

text: On 5 April 2020, Nine launched 9Rush as a joint venture with Discovery Inc., which features action and adventure-themed reality series targeting a young adult male audience.


title: Nine Network

text: On 1 October 2020, the Nine Network re-launched Extra, after 2 years being discontinued, thanks to Your Money.


title: Nine Network

text: In March 2021, it was reported that the network had suffered a suspected ransomware attack using MedusaLocker during live broadcast. The hack disrupted its programming in Sydney and Darwin. Australia's parliament and Taylors Wines was also subject to a cyberattack around the same time, although it is unclear if the incidents are connected.


title: Nine Network

text: On 12 March 2021, Nine announced that it would return to WIN Television as its regional affiliate in most markets beginning on 1 July 2021, in a deal that will last at least seven years. SCA subsequently announced that it would return to Network 10, effectively reversing their 2016 realignment. Under the agreement, WIN will pay half of its regional advertising revenue to Nine Entertainment Co., and provide advertising time for Nine's properties on its radio and television outlets. WIN will also provide advertising sales services for Nine's O&O stations NBN and NTD (with the former succeeding a similar agreement it had with SCA). Nine CEO Hugh Marks explained that "while our relationship with Southern Cross has been strong over the last five years, the opportunities presented by the WIN Network to both extend the reach of Nine's premium content into more regional markets under one agreement, and to work cooperatively with them on a national and local news operation, mean this is the right time for us to return to WIN."


title: Nine Network

text: The Nine Network Department News and Current Affairs division, presents several bulletin's and the breakfast TV program "Today"


title: Nine Network

text: The network presents a range of entertainment programming of various genre's from Australian and overseas sources.


title: Nine Network

text: Nine's current Australian programming line-up include: "Getaway", "The AFL Sunday Footy Show", "Footy Classified", "100% Footy", "The NRL Sunday Footy Show", "Sports Sunday", "Cross Court", "RBT", "The Block", "Millionaire Hot Seat", "20 to 1", "Australian Ninja Warrior", "Travel Guides", "Lego Masters", "Married at First Sight", "The Hundred with Andy Lee", "Parental Guidance", "Snackmasters", "Love Island Australia", "", "South Aussie With Cosi," (later moved to Seven Network in 2022) and "Accidental Heroes."


title: Nine Network

text: Current US programming that airs on Nine and its digital multichannels are sourced from Nine's deals Village Roadshow Entertainment (long running), Cartoon Network Studios and Warner Bros. Television Distribution / Warner Bros. Family Entertainment, StudioCanal, Sony Pictures Television International / Sony Pictures Animation (now elapsed), NBCUniversal International Television and Illumination Entertainment / DreamWorks Television and DreamWorks Animation (long running), Paramount International Networks and Paramount Home Entertainment / MTV Networks and Nickelodeon International, United International Pictures (NBCUniversal and Paramount only), 20th Century Studios / Regency Enterprises, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Television International, and Miramax.


title: Nine Network

text: The network's flagship overseas program was the popular sitcoms "The Big Bang Theory" (later moved to Network 10 as reruns in 2020) and "Young Sheldon". Other American programs on Nine include medical drama "Chicago Med", documentary series "The First 48" and crime dramas "Law & Order True Crime" and "". British programs on Nine include the U.K. game shows "Pointless" and "Tipping Point. "Sony Pictures daytime soap operas on 9Gem include "Days of Our Lives" and "The Young and The Restless". "Extra" use to air on Nine up until its 26th season and the cancelled "Lethal Weapon". From 2008 until 2021 and 2013 respectively, Nine also broadcast the U.S. daytime talk shows "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" and "The View".


title: Nine Network

text: Since 2015 the network has cut ties with Warner Bros. Television, losing the networks rights to "Arrow", "Gotham", "Mom" and "Two Broke Girls" among many others.


title: Nine Network

text: On 11 March 2015, Nine revived their rights for Nickelodeon International because the studio now allows new broadcast rights, but they share with 10 and ABC.