title: Troposphere

text: A zonal flow regime is the meteorological term meaning that the general flow pattern is west to east along the Earth's latitude lines, with weak shortwaves embedded in the flow. The use of the word "zone" refers to the flow being along the Earth's latitudinal "zones". This pattern can buckle and thus become a meridional flow.


title: Troposphere

text: When the zonal flow buckles, the atmosphere can flow in a more longitudinal (or meridional) direction, and thus the term "meridional flow" arises. Meridional flow patterns feature strong, amplified troughs of low pressure and ridges of high pressure, with more north–south flow in the general pattern than west-to-east flow.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Roundup is the brand name of a systemic, broad-spectrum glyphosate-based herbicide originally produced by Monsanto, which Bayer acquired in 2018. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the United States. As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides still represented about 10 percent of Monsanto's revenue despite competition from Chinese producers of other glyphosate-based herbicides. The overall Roundup line of products, which includes genetically modified seeds, represented about half of Monsanto's yearly revenue. The product is marketed to consumers by Scotts Miracle-Gro Company.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Monsanto developed and patented the glyphosate molecule in the 1970s, and marketed it as Roundup from 1973. It retained exclusive rights to glyphosate in the US until its US patent expired in September 2000; in other countries the patent expired earlier. The Roundup trademark is registered with the US Patent and Trademark Office and still extant. However, glyphosate is no longer under patent, so similar products use it as an active ingredient.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: The main active ingredient of Roundup is the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate. Another ingredient of Roundup is the surfactant POEA (polyethoxylated tallow amine).


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Monsanto also produced seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate, which are known as "Roundup Ready" crops. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Glyphosate-based formulations may contain a number of adjuvants, the identities of which may be proprietary. Surfactants are used in herbicide formulations as wetting agents, to maximize coverage and aid penetration of the herbicide(s) through plant leaves. As agricultural spray adjuvants, surfactants may be pre-mixed into commercial formulations or they may be purchased separately and mixed on-site.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) is a surfactant used in the original Roundup formulation and was commonly used in 2015. Different versions of Roundup have included different percentages of POEA. A 1997 US government report said that Roundup is 15% POEA while Roundup Pro is 14.5%. Since POEA is more toxic to fish and amphibians than glyphosate alone, POEA is not allowed in aquatic formulations.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: The lethal dose of different glyphosate-based formulations varies, especially with respect to the surfactants used. Formulations intended for terrestrial use that include the surfactant polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) can be more toxic than other formulations for aquatic species. Due to the variety in available formulations, including five different glyphosate salts and different combinations of inert ingredients, it is difficult to determine how much surfactants contribute to the overall toxicity of each formulation. Independent scientific reviews and regulatory agencies have regularly concluded that glyphosate-based herbicides do not lead to a significant risk for human or environmental health when the product label is properly followed.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: The acute oral toxicity for mammals is low, but death has been reported after deliberate overdose of concentrated Roundup. The surfactants in glyphosate formulations can increase the relative acute toxicity of the formulation. Surfactants generally do not, however, cause synergistic effects (as opposed to additive effects) that increase the acute toxicity of glyphosate within a formulation. The surfactant POEA is not considered an acute toxicity hazard, and has an oral toxicity similar to vitamin A and less toxic than aspirin. Deliberate ingestion of Roundup ranging from 85 to 200 ml (of 41% solution) has resulted in death within hours of ingestion, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms. Consumption of over 85 ml of concentrated product is likely to cause serious symptoms in adults, including burns due to corrosive effects as well as kidney and liver damage. More severe cases lead to "respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, pulmonary edema, infiltration on chest X-ray, shock, arrhythmias, kidney failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalaemia" and death is often preceded by bradycardia and ventricular arrhythmias.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Skin exposure can cause irritation, and photocontact dermatitis has been occasionally reported. Severe skin burns are very rare. In a 2017 risk assessment, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) wrote: "There is very limited information on skin irritation in humans. Where skin irritation has been reported, it is unclear whether it is related to glyphosate or co-formulants in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations." The ECHA concluded that available human data was insufficient to support classification for skin corrosion or irritation.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Inhalation is a minor route of exposure, but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, or tingling and irritation in the throat. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis. Superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Glyphosate formulations with POEA, such as Roundup, are not approved for aquatic use due to aquatic organism toxicity. Due to the presence of POEA, glyphosate formulations only allowed for terrestrial use are more toxic for amphibians and fish than glyphosate alone. Terrestrial glyphosate formulations that include the surfactants POEA and MON 0818 (75% POEA) may have negative impacts on various aquatic organisms like protozoa, mussels, crustaceans, frogs and fish. Aquatic organism exposure risk to terrestrial formulations with POEA is limited to drift or temporary water pockets. While laboratory studies can show effects of glyphosate formulations on aquatic organisms, similar observations rarely occur in the field when instructions on the herbicide label are followed.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Studies in a variety of amphibians have shown the toxicity of products containing POEA to amphibian larvae. These effects include interference with gill morphology and mortality from either the loss of osmotic stability or asphyxiation. At sub-lethal concentrations, exposure to POEA or glyphosate/POEA formulations have been associated with delayed development, accelerated development, reduced size at metamorphosis, developmental malformations of the tail, mouth, eye and head, histological indications of intersex and symptoms of oxidative stress. Glyphosate-based formulations can cause oxidative stress in bullfrog tadpoles. The use of glyphosate-based pesticides are not considered the major cause of amphibian decline, the bulk of which occurred prior to widespread use of glyphosate or in pristine tropical areas with minimal glyphosate exposure.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: A 2000 review of the toxicological data on Roundup concluded that "for terrestrial uses of Roundup minimal acute and chronic risk was predicted for potentially exposed nontarget organisms". It also concluded that there were some risks to aquatic organisms exposed to Roundup in shallow water.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Roundup Ready‐To‐Use, Roundup No Glyphosate, and Roundup ProActive have all been found to cause significant mortality in bumblebees when sprayed directly on them. It has been hypothesized that this is due to surfactants in the formulations blocking the tracheal system of the bees.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: There is limited evidence that human cancer risk might increase as a result of occupational exposure to large amounts of glyphosate, such as agricultural work, but no good evidence of such a risk from home use, such as in domestic gardening. The consensus among national pesticide regulatory agencies and scientific organizations is that labeled uses of glyphosate have demonstrated no evidence of human carcinogenicity. Organizations such as the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues and the European Commission, Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency, and the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment have concluded that there is no evidence that glyphosate poses a carcinogenic or genotoxic risk to humans. The final assessment of the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority in 2017 was that "glyphosate does not pose a carcinogenic risk to humans". The EPA has evaluated the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate multiple times since 1986. In 1986, glyphosate was initially classified as Group C: "Possible Human Carcinogen", but later recommended as Group D: "Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity" due to lack of statistical significance in previously examined rat tumor studies. In 1991, it was classified as Group E: "Evidence of Non-Carcinogenicity for Humans", and in 2015 and 2017, "Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans".


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: One international scientific organization, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, classified glyphosate in Group 2A, "probably carcinogenic to humans" in 2015. The variation in classification between this agency and others has been attributed to "use of different data sets" and "methodological differences in the evaluation of the available evidence". In 2017, California environmental regulators listed glyphosate as “known to the state to cause cancer.” The state's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment made the decision based in part on the report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer. State Proposition 65 requires the state office to add all substances the international agency deems carcinogenic to a state list of cancer-causing items.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: In a 2003 internal email, a Monsanto toxicologist wrote, "you cannot say that Roundup is not a carcinogen... we have not done the necessary testing on the formulation to make that statement. The testing on the formulations are not anywhere near the level of the active ingredient. We can make that statement about glyphosate and can infer that there is no reason to believe that Roundup would cause cancer." "The New York Times" published in 2017 that, in a 2003 email also obtained as part of discovery in the court case, a Monsanto scientist wrote to a colleague, "we are in pretty good shape with glyphosate but vulnerable with surfactants. What I've been hearing from you is that this continues to be the case with these studies – Glyphosate is OK but the formulated product (and thus the surfactant) does the damage."


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: In the ten months following Bayer's June 2018 acquisition of Monsanto, its stock lost 46% of its value because of investor apprehension concerning the 11,200 lawsuits filed against its subsidiary. Their company has reached approximately $11 billion settlement with most plaintiffs.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: As of October 30, 2019, there were over 42,000 plaintiffs who said that glyphosate herbicides caused their cancer. After the IARC classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" in 2015, many state and federal lawsuits were filed in the United States. Early on, over 300 of them were consolidated into a multidistrict litigation called "In re: RoundUp Products Liability".


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: On August 10, 2018, Dewayne Johnson, who has non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, was awarded $289 million in damages (later cut to $78 million on appeal then reduced to $21 million after another appeal) after a jury in San Francisco found that Monsanto had failed to adequately warn consumers of cancer risks posed by the herbicide. Johnson had routinely used two different glyphosate formulations in his work as a groundskeeper, RoundUp and another Monsanto product called Ranger Pro. The jury's verdict addressed the question of whether Monsanto knowingly failed to warn consumers that RoundUp could be harmful, but not whether RoundUp causes cancer. Court documents from the case alleged the company's efforts to influence scientific research via ghostwriting.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: In January 2019, Costco decided to stop carrying Roundup or other glyphosate-based herbicides. The decision was reportedly influenced in part by the public court cases.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: In March 2019, a man was awarded $80 million (later cut to $26 million on appeal) in a lawsuit claiming Roundup was a substantial factor in his cancer. U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabria stated that a punitive award was appropriate because the evidence "easily supported a conclusion that Monsanto was more concerned with tamping down safety inquiries and manipulating public opinion than it was with ensuring its product is safe." Chhabria stated that there was evidence on both sides as to whether glyphosate causes cancer, and that the behavior of Monsanto showed "a lack of concern about the risk that its product might be carcinogenic."


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: On May 13, 2019 a jury in California ordered Bayer to pay a couple $2 billion in damages (later cut to $87 million on appeal) after finding that the company had failed to adequately inform consumers of the possible carcinogenicity of Roundup. On December 19, 2019, it was announced that Timothy Litzenburg, the lawyer for the RoundUp Virginia plaintiffs had been charged with extortion after offering to stop searching for more plaintiffs if he was paid a $200 million consulting fee by a manufacturer of glyphosate. Litzenburg and his partner Daniel Kincheloe pleaded guilty to the charges and they were sentenced to two and one years in prison respectively.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: In June 2020, Bayer agreed to settle over a hundred thousand Roundup lawsuits, agreeing to pay $8.8 to $9.6 billion to settle those claims, and $1.5 billion for any future claims. The settlement does not include three cases that have already gone to jury trials and are being appealed.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: In 1996, Monsanto was accused of false and misleading advertising of glyphosate products, prompting a lawsuit by the New York State attorney general. Monsanto had made claims that its spray-on glyphosate based herbicides, including Roundup, were safer than table salt and "practically non-toxic" to mammals, birds, and fish, "environmentally friendly", and "biodegradable". Citing avoidance of costly litigation, Monsanto settled the case, admitting no wrongdoing, and agreeing to remove the offending advertising claims in New York State.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Environmental and consumer rights campaigners brought a case in France in 2001 accusing Monsanto of presenting Roundup as "biodegradable" and claiming that it "left the soil clean" after use; glyphosate, Roundup's main ingredient, was classed by the European Union as "dangerous for the environment" and "toxic for aquatic organisms". In January 2007, Monsanto was convicted of false advertising and fined 15,000 euros. The result was confirmed in 2009.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: On 27 March 2020 Bayer settled claims in a proposed class action alleging that it falsely advertised that the active ingredient in Roundup Weed & Grass Killer only affects plants with a $39.5 million deal that included changing the labels on its products.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Some tests originally conducted on glyphosate by contractors were later found to have been fraudulent, along with tests conducted on other pesticides. Concerns were raised about toxicology tests conducted by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories in the 1970s and Craven Laboratories was found to have fraudulently analysed samples for residues of glyphosate in 1991. Monsanto has stated that the studies have since been repeated.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: In January 2019, Roundup 360 was banned in France following a Lyon court ruling that regulator ANSES had not given due weight to safety concerns when they approved the product in March 2017. The ban went into effect immediately. The court's decision cited research by the IARC, based in Lyon.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Monsanto first developed Roundup in the 1970s. End-users initially deployed it in a similar way to paraquat and diquat – as a non-selective herbicide. Application of glyphosate-based herbicides to row crops resulted in problems with crop damage and kept them from being widely used for this purpose. In the United States, use of Roundup experienced rapid growth following the commercial introduction of a glyphosate-resistant soybean in 1996. "Roundup Ready" became Monsanto's trademark for its patented line of crop seeds that are resistant to Roundup. Between 1990 and 1996 sales of Roundup increased around 20% per year. the product was used in over 160 countries.


title: Roundup (herbicide)

text: Roundup is used most heavily on corn, soy, and cotton crops that have been genetically modified to withstand the chemical, but glyphosate treated approximately 5 million acres in California for crops like almond, peach, cantaloupe, onion, cherry, sweet corn, and citrus, although the product is only applied directly to certain varieties of sweet corn.


title: Rusk

text: A rusk is a hard, dry biscuit or a twice-baked bread. It is sometimes used as a teether for babies. In some cultures, rusk is made of cake, rather than bread: this is sometimes referred to as cake rusk. In the UK, the name also refers to a wheat-based food additive.


title: Rusk

text: In Argentina, rusk is called "tostadas de mesa" (literally "table toasts"), slices of twice-baked bread generally available in supermarkets in plain and sweetened variants. Cake rusk is called "bay biscuit", its ingredients are egg, sugar, oil, self-rising flour, and vanilla.


title: Rusk

text: Rusk is called sukhary ( – a loanword from Russian via Persian) in Azerbaijani. It is usually made from stale bread and buns. In Baku, some bakeries use their stale buns and bread for making rusks. The price of rusk in those bakeries is usually low, as the bakeries do this to avoid wasting the leftover bread and buns.


title: Rusk

text: It is commonly called "toast biscuit". Toast biscuits come in a variety of flavours, such as "ghee toast", "garlic toast", and "sugar toast", and are usually served with tea. Cake rusk is commonly known as "dry cake."


title: Rusk

text: Butcher rusk is a dry biscuit broken into particles, sorted by particle size and sold to butchers and others for use as a food additive in sausage manufacture. Though originally made from stale bread, now called "bread-rusk", a yeast-free variety called simply "rusk" is now more commonly used.


title: Rusk

text: In the UK, Farley's Rusks are a dry teething biscuit dating from the 1880s, but manufactured by Heinz since 1994. They are usually given to infants, either soaked in milk and mashed up or in their original hard form as a teething aid.


title: Rusk

text: "Sponge rusk" is similar to biscotti but it is made out of twice-baked yellow cake batter. The yellow cake batter is baked into a flat, rectangular cake pan. After it is baked and cooled, it is sliced into strips and baked again or toasted to make cake toast. It is usually eaten with Cuban coffee (Cuban espresso) or as an accompaniment to ice cream, custard, or other dessert dishes.


title: Rusk

text: A Finnish type of rusk is called "korppu", usually a dried piece of bun, flavoured with cinnamon and sugar. "Korppu" is a common coffee bread, normally eaten after having been dipped in coffee. A sour version, called "hapankorppu", is a flat rusk made from rye flour and salt, and can be eaten like crispbread.


title: Rusk

text: "Zwieback" (literally "twice baked") is a form of rusk in Germany. Like the Danish and French words, the name refers to being baked or cooked twice.


title: Rusk

text: The term "paximadi" () covers various forms of Greek rusk, commonly made from barley or chickpea flour, and softened with wine, water, or oil before eating. "Paximadi" form the basis of the Cretan snack "dakos" ().


title: Rusk

text: In India rusk (or toast biscuit) is a traditional dried bread or cake. It is also known as papay, rattan, "khasta" (Hindi: खस्ता), "russ" or "cake rusk" in Hindi, Punjabi or "porai" பொறை in Tamil and Urdu or "kathi biskut" in Bengali. It is usually eaten dipped in milk tea which softens the rusk. The sweet "cake rusk" version is made of cake whose ingredients include wheat flour, sugar, fat, leavening agent, and, optionally, eggs.


title: Rusk

text: Double baked bread in Indonesia is called "bagelen", believed to originate from Bagelen, a village in Central Java. Before the second bake, the bread is smeared with sugar and buttercream. It is usually eaten as a snack.


title: Rusk

text: In Iran, rusk is called "nān-e sokhāri" (Persian: نان سوخاری). It is made from wheat flour, sugar, skimmed milk powder, vegetable oil, gluten, malt extract, soy flour, salt, yeast, and water. It is eaten as a dunking biscuit, particularly with Persian chai (tea). The most common brand of "naan sukhaari" is Vitana.


title: Rusk

text: In Italy, this form is called fette biscottate. It should not be confused with "biscotti" (twice-baked cookies or biscuits).


title: Rusk

text: Italians have cantucci, a double-baked almond rusk-like biscuit. What's more, while cantucci are just as firm and crunchy as the South African version, Italians insist that they are dipped and not dunked like rusks. The dipping, they maintain, is best done in cappuccino, dessert wine or grappa.


title: Rusk

text: In the Levant this form is called "boksum" (Arabic: ) in Iraq and Syria or "qurshalla" (Arabic:قرشلة) in Jordan and the occupied Palestinian territory. It is made from flour, eggs, oil or butter, sugar, yeast or baking powder, and sometimes a small amount of cardamon. It is topped with roasted sesame seeds, black caraway seeds, or anise, and eaten as a dunking biscuit, especially with herbal tea.


title: Rusk

text: "Beschuit", also known as Dutch crispbakes, are light, round, rather crumbly, rusks as eaten in the Netherlands and Belgium. When a baby is born in The Netherlands, it is customary to serve "beschuit met muisjes" (with "little mice", which are aniseeds covered in a white and pink or blue sugar layer, depending on the newborn's gender). "Beschuiten" are also eaten as a breakfast food with a variety of toppings, most commonly butter and sprinkles in flavours such as chocolate ("chocoladehagel" or "chocoladevlokken") or fruit ("vruchtenhagel"), jam or cheese. A longtime Dutch favourite is to serve strawberries on "beschuit", which is usually topped with some sugar or whipped cream.


title: Rusk

text: "Beschuiten" are made by first baking a flat round bread ("beschuitbol"), slicing it in half, and then baking each half again, usually at a lower heat. It is almost always sold in rolls; a roll typically has 13 rusks (a baker's dozen). Etymologically, "biscotto" (16th-century Italian), biscuit (19th century, from 16th-century "bisket") and "beschuit" come from the Latin phrase "(panis)" "bis-coctus", (bread, twice cooked).


title: Rusk

text: In Norway, rusk is referred to as "kavring", and is similar to the Swedish "skorpor". Crushed kavring, called "strøkavring", is used, amongst other things, for making "kjøttkaker" and in the traditional dessert "tilslørte bondepiker". Kavring is also broken up and can be served with regular, soured or cultured milk.


title: Rusk

text: In Pakistan, Rusk is colloquially known as "Russ" (Urdu: رس). It is either available as a spherical shape that is akin to a bun or as separate rectangular pieces. It is a popular breakfast food, and is usually eaten by dipping it into milk tea, locally known as doodh chai, to soften it. Cake rusk is called papay (Shahmukhi: پاپے) in Punjabi.


title: Rusk

text: The Portuguese version of rusk is called "tosta". "Tosta" are a hard coarse-textured slice of bread – it can be sweet, but most often it is savory – and it can be of various shapes and thicknesses. It is often ground up and used as bread crumbs.


title: Rusk

text: The Russian version is called "sukhar' " (Cyrillic: сухарь) from "сухой" – "dry". They are either baked a second time from sweet challah-like bread, sliced in biscotti fashion or made of leftover stale bread, cut into small cubes and air-dried or baked at a very low temperature. The first one is like a cookie, which can be served with milk, kefir, tea, coffee or cacao. The second one is usually added to soup, clear or otherwise, softening up from absorbed liquids and accompanying it instead of bread. It became a tradition to avoid wasting leftover bread that always was a staple in Russian cuisine. There is much folklore about bread in the Russian language, paying respect to this grain food that is one of the cornerstones of Slavic nations' life and history. Rye bread rusks are the major ingredient in making of the Russian Kvass, a traditional fermented beverage.


title: Rusk

text: Rusks is the anglicized term for "beskuit" and is a traditional Afrikaner breakfast meal or snack. They have been dried in South Africa since the late 1690s as a way of preserving bread, especially when traveling long distances without refrigeration. Their use continued through the Great Trek and the Boer Wars through to the modern day. Rusks are typically dunked in coffee or tea before being eaten.


title: Rusk

text: Rusks are essentially double-baked bread dough. Round balls of dough are closely packed in pans and baked like bread, after which long chunks are cut or broken off and slowly re-baked to a dry consistency. Several modern-day, mass-produced versions are available, the most famous brand being "Ouma Rusks". Many bakeries, delis, and home industries sell commercial rusks, sometimes made from non-traditional ingredients, such as baking powder rather than sourdough. In addition to plain and buttermilk flavours, aniseed, wholewheat, condensed milk, muesli, and lemon poppyseed variations are also available.


title: Rusk

text: "Skorpor" (plural; singular skorpa) are a Swedish form of rusk. They are usually unflavoured or flavoured with cardamom, but can also be flavoured with herbs, dried fruit, nuts, or spices such as anise. Swedish bakery company Pågen makes the world's most-sold rusk brand, Krisprolls. The traditional Swedish way to eat them is dipping them into a beverage such as coffee, milk or juice. You can also put butter and possibly cheese, marmalade or jam on top and eat them on the side of a beverage or a fruit soup.


title: Rusk

text: Rusks are known in Sweden at least since the 16th century. Rusks were provisions in the military units and on ships. Back then they could also be crushed with a hammer and the crumbs ended up in svagdricka, beer and soup.


title: Rusk

text: In Turkish, rusk is called "peksimet". "Pek" stands for solid, tight, or durable in Turkish and "simet/simit" is an Arabic word [سميد] meaning bread, or flour. Another name is "galeta", a loanword from Catalan.


title: Rusk

text: In the US, commonly available types of rusk include melba toast and croutons, which are sold packaged in grocery stores, and biscotti, which is found both at grocery stores and coffee shops.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Prakash Jha (born 27 February 1952) is an Indian film producer, actor, director and screenwriter, mostly known for his political and socio-political films such as “Hip Hip Hurray” (1984), "Damul" (1984), "Mrityudand" (1997), "Gangaajal" (2003), "Apaharan" (2005), including multi-starrer movies like "Raajneeti" (2010), "Aarakshan" (2011) "Chakravyuh" (2012), and Satyagraha (2013), Dirty Politics (2015 ). He is also the maker of National Film Award winning documentaries like, "Faces After The Storm" (1984) and "Sonal" (2002).


title: Prakash Jha

text: He runs a production company, Prakash Jha Productions. He also owns the P&M Mall in Patna and the P&M Hi-Tech Mall in Jamshedpur.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Prakash Jha was raised at his family's farm in Barharwa, Bettiah, West Champaran, Bihar, India. His father's name is Shri Tej Nath Jha. He did his schooling from Sainik School Tilaya, Koderma district and Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand. Later, he joined Ramjas College, Delhi University to do BSc (Hons) in Physics, though he left his studies after one year, and decided to go to Bombay (present-day Mumbai) and become a painter. While he was preparing for J.J. School of Arts, he happened to witness the shooting of the film "Dharma" and got hooked on filmmaking. He graduated from KC College, Mumbai


title: Prakash Jha

text: He joined the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune in 1973, to do a course in editing. Midway through it, the institution was closed for while due to student agitation, so he came to Bombay, started working, and never went back to complete the course.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Prakash was at one time married to actress Deepti Naval with whom he has an adopted daughter Disha Jha.


title: Prakash Jha

text: While still midway through his course, he started working on films independently in 1974. He made his first documentary, "Under the Blue", in 1975, and continued to do so for the next eight years.


title: Prakash Jha

text: During this period he made some highly politically charged documentaries, like the one of the Bihar Sharif riot, titled, "Faces After Storm" (1984). It received considerable attention, as it was banned within 4–5 days of its release, though later it won the National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film for the year.


title: Prakash Jha

text: He made his debut as a feature film director with "Hip Hip Hurray" in 1984, scripted by Gulzar and starring Raj Kiran and Deepti Naval as leads. Next came the film he received most recognition for, "Damul" (1984), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film and the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie in 1985. The film was based on the bonded labour issue in Bihar.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Over the years he has made over 25 documentaries, 13 feature films, two television features and three television series, including the popular TV serial "Mungerilal Ke Hasin Sapne". His production company has produced five films with independent directors.


title: Prakash Jha

text: In 2004, Jha directed the 112-minute film "Loknayak", based on the life of Bharat Ratna Jayaprakash Narayan. In the film, Chetan Pandit played the role of Narayan and Tisca Chopra played Prabhavati Devi, the wife of JP.


title: Prakash Jha

text: In 2010, Jha directed "Raajneeti", a contemporary take on the epic "Mahabharata". It starred Ajay Devgan, Manoj Bajpai, Naseeruddin Shah, Katrina Kaif, Arjun Rampal, Nana Patekar and Ranbir Kapoor, and was a critical and commercial success. His next venture was "Aarakshan", which starred Amitabh Bachchan, Saif Ali Khan Deepika Padukone and Prateik Babbar. In 2012, Jha's release "Chakravyuh" starred Arjun Rampal, Abhay Deol, Manoj Bajpai, Kabir Bedi and Esha Gupta, and was released in Dussehra 2012. His next film "Satyagraha" (2013) starred Amitabh Bachchan and Ajay Devgn.


title: Prakash Jha

text: In 2019, he acted in the film "Saand Ki Aankh" a biographical film directed by Tushar Hiranandani. He played Rattan Singh Tomar, the patriarch of the Tomar family.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Prakash Jha contested and lost the 14th Lok Sabha election from his native place Bettiah in 2004. He stood 6th and managed to get around 26,000 votes only, while the winner Raghunath Jha got 2,11,590 votes. He also lost the 15th Lok Sabha election to Sanjay Jaiswal in 2009 as Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) candidate from Paschim Champaran. In the same election Sadhu Yadav stood 3rd as INC candidate.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Jha once again contested in the 16th Lok Sabha election in 2014 as a Janata Dal (United) candidate from Paschim Champaran and lost to Sanjay Jaiswal. In 2014 election affidavit he had mentioned that he has assets worth ₹92.5 crores and liabilities worth ₹55.2 crores.


title: Prakash Jha

text: For the last ten years Prakash Jha has been seriously involved with development initiatives in Bihar. He has been spearheading growth in infrastructure, health care and vocational training facilities in the state through the NGO Anubhooti.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Prakash Jha is the chairman of Anubhooti, a registered society that has been working for cultural development, improvement of health care, disaster management and the upliftment of farmers and socio-economically backward people in Bihar since 1991.


title: Prakash Jha

text: Most recently, the organization has been working for flood survivors. After the Kosi flood on 18 August 2008, Anubhooti has provided complete relief to 6000 people since September 2008. Anubhooti has created a model village, Hindolwa village, for those the flood affected, and is working towards their complete rehabilitation. Anubhooti has provided relief to 5000 people for health care in Supaul district in Bihar.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Cameron Mitchell (born Cameron McDowell Mitzell; November 4, 1918 – July 6, 1994) was an American film, television, and stage actor. He began his career on Broadway before entering films in the 1950s, appearing in several major features. Late in his career, he became known for his roles in numerous exploitation films in the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell began acting on Broadway in the late 1930s before signing a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and appearing in such films as "Cass Timberlane" (1945) and "Homecoming" (1948). He subsequently originated the role of Happy Loman in the Broadway production of Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" (1949), a role he reprised in the 1951 film adaptation. With 20th Century Fox, he appeared in "How to Marry a Millionaire" (1953).


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Throughout the 1960s, he appeared in spaghetti Westerns and Italian films―including several collaborations with director Mario Bava―then on U.S. television. From the mid-1970s through the 1980s, he appeared in numerous exploitation and horror films and television shows.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell was born in Dallastown, Pennsylvania of Scottish and German descent, one of seven children of Rev. Charles Michael Mitzell and Kathryn Isabella (née Ehrhart) Mitzell. Young Cameron moved to Chicora, Pennsylvania, in 1921 when his father was accepted as pastor of the St. John's Reformed Church, Butler, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Shrewsbury, Pennsylvania. He was a 1936 graduate of Greenwood High School in Millerstown, Pennsylvania.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: In 1939, Mitchell made his Broadway debut in a minor role in "Jeremiah". During this time, he became an NBC page at NBC Radio City, which led to a minor role in a 1940 production of "The Taming of the Shrew" with Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne's National Theater Company.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: In 1941, he appeared again on Broadway in "The Trojan Women". In 1944, he served as a bombardier with the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell's film career began when he was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1945 for three years, with minor roles in films including "They Were Expendable" (1945), starring John Wayne and Robert Montgomery. He was featured with Lana Turner and Spencer Tracy in "Cass Timberlane", and with Wallace Beery in "The Mighty McGurk" (both 1947). He concluded his MGM period with two films starring Clark Gable: "Homecoming" (also with Turner) and "Command Decision" (both 1948).


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell originated the role of Happy Loman in Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" (1949) on Broadway. After its closing, he appeared again in the Broadway production of "Southern Exposure" (1950). Mitchell reprised the role of Happy Loman in the 1951 film adaptation released by Columbia Pictures. Mitchell was contracted with 20th Century-Fox, where he had a prolific career in such films as a version of "Les Miserables" (1952) as Marius, and in the comedy "How to Marry a Millionaire" (1953), in which he portrayed a wealthy man attempting to romance a single woman (played by Lauren Bacall). Marilyn Monroe and Betty Grable were the other female leads.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: He then appeared alongside Gary Cooper, Susan Hayward, and Richard Widmark in the drama "Garden of Evil" (1954), followed by a supporting role in Samuel Fuller's Cold War drama "Hell and High Water" (1954). He subsequently co-starred with Marlon Brando in "Désirée" (1954); with Gable and Jane Russell in the Western "The Tall Men" (1955); and the film version of the stage musical "Carousel" (1956). Mitchell was loaned back to MGM to co-star with Doris Day and James Cagney in the musical drama "Love Me or Leave Me" (1955).


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell starred in an unsold 1959 television pilot called "I Am a Lawyer", but he achieved success on television during the latter part of his career, where he is best remembered for starring as Buck Cannon in the 1960s/1970s NBC Western series, "The High Chaparral". He had the lead as John Lackland in the 1961 syndicated adventure series "The Beachcomber".


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Throughout the 1960s, Mitchell starred in numerous Italian sword and sandal, horror, fantasy, and thriller films, several of which were directed by Mario Bava. Among his collaborations with Bava were the action film "Erik the Conqueror" (1961), playing a Viking; "Blood and Black Lace" (1964), in which he portrayed the owner of a fashion house plagued by a series of brutal murders; and as a knife-throwing Viking warrior in "Knives of the Avenger" (1966). He also appeared in Westerns, such as "Minnesota Clay" (1964) and "Ride in the Whirlwind" (1966).


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: In later years, Mitchell appeared in villainous roles as a sheriff-turned-outlaw in "Hombre" (1967), a bandit in "Buck and the Preacher" (1972), and a Ku Klux Klan racist in "The Klansman" (1974). Beginning in 1970, he intermittently filmed "The Other Side of the Wind" with director Orson Welles, a project that was unreleased until 2018. In 1975–1976, he portrayed Jeremiah Worth in the "Swiss Family Robinson" TV series, and had a supporting role opposite Leo Fong in the Filipino film "Enforcer from Death Row" (1976).


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell was subsequently featured on an episode of "Bonanza" and ABC's "S.W.A.T.". He guest-starred on the "Landslide" episode of "Movin' On" in 1975. He appeared on Gene Evans's short-lived "Spencer's Pilots" on CBS in 1976. Mitchell also had roles in horror films and in many exploitation films, such as "The Toolbox Murders" (1978), the creature feature "The Swarm" (1978), the slasher film "The Demon" (1979), the slasher film "Silent Scream" (1980). He appeared again on Broadway in the 1978 production of "The November People", and the same year starred as Henry Gordon in the television miniseries adaptation of "Black Beauty".


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Late in his career, Mitchell played a gangster for laughs in "My Favorite Year" (1982), and a police detective in the 1983 pornographic film "Dixie Ray, Hollywood Star". He had a supporting role in the anthology horror films "Night Train to Terror" (1985) and "From a Whisper to a Scream" (1987), as well as roles portraying right-wing General Edwin A. Walker in "Prince Jack" (1985), and as Captain Alex Jansen in "Space Mutiny", a 1988 South African science fiction film that appeared as an "Experiment" in episode 820 of "Mystery Science Theater 3000."


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: On August 17, 1940, Mitchell married Johanna Mendel, daughter of self-made Canadian business tycoon Fred Mendel, in Lancaster, New Hampshire. The Mendel family was based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where Fred Mendel founded Intercontinental Packers, a major family-owned meat packing operation. The Mitchells' four children held dual US/Canadian citizenship. Johanna Mitchell gave birth to their first son, Robert Cameron Mitchell, in New York on July 4, 1941; he died in 1981. Although Mitchell and Johanna later divorced, he maintained close ties to Canada. Their daughter, Camille Mitchell (born 1954), and another son, Charles (later known as Cameron Mitchell Jr.; born 1951); both are actors. Cameron and Johanna's second son, Michael Fredrick "Fred" Mitchell (1946–1998), was president of Intercontinental Packers for many years working alongside his mother, Johanna, who was chairwoman of the board. The company is now known as Mitchell's Gourmet Foods and still operates out of Saskatoon, now owned by Maple Leaf Foods.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell married Lissa Jacobs Gertz in June 1957. His first wife, Johanna filed a lawsuit alleging cruelty, and sought over $2,000 a month in financial support. Mitchell and Gertz had three children: Kate, Jake, and Jono.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: In February 1974, Mitchell entered his second bankruptcy, with $2.4 million in debts contrasted with $26 in two bank accounts. He told Associated Press writer Bob Thomas: "The reasons are the same as have happened to other actors over the years. Stupid, bad investments. Parasites who live off you. Too much trust in people who handle your money."


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: On May 9, 1973, Mitchell married Margaret Brock Johnson Mozingo, whom he met when he was in Clemson, South Carolina, making "The Midnight Man"; their marriage took place in Puerto Rico. In November 1976, his wife applied to a civil court to annul the marriage on the grounds of bigamy. Arguing she was the victim of deception, she said she married her husband before his divorce from Gertz was finalized on February 23, 1974. Mitchell's marriage to Mozingo was formally annulled. In March 1976, Gertz had sued Mozingo for $53,000, a sum she claimed Mitchell and Mozingo agreed to pay her as a divorce settlement.


title: Cameron Mitchell (actor)

text: Mitchell died of lung cancer on July 6, 1994, in Pacific Palisades, California, at age 75. He is buried in Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.


title: Shinjuku

text: Shinjuku is also commonly used to refer to the entire area surrounding Shinjuku Station. The southern half of this area and of the station in fact belong to Yoyogi and Sendagaya districts of the neighboring Shibuya ward.


title: Shinjuku

text: Shinjuku is surrounded by Chiyoda to the east; Bunkyo and Toshima to the north; Nakano to the west, and Shibuya and Minato to the south.


title: Shinjuku

text: The current city of Shinjuku grew out of several separate towns and villages, which have retained some distinctions despite growing together as part of the Tokyo metropolis.


title: Shinjuku

text: "Shinjuku" is often popularly understood to mean the entire area surrounding Shinjuku Station, but the Shinjuku Southern Terrace complex and the areas to the west of the station and south of Kōshū Kaidō are part of the Yoyogi and Sendagaya districts of the special ward of Shibuya.


title: Shinjuku

text: Naturally, most of Shinjuku is occupied by the Yodobashi Plateau, the most elevated portion of which extends through most of the Shinjuku Station area. The Kanda River runs through the Ochiai and Totsuka areas near sea level, but the Toshima Plateau also builds elevation in the northern extremities of Totsuka and Ochiai. The highest point in Shinjuku is Hakone-san in Toyama Park, 44.6 m above sea level.


title: Shinjuku

text: In 1634, during the Edo period, as the outer moat of the Edo Castle was built, a number of temples and shrines moved to the Yotsuya area on the western edge of Shinjuku. In 1698, Naitō-Shinjuku had developed as a new (shin) station (shuku or juku) on the Kōshū Kaidō, one of the major highways of that era. Naitō was the family name of a "daimyō" whose mansion stood in the area; his land is now a public park, the Shinjuku Gyoen. In 1898, the Yodobashi Water Purification Plant, the city's first modern water treatment facility, was built in the area that is now between the park and the train station.


title: Shinjuku

text: In 1920, the town of Naitō-Shinjuku, which comprised large parts of present-day Shinjuku (the neighbourhood, not the municipality), parts of Nishi-Shinjuku and Kabukichō was integrated into Tokyo City. Shinjuku began to develop into its current form after the Great Kantō Earthquake in 1923, since the seismically stable area largely escaped the devastation. Consequently, West Shinjuku is one of the few areas in Tokyo with many skyscrapers.


title: Shinjuku

text: The Tokyo air raids from May to August 1945 destroyed almost 90% of the buildings in the area in and around Shinjuku Station. The pre-war form of Shinjuku, and the rest of Tokyo, for that matter, was retained after the war because the roads and rails, damaged as they were, remained, and these formed the heart of the Shinjuku in the post-war construction. Only in Kabuki-cho was a grand reconstruction plan put into action.


title: Shinjuku

text: The present ward was established on March 15, 1947 with the merger of the former wards of Yotsuya, Ushigome, and Yodobashi. It served as part of the athletics 50 km walk and marathon course during the 1964 Summer Olympics. In the 1970s, the Yodobashi Water Purification Plant closed and was replaced by skyscrapers.


title: Shinjuku

text: In 1991, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government moved from the Marunouchi district of Chiyoda to the current building in Shinjuku. (The Tokyo International Forum stands on the former site vacated by the government.)


title: Shinjuku

text: The area surrounding Shinjuku Station is a major economic hub of Tokyo. Many companies have their headquarters or Tokyo offices in this area, including regional telephone operator NTT East, global camera and medical device manufacturer Olympus Corporation, electronics giant Seiko Epson, video game developer Square Enix, fast food chains McDonald's Japan and Yoshinoya, travel agency H.I.S., Subaru Corporation (Subaru), railway operator Odakyu Electric Railway, construction giants Taisei Corporation and Kumagai Gumi, medical equipment manufacturer Nihon Kohden, Enoki Films, navigation software company Jorudan, instant noodle giant Nissin Foods, automotive components manufacturer Keihin Corporation, and regional airline Airtransse. The station area also hosts numerous major retailers such as Isetan, Takashimaya, Marui, Bic Camera, Yodobashi Camera and Yamada Denki.


title: Shinjuku

text: Northeastern Shinjuku has an active publishing industry and is home to the publishers Shinchosha and Futabasha. The main store of the Books Kinokuniya bookstore chain is also located in Shinjuku.


title: Shinjuku

text: As of December 2017 Shinjuku had the highest concentration of non-Japanese citizens in Japan, and by 2012 people of Chinese citizenship became the most numerous foreign citizens in Shinjuku. Previously the most common citizenship was collectively those of North and South Korea.


title: Shinjuku

text: Like the other special wards of Tokyo, Shinjuku has a status equivalent to that of a city. The current mayor is Kenichi Yoshizumi. The consists of 38 elected members; the Liberal Democratic Party and New Komeitō Party together currently hold a majority. The Democratic Party of Japan, Japanese Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party are also represented together with four independents. Shinjuku's is located on the southeastern edge of Kabukichō.


title: Shinjuku

text: Shinjuku is also the location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. The governor's office, the metropolitan assembly chamber, and all administrative head offices are located in the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building. Technically, Shinjuku is therefore the prefectural capital of Tokyo; but according to a statement by the governor's office, Tokyo (the – as administrative unit: former – Tokyo City, the area of today's 23 special wards collectively) can usually be considered the capital of Tokyo (prefecture/"Metropolis") for geographical purposes. The Geographical Survey Institute (Kokudo Chiriin) names Tōkyō (the city) as capital of Tōkyō-to (the prefecture/"Metropolis").


title: Shinjuku

text: Shinjuku is a major urban transit hub. Shinjuku Station sees an estimated 3.64 million passengers pass through each day, making it the busiest station in the world. It houses interchanges to three subway lines and three privately owned commuter lines, as well as several JR lines.


title: Shinjuku

text: Public elementary and junior high schools in Shinjuku are operated by the Shinjuku City (the Shinjuku Ward) Board of Education.


title: Shinjuku

text: Shinjuku operates several public libraries, including the Central Library (with the Children's Library), the Yotsuya Library, the Tsurumaki Library, Tsunohazu Library, the Nishi-Ochiai Library, the Toyama Library, the Kita-Shinjuku Library, the Okubo Library, and the Nakamachi Library. In addition there is a branch library, Branch Library of Central Library in the City Office, located in the city office.


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: Petite bourgeoisie (, literally 'small bourgeoisie'; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a French term that refers to a social class composed of semi-autonomous peasants and small-scale merchants whose politico-economic ideological stance in times of socioeconomic stability is determined by reflecting that of a "haute bourgeoisie" ('high' bourgeoisie) with which the "petite bourgeoisie" seeks to identify itself and whose bourgeois morality it strives to imitate.


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: The term is politico-economic and references historical materialism. It originally denoted a sub-stratum of the middle classes in the 18th and early-19th centuries. In the mid-19th century, the German economist Karl Marx and other Marxist theorists used the term "petite bourgeoisie" to identify the socio-economic stratum of the bourgeoisie that consists of small shopkeepers and self-employed artisans.


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: The "petite bourgeoisie" is economically distinct from the proletariat and the "Lumpenproletariat" social-class strata who rely entirely on the sale of their labor-power for survival. It is also distinct from the capitalist class "haute bourgeoisie" ('high' bourgeoisie) that owns the means of production and thus can buy the labor-power of the proletariat and "Lumpenproletariat" to work the means of production. Although members of the "petite bourgeoisie" can buy the labor of others, they typically work alongside their employees, unlike the "haute bourgeoisie".


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: The "petite bourgeoisie" is little-defined in Marx's own work, with only the words 'smaller capitalists' used in "The Communist Manifesto".


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: Historically, Karl Marx predicted that the petite bourgeoisie was to lose in the course of economic development. Following this, R. J. B. Bosworth suggested that it was to become the political mainstay of fascism, which represented in political form a terroristic response to their inevitable loss of power (economic, political, and social) to the haute bourgeoisie.


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: Wilhelm Reich also highlighted the principal support of the rise of fascism in Germany given by the petite bourgeoisie and middle class in "The Mass Psychology of Fascism". He claimed that the middle classes were a hotbed for political reaction due to their reliance on the patriarchal family (according to Reich, small businesses are often self-exploiting enterprises of families headed by the father, whose morality binds the family together in their somewhat precarious economic position) and the sexual repression that underlies it.


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: This was disputed by historian Richard Pipes who wrote, in the case of the Nazi Party, that while at first limited to this group, by the end of the 1920s workers joined the party en masse and were the largest occupational group in the party by 1934.


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: Søren Kierkegaard wrote that "the petty bourgeois is spiritless[.] ... Devoid of imagination, as the petty bourgeois always is, he lives within a certain orbit of trivial experiences as to how things come about, what is possible, what usually happens, no matter whether he is a tapster or a prime minister. This is the way the petty bourgeois has lost himself and God". According to him, the petite bourgeoisie exemplifies a spiritual emptiness that is rooted in an overemphasis on the worldly, rather than the inwardness of the self. However, Kierkegaard's indictment relies less on a class analysis of the petite bourgeoisie than on the perception of a worldview which was common in his middle-class milieu.


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: In fact, though there have been many depictions of the petite bourgeoisie in literature as well as in cartoons, based on an image of their overly conventional practicality, the realities of the petite bourgeoisie throughout the 19th century were more complex. All the same, writers have been concerned with petite bourgeois morality and behavior and have portrayed them as undesirable characters. Henrik Ibsen's "An Enemy of the People" was a play written in direct response to the reception of another one of his plays for making "indecent" references to syphilis and in general his work was considered scandalous in its disregard for the morality of the period. Later, Bertolt Brecht's concern with Nazism and his Marxist politics got him interested in exploring the petite bourgeois mind and this interest led him to represent the petite bourgeoisie repeatedly throughout his work (one was even titled "The Seven Deadly Sins of the Petite Bourgeoisie").


title: Petite bourgeoisie

text: In his book "", James C. Scott dedicates an entire chapter to describing some features of the petite bourgeoisie. First, he points out the contempt of this class by Marxists due to the ambiguity of their political position. He further points out that this position of contempt or distaste encompasses both the socialist bloc and large capitalist democracies, due to the difficulty of monitoring, taxing and policing of this class. This difficulty results from the complexity, variety and mobility of activities taken on by this class. He points out the petite bourgeoisie has existed for most of civilized history. He also states that even those who are not part of the class have to some degree desired to become small property owners, due to the conferred autonomy and social standing. He continues that the desire to keep and restore lost land has been the leitmotif of most radically egalitarian mass movements. He argues that the petite bourgeoisie have an indispensable economic role in terms of invention and innovation, citing as an example software startups that develop ideas which are then usually bought by larger firms. He also points out that small shopkeepers provide several "unpaid" social services such as:


title: Soichiro Honda

text: Honda was born in Kōmyō village, Iwata District, Shizuoka, near Hamamatsu on November 17, 1906. He spent his early childhood helping his father, Gihei Honda, a blacksmith, with his bicycle repair business. At the time his mother, Mika Honda, was a weaver. Honda was not interested in traditional education. His school handed grade reports to the children, but required that they be returned stamped with the family seal, to make sure that a parent had seen it. Honda created a stamp to forge his family seal out of a used rubber bicycle pedal cover. The fraud was soon discovered when he started to make forged stamps for other children. Honda was unaware that the stamp was supposed to be mirror-imaged. His family name 本田 (Honda) is symmetrical when written vertically, so it did not cause a problem, but some of other children's family names were not.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: Even as a toddler, Honda had been thrilled by the first car that was ever seen in his village. In later life, he would often say that he could never forget the smell of oil it gave off, saying that it smelled "like perfume".


title: Soichiro Honda

text: Soichiro once borrowed one of his father's bicycles to see a demonstration of an airplane made by pilot Art Smith, which cemented his love for machinery and invention.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: At 15, without any formal education, Honda left home and headed to Tokyo to look for work. He obtained an apprenticeship at a garage in 1922. After some hesitation over his employment, he stayed for six years, working as a car mechanic before returning home to start his own auto repair business in 1928 at the age of 22.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: Honda raced a turbocharged Ford in the "1st Japan Automobile Race" at Tamagawa Speedway in 1936. He crashed and seriously injured his left eye. His brother was also injured. After that, he quit racing.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: In 1937, Honda founded Tōkai Seiki to produce piston rings for Toyota. During World War II, a US B-29 bomber attack destroyed Tōkai Seiki's Yamashita plant in 1944 and the Iwata plant collapsed in the 1945 Mikawa earthquake. After the war, Honda sold the salvageable remains of the company to Toyota for ¥450,000 and used the proceeds to found the Honda Technical Research Institute in October 1946. In 1948 he started producing a complete motorized bicycle, the Type A, which was driven by the first mass-produced engine designed by Honda, and was sold until 1951. The Type D in 1949 was a true motorcycle with a pressed-steel frame designed and produced by Honda and with a 2-stroke, engine, and became the very first model in the Dream series of motorcycles. The lists both the Type A and the Type D models as two of their "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology".


title: Soichiro Honda

text: After the war, Honda became reacquainted with his friend Takeo Fujisawa, whom he had known during his days as a supplier of piston rings to Nakajima Aircraft Company. In 1949, Honda hired Fujisawa, who oversaw the financial side of the company and helped the firm expand. In 1959, Honda Motorcycles opened its first dealership in the United States. As president of the Honda Motor Company, Soichiro Honda turned the company into a billion-dollar multinational that produced the best-selling motorcycles in the world. Honda's engineering and marketing skills resulted in Honda motorcycles outselling Triumph and Harley-Davidson in their respective home markets.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: Honda remained president until his retirement in 1973, where he stayed on as director and was appointed "supreme advisor" in 1983. His status was such that "People" magazine placed him on their "25 Most Intriguing People of the Year" list for 1980, dubbing him "the Japanese Henry Ford." In retirement, Honda busied himself with work connected with the Honda Foundation.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: Even at his advanced age, Soichiro and his wife Sachi both held private pilot's licenses. He also enjoyed skiing, golf, racing cars, hang gliding and ballooning at 77, and he was a highly accomplished artist. He and Takeo Fujisawa made a pact never to force their own sons to join the company. His son, Hirotoshi Honda, was the founder and former CEO of Mugen Motorsports, a tuner for Honda vehicles who also created original racing vehicles.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: ASME established the Soichiro Honda Medal in recognition of Mr. Honda's achievements in 1982; this medal recognizes outstanding achievement or significant engineering contributions in the field of personal transportation. In 1989, he was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame near Detroit.


title: Soichiro Honda

text: Soichiro Honda died on August 5, 1991, days before the Hungarian Grand Prix, of liver failure. He was 84. Ayrton Senna, winner of the Grand Prix, dedicated the victory to the late Soichiro Honda. He was posthumously appointed to the senior third rank in the order of precedence and appointed a Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun.


title: Jo Frost

text: Joanne Frost (born 27 June 1970) is an English television personality, nanny, and author. She is best known for the reality television programme "Supernanny UK", in which she was the central figure. The show first aired in the United Kingdom in 2004 and she has branched off into several other reality shows in the United Kingdom, United States and the Netherlands. "Family S.O.S. with Jo Frost" addressed issues such as addiction and abuse. "Family Matters" is a talk show. She has written six books on child care.


title: Jo Frost

text: Frost grew up with one brother in Southwest London. Her father was an English builder and her mother, born in Gibraltar, was an interior decorator. Frost had a happy, physically active childhood. Because her father was interested in history, she frequently visited a number of castles and museums as a child. Frost's mother died of breast cancer when Frost was 24.


title: Jo Frost

text: Frost worked as a nanny for over 30 years, beginning in 1989, when she was 18 years of age. She was employed in the United Kingdom and the United States and Frost's clients included celebrities such as John Lloyd, a television producer.


title: Jo Frost

text: Frost was hired for the Channel 4's "Supernanny" television show that launched in the United Kingdom in 2004. In each episode she visited a family and implemented consistent disciplinary, behavioral, and entertainment techniques to improve troubled families' lives. In their book "Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Children and Adolescents", Michel Hersen and David Reitman state, "With considerable skill, "Super Nanny" Jo Frost implements standard, evidence-based contingency management procedures, as well as heavy evidence of creating alternative positive activity structures." The show has had its critics, and not all child-care experts agree with her approach. Some people find that the children's right to privacy has been violated and that children are embarrassed when put on the "naughty step". Newcastle University media and cultural-studies lecturer Tracey Jensen believes that the format results in the mother being "shamed before she is transformed".


title: Jo Frost

text: The show, viewed by six million people in its first year, was an "instant success." Shows were created in 48 countries by 2014 that were tailored after "Supernanny". The UK show ran six seasons. The United States version aired on ABC. Like the UK version, the American Supernanny was also a success and garnered Frost invitations to "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". In 2011, Frost quit "Supernanny", and Deborah Tillman, who ran a group of play schools, was hired as her replacement for the United States show.


title: Jo Frost

text: "Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance" aired in the UK for Channel 4 beginning in 2010. It had an issue-based format, with limited home visits. "Family S.O.S. with Jo Frost" premiered 28 May 2013, on TLC in the United States with a 90-minute episode. "Supernanny" focused on discipline issues, but "Family S.O.S." tackled serious, complex issues, such as blended families, addiction, abuse, and marital problems in family's homes. TV critic Hank Stuever commented, "For all its noise and uncomfy moments, "Family S.O.S." is relatively genuine stuff, especially for the current incarnation of TLC. Viewers who know Frost's previous work will have no trouble believing that she cares about the outcome and sincerely wants to help these families patch things up." Frost was one of the executive producers for the show.


title: Jo Frost

text: Beginning 18 April 2014, she hosted the talk show "" for ITV. Prior to the show, families underwent taped interviews about the nature of their difficulties, to be addressed during the talk show. The show relied on Frost's intuition and experience to resolve difficult situations, sometimes dealing with parents more directly than she may have done in other shows. Over time, Frost has softened her image, including stopping her common gesture of pointing her finger at people, and stopped wearing severe suits, both of which had been iconic during her time on "Supernanny". Twofour Broadcast planned in July 2014 for a new UK show with Frost that would "help to restore harmony and balance to their family life" over the course of a family retreat.


title: Jo Frost

text: It was announced in January 2015 that Frost's production company, Nanny Jo Productions, partnered with Strix Television to produce "Nanny on Tour". Based in the Netherlands, Frost will travel across the country helping families. An debuted on Up TV on 28 January 2016 for a 10-week run.


title: Jo Frost

text: Lifetime announced, on 27 March 2019, that a twenty-episode season of "Supernanny" would return on their network. It premiered on 1 January 2020, eight years after the ABC version finished.


title: Jo Frost

text: On 16 September 2020, Nine Network announced Frost would front their new show "The Parent Jury" in Australia.


title: Jo Frost

text: Frost is an advocate for the United Nations Foundation's Shot@Life movement, which aims to decrease vaccine-preventable childhood diseases and deaths. In March 2015, she visited legislators at Capitol Hill to show her support for the movement. Frost operates a blog to promote vaccination of children and is one of the celebrities that has shown her support for #Givingtuesday, the International Day of Giving.


title: Jo Frost

text: In 1994, her mother died of cancer. Frost, who regularly travels for work, lived with her father when she was not taping or meeting other career obligations. As of 2014, she is living with her husband, location coordinator Darrin Jackson, in Orange County, California.


title: Jo Frost

text: She speaks on parental and familial issues. Frost also is an active supporter for those who live with anaphylaxis and life-threatening allergies, and is the 2014 ambassador for FARE (Food, Allergy, Research and Education) and an activist for children of neglect and poverty.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Allegra Mostyn-Owen is a British journalist and teacher. She is notable for being the first wife of former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Mostyn-Owen was born in London to art historian and Christie's Education chairman, William Mostyn-Owen, and Italian writer Gaia Servadio. She was raised by her parents alongside her two brothers, Orlando and Owen. During her time as an undergraduate student at Trinity College, Oxford she worked as a journalist and met Johnson. Mostyn-Owen and Johnson married in 1987, before divorcing in 1993. She remarried in 2010.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Mostyn-Owen attended Trinity College at the University of Oxford in 1983. She studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics as an undergraduate. Students often spoke of her as one of Oxford's most beautiful women. This judgement was confirmed through her modelling roles. These roles included being photographed by David Bailey for the cover of "Tatler" magazine and Terence Donovan for "Vogue". She was also on the books of the renowned Models1 modelling agency in London.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Her career in journalism began when she became the joint student editor of Oxford's "The Isis" in 1985.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: After graduating from university, Mostyn-Owen began working for the British newspaper, the "Evening Standard". She worked on the paper's gossip column "Londoner's Diary" but resigned the following April. Following her exit from journalism, she received her master's degree in EU Law from the Université libre de Bruxelles in Belgium.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Following her divorce from Johnson, Mostyn-Owen embarked on a new career teaching Muslim women English and art at the Minhaj-UI-Quran Mosque in East London. Shortly after, she persuaded mosque elders to let her start art classes for boys and girls aged five to fourteen. In 2010, Mostyn-Owen spoke at a public event on the closing of the Muslim Mind and the audience was reportedly gripped by her "creative and kindly" personality.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: She also creates ceramics in her studio in West London. She developed her ceramics through adult education in Hammersmith and Fulham and one-to-one tuition from Seth Cardew at Wenford Bridge.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Mostyn-Owen met Boris Johnson halfway through their first year at Oxford University. The pair met as a result of an supposed error on his part. He was invited to a party that she co-hosted but arrived at on the wrong night with a bottle of wine. She was reading an Economics textbook when he showed up at her door. Mostyn-Owen recalled their exchange, "There's this stranger at the door who goes, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh." I'd never met him but he said he'd seen me at a Union debate." The pair drank the bottle he had brought and talked for several hours. There were "lots of good jokes and lots of bad jokes."


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Their relationship developed and she considered him her best friend. They exchanged notes several times a day after they met. These notes often contained "little rhyming couplets".


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: They went on to date throughout university and were a "golden, glossy, head-turning double act". The pair were often described as the "perfect couple" as she was "the girl from the cover of "Tatler"" and he was "the future prime minister".


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: There is a photo of the pair attending The Sultans Ball at Oxford Town Hall in March 1986 in photographer Dafydd Jones's book "Oxford: The Last Hurrah". Jones explained that he had taken their picture because "they looked very comfortable with each other."


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: The pair decided early on in their relationship to get married. They were both 23 and were the youngest of their Oxford set to marry. They were married on 5 September 1987, and their wedding was held at St Michael and All Angels, West Felton in Shropshire. At their wedding, a violinist and a viola player played a piece composed for the occasion by the highly regarded composer, Hans Werner Henze, titled "Allegra e Boris – Duetto Concertante per Violino e Viola all’Occasione Delle Loro Faustissime Nozze il 5 Settembre, 1987". The daughter of Rod Steiger and Claire Bloom, Anna Steiger, sang from "The Marriage of Figaro".


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: The reception was held at the Mostyn-Owens' country house, a grade II-listed estate called Woodhouse, sitting on 1,500 acres. She wore flowers through her hair, whilst Johnson arrived with borrowed trousers. The media portrayed their wedding as perfect, with the "Daily Mail" describing it "as a cross between La Dolce Vita and Brideshead Revisited." However, she considered the day of their wedding "the end of their relationship rather than the beginning."


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: After spending their honeymoon in Egypt, they settled in West Kensington and Johnson began working for "The Times" whilst Mostyn-Owen joined the "Evening Standard". Mostyn-Owen's job was overshadowed by Johnson's who was reportedly "married to his job". According to Mostyn-Owen, Johnson showed neither sympathy nor interest in her career, and she found herself sitting alone in their apartment rarely spending an evening with her husband. She would often not know where he was, "The really bad times were when he didn't tell me he was going to be away."


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: In the summer of 1989, Mostyn-Owen finished her law exams and travelled to Brussels with Johnson after he became the European correspondent for "The Daily Telegraph". During their six years of marriage, the pair broke up once and when Marina Wheeler became pregnant with Johnson's child in 1993, Mostyn-Owen ended their relationship.


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Mostyn-Owen and Johnson had no contact following their divorce until he began inviting her for "periodic lunches". After hearing the news about Mostyn-Owen's second marriage, he rang to congratulate her and when he was seeking re-election as London Mayor, he recruited her as part of his Muslim Engagement Taskforce. In an interview with the "Evening Standard", Mostyn-Owen claimed "he's a better ex than he was a husband".


title: Allegra Mostyn-Owen

text: Since marrying her second husband, who is from Pakistan, Mostyn-Owen explained, and that she found it "very rewarding to have this whole connection with Pakistan." Mostyn-Owen remains Christian and has "never been tempted to convert to Islam herself."


title: Andi Mack

text: Andi Mack is an American family comedy-drama television series created by Terri Minsky that premiered on Disney Channel on April 7, 2017. It ran for three seasons and 57 episodes, concluding on July 26, 2019. The series stars Peyton Elizabeth Lee, Joshua Rush, Sofia Wylie, Asher Angel, Lilan Bowden, Lauren Tom, and Trent Garrett. It follows 13-year-old Andi Mack and her best friends, Cyrus Goodman and Buffy Driscoll, as they attend middle school.


title: Andi Mack

text: "Andi Mack" was, for a time, the top-rated series on cable television among children ages 6–14. It is the first series on Disney Channel to feature a gay main character, Cyrus Goodman, a distinction that has drawn considerable media attention and was reported in the news as being historic. The series has been nominated for and won awards for his coming out storyline, the introduction of which caused a ratings surge.


title: Andi Mack

text: On the night of her thirteenth birthday, Andi Mack's world is turned upside down when she discovers that the woman whom she believed to be her sister, Bex, is actually her mother. Andi joins her middle school frisbee team to get close to Jonah, whom both she and her best friend Cyrus are developing romantic feelings for, while also competing with Jonah's high school girlfriend Amber. Andi reveals her family revelation to her best friends, Cyrus and Buffy, and begins to embrace her mother Bex and bond with her newfound father Bowie.


title: Andi Mack

text: Andi tries to convince her parents, Bex and Bowie, to marry each other, but neither proposal is successful. Jonah breaks up with Amber. Cyrus comes out to Buffy. Buffy joins the basketball team and is later asked by her math teacher to tutor the team captain, TJ; when TJ becomes ineligible to be on the team due to his math grades, Cyrus gives him advice about his learning disability to allow him to play. Cyrus comes out to Andi. Andi and Jonah enter into a relationship. Buffy seemingly moves far away, but it is later revealed that she still lives nearby. Bex competes with Miranda for Bowie’s affection, while conflict ensues between Andi and Miranda’s daughter Morgan, which eventually leads Bowie to criticize Miranda for causing him to distrust his daughter Andi; Bex and Bowie rekindle their relationship.


title: Andi Mack

text: Bex and Bowie are engaged. Andi tells Jonah that she would like to just be friends with him, to which he agrees. Buffy is dating Walker, which makes Andi uncomfortable. Cyrus joins TJ and his two friends Reed and Lester on a dirt biking adventure, but when Cyrus discovers that Reed has a gun, he tells Principal Metcalf and is later questioned about it by a police officer after TJ reported the incident to the police. Buffy attempts to improve the girls' basketball team, but they are crushed by their opponents in their first game. Cyrus comes out to Jonah. Costume Day is held at Jefferson Middle School. Bex cancels her planned wedding to Bowie. Andi, Cyrus, Buffy, and Jonah are arrested for giving out a company's thrown away clothes for free without the owner's permission. Buffy gets a foot injury which causes her to sit out her team's games for the rest of the season. Andi's art project to combat stereotypes gets a lot of attention, leading her to apply and get accepted to a magnet school for visual arts. Bex plans a surprise wedding for her and Bowie. Marty's girlfriend breaks up with him because of his feelings for Buffy. After denying their feelings for each other, Buffy and Marty eventually admit to liking each other. When Buffy kicks Kira out of her basketball team, Kira befriends TJ to get back at Buffy by hurting Cyrus. Eventually, TJ stands up to Kira, after which he and Cyrus acknowledge their feelings for each other by holding hands.


title: Andi Mack

text: Development of the series began in 2015 when Disney Channels Worldwide president Gary Marsh convinced writer and producer Terri Minsky to consider developing another series for Disney Channel. Minsky had created the popular sitcom "Lizzie McGuire", which aired from 2001 to 2004, but was initially reluctant to create another teen-oriented series. Minsky eventually found inspiration for the series in an article on how actor Jack Nicholson had learned as an adult that the woman whom he believed to be his sister was actually his mother. Disney Channel ordered a pilot based on the concept in November 2015, and subsequently ordered "Andi Mack" to series in August 2016. The series started filming in Salt Lake City in September 2016, and finished filming in December 2016.


title: Andi Mack

text: The first episode became available on the Disney Channel App, On-Demand, Disney Channel's YouTube, iTunes, Amazon, and Google Play on March 10, 2017, while the second episode became available the same day via Disney Channel On-Demand as well as to subscribers using the Disney Channel App. The series premiered on Disney Channel on April 7, 2017. A total of 13 episodes were ordered for the first season; however, only 12 episodes were aired.


title: Andi Mack

text: Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on May 25, 2017. The filming of the second season began in July 2017.


title: Andi Mack

text: On August 20, 2017, five additional episodes were ordered for the second season. One week prior to the season two premiere, a music video for the full version of the series' theme song was released, starring the entire cast. On October 25, 2017, TVLine revealed that in the second season, Cyrus would begin to realize that he has romantic feelings for Jonah, following through from several hints in the first season, making him the first gay main character with a coming out storyline on Disney Channel. The second season premiered on Disney Channel on October 27, 2017.


title: Andi Mack

text: On February 19, 2018, Disney Channel announced that "Andi Mack" had been renewed for a third season, with the cast informed about the renewal live on "Good Morning America" by the creator that day. The third season premiered on October 8, 2018. On November 13, 2018, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that the series would be featuring a two-episode arc—"Cookie Monster" and "The New Girls"—revolving around gun safety and peer pressure. On December 14, 2018, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Stoney Westmoreland was fired by Disney Channel because of his arrest by the Salt Lake City Police Department on charges of "enticing a minor" and "dealing in materials harmful to a minor", with scenes from episodes yet to air that would have featured him removed.


title: Andi Mack

text: On April 24, 2019, it was announced that "Andi Mack" would end after its third season and the series finale would premiere on July 26, 2019.


title: Andi Mack

text: The series has been praised for accurately representing the lives of young teenagers, with examples including a learning disability, panic attacks, a bar mitzvah, and the unplanned pregnancy of the mother of the title character. It has also been praised for normalizing the Asian-American experience as being diverse and multi-dimensional, and therefore normalizing diversity. It is the first series on Disney Channel to feature a gay main character, Cyrus Goodman, a distinction which has drawn considerable media attention and was reported in the news as being historic and groundbreaking. "Andi Mack" became the first series on Disney Channel in which a character has used the phrase "I'm gay", which occurs when Cyrus comes out to Jonah in "One in a Minyan".


title: Andi Mack

text: The series is the top-rated series on cable television among all children ages 6–14. The introduction of the coming out storyline caused the series to experience a ratings surge.


title: Andi Mack

text: The series is the first on Disney Channel to feature a coming out storyline, for which it has been nominated for and won awards, including the 2018 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids & Family Programming and the 2018 Academy of Television Arts & Sciences award for Television with a Conscience.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: The band is most identifiable through Brad Roberts (vocals, guitar) and his distinctive bass-baritone voice. The band members have fluctuated over the years, but its best known line-up consisted of Roberts, Ellen Reid (co-vocals, keyboards), Brad's brother Dan Roberts (bass guitar, backing vocals), Benjamin Darvill (harmonica, mandolin), and Mitch Dorge (drums, percussion). The band is best known internationally for their 1993 single "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" and best known in Canada for the 1991 single "Superman's Song".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: The origin of the Crash Test Dummies is tied to the history of two Winnipeg nightspots, the Spectrum Cabaret and the Blue Note Cafe, owned by Curtis Riddell.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In 1986, Riddell joined with Brad Roberts to form the decidedly less-than-serious bar band Bad Brad Roberts and the St. James Rhythm Pigs. Over time, the band evolved into the Crash Test Dummies, a name suggested by a friend of the band who was in medical school. The diagnostic mannequin, known colloquially as a crash test dummy, was known to the public already by this time. Ellen Reid and Benjamin Darvill became permanent additions. George West, the original bass player, quit and was replaced by Dan Roberts, Brad's brother. Riddell was replaced by Vince Lambert, who was replaced by Mitch Dorge just before the release of "The Ghosts That Haunt Me".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: The band first began to achieve commercial success in Canada with the release of "The Ghosts that Haunt Me" in 1991. The album eventually reached sales of 400,000 in Canada, largely due to the popularity of the hit single "Superman's Song", which appeared on the RPM Top Singles chart that year, featured on the soundtrack of an episode of the TV series "Due South" and earned the band the 1992 Juno Award for Group of the Year.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: The band did not receive much international recognition until the 1993 release of their second album, "God Shuffled His Feet".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Particularly instrumental in increasing the band's exposure in the American market was the appearance of a new type of radio format, adult album-oriented alternative rock (AAA). These stations put the first single "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" in high rotation and the song peaked at No. 4 on the US Hot 100. "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" did even better in the United Kingdom, where it was a No. 2 hit, and Australia where it peaked at No. 1. Popular parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic parodied the song under the title "Headline News" in 1994.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In their native Canada, "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" was a comparative disappointment on the charts, only peaking at No. 14. Two other songs from the album went top 10 in Canada: "Swimming In Your Ocean" and "Afternoons & Coffeespoons". This latter song was also a top 40 hit in Australia and the United Kingdom and hit the lower portion of the US Hot 100. The result was that by mid-1994 the album had passed the platinum sales mark (one million) in the United States and had also earned the band three Grammy nominations and three more Juno nominations. To date, "God Shuffled His Feet" has sold more than five and a half million copies worldwide.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In January 1995, the band released "The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead" (a cover of XTC's 1992 track) as a single and on the soundtrack of the Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels comedy "Dumb and Dumber". The single, credited to The Crash Test Dummies and Ellen Reid, charted at No. 30 in the UK singles chart and was a No. 4 hit in Canada.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In 1996, the Dummies' third album, "A Worm's Life", was released to mixed critical and moderate commercial success. The guitar-heavy singles were warmly received in some markets. Lead single "He Liked to Feel It" hit No. 2 in Canada, becoming the band's highest-charting single in their home country, but internationally nothing matched the runaway success of either "Superman's Song" or "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm". Regardless, the album went platinum in Canada in less than one month.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: "Give Yourself A Hand", the Dummies' fourth album, was released March 23, 1999. The album showcased a new sound for the Dummies, as it featured Ellen Reid singing lead vocals on three tracks, and Brad Roberts singing in a falsetto on several others. The whole sound of the album was much more electronic than the previous recordings. Once again, the lead single ("Keep A Lid On Things") was a top 10 hit in Canada.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: During a hiatus between albums, Benjamin Darvill became the first Dummy to release solo material. Under the name Son Of Dave, Darvill first brought out the album "B. Darvill's Wild West Show", followed with "01", both released on Benjamin's own label, Husky Records.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: The less-than-stellar commercial success of both "A Worm's Life" and "Give Yourself a Hand" resulted in the band feeling much more restricted by their label BMG, especially after the label rejected 35 songs during the production of "Give Yourself a Hand". As a result, the band and the label parted ways, and Brad Roberts formed his own independent label "Cha-Ching Records" (later renamed to "Deep Fried Records").


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Free from major-label restrictions, the Dummies surprised their fans in 2001 by putting their solo projects on hold for a fifth studio album and tour. After suffering a near-fatal car accident in the fall of 2000, Brad found himself recuperating in the town of Argyle, Nova Scotia. It was there that he met some local "lobster fishermen" who happened to be quite musically inclined - Kent Greene, Dave Morton, and Danny MacKenzie. Together, they recorded the bulk of "I Don't Care That You Don't Mind", which was to have been Brad's first solo album. Later on, Ellen was brought in to record backing vocals for a few tunes, and Dan agreed to tour with Brad. When Ellen and Mitch agreed to tour as well, the Crash Test Dummies name was put on the record. This album saw the Dummies returning to their acoustic roots. Brad compared this album to the Dummies' first, "The Ghosts That Haunt Me", though he calls it more atmospheric and polished.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Near the end of 2001, some new Dummies solo albums were released. First, Ellen Reid launched her debut solo effort, "Cinderellen".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Soon after, Brad Roberts' long-awaited double-live CD and rockumentary entitled "Crash Test Dude" were made available through MapleMusic.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: 2002 opened with the surprise of Mitch Dorge's debut album, "As Trees Walking". On the CD, Mitch played almost all of the instruments, took some of the photos for the liner notes, and won a Prairie Music Award for Best Instrumental Recording.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Brad, Dan, and Ellen returned as Crash Test Dummies at the end of 2002 with "Jingle All the Way", a long-rumoured Christmas album.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In 2003, "Puss 'n' Boots" was released. Much like "I Don't Care", the album began life as a Brad Roberts solo project. Co-written by Stuart Cameron, 13 songs were selected from a pool of 30. Ellen sang backing vocals and Dan played bass, though much of the music - funky grooves that would not have seemed out of place on Give Yourself A Hand - was performed by other musicians.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: "Songs of the Unforgiven", the eighth studio album under the Crash Test Dummies name, was recorded not long after "Puss 'n' Boots".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: After releasing three records through his own label, Roberts realized he was losing money. As such, he stopped recording and touring and instead worked as a songwriting teacher in New York City, while participating in yoga, chanting, and meditation (the latter influencing Roberts's side-project Satsang Circus).


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Despite the hiatus, in 2006 Brad Roberts began to record the album that would become "Oooh La La" with producer and friend Stewart Lerman, using the optigan and omnichord.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In October, 2007 Sony BMG released The Best of Crash Test Dummies, featuring twelve tracks selected from the band's entire catalog, including most of their singles and several album tracks. The compilation would later be re-released on March 10, 2008 as "Best of Crash Test Dummies - Collections" with two previously unreleased tracks: "Laid Back" and "You Said You'd Meet Me (In California)", the latter being an early version of a song that would later appear on "Oooh La La".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In addition a new online store was opened allowing users to purchase downloads from all of the band's post-BMG releases, including Cape Breton Lobster Bash series, a collection of songs written about Brad Roberts's experiences at Cape Breton and an annual tradition known as the "Lobster Bash".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: "Oooh La La" was released on May 11, 2010. The album's release was accompanied by the band touring in an "Acoustic Trio" format consisting of Roberts and Ellen Reid, accompanied by either Stuart Cameron or Murray Pulver on guitar. On October 9, 2010, as part of the Canadian leg of the tour, Dan Roberts and Mitch Dorge joined Brad Roberts and Ellen Reid in the band's hometown of Winnipeg for the first performance by the original line-up in a decade. Benjamin Darvill was not present for the reunion, despite having played a solo show in town a few days earlier. During the tour, Brad Roberts began the habit of taking photographs at random and posting them on his blog and the band's Facebook page.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In 2011, the band continued to tour in support of "Oooh La La". On April 19, 2011, the band released "Demo-litions: Cast-off Recordings 1996–97" featuring previously unreleased demos of songs written during the recording of "Give Yourself a Hand".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In June 2012, Brad Roberts wrote a blog post saying that there is an incomplete new album lying around, but that producer Stewart Lerman is currently too busy with other projects to work on it.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Following the completion of touring for "Oooh La La", the band went on an indefinite hiatus, as Ellen Reid decided to retire from performing and Brad Roberts began to develop back problems. However, the hiatus was ended when Brad Roberts decided to go on a solo tour in 2015.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In the spring of 2016, Brad Roberts announced his first tour of Canada in five years. In an interview about the tour, Roberts provided an update about the other members of the band, who he still keeps in touch with: Dan Roberts now has a family in Winnipeg, Mitch Dorge devotes most of his time now to motivational speaking at schools, Ellen Reid is married and spends her time creating elaborate Facebook pages with all her own illustrations, and Benjamin Darvill has found success for himself as Son of Dave. Roberts confirmed that he is the last remaining active member of Crash Test Dummies, with it just being him and guitarist Stuart Cameron going on tour.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: On May 28, 2016, to commemorate his first Canadian tour in five years, Brad Roberts released the new song "I'll Be Peaceful Then".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In the summer of 2017, the full band, except Benjamin Darvill, reunited for a show in Winnipeg and Brad Roberts went on a tour of South Africa in early 2018. The band continued to perform together that summer, including a stop at Ontario's Burl's Creek Event Grounds in July.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: In the fall of 2018, it was announced that Brad Roberts, Ellen Reid, Dan Roberts, and Mitch Dorge would be going on their first full tour of Canada and the United States in nearly two decades to celebrate the 25th anniversary of "God Shuffled His Feet". The band continued to tour through 2022 in celebration of the 30th anniversary of their first album The Ghosts That Haunt Me.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Throughout their career, Crash Test Dummies have experimented with many different styles and genres of music. These styles include the acoustic folk rock of "The Ghosts That Haunt Me", the electric alternative rock of "A Worm's Life", the urban influences of "Give Yourself a Hand", and the optigan-based compositions of "Oooh La La!"


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Crash Test Dummies recorded as a full five piece band from their debut album "The Ghosts That Haunt Me" until "Give Yourself a Hand". At this time, the most notable instrumentation of the band's music included Brad Roberts' lead guitar, Ellen Reid's keyboards, and Benjamin Darvill's harmonica. Another notable element of Crash Test Dummies' music are the contrasting harmonies between Brad Roberts' deep lead vocals and Ellen Reid's backing vocals in the higher register.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Beginning with "I Don't Care That You Don't Mind" in 2001, the band's albums were recorded primarily by Brad Roberts, Ellen Reid, and a rotating roster of session musicians.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: One of the biggest influences for Brad Roberts was the band XTC and Andy Partridge in particular. The band even went on to cover two of XTC's songs: "The Ballad of Peter Pumpkinhead" for the soundtrack to the film "Dumb and Dumber", and "All You Pretty Girls" for the XTC tribute album "".


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: Delivered since 1991, the GAFFA Awards are a Danish award that rewards popular music by the magazine of the same name.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Crash Test Dummies received three nominations.


title: Crash Test Dummies

text: The Juno Awards are a Canadian awards ceremony presented annually by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Crash Test Dummies won the 1992 Juno for Group of the Year and received an additional 10 nominations.


title: Brest, France

text: Brest (; ) is a port city in the Finistère department, Brittany. Located in a sheltered bay not far from the western tip of the peninsula, and the western extremity of metropolitan France, Brest is an important harbour and the second French military port after Toulon. The city is located on the western edge of continental France. With 142,722 inhabitants in a 2007 census, Brest forms Western Brittany's largest metropolitan area (with a population of 300,300 in total), ranking third behind only Nantes and Rennes in the whole of historic Brittany, and the 19th most populous city in France; moreover, Brest provides services to the one million inhabitants of Western Brittany. Although Brest is by far the largest city in Finistère, the "préfecture" (regional capital) of the department is the much smaller Quimper.


title: Brest, France

text: During the Middle Ages, the history of Brest was the history of its castle. Then Richelieu made it a military harbour in 1631. Brest grew around its arsenal until the second part of the 20th century. Heavily damaged by the Allies' bombing raids during World War II, the city centre was completely rebuilt after the war. At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the deindustrialization of the city was followed by the development of the service sector. Nowadays, Brest is an important university town with 23,000 students. Besides a multidisciplinary university, the University of Western Brittany, Brest and its surrounding area possess several prestigious French elite schools such as "École Navale" (the French Naval Academy), "Télécom Bretagne" and the Superior National School of Advanced Techniques of Brittany (ENSTA Bretagne, formerly ENSIETA). Brest is also an important research centre, mainly focused on the sea, with among others the largest Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) centre, "le Cedre" (Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution) and the French Polar Institute.


title: Brest, France

text: Brest's history has since the 17th century been linked to the sea: the "Académie de Marine" (Naval Academy) was founded in 1752 in this city. The aircraft carrier was built there. Every four years, Brest hosts the international festival of the sea, boats and sailors: it is a meeting of old riggings from around the world ("Les Tonnerres de Brest").


title: Brest, France

text: The name of the town is first recorded as "Bresta"; it may derive from *"brigs", a Celtic word for "hill."