title: Matthew Reeve

text: After graduating from Brown University in 2002, Reeve produced and directed the documentary "Christopher Reeve: Hope in Motion", which won the Communicator Award for Excellence in documentary filmmaking and was nominated for an Emmy. The film first aired on ABC on September 18, 2002 (as "Christopher Reeve: Courageous Steps") and then later on BBC 1 on 9 February 2003 and in numerous other countries.


title: Matthew Reeve

text: The follow-up film "Christopher Reeve: Choosing Hope" aired on BBC1 in October 2004, shortly after Christopher Reeve's death.


title: Matthew Reeve

text: In 2009 Reeve released "Over The Water", a documentary about World Champion kiteboarder Aaron Hadlow, which Reeve filmed, produced and directed over a period of three years. Also in 2009, Reeve was admitted into the NYU MBA/MFA dual degree program, a joint Master's program at the NYU Stern School of Business and NYU Tisch School of the Arts, from which he graduated in 2012.


title: Matthew Reeve

text: In June 2006, Reeve joined the Board of Directors of the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation. He also serves on their Quality of Life committee and Executive Committee, and in 2014 became Vice-Chair of International Development. In 2009 he ran the New York City Marathon to raise money for spinal cord injury research, and in 2014 he sponsored a study of epidural stimulation.


title: Matthew Reeve

text: In 2010, Reeve and his sister, Alexandra Reeve Givens, were the recipients of the National Leadership Award at the Castle Connolly Awards.


title: Matthew Reeve

text: In 2010, Reeve gave the keynote commencement address to the graduating class of the Stony Brook University School of Health Technology.


title: Matthew Reeve

text: In 2012, he was a keynote speaker at the Spinal Cord Injury Network's Connections 2012 convention in Sydney, Australia. He also ran the annual City2Surf event on their behalf.


title: Central European Summer Time

text: Central European Summer Time (CEST), sometimes referred to as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (CET; ) during the other part of the year. It corresponds to , which makes it the same as Eastern European Time, Central Africa Time, South African Standard Time, Egypt Standard Time and Kaliningrad Time in Russia.


title: Central European Summer Time

text: Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time (MEST), Central European Daylight Saving Time (CEDT), and Bravo Time (after the second letter of the NATO phonetic alphabet).


title: Central European Summer Time

text: Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed between 01:00 UTC (02:00 CET and 03:00 CEST) on the last Sunday of March, and 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday of October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union.


title: Central European Summer Time

text: There were proposals to abandon summer time in Europe from 2021, possibly by moving winter time up by an hour and keeping that time through the year.


title: Rebecca Wisocky

text: Rebecca Wisocky (born November 12, 1971) is an American actress. Best known for her role as Evelyn Powell in the Lifetime comedy-drama series "Devious Maids" (2013–16), as of 2021 she is starring as Hetty Woodstone on the CBS sitcom "Ghosts".


title: Rebecca Wisocky

text: Wisocky was born in York, Pennsylvania. She began her acting career in York at York Little Theatre, a community theater, where she said she spent most of her childhood. She also attended the Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Arts. Wisocky later moved to New York City, and graduated from the New York University Experimental Theatre Wing.


title: Rebecca Wisocky

text: Wisocky began work in the theatre, appearing on Broadway in 1995 in "The Play's the Thing". Wisocky later performed in many stage productions, primarily playing strong women, like Lady Macbeth and Medea. In 2008, she won the Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress for her role as Nazi-era German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl in Jordan Harrison's "Amazons and Their Men". She also acted in several other Off-Broadway plays, including "Don Juan Comes Back from the War", "The Tooth of Crime", and "Hot 'N Throbbing".


title: Rebecca Wisocky

text: Wisocky had supporting roles in number of films, including "Pollock" (2000), "Funny Money" (2006), and "" (2011). She made her television debut in 2000, on an episode of HBO comedy "Sex and the City". In later years, she also guest starred on "Law & Order", "", "", "The Sopranos", "NCIS", "Bones", Emma Smith in "Big Love", and as Queen Mab on "True Blood". Wisocky had a recurring roles in the CW series "90210" from 2010 to 2011, CBS's "The Mentalist" (2010-2013) as Brenda Shettrick, and in the first season of FX series "American Horror Story" as Lorraine Harvey.


title: Rebecca Wisocky

text: In early 2012, Marc Cherry cast Wisocky in his comedy-drama television pilot "Devious Maids" as Evelyn Powell, the main antagonist of the show. Previously, she played Bree's Mother on "Desperate Housewives" (episode "Women and Death"). The series was originally in development to air on ABC, but not picked. In June 2012, Lifetime picked up the pilot with a thirteen-episode order to air in early 2013. Wisocky received positive reviews from critics for her performance in the series. In 2014, Wisocky had guest-starring roles in the ABC dramas "Castle" and "Once Upon a Time". In 2015, she appeared opposite Sally Field in the comedy-drama film, "Hello, My Name Is Doris", directed by Michael Showalter. The following years, Wisocky appeared on "The X-Files", "The Sinner", "Modern Family", "9-1-1", "For All Mankind", and "". In 2021, she began starring as Hetty Woodstone, the deceased lady of the manor, on the CBS comedy series, "Ghosts".


title: Rebecca Wisocky

text: On January 5, 2015, Wisocky became engaged to Lap Chi Chu, a theatrical lighting designer, on the Pont de la Tournelle in Paris. They married in Boston on October 10, 2015.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: , born , was a member of the Imperial House of Japan, the wife of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) and the mother of Shigeko Higashikuni, Princess Sachiko Hisa-nomiya, Kazuko Takatsukasa, Atsuko Ikeda, the Emperor Emeritus Akihito, Prince Masahito Hitachi-nomiya and Takako Shimazu.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: Her posthumous name is "Kōjun" (香淳), which means "fragrant purity". Empress Kōjun was empress consort (皇后 "kōgō") from 25 December 1926 to 7 January 1989, making her the longest-serving empress consort in Japanese history.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: Princess Nagako was born in Kuni-no-miya's family home in Tokyo, Japan on 6 March 1903, into one of the "Ōke" branches of the Imperial House of Japan, which were eligible to provide an heir to the throne of Japan (by adoption). She was therefore a princess by birth, as the daughter of Kuniyoshi, Prince Kuni (1873–1929) by his consort, Chikako (1879–1956). While her father was a scion of the imperial family itself, her mother descended from "daimyōs", the feudal or military aristocracy. Nagako would become one of the last Japanese who could remember what life was like inside the Japanese aristocracy in the years before the Second World War.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: As a young girl, Nagako attended the Girls' Department of Peers' School in Tokyo (now Gakushūin), which was a school set up especially for the daughters of the aristocracy and imperial family. Among her cohort was Crown Princess Bangja of Korea (then known as Princess Masako Nashimoto). Following her betrothal at age fourteen, Nagako was withdrawn from this school and began a six-year training program aimed at developing the accomplishments deemed necessary for an empress.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: Nagako was betrothed to her distant cousin the Crown Prince Hirohito, later the Emperor Showa (1901–1989) at a very young age, in a match arranged by their parents, which was usual in Japanese society at that time. Her lineage and her father's unblemished military career were the major considerations. In January 1919, the engagement of Princess Nagako to the then-Crown Prince Hirohito was announced. In a step away from tradition, Hirohito was allowed to choose his own bride. Nagako herself had no choice in the matter. In 1917, at the age of 14, she and other eligible women participated in a tea ceremony at the Imperial Palace while the Crown Prince watched unseen from behind a screen. He eventually selected Nagako.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: Princess Nagako married the Crown Prince Hirohito on 26 January 1924 and became the Crown Princess of Japan. She became the empress of Japan upon Hirohito's accession to the throne on 25 December 1926. Unlike his royal predecessors, Emperor Hirohito decided to abandon his 39 court concubines. Over the first decade of marriage, Empress Nagako gave birth to four daughters (see Issue). It was only on 23 December 1933, almost ten years after their wedding, that the young couple had a son, and gave Japan an heir, in the birth of , now the emeritus emperor. In all, Hirohito and Nagako had seven children, five daughters and two sons. (see Issue)


title: Empress Kōjun

text: Empress Nagako performed her ceremonial duties in a traditional manner. She initially came to live in the palace during the time when people spoke an archaic imperial form of Japanese that has largely disappeared. Her role required her to attend special ceremonies such as those for the 2600th anniversary of the legendary foundation of the Empire of Japan in 1940 or the conquest of Singapore in 1942.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: Nagako accompanied Emperor Hirohito on his European tour in 1971 and later on his state visit to the United States in 1975. She suffered a fall two years later, injuring her spine, and following another serious fall in 1980 was confined to a wheelchair for the remainder of her life.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: After the Emperor's death on 7 January 1989, she became empress dowager. At that time, she was in failing health herself and did not attend her husband's funeral. She was confined to a wheelchair and remained in seclusion for the rest of her life. In 1995, she became the longest-living dowager empress of Japan, breaking the record of Empress Kanshi, who had died 868 years earlier.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: At the time of her death at the age of 97 in 2000, Nagako had been an empress for 74 years. In her final days, the Imperial Household Agency announced that she was suffering from breathing problems but that the illness was not serious. Nagako died at 4:46 pm on 16 June 2000, with her family at her side.


title: Empress Kōjun

text: Emperor Akihito granted his mother the posthumous title of "Empress Kōjun". Her final resting place is in a mausoleum named "Musashino no Higashi no Misasagi", near that of her husband within the Musashi Imperial Graveyard.


title: Battle of Edington

text: At the Battle of Edington, an army of the kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by the Dane Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May 878, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore later the same year. Primary sources locate the battle at ""Eðandun"". Until a scholarly consensus linked the battle site with the present-day village of Edington in Wiltshire, it was known as the Battle of Ethandun. This name continues to be used.


title: Battle of Edington

text: The first Viking raid on Anglo-Saxon England is thought to have occurred between 786 and 802 at Portland in the Kingdom of Wessex, when three Norse ships arrived; their men killed King Beorhtric's reeve. At the other end of the country, in the Kingdom of Northumbria, during 793 the holy island of Lindisfarne was raided. After the sacking of Lindisfarne, Viking raids around the coasts were somewhat sporadic until the 830s, when the attacks became more sustained. In 835, "heathen men" ravaged Sheppey. In 836, Ecgberht of Wessex met in battle a force of 35 ships at Carhampton, and in 838 he faced a combined force of Vikings and Cornishmen at Hingston Down in Cornwall.


title: Battle of Edington

text: The raiding continued and with each year became more intense. In 865–866 it escalated further with the arrival of what the Saxons called the Great Heathen Army. The annals do not report the size of the army, but modern estimates suggest between five hundred and a thousand men. It was said to have been under the leadership of the brothers Ivar the Boneless, Ubba, and Halfdan Ragnarsson. What made this army different from those before it was the intent of the leaders. These forces began "a new stage, that of conquest and residence". By 870, the Northmen had conquered the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia, and in 871 they attacked Wessex. Of the nine battles mentioned by the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" during that year, only one was a West Saxon victory. In this year, Alfred succeeded his brother Ethelred, who died after the Battle of Merton.


title: Battle of Edington

text: Mercia had collapsed by 874, and the Army's cohesion went with it. Halfdan went back to Northumbria and fought the Picts and the Strathclyde Welsh to secure his northern kingdom. His army settled there, and he is not mentioned after 876, when "[the Danes] were engaged in ploughing and making a living for themselves". Guthrum, with two other unnamed kings, "departed for Cambridge in East Anglia". He made several attacks on Wessex, starting in 875, and in the last nearly captured Alfred in his winter fortress at Chippenham.


title: Battle of Edington

text: By 878, the Danes held the east and northeast of England; their defeat at the Battle of Ashdown had paused but not halted their advance. Alfred the Great had spent the winter preceding the Battle of Edington in the Somerset marsh of Athelney, protected somewhat by the natural defences of the country. In the spring of 878, he summoned his West Saxon forces and marched to Edington, where he met the Danes, led by Guthrum, in battle.


title: Battle of Edington

text: Guthrum and his men had adopted the usual Danish strategy of occupying a fortified town and waiting for a peace "treaty", involving money in return for a promise to leave the kingdom immediately; Alfred shadowed the army, trying to prevent more damage than had already occurred. This started in 875 when Guthrum's army "eluded the West Saxon levies and got into Wareham". They then gave hostages and oaths to leave the country to Alfred, who paid them off. The Danes promptly slipped off to Exeter, even deeper into Alfred's kingdom, where they concluded in the autumn of 877 a "firm peace" with Alfred, under terms that entailed their leaving his kingdom and not returning. This they did, spending the rest of 877 (by the Gregorian calendar) in Gloucester (in the kingdom of Mercia). Alfred spent Christmas at Chippenham (in Wessex), from Gloucester . The Danes attacked Chippenham "in midwinter after Twelfth Night", probably during the night of 6–7 January 878. They captured Chippenham and forced Alfred to retreat "with a small force" into the wilderness. (It is to this period that the story of Alfred burning the cakes belongs.)


title: Battle of Edington

text: Alfred seems at this time to have ineffectually chased the Danes around Wessex, while the Danes were in a position to do as they pleased. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" attempts to convey the impression that Alfred held the initiative; it is "a bland chronicle which laconically charts the movements of the Danish victors while at the same time disingenuously striving to convey the impression that Alfred was in control", although it fails. Even if Alfred had caught up with the Danish force, it is unlikely that he could have accomplished anything. The fact that his army could not defend the fortified Chippenham, even in "an age... as yet untrained in siege warfare" casts great doubt on its ability to defeat the Danes in an open field, unaided by fortifications. There was little that Alfred could do about the Danish menace between 875 and the end of 877, beyond repeatedly paying the invaders off.


title: Battle of Edington

text: This was even truer after the Twelfth Night attack. With his small warband, a fraction of his army at Chippenham, Alfred could not hope to retake the town from the Danes, who had in previous battles (for example at Reading in 871) proved themselves adept at defending fortified positions. So he retreated to the south, preparing himself and his forces for another battle, and then defeated Guthrum and his host. The first we read of Alfred after the disaster at Chippenham is around Easter, when he built a fortress at Athelney. In the seventh week after Easter, or between 4 and 7 May, Alfred called a levy at "Ecgbryhtesstan" (Egbert's Stone). Many of the men in the counties around (Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire) who had not already fled rallied to him there. The next day, Alfred's host moved to Iley Oak, and then the day after that to "Eðandun". There, on an unknown date between 6 and 12 May, they fought the Danes. According to the "Life":


title: Battle of Edington

text: After the victory, when the Danes had taken refuge in the fortress, the West Saxons removed all food that the Danes might be able to capture in a sortie, and waited. After two weeks, the hungry Danes sued for peace, giving Alfred "preliminary hostages and solemn oaths that they would leave his kingdom immediately", just as usual, but in addition promising that Guthrum would be baptized. The primary difference between this agreement and the treaties at Wareham and Exeter was that Alfred had decisively defeated the Danes at Edington, rather than just stopping them, and therefore it seemed more likely that they would keep to the terms of the treaty.


title: Battle of Edington

text: The primary reason for Alfred's victory was probably the relative size of the two armies. The men of even one shire could be a formidable fighting force, as those of Devon proved in the same year, defeating an army under Ubbe Ragnarsson at the Battle of Cynwit. In addition, in 875 Guthrum had lost the support of other Danish lords, including Ivar and Ubba. Further Danish forces had settled on the land before Guthrum attacked Wessex: in East Anglia, and in Mercia between the treaty at Exeter and the attack on Chippenham; many others were lost in a storm off Swanage in 876–877, with 120 ships wrecked. Internal disunity was threatening to tear the Danes apart, and they needed time to reorganize. Fortunately for Wessex, they did not use the time available effectively.


title: Battle of Edington

text: The primary sources for the location of the battle are Asser's "Life of King Alfred", which names the place as ""Ethandun"" and the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", which has "Eðandun". The chronicle was compiled during the reign of Alfred the Great and is thus a contemporary record. It is believed that Asser's "Life" was originally written in 893; however, no contemporary manuscript survives. A version of the "Life", written in about 1000 and known as the "Cotton Otho A. xii" text, lasted until 1731, when it was destroyed in the fire at Ashburnham House. Before its destruction, this version had been transcribed and annotated; it is this transcription on which modern translations are based. Some scholars have suggested that Asser's life of King Alfred was a forgery.


title: Battle of Edington

text: The location of the battle accepted by most present-day historians is at Edington, near Westbury in Wiltshire. However, the location has been much debated over the centuries. In 1904 William Henry Stevenson analysed possible sites and said "So far, there is nothing to prove the identity of this "Eðandun" [as named in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle] with Edington" but then goes on to say that "there can be little reason for questioning it".


title: Battle of Edington

text: The reasoning to support the "Eðandun" of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the "Ethandun" of Asser's "Life" being Edington in Wiltshire is derived from a trail of information from ancient manuscripts. Edington, Wiltshire, is known to have been part of Alfred's family estate. He left a manor called "Eðandun" to his wife in his will. A charter records a meeting of the king's council at "Eðandun", although a later scribe has annotated the same document with "Eðandune". In 968, another charter reported that King Edgar had granted land at "Edyndon" to Romsey Abbey. The Domesday Book of 1086 has an entry for Romsey Abbey holding land at "Edendone" in the county of Wiltshire at the time of Edward the Confessor (before 1066) and also in 1086, and this is known to be at Edington, Wiltshire.


title: Battle of Edington

text: Alternatives to Edington, Wiltshire, have been suggested since early times. The Tudor historian Polydore Vergil appears to have misread the ancient texts for the battle site, as he places it at "Abyndoniam" (Abingdon) instead of Edington. In the 19th century there was a resurgence in interest of medieval history and King Alfred was seen as a major hero. Although most early historians had sited the battle as in the Edington area, the significant interest in the subject encouraged many antiquarians to dig up Alfredian sites and also to propose alternatives for the location of the battle. Arguments for the alternative sites were generally name-based, although with the large interest in everything Alfredian in the 19th century, any site that had an Alfredian connection could be guaranteed large numbers of tourists, so this was also a driving force to find a link.


title: Battle of Edington

text: Three weeks after the battle, Guthrum was baptised at Aller in Somerset with Alfred as his sponsor. It is possible that the enforced conversion was an attempt by Alfred to lock Guthrum into a Christian code of ethics, hoping it would ensure the Danes' compliance with any treaties agreed to. The converted Guthrum took the baptismal name of Athelstan.


title: Battle of Edington

text: Under the terms of the Treaty of Wedmore, the converted Guthrum was required to leave Wessex and return to East Anglia. Consequently, in 879 the Viking army left Chippenham and made its way to Cirencester (in the kingdom of Mercia) and remained there for a year. The following year the army went to East Anglia, where it settled.


title: Battle of Edington

text: Also in 879, according to Asser, another Viking army sailed up the River Thames and wintered at Fulham in Middlesex. Over the next few years this particular Danish faction had several encounters with Alfred's forces. However, Alfred managed to contain this threat by reforming his military and setting up a system of fortified cities, known as burhs.


title: Battle of Edington

text: In 885 Asser reports that the Viking army that had settled in East Anglia had broken "in a most insolent manner" the peace they had established with Alfred, although Guthrum is not mentioned. Guthrum reigned as king in East Anglia until his death in 890, and although this period was not always peaceful he was not considered a threat.


title: Battle of Edington

text: In 886, the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum defined the boundaries of their two kingdoms. The kingdom of Mercia was divided up, with part going to Alfred's Wessex and the other part to Guthrum's East Anglia. The agreement also defined the social classes of Danish East Anglia and their equivalents in Wessex. It tried to provide a framework that would minimise conflict and regulate commerce between the two peoples. It is not clear how seriously Guthrum took his conversion to Christianity, but he was the first of the Danish rulers of the English kingdoms to mint coins on the Alfredian model, under his baptismal name of Athelstan. By the end of the 9th century, all of the Anglo-Danish rulers were minting coins too. By the 10th century, the Anglo-Saxon model of kingship seems to have been universally adopted by the Anglo-Danish leadership.


title: Battle of Edington

text: After the defeat of Guthrum at the Battle of Edington, Alfred's reforms to military obligations in Wessex made it increasingly difficult for the Vikings to raid successfully. By 896 the Vikings gave up with some going to East Anglia and others going to Northumbria. It was under Alfred that the Viking threat was contained. However, the system of military reforms and the Burghal Hidage introduced by Edward the Elder enabled Alfred's successors to retake control of the lands occupied in the North of England by the Danes.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng — Brains vs. Brawn vs. Beauty is the 32nd season of the American CBS competitive reality television series "Survivor". As with "", the season featured players initially divided into three tribes of six based on dominant attribute: "Brains" (intelligence), "Brawn" (athleticism), and "Beauty" (attractiveness and charisma). The season was filmed in Koh Rong, Cambodia during the spring of 2015 and aired from February 17, 2016, until May 18, 2016, when Michele Fitzgerald was named the Sole Survivor over Aubry Bracco and Tai Trang in a vote of 5–2–0.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Though this was the 32nd season to air, it was the 31st to shoot, having been filmed before "", which aired first; the two seasons were filmed back-to-back in the same location. Like all seasons from "" onward, this season featured hidden immunity idols that could be played after the votes were cast but before they were read; this season also introduced the feature whereby two of these idols could be combined into one single "super idol" that could be played after the votes were read, similar to the idols found in "", "", and "". This season also introduced the power to remove a member of the jury, which was given to the finalist who won the final reward challenge. It is known as "the most punishing season of Survivor", due to the multiple medical evacuations.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: "Kaôh Rōng" opened to positive response from critics and commentators upon initial release, with several praising the season's unpredictability and strong finalists. Ratings remained strong for most of the season and in April, it became the highest rated unscripted program among adults in all demographics.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: The cast is composed of 18 new players, initially split into three tribes containing six members each: Chan Loh ("Brains"), To Tang ("Brawn") and Gondol ("Beauty"). On Day 17, the 11 remaining players merged into the Dara tribe, named after the Khmer word for "star". The cast includes former NBA player Scot Pollard and "Big Brother 16" contestant Caleb Reynolds.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Caleb Reynolds, Debbie Wanner, Aubry Bracco, and Tai Trang returned for "". Bracco returned again for "". Michele Fitzgerald returned to compete on "".


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Outside of "Survivor", Reynolds competed on the premiere of "Candy Crush". Reynolds also competed on a "Survivor" vs "Big Brother" episode of "Fear Factor". Fitzgerald competed on the of "The Challenge".


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: The 18 new castaways were divided into three tribes based on primary attribute: Chan Loh (Brains), To Tang (Brawn) and Gondol (Beauty). Though the Brawn lost three of the first four immunity challenges, being reduced to only Cydney, Jason, and Scot, all three survived through the tribe swap, reaching the merge alongside four Brains and four Beauties.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Upon merging, the Brawns and Beauties initially aligned against the Brains but, put off by their male allies’ attitudes, the Brawn-Beauty women (Cydney, Julia and Michele) decided to team up with the Brains instead to form a new majority alliance. Though the minority alliance of Jason, Scot and Tai had two hidden immunity idols, Aubry convinced Tai to betray his allies, getting rid of one of the idols and joining the majority.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Aubry and Cydney were the primary strategists of their alliance, and turned against each other when there were four players remaining; Aubry won the tiebreaker to join Michele and Tai in the finals. The next day, Michele won a challenge against Tai and Aubry in which she had the power to remove a member of the jury from the Final Tribal Council. She chose Neal, due to his support of Aubry's game and his persuasiveness.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: At the Final Tribal Council, Tai was largely ignored due to his erratic gameplay, having played his idols and advantages at the wrong time. Aubry and Michele both emphasized how different their games were, with Aubry stating that she made multiple strategic moves to position herself in the game and making fire two nights ago. However, they felt that her social connections were lacking in comparison to Michele. Michele stated that even though she did cruise until the merge, that she still affected the game largely due to her relaxed social game. In the end, Michele beat Aubry and Tai in a vote of 5-2-0.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Overall, the season received a positive response from critics and commentators, who praised its unpredictability and strong players including Fitzgerald, Bracco, Gillon, and Trang. The members of the jury, the lackluster final tribal council, and the final twist that gave one of the finalists the right to vote out a jury member (which resulted in Gottileb's removal), however, were received poorly by many.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Daniel Fienberg of "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the season's unpredictability but panned the final Tribal Council, saying "this was one of the rare seasons that came into its last leg with no inherently 'wrong' winner;" but was critical of the jury members for providing a very dull final tribal council. He praised Fitzgerald for her alliance management and for winning challenges at crucial points in the game and was of the opinion that the last two challenge wins, which provided "nice [moments] of release and catharsis", were what won her the title in the end. Fienberg, however, criticized the jury, Pollard and Jason in particular, for not voting for Bracco, who he thought had been a stronger strategic player and the undue attention given to Tai during the reunion show; he went on to call the whole two hours "awful".


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Andy Dehnart of "Reality Blurred" echoed Fienberg's sentiment, stating that it "ended up being a strong season overall, with some exceptionally dramatic moments and interesting game play throughout" but the finale was a "disappointing three hours." He was especially critical of jury members Pollard, Jason, and Maiorano, the editing of the final episode, Probst's undue discussion on non-game related things, and lack of attention on players including Bracco and Gillon during the final episode and the reunion show respectively.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Dalton Ross of "Entertainment Weekly" ranked this season 25th out of 40 praising this season's unpredictability but stated that there "were not enough transcendent players in the cast." In 2020, "Purple Rock Podcast" ranked this season 19th out of 40 saying that the "cast is fairly good, with several memorable players. Despite a few unfortunate setbacks that throw off the gameplay, it’s an enjoyable season." Later that same year, "Inside Survivor" ranked this season 14th out of 40 calling it underrated and an "incredibly entertaining, character-rich, and, at times, surprising season."


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: In 2021, "Rob Has a Podcast" ranked "Kaôh Rōng" 17th during their "Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings" podcast.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: "Survivor" fans narrowly agreed with the final outcome, voting for Fitzgerald over Bracco by a margin of 3% in a poll conducted by "Entertainment Weekly" which asked who should've won every season of Survivor.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Trang also received positive attention for his treatment of animals throughout the game, most notably for domesticating a chicken named Mark, after series creator and executive producer Mark Burnett, over the course of the game. Trang's actions prompted musician Sia to make a surprise appearance at the live reunion show to donate $50,000 each to Trang and an animal charity of his choice.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: Ratings for the premiere were down considerably from both the "" season and "" season, attaining a 1.9/7 rating/share among adults 18-49; this was largely due to "American Idol" airing at the same time as the show and attaining a 2.0/7 rating. Including DVR playback, the premiere was watched by 10 million viewers and got a 2.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic, slightly surpassing "American Idol"'s 9.76 million viewers and 2.5 rating.


title: Survivor: Kaôh Rōng

text: It was often in the top ten most watched broadcast shows among adults 18–49, a trend that started with episode three. By April, the show became the No. 1 unscripted program among adults in all demographics, beating "The Voice".


title: Red Letter Media

text: Red Letter Media, LLC is an American film and video production company operated by independent filmmakers Mike Stoklasa (formerly of GMP Pictures) and Jay Bauman (formerly of Blanc Screen Cinema). It was formed by Stoklasa in 2004 while he was living in Scottsdale, Arizona, but is currently based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It attracted significant attention in 2009 through Stoklasa's 70-minute video review of the 1999 film "". The review was posted in seven parts on YouTube, and was presented by his character "Harry S. Plinkett" (often shortened to "Mr. Plinkett"). While Stoklasa had published other video reviews of several "Star Trek" films before that, his "Phantom Menace" and subsequent "Star Wars" prequel reviews were praised for both content and presentation.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Numerous other series have been produced by Red Letter Media, including several movie review-based web series ("Half in the Bag", "Best of the Worst", and "re:View"), satirical podcasts ("The Nerd Crew") and video game-based web series ("Game Station 2.0", "Previously Recorded"). Low budget features produced by and starring Stoklasa and other Red Letter Media members have been largely comedies like "Oranges: Revenge of the Eggplant", or horror films such as "Feeding Frenzy", "The Recovered", and "Space Cop". Alongside Stoklasa and Bauman, Red Letter Media also employs Rich Evans, Stoklasa's long-time friend and confidant, as a full-time actor and stagehand for their projects. Stoklasa, Bauman, Evans, and their friends Jack Packard, Josh Davis, and Tim Higgins appear as cast members for the vast majority of their YouTube releases.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Stoklasa created his first video review for "Star Trek Generations" after watching the film again in 2008. Stoklasa believed his own voice sounded "too boring" for the review and adopted the persona of Harry S. Plinkett, a character he had previously used in several short films (originally played by Rich Evans). The character first appeared in "You're Invited! The Olsen Twins Movie", a short film that incorporates clips from "The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley", in which the Olsen twins accept a phone call from a man named Mr. Plinkus, a name Stoklasa and Evans either misheard as, or altered to, Mr. Plinkett.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Plinkett has been described as "cranky", a "schizophrenic", and "psychotic" with a voice that has been called "a cross between Dan Aykroyd in "The Blues Brothers" and "The Silence of the Lambs"' Buffalo Bill".


title: Red Letter Media

text: The "Star Trek Generations" Plinkett review was met with many favorable comments, inspiring Stoklasa to review the other three "" films—"" (1996), "Insurrection" (1998), and "Nemesis" (2002). Inspired by these, Stoklasa created his review for "", citing his dislike of the franchise's prequel trilogy, and how it influenced a trend of films characterized by CGI spectacle, in lieu of the live-action stunts and meticulously crafted sets that characterized films of earlier decades.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Stoklasa's review of "The Phantom Menace" was published to YouTube on December 10, 2009, and quickly became popular, receiving over five million views in the first four months of its release. The video was widely shared, including by celebrities such as Damon Lindelof and Simon Pegg. In comparison to his earlier "Star Trek" movie reviews, which lasted 30 to 40 minutes, the "Phantom Menace" review had a total run time of approximately 70 minutes. The review took Stoklasa between seven and ten days to complete. As of July 2021, the first episode of the review is the most watched video on Red Letter Media's YouTube channel, with more than 10 million views.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Subsequent Plinkett reviews have covered the James Cameron films "Avatar" and "Titanic", "", "", "Baby's Day Out" (which was referenced at the end of the "Attack of the Clones" review), the children's movie "Cop Dog" (originally mentioned in a short update video), "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull", "" as well as its sequel , and the 2016 "Ghostbusters" reboot. Stoklasa also created a satirical short film review of J. J. Abrams' "Star Trek" and later followed it up with a full-length review.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Stoklasa has released audio commentary tracks done in the Plinkett character for "Star Wars", "" and "", which are available for download.


title: Red Letter Media

text: In an interview, Stoklasa stated that in creating a review, he and a friend would watch the film only once while taking notes and frequently pausing the film to discuss scenes. After that, he would write a 20–30 page script for it in the Plinkett character, voice it, and edit it together along with some improvisations.


title: Red Letter Media

text: "Half in the Bag" is a regularly released series in which Stoklasa and Bauman review films in a more traditional format, albeit with a haphazard and fourth wall breaking overarching plot. Stoklasa has described it as a cross between "Siskel and Ebert" and a 1980s sitcom, with Stoklasa and Bauman playing VCR repairmen who discuss movies while finding increasingly convoluted ways of avoiding their scheduled repair work on Mr. Plinkett's VCR.


title: Red Letter Media

text: The show often features the character of Plinkett portrayed by Rich Evans. Tim Heidecker, who hosts satiric movie review show "On Cinema", makes a cameo in episode 37 as the owner of the VCR repair shop who bequeaths employment to Jay and Mike.


title: Red Letter Media

text: The first episode premiered on March 12, 2011, with a review of "Drive Angry" and "The Adjustment Bureau". On March 11, 2021, the channel posted a scripted video celebrating the 10th anniversary of the series. As of December 2022, the series totals 248 episodes on YouTube. The most viewed episodes of the series are reviews of the Star Wars films and .


title: Red Letter Media

text: "Best of the Worst" is a regularly-released series in which members of Red Letter Media watch and review multiple films ranging from B-movies to instructional videos, sometimes sent in by fans. After viewing and riffing on the films, a rotating panel of four sit to discuss what they just watched. Panels typically consist of any combination of Mike Stoklasa, Jay Bauman, Rich Evans, Jessi Nakles, Jack Packard, Josh "The Wizard" Davis, or special guests. Panel participants then individually decide upon which film or video represents the "Best of the Worst". Viewing material that is deemed to be insulting, offensive, or especially poor is often destroyed in a creative fashion. Methods of destruction have included dissolving a VHS tape in acetone, forcing a DVD through a paper shredder, dragging a tape around the streets tied to the bumper of a car, and cooking a tape on a charcoal grill alongside cheeseburgers.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Canadian visual effects artists Colin Cunningham and Jim Maxwell, who have worked on numerous television series and feature films, frequently appear as recurring guests. Special guests on the show have included screenwriters Max Landis and Simon Barrett, comic book artist Freddie Williams, actors Macaulay Culkin, Patton Oswalt and Jack Quaid, comedian Gillian Bellinger and indie film auteur Len Kabasinski.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Some episodes feature the "Wheel of the Worst", in which a wheel is spun to select which films/videos will be watched. Wheel selections are often videos that are either extremely bizarre (such as "Dog Sitter", a movie made to appeal to dogs), low budget instructional films, educational films and those which have little modern relevance (such as Chinese-language instructional tapes about how to use AOL). Videos featured on Wheel of the Worst are most frequently found on VHS tapes. The "Daily Herald" praised "Best of the Worst" for being Red Letter Media's most entertaining series.


title: Red Letter Media

text: The show occasionally features other gimmicks to randomly select viewing material such as the "Choose-And-Lose" and the Plinketto Board. Another subsection of Best of the Worst includes the "Black Spine Edition" where the group randomly selects VHS tapes which are missing informational or identification labels on the side of the cassette.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Sometimes the crew will review a specific film which they have previously viewed off camera and recommend to fans of poorly-conceived and poorly-executed B movies. They refer to reviews of this nature as their "Spotlight Series". The first of these reviews featured the film "Hollywood Cop" by director Amir Shervan was released on YouTube on June 21, 2017. In this format, low budget indie movies "Suburban Sasquatch", "Lycan Colony" and "The Last Vampire on Earth" have also been featured.


title: Red Letter Media

text: In 2017, the crew introduced a 'Hall of Fame' for Best of the Worst, intended to represent the best things that have appeared on the show. The first additions to the hall of fame were actor Cameron Mitchell and the film "Surviving Edged Weapons". As of July 2022, the Hall of Fame has also been shown to include the films "Creating Rem Lezar", "Zaat" and "Turtle Dreams", as well as a bobblehead statue of Kevin from the "Home Alone" series signed by frequent guest Macaulay Culkin.


title: Red Letter Media

text: On May 24, 2016, the company released the first episode of a new series called "re:View". Compared to the company's other shows, the format is a much more stripped down and straight forward approach to film critique. Two members of Red Letter Media sit in front of a red curtain and offer thoughts and insight on a film that they both enjoy. Films chosen for this feature are often either cult classics such as "Pink Flamingos", "Freddy Got Fingered" and "Martin", or well renowned genre-defining films like "The Thing" and "Ghostbusters". Clips of the film being discussed are interwoven, typically to lend emphasis to a specific point being made, or to showcase some of the most memorable moments from the film. "re:View" has also featured "Star Trek" films and episodes, a particular favorite of Stoklasa's.


title: Red Letter Media

text: For an episode featuring "The Guest", the screenwriter of the film, Simon Barrett, appeared as a guest and spoke about many behind the scenes aspects of the production. A similar insight into the background of a film the Red Letter Media crew enjoyed was shared in a two-part interview series with "Samurai Cop" lead Matt Hannon, though this occurred prior to the creation of the "re:View" branding and format. Former child star Macaulay Culkin made a guest appearance in a 2018 episode reviewing "Hackers", and has since returned to both this series and Best of the Worst.


title: Red Letter Media

text: In July 2014, Red Letter Media affiliates Rich Evans and Jack Packard began a YouTube Video game review channel under the name "Previously Recorded" or "Pre-Rec". Videos from the channel have been featured on the Red Letter Media website alongside other Red Letter Media content, and the channel has been referenced in numerous "Half in the Bag" and "Best of the Worst" episodes. The channel was Red Letter Media's second attempt at producing gaming content after the short-lived "Game Station 2.0" (2012). On July 22, 2018, the duo announced that they would be broadcasting their final live stream on July 25, 2018 and then the channel would be put on hold for the foreseeable future afterwards.


title: Red Letter Media

text: The first episode being uploaded to YouTube on 5 January 2017, "The Nerd Crew" parodied pop culture "fanboyism" and video series such as Screen Junkies, Collider, and "The John Campea Show", with Stoklasa, Bauman and Evans playing "manchildren" demonstrating excessive enthusiasm over "Star Wars", the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the DC Extended Universe, and other content aimed primarily at a juvenile audience. Product placement, native advertising and general subservience to entertainment mega-corporations were all satirized.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Stoklasa's Mr. Plinkett reviews have been considered part of an emerging art form that hybridizes mashup with video essays, as they use a combination of footage from the movie in question and other related sources.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Literary and cultural critic Benjamin Kirbach argues that Plinkett enacts a kind of "détournement" by recontextualizing images that would otherwise serve as "Star Wars" marketing material (such as behind-the-scenes footage and interviews). Defined by Guy Debord as "the reuse of preexisting artistic elements in a new ensemble", "détournement" is a way of generating meaning out of cultural texts that is antithetical to their original intent. Kirbach argues that Stoklasa uses this tactic to construct a subversive narrative that frames George Lucas as "a lazy, out-of-touch, and thoroughly unchallenged filmmaker".


title: Red Letter Media

text: Kirbach also argues that Plinkett's popularity can be explained, in part, as a form of catharsis. Because he is portrayed as insane, the Plinkett shtick "legitimates our nerd-rage by literalizing it". Plinkett enrolls George Lucas in an ongoing Oedipal drama as the castrating father figure, a father figure we are invited to rage against owing to his flagrant ineptitude. But aside from raw catharsis, Kirbach claims that Plinkett's insanity is also a critique of the film industry itself. By fictionalizing his critic, Stoklasa constructs a character who is unable to speak at a safe distance from the text he analyzes. "Plinkett becomes the figure of a consumer culture that has been force-fed Hollywood schlock beyond its carrying capacity," Kirbach writes. And further:


title: Red Letter Media

text: In an interview with "Esquire", comedian Patton Oswalt noted that the Mr. Plinkett reviews are an example of "amazing film scholarship" on the "Star Wars" prequels that demonstrate how much of the "Star Wars" universe is squandered by them. "The Daily Telegraph" called the reviews "legendary" and described them as being more popular than the actual films.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Director Jordan Vogt-Roberts, whilst critiquing CinemaSins' "Everything Wrong With ..." video of his film, "", for bad film criticism masked under the guise of "satire", praised Red Letter Media for good film criticism and satire, stating that "Red Letter Media's Phantom Menace review IS satire. They lampoon a certain type of nerd culture AND their takedown is accurate & thoughtful. Red Letter Media's critiques hold up under scrutiny. CinemaSins just wants to shit on things for the sake of shitting on them."


title: Red Letter Media

text: However, the reviews have also been criticized by "Star Wars" fans. Stoklasa stated that he feels ""Star Wars" to some people is like a religion so they respond to attacks on it as such." One fan wrote a 108-page-long point-by-point response to the "Phantom Menace" review, taking issue with many of Stoklasa's criticisms, which Stoklasa mocked in an announcement video for his "Revenge of the Sith" review.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Red Letter Media also produces original feature-length films. Among the low-budget features Stoklasa and Bauman have produced and directed on Red Letter Media are the action-comedy film "", made in 2005 and available on Netflix (currently only available for DVD rental, not for streaming); "The Recovered", a horror thriller starring Tina Krause; and "Feeding Frenzy", a 2010 genre-spoof of puppet monster movies like "Gremlins". "Feeding Frenzy" featured Rich Evans as Mr. Plinkett; Evans originated the character in short films, and this feature was filmed before the popularity of the "Phantom Menace" review. Stoklasa's short films are usually dark comedies. Plinkett, played by Evans, appeared in several of them, starting with "You're Invited".


title: Red Letter Media

text: Stoklasa created and starred in five seasons of the web sitcom "The Grabowskis", opposite Dixie Jacobs, about an exaggeratedly trashy and unpleasant sitcom family. Installments of the series were only a few seconds long at first (comically giving more screen time to the lengthy intro than the episode itself), but grew to full episode length over time.


title: Red Letter Media

text: On October 26, 2015, the company announced via a short video that it had completed the feature-length film "Space Cop", which had been in production for at least seven years. "Space Cop" stars Evans in the titular role alongside Stoklasa, who wrote and co-directed the film with Bauman. It was made available on January 12, 2016, on Blu-ray for $25 through Red Letter Media's Bandcamp page. The first run sold out in a matter of hours.


title: Red Letter Media

text: Since 2012, Red Letter Media has produced commentary tracks for various films, releasing them on Bandcamp. These began with three commentary tracks by Stoklasa as Mr. Plinkett, but the company has since released tracks by Stoklasa, Bauman, and Evans as themselves.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In Christianity, the Passion (from the Latin verb "patior, passus sum"; "to suffer, bear, endure", from which also "patience, patient", etc.) is the short final period in the life of Jesus Christ.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Depending on one's views, the "Passion" may include, among other events, Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, his cleansing of the Temple, his anointing, the Last Supper, Jesus' agony in the Garden, his arrest, his Sanhedrin trial, his trial before Pontius Pilate, his crucifixion and his death on Good Friday, his burial, and the resurrection of Jesus. Those parts of the four canonical Gospels that describe these events are known as the "Passion narratives". In some Christian communities, commemoration of the Passion also includes remembrance of the sorrow of Mary, the mother of Jesus, on the Friday of Sorrows.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The word "passion" has taken on a more general application and now may also apply to accounts of the suffering and death of Christian martyrs, sometimes using the Latin form passio.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Accounts of the Passion are found in the four canonical gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Three of these, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, known as the Synoptic Gospels, give similar accounts. The Gospel of John account varies significantly.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Scholars do not agree on which events surrounding the death of Jesus should be considered part of the "Passion narrative", and which ones merely precede and succeed the actual Passion narrative itself. For example, Puskas and Robbins (2011) commence the Passion after Jesus' arrest and before his resurrection, thus only including the trials, crucifixion and death of Jesus. In Pope Benedict XVI's "" (2011), the term "Passion" completely coincides with the crucifixion and death of Jesus; it does not include earlier events and specifically excludes the burial and resurrection. Others such as Matson and Richardson (2014) take a broader approach and consider the triumphal entry, the last supper, the trial before Pilate, the crucifixion, the burial, and the resurrection collectively as constituting the so-called "Passion Week".


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The Gospel of Luke states that Pilate sends Jesus to be judged by Herod Antipas because as a Galilean he is under his jurisdiction. Herod is excited at first to see Jesus and hopes Jesus will perform a miracle for him; he asks Jesus several questions but Jesus does not answer. Herod then mocks him and sends him back to Pilate after giving him an "elegant" robe to wear.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: All the Gospels relate that a man named Barabbas was released by Pilate instead of Jesus. Matthew, Mark and John have Pilate offer a choice between Jesus and Barabbas to the crowd; Luke lists no choice offered by Pilate, but represents the crowd demanding his release.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In all the Gospels, Pilate asks Jesus if he is King of the Jews and Jesus replies "So you say". Once condemned by Pilate, he was flogged before execution. The Canonical Gospels, except Luke, record that Jesus is then taken by the soldiers to the Praetorium where, according to Matthew and Mark, the whole contingent of soldiers has been called together. They place a purple robe on him, put a crown of thorns on his head, and according to Matthew, put a rod in his hand. They mock him by hailing him as "King of the Jews", paying homage and hitting him on the head with the rod.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: According to the Gospel of John, Pilate has Jesus brought out a second time, wearing the purple robe and the crown of thorns, in order to appeal his innocence before the crowd, saying "Ecce homo," ("Behold the man"). But, John represents, the priests urge the crowd to demand Jesus' death. Pilate resigns himself to the decision, washing his hands (according to Matthew) before the people as a sign that Jesus' blood will not be upon him. According to the Gospel of Matthew they replied, "His blood be on us and on our children!"


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Mark and Matthew record that Jesus is returned his own clothes, prior to being led out for execution. According to the Gospel accounts he is forced, like other victims of crucifixion, to drag his own cross to Golgotha, the location of the execution. The three Synoptic Gospels refer to a man called Simon of Cyrene who is made to carry the cross (, , ), while in the Gospel of John () Jesus is made to carry his own cross. The Gospel of Mark gives the names of Simon's children, Alexander and Rufus. However, the Gospel of Luke refers to Simon carrying the cross "after" Jesus, in that it states: "they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus". Luke adds that Jesus' female followers follow, mourning his fate, but that he responds by quoting Hosea 10:8.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The Synoptic Gospels state that on arrival at Golgotha, Jesus is offered wine laced with myrrh to lessen the pain, but he refuses it. Jesus is then crucified, according to Mark, at "the third hour" (9 a.m.) the morning after the Passover meal, but according to John he is handed over to be crucified at "the sixth hour" (noon) the day before the Passover meal, although many resolve this by saying that the Synoptics use Jewish time, and that John uses Roman time. Pilate has a plaque fixed to Jesus' cross inscribed, (according to John) in Hebrew, Greek and Latin – "Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum", meaning "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews". Mark has the plaque say simply, "King of the Jews." The Gospels then state that the soldiers divide Jesus' clothes among themselves, except for one garment for which they cast lots. The Gospel of John claims that this fulfills a prophecy from . Some of the crowd who have been following taunt Jesus, saying "He trusts in God; let God deliver him now!", and suggest that Jesus might perform a miracle to release himself from the cross.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: According to the Gospels, two thieves are also crucified, one on each side of him. According to Luke, one of the thieves reviles Jesus, while the other declares Jesus innocent and begs that he might be remembered when Jesus comes to his kingdom (see Penitent thief).


title: Passion of Jesus

text: John records that Mary, his mother, and two other women stand by the cross as does a disciple, described as the one whom Jesus loved. Jesus commits his mother to this disciple's care. According to the synoptics, the sky becomes dark at midday and the darkness lasts for three hours, until the ninth hour when Jesus cries out "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" ("My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"). The centurion standing guard, who has seen how Jesus has died, declares Jesus innocent (Luke) or the "Son of God" (Matthew, Mark).


title: Passion of Jesus

text: John says that, as was the custom, the soldiers come and break the legs of the thieves, so that they will die faster, but that on coming to Jesus they find him already dead. A soldier pierces his side with a spear.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: According to the Gospel of Matthew, Judas, the betrayer, is filled with remorse and tries to return the money he was paid for betraying Jesus. When the high priests say that that is his affair, Judas throws the money into the temple, goes off, and hangs himself. However, according to the Book of Acts , Judas was not remorseful, took the money and bought a field from it, whereupon he suddenly fell and died.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Further claims concerning the Passion are made in some non-canonical early writings. Another passion narrative is found in the fragmentary "Gospel of Peter", long known to scholars through references, and of which a fragment was discovered in Cairo in 1884.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The narrative begins with Pilate washing his hands, as in Matthew, but the Jews and Herod refuse this. Joseph of Arimathea, before Jesus has been crucified, asks for his body, and Herod says he is going to take it down to comply with the Jewish custom of not leaving a dead body hung on a tree overnight. Herod then turns Jesus over to the people who drag him, give him a purple robe, crown him with thorns, and beat and flog him.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: There are also two criminals, crucified on either side of him and, as in Luke, one begs Jesus for forgiveness. The writer says Jesus is silent as they crucify him, "...as if in no pain." Jesus is labeled the King of Israel on his cross and his clothes are divided and gambled over.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: As in the canonical Gospels, darkness covers the land. Jesus is also given vinegar to drink. Peter has "My Power, My Power, why have you forsaken me?" as the last words of Jesus, rather than "My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?" as quoted in Mark. He is then "taken up", possibly a euphemism for death or maybe an allusion to heaven. Peter then has a resurrection, similar to the other books.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Serapion of Antioch urged the exclusion of the Gospel of Peter from the Church because Docetists were using it to bolster their theological claims, which Serapion rejected. Many modern scholars also reject this conclusion, as the statement about Jesus being silent "as if in no pain" seems to be based on Isaiah's description of the suffering servant, "as a sheep that before its shearers is silent, so he opened not his mouth." ().


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The gospels provide differing accounts of the trial of Jesus. Mark describes two separate proceedings, one involving Jewish leaders and one in which the Roman prefect for Judea, Pontius Pilate, plays the key role. Both Matthew and John's accounts generally support Mark's two-trial version. Luke, alone among the gospels, adds yet a third proceeding: having Pilate send Jesus to Herod Antipas. The non-canonical Gospel of Peter describes a single trial scene involving Jewish, Roman, and Herodian officials.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Christians interpret at least three passages of the Old Testament as prophecies about Jesus’ Passion.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The first and most obvious is the one from (either 8th or 6th century BC). This prophetic oracle describes a sinless man who will atone for the sins of his people. By his voluntary suffering, he will save sinners from the just punishment of God. The death of Jesus is said to fulfill this prophecy. For example, "He had no form or comeliness that we should look at him, and no beauty that we should desire him. He was despised and rejected by men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief; and as one from whom men hide their faces he was despised, and we esteemed him not. Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that made us whole, and with his stripes we are healed" ().


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The second prophecy of Christ's Passion is the ancient text which Jesus himself quoted, while he was dying on the cross. From the cross, Jesus cried with a loud voice, ""Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?"" which means, "My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?" These words of Jesus were a quotation of the ancient . King David, in Psalm 22, foretold the sufferings of the messiah. For example, "I am a worm and no man, the reproach of men and the outcast of the people. All who see me, laugh me to scorn, they draw apart their lips, and wag their heads: ‘He trusts in the Lord: let him free him, let him deliver him if he loves him.’ Stand not far from me, for I am troubled; be thou near at hand: for I have no helper. ...Yea, dogs are round about me; a company of evildoers encircle me; they have pierced my hands and feet – I can count all my bones – they stare and gloat over me; they divide my garments among them, and for my raiment they cast lots" (). The words "they have pierced my hands and feet" are disputed, however.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The third main prophecy of the Passion is from the Book of the Wisdom of Solomon. Protestant Christians place it in the Apocrypha, Catholics and Eastern Orthodox among the deuterocanonical books. But it was written about 150 BC, and many have understood these verses (12–20 of chapter 2) as a direct prophecy of Jesus’ Passion. For example, "Let us lie in wait for the just, because he is not for our turn. ...He boasteth that he hath the knowledge of God, and calleth himself the son of God ... and glorieth that he hath God for his father. Let us see then if his words be true. ...For if he be the true son of God, he will defend him, and will deliver him from the hands of his enemies. Let us examine him by outrages and tortures. ...Let us condemn him to a most shameful death. ...These things they thought, and were deceived, for their own malice blinded them" (Wisdom 2:12–20).


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In addition to the above, it deserves to be mentioned that at least three other, less elaborate messianic prophecies were fulfilled in Jesus’ crucifixion, namely, the following Old Testament passages:


title: Passion of Jesus

text: "Many are the afflictions of the just man; but the Lord delivers him from all of them. He guards all his bones: not even one of them shall be broken" ().


title: Passion of Jesus

text: "And they shall look upon me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him as one mourneth for an only son; and they shall grieve over him, as the manner is to grieve for the death of the firstborn" ().


title: Passion of Jesus

text: "So the soldiers came and broke the legs of the first, and of the other who had been crucified with Jesus; but when they came to Jesus and saw that he was already dead, they did not break his legs. But one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and at once there came out blood and water. ...For these things took place that the scripture might be fulfilled, ‘Not a bone of him shall be broken.’ And again another scripture says, ‘They shall look on him whom they have pierced’" ().


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In the Gospel of Mark, Jesus is described as prophesying his own Passion and his Resurrection three times:


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Christians argue that these are cases of genuine and fulfilled prophecy and many scholars see Semitic features and tradition in .


title: Passion of Jesus

text: After the third prophecy, the Gospel of Mark states that the brothers James and John ask Jesus to be his left and right hand men, but Jesus asks if they can drink from the "cup" he must drink from. They say that they can do this. Jesus confirms this, but says that the places at his right and left hand are reserved for others. Many Christian see this as being a reference to the two criminals at Jesus' crucifixion, thus relating to the Passion. The "cup" is sometimes interpreted as the symbol of his death, in the light of Jesus' prayer at Gethsemane "Let this cup be taken from me!"


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Most Christian denominations will read one or more narratives of the Passion during Holy Week, especially on Good Friday. In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, a large cross depicting the crucified Christ is brought out into the church and each of the faithful come forward to venerate the cross. Rather than having the Gospel read solely by the priest, whole congregations participate in the reading of the Passion Gospel during the Palm Sunday Mass and the Good Friday service. These readings have the Priest read the part of Christ, a narrator read the narrative, other reader(s) reading the other speaking parts, and either the choir or the congregation reading the parts of crowds (i.e.: when the crowd shouts "Crucify Him! Crucify Him!").


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, the Matins service for Good Friday is called "Matins of the Twelve Passion Gospels", and is notable for the interspersal of twelve readings from the Gospel Book detailing chronologically the events of the Passion – from the Last Supper to the burial in the tomb – during the course of the service. The first of these twelve readings is the longest Gospel reading of the entire liturgical year. In addition, every Wednesday and Friday throughout the year is dedicated in part to the commemoration of the Passion.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: During Holy Week/Passion Week Congregations of the Moravian Church (Herrnhuter Bruedergemeine) read the entire story of Jesus' final week from a Harmony of the Gospels prepared for that purpose since 1777. Daily meetings are held, some times two or three times a day, to follow the events of the day. During the course of the reading, the Congregation sings hymn verses to respond to the events of the text.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Most liturgical churches hold some form of commemoration of the Crucifixion on the afternoon of Good Friday. Sometimes, this will take the form of a vigil from noon to 3:00 pm, the approximate time that Jesus hung on the cross. Sometimes there will be a reenactment of the Descent from the Cross; for instance, at Vespers in the Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic) tradition.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as "acts of reparation" for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his Passion. These "acts of reparation to Jesus Christ" do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aim to "repair the sins" against Jesus. Some such prayers are provided in the Raccolta Catholic prayer book (approved by a Decree of 1854, and published by the Holy See in 1898) which also includes prayers as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In his encyclical "Miserentissimus Redemptor" on reparations, Pope Pius XI called acts of reparation to Jesus Christ a duty for Catholics and referred to them as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Pope John Paul II referred to acts of reparation as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified".


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Several non-liturgical devotions have been developed by Christian faithful to commemorate the Passion.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The Stations of the Cross are a series of religious reflections describing or depicting Christ carrying the cross to his crucifixion. Most Catholic churches, as well as many Anglican, Lutheran, and Methodist parishes, contain Stations of the Cross, typically placed at intervals along the sidewalls of the nave; in most churches, they are small plaques with reliefs or paintings, although in others they may be simple crosses with a numeral in the center. The tradition of moving around the Stations to commemorate the Passion of Christ began with Francis of Assisi and extended throughout the Catholic Church in the medieval period. It is most commonly done during Lent, especially on Good Friday, but it can be done on other days as well, especially Wednesdays and Fridays.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The Passion Offices were the special prayers said by various Catholic communities, particularly the Passionist fathers to commemorate the Passion of Christ.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Another devotion is the Little Office of the Passion created by Francis of Assisi (1181/82–1226). He ordered this office around the medieval association of five specific moments in Jesus' Passion with specific hours of the day. Having then attributed these to hours of the Divine Office, he arrived at this schema:


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Each episode of the Passion, such as the Flagellation of Christ or Entombment of Christ, has been represented thousands of times and has developed its own iconographic tradition; the Crucifixion is much the most common and important of these subjects. The Passion is often covered by a cycle of depictions; Albrecht Dürer's print cycles were so popular that he produced three different versions. Andachtsbilder is a term for devotional subjects such as the Man of Sorrows or Pietà, that may not precisely represent a moment in the Passion but are derived from the Passion story. The "Arma Christi", or "Instruments of the Passion" are the objects associated with Jesus' Passion, such as the cross, the Crown of Thorns and the Spear of Longinus. Each of the major Instruments has been supposedly recovered as relics which have been an object of veneration among many Christians, and have been depicted in art. Veronica's Veil is also often counted among the Instruments of the Passion; like the Shroud of Turin and Sudarium of Oviedo it is a cloth relic supposed to have touched Jesus.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In the Catholic Church, the Passion story is depicted in the Stations of the Cross ("via crucis", also translated more literally as "Way of the Cross"). These 14 stations depict the Passion from the sentencing by Pilate to the sealing of the tomb, or with the addition of a 15th, the resurrection. Since the 16th-century representations of them in various media have decorated the naves of most Catholic churches. The Way of the Cross is a devotion practiced by many people on Fridays throughout the year, most importantly on Good Friday. This may be simply by going round the Stations in a church, or may involve large-scale re-enactments, as in Jerusalem. The Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy are similar schemes on a far larger scale than church Stations, with chapels containing large sculpted groups arranged in a hilly landscape; for pilgrims to tour the chapels typically takes several hours. They mostly date from the late 16th to the 17th century; most depict the Passion, others different subjects as well.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The main traditional types of church music sung during Holy Week are "Passions", musical settings of the Gospel narratives, both a Catholic and Lutheran tradition, and settings of the readings and responses from the Catholic Tenebrae services, especially those of the "Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet". The many settings of the "Stabat Mater" or musical settings of sayings of Jesus on the cross are also commonly performed.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The reading of the Passion section of one of the Gospels during Holy Week dates back to the 4th century. It began to be intoned (rather than just spoken) in the Middle Ages, at least as early as the 8th century. Ninth-century manuscripts have "litterae significativae" indicating interpretive chant, and later manuscripts begin to specify exact notes to be sung. By the 13th century, different singers were used for different characters in the narrative, a practice which became fairly universal by the 15th century, when polyphonic settings of the "turba" passages began to appear also. ("Turba", while literally meaning "crowd", is used in this case to mean any passage in which more than one person speaks simultaneously.)


title: Passion of Jesus

text: In the 16th century, settings like these, and further developments, were created for the Catholic Church by Victoria, William Byrd, Jacobus Gallus, Francisco Guerrero, Orlando di Lasso, and Cypriano de Rore.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Martin Luther wrote, "The Passion of Christ should not be acted out in words and pretense, but in real life." Despite this, sung Passion performances were common in Lutheran churches right from the start, in both Latin and German, beginning as early as Laetare Sunday (three weeks before Easter) and continuing through Holy Week. Luther's friend and collaborator Johann Walther wrote responsorial Passions which were used as models by Lutheran composers for centuries, and ""summa Passionis"" versions continued to circulate, despite Luther's express disapproval. Later 16th-century passions included choral ""exordium"" (introduction) and ""conclusio"" sections with additional texts. In the 17th century came the development of "oratorio" passions which led to Johann Sebastian Bach's Passions, accompanied by instruments, with interpolated texts (then called "madrigal" movements) such as sinfonias, other Scripture passages, Latin motets, chorale arias, and more. Such settings were created by Bartholomäus Gesius and Heinrich Schütz. Thomas Strutz wrote a Passion (1664) with arias for Jesus himself, pointing to the standard oratorio tradition of Schütz, Carissimi, and others, although these composers seem to have thought that putting words in Jesus’ mouth was beyond the pale. The practice of using recitative for the Evangelist (rather than plainsong) was a development of court composers in northern Germany and only crept into church compositions at the end of the 17th century. A famous musical reflection on the Passion is Part II of "Messiah", an oratorio by George Frideric Handel, though the text here draws from Old Testament prophecies rather than from the gospels themselves.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The best known Protestant musical settings of the Passion are by Johann Sebastian Bach, who wrote several Passions, of which two have survived, one based on the Gospel of John (the "St John Passion"), the other on the Gospel of Matthew (the "St Matthew Passion"). His "St Mark Passion" was reconstructed in various ways. The Passion continued to be very popular in Protestant Germany in the 18th century, with Bach's second son Carl Philipp Emanuel composing over twenty settings. In the 19th century, with the exception of John Stainer's "The Crucifixion" (1887), Passion settings were less popular, but in the 20th century they have again come into fashion. Two notable settings are the "St. Luke Passion" (1965) by Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki and the "Passio" (1982) by Estonian composer Arvo Pärt. Recent examples include "The Passion According to St. Matthew" (1997), by Mark Alburger, and "The Passion According to the Four Evangelists", by Scott King. Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Jesus Christ Superstar" (book and lyrics by Tim Rice) and Stephen Schwartz's "Godspell" both contain elements of the traditional passion accounts. Choral meditations on aspects of the suffering through which Christ humbled himself on the cross include arrangements such as Buxtehude's 1680 composition Membra Jesu Nostri, the first such Lutheran treatment, incorporating lyrics excerpted from a medieval Latin poem and featuring Old Testament verses that prefigure the Messiah as suffering servant: see Passion cantata.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Non-musical settings of the Passion story are generally called Passion plays; these have been very widely performed in traditionally Catholic countries, often in churches as liturgical dramas – for versions with musical settings, see the previous section. One famous cycle is performed at intervals at Oberammergau Germany, another in Sordevolo one of the most important in Italy, and another in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco uses what is considered the largest open-air theater in the world. The Passion figures among the scenes in the English mystery plays in more than one cycle of dramatic vignettes. In the Chester Mystery Plays' portrayal of Christ's Passion, specifically his humiliation before his sentence to crucifixion, the accounts of the Gospels concerning the physical violence visited on Jesus during his trial before the Sanhedrin, and the humiliating crowning of thorns visited upon him in Pilate's palace (or by Herod's soldiers, according to Luke), is further confused by showing both actions as being carried out by jeering Jews.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Processions on Palm Sunday commonly re-enact to some degree the entry of Jesus to Jerusalem, traditional ones often using special wooden donkeys on wheels. Holy Week in Spain retains more traditional public processions than other countries, with the most famous, in Seville, featuring floats with carved tableaux showing scenes from the story.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: Many Passion poems and prose text circulated in the fifteenth-century Castile, among which there were the first modern translations of earlier Latin Passion texts and "Vitae Christi", and also a popular "Monotessaron" or "Pasión de l'eterno principe Jesucristo" attributed to a pseudo-Gerson. It was most likely written by Thomas à Kempis, whose "Imitation of Christ" mentions the Passion a few times, uniquely when talking about the Eucharist.


title: Passion of Jesus

text: There have also been a number of , with a prominent example being Mel Gibson's 2004 "The Passion of the Christ."


title: Passion of Jesus

text: The tropical plant passiflora, introduced to Europe in the 16th century, got its name from the Jesuit F B Ferrari, who saw in its flower an emblem containing the instruments of the Passion of Christ. The 3 stigmas represent three nails, a circle of radial filaments - a bloody crown of thorns, a stalk fruit grower - the Holy Grail, five anthers - five wounds of the Savior, a three-bladed leaf - holy Lance, the tendrils represent the whips used in the flagellation of Christ, attachments (antennae) - lashes, white - the Savior's innocence, etc.


title: Merkin

text: A merkin is a pubic wig. Merkins were worn by sex workers after shaving their mons pubis, and are now used as decorative items, erotic devices, or in films, by both men and women.


title: Merkin

text: The "Oxford Companion to the Body" dates the origin of the pubic wig to the 1450s. According to the publication, women would shave their pubic hair for personal hygiene and to combat pubic lice. They would then don a merkin. Also, sex workers would wear a merkin to cover up signs of disease, such as syphilis.


title: Merkin

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" dates the first written use of the term to 1617. The word probably originated from "malkin", a derogatory term for a lower-class young woman, or from "Marykin", a pet form of the female given name "Mary".


title: Merkin

text: In Hollywood filmmaking, merkins can be worn by actors and actresses to avoid inadvertent exposure of the genitalia during nude or semi-nude scenes. The presence of the merkin protects the actor from inadvertently performing "full-frontal" nudity – some contracts specifically require that nipples and genitals be covered in some way – which can help ensure that the film achieves a less restrictive MPAA rating.


title: Merkin

text: A merkin may also be used when the actor or actress has less pubic hair than is required, as in the nude dancing extras in "The Bank Job". Amy Landecker wore a merkin in "A Serious Man" (2009) for a nude sunbathing scene; bikini waxing was neither common nor fashionable in 1967 when the film is set.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Cole Dickson Beasley (born April 26, 1989) is an American football wide receiver for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Southern Methodist University and was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He also played three seasons for the Buffalo Bills before retiring with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2022. He came out of retirement a few months later in the season to re-sign with the Bills.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley attended Little Elm High School, where he was an option quarterback, leading the Lobos to the Texas UIL-4A playoffs in consecutive years. Beasley was a district co-MVP, posting 1,184 rushing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, 1,570 passing yards, and 12 touchdowns. He was rated as a two-star recruit by Rivals.com.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley accepted a scholarship from Southern Methodist University, where he was converted into a wide receiver, playing in 11 games with seven starts as a freshman, while finishing third on the team with 42 receptions for 366 yards and three touchdowns.


title: Cole Beasley

text: As a sophomore, Beasley started seven games, making 40 receptions (fourth on the team) for 493 yards and three touchdowns. SMU would win the 2009 Hawaii Bowl marking their first bowl invitation since the so-called death penalty.


title: Cole Beasley

text: As a junior, Beasley posted 87 receptions (second for a single-season in school history), 1,060 yards and six touchdowns.


title: Cole Beasley

text: As a senior, Beasley registered 86 receptions for 1,040 yards (second on the team) and two touchdowns.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley went undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft due to his size and was signed by his hometown team, the Dallas Cowboys. Beasley left abruptly during training camp, stating he was dealing with "personal stuff", and even considered retiring from professional football. Beasley went on to have a sudden change of heart, returning and making the final 53-man roster.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley found ways to be productive while being surrounded by a solid corps of wide receivers, having the highest completion percentage of any receiver in the NFL with more than 10 targets. He was targeted by quarterback Tony Romo on third down, especially in spread formations. Much of this became attributed to Beasley's very good route running.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley finished his second professional season with 39 receptions for 368 yards and two touchdowns to go along with 79 return yards in 14 games and three starts.


title: Cole Beasley

text: In 2014, Beasley posted 37 receptions (fourth on the team) for 420 yards (fourth on the team) and four touchdowns in 16 games and two starts. He averaged nearly 50 yards per game during the final six contests of the season. In the against the Detroit Lions, Beasley made four catches – three for first downs- for 63 yards and recovered a fumble in the 24-20 victory.


title: Cole Beasley

text: On March 3, the Cowboys signed Beasley for an additional four years, with a total contract value of $13.6 million. With leading receiver Dez Bryant injured for most of the season, Beasley finished with 52 receptions (tied for second on the team) for 537 yards and five touchdowns (led the team), while playing with four different starting quarterbacks with varying degrees of knowledge of the team's offense.


title: Cole Beasley

text: At the beginning of the year Beasley was used to fill in as a punt returner, due to his ball security ability. Beasley was eventually replaced by rookie Lucky Whitehead after having poor return averages and a critical muffed punt in a loss against the New York Giants.


title: Cole Beasley

text: In 2016, Beasley posted career highs in receptions and yards, catching 75 passes for 833 yards and five touchdowns. His 76.5% catch rate ranked second among NFL wide receivers in 2016. In the against the Green Bay Packers, Beasley made four catches for 45 yards and had eight return yards in the 34-31 loss.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley began the 2018 season with seven receptions for 73 yards in a 16–8 road loss to the Carolina Panthers. During Week 6 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had nine receptions for 101 yards and two touchdowns in the 40–7 victory. In the regular-season finale against the New York Giants, he caught six passes for 94 yards along with the game-winning touchdown in the narrow 36-35 road victory.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley finished the 2018 season with 65 receptions for 672 yards and three touchdowns in 16 games and four starts. The Cowboys won the NFC East and earned the #4-seed in the NFC Playoffs. In the against the Seattle Seahawks, Beasley had three receptions for 28 yards in the 24–22 victory. In the against the Los Angeles Rams, he had a 15-yard reception in the 30–22 road loss.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley caught his first touchdown reception with the Bills in a 31–21 Week 6 win over the Miami Dolphins. Against the Dallas Cowboys, his former team, on Thanksgiving Day in Week 13, Beasley finished with six receptions for 110 yards and a touchdown as the Bills won on the road by a score of 26–15. During Week 16 against the New England Patriots, Beasley caught seven passes for 108 yards during the 24–17 road loss.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley finished the 2019 season with 67 receptions for 778 yards and six touchdowns. In the against the Houston Texans, he had four receptions for 44 yards in the 22-19 overtime road loss.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley was placed on the active/non-football injury list at the start of training camp on July 29, 2020. He was moved back to the active roster on August 12.


title: Cole Beasley

text: During a Week 3 35-32 victory over the Los Angeles Rams, Beasley had six receptions for 100 yards. During Week 7 against the New York Jets, he had 11 receptions for 112 yards in the 18–10 road victory. Three weeks later against the Arizona Cardinals, he had 11 receptions for 109 yards and a touchdown during the 32–30 road loss. During Week 12 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Beasley threw a touchdown pass to fellow wide receiver Gabe Davis on a trick play in the 27–17 victory.


title: Cole Beasley

text: During Week 13 against the San Francisco 49ers on "Monday Night Football", Beasley recorded nine catches for 130 yards and a touchdown during the 34–24 road victory. Two weeks later against the Denver Broncos, he recorded eight catches for 112 yards during the 48–19 road victory. Beasley did not play in the regular-season finale against the Miami Dolphins due to a knee injury.


title: Cole Beasley

text: After setting career-highs with 82 catches and 967 yards, Beasley was named second-team All-Pro. He also scored four touchdowns.


title: Cole Beasley

text: In the Wild Card Round game against the Indianapolis Colts, Beasley caught seven passes for 57 yards in a 27–24 victory. His seven catches led the team and was a career-high for a playoff game. In the AFC Championship Game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Beasley recorded seven catches for 88 yards during the 38–24 road loss. After the season, Beasley revealed he had played through the 2020 playoffs with a partially broken fibula. He was ranked 96th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Cole Beasley

text: During Week 6 against the Tennessee Titans, Beasley caught seven passes for 88 yards and his first touchdown of the season in the narrow 34–31 road loss. On December 21, 2021, Beasley was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list after testing positive for the virus. Beasley finished the 2021 season with 82 receptions for 693 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.


title: Cole Beasley

text: During the 2022 offseason, Beasley was given permission to seek a trade outside Buffalo. He was released by the Bills on March 17, 2022.


title: Cole Beasley

text: On September 21, 2022, Beasley was signed to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers practice squad. On September 24, 2022, Beasley was elevated to the active roster for a game against the Green Bay Packers before being demoted back to the practice squad 2 days later. He was elevated to the active roster on October 1, 2022.


title: Cole Beasley

text: Beasley released the debut single "80 Stings" in 2017. In 2018, he released his debut album "The Autobiography" produced by Victor "Phazz" Clark. The two teamed up to form ColdNation Records, an independent record label located in Frisco, Texas. He released a new single called "Sometimes" in January 2020.


title: Cole Beasley

text: In June 2021, Beasley announced on social media that while he understood the NFL's interest in players getting the COVID-19 vaccine, he would forgo it nonetheless, even if it meant that he would have to end his playing career as a result. Beasley initially claimed he would stop discussing the issue publicly out of a desire to not be a "distraction" to his team. He then entered a public argument with Mark Cuban, who offered to buy Beasley's wife a share in Pfizer stock if Beasley got vaccinated and promoted the vaccine on his social media platforms. Beasley later entered a public back and forth with teammate Jerry Hughes over the NFL's newly-implemented vaccine rules.


title: Cole Beasley

text: In August 2021, Beasley was removed from the Buffalo Bills' facility for close contact with a vaccinated COVID-19 positive staff member. On August 25, Beasley and teammate Isaiah McKenzie were fined $15,000 for violating the NFL's COVID-19 protocol by not wearing masks. Beasley again took to social media to voice his complaints and was poked fun at by his teammate Stefon Diggs who said "15k is a lot of money lol…" to which Beasley responded by saying "Lol not for you." He was placed back on the active roster on August 27. It was on the same day that Beasley publicly displayed a brain tattoo on his Instagram account. Beasley commented of the tattoo that it symbolized his desire for more "free thinking" in the league.


title: Cole Beasley

text: On October 4, 2021, Beasley took to his Twitter account to criticize Bills fans who booed him at games due to his unvaccinated status. He then deactivated his Twitter account the following week. On December 26, 2021, ESPN reported that Beasley had "been fined multiple times for COVID-19 protocol violations, reaching a cumulative sum in the range of $100,000."


title: Scampi

text: Scampi, also called Dublin Bay Prawn or Norway Lobster ("Nephrops norvegicus"), is an edible lobster of the order "Decapoda". It is widespread in the Mediterranean and northeastern Atlantic, from North Africa to Norway and Iceland, and is a gastronomic delicacy. Scampi became the only species in the genus "Nephrops" after several other species were moved to the closely related genus "Metanephrops".


title: Scampi

text: Shrimp Scampi is a food that includes various culinary preparations of certain crustaceans, such as "Metanephrops", as well as shrimp or prawns. Shrimp Scampi preparation styles vary regionally. The United Kingdom legally defines "scampi" specifically as "Nephrops norvegicus". Monkfish tail was formerly sometimes used and sold as scampi in the United Kingdom, contravening the Fish Labelling (Amendment) England Regulation 2005 and Schedule 1 of the Food Labelling Regulations 1996.


title: Scampi

text: "Scampi" is the Italian plural of , "Nephrops norvegicus". The Italian word may be derived from the Greek καμπή "kampē" ("bending" or "winding").


title: Scampi

text: Norwegian lobsters are also known as Dublin Bay prawns, - the term prawn can be confusing as it is a vernacular or colloquial term that has no clearly defined scientific meaning - see Shrimp versus prawn.


title: Scampi

text: According to the French encyclopaedia "Larousse Gastronomique", langoustine are delicate and need to be poached only for a few seconds in court-bouillon. When very fresh they have a slightly sweet flavour that is lost when they are frozen. They can be eaten plain, accompanied by melted butter.


title: Scampi

text: In Britain, the shelled tail meat is generally referred to as "scampi tails" or "wholetail scampi", although cheaper "re-formed scampi" can contain other parts together with other fish. It is served fried in batter or breadcrumbs and usually with chips and tartar sauce. It is widely available in supermarkets and restaurants and considered pub or snack food, although factors reducing Scottish fishing catches generally (such as bad weather) can affect its availability.


title: Scampi

text: In the United States, "shrimp scampi" is the menu name for shrimp in Italian-American cuisine (the actual word for "shrimp" in Italian is "gambero" or "gamberetto", plural "gamberi" or "gamberetti"). "Scampi" by itself is a dish of "Nephrops norvegicus" served in garlic butter, dry white wine and Parmesan cheese, either with bread or over pasta or rice, or sometimes just the shrimp alone. The term "shrimp scampi" is construed as a style of preparation, and with variants such as "chicken scampi", "lobster scampi" and "scallop scampi".


title: Scampi

text: Owing to the decline of fish stocks, British chefs including Heston Blumenthal and Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall launched a "Fish Fight" campaign in 2010, attempting to raise awareness of alternative seafoods. They championed scampi and other lesser-known seafood dishes as a more sustainable source of protein.


title: Commensalism

text: Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other; amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; parasitism, where one is harmed and the other benefits, and parasitoidism, which is similar to parasitism but the parasitoid has a free-living state and instead of just harming its host, it eventually ends up killing it.


title: Commensalism

text: The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consistent with its habits, as in the remoras that ride attached to sharks and other fishes. Remoras feed on their hosts' fecal matter, while pilot fish feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals. Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal herbivores or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals.


title: Commensalism

text: The word "commensalism" is derived from the word "commensal", meaning "eating at the same table" in human social interaction, which in turn comes through French from the Medieval Latin "commensalis", meaning "sharing a table", from the prefix "com-", meaning "together", and "mensa", meaning "table" or "meal". Commensality, at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, refers to professors eating at the same table as students (as they live in the same "college").


title: Commensalism

text: The commensal pathway was traveled by animals that fed on refuse around human habitats or by animals that preyed on other animals drawn to human camps. Those animals established a commensal relationship with humans in which the animals benefited but the humans received little benefit or harm. Those animals that were most capable of taking advantage of the resources associated with human camps would have been the 'tamer' individuals: less aggressive, with shorter fight-or-flight distances. Later, these animals developed closer social or economic bonds with humans and led to a domestic relationship.


title: Commensalism

text: The leap from a synanthropic population to a domestic one could only have taken place after the animals had progressed from anthropophily to habituation, to commensalism and partnership, at which point the establishment of a reciprocal relationship between animal and human would have laid the foundation for domestication, including captivity and then human-controlled breeding. From this perspective, animal domestication is a coevolutionary process in which a population responds to selective pressure while adapting to a novel niche that includes another species with evolving behaviors.


title: Commensalism

text: The dog was the first domesticated animal, and was domesticated and widely established across Eurasia before the end of the Pleistocene, well before the cultivation of crops or the domestication of other animals. The dog is often hypothesised to be a classic example of a domestic animal that likely traveled a commensal pathway into domestication. Archaeological evidence, such as the Bonn-Oberkassel dog dating to ~14,000BP, supports the hypothesis that dog domestication preceded the emergence of agriculture and began close to the Last Glacial Maximum when hunter-gatherers preyed on megafauna.


title: Commensalism

text: The wolves more likely drawn to human camps were the less-aggressive, subdominant pack members with lowered flight response, higher stress thresholds, and less wary around humans, and therefore better candidates for domestication.