title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett carried out national service with the Royal Air Force, during which he was the shortest commissioned officer in the British Forces. Having enlisted as aircraftman 2nd class Service No.2446942, he received a commission into the secretarial branch of the RAF as a pilot officer (national service) on 25 May 1950. He transferred to the R.A.F. Reserve (National Service List) on 28 October 1951, thereby ending his period of active service. He was promoted to flying officer on 6 September 1952.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Following national service, Corbett moved to London to start his acting career. At tall, Corbett was suited to playing roles younger than his years. References to his height frequently cropped up in his self-deprecating humour. In one of his earliest stage appearances, he was billed as "Ronald Corbett" at Cromer in "Take it Easy" in 1956, with Graham Stark. He appeared in "Crackerjack" as a regular in its early days, one episode with Winifred Atwell. He had a walk-on in an early episode of the 1960s series "The Saint" (as "Ronald Corbett") and appeared in films including "You're Only Young Twice" (1952), "Rockets Galore!" (1957), "Casino Royale" (1967), "Some Will, Some Won't" (1970) and the film version of the farce "No Sex Please, We're British" (1973).


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett starred in the first London production of the musical "The Boys from Syracuse" (as Dromio of Syracuse) in 1963 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, alongside Bob Monkhouse. In 1965 he was in cabaret at "Winston's", Danny La Rue's Mayfair nightclub. David Frost saw him and asked him to appear in "The Frost Report". Corbett was in the West End, playing Will Scarlett in Lionel Bart's Robin Hood musical "Twang!!". It failed, leaving Corbett free to accept. It was while working at Danny La Rue's nightclub that Corbett met Anne Hart, whom he was to marry that year. The marriage lasted 49 years, until he died.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett first worked with Ronnie Barker in "The Frost Report" (1966–67). The writers and cast were mostly Oxbridge graduates from the Footlights tradition. Corbett said he and Barker were drawn together as two grammar school or state secondary school boys, who had not gone to university. The show was a mixture of satirical monologues, sketches and music. Corbett and Barker were beginning to be thought of as a pair.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: They appeared with John Cleese in one of the most repeated comedy sketches in British television: the "Class sketch". Corbett's height provided a key cue for both the visual humour and satirical value of the sketch, as he "looked up" to both Cleese and Barker's characters, and he got the pay-off line: "I get a pain in the back of my neck."


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Continuing under Frost, Corbett starred in "No – That's Me Over Here!", a sitcom written by "Frost Report" writers Barry Cryer, Graham Chapman and Eric Idle (ITV 1967–70). Cryer and Chapman wrote two follow-ups: "Now Look Here" (BBC 1971–73) and "The Prince of Denmark" (BBC 1974). Corbett also appeared in "Frost on Sunday" (ITV 1968) and hosted "The Corbett Follies" (ITV 1969). Frost was also the promoter of Corbett's 1970 novelty single "It's All Going Up Up Up", a satire on inflation.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: He was a subject of the television programme "This Is Your Life" in April 1970 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews while appearing on the "Frost on Sunday" programme.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett's BBC television comedy show with Ronnie Barker, "The Two Ronnies", ran from 1971 to 1987. Barker and Corbett performed sketches and musical numbers. Corbett presented a monologue. Sitting in a large easy chair (emphasising his small size), and usually wearing a Lyle & Scott golfing V-neck sweater, he would stretch telling a simple joke over several minutes, often allowing himself to appear to lose his train of thought.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett's best-known role away from "The Two Ronnies" was as the 40-something Timothy Lumsden, dominated by his mother, in the sitcom "Sorry!" (1981–88). In 1996, he appeared on the première of the short-lived BBC game show "Full Swing", hosted by Jimmy Tarbuck. Corbett played Reggie Sea Lions in the film "Fierce Creatures" (1997), written by his former "Frost Report" colleague John Cleese.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett hosted the game show "Small Talk" and played minor parts occasionally since its end – such as Griselda in a television production of "Cinderella" in 2000, and reviving his armchair monologue routines for a weekly appearance in a stand-up show hosted by Ben Elton. In 2003, he appeared in advertisements for the Sky+ digital television service alongside Alice Cooper. The premise was a running gag about their being happy housemates. In December 2004, Corbett appeared on the BBC news quiz "Have I Got News for You".


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: In 2005, Corbett teamed up again with Ronnie Barker for "The Two Ronnies Sketchbook", comedy sketches from their original series with newly recorded linking material. Also in March 2005, Corbett appeared with comedian Peter Kay in the music video for the number one single "Is This the Way to Amarillo?" to raise money for "Comic Relief". Corbett is remembered for accidentally falling on the treadmill that was out of shot in the green screen video; however, he found the fall funny when played back, and it was kept in the final version. He performed in "Children's Party at the Palace" as Mr Tibbs, the Queen's butler.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: In 2006, Corbett played a hyper-realised version of himself in "Extras", caught taking drugs at the BAFTA Awards. He also starred as himself in "Little Britain Abroad", in which Bubbles DeVere tried successfully to seduce him. He opened the centre in Cromer, Norfolk, named after Henry Blogg. Corbett was the castaway in the BBC Radio 4 show "Desert Island Discs" on 21 October 2007. In 2007, he appeared in an episode of Gordon Ramsay's "The F Word". He featured as a Slitheen in a "Sarah Jane Adventures" episode for Red Nose Day 2009. He had a television interview about his life on 7 November 2009 for "Piers Morgan's Life Stories".


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: In February 2010, Corbett was in the John Landis thriller comedy "Burke & Hare". In August 2010 he was a panellist in the BBC 1 comedy show "Would I Lie to You?". In the same month, he was the star of the Good Food HD programme "Ronnie Corbett's Supper Club" with Rob Brydon and Steve Speirs. The show's premise was that the main guest of the programme must choose a meal as if it were their last, and Corbett would cook it for him/her and his other guest, while they chatted about the guest's past and their current/future projects. In December of the same year he starred in a one-off special, "The One Ronnie".


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: From 2010, Corbett starred in the BBC Radio 4 sitcom "When The Dog Dies". The series reunited him with Ian Davidson and Peter Vincent, the writers of "Sorry!" The series returned to BBC Radio Four for another three series.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Already an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), Corbett was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to entertainment and charity. In 2002, the Queen Margaret University College in Edinburgh awarded him an honorary degree.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: On 30 May 1966, Corbett married actress and dancer Anne Hart; they had two daughters, actresses Emma and Sophie Corbett. Their first child, Andrew, had a heart defect and died when he was 6 weeks old at St Thomas' Hospital, in London.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett lived in Addington, London from 1970 to 2003. He also had a Scottish home in Gullane, East Lothian and often spoke of wanting to become a beekeeper, but never got around to doing it.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett was a golfer and appeared in celebrity and pro–am events; in 2009, he made a documentary with Colin Montgomerie in which they played at Gleneagles. A keen cricket fan, Corbett was also a president of the cricketing charity the Lord's Taverners (1982 and 1987). He supported his local football club, Crystal Palace FC, as well as his hometown club, Heart of Midlothian FC.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: In mid-2014, Corbett attended a party at 10 Downing Street hosted by Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron. In August 2014, Corbett was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: On 31 March 2016, Corbett died at the age of 85, at Shirley Oaks Hospital in Shirley, London, surrounded by his family. He had been diagnosed with motor neuron disease in March 2015.


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: John Cleese said that Corbett had "the best timing" he had ever watched. Sir Bruce Forsyth said Corbett's death marked "one of the saddest days of my life". David Walliams, a close friend of Corbett, said that he was his "comedy idol".


title: Ronnie Corbett

text: Corbett's funeral service, for family and friends, was held on 18 April 2016, at the St John the Evangelist Church near his home in Shirley. In tribute to one of his classic "Two Ronnies" comedy sketches, Four Candles were displayed at the back of the altar. His body was cremated following a private service at Croydon Crematorium. Mourners included Walliams, Sir Michael Parkinson, Rob Brydon and Jimmy Tarbuck. Barry Cryer, who worked with and first met Corbett 50 years before, said, "I can't think of him without smiling... I'm here and tipping my hat to him." A memorial service for Corbett was held in Westminster Abbey on 7 June 2017.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: The Outsider is a 2018 action thriller film directed by Martin Zandvliet and written by Andrew Baldwin. A Japanese-American production, the film stars Jared Leto, Tadanobu Asano, Kippei Shiina, Shioli Kutsuna, and Emile Hirsch.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: "The Outsider" was released by Netflix on March 9, 2018, and received generally unfavorable reviews from critics.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: In 1954, nine years after the Pacific War, Nick Lowell is the only non-Japanese inmate in an Osaka prison. Most of his fellow inmates are yakuza criminals, recognizable by their irezumi tattoos. Nick saves a yakuza named Kiyoshi from being hanged to death; the Shiromatsu, a yakuza clan to which Kiyoshi belongs, repays his debt by arranging Nick's release. He is also offered a job: Anthony Panetti, an American businessman with a deep hatred for the Japanese, has refused to negotiate a deal with the Shiromatsu but has agreed to a deal with a different clan, the Seizu, because they sent an American negotiator. Nick goes to speak with him, but ends up violently beating Panetti on the head with a typewriter just a minute into the conversation instead, assuring Kiyoshi that he'll reconsider.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: When a group of Seizu clan members arrive from Kobe to intimidate the Shiromatsu at their nightclub, Nick attacks one of them, nearly causing a shootout. Kiyoshi takes a liking to Nick, giving him an expensive apartment to live in and a suit to wear. He further entrusts Nick with driving his drunk sister Miyu home after he catches her partying at the Shiromatsu club. Nick spends the night with her and slowly gets more involved with the Shiromatsu clan, becoming one of their enforcers alongside Kiyoshi. He continues his relationship with Miyu and gets an irezumi tattoo on his back to match hers.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: The Shiromatsu come under pressure from rival yakuza families, largely due to the aging Shiromatsu patriarch's refusal to adapt to the rapidly changing post-war economy. Kiyoshi sends Nick to the harbor to handle a black market weapons deal, where he is ambushed by four Seizu members, killing two. To avoid a war with the Seizu and as an apology to their patriarch, Nick and Kiyoshi perform an act of yubitsume. The severed fingertips are sent to the Seizu patriarch, who accepts them. Nick is taken to a countryside temple, where he becomes a full member of the Shiromatsu through an initiation ceremony.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: During a sumo contest, the two families hold a meeting, with the Seizu patriarch offering his counterpart the chance to retire in peace by absorbing the Shiromatsu; the patriarch refuses and threatens him.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: While walking home, Nick is recognized by Paulie Bowers, an American Marine on leave. Paulie remarks that Nick, his former captain, was presumed dead by the Marines after being sought for court-martial. When Paulie tries to blackmail Nick, he lures him back to his apartment and kills him.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: Nick learns that Miyu was assaulted by her former lover Orochi, a fellow yakuza, but Miyu stops him from taking revenge by telling him that she is pregnant. Nick goes to Kiyoshi's home and reveals his relationship with his sister. Telling Nick that he is now responsible for keeping Miyu safe, Kiyoshi gives him a daishō, a pair of swords signifying honor. The two men then bury Bowers' body in the woods.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: A few days later, Nick saves his patriarch from being strangled to death while at the tailor shop, but Kiyoshi is shot dead during their escape. It becomes clear that most of the Shiromatsu, including Orochi, have betrayed the clan and defected to the Seizu. Nick persuades the patriarch that war is the only option, and takes part in the assassination of several Seizu members. The Seizu patriarch calls for peace talks at the local harbor, which turn out to be a trap. Orochi kills the Shiromatsu patriarch, and Nick is wounded by a shot in the leg from a sniper. Shortly thereafter, police officers burn down the Shiromatsu club.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: Undeterred, Nick travels to the Seizu clan dōjō with Kiyoshi's sword and demands an opportunity to kill Orochi. Orochi refuses to fight him, saying that Nick is only a "gaijin" (outsider) and could never truly be a yakuza. When Orochi hands him back his sword, Nick quickly draws it and cuts Orochi's throat. The Seizu patriarch intervenes and tells Nick to leave now that he has avenged his patriarch. Nick travels to a secure apartment where he has hidden Miyu under the guard of the few remaining Shiromatsu members. He embraces her as the yakuza bow reverently.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: On November 16, 2016, Netflix entered negotiations with Bloom and AFM to acquire exclusive global rights to the film.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: Michael Fassbender was considered to star in the film when Daniel Espinosa was in talks to direct. Then, Japanese filmmaker Takashi Miike was slated to direct the film with Tom Hardy in the titular role. However, the search for a new lead after Hardy's departure from the project conflicted with Miike's own commitments, which caused his dropout as well. Jared Leto was confirmed to join the cast on April 5, 2016. Leto grew out his hair and beard for most of 2016 to prepare for the role of Nick Lowell and assume the appearance of an American prisoner of war. Tadanobu Asano was added to the cast on May 12. Rory Cochrane was confirmed to join the cast on November 16. Emile Hirsch was added to the cast on December 6.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: Principal photography began in Tokyo, Japan in late September 2016. Principal photography wrapped in Osaka, Japan in December 2016.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on critic reviews, and an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Starring a disengaged Jared Leto and stuffed with gangster cliches, "The Outsider" never distinguishes itself enough to gain admittance into the inner circle of good yakuza pictures." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 12 critics.


title: The Outsider (2018 film)

text: On "RogerEbert.com", Nick Allen gave "The Outsider" 1 1/2 stars. He wrote that "“Jared Leto in a yakuza drama” isn’t the most palatable of pitches, but that somehow turns out to not be the movie's biggest problem." Andrew Barker of "Variety magazine" called it "Dull, flavorless, and fundamentally incurious, “The Outsider” is a clueless misfire, the cinematic equivalent of a study-abroad student showing off the kanji forearm tattoo whose meaning he never bothered to learn."


title: AMX-13

text: The AMX-13 is a French light tank produced from 1952 to 1987. It served with the French Army, as the Char 13t-75 Modèle 51, and was exported to more than 26 other nations. Named after its initial weight of 13 tonnes, and featuring a tough and reliable chassis, it was fitted with an oscillating turret built by GIAT Industries (now Nexter) with revolver type magazines, which were also used on the Austrian SK-105 Kürassier. Including prototypes and export versions, over a hundred variants exist, including self-propelled guns, anti-aircraft systems, APCs, and ATGM versions.


title: AMX-13

text: The tank was designed at the Atelier de Construction d'Issy-les-Moulineaux (AMX) in 1946 to meet a requirement for an air-portable vehicle to support paratroopers. The first prototype ran from 1948. The compact chassis had torsion bar suspension with five road-wheels and two return rollers; the engine runs the length of the tank on the right side, with the driver on the left. It features an uncommon two-part FL-10 oscillating turret, where the gun is fixed to the turret and the entire upper turret changes elevation. The turret is set to the rear of the vehicle and holds the commander and gunner. The original 75 mm SA 50 gun was loaded by an automatic loading system fed by two six-round magazines located in on either side of the automatic loader in the turret's bustle. The 12 rounds available in the drum magazines meant that the crew could engage targets quickly; however, once those rounds were expended, the vehicle commander and gunner could either manually refill them from within the turret or retreat to cover and reload shells from outside the vehicle through hatches above.


title: AMX-13

text: Production began at ARE (Atelier de Construction Roanne) in 1952, with the first tanks delivered the following year. In 1964, production was transferred to Creusot-Loire at Chalon-sur-Saône, as ARE switched to the production of the AMX-30 MBT, and the numbers produced declined significantly.


title: AMX-13

text: After 1966, AMX-13s in French service were up-gunned with a 90 mm CN-90-F3 L/52 medium pressure gun firing more effective high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) munitions; this variant was designated AMX-13/90. The F3 was similar to the DEFA D921/F1 low pressure gun developed for the Panhard AML-90, and even utilized the same ammunition, though it possessed a significantly higher muzzle velocity. By the late 1960s, an export model of the AMX-13 was also available with an even larger 105 mm CN-105 L/57 gun in a FL-12 turret.


title: AMX-13

text: Although there were many variants on the turret, the basic chassis was almost unchanged until 1985, when changes including a new diesel engine, fully automatic transmission and new hydropneumatic suspension were introduced. Production halted with the AMX-13 Model 1987. After sales support and upgrades are still offered through GIAT Industries (now Nexter).


title: AMX-13

text: The AMX-13 tank was phased out of service with the French Army in the 1980s. Current French armoured vehicles with a similar role are the ERC 90 Sagaie and the AMX 10 RC.


title: AMX-13

text: During the Suez Crisis of 1956, the French Army used two sections of the 2nd Foreign Cavalry Regiment's AMX-13 tanks in Port Fouad. The AMX-13s also saw limited action in the Algerian War, largely due to the rough terrain in most of Algeria and much of the fighting with the anti-colonial guerillas being in the difficult terrain of the countryside. France also fielded a number of AMX-13s fitted with US Chaffee light tank turrets in the fighting in Algeria.


title: AMX-13

text: AMX-13s saw service among both the loyalists and the rebels during the Dominican Civil War of 1965. Two AMX-13s used by the rebel forces were destroyed by M50 Ontos of the United States Marine Corps during the subsequent American intervention in the Dominican Republic.


title: AMX-13

text: The AMX 13 was Israel's first modern tank and was purchased at a time when France was the only country willing to openly sell arms to Israel. By 1956, Israel had received 180 AMX-13 light tanks as part of an agreement to reinforce Israel's military and to maintain the balance in Israel's favour after the Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal. Besides buying whole AMX-13s, Israel also purchased a quantity of 75mm main guns of these light tanks for fitting (upgunning) into other tanks in their inventory, such as the American M4 Sherman. Due to the shortage of tanks, the IDF used them as main battle tanks and employed them to form a tank battalion in the 7th Armored Brigade. IDF reconnaissance units did not use AMX 13s.


title: AMX-13

text: By 1967, Israel had acquired about 400 AMX-13s and formed three AMX-13 battalions, all of which fought actively on all fronts during the Six-Day War. The first battalion moved south in the West Bank area through Taluzi and Tubas and occupied Nablus (against Jordan). The second, attacking Egypt, captured the strongpoints protecting the Gaza Strip and the coastal road in the north of the Sinai Peninsula. The third, finally, assaulted the Golan Heights in south-western Syria.


title: AMX-13

text: The IDF realised that the AMX-13 tank was too lightly-armoured and had a weak main gun. Losses were heavy at places like Rafah Junction and Jiradi Pass during the Six-Day War with many destroyed by heavier Arab-fielded Soviet armour, such as T-55 MBTs and IS-3 (tank) heavy tanks. Subsequently, Israel gradually phased out all of its AMX-13s following the Six-Day War, with most ending up being sold to the then newly established Singapore Army between 1968 and 1969.


title: AMX-13

text: During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, India deployed AMX-13 Tanks to oppose the initial armour onslaught of Operation Grand Slam in the Chhamb-Jaurian area and also in the Battle of Asal Uttar.


title: AMX-13

text: During the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War in Chhamb-Jaurian in Jammu & Kashmir, the 20 Lancers, equipped with AMX-13 tanks was under command of the 10th Infantry Division. Pakistan's surprise attack on 1 September, Operation Grand Slam, fell on 191 Infantry Brigade which was supported by "C" Squadron of the regiment, under Maj Bhaskar Roy. The Pakistani armoured attack comprised two regiments, one of M48 Patton medium tanks and one of M36B2 tank destroyers. The attack began at 0805 hours and was strongly resisted. During the initial phases of the attack, Roy destroyed six Pattons, three recoilless guns and captured a jeep. A second attack was launched by Pakistani armour at 1100 hours and contested by the AMX-13s of 20 Lancers, which despite being outgunned and outnumbered, destroyed a total 13 tanks that day and prevented the encirclement of 191 Infantry Brigade. The regiment later fought in the defence of Jaurian under 41 Infantry Brigade. For the defense of Chhamb-Jaurian, the regiment was awarded a theatre honour and Maj Bhaskar Roy was awarded Maha Vir Chakra for his leadership in this action.


title: AMX-13

text: In the Battle of Assal Uttar, on 8–10 September 1965 in Asal Uttar (Khem Karan, Punjab, India), a regiment of AMX-13s — 8th Light Cavalry — along with a regiment each of Centurions and M4 Shermans fought off and defeated a Pakistani armoured offensive comprising five regiments of M48 Patton tanks and one regiment of M24 Chaffee tanks.


title: AMX-13

text: Indonesian Army bought 175 AMX-13/75, 32 AMX-VCI (including 4 command variants and 6 ARV variants), and 10 AMX-13 PDP from France in 1960, which were delivered to Indonesia in 1960–1962. The Army then bought around 100 to 180 ex-Royal Netherlands Army AMX-VCI in 1976, which were modernized and delivered in 1977–1978. The last batch of AMX-13 family were bought in 1980–1981, when the Army acquired 130 second-hand but modernized AMX-13/105 from the Netherlands.


title: AMX-13

text: The AMX-13s first saw combat during 30 September Movement in 1965 where it was deployed to secure Jakarta from the attempted coup. The Indonesian AMX-13/75 tanks and the VCI variants participated in 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor (known in Indonesia as "Operasi Seroja"). Indonesian AMX-13s also participated in 2003–2004 Indonesian offensive in Aceh. The AMX-13 gain momentary notoriety in Indonesian social media in September 2020, when videos of an AMX-13 lost control when making a turn and run over a street food vendor cart and four motorcycles spread on social media. The accident happened on 10 September 2020 at around 11:00 , at an intersection in Cipatat District, West Bandung Regency during a 4th Cavalry Battalion's company-level combat readiness exercise. No one was injured and the owners of the cart and vehicles were given compensations totaling 15.4 million rupiahs.


title: AMX-13

text: The Lebanese Army was an important user of the AMX-13 in the Middle East, purchasing 42 AMX-13/75s and 22 AMX-13/105s from France in 1972. Lebanese AMX-13s saw extensive service during the Lebanese Civil War in the hands of the regular Lebanese Army and various armed groups in and outside Beirut between 1975 and 1990, following the collapse of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) structure in January 1976, and later again in February 1984 in the wake of the Mountain War. During this period, most of the regular Army's AMX-13s fell into the hands of the competing Christian-rightist Lebanese Front and Muslim-leftist Lebanese National Movement (LNM) militias or were taken way by dissident rebellious Lebanese Army factions. France later delivered additional 13 AMX-13/90s to the regular Lebanese Army between 1978-1981 and again in 1984. Captured AMX-13s were employed by the Lebanese Arab Army (LAA), Army of Free Lebanon (AFL), Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF), Tigers Militia, Lebanese Forces (LF), South Lebanon Army (SLA), Amal Movement, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Nearly all AMX-13s eventually were returned by the demobilized militias to the Lebanese Army between 1990 and 1993. Currently none of the Lebanese AMX-13 light tanks is believed to remain operational.


title: AMX-13

text: In July 2018, six of these withdrawn AMX-13 and various other former Lebanese Army military vehicles were dumped in the sea off the coast of Sidon in southern Lebanon and used as part of an artificial reef.


title: AMX-13

text: Morocco used some AMX-13s in the Sand War of 1963. Later on, they were engaged in the Western Sahara conflict. They were supplemented by the similar Austrian SK-105 Kürassier light tank during that war.


title: AMX-13

text: The AMX-13 was the basis of a family of APCs beginning with the AMX-VTT and culminating with the AMX-VCI. The APC chassis was itself the basis of a number of variants.


title: AMX-13

text: The AMX-13 has made some major TV and film appearances, most notably in the 1984 French war film "Les Morfalous", where a Tunisian Army AMX-13/75 is mocked up as a German Panzer IV medium tank serving with the Afrika Korps.


title: AMX-13

text: A Moroccan Army AMX-13/75 briefly appears in the 2001 action thriller film "Spy Game", mocked up as a Lebanese militia light tank being hit by a RPG-7 anti-tank round in a street fighting scene set during the War of the Camps in Beirut.


title: Daybreakers

text: Daybreakers is a 2009 science-fiction action horror film written and directed by Michael and Peter Spierig. The film takes place in a futuristic world overrun by vampires, and centers around a vampiric corporation which sets out to capture and farm the remaining humans while researching a substitute for human blood. Ethan Hawke plays vampire hematologist Edward Dalton, whose work is interrupted by human survivors led by former vampire "Elvis" (Willem Dafoe), who has a cure that can save the human species.


title: Daybreakers

text: An international co-production between Australia and the United States, "Daybreakers" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2009. It was released in the United Kingdom on 6 January 2010 and in North America on 8 January 2010. The film grossed over $50 million worldwide and received mixed critical reception.


title: Daybreakers

text: In 2009, a plague caused by an infected bat transforms most of the world's population into immortal vampires. The human population plummets, leaving vampires with a severe shortage of blood; vampires deprived of blood degenerate into psychotic, bat-like "subsiders". Most humans are captured and harvested in laboratory farms while scientists research a synthetic Substitute. As sunlight is deadly to vampires, underground passages and UV-filtered cars are built for safe travel, while the few free humans travel by day, hiding in open spaces.


title: Daybreakers

text: In 2019, Edward Dalton is the head hematologist for Bromley Marks, a pharmaceutical company that is the largest supplier of human blood in the US. Edward and colleague Christopher Caruso are developing a blood substitute.


title: Daybreakers

text: Driving home from a failed experiment, Dalton accidentally runs another vehicle off the road. Discovering the occupants are humans, Dalton hides them from the police. Before they part ways, their leader, Audrey, learns Edward's name and occupation from his ID badge.


title: Daybreakers

text: At home, Edward is surprised by his estranged brother Frankie. Frankie's gift of a bottle of pure human blood reignites a long-standing argument – Edward refuses to drink human blood and uses animal blood instead, while Frankie enjoys his vampire status. A subsider, a gardener from Edward’s neighborhood, invades the house, forcing the brothers to kill it.


title: Daybreakers

text: The next morning, Audrey visits Edward's home, giving him instructions for a meeting. There, Edward is introduced to Lionel "Elvis" Cormac, a human who was once a vampire. Before he can explain his reversion, a military team arrives with Frankie, who followed Edward and intends to capture Cormac and Audrey. Audrey knocks Frankie unconscious and the three escape. Cormac reveals that he was cured of vampirism when a car crash ejected him from his sun-proof vehicle. Elvis burst into flames in the sunlight but landed in a river, having been exposed to the sun for a precise length of time to turn him human again. Edward agrees to help Cormac find a way to recreate the cure and prevent human genocide.


title: Daybreakers

text: At a vineyard that night, Edward meets more humans and Senator Wes Turner, a vampire secretly helping the colony develop a cure. An approaching convoy of humans is captured, and vampire soldiers track the location of the vineyard, forcing Turner and the humans to flee. Audrey, Cormac, and Edward stay behind, and together they recreate the method by which Cormac reverted to human form, curing Edward of vampirism. They later find Turner and all the humans dead.


title: Daybreakers

text: Alison Bromley, one of the captured humans, is revealed to be the daughter of Charles Bromley (CEO of Bromley Marks), who refused to become a vampire like her father. Charles has Frankie forcibly turn his daughter Alison into a vampire, but she refuses to drink human blood. Devolving into a subsider, Alison and others are executed by being burnt to death by sunlight. Upset at witnessing Alison's death, Frankie seeks out his brother. The military imposes martial law to control the subsider population.


title: Daybreakers

text: Edward, Cormac, and Audrey break into Christopher's home and ask him to help spread the cure. Having finally discovered a viable blood substitute, and feeling overshadowed by Edward, Christopher is uninterested in a cure and summons soldiers, who capture Audrey while Cormac and Edward escape. They are found by Frankie, who agrees to help but his instincts cause him to bite Cormac, but drinking his blood turns Frankie human, revealing that the sunlight cure is unnecessary.


title: Daybreakers

text: Trying to save Audrey, Edward turns himself in to Charles, who gloats about Bromley Marks' new monopoly on the blood substitute, as using blood substitute to cure blood loss in humans is much less profitable than selling it as grocery to the vampire population. Charles reveals his plan to continue hunting humans and sell their blood for exorbitant prices, as "people are always willing to pay extra for the real thing." Edward taunts Charles into biting him, turning Charles human.


title: Daybreakers

text: Edward leaves Charles to be killed at the hands of human-blood-thirsty-soldiers on the brink of becoming subsiders. Frankie arrives and sacrifices himself to the soldiers which allows Edward and Audrey to escape. In the ensuing feeding frenzy, only six soldiers are left standing, now cured. To conceal the cure, Christopher shoots the soldiers and is about to shoot Edward and Audrey when Cormac kills him with a crossbow.


title: Daybreakers

text: The three survivors drive off into the sunrise. In a voiceover, Edward announces the cure will change the general population back to restore humanity.


title: Daybreakers

text: In November 2004, Lionsgate acquired the script to "Daybreakers", written by Peter and Michael Spierig. The brothers, who directed "Undead" (2003), were attached to direct "Daybreakers". In September 2006, the brothers received financing from Film Finance Corporation Australia, with production set to take place in Queensland. In May 2007, actor Ethan Hawke was cast into the lead role. Later in the month, actor Sam Neill joined the cast as the main antagonist. "Daybreakers" began filming on the Gold Coast at Warner Bros. Movie World studios and in Brisbane on 16 July 2007. The production budget was $US21 million, with the State Government contributing $US1 million to the filmmakers. Principal photography was completed on schedule in September 2007, with reshoots following to extend key sequences.


title: Daybreakers

text: Weta Workshop created the creature effects for "Daybreakers". The Spierig brothers wanted the vampires in the film to have a classical aesthetic to them while feeling like a more contemporary interpretation. After experimenting with complex makeup designs, they decided that a more minimalistic approach to makeup had a more powerful effect.


title: Daybreakers

text: Hawke was initially hesitant to join the production as he was "not a big fan" of genre films. He ultimately accepted the role as Edward after deciding the story felt "different" from that of a typical B movie. Hawke described the film as an allegory of man's pacing with natural resources, "We're eating our own resources so people are trying to come up with blood substitutes, trying to get us off of foreign humans." The actor also said that despite the serious allegory, the film was "low art" and "completely unpretentious and silly".


title: Daybreakers

text: "Daybreakers" premiered on 11 September 2009 at the 34th Annual Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released on 6 January 2010 in the UK and Ireland, 8 January 2010 in North America, and 4 February 2010 in Australia.


title: Daybreakers

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 68% based on reviews from 151 critics, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Though it arrives during an unfortunate glut of vampire movies, "Daybreakers" offers enough dark sci-fi thrills — and enough of a unique twist on the genre — to satisfy filmgoers." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 based on 31 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Daybreakers

text: "Variety" gave the film a mixed review stating the film had a "cold, steely blue, black and gray 'Matrix'-y look" going on to say "Daybreakers" "emerges as a competent but routine chase thriller that lacks attention-getting dialogue, unique characters or memorable setpieces that might make it a genre keeper rather than a polished time-filler." "Rolling Stone" gave the film two and a half out of four stars and called the film a B movie and a "nifty genre piece". Roger Ebert also gave the film two and a half stars stating the "intriguing premise ... ends as so many movies do these days, with fierce fights and bloodshed." Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ and called it "a bloody good time."


title: Daybreakers

text: As of October 2010, the global box gross was US$51,416,464, including $30,101,577 in the US. In its opening weekend in the United States, "Daybreakers" opened at No. 4 behind "Avatar", "Sherlock Holmes" and "" with $15,146,692 in 2,523 theaters, averaging $6,003 per theater.


title: Daybreakers

text: "Daybreakers" was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on 11 May 2010 and in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2010. The UK DVD copy was rated as an 18 instead of the original 15 rating that was used for cinema release. A 3D Blu-ray version of the film was released in November 2011. The film was re-released in the 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray format on September 10, 2019.


title: Lotte Corporation

text: Lotte Corporation (or Lotte Group) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation, and the fifth-largest chaebol in South Korea. Lotte began its history on June 28, 1948, by Korean businessman Shin Kyuk-ho in Tokyo. Shin expanded Lotte to his ancestral country, South Korea, with the establishment of Lotte Confectionery in Seoul on April 3, 1967.


title: Lotte Corporation

text: Lotte Corporation consists of over 90 business units employing 60,000 people engaged in such diverse industries as candy manufacturing, beverages, hotels, fast food, retail, financial services, industrial chemicals, electronics, IT, construction, publishing, and entertainment. Lotte runs additional businesses in China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Uzbekistan, India, United States, United Kingdom, Kazakhstan, Russia, Philippines, Myanmar, Pakistan, Poland (Lotte bought Poland's largest candy company Wedel from Kraft Foods in June 2010), Australia and New Zealand (Lotte successfully bought 4 duty free stores in Australia and 1 in New Zealand from JR/Group in 2019).


title: Lotte Corporation

text: Lotte was founded in June 1948, by Korean businessman Shin Kyuk-ho in Tokyo, Japan, two years after he graduated from Waseda Jitsugyo High School (). Originally called "Lotte Co., Ltd", the company has grown from selling chewing gum to children in post-war Japan to becoming a major multinational corporation.


title: Lotte Corporation

text: The source of the company's name is neither Korean nor Japanese, or even Chinese, but German. Shin Kyuk-ho was impressed with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther" (1774) and named his newly founded company Lotte after the character Charlotte in the novel. ("Charlotte" is also the name of premium auditoriums in movie theatres run by Lotte.) Lotte's current marketing slogan in Japan is .


title: Lotte Corporation

text: "Lotte Corporation" – Lotte group's world headquarters – is located in Songpa-gu, Seoul and Lotte Holdings Co., Ltd. in Shinjuku, Tokyo. It is controlled by the founder Shin Kyuk-Ho's extended family.


title: Lotte Corporation

text: Lotte Group's major businesses are food, retail, chemical, construction, manufacturing, tourism, service, finance, etc.


title: Lotte Corporation

text: In June 2016, companies of the group were raided by South Korean prosecutors, investigating into a possible slush fund as well as breach of trust involving transactions among the group's companies. The investigation forced its Hotel Lotte unit to abandon an initial public offering and Lotte Chemical Corp to withdraw from bidding for "Axiall Corp." Vice chairman, Lee In-won, was found dead in August same year. He was suspected of suicide just hours before being questioned by prosecutors. Lee was considered the top lieutenant of Chairman Shin Dong-bin.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: KHI is known as one of the three major heavy industrial manufacturers of Japan, alongside Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and IHI. Prior to the Second World War, KHI was part of the Kobe Kawasaki "zaibatsu", which included Kawasaki Steel and Kawasaki Kisen. After the conflict, KHI became part of the DKB Group ("keiretsu").


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Shōzō Kawasaki, born in 1836, was involved with the marine industry from a young age. He was involved with two offshore disasters but accredited his survival to the modernization of the ships. This led to the decision to create technological innovations for the Japanese shipping industry. In 1878, after struggling to find business, his first order was placed. This is marked as the company's start in the industry.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: In 1886, Kawasaki moved the business from Tokyo to Hyogo. This allowed space for the rise of orders placed to his company and the renaming to Kawasaki Dockyard. The new and improved company went public as Kawasaki Dockyard Co., Ltd when the demand for ships rose during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894. Kojiro Matsukata was announced as the company's first president.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: After opening a new factory in 1906, Kawasaki began diversifying its products. They began to produce parts for the railroad, automotive, and airplane industry by the end of World War 1. After the war, along with the Allied arms-limitation agreement in 1912, Kawasaki faced a huge decline in shipbuilding. In 1929, the Depression caused a large amount of financial problems with the company.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: During World War 2, Kawasaki was a major builder of combat aircraft like the Ki-61, which killed many US aircrew. Just afterwards, they adapted air intakes from combat aircraft to high speed motorcycles. In 1947, the government introduced a new shipbuilding agenda and gave Kawasaki a rise in profits and helped restore the company. The company was able to resume all operations and by the 1950s, Japan was leading as the world's largest shipbuilder.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: By the late 1960s into the 1970s Kawasaki had begun to withdraw from the shipbuilding industry and diversified its company, producing motorcycles, jet skis, bridges, tunnel-boring machines, and aircraft. They also supplied technologically advanced railroad cars to the New York subway system.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: In 1995, Kawasaki Heavy Industries came to an agreement with China to produce the largest containerships known to man. This led to the company announcing higher than expected profits in 1996. However, shortly after the profits, the company saw a long decline in business forcing them to find a solution.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: With the company seeing continuous losses into the 21st century, it formed a joint venture with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. However, by the end of 2001, the agreement was terminated. In the following years, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Co. have seen a fluctuation of profits and losses


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki is active in a diverse range of the aerospace industry. The company is a contractor for the Japanese Ministry of Defense and has built aircraft such as the C-1 transport aircraft, T-4 intermediate jet trainer, and the P-3C antisubmarine warfare patrol airplane. Since 2007, it has built the P-1 maritime patrol aircraft, and since 2010, it has built the C-2 transport aircraft. Kawasaki also builds helicopters, including the BK117, jointly developed and manufactured with MBB. It also produces the CH-47J / JA helicopter.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: In the commercial aviation business, the company is involved in the joint international development and production of large passenger aircraft. It is involved in joint development and production of the Boeing 767, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 with The Boeing Company, and the 170, 175, 190 and 195 jets with Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica. It is also involved in the joint international development and production of turbofan engines for passenger aircraft such as the V2500, the RB211/Trent, the PW4000 and the CF34.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki also works for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The company was responsible for the development and production of the payload fairings, payload attach fittings (PAF) and the construction of the launch complex for the H-II rocket. It continues to provide services for the H-IIA rocket.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki has also participated in projects such as the development of reusable launch vehicles for spacecraft that will handle future space transport, space robotics projects such as the Japanese Experiment Module for the International Space Station, the cancelled HOPE-X experimental orbiting plane and the docking mechanism for the ETS-VII. According to a document from July 1997, they would have been a major manufacturer of the Kankoh-maru space tourism vehicle (also known as the Kawasaki S-1), which never saw production.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki is Japan's largest manufacturer of rolling stock. It began operations in the industry in 1906. It manufactures express and commuter trains, subway cars, freight trains, locomotives, monorails and new transit systems. Kawasaki is also involved in the development and design of high-speed trains such as Japan's Shinkansen.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Shipbuilding is the historical industry in which Kawasaki Heavy Industries was created and developed, as from the company's 1878 founding as the Kawasaki Dockyard Co.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Its product range include high-performance LNG and LPG carriers, container ships, bulk carriers and VLCCs, as well as submarines. The company is also involved in the development of offshore structures and research vessels.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki also produces marine machinery and equipment, including main engines, propulsion systems, steering gears, deck and fishing machinery.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki has shipyards at Kobe and Sakaide, Kagawa. (Kagawa Prefecture). The company also builds ships as a part of joint ventures with COSCO in China, i.e. the Nantong COSCO KHI Ship Engineering Co., Ltd.(NACKS), in Nantong, China, and the Dalian COSCO KHI Ship Engineering Co., Ltd.(DACKS), in Dalian, China.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki's key offering are high-performance gas turbines. The company is also involved in development of new energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels such as wind power generation, biomass power generation, photovoltaic systems and rechargeable batteries.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki develops and builds a vast array of industrial plants and equipment, including large cement, chemical and nonferrous metal plants, prime movers, and compact precision machinery. It also offers industrial plant engineering from design to sales.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki also develops automation systems. Industrial robots for processes such as assembly, handling, welding, painting and sealing, as well as automation systems for distribution and logistics such as automated product- and cargo-handling systems for plants and airports.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki is involved in the development of equipment that prevents pollution in a wide range of industries. Among the leading products are fuel gas desulfurization and denitrification systems, and ash handling systems. The company also supplies municipal refuse incineration plants, gasification and melting systems, sewage treatment and sludge incineration plants.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki has also been developing systems that enable a wide range of municipal and industrial waste to be recovered, recycled and put to new use. Such systems include refuse paper and plastic fuel production facilities that convert wastepaper/plastics into an easy-to-handle solid fuel, equipment that converts old tires into highway paving materials and tiles, and machinery that sorts glass bottles by size and color.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki's history of building steel structures spans more than a century, with bridge-building among its first businesses. The company offers of storage management for LNG,


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki's portfolio also includes retractable roofs, floors and other giant structures, the Sapporo Dome's retractable surface is one example.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: For construction, Kawasaki produces products such as wheel loaders, tunnel machines, rollers, snowplows and purpose-specific loaders. The tunnel boring machines used to excavate the Channel Tunnel and the 14.14 m diameter shield machines used in the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line construction are two well-known examples.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

text: Kawasaki produces motorcycles, Jet Skis, ATVs and cars. Kawasaki's motorcycle include the Ninja sport bikes, and cruisers, dual-purpose and motocross motorcycles, as well as utility vehicles, ATVs and general-purpose gasoline engines. Kawasaki's "Jet Ski" has become a genericized trademark for any type of personal watercraft.


title: Somnolence

text: Somnolence (alternatively sleepiness or drowsiness) is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia). It has distinct meanings and causes. It can refer to the usual state preceding falling asleep, the condition of being in a drowsy state due to circadian rhythm disorders, or a symptom of other health problems. It can be accompanied by lethargy, weakness and lack of mental agility.


title: Somnolence

text: Somnolence is often viewed as a symptom rather than a disorder by itself. However, the concept of somnolence recurring at certain times for certain reasons constitutes various disorders, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, shift work sleep disorder, and others; and there are medical codes for somnolence as viewed as a disorder.


title: Somnolence

text: Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, microsleeps may be experienced. In individuals deprived of sleep, somnolence may spontaneously dissipate for short periods of time; this phenomenon is the second wind, and results from the normal cycling of the circadian rhythm interfering with the processes the body carries out to prepare itself to rest.


title: Somnolence

text: Circadian rhythm ("biological clock") disorders are a common cause of drowsiness as are a number of other conditions such as sleep apnea, insomnia and narcolepsy. The body clock disorders are classified as extrinsic (externally caused) or intrinsic. The former type is, for example, shift work sleep disorder, which affects people who work nights or rotating shifts. The intrinsic types include:


title: Somnolence

text: Sleepiness can also be a response to infection. Such somnolence is one of several sickness behaviors or reactions to infection that some theorize evolved to promote recovery by conserving energy while the body fights the infection using fever and other means. Other causes include:


title: Somnolence

text: Quantifying sleepiness requires a careful assessment. The diagnosis depends on two factors, namely chronicity and reversibility. Chronicity signifies that the patient, unlike healthy people, experiences persistent sleepiness, which does not pass. Reversibility stands for the fact that even if the individual goes to sleep, the sleepiness may not be completely gone after waking up. The problem with the assessment is that patients may only report the consequences of sleepiness: loss of energy, fatigue, weariness, difficulty remembering or concentrating, etc. It is crucial to aim for objective measures to quantify the sleepiness. A good measurement tool is the "multiple sleep latency test" (MSLT). It assesses the sleep onset latency during the course of one day—often from 8:00 to 16:00. An average sleep onset latency of less than 5 minutes is an indication of pathological sleepiness.


title: Somnolence

text: A number of diagnostic tests, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, are available to help ascertain the seriousness and likely causes of abnormal somnolence.


title: Somnolence

text: Somnolence is a symptom, so the treatment will depend on its cause. If the cause is the behavior and life choices of the patient (like working long hours, smoking, mental state), it may help to get plenty of rest and get rid of distractions. It's also important to investigate what's causing the problem, such as stress or anxiety, and take steps to reduce the feeling.


title: Queen's Blade

text: Since its original release, the series has evolved into a media franchise, spanning four manga adaptations, three anime adaptations, three light novels, and a video game adaptation. Figures of the characters made by various manufacturers, such as Kaiyodo with their Revoltech series, have also been produced along with several memorabilia. A sequel series, "Queen's Blade Rebellion", was launched in 2009.


title: Queen's Blade

text: In the Continent, a tournament called the Queen's Blade is held once every four years to determine the most beautiful and powerful Queen. Held in , the Queen's Capital, various fighters from all over the Continent travel to the Capital to defeat Aldra, the current Queen. The overall story of "Queen's Blade" focuses on Leina, the heiress of the esteemed Vance Family and next in line for the throne, as she travels to Gainos, encountering many other warriors also competing in the Queen's Blade for their own intentions.


title: Queen's Blade

text: The original gamebooks feature characters designed by many popular artists, including Hirokazu Hisayuki ("My-HiME"), Kazuhiro Takamura, and Eiwa.


title: Queen's Blade

text: At Anime Expo 2010, Hobby Japan announced that English translations of the gamebooks will be released in North America. There exist English versions for the characters Alleyne, Melona, Nanael and Tomoe.


title: Queen's Blade

text: An anime adaptation of "Queen's Blade", entitled , was produced by ARMS. Directed by Kinji Yoshimoto, the anime aired twelve episodes in Japan from April 2 to June 18, 2009 on AT-X, with subsequent broadcasts on Chiba TV, Sun Television, and Tokyo MX. The series aired uncensored on AT-X, while being heavily censored on other channels. Six DVD and Blu-ray volumes were released by Media Factory between June 25, 2009 and November 25, 2009, each DVD/BD volume containing one of six OVAs. A second season, , aired on AT-X and other channels from September 24 to December 10, 2009. Six DVD/BD volumes were released by Media Factory between December 22, 2009 and May 25, 2010, each containing six OVAs which continue from the first six.


title: Queen's Blade

text: An OVA series, called , was announced on the May issue of "Monthly Hobby Japan". A prelude to events of "Queen's Blade Rebellion", the series takes place after the events of the Queen's Blade tournament and chronicles the characters on their separate paths. The episodes were released on six DVD and Blu-ray volumes from August 25, 2010 to March 30, 2011.


title: Queen's Blade

text: In North America, the first and second anime adaptations are licensed by Media Blasters under the respective titles "Queen's Blade: The Exiled Virgin" and "Queen's Blade 2: The Evil Eye". The first season was released between May 18 and October 26, 2010 as three DVD volumes, each containing four episodes, while the second season was released between May 24, 2011 and July 19, 2011 as two half-series volumes. Blu-ray box sets of the two seasons were later released on February 15, 2011 and September 27, 2011, respectively. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the "Beautiful Fighters" OVAs and will release them on digital and home video formats. On May 11, 2017, the channel Toku announced that the first season would be broadcast on its channel beginning June 5, 2017 through August 21, 2017.


title: Queen's Blade

text: The opening theme for the first season is "Get the Door" by Rie Ohashi, while the ending theme is by Ayako Kawasumi, Mamiko Noto, and Aya Hirano, the voices for Leina, Tomoe, and Nanael, respectively. The opening theme for the second season is by ENA while the ending theme is "buddy-body" by Rie Kugimiya, Yuko Goto, and Kanae Ito, the voices for Melona, Menace, and Airi, respectively. For the OVA, the ending theme is by All 19 Beautiful Warriors, consisting of the entire female voice cast of the series.


title: Queen's Blade

text: An anthology comic of "Queen's Blade" was published by Hobby Japan with four volumes released between April 25, 2007 and February 25, 2008. A manga adaptation centered on Leina illustrated by Kabao Kikkawa was serialized in the October 2008 issue of Media Factory's "seinen" manga magazine "Monthly Comic Alive". Three volumes were released between February 2, 2009 and January 23, 2010 under Media Factory's "Alive Comics" imprint.


title: Queen's Blade

text: Another manga adaptation of "Queen's Blade" illustrated by Iku Nanazuki called , began serialization in the December 2007 issue of "Comp Ace". A spinoff of the original, the series centers on Elina searching for her older sister Leina, and it introduces Frolell, a servant of the Vance family who travels with Elina on her journey to bring Leina back. Five volumes were released by Kadokawa Shoten between June 26, 2008 and June 26, 2010.


title: Queen's Blade

text: A third manga adaptation, called , is illustrated by AstroguyII and began serialization in the December 2007 issue of "Dengeki Black Maoh", and continued in "Dengeki Maoh" after the latter stopped circulation, albeit with new chapters delivered bimonthly. The first volume was released by ASCII Media Works on March 27, 2009, with four volumes currently available as of February 27, 2012 under their Dengeki Comics imprint.


title: Queen's Blade

text: A light novel adaptation of "Queen's Blade", called , is written by Eiji Okita with illustrations by Eiwa. The first volume was released on April 27, 2007 by Hobby Japan under their HJ Bunko imprint, and released five volumes until November 1, 2008. A bonus novel called was published on March 1, 2008, with illustrations provided by Hirotaka Akaga.


title: Queen's Blade

text: A light novel based on the first anime series, written by Okita and illustrated by Tsumotu Miyazawa, was also published by Hobby Japan, and released two volumes between August 1, 2009 and October 1, 2009.


title: Queen's Blade

text: A role-playing game called was developed by Bandai Namco Games for the PlayStation Portable. It was released on December 17, 2009, and features all-new characters and an original storyline exclusive to the game in addition to recurring characters from the original series. A limited edition of the game, called the "Gekitō Pack", was also released, featuring a Cute figure from Figma and a bonus character voice CD. A sequel, "", was released as part of the "Queen's Gate" series of works.


title: Queen's Blade

text: The original game book series was followed by a sequel series titled , featuring all-new characters as well as reinterpretations of previous characters, and a supplement called , featuring licensed characters from other games and series.


title: Queen's Blade

text: A spin-off series of Original video animations, titled , was launched in 2016. The anime is set in a parallel universe inspired by fairy tales.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Cleveland Orenthal Brown Sr. is a fictional character from the animated television series "Family Guy", and its spin-off series "The Cleveland Show". He is a neighbor and friend of the Griffin family and is best known for his mild-mannered deadpan delivery. His established profession was that of a deli owner, before he switched over to being a postal worker after his return to "Family Guy".


title: Cleveland Brown

text: In the earlier seasons of "Family Guy", Cleveland frequently appeared alongside his wife Loretta Brown (voiced by Alex Borstein), until their divorce was portrayed in the "Family Guy" season 4 episode "The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire". The pilot episode of "The Cleveland Show" depicts Cleveland's farewell to the familiar characters and settings of "Family Guy". "The Cleveland Show" establishes its setting of Stoolbend, Virginia as Cleveland's childhood home town, and introduces a new family and set of characters supporting Cleveland as lead. Following "The Cleveland Show"'s cancellation in 2013, Cleveland returned to "Family Guy" the following year.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Cleveland is usually depicted as exceedingly patient and sweet, and only on rare occasions has he been known to lose his temper and resort to violence. However, Cleveland gets visibly annoyed with racist behavior. He often acts as the voice of caution when other characters hatch harebrained schemes. Cleveland's speech is slow, almost elongated. Various flashbacks give conflicting histories of his speech patterns. A flashback in the episode "Death Lives" shows that Peter Griffin met Cleveland in the 1970s, when Cleveland already spoke in the slow manner that he is known for. Likewise, in the premiere of his spin-off, it is revealed that Cleveland talked in a slow manner when he was in high school. In the fourth season episode "Blind Ambition", an out-of-continuity flashback depicts Cleveland as a fast-talking auctioneer when a totem pole falls over onto his head, resulting in a slower rate of speech. He was conceived during the seventh-inning stretch of a Cleveland Indians game.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: One of the running gags throughout the series is that Peter's shenanigans frequently destroy the front wall of Cleveland's house, revealing him in the bathtub. He then exclaims: "No, no, no, no, no, no!!!!!" as the upstairs floor tilts and the tub crashes to the ground and shatters. In the pilot of his spin-off, this gag was the last straw that convinced Cleveland to leave Quahog. However, even several states away, the Griffins' antics are still seen to cause this event, such as when debris from the missile that Brian, Stewie, Dan Aykroyd and Chevy Chase destroy happens to fall right on Cleveland's new house in the episode "Spies Reminiscent of Us". In "Brian's Got a Brand New Bag", Cleveland's now-unoccupied house is destroyed when Peter watches the movie "Road House" and beats up Brian, which results in a car crashing into the house, and the empty bathtub crashes to the ground. Afterward, Peter says "Oh, that's right. Cleveland moved." In the "Cleveland Show" episode "Gone with the Wind", the same running gag affects his former wife Loretta Brown, and she breaks her neck on the ground, causing her death. In "Something, Something, Something Dark Side", this gag is parodied when R2-D2 (played by Cleveland) slips off Luke's (Chris Griffin) X-Wing ship and falls into the swamp after they crash land on Dagobah.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Cleveland's bathtub accidents have been caused by Peter's giraffe stumbling backwards into his house, the flying missile as stated above, Peter and Lois trying to move their mentally retarded horse by driving into it, missing, and driving into his house, and other accidents. Cleveland has acknowledged that he ought not to take baths during Peter's shenanigans.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Cleveland sometimes will show some sexual deviance or arousal towards attractive women. This is shown in the episode "Petarded", when Peter brings seven prostitutes into his house to get back custody of his children and prove to child services that Cleveland is an unfit father. Cleveland responds, "Peter! You and five of those prostitutes get out!" In the "Family Guy" episode "Love Blactually", it is suggested that he may have contracted genital warts by having sex with a woman with whom Brian was previously involved. Additionally, Cleveland has "no toenails anyhow" according to season 14 episode 19 "Run, Chris, Run" in which he and Jerome discuss a toenail fungus commercial.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Writers named the character Cleveland Brown in reference to the similarly named football team, although his last name was not revealed until after "Family Guy" returned from cancellation in 2005. Furthering this connection, a commercial aired during Super Bowl XLV that showed many TV characters wearing NFL jerseys, with everyone in Quahog wearing New England Patriots jerseys except Cleveland, who is wearing a Cleveland Browns jersey in reference to his name.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: During a live broadcast of "Loveline", Seth MacFarlane announced that a "Family Guy" spin-off featuring Cleveland was currently in the works with the studio and writers. The series was the first new product of MacFarlane's $100 million deal with Fox. The series was mentioned in the final moments of the "Family Guy" season 7 episode "Baby Not on Board", with Cleveland telling Quagmire "Did I tell you I'm getting a spin-off". It premiered on Fox on September 27, 2009, right after "The Simpsons". The "Cleveland Show" is an animated series focusing on the character of Cleveland Brown and his family as Cleveland moves from Rhode Island to Virginia. His newly introduced family includes his high school sweetheart, Donna, who is now his second wife, her 15-year-old daughter, Roberta, and her 5-year-old son, Montclair, who goes by his nickname Rallo. Cleveland Jr. is also in the family, but is now much fatter than he appeared on "Family Guy", and also suffers from astigmatism. Though several of these details were changed, it was announced that Cleveland's neighbours would include a family of talking anthropomorphic bears, a redneck couple and a Victorian-era British family, and one of his son's soccer rivals includes a boy voiced by Kanye West.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Cleveland was officially written out of "Family Guy" during Season 8 before "The Cleveland Show" was broadcast; however, it had been hinted that he might come back for a visit in the future, including the episode "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", although fantasies and film parodies are generally accepted as non-canon "Family Guy" episodes. He appeared in a cameo in "Spies Reminiscent of Us", in which he dealt with the indignity of having his new house wrecked in the same fashion as his old one in Quahog, as well as appearing in the season 8 episode "The Splendid Source", where he joins the gang on a road trip to find the source of a dirty joke Chris Griffin told at school. In the "Family Guy" episode "Life of Brian", Cleveland and Donna are seen mourning over Brian's (now undone) death. Again he appears for a full episode in season 10, "Cool Hand Peter" where he, Peter, Joe, and Quagmire go on a road trip to Louisiana together. Cleveland makes yet another short appearance in season 8, Episode 13 "Go Stewie Go", where Cleveland appears in the Griffins' house along with other characters just to investigate Meg's normal boyfriend. Another idea had been that Peter Griffin and possibly other "Family Guy" characters would be traveling in the South and make a guest appearance on "The Cleveland Show".


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Additionally, Cleveland appeared at the end of the "American Dad!" episode "Hurricane!", which was part of a crossover storyline with "Family Guy" and "The Cleveland Show".


title: Cleveland Brown

text: "The Cleveland Show" aired its last episode on May 13, 2013, and was cancelled on July 16. On the same day, Seth MacFarlane revealed that Cleveland would return to "Family Guy" during the 12th season in the episode "He's Bla-ack!". In that episode, Peter, Quagmire, and Joe mock "The Cleveland Show", but still accept him back into their group of friends. Lois and Donna have an argument about parenting which ends with the two women forbidding their husbands to be friends with each other anymore. However the fight is eventually resolved and Peter and Cleveland can be friends again. Cleveland replaces Mort Goldman in the opening credits soon after the episode on-wards.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: Mike Henry was the original voice of Cleveland Brown, and also continues to voice Herbert, as well as some minor recurring characters like the mild-mannered Bruce, Consuela the housekeeper, and the Greased-Up Deaf Guy. Henry met MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design and kept in touch with him after they graduated. A few years later, MacFarlane contacted him about being part of the show; he agreed and came on as both a writer and voice actor. Henry based Cleveland's voice on one of his basketball partners in Virginia. During the show's first four seasons, he was credited as a guest star, but beginning with season five's "Prick Up Your Ears", he has been credited as a main cast member.


title: Cleveland Brown

text: On June 26, 2020, amidst racial tensions in the United States, Mike Henry, who is white, announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing the character after twenty-one years, stating "persons of color should play characters of color." Actor Wendell Pierce launched a campaign to become Henry's replacement afterwards. On September 25, 2020, it was announced that actor Arif Zahir, who is African-American, would replace Henry as Cleveland, starting in the show's 20th Season. Zahir had previously gained Internet popularity with voice impressions of the character. Speaking to Henry, who was to continue doing other voices for the show, Zahir, who was a longtime fan of both the character and the show, said: "...you created something truly special, and I promise I will do my absolute best to honor your legacy." To the fans he said, "I promise not to let you down." Prior to the 20th season premiere in 2021, Henry sent a video on Twitter saying that he was "handing the torch" onto Zahir and said a farewell message in Cleveland's voice.


title: Linear map

text: In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear map (also called a linear mapping, linear transformation, vector space homomorphism, or in some contexts linear function) is a mapping formula_1 between two vector spaces that preserves the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication. The same names and the same definition are also used for the more general case of modules over a ring; see Module homomorphism.


title: Linear map

text: If a linear map is a bijection then it is called a '. In the case where formula_2, a linear map is called a (linear) "endomorphism". Sometimes the term ' refers to this case, but the term "linear operator" can have different meanings for different conventions: for example, it can be used to emphasize that formula_3 and formula_4 are real vector spaces (not necessarily with formula_2), or it can be used to emphasize that formula_3 is a function space, which is a common convention in functional analysis. Sometimes the term "linear function" has the same meaning as "linear map", while in analysis it does not.


title: Linear map

text: A linear map from "V" to "W" always maps the origin of "V" to the origin of "W". Moreover, it maps linear subspaces in "V" onto linear subspaces in "W" (possibly of a lower dimension); for example, it maps a plane through the origin in "V" to either a plane through the origin in "W", a line through the origin in "W", or just the origin in "W". Linear maps can often be represented as matrices, and simple examples include rotation and reflection linear transformations.


title: Linear map

text: A function formula_10 is said to be a "linear map" if for any two vectors formula_11 and any scalar formula_12 the following two conditions are satisfied:


title: Linear map

text: Thus, a linear map is said to be "operation preserving". In other words, it does not matter whether the linear map is applied before (the right hand sides of the above examples) or after (the left hand sides of the examples) the operations of addition and scalar multiplication.


title: Linear map

text: By the associativity of the addition operation denoted as +, for any vectors formula_15 and scalars formula_16 the following equality holds:


title: Linear map

text: Denoting the zero elements of the vector spaces formula_3 and formula_4 by formula_20 and formula_21 respectively, it follows that formula_22 Let formula_23 and formula_24 in the equation for homogeneity of degree 1:


title: Linear map

text: A linear map formula_26 with formula_9 viewed as a one-dimensional vector space over itself is called a linear functional.


title: Linear map

text: These statements generalize to any left-module formula_28 over a ring formula_29 without modification, and to any right-module upon reversing of the scalar multiplication.


title: Linear map

text: Often, a linear map is constructed by defining it on a subset of a vector space and then to the linear span of the domain.


title: Linear map

text: A "" of a function formula_45 is an extension of formula_45 to some vector space that is a linear map.


title: Linear map

text: Suppose formula_54 and formula_55 are vector spaces and formula_62 is a function defined on some subset formula_63


title: Linear map

text: Then formula_45 can be extended to a linear map formula_65 if and only if whenever formula_66 is an integer, formula_67 are scalars, and formula_68 are vectors such that formula_69 then necessarily formula_70


title: Linear map

text: If formula_76 is linearly independent then every function formula_62 into any vector space has a linear extension to a (linear) map formula_78 (the converse is also true).


title: Linear map

text: For example, if formula_79 and formula_80 then the assignment formula_81 and formula_82 can be linearly extended from the linearly independent set of vectors formula_83 to a linear map on formula_84 The unique linear extension formula_85 is the map that sends formula_86 to


title: Linear map

text: Every (scalar-valued) linear functional formula_45 defined on a vector subspace of a real or complex vector space formula_54 has a linear extension to all of formula_90


title: Linear map

text: Indeed, the Hahn–Banach dominated extension theorem even guarantees that when this linear functional formula_45 is dominated by some given seminorm formula_92 (meaning that formula_93 holds for all formula_94 in the domain of formula_45) then there exists a linear extension to formula_54 that is also dominated by formula_97


title: Linear map

text: If formula_3 and formula_4 are finite-dimensional vector spaces and a basis is defined for each vector space, then every linear map from formula_3 to formula_4 can be represented by a matrix. This is useful because it allows concrete calculations. Matrices yield examples of linear maps: if formula_36 is a real formula_37 matrix, then formula_104 describes a linear map formula_105 (see Euclidean space).


title: Linear map

text: Let formula_106 be a basis for formula_3. Then every vector formula_108 is uniquely determined by the coefficients formula_109 in the field formula_47:


title: Linear map

text: which implies that the function "f" is entirely determined by the vectors formula_114. Now let formula_115 be a basis for formula_4. Then we can represent each vector formula_117 as


title: Linear map

text: Thus, the function formula_45 is entirely determined by the values of formula_120. If we put these values into an formula_37 matrix formula_122, then we can conveniently use it to compute the vector output of formula_45 for any vector in formula_3. To get formula_122, every column formula_126 of formula_122 is a vector


title: Linear map

text: corresponding to formula_117 as defined above. To define it more clearly, for some column formula_126 that corresponds to the mapping formula_117,


title: Linear map

text: where formula_122 is the matrix of formula_45. In other words, every column formula_135 has a corresponding vector formula_117 whose coordinates formula_137 are the elements of column formula_126. A single linear map may be represented by many matrices. This is because the values of the elements of a matrix depend on the bases chosen.


title: Linear map

text: Such that starting in the bottom left corner formula_151 and looking for the bottom right corner formula_152, one would left-multiply—that is, formula_153. The equivalent method would be the "longer" method going clockwise from the same point such that formula_151 is left-multiplied with formula_155, or formula_156.


title: Linear map

text: The composition of linear maps is linear: if formula_10 and formula_167 are linear, then so is their composition formula_168. It follows from this that the class of all vector spaces over a given field "K", together with "K"-linear maps as morphisms, forms a category.


title: Linear map

text: If formula_169 and formula_170 are linear, then so is their pointwise sum formula_171, which is defined by formula_172.


title: Linear map

text: If formula_43 is linear and formula_174 is an element of the ground field formula_175, then the map formula_176, defined by formula_177, is also linear.


title: Linear map

text: Thus the set formula_178 of linear maps from formula_179 to formula_180 itself forms a vector space over formula_175, sometimes denoted formula_182. Furthermore, in the case that formula_183, this vector space, denoted formula_184, is an associative algebra under composition of maps, since the composition of two linear maps is again a linear map, and the composition of maps is always associative. This case is discussed in more detail below.


title: Linear map

text: Given again the finite-dimensional case, if bases have been chosen, then the composition of linear maps corresponds to the matrix multiplication, the addition of linear maps corresponds to the matrix addition, and the multiplication of linear maps with scalars corresponds to the multiplication of matrices with scalars.


title: Linear map

text: A linear transformation formula_185 is an endomorphism of formula_179; the set of all such endomorphisms formula_187 together with addition, composition and scalar multiplication as defined above forms an associative algebra with identity element over the field formula_175 (and in particular a ring). The multiplicative identity element of this algebra is the identity map formula_189.


title: Linear map

text: An endomorphism of formula_179 that is also an isomorphism is called an automorphism of formula_179. The composition of two automorphisms is again an automorphism, and the set of all automorphisms of formula_179 forms a group, the automorphism group of formula_179 which is denoted by formula_194 or formula_195. Since the automorphisms are precisely those endomorphisms which possess inverses under composition, formula_194 is the group of units in the ring formula_187.


title: Linear map

text: If formula_179 has finite dimension formula_199, then formula_184 is isomorphic to the associative algebra of all formula_201 matrices with entries in formula_175. The automorphism group of formula_179 is isomorphic to the general linear group formula_204 of all formula_201 invertible matrices with entries in formula_175.


title: Linear map

text: formula_210 is a subspace of formula_179 and formula_212 is a subspace of formula_180. The following dimension formula is known as the rank–nullity theorem:


title: Linear map

text: The number formula_215 is also called the rank of formula_208 and written as formula_217, or sometimes, formula_218; the number formula_219 is called the nullity of formula_208 and written as formula_221 or formula_222. If formula_179 and formula_180 are finite-dimensional, bases have been chosen and formula_208 is represented by the matrix formula_141, then the rank and nullity of formula_208 are equal to the rank and nullity of the matrix formula_141, respectively.


title: Linear map

text: This is the "dual" notion to the kernel: just as the kernel is a "sub"space of the "domain," the co-kernel is a "quotient" space of the "target." Formally, one has the exact sequence


title: Linear map

text: The dimension of the co-kernel and the dimension of the image (the rank) add up to the dimension of the target space. For finite dimensions, this means that the dimension of the quotient space "W"/"f"("V") is the dimension of the target space minus the dimension of the image.


title: Linear map

text: As a simple example, consider the map "f": R → R, given by "f"("x", "y") = (0, "y"). Then for an equation "f"("x", "y") = ("a", "b") to have a solution, we must have "a" = 0 (one constraint), and in that case the solution space is ("x", "b") or equivalently stated, (0, "b") + ("x", 0), (one degree of freedom). The kernel may be expressed as the subspace ("x", 0) < "V": the value of "x" is the freedom in a solution – while the cokernel may be expressed via the map "W" → R, formula_232: given a vector ("a", "b"), the value of "a" is the "obstruction" to there being a solution.


title: Linear map

text: An example illustrating the infinite-dimensional case is afforded by the map "f": R → R, formula_233 with "b" = 0 and "b" = "a" for "n" > 0. Its image consists of all sequences with first element 0, and thus its cokernel consists of the classes of sequences with identical first element. Thus, whereas its kernel has dimension 0 (it maps only the zero sequence to the zero sequence), its co-kernel has dimension 1. Since the domain and the target space are the same, the rank and the dimension of the kernel add up to the same sum as the rank and the dimension of the co-kernel (formula_234), but in the infinite-dimensional case it cannot be inferred that the kernel and the co-kernel of an endomorphism have the same dimension (0 ≠ 1). The reverse situation obtains for the map "h": R → R, formula_235 with "c" = "a". Its image is the entire target space, and hence its co-kernel has dimension 0, but since it maps all sequences in which only the first element is non-zero to the zero sequence, its kernel has dimension 1.


title: Linear map

text: For a transformation between finite-dimensional vector spaces, this is just the difference dim("V") − dim("W"), by rank–nullity. This gives an indication of how many solutions or how many constraints one has: if mapping from a larger space to a smaller one, the map may be onto, and thus will have degrees of freedom even without constraints. Conversely, if mapping from a smaller space to a larger one, the map cannot be onto, and thus one will have constraints even without degrees of freedom.


title: Linear map

text: The index of an operator is precisely the Euler characteristic of the 2-term complex 0 → "V" → "W" → 0. In operator theory, the index of Fredholm operators is an object of study, with a major result being the Atiyah–Singer index theorem.


title: Linear map

text: No classification of linear maps could be exhaustive. The following incomplete list enumerates some important classifications that do not require any additional structure on the vector space.


title: Linear map

text: is said to be "injective" or a "monomorphism" if any of the following equivalent conditions are true:


title: Linear map

text: is said to be "surjective" or an "epimorphism" if any of the following equivalent conditions are true:


title: Linear map

text: is said to be an "isomorphism" if it is both left- and right-invertible. This is equivalent to being both one-to-one and onto (a bijection of sets) or also to being both epic and monic, and so being a bimorphism.


title: Linear map

text: Given a linear map which is an endomorphism whose matrix is "A", in the basis "B" of the space it transforms vector coordinates [u] as [v] = "A"[u]. As vectors change with the inverse of "B" (vectors are contravariant) its inverse transformation is [v] = "B"[v'].


title: Linear map

text: A "linear transformation" between topological vector spaces, for example normed spaces, may be continuous. If its domain and codomain are the same, it will then be a continuous linear operator. A linear operator on a normed linear space is continuous if and only if it is bounded, for example, when the domain is finite-dimensional. An infinite-dimensional domain may have discontinuous linear operators.


title: Linear map

text: An example of an unbounded, hence discontinuous, linear transformation is differentiation on the space of smooth functions equipped with the supremum norm (a function with small values can have a derivative with large values, while the derivative of 0 is 0). For a specific example, converges to 0, but its derivative does not, so differentiation is not continuous at 0 (and by a variation of this argument, it is not continuous anywhere).


title: Linear map

text: A specific application of linear maps is for geometric transformations, such as those performed in computer graphics, where the translation, rotation and scaling of 2D or 3D objects is performed by the use of a transformation matrix. Linear mappings also are used as a mechanism for describing change: for example in calculus correspond to derivatives; or in relativity, used as a device to keep track of the local transformations of reference frames.


title: Linear map

text: Another application of these transformations is in compiler optimizations of nested-loop code, and in parallelizing compiler techniques.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Volcano is a 1997 American disaster film directed by Mick Jackson and produced by Neal H. Moritz and Andrew Z. Davis. The film stars Tommy Lee Jones, Anne Heche, Don Cheadle, and Keith David and tells the story of an effort to divert the path of a dangerous lava flow through the streets of Los Angeles following the formation of a volcano at the La Brea Tar Pits. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Jerome Armstrong and Billy Ray, and was inspired by the 1943 formation of the Parícutin volcano in Mexico.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: "Volcano" was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States on April 25, 1997. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $122 million worldwide on a $90 million budget.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: In downtown Los Angeles, an earthquake strikes. Mike Roark, the new director of the city's Office of Emergency Management, insists on coming to work to help out with the crisis even though he has been on vacation with his daughter Kelly. His associate Emmit Reese notes that the quake caused no major damage, but seven utility workers are later burned to death in a storm drain at MacArthur Park.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: As a precaution, Mike tries to halt the subway lines near the location of the earthquake. MTA Chairman Stan Olber opposes, believing that there is no threat to the trains. Seismologist Dr. Amy Barnes believes that a volcano may be forming beneath the city; however, she has insufficient evidence to make Mike take action.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: The next morning, Amy and her assistant Rachel venture in the storm sewer to investigate. While they take samples, another earthquake strikes at a stronger pace. Rachel falls into a crack that is later engulfed by a rush of hot gases, being swallowed down under to death. A subway train got hit by a falling debris underground, and a power outage occurs across los angeles. In the La Brea Tar Pits, a steam erupted from manholes when suddenly volcanic smoke and ash billow out, followed by lava bombs that destroys several buildings which causes fire and explosions, traffic lights, and cause a fire truck to flip onto its side.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: As Mike helps injured firefighters out of the area, a newly-formed underground volcano erupts from the tar pits and lava begins to flow down Wilshire Boulevard. The lava incinerates everything in its path and kills two firefighters in a sided fire truck. The Roarks become separated, as Kelly is injured when a lava bomb burns her leg.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: In the Red Line metro tunnel, the passengers in a crashed subway train are rendered unconscious by severe heat and toxic gases, whilst the driver was unable to open the doors. Meanwhile, Stan leads his team through the tunnel to the crashed train to search for survivors. They manage to save everyone, and Stan finds the unconscious train driver just as lava reaches the train and begins to flow underneath it. With the train disintegrating, Stan chooses to sacrifice himself to save the driver and jumps into the lava to be able to throw him to safety. After throwing the driver to the team and saving his life, Stan is consumed and killed by the lava.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Mike, Amy, and LAPD lieutenant Ed Fox devise a plan to use concrete barriers to create a blockade, which obstructs the lava in its path. A fleet of helicopters dump water collected from the ocean to subdue the lava and volcano, forming a crust and making the plan a success. However, Amy uses a camera to lower it down to the subway tunnel to see if anything happens which soon a lava destroys it on footage, thinking that later the magma is still flowing underground through the Red Line subway extension and calculates that the main eruption will occur at the end of the Red Line at Cedars-Sinai Hospital. After calculating the speed of the flowing lava, Amy and Mike realize that the lava will reach the end of the Red Line in thirty minutes.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Mike devises another plan to demolish a 22-story condominium building to block the lava's path from flowing towards the hospital and the rest of the West Side. The lava reaches the dead end of the subway tunnel extension and bursts out of the ground in a massive geyser. Two men sacrifice their lives to detonate the final explosive charge by giving the all-clear to ignite the charges. Mike then spots Kelly nearby, trying to retrieve Tommy, a little boy who wandered off; the two are in the direct path of the collapsing building. Mike barely manages to save them from being crushed as the building collapses. The plan succeeds, and the lava flows directly into the ocean. The Roarks and Tommy escape from the wreckage alive. In the aftermath, hundreds are dead, thousands are injured, and billions of dollars of damage is caused.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: It starts to rain, the survivors heave a sigh of relief, and the Roarks catch a ride with Amy. The film ends with a view of the volcano and a graphic that reads "Name: Mount Wilshire. Location: Los Angeles, California. Status: Active.", accompanied by the opening of the Randy Newman song "I Love L.A."


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Filming was primarily on location in Los Angeles, California. Various filming sites included MacArthur Park, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and the La Brea Tar Pits. Extensive special effects surrounding certain aspects of the film such as the lava flow were created by ten separate digital effects companies including VIFX, Digital Magic Company, Light Matters Inc., Pixel Envy and Anatomorphex. An 80% full-size replica of Wilshire Boulevard, which was one of the largest sets ever constructed in the United States, was assembled in Torrance, California. The computer-generated imagery was coordinated and supervised by Dale Ettema and Mat Beck. Between visuals, miniatures, and animation, over 300 technicians were involved in the production aspects of the special effects.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: The score for the film was originally composed and orchestrated by musical conductor Alan Silvestri. Recording artists James Newton Howard and Dillinger among others, contributed songs to the music listing. The audio soundtrack in Compact Disc format featuring 8 tracks, was officially released by the American recording label Varèse Sarabande on April 22, 1997. The sound effects in the film were supervised by Christopher Boyes. The mixing of the sound elements were orchestrated by Jim Tanenbaum and Dennis Sands.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Among mainstream critics in the US, "Volcano" received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 49% of 47 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 5.10/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Volcano"s prodigious pyrotechnics and Tommy Lee Jones crotchety sneers at lava aren't quite enough to save this routine disaster film." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average using critical reviews, the film received a score of 55 out of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. In 1997, the film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award in the category of "Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property", but lost to "Con Air".


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Janet Maslin wrote in "The New York Times", ""Volcano" begins so excitably and hurtles so quickly into fiery pandemonium," but noted that "in the disaster realm, it's not easy to have it all. A film this technically clever can't get away with patronizing and familiar genre cliches." Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" called the film a "surprisingly cheesy disaster epic" while musing, "The lava keeps flowing for much of the movie, never looking convincing. I loved it when the firemen aimed their hoses way offscreen into the middle of the lava flow, instead of maybe aiming them at the leading edge of the lava—which they couldn't do, because the lava was a visual effect, and not really there." In the "San Francisco Chronicle", Mick LaSalle wrote that "Things go bad after "Volcano" plays its last card — the lava — and from there it has nothing to show but more of the same." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" said, ""Volcano" is cheese, all right, but it's tangy cheese. I'm not sure I've ever seen a disaster movie in which special effects this realistic and accomplished were put to the service of a premise this outlandish."


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Walter Addiego of the "San Francisco Examiner" opined that ""Volcano" offers a bit of humor, a minimum of plot distraction and the joys of watching molten rock ooze down Wilshire Boulevard." Left equally impressed was James Berardinelli of "ReelViews". He described the character of Mike Roark as "a wonderfully heroic figure — a man of action who never has time to rest. The fate of the city rests on his shoulders, and he knows it." He added: ""Volcano" has opened the "summer" movie season at an astoundingly early late-April date... This isn't the kind of film where it's worth waiting for the video tape — it's too big and brash, and demands the speakers and atmosphere of a state-of-the-art theater." Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" asserted that the film "glows with heat. Lava heat. The coast may be toast, but it's the lava, covering everything like a malevolent tide of melted butter, that makes this a disaster picture that's tastier than usual."


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Writing for "Time Out", author TCh said, "The most striking aspect of this fun, old-fashioned disaster movie is the novelty of seeing the most familiar of backdrops used as a creative resource in its own right." Not entirely impressed was Margaret McGurk writing for "The Cincinnati Enquirer". She stated that the high-caliber special effects were "still fun, but all this lock-step storytelling is wearing thin." In a hint of commendation, McGurk added, "On its own escapist terms, "Volcano" dishes up a textbook serving of low-I.Q., high-energy entertainment." Marc Savlov of "The Austin Chronicle" called "Volcano" was a "laughably ridiculous take on what we all secretly dream of: Los Angeles, washed away in a huge, molten tide of cheese — uh, lava, I mean." Savlov added, "Screenwriters Jerome Armstrong and Billy Ray have crammed the script with...reams of very, very bad dialogue. So bad, in fact, that the screening audience I viewed "Volcano" with seemed to enjoy it immensely, hooting and hollering and laughing as though it were an old episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000"."


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" wondered why "there's no volcano in ""Volcano""?...The hokey disaster drama features towering plumes of smoke, a splendid display of fireworks and brimstone, and rivers of molten magma, but I'll be darned if there's a burning mountain." Todd McCarthy of "Variety" was more positive, writing that "first-time screenwriters Jerome Armstrong and Billy Ray waste no time with exposition or scene-setting, starting the fireworks with a nerve-jangling morning earthquake that puts city workers on alert for possible damage."


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: "Volcano" premiered in cinemas on April 25, 1997. At its widest distribution in the United States, the film was screened at 2,777 theaters. The film grossed $14,581,740 in box office business in Canada and the United States on its opening weekend, averaging $5,256 in revenue per theater. During that first weekend in release, the film opened in first place beating out the films "Romy & Michelle's High School Reunion" and "Anaconda". The film's revenue dropped by 37% in its second week of release, earning $9,099,743. In the month of June during its final weekend showing in theaters, the film came out in 12th place grossing $602,076. The film went on to top out in the United States and Canada at $49,323,468 in total ticket sales through a 7-week theatrical run. In other markets, the film took in an additional $73,500,000 in box office business for an international total of $122,800,000. For 1997 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 39.


title: Volcano (1997 film)

text: Following its cinematic release in theaters, the film was released in VHS video format on May 26, 1998. The Region 1 Code widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United States on March 9, 1999. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc on October 1, 2013 by Starz/Anchor Bay.