title: Tibet (1912–1951)

text: Any serf who had absented himself from his estate for three years was automatically granted either commoner ("chi mi") status or reclassified as a serf of the central government. Estate lords could transfer their subjects to other lords or rich peasants for labor, though this practice was uncommon in Tibet. Though rigid structurally, the system exhibited considerable flexibility at ground level, with peasants free of constraints from the lord of the manor once they had fulfilled their corvée obligations. Historically, discontent or abuse of the system, according to Warren W. Smith, appears to have been rare. Tibet was far from a meritocracy, but the Dalai Lamas were recruited from the sons of peasant families, and the sons of nomads could rise to master the monastic system and become scholars and abbots.


title: Silkwood

text: Silkwood is a 1983 American biographical drama film directed by Mike Nichols and starring Meryl Streep, Kurt Russell, and Cher. The screenplay by Nora Ephron and Alice Arlen was adapted from the book "Who Killed Karen Silkwood?" by "Rolling Stone" writer and activist Howard Kohn which detailed the life of Karen Silkwood. Silkwood was a nuclear whistle-blower and a labor union activist who died in a car collision while investigating alleged wrongdoing at the Kerr-McGee plutonium plant where she worked. In real life, her death gave rise to a 1979 lawsuit, "Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee", led by attorney Gerry Spence. The jury rendered its verdict of $10 million in damages to be paid to the Silkwood estate (her children), the largest amount in damages ever awarded for that kind of case at the time. The Silkwood estate eventually settled for $1.3 million.


title: Silkwood

text: "Silkwood" was shot largely in New Mexico and Texas on a budget of $10 million. Factual accuracy was maintained throughout the script. One scene in particular involved Silkwood activating a radiation alarm at the plant; Silkwood herself had forty times the legal limit of radioactive contamination in her system.


title: Silkwood

text: Streep had just finished filming "Sophie's Choice" (1982) when production began. The film marked a departure for some of its stars: it is noted for being one of the first "serious" works of Cher, who had been previously known mostly for her singing, and for Russell, who was at the time widely known for his work in the action genre.


title: Silkwood

text: The film received positive reviews and was a box office success, with particular attention focused on Nichols' direction and Streep's performance. At the 56th Academy Awards, "Silkwood" received five nominations in total, including Streep for Best Actress, Cher for Best Supporting Actress, and Nichols for Best Director. After being out of print on DVD in the United States, the film was released on Blu-ray on July 25, 2017.


title: Silkwood

text: Karen Silkwood, a worker at the Kerr-McGee Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Site (near Crescent, Oklahoma), shares a ramshackle house with two co-workers, her boyfriend Drew Stephens and her lesbian friend Dolly Pelliker. She makes MOX fuel rods for nuclear reactors, where she deals with the threat of exposure to radiation. She has become a union activist, concerned that corporate practices may adversely affect the health of workers. She is also engaged in a conflict with her former common-law husband in an effort to have more time with their three children.


title: Silkwood

text: Because the plant has ostensibly fallen behind on a major contract – fabricating MOX fuel rods for a breeder reactor at the Hanford Site – employees are required to work long hours and weekends of overtime. She believes that managers are falsifying safety reports and cutting corners wherever possible, risking the welfare of the personnel. Karen approaches the union with her concerns and becomes active in lobbying for safeguards. She travels to Washington, D.C. to testify before the Atomic Energy Commission. She interacts with union officials who appear to be more interested in the publicity she is generating than her welfare and that of her co-workers.


title: Silkwood

text: When Silkwood and other workers become contaminated by radiation, plant officials try to blame her for the incident. When she sees weld sample radiographies of fuel rods being retouched to hide shoddy work, and that records of inadequate safety measures had been altered, she decides to investigate further herself. Complications arise in her personal life when Angela, a funeral parlour beautician, joins the household as Dolly's lover. Unable to deal with Silkwood's obsession with gathering evidence, and suspecting her of infidelities, Drew moves out.


title: Silkwood

text: Once she feels she has gathered sufficient documentation, Silkwood contacts a reporter from "The New York Times" and arranges a nighttime meeting. In the film's final moments Silkwood leaves a union meeting, carrying documentation of her findings on her way to meet with the journalist. She sees approaching headlights in her rear-view mirror. The scene fades out as the lights draw up so close that they distract and blind her, preventing her from seeing the road ahead. The scene fades in again on the aftermath of her fatal one-car crash. There are no documents to be found in the car wreck.


title: Silkwood

text: The film was shot on location in Albuquerque and Los Alamos in New Mexico, and Dallas, Howe, Texas City, and Tom Bean in Texas from September 7 to November 26, 1982. Arthur Hirsch and Larry Cano were the producers of the film and received Executive Producer credits. They began working on the movie while graduate film students at UCLA. Their involvement in the making of "Silkwood" set a precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the protection under the First Amendment of confidential sources for film-makers, as is done for journalists.


title: Silkwood

text: Anchor Bay Entertainment released the film on DVD in Region 1 on June 15, 1999. Viewers had the option of anamorphic widescreen or fullscreen formats. The Anchor Bay release is long out of print. A Region 2 DVD was released by PT Video on April 8, 2002. A second Region 1 DVD was released by MGM Home Entertainment on October 7, 2003, and a Region 4 DVD was released on October 14, 2004, by MRA Entertainment. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with subtitles in English, Spanish, and French.


title: Silkwood

text: The film was broadcast in high definition (1080i) on SkyHD. "Silkwood" was released on Blu-ray from Kino Lorber on July 25, 2017.


title: Silkwood

text: The film opened on a limited release in 257 theatres in the United States on December 14, 1983. It grossed $1,218,322 on its opening weekend, ranking #12 at the box office. The film opened widely on January 27, 1984, during which, in its seventh week of release, it had expanded to 816 screens and reached #1. It eventually earned $35,615,609 in the U.S. and Canada.


title: Silkwood

text: "Silkwood" received a positive critical response. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called the film "a precisely visualized, highly emotional melodrama that's going to raise a lot of hackles" and "a very moving work." He added, "There are, however, problems, not unlike those faced by Costa-Gavras in his "State of Siege" and "Missing", and they are major. Mr. Nichols and his writers ... have attempted to impose a shape on a real-life story that, even as they present it, has no easily verifiable shape. We are drawn into the story of Karen Silkwood by the absolute accuracy and unexpected sweetness of its Middle American details and then, near the end, abandoned by a film whose images say one thing and whose final credit card another. The muddle of fact, fiction and speculation almost, though not quite, denies the artistry of all that's gone before." He concluded, "I realize that films shouldn't be judged in bits and pieces, but it's difficult not to see "Silkwood" in that way. For most of its running time it is so convincing—and so sure of itself—that it seems a particular waste when it goes dangerously wrong. It's like watching a skydiver execute all sorts of graceful, breath-taking turns, as he appears to ignore gravity and fly on his own, only to have him smash to earth when the chute doesn't open."


title: Silkwood

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" rated the film four stars and commented, "It's a little amazing that established movie stars like Streep, Russell and Cher could disappear so completely into the everyday lives of these characters."


title: Silkwood

text: David Sterritt of "The Christian Science Monitor" called the film "a fine example of Hollywood's love-hate attitude toward timely and controversial subject matter." He continued, "The movie sides with Silkwood as a character, playing up her spunk and courage while casting wry, sidelong glances at her failings. When it comes to the issues connected with her, though, the filmmakers slip and slide around, providing an escape hatch ... for every position and opinion they offer. This makes the movie less polemical than it might have been, and a lot more wishy-washy ... This is too bad, because on other levels "Silkwood" is a strong and imaginative film. Meryl Streep gives the year's most astounding performance by an actress, adding vigor and complexity to almost every scene with her endlessly inventive portrayal of the eccentric heroine. The supporting players skilfully follow her lead."


title: Silkwood

text: The film holds a 76% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The consensus reads: ""Silkwood" seethes with real-life rage -- but backs it up with compelling characters and trenchant observations." It also holds a score of 64 out of 100 on Metacritic.


title: Silkwood

text: The American Film Institute included Karen Silkwood as the #47 hero in AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains and the film as #66 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich Fedor von Bock (3 December 1880 – 4 May 1945) was a German who served in the German Army during the Second World War. Bock served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland in 1939, commander of Army Group B during the Invasion of France in 1940, and later as the commander of Army Group Center during the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941; his final command was that of Army Group South in 1942.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Bock commanded Operation Typhoon, the ultimately failed attempt to capture Moscow during the autumn and winter of 1941. The Wehrmacht offensive was slowed by stiff Soviet resistance around Mozhaisk, and also by the , the season of rain and mud in Central Russia. The Soviet counteroffensive soon drove the German army into retreat, and Bock was subsequently relieved of command by Adolf Hitler.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: A monarchist, Bock was not heavily involved in politics. He did not sympathize with plots to overthrow Adolf Hitler, and never filed protests over the treatment of civilians by the SS and his own troops. Bock was also uncommonly outspoken, a privilege Hitler extended to him only because he had been successful in battle. Bock, his second wife and his stepdaughter were killed by a strafing Royal New Zealand Air Force fighter-bomber on 4 May 1945 as they traveled by car towards Hamburg.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Fedor von Bock was born into an old Prussian military family in Cüstrin, Germany (now Kostrzyn, Poland), a fortress city on the banks of the Oder River in the Province of Brandenburg.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: His father, Moritz Albert Karl von Bock, had commanded a division in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. His mother, Olga Helene Franziska von Falkenhayn, was the sister of Erich von Falkenhayn, Chief of the German General Staff during the First World War. At the age of eight, Bock went to study at a military academy in Berlin. The education emphasized Prussian militarism, and he quickly became adept in academic subjects such as modern languages, mathematics, and history. He spoke fluent French, and some English and Russian. At an early age, and largely due to his father, Bock developed an unquestioning loyalty to the state and dedication to the military profession.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: While not a brilliant theoretician, Bock was a highly motivated officer. As one of the highest-ranking officers in the "Reichswehr", he often addressed graduating cadets at his alma mater, which closed in 1920. His theme was always that the greatest glory that could come to a German soldier was to die for the Fatherland. He quickly earned the nickname "Holy Fire of Küstrin".


title: Fedor von Bock

text: In 1905, Bock married Mally von Reichenbach (1887–1910), a young Prussian noblewoman. They had a daughter. In 1908, Bock entered the War Academy in Berlin, and after a year's study he joined the ranks of the General Staff. He soon joined the Army League ("Deutscher Wehrverein") and came to know Walther von Brauchitsch, Franz Halder, and Gerd von Rundstedt. By the time World War I began in 1914, Bock was a captain; he served as a battalion commander in January and February 1916. He was decorated with "Pour le Mérite", German Empire's highest military decoration.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Bock stayed on as an officer of the post-war "Reichswehr", and rose through the ranks. In the 1920s, Bock was together with Kurt von Schleicher, Eugen Ott, and Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord a member of a secret group known as "Sondergruppe R", selected by and responsible to Hans von Seeckt, who were in charge of helping Germany evade the Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: The officers of "Sondergruppe R" formed the liaison with Major Bruno Ernst Buchrucker, who led the so-called "Arbeits-Kommandos" (Work Commandos), which was officially a labor group intended to assist with civilian projects, but were in reality thinly disguised soldiers that allowed Germany to exceed the limits on troop strength set by Versailles. Buchrucker's so-called "Black "Reichswehr"" became infamous for its practice of murdering all those Germans who were suspected of working as informers for the Allied Control Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany was in compliance with Part V.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: The killings perpetrated by the "Black "Reichswehr"" were justified under the so-called "Femegerichte" (secret court) system. These killings were ordered by the officers from "Sondergruppe R". Regarding the "Femegerichte" murders, Carl von Ossietzky wrote: "Lieutenant Schulz (charged with the murder of informers against the "Black "Reichswehr"") did nothing but carry out the orders given him, and that certainly Colonel von Bock, and probably Colonel von Schleicher and General Seeckt, should be sitting in the dock beside him".


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Several times Bock perjured himself in court when he denied that the "Reichswehr" had had anything to do with the "Black "Reichswehr"" or the murders they had committed.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 27 September 1923, Buchrucker ordered 4,500 men of the Black "Reichswehr" to assemble outside of Berlin as the first preparatory step toward a coup. Bock, who was Buchrucker's contact with the "Reichswehr", was enraged, and in a stormy meeting berated Buchrucker for mobilizing the Black "Reichswehr" without orders.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Bock stated the "Reichswehr" wanted no part in Buchrucker's coup and that "If Seeckt knew you were here, he would screw his monocle into his eye and say "Go for him!"". Despite Bock's orders to demobilize at once, Buchrucker went ahead with his coup on 30 September 1923, which ended in total failure.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: In 1935, Adolf Hitler appointed Bock as commander of the Third Army Group. Bock was one of the officers not removed from his position when Hitler reorganized the armed forces during the phase of German rearmament before the outbreak of the Second World War. He remained a monarchist. Hitler reportedly said of him, "Nobody in the world but Bock can teach soldiers to die." In 1936 Bock married Wilhelmine, née von Boddien (1893–1945).


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Bock commanded the invasion of Vienna in March 1938 for the Anschluss and then the Invasion of Czechoslovakia.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: By 25 August 1939, Bock was in command of Army Group North in preparation for the invasion and conquest of Poland. The objective of Army Group North was to destroy the Polish forces north of the Vistula. Army Group North was composed of General Georg von Küchler's 3rd Army, and General Günther von Kluge's 4th Army. These struck southward from East Prussia and eastward across the base of the Polish Corridor, respectively.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 10 September Bock ordered the forces under his command to burn Polish villages located behind the front line to the ground if they were fired upon from the settlement and "if it proves impossible to identify the house from which the shots came". By the end of the military occupation of the country on 26 October 1939 531 towns and villages had been destroyed across Poland. In five weeks, Poland was overrun by German and Soviet forces.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Shortly after the conquest of Poland, on 12 October 1939 Bock was given command of Army Group B, with 29½ divisions, including three armoured divisions. These were tasked with advancing through the Low Countries and luring the northern units of the Allied armies into a pocket. Army Group B consisted of the 18th and 6th Armies. While his units were overrunning the Netherlands, in May 1940, Bock attempted to call on the exiled former "Kaiser"—Wilhelm II—at Doorn, but Bock was unable to gain admittance, the German troops guarding the residence having been instructed to prevent such visits.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 19 July 1940, Bock was promoted to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony. At the end of August, Army High Command transferred Army Group B to East Prussia; this included Kluge's 4th Army. On 11 September, Bock relinquished command of his occupation area in France to Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 2 February, Bock met with Hitler and questioned whether the Russians could be forced to make peace even if the Red Army was brought to battle and defeated. Hitler airily assured Bock that Germany's resources were more than sufficient and that he was determined to fight. In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, on 1 April 1941 Army Group B was re-designated as Army Group Center. Deployed in Poland, Army Group Center was one of the three army formations which were to lead the invasion of the Soviet Union. It included the 4th and 9th Armies, the 3rd and 2nd Panzer Armies and "Luftflotte" 2. On the left flank of Bock's Army Group Center was Army Group North, commanded by Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb; on the right flank was Army Group South, commanded by Gerd von Rundstedt.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: The main objective of Army Group Center was to follow the route north of the Pripyat Marshes to Moscow. Following the border battles, the task of Army Group Center was to drive towards the cities of Minsk and Smolensk, and destroy the Soviet armies stationed there in encirclement battles.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, the first shots of Operation Barbarossa were fired; Germany invaded the Soviet Union with a timed declaration of war.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Elements of Heinz Guderian's force had crossed the Bug River and were bypassing the city of Brest-Litovsk. Hermann Hoth's tanks were heading for Grodno on the Nieman River to seize the important river crossings. Several reconnaissance units from the 4th and 9th Armies had already crossed the Bug and Desna Rivers.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: At 07:00, Bock flew from Posen to an advance airfield near the headquarters of XIII Infantry Corps. There, Major General Erich Jaschke gave Bock a summary of the progress of the invasion. Following this meeting, Bock visited Guderian's forward command post at Bokhaly. Bock then visited Joachim Lemelsen, who gave a report from the front. The roads on the Soviet side of the Bug River were already becoming too soft to support the weight of tanks. Despite this, the first day of the invasion had been spectacularly successful. Soviet resistance was reported as being light and complete surprise was achieved. All along the front rapid progress was being made.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On the second day of Barbarossa, Bock crossed the Bug River escorted by Major General Gustav Schmidt. Later that day Bock was presented with reports that Soviet resistance was stiffening all along the front, especially on Guderian's southern flank.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Meanwhile, Hoth's forces were advancing with much more ease through the Baltic states and Belarus. The first two days of Army Group Center's advance proved to be highly successful.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Hoth's army advanced so quickly that Bock immediately contacted Walter von Brauchitsch, requesting the bypassing of Minsk in favour of attacking toward Vitebsk so that a drive could be made for Moscow. Initially, the change in plan was accepted but it was soon overruled by Hitler, who favoured the encirclement and destruction of the large Soviet armies near Minsk. Bock wrote in his diary:


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Differences between Bock's strategic intent and the intent of High Command repeatedly surfaced. Bock continued to favour a direct drive toward Moscow, bypassing Soviet armies and leaving them to be destroyed by infantry, which advanced on foot, well behind tank columns. Bock argued that if encirclement were truly necessary then instead of diverting his tanks north and south to encircle and destroy smaller Soviet armies, a larger encirclement should be made eastward toward the Dvina-Dnieper River basins.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Hitler decided against this plan, and insisted that the pockets containing Soviet armies must be destroyed before advancing deeper into Russia. Bock, enraged by this decision, was quoted as saying: "We are permitting our greatest chance of success to escape us by this restriction placed on our armour!"


title: Fedor von Bock

text: He hesitantly gave the order to abandon the drive toward Vitebsk and assist in the destruction of the pockets. On 25 June, Bock moved his headquarters from Posen to Kobryn, a town about northeast of Brest-Litovsk. On 30 June, the 4th and 9th Armies met each other near Slonim, trapping thousands of Soviet soldiers. However, many Soviet soldiers managed to escape eastward. Bock soon gave the order to disengage from the encirclement and prepare for a full-scale drive to the east. This order once again caused a confrontation between Bock and Brauchitsch.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 3 July, Bock's forces were once again advancing eastward, with Guderian's tanks crossing the Berezina and Hoth's tanks crossing the Duna. This day marked the furthest distance covered by Bock's troops in a single day, with over travelled. Four days later, Guderian's tanks crossed the Dnieper, the last great obstacle before Smolensk. However, Guderian was soon ordered by Günther von Kluge to withdraw back across the river. Bock soon reversed this order, and Guderian was allowed to re-cross the river. Bock protested Kluge's actions to High Command, to no avail. On 11 July, Bock moved his headquarters again to Borisov, a Soviet town near the Berezina River.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 9 September, Army High Command instructed Bock to prepare an operational order for the assault on Moscow. Operation Typhoon was the code-name given to this new attack, which was to begin no later than 30 September. Bock supervised the planning and preparation of the operation, and a few days later it was approved by the High Command.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: As part of the preparation for Operation Typhoon, Army Group Center would be reinforced and replenished with men and vehicles; it would be composed of three infantry armies (the 2nd, 4th, and 9th) and three tank armies (2nd, 3rd, and 4th "Panzer"s). Colonel General Erich Hoepner would command the 4th "Panzer" Army, while the former two were outgrowths of Hoth's and Guderian's original "Panzer" Groups. The replenishment of Army Group Center for Operation Typhoon caused it to increase greatly in size: with almost 1.5 million soldiers, it was now larger than it was at the outset of Operation Barbarossa. Bock spent most of the remainder of September on inspection tours of his reinforced Army Group Center. On one occasion, Bock—along with Albert Kesselring—flew over Moscow.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 29 September, Bock held a conference with his senior commanders Strauss, Hoth, Kluge, Weichs, Hoepner, Guderian, and Kesselring. During the meeting the main operational plan was reviewed, with Bock again stressing that Moscow must be taken by 7 November, before the onset of winter, and to coincide with the anniversary of the Russian Revolution. The following day, Operation Typhoon began with attacks from Guderian's and Hoth's armored forces. Several days later, the infantry armies began to move toward Moscow. With less than 150 km between the most advanced troops and Moscow, Bock estimated that his troops would enter the city in three to four weeks. Almost immediately, Bock's forces encountered stiff Soviet resistance on the road to Moscow.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: The 2nd "Panzer" Army—along with the XLVIII "Panzer" Corps—attacked important rail junctions near Oryol (Orel) and Bryansk. Hoepner's 4th "Panzer" Army soon crossed the Desna River and gained access to deep Russian territory. Meanwhile, Hoth's 3rd "Panzer" Army struck toward Rzhev on the Volga River.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 3 October, Guderian's forces captured Orel and subsequently gained access to a paved highway which led to Moscow, some away. Meanwhile, elements of the 2nd "Panzer" Army reported that they had bypassed Bryansk and were heading toward Karachev. Bock ordered Guderian to press on toward Tula, but within hours this order had been reversed by High Command. The reversal of the order called for Guderian to attack Bryansk where—along with Vyazma—two massive encirclements of Soviet forces were occurring. Bock argued that the area between Orel and Tula remained relatively free of Soviet forces and that Tula could be captured within hours. Ultimately, Bock agreed to divert Guderian's tanks toward Bryansk.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Cold rain soon began to fall over the northern sectors of Army Group Center's front, and the roads soon turned into quagmires as part of the Rasputitsa. Virtually the entire front became stuck; the only vehicles capable of negotiating the mud were tanks and other tracked vehicles. However, these moved at a snail's pace (sometimes less than per day), and fuel consumption soared. This further aggravated the problem of already poor supply lines.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Slight improvements in the weather soon made it possible for Bock's forces to continue to seal the pockets around Bryansk and Vyazma. The dual encirclements of Soviet forces around Vyazma and Bryansk yielded some of the largest Soviet casualties since the beginning of Operation Barbarossa: some 650,000 prisoners were taken during these two encirclements, after which the Soviet armies facing Bock's Army Group Center no longer had the advantage of superior numbers. Bock was one of the few German officers to protest the systematic maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war, but took few steps to improve the conditions of those being held in the areas under his command.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: The weather soon deteriorated again, with the roads once more turning into impassable, muddy quagmires. Since 30 September, Bock had lost some 35,000 men, 250 tanks and artillery pieces, and several hundred other vehicles, many of which were mired in the mud. Fuel and ammunition supplies became dangerously low. Despite these problems, the advance toward Moscow continued as Hitler became increasingly impatient. When advance units of the 4th "Panzer" Army reached Kaluga and Maloyaroslavets, German forces were within of Moscow. Guderian's advance in the south was much slower. An attempt by his forces to capture Tula had failed, with considerable losses of men and tanks. However, other units captured Stalinogorsk and Venev, indicating the possibility of bypassing Tula.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: As Bock's forces smashed through the Red Army defense lines at Mozhaisk in mid-October, panic struck in the capital. Hundreds of thousands of civilians began to evacuate the city while others were forced into emergency volunteer units. Martial law was instituted as looting and pillaging of deserted stores increased. Marshal Semyon Timoshenko was relieved of command in favor of Georgy Zhukov, who had been organizing the defense of Leningrad. The main bulk of the Soviet government was evacuated to Kuibyshev, southeast of Moscow; however, Stalin remained in the capital after being reassured by Zhukov that the capital would not fall.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: The further Bock's forces advanced, the stiffer Soviet resistance became. The paved roads leading to Moscow became craters under constant Russian artillery fire, rendering them impassable. This forced the German troops into the mud and Army Group Center soon became stuck once again. The goal of capturing Moscow by mid-October could no longer be achieved. However, the sheer weight of the German advance could not be fully stopped, and on 21 October units of the 9th Army captured Kalinin.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: As November arrived the mud soon turned into ice as temperatures dropped to −28 °C (−20 °F). While the ground hardened sufficiently enough to support vehicles, the cold weather added to the miseries of the German soldiers as many had not received winter clothing. Frostbite soon took its toll; many soldiers were severely affected and had to be evacuated.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 20 November, Bock moved his field headquarters to an advanced forward position near the front lines. There he visited an artillery command post, where he could see the buildings of Moscow through his field glasses. Several days later, German forces crossed the Moscow-Volga Canal and reached Khimki but soon fell back due to Soviet resistance. On 29 November, elements of the 4th "Panzer" Army reached the western suburbs of Moscow. On 4 December, units of the 2nd Army reached Kuntsevo, a western suburb of Moscow. Several units of Guderian's army bypassed Kolomna and reached the Moscow River. Meanwhile, the 3rd "Panzer" Army once again fought into Khimki. These were the last advances made by Army Group Center under Bock's command.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: On 6 December, with the temperature at −45 °C (−50 °F), fresh Russian troops commanded by Zhukov launched a huge counterattack. All along the front near Moscow German troops retreated, destroying whatever equipment they could not salvage. Several days later, High Command ordered a halt to all offensive operations. Bock wrote in his diary:


title: Fedor von Bock

text: By 13 December, German forces had retreated more than from the capital. On 18 December, Bock was relieved of his command of Army Group Center. The official pretext of this decision was health problems. However, this was just one case out of some 40 high-ranking officers being relieved of their command following the failure to capture Moscow.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: He was reassigned to lead Army Group South on 20 January 1942, after the death of "Generalfeldmarshall" Walter von Reichenau from a stroke. Thus, in May 1942, he commanded the defending forces that delivered the devastating defeat to the Soviet winter offensive and severely depleted Soviet tank strength in the Second Battle of Kharkov. On 28 June 1942, Bock's offensive split the Russian front into fragments on either side of Kursk. Three armies (Weich's 2nd Army, Hoth's 4th Panzer, and Paulus' 6th Army)—along with 11 "panzer" divisions—fanned out toward Voronezh and the Don River. Paulus' armoured divisions reached the Don on either side of Voronezh on 5 July. The Soviet High Command created a Voronezh Front under Nikolai Vatutin, who reported directly to Moscow. Bock wanted to eliminate Vatutin's forces before extending his own flank too deeply into the void created by the strength and speed of the German offensive. Hitler was not pleased with Bock's plan to delay the push toward Stalingrad. On 7 July, Hitler split Army Group South into Army Groups A and B. Army Group A was given to Field Marshal Wilhelm List to command. On 17 July, Hitler relieved Bock as commander of Army Group B, replacing him with Maximilian von Weichs. Bock never again occupied a senior command position.


title: Fedor von Bock

text: Bock was injured on 3 May 1945, as his car was strafed by a Hawker Tempest from No. 486 Squadron RNZAF killing his wife, stepdaughter, and a friend. Initially the only survivor of the attack, Bock died of his injuries the following day. He was buried in a cemetery in Lensahn.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: The Benz Patent-Motorwagen ("patent motorcar"), built in 1885 by the German Carl Benz, is widely regarded as the world's first practical modern automobile and was the first car put into series production. It was patented and unveiled in 1886. The original cost of the vehicle in 1886 was 600 imperial German marks, approximately 150 US dollars ().


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: Karl's wife Bertha demonstrated its feasibility in a trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim in August 1888, shortly before it became the first commercially available automobile in history in the late summer of 1888.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: Due to the creation of the Patent-Motorwagen, Benz has been hailed as the father and inventor of the automobile.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: After developing a successful gasoline-powered two-stroke piston engine in 1873, Benz focused on developing a motorized vehicle while maintaining a career as a designer and manufacturer of stationary engines and their associated parts.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: The Benz Patent-Motorwagen was a motor tricycle with a rear-mounted engine. The vehicle contained many new inventions. It was constructed of steel tubing with woodwork panels. The steel-spoked wheels and solid rubber tires were Benz's own design. Steering was by way of a toothed rack that pivoted the unsprung front wheel. Fully elliptic springs were used at the back along with a beam axle and chain drive on both sides. A simple belt system served as a single-speed transmission, varying torque between an open disc and drive disc.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: The first Motorwagen used the Benz single-cylinder four-stroke engine with trembler coil ignition. This new engine produced at 250 rpm in the Patent-Motorwagen, although later tests by the University of Mannheim showed it to be capable of at 400 rpm. It was an extremely light engine for the time, weighing about . Although its open crankcase and drip oiling system would be alien to a modern mechanic, its use of a pushrod-operated poppet valve for exhaust would be quite familiar. A large horizontal flywheel stabilized the single-cylinder engine's power output. An evaporative carburettor was controlled by a sleeve valve to regulate power and engine speed. The first model of the Motorwagen had not been built with a carburettor, rather a basin of fuel soaked fibers that supplied fuel to the cylinder by evaporation.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: The vehicle was awarded the German patent number 37435, for which Karl Benz applied on 29 January 1886. Following official procedures, the date of the application became the patent date for the invention once the patent was granted, which occurred in November of that year. Benz unveiled his invention to the public on 3 July 1886, on the Ringstrasse in Mannheim.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: Benz later made more models of the Motorwagen: model number 2 had engine, and model number 3 had engine, allowing the vehicle to reach a maximum speed of approximately . The chassis was improved in 1887 with the introduction of wooden-spoke wheels, a fuel tank, and a manual leather shoe brake on the rear wheels.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: Bertha Benz, Karl's wife, whose dowry financed the development of the Patent-Motorwagen, was aware of the need for publicity. She took the Patent-Motorwagen No. 3 and drove it on the first long-distance internal combustion automobile road trip to demonstrate its feasibility. That trip occurred in early August 1888, when she took her sons Eugen and Richard, fifteen and fourteen years old, respectively, on a ride from Mannheim through Heidelberg, and Wiesloch, to her maternal hometown of Pforzheim.


title: Benz Patent-Motorwagen

text: The car can be driven in the video game "Gran Turismo 4" and Android video game "Driving Legends: The Car Story". It was also driven by Sherlock Holmes's sister Enola in the film "Enola Holmes".


title: Shirley Knight

text: Shirley Knight Hopkins (July 5, 1936 – April 22, 2020) was an American actress who appeared in more than 50 feature films, television films, television series, and Broadway and Off-Broadway productions in her career, playing leading and character roles. She was a member of the Actors Studio.


title: Shirley Knight

text: Knight was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress: for "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs" (1960) and "Sweet Bird of Youth" (1962). In the 1960s, she had leading roles in a number of Hollywood films such as "The Couch" (1962), "House of Women" (1962), "The Group" (1966), "The Counterfeit Killer" (1968), and "The Rain People" (1969). She received the Volpi Cup for Best Actress for her role in the British film "Dutchman" (1966).


title: Shirley Knight

text: In 1976, Knight won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in "Kennedy's Children", a play by Robert Patrick. In later years, she played supporting roles in many films, including "Endless Love" (1981), "As Good as It Gets" (1997), "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" (2002), and "Grandma's Boy" (2006). For her performances on television, Knight was nominated eight times for a Primetime Emmy Award (winning three), and she received a Golden Globe Award.


title: Shirley Knight

text: Knight was born in Goessel, Kansas, the daughter of Virginia (née Webster; 1916-1977) and Noel Johnson Knight (1913-1985), an oil company executive. She had a brother and a sister. She spent her young life in Mitchell, Kansas, and later lived in Lyons, Kansas, where she graduated from high school. She began studying to be an opera singer at age 11.


title: Shirley Knight

text: At the age of 14, she wrote a short story that was published in a national magazine. Knight later attended Phillips University and Wichita State University. After studying at the Pasadena Theatre School she began her film career in 1959. She then went to New York and began her theatre career. She trained in acting with Jeff Corey, Erwin Piscator, Lee Strasberg, and Uta Hagen at HB Studio.


title: Shirley Knight

text: Knight's feature films include "The Group" (1966), "The Dutchman" (1967), "Petulia" (1968), "The Rain People" (1969), "Secrets" (1971), "Juggernaut" (1974), "Beyond the Poseidon Adventure" (1979), "Endless Love" (1981), "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" (2002), "" (2009), "Our Idiot Brother" (2011) and "Elevator" (2011), in which she plays one of several people trapped in a Wall Street elevator with a bomber.


title: Shirley Knight

text: Knight was cast in 1958 and 1959 as Mrs. Newcomb in 20 of the 29 episodes of the television series "Buckskin", with Tom Nolan, Sally Brophy, and Mike Road. She became a Warner Brothers Television contract star who while on breaks from filming feature films appeared in television series such as "Maverick", "Bourbon Street Beat", "Sugarfoot", "Cheyenne", and "The Roaring 20s".


title: Shirley Knight

text: A life member of The Actors Studio, Knight's stage credits include "Three Sisters" (1964), "We Have Always Lived in the Castle" (1966), "Kennedy's Children" (1975), which earned her the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play, and "A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur" (1979).


title: Shirley Knight

text: She was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play twice, for "Landscape of the Body" and "The Young Man from Atlanta", for which she received another Tony nomination. She also appeared in "Come Back, Come Back, Wherever You Are" (2009), an original play by Arthur Laurents.


title: Shirley Knight

text: Her television credits include "", "The Eleventh Hour", "The Outer Limits" ("The Man Who Was Never Born"), "The Reporter", "The Fugitive", "The Invaders", "The Virginian", "Murder, She Wrote", "Thirtysomething", "Law & Order", "L.A. Law", "", "Maggie Winters", "ER", "House M.D.", "Crossing Jordan", "Cold Case", and "Hot in Cleveland", among others.


title: Shirley Knight

text: She appeared in various television films, including "Playing For Time" and "". For the latter, she won both the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television. Her guest performance in "thirtysomething" earned her a 1988 Emmy for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series. She won an Emmy in 1995 for her guest performance in the "NYPD Blue" episode "Large Mouth Bass".


title: Shirley Knight

text: She appeared in the first segment of "If These Walls Could Talk". She also had a recurring role on "Desperate Housewives".


title: Shirley Knight

text: Knight was married to American actor and producer Gene Persson from 1959 until their divorce in 1969. They had one child, actress Kaitlin Hopkins (born February 1, 1964).


title: Shirley Knight

text: Her second marriage was to English writer John Hopkins from 1969 until his death in 1998. They had one child, elementary school teacher Sophie C. Hopkins. She and Hopkins raised her daughter with Persson together.


title: Shirley Knight

text: Knight died of natural causes on April 22, 2020, at her daughter Kaitlin Hopkins' home in San Marcos, Texas. She was 83.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Hello, Dolly! is a 1969 American musical romantic comedy film based on the 1964 Broadway production of the same name, which was based on Thornton Wilder's play "The Matchmaker". Directed by Gene Kelly and written and produced by Ernest Lehman, the film stars Barbra Streisand, Walter Matthau, Michael Crawford, Danny Lockin, Tommy Tune, Fritz Feld, Marianne McAndrew, E. J. Peaker and Louis Armstrong (whose recording of the title tune had become a number-one single in May 1964). The film follows the story of Dolly Levi, a strong-willed matchmaker who travels to Yonkers, New York in order to find a match for the miserly "well-known unmarried half-a-millionaire" Horace Vandergelder. In doing so, she convinces his niece, his niece's intended and Horace's two clerks to travel to New York.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Released on December 16, 1969, by 20th Century Fox, the film won three Academy Awards for Best Art Direction, Best Score of a Musical Picture and Best Sound and was nominated for a further four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Although the film eventually broke even, it was not a commercial success.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: In 1890, all of New York City is excited because the well-known widowed matchmaker Dolly Levi is in town. Dolly is currently seeking a wife for grumpy Horace Vandergelder, the well-known "half-a-millionaire", but it soon becomes clear that she intends to marry Horace herself. Meanwhile, Ambrose Kemper, a young artist, wants to marry Horace's niece, Ermengarde. However, Horace opposes this, feeling Ambrose cannot provide financial security. Horace, who is the owner of Vandergelder's Hay and Feed, explains to his two clerks, Cornelius Hackl and Barnaby Tucker, that he is going to get married, though what he really wants is a housekeeper. He plans to travel to New York that very day to march in the 14th Street Parade, and also to propose to milliner Irene Molloy, whom he has met through Dolly Levi. Dolly arrives in Yonkers and sends Horace ahead to the city. Before leaving, he tells Cornelius and Barnaby to mind the store.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Cornelius, weary of his dull existence, decides that he and Barnaby need to get out of Yonkers. Dolly overhears, and decides to set them up with Irene Molloy and her shop assistant, Minnie Fay. She also helps Ambrose and Ermengarde, entering them in a dance contest at the very fancy Harmonia Gardens restaurant, which Dolly and her late husband frequented. The entire company take the train to New York.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: In New York, Irene and Minnie open their hat shop for the afternoon. Irene does not love Horace Vandergelder, but knows that the marriage will provide her with financial security and an escape from her boring job. However, Irene hopes to escape her loveless marriage, and plans to try and find real love before the summer is over. Cornelius and Barnaby arrive at the shop and pretend to be rich- Irene seems to take to Cornelius immediately. Horace and Dolly arrive and Cornelius and Barnaby hide. Minnie screams when she finds Cornelius hiding in an armoire. Horace is about to open the armoire himself, but Dolly "searches" it and pronounces it empty. After hearing Cornelius sneeze, Horace storms out upon realizing there are men hiding in the shop, although he is unaware that they are his clerks. Dolly arranges for Cornelius and Barnaby, who are still pretending to be rich, to take the ladies out to dinner at Harmonia Gardens to make up for their humiliation. Dolly briefly tries to teach Cornelius and Barnaby to dance, which leads to the whole town dancing in the local park.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The clerks and the ladies go to watch the Fourteenth Street Association Parade together. Alone, Dolly asks her first husband Ephram's permission to marry Horace, requesting a sign. She resolves to move on with life. After meeting an old friend, Gussie Granger, on a float in the parade, Dolly catches up with the annoyed Vandergelder as he is marching in the parade. She tells him the heiress Ernestina Simple would be perfect for him and asks him to meet her at Harmonia Gardens that evening.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Cornelius is determined to get a kiss before the night is over. Since the clerks have no money to hire a carriage, they tell the girls that walking to the restaurant is more stylish. In a quiet flat, Dolly prepares for the evening. At the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant, Rudolph, the head waiter, whips his crew into shape for Dolly Levi's return. Horace arrives to meet his date, who is really Dolly's friend Gussie. As it turns out, she is not rich or elegant as Dolly implied, and she soon leaves after being bored by Horace, just as she and Dolly planned.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Cornelius, Barnaby and their dates arrive and are unaware that Horace is also at the restaurant. Dolly makes her triumphant return to the restaurant and is greeted in style by the staff. She sits in the now-empty seat at Horace's table and proceeds to tell him that no matter what he says, she will not marry him. Fearful of being caught, Cornelius confesses to the ladies that he and Barnaby have no money, and Irene, who knew they were pretending all along, offers to pay for the meal. She then realizes that she left her handbag with all her money in it at home. The four try to sneak out during the polka contest, but Horace recognizes them and also spots Ermengarde and Ambrose. In the ensuing confrontation, Vandergelder fires Cornelius and Barnaby and they are forced to flee as a riot breaks out. Cornelius professes his love for Irene. Horace declares that he would not marry Dolly if she were the last woman in the world. Dolly angrily bids him farewell; while he's bored and lonely, she will be living the high life.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The next morning, back at the hay and feed store, Cornelius and Irene, Barnaby and Minnie, and Ambrose and Ermengarde each come to collect the money Vandergelder owes them. Chastened, he finally admits that he needs Dolly in his life, but she is unsure about the marriage until Ephram sends her a sign. Cornelius becomes Horace's business partner at the store, and Barnaby fills Cornelius' old position. Horace tells Dolly life would be dull without her, and she promises that she will "never go away again".


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The soundtrack was released on the vinyl LP format and 8-track tape format in December 1969. It was released on compact disc in November 1994. Both the LP and compact disc omit selections 1, 3, 10, and 17.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The town of Garrison, New York, specifically the Garrison Landing Historic District around the train station, was the filming site for scenes in Yonkers. In the opening credits, the passenger train is traveling along the Hudson River. Provided by the Strasburg Rail Road, the train is pulled by Pennsylvania Railroad 1223 (now located in the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania) retrofitted to resemble a New York Central & Hudson River locomotive. The locomotive, used in "Put on Your Sunday Clothes", was restored specifically for the film. The Poughkeepsie (Metro-North station) trackside platform was used at the beginning when Dolly was on her way to Yonkers.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The name Judy Knaiz's character, Ernestina Semple, was changed from the stage version's Ernestina Money.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The church scene was filmed on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, but the church's facade was constructed only for the film. New York City scenes were filmed on the 20th Century-Fox lot in California. Some of the exteriors still exist. The film was photographed in 65 mm Todd-AO by Harry Stradling.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The film was beset by tension on the set, with Streisand clashing with costar Matthau and director Kelly. Michael Kidd, the choreographer, had conflicts with costume designer Irene Sharaff and Kelly, to the point that he and Kelly were no longer on speaking terms. Tensions came to a head in a heated argument between Streisand and Matthau on June 6, 1968, on a hot day in Garrison the day after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Most of the original Broadway production's score was preserved for the film; however, "Just Leave Everything to Me" and "Love Is Only Love" were not in the stage show. Jerry Herman wrote "Just Leave Everything to Me" especially for Streisand; it effectively replaced "I Put My Hand In" from the Broadway production. However, an instrumental version of parts of "I Put My Hand In" can be heard in the film during the dance competition at the Harmonia Gardens. Herman had previously written "Love is Only Love" for the stage version of "Mame", but it was cut before its Broadway premiere. It occurred in the story as Mame tried to explain falling in love to her young nephew Patrick. A brief prologue of "Mrs. Horace Vandergelder" was added to the song to integrate it into this film.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Working under the musical direction of Lionel Newman and Lennie Hayton, the very large team of orchestrators included film stalwarts Herbert W. Spencer and Alexander Courage; the original Broadway production arranger, Philip J. Lang, making a rare film outing; and established television and pop arrangers Joe Lipman, Don Costa, and Frank Comstock. All of the actors did their own singing, except for Marianne McAndrew (Irene Molloy) whose singing was dubbed by Melissa Stafford for Irene's vocal solos and Gilda Maiken for when Irene sings with other characters.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The film premiered in New York at Rivoli Theater on December 16, 1969. Production had wrapped more than a year earlier, but release was significantly delayed for contractual reasons. A clause in the 1965 film sale contract specified that the film could not be released until 20 June 1971 or when the show closed on Broadway, whichever came first. In 1969, the show was still running. Eager to release the film to recoup its cost, Fox negotiated and paid an "early release" escape payment to release "Dolly" which cost Fox an estimated $1–2 million. The following day, the film started 45 roadshow engagements around the United States and Canada before opening worldwide on December 18, starting in Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand and South Africa.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The film received favorable reviews upon release, but some critics felt it was not a success as a musical, with Kelly and Kidd making little use of the widescreen format of the film. Critic Tom Santopietro described their approach as "shoveling more and more bodies on-screen with no apparent purpose." Vincent Canby in his "New York Times" review said that the producer and director "merely inflated the faults to elephantine proportions."


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: In more recent years, "Hello, Dolly!"'s critical reputation has cooled considerably; as of June 2022, it holds a 45% "Rotten" rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The consensus states: "Though Barbra Streisand charms, she's miscast as the titular middle-aged widow in Gene Kelly's sluggish and over-produced final directorial effort." Eric Henderson of "Slant Magazine" said of the film: "More infamous for bringing Fox financially to its knees than for being the last major musical directed by Gene Kelly, "Hello, Dolly!" is one big-assed bull in a china shop. The film cost nearly as much to produce as "Cleopatra" and made far less at the box office, thus earning the film its reputation as one of Hollywood’s foremost turkeys."


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The film opened strongly, finishing in third place at the US box office behind "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" and "Easy Rider" in its opening week and initially grossed more than "The Sound of Music", but lost momentum and became a disappointment at the box office. It grossed $33.2 million at the box office in the United States, earning a theatrical rental (the distributor's share of the box office after deducting the exhibitor's cut) of $15.2 million, ranking it in the top five highest-grossing films of the 1969–1970 season. In total, it earned $26 million in theatrical rentals for Fox, against its $25.335 million production budget. Despite performing well at the box office, it still lost its backers an estimated $10 million.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: The soundtrack album's sales also did not live up to expectations, peaking at number 49 on the "Billboard" chart.


title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: "Hello, Dolly!" was one of the first theatrical films to be released on the then-new VHS and Betamax home video formats in the fall of 1978. It was released on DVD in 2003 and Blu-ray in 2013. It began streaming on Disney+ on May 22, 2020.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Hyundai Veloster () is a hatchback coupé first produced in 2011 by Hyundai, with sales beginning in South Korea on March 10, 2011, and in Canada and the United States since the fall of 2011. In South Korea, it is marketed under Hyundai's 'Premium Youth Lab'. It was unveiled on January 10, 2011, at the Detroit Auto Show, and fills the void left when Hyundai discontinued the Hyundai Tiburon after the 2008 model year.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The car differs from many competitors with its asymmetrical door configuration, featuring one large door on the driver side and two smaller doors on the passenger side. This configuration is more common on commercial vehicles and minivans. In North America, the Veloster is equipped with Blue Link, a new telematics system which will eventually be standard on all Hyundai models. The system is comparable to OnStar in GM vehicles, and provides customers with automatic crash notification, vehicle diagnostics, and remote control of vehicle features, among others.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Hyundai HND-3 concept was the third sport compact concept car styled at Hyundai's Design and Technical Center. It included 2.0-liter DOHC Theta inline four-cylinder engine and five-speed automatic transmission. The concept car became a Veloster Coupe in 2011.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The car concept was unveiled at the 2007 Seoul Motor Show, with the final production version released on January 11 at the Detroit Auto Show. The Veloster is developed under the codename FS, and is built on a modified version of the Cee'd's front-wheel drive platform.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In most of the world the Veloster Coupe production model uses a direct-injected 1.6 liter four-cylinder engine with , and of torque at 4,850 rpm. A six-speed manual transmission is standard while a six-speed dual-clutch transmission (DCT) with paddle shifters is available as an option. The DCT transmission was developed by Hyundai and is the first dual-clutch transmission from the company. Official EPA fuel economy numbers are city, highway and combined for the manual while the dual clutch does city, highway and combined. For some markets like the Middle East, Chile and Brazil, the car is offered without GDI, making 128 hp.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Pricing starts at US$17,800 in the U.S., and CAD in Canada excluding taxes and the destination fee. In the United States, two option packages are available: a style package and a tech package. Purchase of the tech package requires purchase of the style package as well. Options are not available outside the package, thus resulting in three trim levels: base, style, and tech. Each trim level is available with the DCT (optional) or manual transmission (standard).


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Michelin Pilot Super Sport 215/40ZR18 tires option was added to U.S. vehicle models with 18-inch wheels since 2012.In the UK, the car starts at GBP OTR ("on the road", which includes delivery and 1st year VED). European models do not have the option of tech or style packs and are instead split between two trim levels: Veloster Coupe and Veloster Coupe Sport. The sport model adds a panoramic sunroof, 18 inch wheels and full leather interior to the base model car. Cars for the European market come as standard with a 6-speed manual transmission and have the option of a DCT automatic gearbox. The range in Europe also includes a "BlueDrive" option, which adds low rolling resistance tires and stop-start technology to the engine in order to reduce emissions, but only on the entry level car.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Unlike the Mini Clubman, which features a pair of bi-parting side doors that are always located on the right of the car (irrespective of the market), the Veloster has different left and right hand drive configurations. The larger single door is always on the driver's side, and the two smaller doors are always on the passenger side. As a result, the rear passenger always exits on the curb side of the vehicle.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster Turbo uses a 1.6L T-GDi Gamma engine that has different outputs depending on the market. In North America, the engine outputs at 6,000 rpm, and between 1,750 and 4,500 rpm. In other markets, such as Europe, it receives a lower-power engine outputting at 5,500 rpm with the same 265 Nm of torque, but altered to come earlier in the rev range at 1500 rpm. A possible reason for the European market receiving the lower-powered engine may be because the Kia Pro Cee'd GT already makes use of the 150 kW engine. The car has three doors in North America and in Europe, making the Veloster Turbo's shooting brake body style both in North America and in Europe a relative novelty.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Turbo further receives new body panels which add LED lights, very large twin exhausts, side skirts, a much larger front grille, turbo badging and extra equipment as standard, including push button start (satnav and back-up camera available on top trim level). The matte grey paint option is also available on the Turbo.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster Turbo was unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show. The model shown was a concept vehicle with a special graphics package featuring a gray and yellow stripe running the length of the car, yellow trim on the front spoiler, side skirts and rear fascia, as well as a checkered flag theme on the side and roof spoiler and was also unveiled at the 2012 Chicago Auto Show.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The North American model went on sale in summer 2012 as a 2013 model year vehicle, with the choice of either a six-speed manual transmission or a six-speed automatic transmission with Shiftronic. The European version is only available with manual transmission.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The 2011 ARK Performance Veloster is a modified, rally-inspired Veloster which began as a non turbo model, and was built for the SEMA show. The engine is rated at an estimated 210 hp and features a new twin scroll turbocharger, intercooler, turbo manifold, downpipe and dual exhaust, all developed by ARK. Other modifications include an oil cooler, a lightweight pulley system, bigger 6 piston brakes, anti-roll bars, coilover suspension and new control arms. Modifications to the exterior include a green and black paint scheme, a body kit with new front lip spoiler, side skirts, rear bumper and wide-body fender kit, ARK grille, rear wing mount, custom lights and Rally Armor mudflaps.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The 2011 PM Lifestyle Veloster started out as a non turbo Veloster and was developed and modified by students at the Universal Technical Institute. It includes Konig wheels, a carbon fiber hood by Seibon, a custom "Peanut Butter" leather interior, an upgraded audio system, a performance intake and exhaust, bigger brakes, a nitrous kit, coilover suspension, a Sequence-X body kit and a bright blue paint job. Power is estimated to be around 163 hp.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Hyundai Re:Mix Music Veloster is an audio-themed car with a full DJ deck setup installed in the trunk.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The RMR Global Rallycross Veloster is a race car built by Rhys Millen Racing for 2WD Rallycross race.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster Velocity concept is a concept vehicle based on the Veloster 1.6 GDi with customized engine modifications by Cosworth (including performance pistons, rods, turbocharger, intercooler, intake manifold, intake-charging design, fuel system and engine management), custom exhaust system by CPR Fabrication, Sparco A1 WTX 5H Helmets, gloves, shoes, and seat belts; Race-Keeper Video GPS data acquisition system, Katzkin custom suede leather interior (Raven and scarlet themed suede with red stitching), CPR Integrated Roll Bar, Velocity HATCI design body kit (front and rear braking airflow ducts, lift-reducing rear diffuser, integrated front splitter, aero side skirt lip, oversized rear wing spoiler), #1 racing number design motif, HRE P40 model 19 x 9.0" lightweight satin-charcoal wheels, Brembo brakes (350x28mm two-piece rotors and 4-piston calipers), Bilstein monotube dampers and spring kit, Kumho Ecsta SPT 275/35R19 high performance summer tires.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The ARK Performance Veloster Alpine Edition is a version of the Hyundai Veloster Turbo built by ARK Performance Inc. It features custom pearl white paint by Beyond Coachworks, custom soft-touch interior materials by HEXIS, 2013 ARK/Adro body kit (bumpers, side skirts, rear wing & fenders), ARK CF rally wing, 180 Customs headlights & taillights, Seibon carbon hood & deck lid, NRG front & rear tow hook, Beyond Coachworks paint & bodywork, Yakima roof rack QLock with Fatcat 6, PM Coachworks 'Alpine Edition' interior, JPM Coachworks Alpine Edition (seats, instrument panel, shift boot/knob, armrest, headliner, visors & steering wheel), NRG short hub, NRG quick release, AIR Motion compression box, Nitto INVO 255/35/18 tires (front & rear), Kics spacers, Rays Gramlight 57Xtreme wheels (silver), Muteki lug nuts, increased engine power to and of torque, ARK Performance Veloster Turbo DTS exhaust system, ARK test pipe & turbo up-pipes, K&N intake system, custom tuning by BTRcc, Nitrous Express proton kit, ARK oil cooler, BTRcc custom engine bay parts, Koyo radiator, NRG oil catch tank, NRG fuel pressure tank, NRG washer mods, GP Customs engine bay, ARK big brake kit, ARK Performance DTP coilover system, Air Motion Cup suspension kit, ARK Performance upper strut bar, GP knuckles & arms.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The JP Edition Veloster is a concept vehicle based on the Hyundai Veloster and produced in association with John Pangilinan. It features a Mint Green body colour, ARK performance exhaust, Lucas Oil, TS Designs metal fender flares designed by Jon Sibal, BASF Mint Green paint painted by Auto Explosion, Brembo big brake kit, KW Coilovers with ARK Performance lowering springs, Whiteline sway bars, anti-lift caster kit and end links; Rays Gram Lights Xtreme57 wheels (19 x 9.5 inches) Toyo Tires Proxes T1 Sport (265/30 R19), Recaro Cross Sportster CS seats, Takata harnesses, re-upholstery by Infinite Auto Design, Alpine Electronics System built by BP Auto Sound (MRX-F35 350 watt 4 channel amplifier, 2 MRX-M55 550 watt mono amplifiers, 2 SWS-12D4 12-inch subwoofers, SPR-60C 6.5-inch component speakers, SPR-60 6.5-inch coaxial speakers, Kinetik battery and power supply, V-LEDs lighting.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster C3 Roll Top concept is a version of the Veloster 1.6 GDi, inspired by the proverb 'A rolling stone gathers no moss'. Designed by Hyundai Design North America, it included a canvas roof that opens to the rear or windshield of the vehicle, a fixed-gear bike, a flat black spoiler, glass close out and convertible top rails, black rear reflector bezels, license plate pocket and badge; upfront flat red mirror housings, black front wheels, fog lamp bezels, front grille and badging; flat teal rear wheels, red reflectors and smoked taillights, Large free flowing circular exhaust pipes, big, bold hexagonal front grille, sculpted side skirts, diffuser vents in the lower rear fascia, 18-inch wheels with chrome inserts, 8 individual headlight LED accents.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster RE:MIX is a version of the Hyundai Veloster inspired by Hyundai's RE:MIX Lab program. It features a unique body kit, gunmetal-finish alloy wheels and a premium audio system. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 SEMA show. U.S. models arrived at dealerships in December 2012.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster Zombie Survival Machine concept is a version of the 2013 Hyundai Veloster Turbo built by Galpin Auto Sports for The Walking Dead Chop Shop. It features a baseball bat with spikes mounted to the trunk, knife blades that pop out of the rear bumper, a double-barrel shotgun with mount, a front bumper "horde plow", a roof-mounted PA system with a "doom whistle", a slit-panel armor-plated front windshield, Vitamin C textured paint, hand-fabricated armor, storage solutions for ammo, weapons and a first-aid kit; cupholders replaced by machete holders mounted on either side of the seats.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster RE:FLEX Edition is a limited (3000 units) version of the 2014 Hyundai Veloster 1.6 Gamma GDi with six-speed EcoShift dual-clutch transmission. It features black or red full leather seating, projector headlights with LED headlight accents, LED taillights, LED illuminated door sills, 18-inch alloy wheels with a PVD chrome finish, chrome hood accents, chrome door handles and RE:FLEX badging on the exterior and floor mats.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2014 Chicago Auto Show. U.S. model went on sale for $21,650 excluding freight, and includes all of the Veloster DCT Style Package equipment excluding the panoramic roof.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster Rally Edition is a limited (1200 Units) version of the 2016 model-year Hyundai Veloster Turbo 1.6 Gamma TCi GDi paired with a 6-speed manual transmission.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The exterior of the vehicle features a Rally Edition-only matte "Marathon Blue" paint colour, RAYS Rally Edition wheels, carbon fibre side accents and front-lip, and most noticeably a full-metal roof for weight savings, rather than the standard glass panoramic sunroof of the standard Turbo model. The Rally Edition also features a matte-grey front grill sill, like its standard Turbo counterpart.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The interior of the vehicle is nearly unchanged from the standard Turbo model, with the exception of blue coloured interior accents (interior door handles, centre console handles), and repositioning of the Turbo logo from the centre of the seats to the side bolsters nearest the door, which are also coloured blue. The Rally Edition also comes with Rally Edition floor mats.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In terms of performance, the Rally Edition has no difference in performance characteristics to its standard Turbo counterpart. The Rally Edition does feature a retuned suspension, and calibrated driver selectable power-steering (the same as the R-Spec) for stiffer steering response.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster Rally Sport Canadian Edition is a limited Canadian version available only for the 2016 model-year.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The vehicle is available only in the RS Silver paint colour. It features the same engine as the Rally Edition combined with the 6-speed manual, 7-speed automatic DCT transmission, the Base model body, 17" 5-spoke wheels, and a carbon fibre body-color hood and full-metal roof to save weight. The Rally Sport is visually identifiable from a standard Base model only by the wheels, larger 225-50R17 tires, small silver Turbo emblems on the lower rear quarter panels behind the doors, and a black Turbo emblem on the rear hatch.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In terms of performance, the Rally Sport Canadian Edition has no significant performance differences when compared to the standard Turbo counterpart. The Rally Sport Canadian Edition does feature the same retuned suspension and calibrated driver selectable power-steering for stiffer steering response as the Rally Edition.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: USA and Australian models include Veloster Gamma 1.6 GDi, Veloster Turbo 1.6 TCi GDi (204PS), while European models include the Gamma 1.6 GDi and Veloster Turbo GDi (186PS).


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Hyundai recalled certain model year 2012 Veloster vehicles manufactured from November 1, 2011, through April 17, 2012 and equipped with panoramic sunroofs, for possible weakened sunroof during installation at the factory. The safety recall began on January 22, 2013. In addition, model year 2012 Veloster vehicles manufactured from July 2, 2011, through February 27, 2012 and equipped with manual transmissions were recalled for binding of parking brake components caused by moisture and road grime.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Rhys Millen drove a version of Veloster race car with a 2-litre engine rated 500 hp with all wheel drive in the Summer X Games during 2011 US Rallycross Championship Series. The partnership between Rhys Millen Racing and Hyundai Motor America continued for 2012 Global RallyCross Championship season. After Hyundai had announced it would no longer participate in North American motorsports, the 2011 Hyundai Veloster Global RallyCross race cars went on sale starting January 1, 2013.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Hyundai partnered with the Rhys Millen Red Bull Rallycross team in the 2011 U.S.A Rallycross Championship. During the six planned races in 2011, the on-site activity focused on the performance-tuned production vehicles, Genesis Coupe and Veloster, and local brand managers gave attendees tours of the cars and collected attendee data via surveys on buyer interest and brand consideration. Large screens played race footage and rallycross highlights. In the pit area, which was open to all ticket holders, consumers could sit in the vehicles, pick up free merchandise and meet the drivers. The attendee area of the pit was housed in a 53-foot Featherlite spread-axle trailer that the race team operated on one side, while an on-site Hyundai activity area functioned on the other.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: A TV commercial titled 'Cheetah', featuring a caged cheetah set to race a new 201 horsepower Veloster Turbo on a long stretch of open road, was premiered during the first quarter of 2012 Super Bowl.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In January 2012, Turn 10 Studios announced on the official Forza Motorsport 4 website that the 2013 Hyundai Veloster Turbo as well as Rhys Millen's Veloster Rally Car are available as a free downloadable content for the game.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In Brazil the car has been the subject of controversy as Hyundai advertised the GDi injection but only brought the MPI DUAL injection to market. Consumers who pre-ordered the car were forced to accept the non-GDi vehicle without any compensation or cancel the transaction forfeiting the 10% reservation deposit. Despite the fact that the engine is the same as the Veloster sold in Chile, the vehicle's license specifies the car as having . Other advertised options were also not included in the vehicles sold in Brazil. This has led the Brazilian Public Ministry to start investigating Hyundai for fraudulent behavior.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: As part of Hyundai Veloster Zombie Survival Machine premiere, Hyundai also developed a unique configurator app, the WalkingDeadChopShop.com, that allows fans to design a custom zombie survival machine, using the Hyundai Veloster Turbo, Santa Fe or Elantra. The submitted designs would be entered into a contest and the winning design would be constructed and unveiled in October at the New York Comic Con.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Hyundai revealed the second-generation Veloster at the 2018 North American International Auto Show. It features a brand new design from the previous generation, still retaining the asymmetrical 2+1 door configuration. It also gets new safety equipment as standard on all trims, with forward-collision warning with automated emergency braking, lane-keeping assist, and a driver-attention monitor. All second-generation Velosters will now get multi-link suspension as standard (previously the non-turbo models from 1st-generation had a coupled torsion rear axle), and Torque Vectoring Control.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster lineup in the US originally included the base Veloster, the Veloster 2.0 Premium, the Veloster Turbo R-Spec, Veloster Turbo and the Veloster Turbo Ultimate.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The base Veloster and Veloster Premium use a new naturally-aspirated 2.0 L I4 engine that produces and of torque, more powerful than the outgoing naturally-aspirated 1.6 L engine.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: Released in 2019, the Veloster N was the first N model sold in North America. It is paired to a 6-speed manual transmission, with a newly announced 8-speed wet dual-clutch transmission announced in 2020. Both transmission models are paired with a turbocharged four-cylinder engine making up to 275 horsepower.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In April 2020, the Veloster N received a new 8-speed wet dual-clutch transmission, which is claimed to enable the car to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 5.6 seconds.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The Veloster N ETCR is a battery electric racing vehicle with the drivetrain modified to accommodate mid-mounted motors and rear-wheel-drive. It debuted in September 2019 at IAA (Germany) and was campaigned in the FIA ETCR – eTouring Car World Cup series beginning with that series' inaugural season in 2021. It is the first electric racing car built by Hyundai.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: The ETCR racer is assembled in Alzenau, Germany alongside other Hyundai N racing vehicles for rally and touring car series. Design work for the ETCR began in November 2018, and the prototype was first driven in August 2019. The final drivetrain specification was completed in 2020, and at the launch of the FIA PURE ETCR series in October of that year, Hyundai announced it would campaign the ETCR. A demonstration was held at the Daytona International Speedway during the 2021 Rolex 24 at Daytona.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In 2021, Hyundai driver Jean-Karl Vernay finished second in the PURE ETCR series, while Hyundai finished third (of three contestants) in the manufacturer's standings. The Veloster N ETCR returned for the second season in 2022, with the series rebranded to the eTouring Car World Championship. For 2023, Hyundai plan to race with a Ioniq 6-based vehicle and its modern E-GMP platform.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In August 2020, Hyundai dropped all Veloster models except the Veloster N in Canada for unspecified reasons. In July 2021, citing slow sales, Hyundai similarly announced the discontinuation of all Veloster models in the United States for 2022 except for the high performance N variant. Hyundai will focus on its more popular offerings like the Kona instead.


title: Hyundai Veloster

text: In the United States Hyundai Velosters are starting to become noticed as being often aggressively driven on public roads. Insurify, a car insurance comparison website, determined from its database of 1.6 million insurance applications in 2019 that 14.48% of first-generation Veloster owners were responsible for speeding violations. This was the 10th highest at the time. This number rose to 15.43% on the basis of 2.5 million insurance requests in 2021 for the second-generation model thus now being at 6th place for most speeding violations of any car in its database. Using the same database it also ranked it the 8th highest for rude behavior on the basis of driving violations overall.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone, also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol (D-Bol) among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is still quite often used because of its affordability and effectiveness for bulking cycles. It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes. It is often taken by mouth.


title: Metandienone

text: Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire, estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement, and liver damage. The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects. It also has moderate estrogenic effects.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States. As the CIBA product Dianabol, metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes, and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use. It is currently a controlled substance in the United States and United Kingdom and remains popular among bodybuilders. Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico, and is also manufactured in some Asian countries.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone was formerly approved and marketed as a form of androgen replacement therapy for the treatment of hypogonadism in men, but has since been discontinued and withdrawn in most countries, including in the United States.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters. It is said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes both today and historically.


title: Metandienone

text: Androgenic side effects such as oily skin, acne, seborrhea, increased facial/body hair growth, scalp hair loss, and virilization may occur. Estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention can also occur. Case reports of gynecomastia exist. As with other 17α-alkylated steroids, metandienone poses a risk of hepatotoxicity and use over extended periods of time can result in liver damage without appropriate precautions.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone binds to and activates the androgen receptor (AR) in order to exert its effects. These include dramatic increases in protein synthesis, glycogenolysis, and muscle strength over a short space of time. While it can be metabolized by 5α-reductase into methyl-1-testosterone (17α-methyl-δ-DHT), a more potent AAS, the drug has extremely low affinity for this enzyme and methyl-1-testosterone is thus produced in only trace amounts. As such, 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride do not reduce the androgenic effects of metandienone. Nonetheless, while the ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity of metandienone is improved relative to that of testosterone, the drug does still possess moderate androgenic activity and is capable of producing severe virilization in women and children. As such, it is only really commonly used in men.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone is a substrate for aromatase and can be metabolized into the estrogen methylestradiol (17α-methylestradiol). While the rate of aromatization is reduced relative to that for testosterone or methyltestosterone, the estrogen produced is metabolism-resistant and hence metandienone retains moderate estrogenic activity. As such, it can cause side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention. The co-administration of an antiestrogen such as an aromatase inhibitor like anastrozole or a selective estrogen receptor modulator like tamoxifen can reduce or prevent such estrogenic side effects. Metandienone has no progestogenic activity.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone has high oral bioavailability. It has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 10% of that of testosterone and 2% of that of DHT. The drug is metabolized in the liver by 6β-hydroxylation, 3α- and 3β-oxidation, 5β-reduction, 17-epimerization, and conjugation among other reactions. Unlike methyltestosterone, owing to the presence of its C1(2) double bond, metandienone does not produce 5α-reduced metabolites. The elimination half-life of metandienone is about 3 to 6 hours. It is eliminated in the urine.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone, also known as 17α-methyl-δ-testosterone or as 17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone. It is a modification of testosterone with a methyl group at the C17α position and an additional double bond between the C1 and C2 positions. The drug is also the 17α-methylated derivative of boldenone (δ-testosterone) and the δ analogue of methyltestosterone (17α-methyltestosterone).


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone is subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways. The primary urinary metabolites are detectable for up to 3 days, and a recently discovered hydroxymethyl metabolite is found in urine for up to 19 days after a single 5 mg oral dose. Several of the metabolites are unique to metandienone. Methods for detection in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone was first described in 1955. It was synthesized by researchers at the CIBA laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. CIBA filed for a U.S. patent in 1957, and began marketing the drug as Dianabol in 1958 in the U.S. It was initially prescribed to burn victims and the elderly. It was also prescribed off-label as a pharmaceutical performance enhancement to weight lifters and other athletes. Early adopters included players for Oklahoma University and San Diego Chargers head coach Sid Gillman, who administered Dianabol to his team starting in 1963.


title: Metandienone

text: After the Kefauver Harris Amendment was passed in 1962, the U.S. FDA began the DESI review process to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs approved under the more lenient pre-1962 standards, including Dianabol. In 1965, the FDA pressured CIBA to further document its legitimate medical uses, and re-approved the drug for treating post-menopausal osteoporosis and pituitary-deficient dwarfism. After CIBA's patent exclusivity period lapsed, other manufacturers began to market generic metandienone in the U.S.


title: Metandienone

text: Following further FDA pressure, CIBA withdrew Dianabol from the U.S. market in 1983. Generic production shut down two years later, when the FDA revoked metandienone's approval entirely in 1985. Non-medical use was outlawed in the U.S. under the Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990. While metandienone is controlled and no longer medically available in the U.S., it continues to be produced and used medically in some other countries.


title: Metandienone

text: "Metandienone" is the generic name of the drug and its , while "methandienone" is its and "métandiénone" is its . It is also referred to as "methandrostenolone" and as "dehydromethyltestosterone". The former synonym should not be confused with "methylandrostenolone", which is another name for a different AAS known as metenolone.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone was introduced and formerly sold primarily under the brand name Dianabol. It has also been marketed under a variety of other brand names including Anabol, Averbol, Chinlipan, Danabol, Dronabol, Metanabol, Methandon, Naposim, Reforvit-B, and Vetanabol among others.


title: Metandienone

text: Metandienone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.


title: Android Pie

text: Android Pie (codenamed Android P during development), also known as Android 9 (API 28) is the ninth major release and the 16th version of the Android mobile operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 7, 2018, and was released publicly on August 6, 2018.


title: Android Pie

text: On August 6, 2018, Google officially announced the final release of Android 9 under the title "Pie", with the update initially available for current Google Pixel devices, and releases for Android One devices and others to follow "later this year". The Essential Phone was the first third-party Android device to receive an update to Pie, notably coming day-and-date with its final release. The Sony Xperia XZ3 was the first device with Android Pie pre-installed.


title: Android Pie

text: As of December 2022, 9.17% of all Android devices ran Android 9 Pie (not receiving security updates), with 17.2% of tablets alone still running Pie, making it the 3rd most popular version to date.


title: Android Pie

text: Android Pie, then referred to as "Android P", was first announced by Google on March 7, 2018, and the first developer preview was released on the same day. The second preview, the first beta release, was released on May 8, 2018. The third preview, called Beta 2, was released on June 6, 2018. The fourth preview, called Beta 3, was released on July 2, 2018. The final beta of Android P was released on July 25, 2018.


title: Android Pie

text: Android Pie utilizes a refresh of Google's "material design" language, unofficially referred to as "Material Design 2.0". The revamp provides more variance in aesthetics, encouraging the creation of custom "themes" for the base guidelines and components rather than a standardized appearance. Bottom-aligned navigation bars are also more prominent. As applied to Android Pie's interface, rounded corners (influenced by the proprietary Google theme used by in-house software implementing Material Design 2.0) are more prominent. In addition, Pie contains official support for screen cutouts ("notches"), including APIs and system behaviors depending on their size and position. Android certification requirements restrict devices to two cutouts, which may only be along the top or bottom of the screen.


title: Android Pie

text: The most significant user interface change on Pie is a redesigned on-screen navigation bar. Unlike previous versions of Android, it only consists of a slim home button, and a back button rendered only when available. The bar utilizes gesture navigation: swiping up opens the "Overview" screen, a redesign of the existing recent apps menu. Swiping the handle to the right activates application switching. The gesture bar is used primarily on new devices such as the Pixel 3; existing devices may either use the previous navigation key setup or offer the ability to opt into gesture navigation. As opposed to the previous recent apps menu, Overview utilizes a horizontal layout rather than vertical, and text may also be selected and copied from apps appearing there (although this uses OCR rather than the native text as to conserve resources). The Pixel Launcher exclusively supports the ability to access the app drawer and most recently used apps from the overview as well. However, this integration is proprietary, as there are no current plans to offer the necessary integration to third-party software due to security concerns. In addition, when rotation lock is enabled, rotating the device causes a screen rotation button to appear on the navigation bar.


title: Android Pie

text: The notification area was redesigned, with the clock moved to the left, and the number of icons that may be displayed at once limited to four, in order to accommodate displays that may have "notch" cutouts in the center. The drop-down panels attached to quick settings items have been removed; long-pressing a toggle directs users to the relevant settings screen. Notifications for chats can now be threaded, displaying previous messages within (complementing the existing inline reply functionality). If a particular type of notification is frequently dismissed, the user will now be offered to disable it. The Do Not Disturb mode has been overhauled with a larger array of settings.


title: Android Pie

text: The power menu now contains a screenshot button (which itself now supports cropping an image after taking one), and an optional "lockdown" mode that disables biometric unlock methods. The volume pop-up now only controls media volume, as well as the choice of sound, vibrate, or silent modes for notifications. Users are directed to the settings menu to change the volume of notifications. A magnifier display has been added to text selection, and "smart linkify" offers access to relevant apps if particular types of text (such as phone numbers or addresses) are highlighted.


title: Android Pie

text: Android Pie introduces a major change to power management, using algorithms to prioritize background activity by apps based on long-term usage patterns and predictions, dividing apps into "Active", "Working Set" (run often), "Frequent", "Rare", and "Never". Similar "adaptive brightness" settings are adjusted automatically based on detected lighting conditions. Both of these features were developed in collaboration with DeepMind.


title: Android Pie

text: The "PrecomputedText" API (also available as a compatibility library compatible with Android 4.0 and newer) can be used to perform text display processing in a background thread as opposed to a UI thread to improve performance.


title: Android Pie

text: The fingerprint authentication API has also been revamped to account for different types of biometric authentication experiences (including face scanning and in-screen fingerprint readers).


title: Android Pie

text: Android Runtime can now create compressed bytecode files, and profiler data can be uploaded to Google Play servers to be bundled with apps when downloaded by users with a similar device.


title: Android Pie

text: Apps targeting older Android API levels (beginning with Android 4.2) display a warning when launched. Google Play Store is now requiring all apps to target an API level released within the past year, and will also mandate 64-bit support in 2019.


title: Android Pie

text: The camera API now supports accessing multiple cameras at once. Apps may no longer perform background audio or video recording unless they run a foreground service. There is support for the High Efficiency Image File Format (subject to patent licensing and hardware support) and VP9 Profile 2.


title: Android Pie

text: Android Go for Android Pie uses less storage than the previous release, and has enhancements to security and storage tracking.


title: Android Pie

text: Shortly after its launch, several users on Pixel devices and the Essential Phone noted a decrease in battery life. As Android Pie became available to more phones, some users on various devices reported similar comparisons.


title: The Decemberists

text: The Decemberists are an American indie rock band from Portland, Oregon. The band consists of Colin Meloy (lead vocals, guitar, principal songwriter), Chris Funk (guitar, multi-instrumentalist), Jenny Conlee (piano, keyboards, accordion), Nate Query (bass), and John Moen (drums).


title: The Decemberists

text: Their debut EP, "5 Songs", was self-released in 2001. Their eighth and latest full-length album "I'll Be Your Girl" was released on March 16, 2018, by Capitol Records, and is the band's fifth record with the label.


title: The Decemberists

text: In addition to their lyrics, which often focus on historical incidents and/or folklore, the Decemberists are also well known for their eclectic live shows. Audience participation is a part of each performance, typically during encores. The band stages whimsical reenactments of sea battles and other centuries-old events, typically of regional interest, or acts out songs with members of the crowd.


title: The Decemberists

text: In 2011, the track "Down by the Water" from the album "The King Is Dead" was nominated for Best Rock Song at the 54th Grammy Awards.


title: The Decemberists

text: The Decemberists formed in 2000 when Colin Meloy left his band Tarkio in Montana and moved to Portland, Oregon. There he met Nate Query, who introduced Meloy to Jenny Conlee (they had played together in the band Calobo) and the three scored a silent film together. Playing a solo show prior to meeting Query, Meloy met Chris Funk. Funk was a fan of Tarkio and played pedal steel on the first two Decemberists releases, not "officially" becoming a member until the third effort. The band's first drummer, Ezra Holbrook, was replaced by Rachel Blumberg after "Castaways and Cutouts", who in turn was replaced by John Moen after "Picaresque". The band's name refers to the Decembrist revolt, an 1825 insurrection in Imperial Russia. Meloy has stated that the name is also meant to invoke the "drama and melancholy" of the month of December. "5 Songs", the band's debut extended play, was self-released in 2001. The members at that time played for several hours in a McMenamins hotel the night before to raise the money needed to record in the studio the next day. This originally served as a demo tape and the five songs on it (minus "Apology Song") were recorded in under two hours.


title: The Decemberists

text: After releasing its first full record, "Castaways and Cutouts", on Hush Records, the group moved onto the Kill Rock Stars recording label. After the re-release of "Castaways", "Her Majesty the Decemberists" was released in 2003. In 2004, the band released "The Tain", an eighteen-and-a-half minute single track based on the Irish mythological epic . The band's final album with Kill Rock Stars was "Picaresque", which was recorded in a former church.


title: The Decemberists

text: In March 2005, the band distributed a music video via BitTorrent, the self-produced "16 Military Wives" (from "Picaresque"). In the same month, the band's equipment trailer was stolen; fans contributed to a replacement fund, and another fundraiser was organized via an eBay auction, with buyers bidding for copies of "Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey" and original artwork by Carson Ellis. The band also received help from Lee Kruger, the Shins, The Dandy Warhols, and other musicians. C.F. Martin & Company offered 6- and 12-string guitars on permanent loan. In early April, police discovered the trailer and a portion of the band's merchandise in Clackamas, Oregon, but the instruments and equipment were not recovered.


title: The Decemberists

text: On December 12, 2005, Meloy revealed to Pitchfork Media that the band had signed to Capitol Records, and planned to begin recording their major label debut with producers Tucker Martine and Chris Walla (of Death Cab for Cutie) in April 2006. The band's first album on Capitol, "The Crane Wife", was released on October 3, 2006. The release was accompanied by an appearance the same day on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", during which the band performed "O Valencia!". The supporting tour (called "The Rout of the Patagons Tour") began on October 17, 2006, at Portland, Oregon's Crystal Ballroom. The opening act was Lavender Diamond. Later in the tour, Alasdair Roberts opened for the band. In 2006, "The Crane Wife" was voted NPR listeners' favorite album of the year, as announced on the December 5 episode of "All Songs Considered", and it remains one of the Decemberists' most critically acclaimed records.


title: The Decemberists

text: In November 2006, the band encouraged fans to create a music video for the single "O Valencia!" using footage of the band in front of a green screen. On his Comedy Central program, Stephen Colbert started a mock feud with the band, claiming his "green screen challenge" came first; the band countered that its 2005 on-stage lightsaber fight in San Francisco preceded Colbert's idea.


title: The Decemberists

text: The feud culminated in a December 20 guitar solo competition on Colbert's show, with lead guitarist Funk representing the band. After Colbert feigned a hand injury, Peter Frampton took over for Colbert and won an audience vote. Show guests got involved, with New York Governor-elect Eliot Spitzer and Dr. Henry Kissinger declaring, "Tonight, I think the American people won." The prize for winning the challenge was revealed to be a copy of "The Crane Wife". According to Meloy, the Colbert challenge was not scripted, though the band was told that Frampton would step in for Colbert.