title: Wireless access point

text: Some people confuse wireless access points with wireless ad hoc networks. An ad hoc network uses a connection between two or more devices "without" using a wireless access point; The devices communicate directly when in range. Because setup is easy and does not require an access point, an ad hoc network is used in situations such as a quick data exchange or a multiplayer video game. Due to its peer-to-peer layout, ad hoc Wi-Fi connections are similar to connections available using Bluetooth.


title: Wireless access point

text: Ad hoc connections are generally not recommended for a permanent installation. Internet access via ad hoc networks, using features like Windows' Internet Connection Sharing, may work well with a small number of devices that are close to each other, but ad hoc networks do not scale well. Internet traffic will converge to the nodes with direct internet connection, potentially congesting these nodes. For internet-enabled nodes, access points have a clear advantage, with the possibility of having a wired LAN.


title: Wireless access point

text: It is generally recommended that one IEEE 802.11 AP should have, at a maximum, 10-25 clients. However, the actual maximum number of clients that can be supported can vary significantly depending on several factors, such as type of APs in use, density of client environment, desired client throughput, etc. The range of communication can also vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of devices. Network designers can extend the range of APs through the use of repeaters, which amplify a radio signal, and reflectors, which only bounce it. In experimental conditions, wireless networking has operated over distances of several hundred kilometers.


title: Wireless access point

text: Most jurisdictions have only a limited number of frequencies legally available for use by wireless networks. Usually, adjacent APs will use different frequencies (Channels) to communicate with their clients in order to avoid interference between the two nearby systems. Wireless devices can "listen" for data traffic on other frequencies, and can rapidly switch from one frequency to another to achieve better reception. However, the limited number of frequencies becomes problematic in crowded downtown areas with tall buildings using multiple APs. In such an environment, signal overlap becomes an issue causing interference, which results in signal degradation and data errors.


title: Wireless access point

text: Wireless networking lags wired networking in terms of increasing bandwidth and throughput. While (as of 2013) high-density 256-QAM (TurboQAM) modulation, 3-antenna wireless devices for the consumer market can reach sustained real-world speeds of some 240 Mbit/s at 13 m behind two standing walls (NLOS) depending on their nature or 360 Mbit/s at 10 m line of sight or 380 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11ac) or 20 to 25 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11g), wired hardware of similar cost reaches closer to 1000 Mbit/s up to specified distance of 100 m with twisted-pair cabling in optimal conditions (Category 5 (known as Cat-5) or better cabling with Gigabit Ethernet). One impediment to increasing the speed of wireless communications comes from Wi-Fi's use of a shared communications medium: Thus, two stations in infrastructure mode that are communicating with each other even over the same AP must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the AP, then from the AP to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth, so an AP is only able to use somewhat less than half the actual over-the-air rate for data throughput. Thus a typical 54 Mbit/s wireless connection actually carries TCP/IP data at 20 to 25 Mbit/s. Users of legacy wired networks expect faster speeds, and people using wireless connections keenly want to see the wireless networks catch up.


title: Wireless access point

text: By 2012, 802.11n based access points and client devices have already taken a fair share of the marketplace and with the finalization of the 802.11n standard in 2009 inherent problems integrating products from different vendors are less prevalent.


title: Wireless access point

text: Wireless access has special security considerations. Many wired networks base the security on physical access control, trusting all the users on the local network, but if wireless access points are connected to the network, anybody within range of the AP (which typically extends farther than the intended area) can attach to the network.


title: Wireless access point

text: The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used.


title: Wireless access point

text: Opinions about wireless network security vary widely. For example, in a 2008 article for "Wired" magazine, Bruce Schneier asserted the net benefits of open Wi-Fi without passwords outweigh the risks, a position supported in 2014 by Peter Eckersley of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The opposite position was taken by Nick Mediati in an article for "PC World", in which he advocates that every wireless access point should be protected with a password.


title: Chris Long

text: Christopher Howard Long (born March 28, 1985) is a former American football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons. The son of Hall of Fame defensive end Howie Long and older brother of NFL guard Kyle Long, he played college football at Virginia and received unanimous All-American honors. Long was selected by the St. Louis Rams second overall in the 2008 NFL Draft, where he spent eight seasons. He later played one season for the New England Patriots and two for the Philadelphia Eagles, winning a Super Bowl title with each.


title: Chris Long

text: Long is one of six players to win consecutive Super Bowls for different teams, having won Super Bowl LI with the Patriots and Super Bowl LII with the Eagles. He also received the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award in 2018 for his charitable work, which included donating his entire 2017 salary to charity.


title: Chris Long

text: Chris Long was born in Santa Monica, California and is a son of Hall of Fame NFL defensive end Howie Long. He has two younger brothers, NFL guard Kyle Long and Howie Long Jr., a scouting assistant and personnel assistant for the Oakland Raiders. He is a great-nephew of film director Irvin Kershner. He appeared in a 1980s anti-underage drinking public service announcement as an infant with his parents. Chris Long is the godson of the Hall of Fame Quarterback Terry Bradshaw.


title: Chris Long

text: Long attended St. Anne's-Belfield School in Charlottesville, Virginia. As a senior in 2003, he was in on 91 tackles, 23 tackles for a loss, and 15 sacks, helping his team to an undefeated record and the state UIL school championship. "He was a big gangly kid who had yet to grow into his body," said John Blake, the St. Anne's-Belfield coach. "But he jumped in with both feet. When he played tackle, he would drive kids 10 or 15 yards down the field, like he was steering a car." He was given a 4-star ranking for college recruiting from Rivals.com, a service that rated him the sixth-best defensive end in the prep ranks. He played in the 2004 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Long also played basketball, lacrosse, and baseball in high school.


title: Chris Long

text: Long played college football at the University of Virginia under head coach Al Groh from 2004 to 2007, while pursuing a degree in sociology. As a freshman in 2004, he was a backup on the defensive line, but missed five games due to mononucleosis. Long ended the season with five tackles (two for a loss) and a sack.


title: Chris Long

text: As a sophomore in 2005, Long averaged 3.8 tackles per game, leading all Virginia defensive linemen. He totaled 46 tackles, with 10 tackles for a loss and 2 sacks. His 26 quarterback pressures led his team. He also shared the team lead in pass break-ups with seven.


title: Chris Long

text: In 2006, Long earned second-team All-ACC honors and was voted team captain. While starting all games, Long recorded 57 tackles, 12 for a loss, and 4 sacks. His 4.8 tackles per game was fourth among ACC defensive lineman. He was also a finalist for the Dudley Award, for the most outstanding player in the Commonwealth of Virginia and was an All-State selection.


title: Chris Long

text: Following his senior season in 2007, Long was recognized as a unanimous First-team All-American. Long was fourth nationally in tackling by a defensive lineman, averaging 5.3 tackles per game. In addition, North Carolina head coach Butch Davis, who coached against Long in North Carolina's ACC match-ups with Virginia, called Long one of the premier defensive linemen in the country.


title: Chris Long

text: Long entered the 2007 season on the watch lists for the Outland Trophy, Bronko Nagurski Trophy, Bednarik Trophy, Lombardi Trophy, Hendricks Award, and the Lott Trophy. He finished the season as a finalist for the Lombardi, Lott, and Nagurski Trophies. On December 5, Long won the 2007 Hendricks Award, given to the top defensive end in the nation. Long garnered more than 60 percent of the votes, the most ever for a winner in the history of the award. Additionally, Long received a first-place vote and finished 10th in the 2007 Heisman Trophy voting.


title: Chris Long

text: Although he never completed his degree, Long's #91 jersey was retired at the University of Virginia on November 24, 2007, making him the first to have his jersey retired while an active player.


title: Chris Long

text: At the NFL Combine, Long did not lift the bench-press reps of 225 pounds because of an injured thumb.


title: Chris Long

text: Long was drafted by the St. Louis Rams second overall in the 2008 NFL Draft. The selection made him just the second son of a Hall of Famer, after tight end Kellen Winslow II, to be drafted in the first round, the fifth such player ever drafted, and one of two such players drafted in 2008 (the other being Matthew Slater).


title: Chris Long

text: Following the draft, Rams head coach Scott Linehan named Long a presumptive starter on defense, a notion that Long rejected and instead felt he needed to earn a spot as a starter. The Rams also announced their plans on using Long as both a linebacker and defensive end to showcase his athleticism. Long considered his ability to play multiple positions one of his best assets.


title: Chris Long

text: On July 19, 2008, Long agreed to terms on a six-year $56.5 million contract with the Rams with $29 million guaranteed.


title: Chris Long

text: On September 14, 2008, Long recorded his first career sack against Eli Manning of the New York Giants. He recorded his first 2-sack game versus the New England Patriots on October 26, 2008. At the end of his 2008 rookie season he was voted All-Rookie by the Pro Football Writers Association and Sporting News. Long started 16 games (14 at right DE and 2 at left DE) for the Rams in 2008, recording 4 sacks and leading the team in quarterback pressures, with a high of two sacks against the New England Patriots.


title: Chris Long

text: In 2009, Long again played both left and right defensive end for the Rams and ended the season with 5 sacks, which was second on the team. He also led the team's defensive linemen with 43 tackles (33 solo plus 10 assists) and for the second straight season he led the Rams in quarterback hits/hurries.


title: Chris Long

text: In 2010, Long moved to left defensive end, a position previously held by Leonard Little, where he is a more "natural fit" according to his coaches. In Week 6, 2010, against the San Diego Chargers, Long recorded two sacks and was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week by the NFL. Long also helped keep the Chargers to 287 total yards. For the third consecutive season, he led the team in hits/hurries. In addition, he led the NFL in hurries in 2010 with 41.5 and in total quarterback disruptions with 67.5 (Quarterback disruptions are the combined total of quarterback sacks, hits, and hurries) and was named fourth alternate to the Pro Bowl.


title: Chris Long

text: In 2011, Chris Long decided to change his jersey number from 72 to his former collegiate number 91, which was previously worn by Leonard Little. On September 17, 2011, the Rams and Long agreed to a restructuring of his contract to free money under the salary cap. The restructured deal included a $12.1 million signing bonus and a base salary in excess of $10 million in 2012. Including the prorated signing bonus amount, Long had an $18.3 million cap number for the 2012 season.


title: Chris Long

text: On October 30, 2011, Long had a career-high 3 sacks versus the New Orleans Saints and was named "Sports Illustrated's" NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his efforts. And for the second consecutive season he led the NFL in quarterback disruptions. Long also led the Rams in quarterback hurries with 15 and quarterback hits with 16. He was voted as an alternate to the Pro Bowl for the second time.


title: Chris Long

text: On July 29, 2012, Long and the Rams agreed to a four-year contract extension. The extension added $50 million over 4 years, with $27 million guaranteed. Counting the existing year of contract (2012) which was reworked in 2011, Long's overall deal ended up at $60 million over 5 years, with $37 million guaranteed.


title: Chris Long

text: In 2012 Long led the Rams in sacks with 11.5 and again led the team in quarterback hits (24) and hurries (50). Additionally, according to Football Outsiders.com Long led NFL defensive ends in hurries for the third straight season. On December 30, 2012, Long tied a career-high of 3 sacks versus the Seattle Seahawks. He was also voted as a Pro Bowl alternate for the third time.


title: Chris Long

text: On October 24, 2013, Long was ejected and fined $15,750 for throwing a punch at Carolina Panthers offensive lineman Chris Scott early in the third quarter. Against the Colts, Long recovered an Andrew Luck fumble and ran it in for a touchdown, his first NFL score, and was named co-NFC Defensive Player of the Week by Sports Illustrated (along with Robert Quinn). Long ended the 2013 season with 8.5 sacks and took his career total to 50.5 sacks and was named to the All-Fundamentals teams for the second consecutive season. Also in 2013 Long was voted first alternate defensive end to the Pro Bowl, the fourth consecutive season he was an alternate. Once again for the sixth consecutive season he led the Rams teams in quarterback pressures with 39, but was second in quarterback hits to All-Pro Robert Quinn.


title: Chris Long

text: On September 10, 2014, Rams head coach Jeff Fisher announced Long would spend two months recovering from ankle surgery. The injury reduced Long's 2014 season to six games.


title: Chris Long

text: On March 18, 2016, Long signed a one-year deal with the New England Patriots worth $2 million. Long appeared in every game, starting in seven, and made solid contributions as a situational player on a team that went on to go 14–2 in the regular season, capture the AFC Championship, and win Super Bowl LI, his first Super Bowl title.


title: Chris Long

text: Long played an important role in a critical play helping the team to a dramatic comeback victory. The Patriots trailed 28–3 in the third quarter, but rallied all the way back to win the game by a score of 34–28 against the Atlanta Falcons, which featured the first overtime game in Super Bowl history and the largest comeback in Super Bowl history. Although not appearing in any statistical category during the game, Long played a crucial part in the team's comeback when Falcons offensive lineman Jake Matthews was called for holding Long on an eight-yard catch that would have put the Falcons at the Patriots 26-yard line for a potential game-sealing field goal. Instead, the Falcons were pushed out of field goal range and the Patriots were able to tie the game on their following possession.


title: Chris Long

text: On March 28, 2017, his 32nd birthday, Long signed a two-year contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. Long announced that he would donate his entire 2017 salary to charity. Long played in all 16 games in the 2017 season, recording 5 sacks and a career high 4 forced fumbles. He added 4 tackles, 2 pass deflections, and a fumble recovery in 3 postseason games.


title: Chris Long

text: Long, along with fellow ex-New England Patriot, LeGarrette Blount, helped the Eagles defeat their former team in Super Bowl LII.


title: Chris Long

text: Following the 2018 season, Long was named the recipient of the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award for his efforts regarding clean water, military appreciation and youth education.


title: Chris Long

text: Following his football career, Long founded and became the host of the "Green Light Podcast." The Green Light Podcast features in-depth interviews with celebrities, musicians and athletes, commentary from Chris and his co-hosts, football analysis and sports gambling coverage.


title: Chris Long

text: In May 2015, Long launched The Chris Long Foundation, which helps raise money for the Waterboys. ORG Initiative, an effort dedicated to building wells for communities in East Africa. In 2017, Long stated that he would donate his entire season's salary to charity, with the money going to a different cause each week. Long said in a statement: "I hope it won’t stop here, but that more people will become inspired to commit energy and resources to our educational system. It will be the number of people invested in this cause that will be the difference maker for a quality education for every student in America. Education is the best gateway to a better tomorrow for EVERYONE in America."


title: Chris Long

text: On June 22, 2013, Long married Megan O'Malley in Charlottesville, Virginia. O'Malley is a graduate of the University of Virginia and former member of the UVA women's lacrosse team. The couple welcomed their first child, a son named Waylon James Long, on March 2, 2016. Their second son, Luke Redding Long, was born on November 26, 2018.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon Geun-young (; born May 6, 1987) is a South Korean actress. Affectionately called the "Nation's Little Sister," Moon began modeling at the age of 10, then made her acting debut in 1999 as a child actress. She first rose to stardom through her role as the young Eun-suh in the hugely popular television drama series "Autumn in My Heart" (2000), followed by a well-received turn in Kim Jee-woon's critically acclaimed horror film "A Tale of Two Sisters" (2003). Moon solidified her star status by headlining the box-office hits "My Little Bride" (2004) and "Innocent Steps" (2005). At age 21, she became the youngest recipient of a Grand Prize ("Daesang") which she won at SBS Drama Awards for the television series "Painter of the Wind" (2008).


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Before her acting debut on a television drama series, Moon filmed several commercials and modeled for various magazines. She started modeling at the age of 12, and first appeared onscreen on the 1999 documentary drama "On the Road" directed by Choi Jae-eun. Moon's rise to fame came in 2000 when she starred as the younger counterpart of Song Hye-kyo's character in the pan-Asia hit drama "Autumn in My Heart".


title: Moon Geun-young

text: She won the Best Young Actress award at the 2000 KBS Drama Awards for her role, together with her co-star Choi Woo-hyuk.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Following her early success, she returned to the screen in 2001 as the young Empress Myeongseong (Lee Mi-yeon played the adult version) in the historical drama "Empress Myeongseong". In 2002, Moon made her film debut in "Lovers' Concerto", playing a supporting role as Cha Tae-hyun's younger sister.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon was launched as a major star with her role in Kim Jee-woon's critically acclaimed horror film "A Tale of Two Sisters" (2003). "A Tale of Two Sisters" ranks among the highest-grossing Korean horror films and was the first to be screened in American theaters.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In 2004, Moon headlined the romantic comedy film "My Little Bride". It was the second most popular Korean film of the year, behind the blockbuster hit "Taegukgi". In the film, Moon plays an ordinary high school girl who has to marry an older man (played by Kim Rae-won) due to a pact their grandfathers made during the Korean War. Following the release of "My Little Bride", the press gave Moon the title "Nation's Little Sister".


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In 2005, Moon starred in "Innocent Steps" where she played the role of an ethnic Korean living in China, who finds herself to be a complete fish out of water after moving to South Korea. "Innocent Steps" was a hit, and its success along with "My Little Bride" established Moon as a genuine box office draw. That year, Moon ranked first among actresses in the Korean film industry as the most bankable star. Moon and actor Cho Seung-woo also received the 2005 Good Model award from the Korea Advertisers Association; 200 members voted for the winners based on how much they contributed to boosting the sales of products and enhancing the image of advertisers.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In 2006, Moon starred in "Love Me Not", a Korean big-screen remake of popular Japanese TV drama "Ai nante iranee yo, natsu" ("I Don't Need Love, Summer"), where she played a cold-hearted blind heiress. Later that year, Moon and veteran actor Ahn Sung-ki hosted the 2006 Pusan International Film Festival (PIFF), the biggest international film festival in South Korea.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In 2008, Moon returned to television in the period epic "Painter of the Wind", where she played the lead role of Shin Yun-bok, a painter who disguises herself as a man and becomes mentored by the master Kim Hong-do (played by Park Shin-yang). Shin was a real-life historical figure, a painter who lived during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) and was known for his realistic and delicate depictions of daily life. Moon received acting acclaim for her performance, including Best Actress at the 2008 Grimae Awards (presented by the Korean Broadcasting Directors Association), Best TV Actress at the 45th Baeksang Arts Awards, and the Daesang ("Grand Prize") at the 2008 SBS Drama Awards, making her the youngest recipient of a Daesang in the drama awards history of all three networks.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In 2010, Moon starred in "Cinderella's Sister", a modern fairy tale retelling of the contentious relationship between two stepsisters (opposite Seo Woo). Later in the year, she starred in the romantic comedy "Mary Stayed Out All Night" alongside Jang Keun-suk. 2010 also marked the year she made her theater debut, in the Korean staging of Patrick Marber's play "Closer". She caused a stir as the strip dancing, promiscuous Alice, opposite Um Ki-joon's Dan.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon returned to TV, playing a struggling young designer in "Cheongdam-dong Alice" (2012). She then starred in "Goddess of Fire" (2013), playing Yoo Jung, a character based on Baek Pa-sun, the first female potter and porcelain artist of the Joseon Dynasty. This is her second historical drama (or "sageuk"), five years after "Painter of the Wind".


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon made her long-awaited return to the big screen in Lee Joon-ik's period film "The Throne", in which she played Lady Hyegyeong, the wife of Crown Prince Sado. This is followed by the mystery thriller series "".


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In 2016, Moon starred in her second theater play, "Romeo and Juliet" alongside Park Jung-min. She was also cast in the mystery film "Glass Garden", which premiered at the Busan International Film Festival in 2017.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In 2019, Moon was confirmed to make her small-screen comeback in the tvN's crime drama "Catch the Ghost".


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon graduated from Gwangju Gukje High School in February 2006. In March 2006, she entered Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul. Moon was known for being a diligent student and has a solid attendance record, a rarity among Korean celebrities in college. She studied Korean Language and Literature.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Their agencies confirmed that Moon dated her "Goddess of Fire" co-star Kim Bum for seven months, from October 2013 to April 2014. Not long after agencies of both actors confirmed the news stating: "They did break up not too long ago but have decided to remain good friends and supportive colleagues".


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon was diagnosed with compartment syndrome, and received emergency treatments to treat her arm muscle pain.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon donated close to to Morning Reading, a non-profit organization that promotes reading books. She gave in 2005, in 2006 and in 2007. Moon made the contributions secretly through her mother, Ryu Seon-young, but her good deeds became known when Morning Reading revealed its 2007 account information online.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon donated about in 2006 to a learning center for poor children in Haenam County, South Jeolla Province, near her hometown of Gwangju. Bae Yo-seop opened an after-school study room for children from poor or single-parent families to study there for free in 2002. The program was facing closure in October 2006 when the landlord told Bae that the house would be sold. A new building, equipped with library, computer room, bathhouse and dining room was built on the land, and the expense was also covered by Moon. Moon also paid an unannounced visit to their classrooms.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon donated more than over the last ten years to the Community Chest of Korea, a nationwide network of 16 nonprofit fundraising organizations, becoming the biggest individual donor. Moon had wanted to remain an anonymous donor, but the organization was pressured by a media frenzy to identify her. Her donations were used to build children's libraries and subsidize hospital costs for children suffering from leukemia or cancer. Apart from the Community Chest of Korea, Moon has also given several hundred millions of won to scholarship foundations.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Because of her charitable activities, particularly for the Community Chest of Korea, Moon was selected among 100 people that "lit up the world" in 2008 in a survey conducted by the Korea Green Foundation.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: Moon again showed her generosity by building a Korean library for young Korean expatriates in Australia. Working with the Lindfield Korean School in Sydney, the actress donated towards construction of a permanent Korean library (called the Hangeul Library) and also donated 10,000 books to over 40 Korean schools scattered across the city. Moon has been donating books with her own money since 2006, when she saw during a visit to her relatives in Australia how young Korean students there did not have enough books or places to learn Korean.


title: Moon Geun-young

text: In April 2009, Moon donated the Haenam Children's Center to be used as a study room for poor students to the NGO group Good People, an international charity group of UN UCOSCO special consultative status aiming to improve self-sustainability and eradicate extreme poverty through restoration of self-esteem using the principles of human dignity and equality at a global level.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: Ziqi Li (; ; pinyin: Lǐ Zǐqī; born 6 July 1990), is a Chinese video blogger, entrepreneur, and Internet celebrity. She is known for creating food and handicraft preparation videos in her hometown of rural Pingwu County, Mianyang, north-central Sichuan province, southwest China, often from basic ingredients and tools using traditional Chinese techniques. Her YouTube channel has more than 2.7 billion views and 16 million subscribers, as verified on 21 August 2021, which is a Guinness World Record for "The most subscribers for a Chinese language channel on YouTube".


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: Li was born on 6 July 1990 in Sichuan, China, originally named "Li Jiajia" (). She was orphaned at a very young age. In an interview with "Goldthread", Li stated that she moved in with her grandparents after her stepmother mistreated her.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: Li started posting her videos on Meipai in 2015. Initially, Li made her videos by herself, but her video editing skills at the time failed to "capture the creativity" she tried to express. In 2016, one of Li's videos titled "Peach Wine" caught the attention of a video-making platform CEO, who featured the video on the platform's front page, which soon elicited more followers for Li's channel. She released her first video to YouTube in 2017 with the title "Making a dress out of grape skins." As of June 2020, she had 11.7 million subscribers on YouTube, over 26.3 million followers on Sina Weibo, over 3.5 million followers on Facebook, and has inspired many bloggers to post similar content.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: Her mainland audience includes urban millennials. Li's popularity may be attributed to "fugu" (, retro-nostalgia), a growing appreciation in modern China for traditional culture. In an interview with "Goldthread" in September 2019, Li stated "I simply want people in the city to know where their food comes from."


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: A majority of Li's videos focus on traditional foods and antiques. Besides food preparation videos, other popular videos of Li's include creating makeup and dresses dyed with grape skins. Li rarely speaks in her videos, and the sounds of nature, cooking, and calm music are most prominent. "Hemispheres" magazine stated, "The only narration is friendly banter between Li and her grandmother, but the sounds—the singing of birds, the crunch of frost underfoot, the thwack of a cleaver, the sizzle of frying garlic—lure you into an ASMR trance, so you don't even notice how many videos you've binged."


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: She was awarded the People's Choice Award by the Chinese Communist Party's official "People's Daily" newspaper in September 2019. In August 2020, Li was nominated as a member of the All-China Youth Federation. Li, along with Ms Yeah and Dianxi Xiaoge, are the only Chinese Internet celebrities who have reached international prominence.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: Since her last video in July 2021, Li has put her vlogger career on hiatus due to a legal dispute with her business partners. On 27 October 2021, Li formally sued her content network Hangzhou Weinian. Although the dispute contents have not been publicized, various media suggested that it is related to commercialization of the Li Ziqi brand. A week prior, in an interview on state-run China Central Television (CCTV), Li stated that "she does not want to see her intellectual property over-commercialized." The Li Ziqi brand has been used by Weinian to sell food products. Weinian holds a 70% stake in one company, Guangxi Xingliu Food, that sells food using Li Ziqi branding, whereas Li herself does not hold any stake in the company.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: State-run CCTV praised her and stated "Without a word commending China, Li promotes Chinese culture in a good way and tells a good China story." Journalists have indicated that her videos may be viewed by some as a means of promoting Chinese government soft power.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: Li lives with her grandmother, who occasionally appears in videos, in the countryside of Mianyang in Southwest China's Sichuan. When Li was in fifth grade, her grandfather died. As a result, her grandmother was unable to pay for her education, and Li dropped out of school at the age of 14 to work in the city. She worked several jobs, including being a waitress (2016–2017), a disc jockey (2007–2013), and a singer (2006–2007). In 2012, she moved back to take care of her grandmother, who was sick at that time.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: At the start, Li sold agricultural products on Taobao as a way to earn a living before moving on to be a blogger.


title: Li Ziqi (vlogger)

text: Li initially did all photography and editing by herself. As she gained popularity and experience, she produced her videos with the help of a personal assistant and a videographer.


title: Physical geography

text: Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. This focus is in contrast with the branch of human geography, which focuses on the built environment, and technical geography, which focuses on using, studying, and creating tools to obtain,analyze, interpret, and understand spatial information. The three branches have significant overlap, however.


title: Physical geography

text: Mental geography and earth science journals communicate and document the results of research carried out in universities and various other research institutions. Most journals cover a specific publish the research within that field, however unlike human geographers, physical geographers tend to publish in inter-disciplinary journals rather than predominantly geography journal; the research is normally expressed in the form of a scientific paper. Additionally, textbooks, books, and communicate research to laypeople, although these tend to focus on environmental issues or cultural dilemmas. Examples of journals that publish articles from physical geographers are:


title: Physical geography

text: From the birth of geography as a science during the Greek classical period and until the late nineteenth century with the birth of anthropogeography (human geography), geography was almost exclusively a natural science: the study of location and descriptive gazetteer of all places of the known world. Several works among the best known during this long period could be cited as an example, from Strabo ("Geography"), Eratosthenes ("Geographika") or Dionysius Periegetes ("Periegesis Oiceumene") in the Ancient Age. In more modern times, these works include the Alexander von Humboldt ("Kosmos") in the nineteenth century, in which geography is regarded as a physical and natural science through the work "Summa de Geografía" of Martín Fernández de Enciso from the early sixteenth century, which indicated for the first time the New World.


title: Physical geography

text: During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a controversy exported from geology, between supporters of James Hutton (uniformitarianism thesis) and Georges Cuvier (catastrophism) strongly influenced the field of geography, because geography at this time was a natural science.


title: Physical geography

text: Two historical events during the nineteenth century had a great effect on the further development of physical geography. The first was the European colonial expansion in Asia, Africa, Australia and even America in search of raw materials required by industries during the Industrial Revolution. This fostered the creation of geography departments in the universities of the colonial powers and the birth and development of national geographical societies, thus giving rise to the process identified by Horacio Capel as the institutionalization of geography.


title: Physical geography

text: The exploration of Siberia is an example. In the mid-eighteenth century, many geographers were sent to perform geographical surveys in the area of Arctic Siberia. Among these is who is considered the patriarch of Russian geography, Mikhail Lomonosov. In the mid-1750s Lomonosov began working in the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences to conduct research in Siberia. They showed the organic origin of soil and developed a comprehensive law on the movement of the ice, thereby founding a new branch of geography: glaciology. In 1755 on his initiative was founded Moscow University where he promoted the study of geography and the training of geographers. In 1758 he was appointed director of the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences, a post from which would develop a working methodology for geographical survey guided by the most important long expeditions and geographical studies in Russia.


title: Physical geography

text: The contributions of the Russian school became more frequent through his disciples, and in the nineteenth century we have great geographers such as Vasily Dokuchaev who performed works of great importance as a "principle of comprehensive analysis of the territory" and "Russian Chernozem". In the latter, he introduced the geographical concept of soil, as distinct from a simple geological stratum, and thus found a new geographic area of study: pedology. Climatology also received a strong boost from the Russian school by Wladimir Köppen whose main contribution, climate classification, is still valid today. However, this great geographer also contributed to the paleogeography through his work "The climates of the geological past" which is considered the father of paleoclimatology. Russian geographers who made great contributions to the discipline in this period were: NM Sibirtsev, Pyotr Semyonov, K.D. Glinka, Neustrayev, among others.


title: Physical geography

text: The second important process is the theory of evolution by Darwin in mid-century (which decisively influenced the work of Friedrich Ratzel, who had academic training as a zoologist and was a follower of Darwin's ideas) which meant an important impetus in the development of Biogeography.


title: Physical geography

text: Another major event in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took place in the United States. William Morris Davis not only made important contributions to the establishment of discipline in his country but revolutionized the field to develop cycle of erosion theory which he proposed as a paradigm for geography in general, although in actually served as a paradigm for physical geography. His theory explained that mountains and other landforms are shaped by factors that are manifested cyclically. He explained that the cycle begins with the lifting of the relief by geological processes (faults, volcanism, tectonic upheaval, etc.). Factors such as rivers and runoff begin to create V-shaped valleys between the mountains (the stage called "youth"). During this first stage, the terrain is steeper and more irregular. Over time, the currents can carve wider valleys ("maturity") and then start to wind, towering hills only ("senescence"). Finally, everything comes to what is a plain flat plain at the lowest elevation possible (called "baseline") This plain was called by Davis' "peneplain" meaning "almost plain" Then river rejuvenation occurs and there is another mountain lift and the cycle continues.


title: Physical geography

text: Although Davis's theory is not entirely accurate, it was absolutely revolutionary and unique in its time and helped to modernize and create a geography subfield of geomorphology. Its implications prompted a myriad of research in various branches of physical geography. In the case of the Paleogeography, this theory provided a model for understanding the evolution of the landscape. For hydrology, glaciology, and climatology as a boost investigated as studying geographic factors shape the landscape and affect the cycle. The bulk of the work of William Morris Davis led to the development of a new branch of physical geography: Geomorphology whose contents until then did not differ from the rest of geography. Shortly after this branch would present a major development. Some of his disciples made significant contributions to various branches of physical geography such as Curtis Marbut and his invaluable legacy for Pedology, Mark Jefferson, Isaiah Bowman, among others.


title: Partygate

text: Partygate was a political scandal in the United Kingdom about parties and other gatherings of government and Conservative Party staff held during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, when public health restrictions prohibited most gatherings. While several lockdowns in the country were in place, gatherings took place at 10 Downing Street, its garden, and other government buildings. Reports of events attracted media attention, public backlash and political controversy. In late January 2022, twelve gatherings came under investigation by the Metropolitan Police, including at least three attended by Boris Johnson, the then-Prime Minister. The police issued 126 fixed penalty notices (FPNs) to 83 individuals whom the police found had committed offences under COVID-19 regulations, including one each to Johnson, his wife Carrie, and Rishi Sunak, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who all apologised and paid the penalties.


title: Partygate

text: The first reporting was on 30 November 2021 by the "Daily Mirror" of 10 Downing Street staff gatherings during the 2020 Christmas season. Johnson said rules had been followed, and Downing Street denied that a party took place. A week later, video of a mock press conference in 10 Downing Street was broadcast in which joking comments about a party having taken place were made. Allegra Stratton, then Downing Street Press Secretary, featured in the video and resigned her subsequent Government position after the video surfaced. Shaun Bailey resigned as chair of the London Assembly's Police and Crime Committee after evidence emerged that he had attended a gathering where it was alleged that Covid regulations had been broken on 14 December 2020 with Conservative Party staff. In January 2022, reports emerged of an event with drinks on 20 May 2020 in the garden of 10 Downing Street during the first national lockdown. Johnson said that he attended and apologised for doing so. Downing Street apologised to Queen Elizabeth II for two events on 16 April 2021, the day before Prince Philip's funeral, during a third lockdown across England. Reports followed of a gathering celebrating Johnson's birthday in June 2020.


title: Partygate

text: After the mock press conference video leaked, on 8 December 2021, Johnson announced a Cabinet Office inquiry, which was eventually undertaken by civil servant Sue Gray. In January 2022, the Metropolitan Police opened its own investigation into potential breaches of COVID-19 regulations, which delayed Gray's report. An update on Gray's investigation was published on 31 January 2022. Gray's final report in May 2022 described multiple events, including excessive drinking and a lack of respect shown to cleaning and security staff. She concluded that senior political and civil service leadership "must bear responsibility for this culture".


title: Partygate

text: Public disquiet over the events led to a decline in public support for Johnson, the government and the Conservatives, and is thought to have contributed to the party's loss of the 2021 North Shropshire by-election and poor performance in the 2022 local elections. In early 2022, a number of opposition, and a few Conservative, politicians called for Johnson's resignation or a confidence vote. The scandal led to the resignation of five senior Downing Street staffers in February, and that of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice David Wolfson in April. On 21 April, MPs referred the allegations that Johnson misled Parliament over events to the Parliamentary Privileges Committee. The scandal ultimately played a role in Johnson's resignation as Prime Minister.


title: Partygate

text: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, a UK-wide lockdown began on 23 March 2020 under a new statutory instrument. This was a stay-at-home order that prohibited all non-essential travel and social gatherings. Some rules were incrementally relaxed in the following months in England; starting from 13 May, "two people from separate households were permitted to meet outside in a public place". Six people were allowed to socialise outdoors by June, and indoor social gatherings were permitted from 4 July (only between members of two households).


title: Partygate

text: With the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, a second national lockdown started in England on 5 November 2020. A regional tiered lockdown system replaced this on 2 December. London was initially placed in "Tier 2", was moved to the highest level "Tier 3" on 16 December, and finally placed under a newly introduced stay-at-home order, "Tier 4", on 19 December. Socialising between households or outside of support bubbles was not allowed throughout this period. Household mixing and socialising for Christmas itself was also restricted to a small number of households and only permitted on 25 December across much of the UK, and in London was cancelled altogether.


title: Partygate

text: On 5 January 2021, a third lockdown began across the whole of England. This was gradually lifted in a series of steps beginning 29 March, with social contact limited to groups of six from no more than two households and outdoors, into April.


title: Partygate

text: 10 Downing Street is a government building in the City of Westminster, central London, used by some staff in the Cabinet Office. It also contains a personal flat designated for the prime minister, though Boris Johnson used the larger flat in the adjoining 11 Downing Street during his premiership. The Cabinet Office is based at 70 Whitehall, which is connected to 10 and 11 Downing Street.


title: Partygate

text: In December 2021, an article in "The Spectator" argued that COVID-19 restrictions may not legally apply to 10 Downing Street as it is Crown Land. Asked about this in December 2021, Nicholas True, a Minister of State at the Cabinet Office, replied: "No 10 Downing Street is a Crown property. Regulations under the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 which relate to the activities of people, apply regardless of whether those activities took place on Crown property or not".


title: Partygate

text: On 30 November 2021, the "Daily Mirror" reported allegations that some Downing Street staff had held three gatherings in November and December 2020, when London was under COVID-19 tier 3 lockdown restrictions. The restrictions prohibited indoor gatherings of more than six people, with exceptions for certain work-related activities. A leaving party for an aide was reported to have been held on 27 November 2020 and attended by Johnson. A Christmas party on 18 December was reported, and a smaller gathering on 13 November "where they were all getting totally plastered". The official response to Daily Mirror report was that "Covid rules have been followed at all times". Downing Street denied that a party had taken place.


title: Partygate

text: The following day, other media outlets reported further details of the event on 18 December, with BBC News reporting it involved "drinks, nibbles, and games" and a source told the "Financial Times" that parties were vital for Downing Street staff to relieve stress. Downing Street responded by saying "We don't recognise these accounts". At Prime Minister's Questions, Johnson told the House of Commons, "All guidance was followed completely [in] Number 10". On 3 December, Labour MP Barry Gardiner wrote to the Metropolitan Police asking them to investigate but they responded saying that they do not normally investigate "retrospective breaches of the Covid-19 regulations". Vaccines minister Maggie Throup appeared on the BBC's "Question Time" and dismissed reports as "rumour and hearsay". On 5 December, the Justice Secretary Dominic Raab told Andrew Marr that if a "formal party" had taken place "then of course it would be wrong" but that the reports were based on "unsubstantiated, anonymous claims" which is why Downing Street did not respond more directly. Raab also stated "the police don't normally look back and investigate things that have taken place a year ago", about which a Full Fact investigation concluded "Police often investigate alleged offences which took place years before. This is less clear cut in the context of breaches of Covid-19 regulations, which police say they do not routinely investigate retrospectively". On 6 December, former government adviser Dominic Cummings alleged that unnamed journalists attended the reported party and that it was "very unwise for No 10 to lie" about the events. The prime minister's spokesperson reiterated, "There was not a party and Covid rules have been followed at all times".


title: Partygate

text: On 7 December 2021, ITV News released a video, in which Allegra Stratton and other Downing Street staff – during a mock press conference on 22 December 2020 – made joking references to a Christmas gathering in 10 Downing Street four days earlier on 18 December 2020. The leaked 47-second clip began with media advisor Ed Oldfield playing the role of a journalist and asking Stratton "I've just seen reports on Twitter that there was a Downing Street Christmas party on Friday night, do you recognise those reports?" In response, Stratton and other Downing Street staff joked about the "fictional party" being just "cheese and wine" and a "business meeting", with "no social distancing". "The Guardian" reported that the video gave "the strong impression that a staff-based party took place on 18 December 2020 and that No 10 officials realised that they were likely to have broken rules". BBC News reported that the event had "several dozen" attendees, and that "party games were played, food and drink were served, and the party went on past midnight". "The Times" reported allegations that the party was organised via WhatsApp with staff requested to bring Secret Santa gifts.


title: Partygate

text: At Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) on 8 December, Catherine West asked "Will the Prime Minister tell the House whether there was a party in Downing Street on 13 November?" Johnson replied "No, but I am sure that whatever happened, the guidance was followed and the rules were followed at all times."


title: Partygate

text: Following the release of the video and in response to further requests for an investigation, the Metropolitan Police said on 8 December that they had "received a significant amount of correspondence relating to allegations reported in the media that the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) Regulations were breached at gatherings at No 10 Downing Street in November and December 2020" and that "all this correspondence has been considered by detectives in detail, as well as footage published by ITV News". They concluded that the "correspondence and footage does not provide evidence of a breach of the Health Protection Regulations, but restates allegations made in the media. Based on the absence of evidence and in line with our policy not to investigate retrospective breaches of such regulations, the Met will not commence an investigation at this time".


title: Partygate

text: According to BBC News on 9 December, Jack Doyle, the deputy Downing Street Director of Communications at the time, was understood to have attended the event on 18 December, gave a speech, and handed out awards at the function. On 10 December, the government's Chief Whip Mark Spencer said that the event had been a "meeting", rather than a social gathering.


title: Partygate

text: On 11 December, reports emerged that two dozen HM Treasury staff gathered for drinks on 25 November 2020 to celebrate Chancellor Rishi Sunak's Autumn Spending Review. On 12 December, Downing Street confirmed that Johnson "briefly" took part in a virtual Christmas quiz held at the venue on 15 December 2020 after the "Sunday Mirror" published a picture of him participating via his computer in the event, in a room with two other people. Downing Street said he was there to thank staff for their work during the pandemic and that the event was a "virtual" one, while Johnson himself responded that he "certainly broke no rules".


title: Partygate

text: The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) also confirmed that staff working past normal employment hours drank alcohol and ate takeaway "late into the night" on a number of occasions during COVID restrictions after this was reported by the "Sunday Mirror". A DWP spokesman said: "The team regularly worked late into the evening and on a number of occasions they ate takeaway food and drank some alcohol".


title: Partygate

text: Northern Ireland First Minister, Paul Givan, and his deputy Michelle O'Neill, said that the controversy had damaged the public health message in Northern Ireland. On 12 December, "The Independent" reported that senior police officers feared people would be less likely to comply with any new COVID restrictions because of the controversy. The news website said they had gathered anecdotal evidence of terse exchanges between police officers and members of the public in early December 2020.


title: Partygate

text: On 14 December, Conservative politician Shaun Bailey, a member of the London Assembly and a former candidate for Mayor of London, resigned as chair of the Police and Crime Committee of the Assembly after his attendance at a gathering that was alleged to have breached COVID-19 regulations. Shortly after his resignation, photographs were published of him and over 20 members of staff at a gathering with drinks and a buffet held in the basement of Conservative Campaign Headquarters on 14 December 2020, when he was the party's mayoral candidate. Four aides on secondment from the party who attended the gathering had been disciplined by the party the week before his resignation, for holding a "raucous" event. Cabinet member Grant Shapps stated that the event was "absolutely unacceptable", and not authorised by the Conservative Party. The Metropolitan Police later said they would contact two people who were at the party over possible breaches of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) Regulations. On 11 November 2022, the police said they would be taking no action over the matter as "the investigation reviewed all the material thoroughly and after careful consideration, it was determined that there was insufficient evidence to disprove the version of events provided by attendees to a standard that would meet the threshold required".


title: Partygate

text: On 16 December, "The Guardian" and "The Independent", in a joint investigation, reported allegations that Johnson attended a party in Downing Street on 15 May 2020, during the first national lockdown. Downing Street issued a statement saying "On 15 May 2020 the prime minister held a series of meetings throughout the afternoon, including briefly with the then health and care secretary and his team in the garden following a press conference. The prime minister went to his residence shortly after 7pm. A small number of staff required to be in work remained in the Downing Street garden for part of the afternoon and evening". On 19 December, "The Guardian" published a photograph of the event showing 19 people drinking wine and said that "there are no laptops, files or notepads to take minutes on show". Johnson was shown sitting next to his then-fiancée, Carrie Symonds, who was holding their newborn son. Downing Street insisted that the photograph showed a work meeting.


title: Partygate

text: The Metropolitan Police referred itself to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), the police watchdog, on 17 December, following a complaint by Green Party peer Jenny Jones, who said that there was a "conflict of interest and a potential cover up" in relation to the police declining to investigate an allegation that a party took place in Downing Street in the run-up to Christmas 2020, and their role and involvement in the policing and security of the buildings.


title: Partygate

text: In a blog post on 7 January, Dominic Cummings argued that the photo from 15 May 2020 in the garden of 10 Downing Street did not show a party. He described having a work meeting with Boris Johnson and the Prime Minister's Principal Private Secretary Martin Reynolds, with Carrie Symonds subsequently joining them. Meanwhile, according to his account, various other groups of people were also meeting in the garden, and staff had been advised to meet outside in the garden where there was less risk of COVID-19 transmission.


title: Partygate

text: Cummings said that there was a "socially distanced drinks" gathering in the garden on 20 May 2020 that he and another special adviser cautioned against. On 10 January, ITV News showed a 20 May 2020 email sent on behalf of Reynolds to over one hundred 10 Downing Street staff, inviting them "to make the most of the lovely weather and have some socially distanced drinks in the No 10 garden this evening... bring your own booze!" Various news organisations reported that around 30–40 people were present that evening, eating picnic food and drinking, including Johnson and Symonds. In his 15 January 2022 column in "The Times", Tim Shipman relayed accounts of a meeting of Johnson's team which was held in Downing Street on 11 January, the day after ITV News showed the Reynolds email. He said it was obvious that Johnson was furious with them, and had left them in no doubt that he thought they had let him down. Also that Johnson's view seemed to be "that he is not to blame, that everyone else is to blame" and had asked, "How has all this been allowed to happen? How has it come to this? How haven't you sorted this out?" Shipman wrote that sources present said senior staff "studied the floor". Shipman added that "insiders said Reynolds, his deputy, Stuart Glassborow, Dan Rosenfield, ... and some members of the communications team are likely to be out of a job when a report by the mandarin Sue Gray is published". Shipman added that an MP likened it to Harold Macmillan's 1962 Night of the Long Knives (when he sacked a third of his cabinet), "Boris is preparing to lay down the lives of his staff to save his own. It will be the Night of the Long Scapegoats". Johnson initially declined to comment on whether he was present or not. A spokesman for the prime minister said he still had confidence in Reynolds. Campaigners, including the Covid-19 Bereaved Families for Justice group, called for Reynolds to be dismissed.


title: Partygate

text: On 11 January, the Metropolitan Police said it was in contact with the government over "widespread reporting relating to alleged breaches" of COVID rules. There was additional reporting of a party in Downing Street on 18 December, with Reynolds said to have been present. Shaun Bailey resigned as chair of a second London Assembly committee, the economy committee, in addition to his resignation from a police and crime committee in December. Opposition party leaders Ed Davey and Nicola Sturgeon called on Johnson to resign. Tory donor, John Caudwell told Boris Johnson to, "sort it out or step aside", Caudwell added, "Each one of these new revelations gives greater force to the accusation that areas of the government think it's 'one rule for them, one rule for the rest of us'."


title: Partygate

text: On 12 January, Johnson, speaking at PMQs in the House of Commons, said that he had attended the gathering and apologised for doing so. He said that he was present for about 25 minutes and that he thought it was an allowed work meeting. He said, "I should have recognised that even if it (the gathering) could be said technically to fall within the guidance, there would be millions and millions of people who simply would not see it that way". In response, the leader of the opposition, Keir Starmer, asked if Johnson would now "do the decent thing and resign". Other MPs also called on Johnson to resign, including Scottish Conservatives leader Douglas Ross. On 13 January 2022, 27 of the 31 Conservative Scottish MSPs came out publicly against Johnson. Articles in "New Statesman" and "The Guardian", among others, criticised the wording of Johnson's apology for being insufficient.


title: Partygate

text: On 13 January, it was reported that two separate parties were held in 10 Downing Street on 16 April 2021. These were leaving events for James Slack, Johnson's director of communications, and a photographer. The date was the eve of the funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, when the UK was observing a period of national mourning, and England was in step two of its lockdown roadmap, with indoor mixing banned. Johnson was out of London at the time. The photographer's party reportedly involved loud music, a DJ and a staff member sent to the Co-op store on the Strand to fill a suitcase with bottles of wine. The next day, Slack and Downing Street confirmed there was an event, with Slack apologising for what happened. Number 10 apologised to Queen Elizabeth II for the two parties.


title: Partygate

text: On 14 January, "The Independent" reported that Johnson had drawn up a plan, named "Operation Save Big Dog", to retain his premiership. The plan included a list of officials who should resign over the parties controversy, a communications strategy for cabinet ministers, as well as "sounding out support" for leadership rivals from backbenchers. The "Daily Mirror" reported that Downing Street staff had regular Friday evening events with wine, for which a dedicated fridge was bought, being delivered on 11 December 2020. What were called "Wine time Fridays" were scheduled into the diaries of about 50 staff from 4–7pm. Johnson was reported to visit some of these and to be aware of their existence. 10 Downing Street did not deny the allegations.


title: Partygate

text: On 16 January, in a column in "The Times," Dominic Lawson said a former Downing Street official had told him of at least two people warning Johnson that the 20 May 2020 event should be cancelled and that Johnson said they were "overreacting". Johnson's spokesperson said that the report was not accurate, although other journalists were reported to have corroborated it. On 17 January, Cummings reiterated his claim that Johnson knew in advance about the party, that Cummings raised concerns about it and that Johnson said it could go ahead, and consequently that Johnson had lied to Parliament about what happened. Cumming said he would "swear under oath this is what happened". Sky News reported a second source also said Johnson had been warned in advance about the party. BBC News Online reported that two other former Downing Street officials said "they remembered Mr Cummings telling them that day he had warned the prime minister not to allow the drinks to go ahead".


title: Partygate

text: Starmer, a one time Director of Public Prosecutions said, "I think he broke the law. I think he's as good as admitted that he broke the law. (...) I think it's pretty obvious what's happened, this industrial-scale partying had been going on at Downing Street, not much of it is really denied, and I think that the public have made up their mind. I think the facts speak for themselves. I think the Prime Minister broke the law, I think he then lied about what had happened. (...) Once Sue Gray has come to her findings, she will set out all the facts, she is very well respected, I think that all of those should be passed to the police to look at".<ref name="independent16/1/2022">Keir Starmer says Boris Johnson 'broke the law' and 'lied about what happened' at lockdown parties "Independent". 16 January 2022.</ref>


title: Partygate

text: On 17 January, the "Daily Mirror" reported that Johnson attended a leaving party for Steve Higham, his former defence advisor, shortly before Christmas 2020 while strict coronavirus restrictions applied in London. Johnson was reported to have attended for a few minutes and to have given a speech.


title: Partygate

text: On 18 January, "The Guardian" reported that Conservative rebel MPs had a plan to oust Johnson from office, named "Operation Rinka", after the dog that was shot in the Thorpe affair. On the same day, Johnson gave an interview to Beth Rigby, after one of his immediate family had tested positive for COVID the previous week and having not appeared in public himself for nearly a week. He repeatedly apologised and said of the 20 May 2020 event, "I'm saying categorically that nobody told me, nobody said this was something that was against the rules". Sky News reported that one Conservative MP described Johnson in the interview as "absolutely beaten" and Rigby described him as looking "defeated". The "i" described the interview as "excruciating".


title: Partygate

text: Asked about Johnson saying he did not know it was a party, Starmer said, "The cover-up isn't worse than the crime, but the cover-up compounds the crime. Johnson's now on his third defence. His first defence when we tackled him on this at the beginning of December was: 'I've been assured there were no parties,' and his second defence when the video came out was: 'I'm furious there have been these parties; I've only just found out.' And if the third defence is true, then obviously the first two are false – and that's a major problem for him".


title: Partygate

text: On 24 January, ITV News reported that a surprise birthday get-together was held for Johnson on 19 June 2020, allegedly organised by Carrie Symonds. Up to 30 people are said to have been present, including Johnson, Symonds, and interior designer Lulu Lytle, who was working on Johnson and Symonds' flat at the time. It was said that a Union Jack cake was served and attendees sang "Happy Birthday". Downing Street said the prime minister attended for less than 10 minutes. A spokesperson for Lytle's company said, "Lulu was not invited to any birthday celebrations for the Prime Minister as a guest. Lulu entered the Cabinet Room briefly as requested, while waiting to speak with the Prime Minister". The Chancellor Rishi Sunak was reported to have been "unintentionally present" when the cake was served, while waiting for a meeting. "The Guardian" reported Downing Street sources saying that, in the evening, Johnson celebrated outside with family, as allowed under the then rules. ITV News alleged that family friends then went up to Johnson's flat. A Number 10 spokesperson denied this, saying, "This is totally untrue. In line with the rules at the time the prime minister hosted a small number of family members outside that evening". More than two people were forbidden to socialise indoors, while up to six were allowed outdoors. Sue Gray, who ran an inquiry into events, was reported to have known about the event prior to the news breaking.


title: Partygate

text: On 25 January, in an interview with Channel 4 News, Northern Ireland Minister Conor Burns defended the prime minister by stating that, rather than being a pre-planned party, the prime minister was "ambushed by a cake". Burns' comments were ridiculed online in a series of memes, including a tweet from celebrity chef Nigella Lawson, who quipped that ""Ambushed By Cake"" should be the title of her next cookbook. Burns later told "The Daily Telegraph"s podcast "that there actually wasn't a cake". On 28 January, it emerged that "The Times" had published an article in June 2020 reporting the gathering on Johnson's birthday and that he "tucked into a Union Jack cake".


title: Partygate

text: Starmer again called on Johnson to resign. Conservative peer, Baroness Warsi said Johnson should, "think long and hard about what is in the best interest of this country. (...) Is me staying in office allowing me to run this office in a way in which is making the country better, or am I a distraction?" On 28 January, Starmer said that "the whole of government is paralysed because the police are now looking at what the PM was getting up to in Downing Street". Alistair Carmichael (Liberal Democrat) and Ian Blackford (SNP) both said that the delay increasingly gave the appearance of an establishment "stitch-up".


title: Partygate

text: Late on 29 January, "The Times" reported that Gray had discovered that friends of Carrie Johnson's knew the PIN code to access her flat with Boris Johnson in 11 Downing Street. Cummings said that, in early 2020, he discovered highly confidential Government documents were left lying around in the flat, leading to him and Martin Reynolds instituting tighter controls on what papers left Johnson's office.Unable to publish her full report because of the ongoing police investigation, Gray published an update on her investigation on 31 January 2022. This covered a number of events that had not previously been reported. There was an accompanying debate in the Commons. Starmer said, "The prime minister repeatedly assured the House that the guidance was followed and the rules were followed. But we now know that 12 cases have breached the threshold for criminal investigation (...) including the party on May 20, 2020, which we know the prime minister attended, and the party on November 13, 2020 in the prime minister's flat. There can be no doubt that the prime minister himself is now subject to criminal investigation. (...) it is already clear what the report disclosed is the most damning conclusion possible".


title: Partygate

text: In the Commons debate on the topic, Johnson said Starmer "spent most of his time [as Director of Public Prosecutions] prosecuting journalists [a reference to Julian Assange's prosecution] and failing to prosecute Jimmy Savile". Full Fact fact checkers said, "Starmer was head of the CPS when the decision was made not to prosecute Savile but he was not the reviewing lawyer for the case". The BBC "found no evidence that Sir Keir was involved at any point in the decision not to charge Savile". Commons speaker Lindsay Hoyle also criticised Johnson's accusation. Three days later, Johnson stated that he was "not talking about the leader of the opposition's personal record when he was DPP. I was making a point about his responsibility for the organisation as a whole". Munira Mirza, Director of the Number 10 Policy Unit, publicly resigned on 3 February, saying Johnson should have apologised. On the same day, Jack Doyle quit as Johnson's communications director. Doyle talked about the difficulty of his job in recent weeks, but also said that he had always intended to only work in government for two years. Starmer later needed police protection following a mob threatening violence outside parliament. Starmer and others blamed Johnson for inciting the disturbance. Starmer experienced online death threats, he said, "It's very important for me to say that what the prime minister said was wrong, it was very wrong. He knew exactly what he was doing".


title: Partygate

text: On 4 February 10 Downing Street announced the resignations of both Dan Rosenfield, Johnson's chief of staff, and Martin Reynolds, his principal private secretary. Sky News described this as "an apparent mass exodus from Downing Street amid the fallout from the partygate scandal" (by 22 April they described it as "part of a purge of the prime minister's senior team in the wake of the partygate scandal"). Rosenfield and Reynolds were to continue in their roles until their successors were appointed. BBC News reported that Johnson's official spokesman said Doyle's, Rosenfield's, and Reynolds's resignations were as a result of "mutual decisions".<ref name="bbc4/2/2022"></ref> A fifth adviser in the Number 10 Policy Unit, Elena Narozanski, resigned the following day. BBC News reported that energy minister, Greg Hands said the resignations came after Johnson "made it clear there would be a shake-up" in Downing Street organisation, following criticism of it in the Gray investigation update. Mirza considered Johnson's comment "scurrilous". The "Daily Mirror" reported sources saying the police had a photograph of Johnson with a can of Estrella beer standing next to Rishi Sunak at the 19 June 2020 Cabinet Room birthday event. It is reported to be one of the 300 images given by Gray to the Metropolitan Police, and to have been taken by the official No 10 photographer, Andrew Parsons.


title: Partygate

text: During Prime Minister's Questions on 9 February, the "Daily Mirror" released another photograph from the 15 December 2020 Christmas quiz, showing Johnson and three other people, one wearing tinsel and one a Santa hat, and "what appears to be champagne and a half-eaten packet of crisps".


title: Partygate

text: Three anonymous Downing Street insiders spoke to the BBC "Panorama" programme about the conditions, culture, and morale inside government offices during the COVID-19 lockdown. The insiders described how, as Cain's leaving do developed, "there were about 30 people, if not more, in a room. Everyone was stood shoulder to shoulder, some people on each other's laps... one or two people". They characterised the event on the day before Prince Philip's funeral as a "lively event... a general party with people dancing around." They added that security guards told them to leave the building and go into the garden when it became too loud. They said events were routine and that some staff were worried about the potential consequences, but that it seemed difficult to raise concerns. One said that, for staff who were working long hours, it was a lifeline. They all felt that the culture developed and it seemed the prime minister "wanted to be liked" and for staff to be able to "let their hair down." The BBC's Laura Kuenssberg reported on 24 May 2022 that the prime minister's official spokesman had said that Johnson took the revelations about what happened during lockdown "very seriously". The spokesman added that Sue Gray's interim report "raised some of these challenges" and that as a result, "wholesale changes" had been made to the way No 10 operated with "further changes to come."


title: Partygate

text: One senior figure said "No 10 staff were 'essential workers' because the office is the UK's strategic headquarters. It is extraordinary that the government risked the strategic HQ's capability by risking a single [Covid] outbreak closing the building completely, leaving the UK unguided."


title: Partygate

text: When presenting the report to the House of Commons on the afternoon of 25 May 2022, Johnson said he was humbled and took full responsibility, and renewed his apology for the 19 June 2020 Cabinet Office event which led to him getting a FPN. At events he had briefly attended to thank staff, he had not known about subsequent rule breaking now revealed. Improvements had been made to organisation and senior management. Starmer said the government had set a low standard for conduct, and stated his own pledge to resign if a FPN was given to him for the Durham event. Johnson was asked by Conservative Robert Buckland if he had "deliberately lied" when telling the Commons that rules had been followed, Johnson said no, he had believed he was attending work events and, except for the Cabinet Office event, "that has been vindicated by the investigation".


title: Partygate

text: It is alleged that there was a gathering in the Johnsons' flat on 19 June 2020, the Prime Minister's birthday. This was not mentioned in Gray's report. The allegation is that a Downing Street aide received text messages from Carrie Johnson that said she was in the flat with two friends, with Boris Johnson later joining them. A spokesperson for Carrie Johnson said that Gray had been made aware of these texts, but an aide with copies of the texts said, according to "The Sunday Times", that they wrote to Case about them, offering to share them with Gray's team, but was ignored. Labour called for a further investigation.


title: Partygate

text: On 7 June 2022, Patrick Vallance, the Government's chief scientific adviser, in a reply to a question about whether Partygate had tarnished his feelings about the time during the pandemic that he spent in government said, "it was really important at all stages that everyone stuck to the rules [...] It only works when people stick to them and it's very disappointing that that wasn't the case".


title: Partygate

text: The Guardian has carried reports that cocaine residue was found after two of the events at 10 Downing Street.


title: Partygate

text: In addition to the specific dated events listed below, "wine time Fridays" starting at 4pm were a regular occurrence at Downing Street throughout the period. Dominic Cummings has claimed there may have also been parties at Chequers. The Department for Work and Pensions confirmed staff drank alcohol and ate takeaway food together "on a number of occasions" while working late during the period of COVID-19 restrictions.


title: Partygate

text: On 22 January 2022, "The Sunday Times" reported that Gray was also investigating Carrie Johnson hosting two friends (who worked at the time for Michael Gove at 70 Whitehall, part of the Downing Street complex) in the Downing Street flat multiple times during lockdown. It was stated that the visits were for "work reasons", but a Whitehall source said that no officials were present. On 25 January 2022, the "New Statesman" published an analysis stating that "both Boris and Carrie Johnson do not believe they have done anything wrong, as they consider gatherings among those who worked at Downing Street during the pandemic to have been part of a 'household bubble'". "The Guardian" wrote that Gray looked into 16 events, police were probing 12 of them, including 6 that Johnson reportedly attended.


title: Partygate

text: At Prime Minister's Questions on 8 December, Prime Minister Boris Johnson apologised for the video of the mock press conference, describing himself as "furious" about it, but maintained that, as far as he knew from senior staff, a party had not taken place. He also said that he had commissioned an investigation into whether any rules had been broken, to be undertaken by Cabinet Secretary Simon Case. On 9 December, it was announced that the inquiry led by Simon Case would focus on three events, two at 10 Downing Street on 27 November and 18 December 2020, and one at the Department for Education on 10 December 2020.


title: Partygate

text: On 17 December 2021, it was announced that Case would no longer lead the inquiry following reports that a party had been held in his own office on 17 December 2020.


title: Partygate

text: The inquiry was taken over by senior civil servant Sue Gray, Second Permanent Secretary in the Cabinet Office. Lord Barwell, former Conservative MP and chief of staff for Theresa May when she was the prime minister, said, "he could not think of a better person for the role". Opposition politicians, Labour MP Chris Bryant and SNP MP Ian Blackford, called for the inquiry to be led by a person independent of the government and civil service. Alex Thomas, the civil service programme director at the Institute for Government, said that Gray, as a civil servant, is not independent of government.


title: Partygate

text: In January 2022, ITV reported that Gray's investigation would also cover the 15 May 2020 photo and Dominic Cummings' allegations of parties on 20 May and 13 November 2020.


title: Partygate

text: Gray interviewed over 70 individuals. Gray had reportedly questioned Johnson, by 17 January, about events and also Cummings, who insisted on only answering in written form. Gray also had access to swipe card and other security data on people's movements in and out of 10 Downing Street, and has talked to police officers who were on duty, whose evidence was described by one source as "extremely damning". Sky News reported that Gray had received photos showing Johnson attending events with alcohol.


title: Partygate

text: Gray's report was initially expected in the week beginning 24 January 2022. Labour and the Liberal Democrats asked for all accompanying evidence, including emails and witness accounts, to be published. Deputy Prime Minister Dominic Raab would not confirm that Gray's report would be published in full, and said that Johnson would decide how much detail would be released publicly.


title: Partygate

text: The Metropolitan Police asked Gray to omit key details from her report of events they were investigating, to avoid any prejudice to their investigation. They later explained that this was so they could collect independent accounts from individuals questioned. As a result, there was uncertainty over when, or even whether, Gray's report would be published. Instead of publishing her report, an eleven-page update was delivered first to Johnson and then published later on 31 January 2022. Johnson then made a statement to the Commons.


title: Partygate

text: The update provided a list of 16 gatherings, including some that had not been previously reported in the media, and said that 12 were under investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Of the 12 under investigation, Gray said that she was "extremely limited in what I can say about those events and it is not possible at present to provide a meaningful report setting out and analysing the extensive factual information I have been able to gather". She had decided not to describe the other four dates, writing, "I do not feel that I am able to do so without detriment to the overall balance of the findings".


title: Partygate

text: The update concluded that at least some of the gatherings examined did not meet the standards expected of the public at the time. She wrote, "A number of these gatherings should not have been allowed to take place or to develop in the way that they did". It was critical of No 10 and the Cabinet Office, including over the consumption of alcohol and how some staff felt unable to raise concerns. Gray recommended the government address learnings of the update "immediately", rather than wait for the police investigation to conclude.


title: Partygate

text: In response, Johnson said he would create a new Office of the Prime Minister, review the Civil Service code of conduct, and bring in other measures. In the ensuing Commons debate, SNP MP Ian Blackford was ordered to withdraw from the House of Commons for the remainder of the sitting day, by the Speaker, Lindsay Hoyle, after he repeatedly stated that Johnson had misled the House and refused to qualify his remarks to state that the misleading was "inadvertent".


title: Partygate

text: On 20 May 2022, Sky News reported that, some time before 21 April, Gray had a meeting with Johnson. There was initial confusion as to who asked for the meeting, with Conservative sources saying Gray called the meeting and Gray's sources saying Downing Street had. Later, BBC News said that the original idea came from Downing Street, and Gray then sent the calendar invite for the meeting. It is not clear what was discussed. It was reported that a senior government source said they had talked about whether to include photographs in the report; this was disputed by a spokesperson for Gray. The "Times" reported two Whitehall sources saying Johnson suggested that Gray abandon plans to publish her report given the police investigation into events.


title: Partygate

text: Downing Street also said that Johnson and Gray had had a previous meeting around the time her interim report was released.


title: Partygate

text: The "Guardian" reported allegations that senior civil servants lobbied Gray to leave out some names and some details of the report and that Gray insisted she would not do so unless issued with an instruction.


title: Partygate

text: "The Times" said that partial drafts of the final report were circulating at Number 10 the day before publication and that three senior civil servants, including Case, lobbied for changes. One alleged change reported by "The Times" was the removal of details of the 13 November 2020 gathering in the Johnsons' flat. Downing Street denied this. Asked whether Number 10 had in any way influenced the report, Northern Ireland Secretary Brandon Lewis said he was "absolutely confident" that was not the case.


title: Partygate

text: The police announced that their investigation had been completed on 19 May 2022, and Gray's final report was expected to follow soon after. Individuals named in the report were given the opportunity to raise an objection, with the deadline to do that set as 5 pm on 22 May.


title: Partygate

text: The final report was published and delivered to the prime minister on 25 May 2022. The 60-page report of the investigation covered 16 different events which occurred on 12 different dates between May 2020 and April 2021. Each of these events occurred whilst Covid lockdown regulations were in force and involved gatherings of people. Eight of the events were attended by the prime minister. The investigation found that many of the events breached Covid regulations, and that multiple breaches of the regulations had occurred. It was also found that there were repeated instances of staff "flouting" the regulations and the investigation gave an extremely critical assessment of the drinking culture in Downing Street, and that several of the events appeared notably drunken and rowdy, and that some went on into the early hours. Gray said she was disappointed that some of the events may never have been known about if they had not been reported by the media.


title: Partygate

text: The culture and leadership in Downing Street was criticised, and it said senior leadership must bear responsibility for it. There was said to be a failure of leadership and judgment in No 10 and the Cabinet Office, with some of the events being attended by leaders, and many of which should not have been allowed to happen. It said that the officials organising events knew that what they were doing was wrong, and that they renamed events to make them sound less like parties. Staff emails and messages were analysed and showed regular planning of social events, some officials trying to warn that events were a bad idea, a warning sent that bring-your-own-booze garden event could be a "comms risk", and a Reynold’s email that said he "got away" with the bring-your-own-booze event.


title: Partygate

text: The lack of respect for security staff and cleaners was also a concern as they were often treated in an unacceptable way, with Downing Street staff routinely being rude to them. Some said they were fearful of raising concerns, and junior staff thought it was reasonable to attend events as bosses seemed to be condoning them. It said too that Gray was "encouraged" that there had already been changes made to simplify the process of raising directly with the permanent secretary.


title: Partygate

text: The report included a few photographs of the gathering. There were eight covering two of the events: the prime minister's birthday event in June 2020, and a leaving event in November 2020. More than 300 photographs had been submitted.


title: Partygate

text: The names of only 15 of the attendees were given, the rest remained anonymous. Gray explained that she decided to name only the most senior staff, those "who knew about and/or attended an event" or were involved in the organisation of one, adding that was "given their wider responsibility for the leadership and culture of the departments, subject to some limited exceptions based on personal circumstances". Boris Johnson, the prime minister was named, as were senior officials Simon Case, and Martin Reynolds who, it was said, appeared to be particularly involved in planning events. Dominic Cummings was also said to have been at at least one event, but it was said that evidence to back his claims that he warned against them could not be found.


title: Partygate

text: Gray chose not to investigate allegations of a party in flat on 13 November 2020, and did not fully investigate that "ABBA party".


title: Partygate

text: Each of the events covered was individually described, and details of the regulations in force at the time, what happened, and who attended was also given. At a socially-distanced drinks event on 20 May 2020, staff were warned not to "wave around" bottles of wine. At a leaving event on 18 June 2020, there was karaoke, there was pizza and prosecco, there was excessive alcohol consumption, someone vomited, there was a minor altercation, and staff stayed beyond 3 am, and the cabinet secretary allowed his office to be used for this event. There were 2 leaving events on 14 April 2021 which merged in the No 10 garden, with drunkenness and people leaving after 4 am. With an event on 16 April, the last person left at 4:20 am. At the 15 December Christmas quiz, staff were told to leave by back door because of drunkenness. At a Christmas party in December 2020, red wine was spilt on a wall and on stationary supplies, and at a 18 December 2020 event, a panic button was triggered and police turned up.


title: Partygate

text: A police inquiry, called Operation Hillman, was started into 12 gatherings on 8 different days, seven of which Boris Johnson was alleged to have attended. As of 10 February 2022, the inquiry was led by Commander Catherine Roper.


title: Partygate

text: On 24 January 2022, the Metropolitan Police contacted the Cabinet Office asking for all relevant information from the Gray inquiry. On 25 January they announced the launch of their investigation into potential breaches of COVID regulations in Whitehall and Downing Street during the pandemic. Cressida Dick, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, said though they would not normally investigate breaches so far back, such investigations happened where there was evidence of "serious and flagrant breach" of regulations. The threshold criteria were "that those involved knew or ought to have known that what they were doing was an offence;" that "not investigating would significantly undermine the legitimacy of the law", and "there was little ambiguity around the absence of any reasonable defence". Sky News reported that the Metropolitan Police did not object to Gray's inquiry being released before its investigation and that Gray was in communication with the police. The police investigation has more than 500 pages of documents and more than 300 images.


title: Partygate

text: On 31 January, it was announced that the police were not planning to name anyone given an FPN in relation to their investigation. Labour's deputy leader Angela Rayner said that, "The public have a right to know if the prime minister is found to have committed an offence by the police". The police said they would announce the total number of penalties issued and what they were issued for. After some initial confusion, the Government said it would publish "everything we can", including if Johnson or the Cabinet Secretary was given one.


title: Partygate

text: In early February, the police said they would email a questionnaire to up to 90 people alleged to have been present at events, including Johnson and also, it was expected, his wife Carrie. Rishi Sunak, Simon Case and Martin Reynolds were also sent questionnaires. On 11 February 2022, 10 Downing Street confirmed that Johnson had received a questionnaire, which must be responded to within seven days. The police said it asked what happened and "must be answered truthfully". Such questionnaires have the same status as information given in an interview under caution. Johnson was thus the first British Prime Minister to have been asked questions under caution. Questions included:


title: Partygate

text: On 21 March 2022, the police announced that they had sent out more than 100 questionnaires and that they had additionally started to interview witnesses.


title: Partygate

text: On 21 April 2022, it was reported that the police would not provide any further updates on their investigation until after 5 May. This was because local elections were due on that date and guidance from the National Police Chiefs' Council to avoid communications that might influence the outcome of elections. On 23 April 2022, however, it was announced that further FPNs had been issued to some of those who had attended the drinks party in the Downing Street garden in May 2020. Johnson had not been amongst those receiving one. More questionnaires were sent out in early May 2022.


title: Partygate

text: On 19 May 2022, the police said that they had completed their investigations, with the police concluding that offences were committed on 8 different dates. The investigation involved 12 detectives, 345 documents (including emails, door logs, diary entries and witness statements), 510 photographs or CCTV images, and 204 questionnaires. The cost of the enquiry was given as £460,000.


title: Partygate

text: On 29 March 2022, the police said that they were to refer 20 FPNs for £50 to the ACRO Criminal Records Office, which administers the process and collects any penalties. As an individual might receive more than one notice, it was not known how many people were affected. Recipients of such notices had 28 days in which to either pay or contest the notice. If contested, the case would then be reviewed and either the notice is withdrawn or the case is referred to the courts. Payment of the penalty does not constitute an admission of guilt. In response to the FPNs, Dominic Raab, the deputy prime minister, said it was clear that the law had been broken and said that Johnson "accepts responsibility" for what happened. On 30 March, Johnson in Parliament and his spokesperson to the press repeatedly declined to agree that laws had been broken.


title: Partygate

text: On 4 April 2022, further details about the first batch of notices was reported, for a gathering on 16 April 2021, a leaving party for the former No 10 director of communications James Slack. "The Daily Telegraph" reported that former Director General for Propriety and Ethics in the Cabinet Office and former Deputy Cabinet Secretary Helen MacNamara was a recipient of one. They said MacNamara attended a leaving do in June 2020 in the Cabinet Office. Allegedly roughly 20 people were there and alcohol was drunk. MacNamara said she "accepted and paid the fixed penalty notice ... I am sorry for the error of judgement I have shown". According to BBC News: "He [Johnson] refused to admit that laws had been broken, despite his deputy Dominic Raab saying earlier that it was clear that the law had been broken and that Mr Johnson 'accepts responsibility' for what happened". "The Independent" stated: "However, Downing Street continues to refuse to accept the law had been broken, despite the Met issuing 20 FPNs".


title: Partygate

text: On 12 April 2022, the police made at least 30 more referrals to the ACRO Criminal Records Office for FPNs for breaches of COVID-19 regulations. Downing Street later confirmed that Johnson, his wife and Sunak would be receiving FPNs, who all apologised and paid the penalties. A spokesperson for Carrie Johnson said that she, "accepts the Met Police's findings and apologises unreservedly." Sunak said he respected the police's decision.


title: Partygate

text: Matt Fowler of Covid-19 Bereaved Families for Justice said: "It's plain as day that there was a culture of boozing and rule breaching at the highest level of government, whilst the British public was making unimaginable sacrifices to protect their loved ones and communities". Keir Starmer said, "Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak have broken the law and repeatedly lied to the British public. They must both resign". Ed Davey suggested that parliament be recalled to hold a vote of no confidence in Johnson.


title: Partygate

text: On 19 April 2022, in his first Commons statement since being issued with an FPN for being at a gathering in Downing Street on his birthday in 2020, Johnson apologised, adding, "It did not occur to me then or subsequently that a gathering in the Cabinet Room just before a vital meeting on Covid strategy could amount to a breach of the rules". Before the apology was made, Starmer alleged Johnson was using the Russian invasion of Ukraine as a "shield" to stay in office and said that he found it "pretty offensive". After labelling the apology as "a joke", and saying the Prime Minister had been "dishonest", Starmer withdrew the remark after being admonished by the Speaker, Lindsay Hoyle, who found him in breach of the rule that prohibits MPs from accusing each other of dishonesty during debates.


title: Partygate

text: On 12 May 2022, the Metropolitan Police announced that they had now issued more than 100 FPNs in relation to parties at Downing Street and Whitehall. New FPNs are thought to relate, in part, to the 18 December 2020 Christmas party. BBC reporting believes FPNs have only so far been in connection with four out of the twelve events being investigated by the police.


title: Partygate

text: On 19 May 2022, the police said they had finished their investigation and had issued or were in the process of issuing a total of 126 FPNs to 83 people. This included 28 people who received between 2-5 FPNs. Neither Boris or Carrie Johnson were issued with any further FPNs. Simon Case did not receive an FPN. It was later reported that Steve Higham was also "said to have been issued" with one. 53 FPNs were issued to men and 73 to women. This made Downing Street the address with the most COVID-19 regulation penalties in the country. FPNs were issued for the following offences:


title: Partygate

text: There was media speculation about why some individuals were issued an FPN for certain events and others were not. Pippa Crerar reported that Simon Case was not issued one even though he was at events where others were because he was not captured in any pictures, and she speculated that police may have required photographic evidence as their threshold before issuing an FPN. However, an ITV report said there were photographs of Case at the 19 June 2020 gathering, with one report even saying Case was "perplexed" as to why he had not received a penalty. "The Guardian" quoted a senior civil servant who said that many were issued FPNs because they admitted to Gray that they were at events, and Gray had handed their names to the police. However, the police did not then establish who else was at these events, including very senior individuals. While 83 people were issued with FPNs, the source said over 300 were present at the various gatherings. This had left junior staff who had confessed to Gray angry. Barrister Adam Wagner suggested that Johnson might not have been issued one for the 20 May 2020 event because the regulations only sanctioned attendees not hosts of garden parties until the rule was changed on 31 May 2020.