title: Wang Jingwei

text: Chinese under the regime had greater access to coveted wartime luxuries, and the Japanese enjoyed things like matches, rice, tea, coffee, cigars, foods, and alcoholic drinks, all of which were scarce in Japan proper, but consumer goods became more scarce after Japan entered World War II. In Japan-occupied Chinese territories, the prices of basic necessities rose substantially, as Japan's war effort expanded. In Shanghai in 1941, they increased elevenfold.


title: Wang Jingwei

text: Daily life was often difficult in the Nanjing Nationalist government-controlled Republic of China, and grew more so as the war turned against Japan (c. 1943). Local residents resorted to the black market to obtain needed items. The Japanese Kempeitai, Tokko, collaborationist Chinese police, and Chinese citizens in the service of the Japanese all worked to censor information, monitor any opposition, and torture enemies and dissenters. A "native" secret agency, the "Tewu", was created with the aid of Japanese Army "advisors". The Japanese also established prisoner-of-war detention centers, concentration camps, and kamikaze training centers to indoctrinate pilots.


title: Wang Jingwei

text: Since Wang's government held authority only over territories under Japanese military occupation, there was a limited amount that officials loyal to Wang could do to ease the suffering of Chinese under Japanese occupation. Wang himself became a focal point of anti-Japanese resistance. He was demonized and branded as an "arch-traitor" in both KMT and Communist propaganda. Wang and his government were deeply unpopular with the Chinese populace, who regarded them as traitors to both the Chinese state and Han Chinese identity. Wang's rule was constantly undermined by resistance and sabotage.


title: Wang Jingwei

text: The strategy of the local education system was to create a workforce suited for employment in factories and mines, and for manual labor in general. The Japanese also attempted to introduce their culture and dress to the Chinese. Complaints and agitation called for more meaningful Chinese educational development. Shinto temples and similar cultural centers were built in order to instill Japanese culture and values. These activities came to a halt at the end of the war.


title: Wang Jingwei

text: In March 1944, Wang left for Japan to undergo medical treatment for the wound left by an assassination attempt in 1939. He died in Nagoya on 10 November 1944, less than a year before Japan's surrender to the Allies, thus avoiding a trial for treason. Many of his senior followers who lived to see the end of the war were executed. His death was not reported in occupied China until the afternoon of 12 November, after commemorative events for Sun Yat-sen's birth had concluded. Wang was buried in Nanjing near the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, in an elaborately constructed tomb. Soon after Japan's defeat, the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek moved its capital back to Nanjing, destroyed Wang's tomb, and burned the body. Today, the site is commemorated with a small pavilion that notes Wang as a traitor.


title: Wang Jingwei

text: For his role in the Pacific War, Wang has been considered a traitor by most post-World War II Chinese historians in both Taiwan and mainland China. His name has become a byword for "traitor" or "treason" in mainland China and Taiwan, similarly to "Quisling" in Europe, "Benedict Arnold" in the United States, or "Mir Jafar" in Bangladesh and South Asia. The mainland's communist government despised Wang not only for his collaboration with the Japanese, but also for his anti-communism, while the KMT downplayed his anti-communism and emphasized his collaboration with imperial Japan and betrayal of Chiang Kai-shek. The communists also used his ties with the KMT to demonstrate what they saw as the duplicitous, treasonous nature of the KMT. Both sides downplayed his earlier association with Sun Yat-sen because of his eventual collaboration.


title: Wang Jingwei

text: Despite the notoriety added to his name, academics continue to discuss whether or not he should be unequivocally condemned as a traitor because Wang also contributed greatly to the Xinhai Revolution and to the later mediation between the Communist Party and the Nationalist Party in postwar China. They argue that Wang collaborated with the Japanese because he believed that collaboration was the only hope for his desperate countrymen.


title: Wang Jingwei

text: Wang was married to Chen Bijun and had six children with her, five of whom survived into adulthood. Of those who survived into adulthood, Wang's eldest son, Wenjin, was born in France in 1913. Wang's eldest daughter, Wenxing, was born in France in 1915, worked as a teacher in Hong Kong after 1948, retired to the US in 1984 and died in 2015. Wang's second daughter, Wang Wenbin, was born in 1920. Wang's third daughter, Wenxun, was born in Guangzhou in 1922 and died in 2002 in Hong Kong. Wang's second son, Wenti, was born in 1928 and was sentenced in 1946 to 18 months' imprisonment for being a "hanjian". After serving his sentence, Wang Wenti settled in Hong Kong and has been involved in many education projects with the mainland since the 1980s.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: United Airlines Flight 811 was a regularly scheduled airline flight from Los Angeles to Sydney, with intermediate stops at Honolulu and Auckland. On February 24, 1989, the Boeing 747-122 serving the flight experienced a cargo-door failure in flight shortly after leaving Honolulu. The resulting explosive decompression blew out several rows of seats, killing nine passengers. The aircraft returned to Honolulu and landed with no further incident.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The aircraft involved was a Boeing 747-122 (registration number "N4713U"). It was delivered to United Airlines on November 3, 1970. At the time of the accident, the Boeing had accumulated 58,814 total flight hours, 15,028 flight 'pressurization' cycles, and had not been involved in any previous accidents.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: On February 24, 1989, the aircraft was scheduled by United Airlines to operate as Flight 811 from Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California, to Sydney Airport in Mascot, New South Wales, Australia, with intermediate stops at Honolulu International Airport in Honolulu, Hawaii, and Auckland Airport in Auckland, New Zealand. Flight 811 operated without incident on the first leg of its scheduled flight, from Los Angeles to Honolulu, and no difficulties were reported by the flight crew upon arriving at Honolulu, where a crew change occurred.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: After the accident, the aircraft was repaired and put back into service with United, but was re-registered as N4724U. In 1997, the aircraft was taken out of service and passed onto Air Dabia as C5-FBS. Air Dabia ceased operations in 1998, and the aircraft was abandoned at Plattsburgh International Airport, where it was scrapped in 2004.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Starting in Honolulu, Flight 811 was helmed by Captain David Cronin (age 59). At the time of the accident, Cronin had logged around 28,000 flight hours, including roughly 1,600 hours in Boeing 747 aircraft. Flight 811 was Cronin's penultimate scheduled flight before his mandatory retirement.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The remaining flight crew consisted of First Officer Gregory Slader (48), and Flight Engineer Randal Thomas (46), and 15 flight attendants. The first officer and flight engineer had logged 14,500 flight hours and 20,000 flight hours, respectively.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Flight 811 took off from Honolulu International Airport at 01:52 local time, with 337 passengers and 18 crew members on board.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: During the climb, the crew made preparations to detour around thunderstorms along the plane's track; the captain anticipated turbulence and kept the passenger seatbelt sign lit. The aircraft had been flying for 17 minutes, as it was passing from , when the flight crew heard a loud "thump", which shook the plane. About a second and a half later, the forward cargo door blew off. It swung out with such force that it tore a hole in the fuselage. Pressure differentials and aerodynamic forces caused the cabin floor to cave in, and 10 seats (G and H of rows 8 through 12) were ejected from the cabin. All eight passengers seated in these locations were ejected from the aircraft, as was the passenger in seat 9F. Seats 8G and 12G were unoccupied. A gaping hole was left in the aircraft, through which a flight attendant, Mae Sapolu in the business-class cabin, was almost blown out. Purser Laura Brentlinger hung on to the steps leading to the upper deck, and was dangling from them when the decompression occurred. Passengers and crew members saw her clinging to a seat leg and were able to pull her back inside the cabin, although she was severely injured.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The pilots initially believed that a bomb had gone off inside the airliner, as this accident happened just two months after Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland. They began an emergency descent to reach an altitude where the air was breathable, while also performing a 180° left turn to fly back to Honolulu. The explosion damaged components of the on-board emergency oxygen supply system, as it was primarily located in the forward cargo sidewall area, just aft of the cargo door.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The debris ejected from the aircraft during the explosive decompression damaged the Number 3 and 4 engines. Engine 3 was experiencing heavy vibration, no N tachometer reading, and a low exhaust-gas temperature (EGT) and engine-pressure ratio, so the crew shut it down. At 02:20, an emergency was declared and the crew began dumping fuel to reduce the aircraft landing weight. The N reading of engine number 4 soon fell to almost zero, its EGT reading was high, and it was emitting flames, so they shut it down as well. Some of the explosively ejected debris damaged the right wing's leading edge, dented the horizontal stabilizer on that side, and damaged the vertical stabilizer.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: During the descent, Captain Cronin ordered Flight Engineer Thomas to tell the flight attendants to prepare for an emergency landing, but he was unable to contact them through the intercom. He asked the captain for permission to go down to find out what was happening, and he agreed. Thomas saw severe damage immediately upon leaving the cockpit; the aircraft skin was peeled off in some areas on the upper deck, revealing the frames and stringers. As he went down to the lower deck, the magnitude of the damage became apparent as he saw the large hole in the side of the cabin. He returned to the cockpit and reported that a large section of the fuselage was open aft of the Number 1 exit door. He concluded that it was probably a bomb, and that considering the damage, exceeding the plane's stall speed by more than a small margin would be unwise.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: As the airliner neared the airport, the landing gear was extended. The flaps could only be partially deployed as a result of damage sustained following the decompression. This required a higher than normal landing speed around . Captain Cronin was able to bring the aircraft to a halt without overrunning the runway. About 14 minutes had elapsed since the emergency was declared. All the remaining passengers and flight attendants exited the aircraft in less than 45 seconds. Every flight attendant suffered some injury during the evacuation, ranging from scratches to a dislocated shoulder.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Despite extensive air and sea searches, no remains of the nine victims lost in flight were found at sea. Multiple small body fragments and pieces of clothing were found in the Number 3 engine, indicating that at least one victim ejected from the fuselage was ingested by the engine, but whether the fragments were from one or more victims was not known.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) immediately commenced an investigation into the accident. An extensive air and surface search of the ocean had initially failed to locate the aircraft's cargo door. Though they were not able to inspect the cargo door, the NTSB proceeded with its investigation, and issued its final report on April 16, 1990.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The NTSB looked to circumstantial evidence, including prior incidents that involved cargo doors. In 1987, Pan Am Flight 125, another Boeing 747, outbound from London Heathrow Airport, encountered pressurization problems at , causing the crew to abort the flight and return to the airport. After the safe landing, the aircraft's cargo door was found to be ajar by about along its ventral edge. When the aircraft was examined in a maintenance hangar, all of the locking arms were found to be either damaged or entirely sheared off. Boeing initially attributed this to mishandling by ground crew. To test this concern, Boeing instructed 747 operators to shut and lock the cargo door with the external handle, and then activate the door-open switch with the handle still in the locked position. Since the S-2 switch was designed to deactivate the door motors if the handle was locked, nothing should have happened. Some of the airlines reported the door motors did indeed begin running, attempting to force the door open against the locking sectors and causing damage to the mechanism.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Based on the evidence available, and the attribution of prior cargo-door malfunctions to damage and ground crew mishandling, the NTSB operated from an assumption that a properly latched and locked 747 cargo door could not open in flight:


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The NTSB learned that in N4713U's case, the aircraft had experienced intermittent malfunctions of its forward cargo door in the months prior to the accident. Based on this information, the NTSB concluded in its April 1990 report that these malfunctions had damaged the door locking mechanism in a way that caused the door to show a latched and locked indication, without being fully latched and locked. Thus, the NTSB attributed the accident to human error by the ground crew. Based on this hypothesis of in-service damage, the NTSB also faulted the airline for improper maintenance and inspection due to its failure to identify the damaged locking mechanism. Focusing on damage to the door and maintenance procedures, the NTSB concluded that the accident was preventable human error, and not a problem inherent in the design or function of the aircraft's cargo door.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Lee Campbell, a New Zealander returning home, was one of the fatalities on Flight 811. After his death, his parents Kevin and Susan Campbell investigated the cause using documents obtained from the NTSB. The Campbells' investigation led them to conclude that the cause of the accident was not human error, but rather the combination of an electrical problem and an inadequate design of the aircraft's cargo door-latching mechanism. They later presented their theory to the safety board.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The Boeing 747 was designed with an outward-hinging door, unlike a plug door which opens inward and jams against its frame as the pressure drops outside, making accidental opening at high altitude impossible. The outward-swinging door increases the cargo capacity, but requires a strong locking mechanism to keep it closed. Deficiencies in the design of wide-body aircraft cargo doors were known since the early 1970s from flaws in the DC-10 cargo door. These problems were not fully addressed by the aircraft industry or the NTSB, despite the warnings and deaths from the DC-10 accidents and attempts by Boeing to solve the problems in the 1970s.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The 747's cargo door used a series of electrically operated latch cams into which the door-edge latch pins closed. The cams then rotated into a closed position, holding the door closed. A series of L-shaped arms (called locking sectors) were actuated by the final manual moving of a lever to close the door; these were designed to reinforce the unpowered latch cams and prevent them from rotating into an unlocked position. The locking sectors were made out of aluminum, and they were too thin to be able to keep the latch cams from moving into the unlocked position against the power of the door motors. Electrical switches cut electrical power to the cargo door when the outer handle was closed; however, if one of those were faulty, the motors could still draw power and rotate the latch cam to the open position. The same event could happen if frayed wires were able to power the cam motor, even if the circuit power was cut by the safety switch.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: As early as 1975, Boeing realized that the aluminum locking sectors were too thin to be effective, and recommended the airlines to add doublers to the locking sectors. After the 1987 Pan Am incident, Boeing issued a service bulletin notifying operators to replace the aluminum locking sectors with steel locking sectors, and to carry out various inspections. In the United States, the FAA mandated this service by means of an airworthiness directive in July 1988 and gave U.S. airlines 18 to 24 months to comply with it. After the Flight 811 accident, the FAA shortened the time to 30 days.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: On September 26 and October 1, 1990, two halves of Flight 811's cargo door were recovered from the Pacific Ocean from below the ocean surface. The cargo door had fractured lengthwise across the center. Recovery crews reported that no other debris or evidence of human remains had been discovered. The NTSB inspected the cargo door and determined that the condition of the locking mechanism did not support its original conclusions.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Additionally, in 1991, an incident occurred at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport involving the malfunction of a United Airlines Boeing 747 cargo door. At the time, United Airlines' maintenance staff was investigating the cause of a circuit-breaker trip. In the process of diagnosing the cause, an inadvertent operation of the electric door latch mechanism caused the cargo door to open spontaneously despite being closed. An inspection of the door's electrical wiring discovered insulation breaches, and isolating certain electrical wires allowed the door to operate normally again. The lock sectors, latch cams, and latch pins on the door were inspected, and did not show any signs of damage of the type predicted by the NTSB's original hypothesis.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Based on developments after it issued its original report in April 1990, the NTSB issued a superseding accident report on March 18, 1992. In this report, the NTSB determined that the probable cause of the accident was the sudden opening of the cargo door, which was attributed to improper wiring and deficiencies in the door's design. It appeared in this case that a short circuit caused an unordered rotation of the latch cams, which forced the weak locking sectors to distort and allow the rotation, thus enabling the pressure differential and aerodynamic forces to blow the door off the fuselage; ripping away the hinge fixing structure, the cabin floor, and the side fuselage skin; and causing the explosive decompression.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The NTSB issued a recommendation for all 747-100s in service at the time to replace their cargo door latching mechanisms with new, redesigned locks. A subrecommendation suggested replacing all outward-opening doors with inward-opening doors, which cannot open in flight due to the pressure differential. No similar accidents leading to loss of life have officially occurred on this aircraft type.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: In 1989, the flight crew received the Secretary's Award for Heroism for their actions. The aircraft was repaired, re-registered as N4724U in 1989, and returned to service with United Airlines in 1990. In 1997, the aircraft was registered with Air Dabia as C5-FBS, and after that airline's collapse, abandoned in 2001 during overhaul maintenance at Plattsburgh International Airport. In 2004, the aircraft was scrapped for spare parts.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: Captain David Cronin died on October 4, 2010, aged 81. First Officer Gregory Slader died on September 26, 2016, aged 75.


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: The events of Flight 811 were featured in "Unlocking Disaster", the season-one (2003) and first episode of the long-running Canadian TV series "Mayday" (called "Air Emergency" and "Air Disasters" in the U.S. and "Air Crash Investigation" internationally), which included interviews with survivors and a dramatization of the accident. The flight was also included in a "Mayday" season-six (2007) "Science of Disaster" special titled "Ripped Apart".


title: United Airlines Flight 811

text: It is featured in season 1, episode 2, of the TV show "Why Planes Crash", in an episode called "Breaking Point".


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: The Angry Video Game Nerd (abbreviated as AVGN) is an American retrogaming review comedy web series created by and starring James Rolfe. The series centers on Rolfe's titular skit character, often simply shortened to "the Nerd" (sometimes just "Nerd"), a short-tempered and foul-mouthed gamer who delivers commentary on retro games of poor quality. While the series began with Rolfe simply playing games while delivering retrospective commentary, the show would eventually grow in scope to encompass sketches featuring guest characters, reviews of gaming consoles and peripherals, and short lectures about video game history and culture.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: Starting out as an independent filmmaker, Rolfe intended his earliest videos of the character (originally called The Angry Nintendo Nerd) to be a joke privately shown amongst friends and colleagues. In 2004, Rolfe, at the suggestion of future series producer Mike Matei, put the "Angry Nintendo Nerd" videos on his website, and in 2006 on the emerging video streaming platform YouTube, where it gained popularity. From there, the series became a cult success, and Rolfe began appearing as the character in various other media such as a feature-length film and video games, and many public appearances. The series was soon renamed to "The Angry Video Game Nerd" to avoid trademark issues with Nintendo, and to allow Rolfe to review games from non-Nintendo consoles. From 2007 to 2011, the series entered a distribution deal with popular gaming websites ScrewAttack and GameTrailers, and briefly with streaming service Amazon Video in 2018.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: "The Angry Video Game Nerd" is considered one of the pioneers of internet review videos, being highly influential on the style and format of subsequent video reviewers as well as being responsible for helping to bring the concept into the mainstream. Various media review/sketch comedy entertainers have since cited the show as inspiration for their own material, such as JonTron, Nostalgia Critic, Egoraptor, Angry Joe, and Joueur du Grenier among others.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: The show revolves around the Nerd's commentary of shovelware and retro video games that he deems to be of particularly low quality, unfair difficulty, or poor design. Rolfe's character, "the Nerd", is a short-tempered, foul-mouthed video game collector who reviews old video games in the form reminiscent of insult comedies such as "Mystery Science Theater 3000". The Nerd plays the game while picking apart its various technicalities, design flaws, and abnormalities in an effort to warn his viewers against playing the game. Other episodes have the Nerd reviewing consoles, peripherals, accessories, or games of a similar theme. The reviews are often prefaced with a short lecture about the games history or his own childhood experience, and interspersed with sketches and profanity-ridden comedic rants, among other various scripted elements. Occasionally episodes may often focus on games the Nerd looks at in high regard, but are still not immune from criticism such as "EarthBound".


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: Dressed up as a stereotypical nerd in his basement, the Nerd reviews the game with his trademark eyeglasses and white collared shirt with a pocket full of pens, high khaki pants and white socks and loafers, while sometimes being bombarded by guest characters from video games and popular culture as well. These guests often provide additional commentary on the games, mock the Nerd's anguish, and act as parodies of the characters from which they had been derived. In response to them and to the games, the Nerd derives comic appeal from excessive and surrealistic use of fantasy scenarios, anger, and consumption of Rolling Rock (in addition to Yuengling in later videos) while reviewing video games. His anger and profanity over these bad games (usually punctuated by the catchphrase "What were they thinking?!", in reference to those who designed and/or marketed the game in question) would sometimes climax in him destroying whole game cartridges, or simulating defecating on, burning, and sometimes even crushing the games or entire video game consoles.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In many cases, the Nerd dresses up as other popular characters while reviewing their games, such as Batman and Indiana Jones. Other characters in the show include Shit Pickle (an earlier character created by Rolfe), the Guitar Guy (played by Kyle Justin, co-writer of the show's theme song), the Game Graphic Glitch Gremlin, Super Mecha Death Christ 2000 B.C. Version 4.0 Beta, and an assortment of others, while also the occasional guest appearance by other video game reviewers such as Pat the NES Punk. The show has also had special guests, including Lloyd Kaufman of Troma Entertainment while the Nerd was playing various "Toxic Avengers"-based games, Macaulay Culkin of "Home Alone" fame assisting the Nerd in playing games based on the movie series, and Gilbert Gottfried co-starring as a faux lead developer of "Life of Black Tiger" and the Nerd's arch-nemesis Fred "Fucks" (Fred Fuchs) in August 1, 2019, while the Nerd reviews said game.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: James Rolfe's first two episodes were intended as "just a joke", with no intentions of making them public. In May 2004, he created his first on-camera game reviews, utilizing insult commentary with exaggerated bewilderment to two games—"" and "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"—which would later become the signature of the Nerd character. At the time, the series was hastily titled "Bad NES Games". Rolfe explained later in an interview for "Daily News" that the joke was just how upset one obsessive gamer could get over these games that were already 20 years old. Although the "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" review was intended to be the last, Rolfe's friends, who enjoyed the previous "Bad NES Games" reviews, encouraged him to create another. Collaborative friend Mike Matei helped in producing and publishing the videos on Cinemassacre, and released outside of the website as "The Quickies" tape, part of a four VHS tape set called the "Cinemassacre Gold Collection".


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In 2006, Rolfe began making the episodes available on YouTube. Soon, Rolfe released a review of "The Karate Kid" game that was the first episode where Rolfe's character is introduced as "The Angry Nintendo Nerd". Naming these videos "The Angry Nintendo Nerd Trilogy", Rolfe posted them on Cinemassacre. The success of the show made Rolfe branch out into other gaming systems, and would later change the title into the "Angry Video Game Nerd" to prevent trademark issues with Nintendo. Rolfe diversified the reviews of platforms and products such as the Atari 2600, Super NES, Sega Master System and Sega Genesis video game consoles, the Power Glove and U-Force peripherals, films such as "The Wizard", and the "Nintendo Power" magazine. He would eventually branch out even further, reviewing games like "Sonic '06" on the Xbox 360 and "" on PC.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: On September 12, 2006, Rolfe's series received mainstream attention when his review of "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" went viral on YouTube. In an article by writer Alex Carlson, he explained that before 2004, video gaming criticism was mostly reserved for the larger game magazines and websites. He went on to state that the opinions of the professional writers and journalists who were writing the reviews didn't entirely correspond to the opinions of the average gamers; and that "everyone with a webcam and Fraps can now become a critic and don a characterized mentality, spouting profanities at will without getting censored." Since then, the show has increased substantially in quantity, production value, and fandom. Rolfe began infusing various episodes with emphasis on homemade special effects and narratives. The first of these cinematic episodes was a review of the 1989 "Friday the 13th" game in October 2006, featuring expressive lighting and camera angles to emphasize its horror film-themed narrative in which the Nerd is attacked by Jason Voorhees for disliking the game. Later episodes have alternated from straightforward game reviews to those with a narrative focus resembling a documentary, with Rolfe pointing out information about the game or gaming console under review. When asked if the Nerd is going to make reviews in the current generation of video games, Rolfe replied that the "show is all about nostalgia," adding that he's "mostly a retro gamer."


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In late 2007, Rolfe halted the production of the series after suffering from a break in his voice. On March 17, 2010, he publicly announced that he was suffering from burnout as a result of stress from his constant work, and that the show would be entering a brief hiatus. The show was resumed a month later; however, only one episode was released each month, as opposed to two episodes per month due to Rolfe's other projects. In late 2011, Rolfe announced the show would be put out of production for a short while so he could work on the AVGN movie. The show eventually resumed production in late summer 2012. Since then, he has self-released Nerd videos on his Cinemassacre website and YouTube account in a very sporadic manner in order to balance his personal life with the other projects he continuously works on. By 2013, the show garnered more than 900,000 subscribers and over 400 million views on YouTube. By 2014, Cinemassacre already had 1.5 million subscribers. Rolfe stated that the show "got popular right around when YouTube got popular."


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In January 2013, the YouTube channel was suddenly shut down due to claims of severe violations of YouTube's terms of service. YouTube later reinstated the channel.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In March 2016, the channel reached 2 million subscribers, 10 years after the channel's creation and first uploads. Rolfe made a short video to thank all the people who subscribed, watched the videos on the channel and for supporting himself, Mike Matei, and everyone who made Cinemassacre more popular. In June 2019, the channel reached 3 million subscribers, to which Rolfe once again thanked everyone's support and for the fans still watching Nerd videos on the show's 13th anniversary (on YouTube).


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In December 2020, Rolfe announced on the main Cinemassacre YouTube channel that longtime collaborator Mike Matei would be leaving the channel in order for Matei to focus on his Twitch career.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In 2021, the channel is now backed up on Odysee, and the Cinemassacre's Monster Madness are available there, linked on their website.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: Rolfe's review of the "Back to the Future" game was reported in an MTV segment called "Viral Videos Infect the Mainstream". On November 2, 2008, his videos and personality were featured on the nationally syndicated radio show "Opie and Anthony". The Nerd has also become the subject of Howard Stern and David Arquette in an episode of Stern's "Sirius XM" show, in which Stern commented negatively on the show's format as well as the gaming community in general during a TooManyGames 2011 convention in Philadelphia. James Rolfe himself appeared as the Nerd at various gaming and internet conventions.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: On September 24, 2008, Rolfe collaborated with fellow internet reviewer (and good friend) Doug Walker to create a fictional feud between his character – Nostalgia Critic – and Rolfe's own. The plot behind the events created between the two was over the Critic's dislike towards comments made to one of his online videos that expressed similarities between him and the Nerd, supposedly written by the Nerd's fans, that were "unfair comparisons between the two of them". The pair worked together to create a series of tongue-in-cheek video responses between the two characters, culminating with a fight between the Critic and Nerd in Clifton, New Jersey, a dare between the pair to review something in the other's line of work (Nerd reviews a bad movie, Critic reviews a bad game), and a final fight between the pair in the Nerd's basement on October 10, 2008, which featured parodies and clichés from popular films such as "The Matrix Reloaded" and "". The resulting series of videos created became a huge hit with fans. To celebrate the first anniversary of the "ThatGuyWithTheGlasses" website, both Walker and Rolfe collaborated again on a special video involving their characters, in which the plot focused on the pair meeting once more to battle against the other, in which they were joined by fellow reviewers and contributors to the website who sided with one or the other, culminating with the pair calling a truce and putting their differences aside. Rolfe would later guest star as his character in various "Channel Awesome" shows, even appearing to review the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle" movie with the Nostalgia Critic, with both the Nerd and Critic making a background cameo appearance in the anime "Zettai Karen Children: The Unlimited".


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: On July 21, 2014, an independent film based on the series, entitled Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie, was released online as well as limited theatrical releases, with DVD and Blu-ray versions released by the end of the year. The film's plot focuses around the Nerd seeking to prove that over 1 million copies of the proclaimed "worst video game of all time", "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" for the Atari 2600, were not buried, after being pressured by fans to review the video game. In his quest to prove this to his fans, the Nerd finds himself being pursued by federal authorities who believe he is investigating Area 51 and the crash of an unidentified flying object.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: The film began development in late 2006, following the popularity of the "Angry Video Game Nerd" web series, with James Rolfe serving as its director, producer, and co-writer, and reprising his on-screen role as The Nerd. The movie's script was designed to pay homage to the character finally reviewing the "E.T." video game, though filming required Rolfe to balance his schedule with that of his online series and other works. The screenplay was completed by 2008, with the film's budget of more than raised entirely from crowdfunding. As part of its development, Rolfe asked for the show's fanbase to provide webcam footage of themselves fictionally reacting to the Nerd's webseries, to be used as an intro to the film.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: Although Rolfe has not ruled out the possibility of a sequel to the film, which would have involved the lost "Swordquest" treasures, he regards it as highly unlikely due to the amount of time spent developing and filming the "Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie" and his focus on other film projects.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In 2013, an official video game titled "Angry Video Game Nerd Adventures" was announced. Developed by FreakZone Games (creators of ""), it was released on September 20, 2013, on Microsoft Windows via Steam. The game follows the Nerd attempting to rescue his friends, all of whom were sucked into the Nerd's television set (done in a "Cheetahmen"-esque style). The Nerd uses a NES Zapper as his main weapon, and a character known as Naggi the Patronizing Firefly, a parody of Navi from "", guides him through the tutorial. Throughout the game, he faces zombies, Mr. Hyde, Custer, The Giant Claw, Fred "Fucks" (Fred Fuchs), parodies of Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger (references to the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" and "Friday the 13th" games respectively) named Bimmy and Jimmy (a reference to the infamous Double Dragon III misspelling of Billy Lee's name as "Bimmy"), and more. On July 12, 2014, it was announced that the game would also be released on Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. The Wii U version was released in North America on April 2, 2015, and released in Europe on December 10, 2015. On June 4, 2015, a 3DS version became available for download in the Nintendo eShop. On July 17 of the same year, during ScrewAttack's annual SGC convention, Freakzone announced a sequel, "Angry Video Game Nerd II: ASSimilation", originally due for release in Winter 2015, but delayed to March 29, 2016.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: A remastered version of the first two games, "The Angry Video Game Nerd I & II Deluxe", was announced in 2019 and released on October 30, 2020, for Nintendo Switch and Steam, with ports for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One following on March 19, 2021 and on Epic Games Store on December 20, 2021. The remaster, also developed by FreakZone Games in close collaboration with the Cinemassacre team, features new difficulty options, altered story elements (characters and events from the films have been replaced), tweaked level designs, various improvements and an additional story chapter unlocked after completing both games.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: There have also been some unofficial, fanmade Angry Video Game Nerd games including "Angry Video Game Nerd's Angry Video Game", "Angry Video Game Nerd in Pixel Land Blast", "AVGN Game Over", "AVGN Game Over 2", and "AVGN Planet". There is also the "Angry Video Game Nerd" and "AVGN K.O. Boxing", both for the Atari 2600. The Nerd touched upon these games in the episode "AVGN Games". The Nerd also appeared as a playable character in the game "Texting of the Bread" produced by ScrewAttack.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: The opening song of the show, simply entitled "The Angry Video Game Nerd Theme Song", is a staple of the series since its earliest conception. The song was written by Kyle Justin and James Rolfe, and performed by Justin. Over the years, the song had different variations to correspond with specials. Programmer and musician Lachlan Barclay published a soundtrack album based on the web-series in 2011. This earliest compilation of the show was created by Barclay due to demands from fans after he played the song on Video XYZ. Another compilation album was released in 2013 containing the music derived from the Nerd's video game. Developed also by FreakZone, the album was released by ScrewAttack Entertainment LLC as a digital download. An album based from the movie was released in 2014 composed by Bear McCreary, who had previously worked with Rolfe on the webseries Christmas special. The film's music was composed of rock-and-roll, heavy metal, a symphonic orchestra, and synthesized musical elements from various gaming systems such as NES, SNES, and SEGA Genesis. The album features two remixes by McCreary as well.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: The "Angry Video Game Nerd" show made James Rolfe one of the most popular Internet celebrities before the advent of YouTube. "The Angry Video Game Nerd" was voted Best Online Web Series in Mashable's 3rd Annual Open Web Awards on December 16, 2009. Peggy Rajski describes the origin of the show's success stemming from the correct use of the internet as well as the crowd funding system. Rajski further said that "[Rolfe] already cultivated an audience that cared about his prior work. When he asked them to step up, clearly they were willing to." Fellow filmmaker and internet celebrity Doug Walker dubbed the Nerd the "Greatest Video Game Critic of All Time". Jacob Rich of "Michigan Daily" described the Nerd as the "pioneering internet 'gamer' show", adding that "pretty much every major game review show online today has 'AVGN' to thank for establishing its format". The French show "Joueur du Grenier" was based on "Angry Video Game Nerd".


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: Zach Whalen described the show's presentation of retro gaming into contemporary gamers as "a process of looking back to an unattainable past and trying to bring that past into the present". Rolfe also commented during an interview with "The Guardian" of the show's impact in the current generation of the video game industry, saying that they "still relate to it and they like learning of the past". In the same article, reporter Luke Langlands also noted the show's influence of inspiring the creation of other independent online shows. The Nerd's success as an independent celebrity outside of the commercial mainstream of pop culture, popularized the notion of making lifelong careers online. In a survey published by "Mediscape", a number of people admitted to being inspired by the Nerd to create and submit their own content in various online spaces, including YouTube, DeviantArt, SourceForge, GameFAQs and ScrewAttack, influencing the likes of those such as the Nostalgia Critic, Angry Joe and others.


title: Angry Video Game Nerd

text: In his analysis of the show and the character, writer Alex Carlson of "Hardcore Gamer" dubbed Rolfe's character "The Nerd Who Changed Gaming Culture Forever". In his written article, he described the Angry Video Game Nerd as "one of the most recognizable figures in gaming culture", adding that "if you're a gamer, it's nearly guaranteed that you've browsed YouTube and seen at least a couple of videos from the series. Nearly a decade after the series' humble inception, James Rolfe's frequently sailor-mouthed alter-ego is still spreading influence. With each new gaming channel appearing on YouTube, there's some level of inspiration coming straight from The Nerd. From the very beginning, The Angry Video Game Nerd was a giant leap forward. Whether James Rolfe knew it or not, the rise of The Nerd was a moment that changed gaming critique and entertainment forever".


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: Gerard Deulofeu Lázaro (; born 13 March 1994) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Serie A club Udinese. Mainly a forward, he can also play as a winger on both flanks.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: He started his career with Barcelona, first appearing with the first team at the age of 17, and was loaned to Everton and Sevilla before joining the former on a permanent deal in the summer of 2015. After a successful loan spell at Italian side AC Milan, he was brought back to Barcelona in June 2017, before being loaned to Watford in January 2018; later that year, Watford signed him outright.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: Deulofeu was also a Spanish youth international, having represented the country over 80 times at under-16, under-17, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels, being named the UEFA Under-19 Championship Golden Player in 2012. In 2014, he made his senior debut for the Spain national football team.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: Born in Riudarenes, Girona, Catalonia, Deulofeu joined Barcelona's youth academy in 2003 at the age of nine. In 2005, he was promoted to the U-13 team. On 2 March 2011, still registered with the junior team, he made his senior debut, appearing for the B team in a 4–1 away win against Córdoba in Segunda División by coming on as a substitute for Edu Oriol in the 75th minute.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: In late April 2011, Deulofeu was called up to the senior squad for the first time, for a La Liga match against Real Sociedad on 29 April, but did not leave the bench in a 2–1 away loss. On 29 October, he made his professional debut with the main squad, replacing Cesc Fàbregas in the 63rd minute of a 5–0 league home success against Mallorca.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 16 September 2012, Deulofeu scored his first goal for the B team, in a 2–1 away loss at Hércules. Deulofeu scored 18 goals for the B team in the 2012–13 season, joint-fourth in the second level competition. On 15 May 2013, he signed a professional contract with the "Blaugrana" first team, running until June 2017.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 10 July 2013, Premier League club Everton signed Deulofeu on a season-long loan. The "Liverpool Echo" also reported that any loan fee would be waived if he made appearances in more than 50% of his new club's games. He scored on his debut for his new club, a 2–1 home win over Stevenage in the second round of the League Cup on 29 August.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 30 November, Deulofeu scored his first league goal for the Toffees, netting the opener in a 4–0 home success against Stoke City. His second came eight days later, through an 85th-minute strike at Arsenal to earn a 1–1 draw.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 14 December 2013, Deulofeu suffered a hamstring injury during Everton's 4–1 victory over Fulham, which sidelined him for five weeks. He scored his third and last goal on 15 March of the following year, netting the opener in a 2–1 home win over Cardiff City. He helped his team to record its best ever Premier League points tally of 72 to finish fifth and, at the end of the campaign, Barcelona confirmed that he would not be returning for a second loan spell as he had been promoted to their first-team squad; he wrote an open letter thanking the staff, players and fans for their support during his stay.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: In May 2014, Deulofeu was granted a first-team place by new Barcelona manager Luis Enrique. However, on 14 August 2014, Sevilla reached an agreement with Barcelona for the loan of Deulofeu for the coming season, with the player admitting "surprise" at Enrique's decision.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: After being an unused substitute in a 1–1 home draw against Valencia, Deulofeu made his debut on 30 August replacing Vitolo in the 73rd minute of a 2–1 away win against Espanyol. He made his UEFA Europa League debut on 18 September, starting and providing assists for both goals in a 2–0 home victory against Feyenoord.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 24 September Deulofeu scored his first goal for the Andalusians (and also his first ever in the top flight in Spain), netting the game's winner in a home success over Real Sociedad. His loan was considered hugely unsuccessful, the Spanish newspaper "Marca" selected him in their La Liga 'Worst team of the season'.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: Deulofeu joined Everton permanently on 1 July 2015, for a transfer fee reported to be £4.2 million. He scored his first goal as a permanent Everton player, a free kick at the Madejski Stadium, as they came from behind to win 2–1 against Reading in the third round of the League Cup. His first league goal since his transfer came on 1 November, the opening goal in a 6–2 rout of Sunderland.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 23 January 2017, Deulofeu joined AC Milan on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season. Two days later, he made his debut with Milan in a Coppa Italia quarter-final match against Juventus, coming on as a substitute for Carlos Bacca in the 1–2 defeat. On 29 January, he made his league debut as a substitute for the injured Giacomo Bonaventura in a loss by the same score against Udinese. On 8 February, Deulofeu made his first assist, a low pass across the goalmouth towards Mario Pašalić, in a 0–1 away victory against Bologna, and 11 days later he scored his first goal for the "Rossoneri" in a 2–1 victory against Fiorentina at the San Siro.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 30 June 2017, Deulofeu returned to Barcelona, as the club activated their buy-back clause for him. On 21 October, he scored his first goal for the club as he scored the opener in the 2nd minute in a 2–0 win against Málaga.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 29 January 2018, it was announced that Deulofeu was to join Watford on a loan deal until the end of the season.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 5 February 2018, he scored his first goal with Watford in a Premier League 4–1 win against Chelsea.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 11 June 2018, Watford signed Deulofeu on a permanent deal for a reported fee of €13 million. He was sidelined from the last game of his loan spell until being available for selection again in early October, owing to "foot and hip problems".


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 22 February 2019, Deulofeu became the first Watford player to score a Premier League hat-trick, scoring three goals in a 5–1 win over Cardiff City.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: In October 2020, Deulofeu joined Udinese on a season-long loan. The following January he completed a permanent transfer to the club, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: Deulofeu played for the Spain under-17 team from 2009 to 2011, helping them finish runner-up at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. In the latter year he was selected to the under-19s, winning two consecutive European Championships and being selected best player in the 2012 edition.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: Deulofeu was selected for the senior side for the first time on 30 May 2014, as part of a 19-man squad to play a friendly against Bolivia, being given the number 7. He played the last ten minutes of the 2–0 win in Seville as a substitute for Pedro, but the following day he was not included in the squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: On 12 November 2015, Deulofeu scored a hat-trick and captained the under-21 team in a 5–0 win over Georgia in Almería, for 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: Winning his second senior Spain cap, Deulofeu scored his first goal for Spain against France in a friendly on 28 March 2017, after coming off the bench. However, the goal was initially ruled out for offside, but the referee consulted his video assistant, who after checking the TV replays decided the referee's assistant had made the wrong call in the first place. Deulofeu made two further appearances for Spain as a substitute in 2017, in a 2–2 friendly draw against Colombia and an 8–0 victory over Liechtenstein in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification: the latter match marked Deulofeu's competitive international debut as well as his latest cap for Spain.


title: Gerard Deulofeu

text: A quick and skillful player, gifted with pace, good technique and dribbling ability, Deulofeu is capable of playing as a winger or as a forward on either flank. He is also capable of playing in a central role, seemingly operating as a lone striker, but acting instead as a false-9; he has even been deployed as an out-and-out striker on occasion, or more frequently as a second striker, due to his ability to beat opponents in one on one situations and create chances for teammates, in addition to scoring goals himself. Despite citing Ronaldinho as his main inspiration, Deulofeu's style of play is comparable to that of Cristiano Ronaldo, due to a shared direct approach. Regarded as a promising young player, in 2012, he was included by "Don Balón" in their list of the 101 most exciting prospects born after 1991, while in January 2014, he was named by "The Observer" as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe. Looking back in 2018, "NBC Sports"' Daniel Karell said of Deulofeu: "In his younger days, the now 24-year-old winger was a dynamic and lightning-quick attacker with a central midfielder's technique to boot".


title: LU decomposition

text: In numerical analysis and linear algebra, lower–upper (LU) decomposition or factorization factors a matrix as the product of a lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix (see matrix decomposition). The product sometimes includes a permutation matrix as well. LU decomposition can be viewed as the matrix form of Gaussian elimination. Computers usually solve square systems of linear equations using LU decomposition, and it is also a key step when inverting a matrix or computing the determinant of a matrix. The LU decomposition was introduced by the Polish mathematician Tadeusz Banachiewicz in 1938.


title: LU decomposition

text: Let "A" be a square matrix. An LU factorization refers to the factorization of "A", with proper row and/or column orderings or permutations, into two factors – a lower triangular matrix "L" and an upper triangular matrix "U":


title: LU decomposition

text: In the lower triangular matrix all elements above the diagonal are zero, in the upper triangular matrix, all the elements below the diagonal are zero. For example, for a 3 × 3 matrix "A", its LU decomposition looks like this:


title: LU decomposition

text: Without a proper ordering or permutations in the matrix, the factorization may fail to materialize. For example, it is easy to verify (by expanding the matrix multiplication) that formula_3. If formula_4, then at least one of formula_5 and formula_6 has to be zero, which implies that either "L" or "U" is singular. This is impossible if "A" is nonsingular (invertible). This is a procedural problem. It can be removed by simply reordering the rows of "A" so that the first element of the permuted matrix is nonzero. The same problem in subsequent factorization steps can be removed the same way; see the basic procedure below.


title: LU decomposition

text: It turns out that a proper permutation in rows (or columns) is sufficient for LU factorization. LU factorization with partial pivoting (LUP) refers often to LU factorization with row permutations only:


title: LU decomposition

text: where "L" and "U" are again lower and upper triangular matrices, and "P" is a permutation matrix, which, when left-multiplied to "A", reorders the rows of "A". It turns out that all square matrices can be factorized in this form, and the factorization is numerically stable in practice. This makes LUP decomposition a useful technique in practice.


title: LU decomposition

text: where "L", "U" and "P" are defined as before, and "Q" is a permutation matrix that reorders the columns of "A".


title: LU decomposition

text: where "D" is a diagonal matrix, and "L" and "U" are unitriangular matrices, meaning that all the entries on the diagonals of "L" and "U" are one.


title: LU decomposition

text: Above we required that "A" be a square matrix, but these decompositions can all be generalized to rectangular matrices as well. In that case, "L" and "D" are square matrices both of which have the same number of rows as "A", and "U" has exactly the same dimensions as "A". "Upper triangular" should be interpreted as having only zero entries below the main diagonal, which starts at the upper left corner. Similarly, the more precise term for "U" is that it is the "row echelon form" of the matrix "A".


title: LU decomposition

text: One way to find the LU decomposition of this simple matrix would be to simply solve the linear equations by inspection. Expanding the matrix multiplication gives


title: LU decomposition

text: This system of equations is underdetermined. In this case any two non-zero elements of "L" and "U" matrices are parameters of the solution and can be set arbitrarily to any non-zero value. Therefore, to find the unique LU decomposition, it is necessary to put some restriction on "L" and "U" matrices. For example, we can conveniently require the lower triangular matrix "L" to be a unit triangular matrix (i.e. set all the entries of its main diagonal to ones). Then the system of equations has the following solution:


title: LU decomposition

text: Any square matrix formula_14 admits "LUP" and "PLU" factorizations. If formula_14 is invertible, then it admits an "LU" (or "LDU") factorization if and only if all its leading principal minors are nonzero (for example formula_16


title: LU decomposition

text: does not admit an "LU" or "LDU" factorization). If formula_14 is a singular matrix of rank formula_18, then it admits an "LU" factorization if the first formula_18 leading principal minors are nonzero, although the converse is not true.


title: LU decomposition

text: If a square, invertible matrix has an "LDU" (factorization with all diagonal entries of "L" and "U" equal to 1), then the factorization is unique. In that case, the "LU" factorization is also unique if we require that the diagonal of formula_20 (or formula_21) consists of ones.


title: LU decomposition

text: In Case 3, one can approximate an LU factorization by changing a diagonal entry formula_23 to formula_24 to avoid a zero leading principal minor.


title: LU decomposition

text: If "A" is a symmetric (or Hermitian, if "A" is complex) positive-definite matrix, we can arrange matters so that "U" is the conjugate transpose of "L". That is, we can write "A" as


title: LU decomposition

text: This decomposition is called the Cholesky decomposition. The Cholesky decomposition always exists and is unique — provided the matrix is positive definite. Furthermore, computing the Cholesky decomposition is more efficient and numerically more stable than computing some other LU decompositions.


title: LU decomposition

text: For a (not necessarily invertible) matrix over any field, the exact necessary and sufficient conditions under which it has an LU factorization are known. The conditions are expressed in terms of the ranks of certain submatrices. The Gaussian elimination algorithm for obtaining LU decomposition has also been extended to this most general case.


title: LU decomposition

text: When an LDU factorization exists and is unique, there is a closed (explicit) formula for the elements of "L", "D", and "U" in terms of ratios of determinants of certain submatrices of the original matrix "A". In particular, formula_26, and for formula_27, formula_28 is the ratio of the formula_29-th principal submatrix to the formula_30-th principal submatrix. Computation of the determinants is computationally expensive, so this explicit formula is not used in practice.


title: LU decomposition

text: The following algorithm is essentially a modified form of Gaussian elimination. Computing an LU decomposition using this algorithm requires formula_31 floating-point operations, ignoring lower-order terms. Partial pivoting adds only a quadratic term; this is not the case for full pivoting.


title: LU decomposition

text: Given an "N" × "N" matrix formula_32, define formula_33, where the parenthetical superscript (e.g., formula_34) is the version of the matrix. So, formula_35 is the original, unmodified version of the formula_36 matrix, and formula_37 is the formula_36 matrix in which the elements below the main diagonal have already been eliminated to 0 through Gaussian elimination for the first formula_39 columns.


title: LU decomposition

text: We perform the operation formula_40 for each row formula_41 with elements (labelled as formula_42 where formula_43) below the main diagonal in the "n"-th column of formula_44. For this operation,


title: LU decomposition

text: Once we have performed the row operations for the first formula_47 columns, we have obtained an upper triangular matrix formula_48 which is denoted by formula_49. We can also calculate the lower triangular matrix denoted denoted as formula_50, such that formula_51, by directly inputting the values of values of formula_52 via the formula below.


title: LU decomposition

text: We can perform the row operations simultaneously for each column formula_39 by setting formula_55 where formula_56 is the "N" × "N" identity matrix with its "n"-th column replaced by the transposed vector formula_57 In other words, the lower triangular matrix


title: LU decomposition

text: Performing all the row operations for the first formula_47 columns using the formula_60 formula is equivalent to finding the decomposition


title: LU decomposition

text: If there are two lower triangular matrices with 1s in the main diagonal, and neither have a non-zero item below the main diagonal in the same column as the other, then we can include all non-zero items at their same location in the product of the two matrices. For example:


title: LU decomposition

text: Finally, multiply formula_68 together and generate the fused matrix denoted as formula_50 (as previously mentioned). Using the matrix formula_50, we obtain formula_71


title: LU decomposition

text: It is clear that in order for this algorithm to work, one needs to have formula_72 at each step (see the definition of formula_52). If this assumption fails at some point, one needs to interchange "n"-th row with another row below it before continuing. This is why an LU decomposition in general looks like formula_74.


title: LU decomposition

text: Note that the decomposition obtained through this procedure is a "Doolittle decomposition": the main diagonal of "L" is composed solely of "1"s. If one would proceed by removing elements "above" the main diagonal by adding multiples of the "columns" (instead of removing elements "below" the diagonal by adding multiples of the "rows"), we would obtain a "Crout decomposition", where the main diagonal of "U" is of "1"s.


title: LU decomposition

text: Another (equivalent) way of producing a Crout decomposition of a given matrix "A" is to obtain a Doolittle decomposition of the transpose of "A". Indeed, if formula_75 is the LU-decomposition obtained through the algorithm presented in this section, then by taking formula_76 and formula_77, we have that formula_51 is a Crout decomposition.


title: LU decomposition

text: where formula_80, if there is a nonzero entry in the first column of "A"; or take "P" as the identity matrix otherwise. Now let formula_81, if formula_80; or formula_83 otherwise. We have


title: LU decomposition

text: It is possible to find a low rank approximation to an LU decomposition using a randomized algorithm. Given an input matrix formula_88 and a desired low rank formula_89, the randomized LU returns permutation matrices formula_90 and lower/upper trapezoidal matrices formula_91 of size formula_92 and formula_93 respectively, such that with high probability formula_94, where formula_95 is a constant that depends on the parameters of the algorithm and formula_96 is the formula_97-th singular value of the input matrix formula_88.


title: LU decomposition

text: If two matrices of order "n" can be multiplied in time "M"("n"), where "M"("n") ≥ "n" for some "a" > 2, then an LU decomposition can be computed in time O("M"("n")). This means, for example, that an O("n") algorithm exists based on the Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm.


title: LU decomposition

text: Special algorithms have been developed for factorizing large sparse matrices. These algorithms attempt to find sparse factors "L" and "U". Ideally, the cost of computation is determined by the number of nonzero entries, rather than by the size of the matrix.


title: LU decomposition

text: These algorithms use the freedom to exchange rows and columns to minimize fill-in (entries that change from an initial zero to a non-zero value during the execution of an algorithm).


title: LU decomposition

text: we want to solve the equation for x, given "A" and b. Suppose we have already obtained the LUP decomposition of "A" such that formula_100, so formula_101.


title: LU decomposition

text: In both cases we are dealing with triangular matrices ("L" and "U"), which can be solved directly by forward and backward substitution without using the Gaussian elimination process (however we do need this process or equivalent to compute the "LU" decomposition itself).


title: LU decomposition

text: The above procedure can be repeatedly applied to solve the equation multiple times for different b. In this case it is faster (and more convenient) to do an LU decomposition of the matrix "A" once and then solve the triangular matrices for the different b, rather than using Gaussian elimination each time. The matrices "L" and "U" could be thought to have "encoded" the Gaussian elimination process.


title: LU decomposition

text: The cost of solving a system of linear equations is approximately formula_104 floating-point operations if the matrix formula_88 has size formula_106. This makes it twice as fast as algorithms based on QR decomposition, which costs about formula_107 floating-point operations when Householder reflections are used. For this reason, LU decomposition is usually preferred.


title: LU decomposition

text: When solving systems of equations, "b" is usually treated as a vector with a length equal to the height of matrix "A". In matrix inversion however, instead of vector "b", we have matrix "B", where "B" is an "n"-by-"p" matrix, so that we are trying to find a matrix "X" (also a "n"-by-"p" matrix):


title: LU decomposition

text: We can use the same algorithm presented earlier to solve for each column of matrix "X". Now suppose that "B" is the identity matrix of size "n". It would follow that the result "X" must be the inverse of "A".


title: LU decomposition

text: Given the LUP decomposition formula_109 of a square matrix "A", the determinant of "A" can be computed straightforwardly as


title: LU decomposition

text: The second equation follows from the fact that the determinant of a triangular matrix is simply the product of its diagonal entries, and that the determinant of a permutation matrix is equal to (−1) where "S" is the number of row exchanges in the decomposition.


title: LU decomposition

text: In the case of LU decomposition with full pivoting, formula_111 also equals the right-hand side of the above equation, if we let "S" be the total number of row and column exchanges.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: In sports leagues, promotion and relegation is a process where teams are transferred between multiple divisions based on their performance for the completed season. Leagues that use promotion and relegation systems are often called open leagues. In a system of promotion and relegation, the best-ranked team(s) in the lower division are "promoted" to the higher division for the next season, and the worst-ranked team(s) in the higher division are "relegated" to the lower division for the next season. In some leagues, playoffs or qualifying rounds are also used to determine rankings. This process can continue through several levels of divisions, with teams being exchanged between adjacent divisions. During the season, teams that are high enough in the league table that they would qualify for promotion are sometimes said to be in the "promotion zone", and those at the bottom are in the "relegation zone" or Reg zone (colloquially the "drop zone" or "facing the drop").


title: Promotion and relegation

text: An alternate system of league organization, used primarily in Australia, Canada, Singapore and the United States, is a closed model based on licensing or franchises. This maintains the same teams from year to year, with occasional admission of expansion teams and relocation of existing teams, and with no team movement between the major league and minor leagues.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: The number of teams exchanged between the divisions is almost always identical. Exceptions occur when the higher division wishes to change the size of its membership, or has lost one or more of its clubs (to financial insolvency or expulsion, for example) and wishes to restore its previous membership size, in which case fewer teams are relegated from that division, or (less often) more teams are accepted for promotion from the division below. Such variations usually cause a "knock-on" effect through the lower divisions. For example, in 1995 the Premier League voted to reduce its numbers by two and achieved the desired change by relegating four teams instead of the usual three, whilst allowing only two promotions from Football League Division One. Even in the absence of such extraordinary circumstances, the pyramid-like nature of most European sports league systems can still create knock-on effects at the regional level. For example, in a higher league with a large geographical footprint and multiple feeder leagues each representing smaller geographical regions, should most or all of the relegated teams in the higher division come from one particular region then the number of teams to be promoted or relegated from each of the feeder leagues may have to be adjusted, or one or more teams playing near the boundary between the feeder leagues may have to transfer from one feeder league to another to maintain numerical balance.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: The system is said to be the defining characteristic of the "European" form of professional sports league organization. Promotion and relegation have the effect of allowing the maintenance of a hierarchy of leagues and divisions, according to the relative strength of their teams. They also maintain the importance of games played by many low-ranked teams near the end of the season, which may be at risk of relegation. In contrast, the final games of a low-ranked US or Canadian team serve little purpose, and in fact losing may be beneficial to such teams because they offer a better position in the next year's draft.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: Although not intrinsic to the system, problems can occur due to the differing monetary payouts and revenue-generating potential that different divisions provide to their clubs. For example, financial hardship has sometimes occurred in leagues where clubs do not reduce their wage bill once relegated. This usually occurs for one of two reasons: first, the club can't move underperforming players on, or second, the club is gambling on being promoted back straight away and is prepared to take a financial loss for one or two seasons to do so. Some leagues (most notably English football's Premier League) offer "parachute payments" to its relegated teams for the following year(s). The payouts are higher than the prize money received by some non-relegated teams and are designed to soften the financial hit that clubs take whilst dropping out of the Premier League. However, in many cases, these parachute payments just serve to inflate the costs of competing for promotion among the lower division clubs as newly relegated teams retain a financial advantage.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: In some countries and at certain levels, teams in line for promotion may have to satisfy certain non-playing conditions in order to be accepted by the higher league, such as financial solvency, stadium capacity, and facilities. If these are not satisfied, a lower-ranked team may be promoted in their place, or a team in the league above may be saved from relegation.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: While the primary purpose of the promotion and relegation system is to maintain competitive balance, it may also be used as a disciplinary tool in special cases. On several occasions, the


title: Promotion and relegation

text: Italian Football Federation has relegated clubs found to have been involved in match fixing. This occurred most recently in 2006, when the season's initial champions Juventus were relegated to Serie B, and two other teams were initially relegated but then restored to Serie A after appeal (see 2006 Serie A scandal).


title: Promotion and relegation

text: Promotion and relegation is used in international sports leagues such as in Europe, and many other parts of the world, association football(Soccer), basketball, american football, baseball, handball, hockey etc leagues. It may be used in international sports tournaments. In tennis, the Davis Cup and Fed Cup have promotion and relegation, with a 'World Group' (split into two divisions in the Fed Cup) at the top and series of regional groups at a lower level. The World Groups in both use a knockout tournament format, with the first-round losers entering play-offs with winners from regional groups to avoid relegation. In international tournaments, this format allows teams from countries in which a sport is less well established to have competitive matches, while opening up the possibility of competing against higher ranked nations as a sport grows. Other international tournaments which employ promotion and relegation include the Ice Hockey World Championships, Bandy World Championships, Floorball World Championships, the UEFA Nations League, the CONCACAF Nations League, the World Cricket League and the European Team Championships in athletics.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: In baseball, the earliest American sport to develop professional leagues, the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) was established in 1857 as a national governing body for the game. In many respects, it would resemble England's Football Association when founded in 1863. Both espoused strict amateurism in their early years and welcomed hundreds of clubs as members.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: Baseball's National Association was not able to survive the onset of professionalism. It responded to the trend – clubs secretly paying or indirectly compensating players – by establishing a "professional" class for 1869. As quickly as 1871, most of those clubs broke away and formed the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP). That new, professional Association was open at a modest fee, but it proved to be unstable. It was replaced by the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs in 1876, which has endured to the present day. The founders of the new League judged that in order to prosper, they must make baseball's highest level of competition a franchise based system with exclusive membership, a strict limit on the number of teams, and each member having exclusive rights to their local market.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: The modest National League guarantee of a place in the league year after year would permit the owners to monopolize fan bases in their exclusive territories and give them the confidence to invest in infrastructure, such as improved ballparks. In turn, those would guarantee the revenues to support traveling halfway across a continent for games. Indeed, after its first season, the new league banked on its still doubtful stability by expelling its members in New York and Philadelphia (the two largest cities), because they had breached agreements to visit the four western clubs at the end of the season.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: The NL's dominance of baseball was challenged several times but only by entire leagues, after its first few years. Eight clubs, the established norm for a national league, was a prohibitively high threshold for a new venture. Two challengers succeeded beyond the short-term, with the National League fighting off a challenge from the American Association after a decade (concluded 1891). In 1903 it accepted parity with the American League and the formation of the organization that would become Major League Baseball. The peace agreement between the NL and the AL did not change the "closed shop" of top-level baseball but entrenched it by including the AL in the shop. This was further confirmed by the Supreme Court's 1922 ruling in "Federal Baseball Club v. National League", giving MLB a legal monopoly over professional baseball in the US.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: The other major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada have followed the MLB model of a franchise based system.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: In contrast to baseball's NABBP, the first governing body in English football survived the onset of professionalism, which it formally accepted in 1885. Perhaps the great geographical concentration of population and the corresponding short distances between urban centres was crucial. Certainly it provided the opportunity for more clubs' developing large fan bases without incurring great travel costs. Professional football did not gain acceptance until after the turn of the 20th century in most of Southern England. The earliest league members travelled only through the Midlands and North.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: When The Football League (now the English Football League) was founded in 1888, it was not intended to be a rival of The Football Association but rather the top competition within it. The new league was not universally accepted as England's top-calibre competition right away. To help win fans of clubs outside The Football League, its circuit was not closed; rather, a system was established in which the worst teams at the end of each season would need to win re-election against any clubs wishing to join.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: A rival league, the Football Alliance, was formed in 1889. When the two merged in 1892, it was not on equal terms; rather, most of the Alliance clubs were put in the new Football League Second Division, whose best teams would move up to the First Division in place of its worst teams. Another merger, with the top division of the Southern League in 1920, helped form the Third Division in similar fashion. Since then no new league has been formed of non-league clubs to try to achieve parity with The Football League (only to play at a lower level, like independent professional leagues in American baseball today).


title: Promotion and relegation

text: For decades, teams finishing near the bottom of The Football League's lowest division(s) faced re-election rather than automatic relegation. But the principle of promotion and relegation had been firmly established, and it eventually expanded to the football pyramid in place today. Meanwhile, The FA has remained English football's overall governing body, retaining amateur and professional clubs rather than breaking up.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: Promotion and relegation has been used in several eSports leagues. Blizzard Entertainment's video game "StarCraft II" has a "ladder" that uses a promotion and relegation system, where individual players and pre-made teams can be promoted and relegated during the first few weeks of a league season, which generally lasts around 11 weeks, with promotion and relegation taking place based on a skill rating, which is in turn based on wins and losses. However, this form of matchmaking is not typically used for StarCraft II e-sports tournaments, which have various kinds of structures depending on the organizer, the most important being the ESL Pro Tour . The most professional "League of Legends" leagues like the League of Legends Championship Series and League of Legends Champions Korea use a promotion and relegation system, although the LCS moved away from this in 2018 for North America LCS and 2019 for the European LCS (which was renamed to the League of Legends European Championship). The "" Majors use a similar system where in the top eight finishers of one of the bi-annual Majors are designated with the "Legends" seed and automatically qualified for the next Major tournament. The best six eliminated teams in the second stage (known as "New Legends Stage") of the Major must play a "qualifying" stage (known as "New Challengers Stage") with another ten teams from the Minors in order to compete at the "New Legends Stage".


title: Promotion and relegation

text: From 1993 until 2003, the Eurovision Song Contest used various systems of relegation to reconcile the number of countries wishing to participate (approximately 30 at the time) with the number of performances allowed considering time constraints of a live television program. The addition of a semi-final in 2004 allowed for more than 26 songs, but in 2008 automatic qualification of the previous year's top 10 to the final was removed.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: In Brazilian carnival's samba school contest, a similar system is adopted, with the schools from lower divisions, or "groups", the highest tier being currently called the "Special Group" ("Grupo Especial"). Schools parade in order of groups and ranking from last year contest, with the better ranked inside a group and the higher-tier groups having the privilege of going latter (this means the team has the opportunity of fixing issues with costumes and allegorical floats as well as more rehearsal time). The number of promoted and relegated schools, four until 1997, has been diminishing as time passes, becoming two from 1998 to 2007 and being only one nowadays. There has never been an official reason for that, but it is a fact that the relegated schools have more to lose nowadays, such as access to the Cidade do Samba ("Samba City") facilities. There have been reported several interferences on the contest's final result, especially when traditional schools are involved.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: From 1957 to 1966 and from 1983 to the present, the Argentine First Division has used a system called "Promedios" based on the average performance over a number of seasons. Originally the previous two seasons, and later three or four seasons, clubs avoid relegation by having a high coefficient, which is obtained by dividing the points achieved in the last three seasons by the number of matches played in the same period. Teams with the lowest points coefficient at the end of the season are relegated to the Primera B Nacional.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: This system has both positive and negative aspects, since all of the matches played for the championship in the last seasons are included in the coefficient for the clubs. Teams have an incentive to score points in every match of the season, meaning teams that are not challenging for the title or fighting relegation in the current season want to win even in the final matches to reduce the risk of relegation in the next season; examples are Club Atlético Banfield being champion of the Torneo Apertura in 2009 and last place in the next championship, the Torneo Clausura 2010, without being relegated until the end of the Torneo Apertura 2010 with a second-to-last place finish.


title: Promotion and relegation

text: Similarly, River Plate finished last in the Torneo Apertura 2008 and after two bad campaigns and a mediocre one was relegated in the Torneo Clausura 2011 despite being in fifth place and qualifying for the 2011 Copa Sudamericana. This system forces the newly promoted teams to fight relegation from the very beginning of the season. It also allows teams with a low budget with previous good campaigns to compete in international competitions without having to prioritize the championship to avoid relegation; examples of this are Club Atlético Lanús, winner of the 2013 Copa Sudamericana, or Club Atlético Talleres, winner of the 1999 Conmebol Cup. The Uruguayan First Division adopted the same system in 2016.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Good Bye Lenin! is a 2003 German tragicomedy film, directed by Wolfgang Becker. The cast includes Daniel Brühl, Katrin Sass, Chulpan Khamatova, and Maria Simon. The story follows a family in East Germany (GDR); the mother (Sass) is dedicated to the socialist cause and falls into a coma in October 1989, shortly before the November revolution. When she awakens eight months later in June 1990, her son (Brühl) attempts to protect her from a fatal shock by concealing the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism in East Germany.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Most scenes were shot at the Karl-Marx-Allee in Berlin and around Plattenbauten near Alexanderplatz. "Good Bye Lenin!" received numerous honours, including 2003's European Film Award for Best Film and German Film Award for Best Fiction Film.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: The film is set in East Berlin, in the period from October 1989 to a few days after German reunification in October 1990.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Alex Kerner lives with his mother Christiane, his sister Ariane, and her infant daughter Paula. Alex's father purportedly abandoned the family for a mistress in the West in 1978. His mother joined the Socialist Unity Party and devotes her time to advocating for citizens. While Christiane believes socialism can improve Germany and the world, her children are realistic. Alex is disgusted with the celebration of East Germany's 40th anniversary and participates in an anti-government demonstration. There he meets a girl but they are separated by the "Volkspolizei" before they can introduce themselves.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Christiane, seeing Alex being arrested and beaten, suffers a heart attack and falls into a coma because nobody initially comes to her aid. Visiting his mother in hospital, Alex finds that her nurse, Lara, is the girl from the demonstration. She and Alex begin dating shortly afterwards.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Erich Honecker resigns, Egon Krenz takes over, the borders are opened, the Berlin Wall falls, East Germany holds free elections, and capitalism comes to East Berlin. Alex begins working for a West German firm selling and installing satellite dishes. He befriends a western colleague, aspiring filmmaker Denis Domaschke. Ariane's university closes and she works at Burger King instead. She begins dating the manager, Rainer, who moves into their apartment.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: After eight months, Christiane awakens from her coma. Her doctor warns her family that she is still weak and any shock might cause another, possibly fatal, heart attack. Alex resolves to conceal the profound societal changes from her and maintain the illusion that the German Democratic Republic is just as it was before her coma. He, Ariane, and Lara retrieve their old East German furniture from storage, dress in their old clothes, and repackage new Western food in old East German jars. The deception is increasingly complicated as Christiane witnesses strange occurrences, such as a gigantic Coca-Cola banner on an adjacent building. Denis and Alex create fake news broadcasts from old East German news tapes to explain these odd events. Alex and Ariane fail to find where Christiane keeps her life savings (in East German marks) in time to exchange them for West German marks before the deadline.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Christiane gets stronger and one day wanders outside while Alex is asleep. She sees her neighbours' furniture stacked in the street, new West German cars for sale, advertisements for Western corporations, and a statue of Lenin being flown away by helicopter. Alex and Ariane take her back home and show her a fake newscast explaining East Germany is now accepting refugees from the West following an economic crisis there.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: At the family dacha Christiane reveals her own secret: her husband had fled not for a mistress but because of the difficulties he faced for refusing to join the ruling party. The plan had been for the rest of the family to join him. Christiane, fearing the government would take her children if things went wrong, decided to stay. Contrary to what she had told her children, their father wrote many letters that she hid. As she declares her wish to see her husband one last time to make amends, she relapses and is taken back to hospital.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Alex meets his father, Robert, who has remarried, has two children, and lives in West Berlin. He convinces him to see Christiane one last time. Under pressure to reveal the truth about the fall of the East, Alex creates a final fake news segment, persuading a taxi driver (who resembles cosmonaut Sigmund Jähn, the first German in space and Alex's childhood hero) to act in the false news report as the new leader of East Germany and to give a speech about opening the borders to the West. However, unbeknownst to Alex, Lara had already recounted the true political developments to Christiane earlier that day.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Christiane dies two days later, outliving the German Democratic Republic by three days after German reunification. The family and friends scatter her ashes in the wind using a toy rocket Alex made with his father during childhood.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: For director Wolfgang Becker, work on "Good Bye Lenin!" began in the summer of 1999, but for screenwriter Bernd Lichtenberg, the work had already begun almost a decade earlier. Lichtenberg’s experience of the reunification period as a New West Berliner at a similar age to his protagonist Alex was formed into a story which already included many aspects of the later film, but first ended up "in the drawer" for a few years. He stated: “I had the feeling that it simply wasn’t the right time yet.” This only changed when he saw Becker's "Life is All You Get" (German: "Das Leben ist eine Baustelle"). Especially interested in the mix of sadness and comedy, which he himself also envisaged for his film, he believed he had found the right person to bring his idea to life. He was not mistaken.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: "All of a sudden there was this energy", recalls producer Stefan Arndt during the recording of the 5-page synopsis with Becker. “We knew we could tell the story in just the way we would like to.”


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Nevertheless, it was not an easy process to finish the script. It supposedly took them six drafts plus a few interim versions to complete the script. Lichtenberg wrote the first drafts by himself. He stayed in close contact with Becker who voiced his criticism, especially of the characters. This was an important point for both of them so it was one they argued over as they both wanted to tell the story “through the characters”. The character that underwent the most radical change was Denis, as he was changed from a main character to a side character. The role of Denis, who was previously conceived as an young overweight boy from Turkey who was to be married off against his will, became an amateur film maker, who is as boldly-imaginative as he is practical. After completing the script, which the screenwriter and producer worked on together towards the end, their collaboration was not over. During the actual filming, Lichtenberg was involved whenever Becker wanted more changes.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: The film score was composed by Yann Tiersen, except the version of "Summer 78" sung by Claire Pichet. Stylistically, the music is very similar to Tiersen's earlier work on the soundtrack to "Amélie". One piano composition, "Comptine d'un autre été : L'après-midi", is used in both films.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Several famous East German songs are featured. Two children, members of the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation, sing ""Unsere Heimat"" ('Our Homeland'). Friends of Christiane's (living in the same building) follow with """" ('Build Up! Build Up!'), another anthem of the Free German Youth. The final fake newscast with Sigmund Jähn features a rousing rendition of the East German national anthem, ""Auferstanden aus Ruinen"".


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: Alex creates fictional newscasts to reminisce about his earlier East German lifestyle as well as a communist environment. He goes out of his way to use East German products to fool his mother such as Spreewald gherkins and although this is for his mother, there is also a hint he himself is creating a fantasy in which he would like to live. Alex lived his whole life with this barrier; therefore the drastic change is hard for him unlike his older sister Ariane. Ariane quickly adopts the new Western ideals and lifestyle, but Alex experiences nostalgia for their former way of life. "Ostalgie" is a neologism for the nostalgia for a communist past which is a common theme in "Good Bye Lenin!" Alex shows signs of "ostalgie" when he begins to increasingly criticise the Western changes in themselves.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: In 2004 the "New York Times" commented on "Ostalgie" which was embodied in the town of Eisenhüttenstadt. It became popular because of "Good Bye Lenin!" which imitated Christiane's bedroom. This put a lot of light on the "ostalgie" situation, in addition to the film.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: The film received strongly positive reviews, and has a rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes. "Empire" magazine gave the film four stars out of five, saying: "An ingenious little idea that is funny, moving and—gasp!—even makes you think." The magazine also ranked it 91st in "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: "Good Bye Lenin!" is frequently contrasted with "The Lives of Others", which was released three years later, in 2006. Both films portray the legacy of East Germany, but with decidedly different tones.


title: Good Bye, Lenin!

text: "Good Bye Lenin!" was submitted for consideration for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but not nominated.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: Samantha De Martin (born 17 August 1996) is an Australian professional wrestler, best known by the ring name Indi Hartwell. She is currently signed to WWE, performing on the NXT brand, and was a member of The Way. She is a former NXT Women's Tag Team Champion, as well as a former WSW Women's Champion and RCW Women's Champion.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: De Martin began her training at the age of 19, and she was trained by Professional Championship Wrestling (PCW) Academy in Melbourne. Hartwell made her debut in March 2016, in her home country of Australia. She performed for several promotions like Melbourne City Wrestling, Shimmer, Rise, Riot City Wrestling, and World Series Wrestling.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: On 5 November 2019, it was reported that Hartwell signed a WWE contract. On 7 November 2019, she made her debut at a NXT live event. On 15 January 2020, episode of "NXT", she made her "NXT" televised debut by participating in the Number One Contender Battle Royal for the NXT Women's Championship, in which she lost. She would make an appearance on 20 April, episode of Raw in a lost by referee decision against Shayna Baszler after Baszler injured her arm. Following the match, Baszler sandwiched her arm in a ladder.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: On 15 July 2020, episode of "NXT", Hartwell picked up her first televised win against Shotzi Blackheart. On 7 October, episode of "NXT", a storyline began where Hartwell gave a brand new television to the Garganos with a USB in the package, when she was seen assisting Candice LeRae in the Number One Contender Battle for the NXT Women's Championship at TakeOver 31 on 23 September. On , a masked figure wearing the Ghostface costume was seen assisting LeRae during her NXT Women's Championship match against Io Shirai but was fended off by the host of the event, Shotzi Blackheart. On 11 November, episode of "NXT", it was revealed that Hartwell was the masked figure, aligning with LeRae in the process. On 9 December, episode of "NXT", Johnny Gargano revealed that he had formed a faction with Candice LeRae, Austin Theory and Hartwell called The Way.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: On 22 January 2021 episode of "205 Live", Hartwell and LeRae defeated the team of Cora Jade and Gigi Dolin in the quarterfinals of the Women's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, which marked the first time that a women's match has ever taken place in the history of 205 Live brand. On 10 February episode of "NXT", they were eliminated by Ember Moon and Shotzi Blackheart in the semi-finals of the tournament. On 8 April, at , Hartwell and LeRae challenged Moon and Blackheart for the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship in a losing effort. On 27 April episode of "NXT", Hartwell and LeRae attacked Blackheart and Moon; setting the stage for a future street fight match for the titles. On the next episode of "NXT", they defeated the champions to win the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship, marking Hartwell's first championship in her WWE career. At The Great American Bash, the team of Io Shirai and Zoey Stark defeated Hartwell and LeRae, ending their reign at 63 days.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: After months of promos with her onscreen boyfriend Dexter Lumis, Hartwell proposed to him on 17 August episode of "NXT". On the debut episode of "NXT 2.0", where the brand announced "new beginnings", she was the bride in a kayfabe wedding where she married her -now- on screen husband Lumis. At , Hartwell teamed with Persia Pirotta in a triple threat Scareway to Hell Ladder match against the Toxic Attraction (Gigi Dolin and Jacy Jayne) and the team of Shirai and Stark for NXT women's tag titles in a losing effort. She made an appearance on 12 November episode of "205 Live" and defeated Valentina Feroz. In the following weeks, Hartwell and Pirotta started a feud with Toxic Attraction which resulted in a match for women's tag team titles at Vengeance Day where they were unsuccessful in winning the match. They then entered Women's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic; losing in the first round against the team of Dakota Kai and Wendy Choo.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: On 19 July episode of "NXT", Hartwell competed in a 20-woman battle royal to determine the number one contender for the NXT Women's Championship, eliminating Arianna Grace but was eliminated by Tiffany Stratton.


title: Indi Hartwell

text: De Martin is of Chilean and Italian descent. She has stated that the match between Bayley and Sasha Banks at inspired her to become a professional wrestler.


title: Tim Van Patten

text: Timothy Van Patten (born June 10, 1959) is an American director, actor, screenwriter, and producer. He has directed episodes of "Perry Mason", "Boardwalk Empire", " Black Mirror", "Deadwood", "Ed", "Game of Thrones", "The Pacific", "Rome", "Sex and the City", "The Sopranos", and "The Wire".


title: Tim Van Patten

text: As an actor, he is perhaps best known for portraying Mario "Salami" Pettrino on "The White Shadow". He also played the villainous teenager Peter Stegman in "Class of 1984" and Max Keller on "The Master".


title: Tim Van Patten

text: Van Patten was born in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up in Massapequa, New York, to Richard Byron Van Patten and his second wife Eleanor della Gatta Van Patten. He is the half-brother of Dick Van Patten and Joyce Van Patten, and the uncle of Vincent Van Patten and Talia Balsam. He graduated from Massapequa High School in 1977, in the same class as musician Brian Setzer and football player Brian Baldinger. His daughter is actress Grace Van Patten.