title: Memoization

text: For every integer "n" such that codice_1, the final result of the function codice_2 is invariant; if invoked as codice_3, the result is such that "x" will "always" be assigned the value 6. The non-memoized implementation above, given the nature of the recursive algorithm involved, would require "n + 1" invocations of codice_2 to arrive at a result, and each of these invocations, in turn, has an associated cost in the time it takes the function to return the value computed. Depending on the machine, this cost might be the sum of:


title: Memoization

text: In a non-memoized implementation, "every" top-level call to codice_2 includes the cumulative cost of steps 2 through 6 proportional to the initial value of "n".


title: Memoization

text: In this particular example, if codice_2 is first invoked with 5, and then invoked later with any value less than or equal to five, those return values will also have been memoized, since codice_2 will have been called recursively with the values 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0, and the return values for "each" of those will have been stored. If it is then called with a number greater than 5, such as 7, only 2 recursive calls will be made (7 and 6), and the value for 5! will have been stored from the previous call. In this way, memoization allows a function to become more time-efficient the more often it is called, thus resulting in eventual overall speed-up.


title: Memoization

text: Memoization is heavily used in compilers for functional programming languages, which often use call by name evaluation strategy. To avoid overhead with calculating argument values, compilers for these languages heavily use auxiliary functions called thunks to compute the argument values, and memoize these functions to avoid repeated calculations.


title: Memoization

text: While memoization may be added to functions "internally" and "explicitly" by a computer programmer in much the same way the above memoized version of codice_2 is implemented, referentially transparent functions may also be automatically memoized "externally". The techniques employed by Peter Norvig have application not only in Common Lisp (the language in which his paper demonstrated automatic memoization), but also in various other programming languages. Applications of automatic memoization have also been formally explored in the study of term rewriting and artificial intelligence.


title: Memoization

text: In programming languages where functions are first-class objects (such as Lua, Python, or Perl), automatic memoization can be implemented by replacing (at run-time) a function with its calculated value once a value has been calculated for a given set of parameters. The function that does this value-for-function-object replacement can generically wrap any referentially transparent function. Consider the following pseudocode (where it is assumed that functions are first-class values):


title: Memoization

text: In order to call an automatically memoized version of codice_2 using the above strategy, rather than calling codice_2 directly, code invokes codice_13. Each such call first checks to see if a holder array has been allocated to store results, and if not, attaches that array. If no entry exists at the position codice_14 (where codice_15 are used as the key of the associative array), a "real" call is made to codice_2 with the supplied arguments. Finally, the entry in the array at the key position is returned to the caller.


title: Memoization

text: The above strategy requires "explicit" wrapping at each call to a function that is to be memoized. In those languages that allow closures, memoization can be effected "implicitly" via a functor factory that returns a wrapped memoized function object in a decorator pattern. In pseudocode, this can be expressed as follows:


title: Memoization

text: The above example assumes that the function codice_2 has already been defined "before" the call to codice_20 is made. From this point forward, codice_21 is called whenever the factorial of "n" is desired. In languages such as Lua, more sophisticated techniques exist which allow a function to be replaced by a new function with the same name, which would permit:


title: Memoization

text: Essentially, such techniques involve attaching the "original function object" to the created functor and forwarding calls to the original function being memoized via an alias when a call to the actual function is required (to avoid endless recursion), as illustrated below:


title: Memoization

text: When a top-down parser tries to parse an ambiguous input with respect to an ambiguous context-free grammar (CFG), it may need an exponential number of steps (with respect to the length of the input) to try all alternatives of the CFG in order to produce all possible parse trees. This eventually would require exponential memory space. Memoization was explored as a parsing strategy in 1991 by Peter Norvig, who demonstrated that an algorithm similar to the use of dynamic programming and state-sets in Earley's algorithm (1970), and tables in the CYK algorithm of Cocke, Younger and Kasami, could be generated by introducing automatic memoization to a simple backtracking recursive descent parser to solve the problem of exponential time complexity. The basic idea in Norvig’s approach is that when a parser is applied to the input, the result is stored in a memotable for subsequent reuse if the same parser is ever reapplied to the same input. Richard Frost also used memoization to reduce the exponential time complexity of parser combinators, which can be viewed as “Purely Functional Top-Down Backtracking” parsing technique. He showed that basic memoized parser combinators can be used as building blocks to construct complex parsers as executable specifications of CFGs. It was again explored in the context of parsing in 1995 by Johnson and Dörre. In 2002, it was examined in considerable depth by Ford in the form called packrat parsing.


title: Memoization

text: In 2007, Frost, Hafiz and Callaghan described a top-down parsing algorithm that uses memoization for refraining redundant computations to accommodate any form of ambiguous CFG in polynomial time (Θ(n) for left-recursive grammars and Θ(n) for non left-recursive grammars). Their top-down parsing algorithm also requires polynomial space for potentially exponential ambiguous parse trees by 'compact representation' and 'local ambiguities grouping'. Their compact representation is comparable with Tomita’s compact representation of bottom-up parsing. Their use of memoization is not only limited to retrieving the previously computed results when a parser is applied to a same input position repeatedly (which is essential for polynomial time requirement); it is specialized to perform the following additional tasks:


title: Memoization

text: Frost, Hafiz and Callaghan also described the implementation of the algorithm in PADL’08 as a set of higher-order functions (called parser combinators) in Haskell, which enables the construction of directly executable specifications of CFGs as language processors. The importance of their polynomial algorithm’s power to accommodate ‘any form of ambiguous CFG’ with top-down parsing is vital with respect to the syntax and semantics analysis during natural language processing. The X-SAIGA site has more about the algorithm and implementation details.


title: Memoization

text: While Norvig increased the "power" of the parser through memoization, the augmented parser was still as time complex as Earley's algorithm, which demonstrates a case of the use of memoization for something other than speed optimization. Johnson and Dörre demonstrate another such non-speed related application of memoization: the use of memoization to delay linguistic constraint resolution to a point in a parse where sufficient information has been accumulated to resolve those constraints. By contrast, in the speed optimization application of memoization, Ford demonstrated that memoization could guarantee that parsing expression grammars could parse in linear time even those languages that resulted in worst-case backtracking behavior.


title: Memoization

text: This grammar generates one of the following three variations of string: "xac", "xbc", or "xbd" (where "x" here is understood to mean "one or more "x"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s".) Next, consider how this grammar, used as a parse specification, might effect a top-down, left-right parse of the string "xxxxxbd":


title: Memoization

text: The key concept here is inherent in the phrase again descends into "X". The process of looking forward, failing, backing up, and then retrying the next alternative is known in parsing as backtracking, and it is primarily backtracking that presents opportunities for memoization in parsing. Consider a function codice_22, where the parameters are as follows:


title: Memoization

text: Let the return value of the function codice_26 be the length of the input accepted by codice_23, or 0 if that rule does not accept any input at that offset in the string. In a backtracking scenario with such memoization, the parsing process is as follows:


title: Memoization

text: In the above example, one or "many" descents into "X" may occur, allowing for strings such as "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxbd". In fact, there may be "any number" of "x"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s before the "b". While the call to S must recursively descend into X as many times as there are "x"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s, "B" will never have to descend into X at all, since the return value of codice_28 will be 16 (in this particular case).


title: Memoization

text: Those parsers that make use of syntactic predicates are also able to memoize the results of predicate parses, as well, thereby reducing such constructions as:


title: Memoization

text: If a parser builds a parse tree during a parse, it must memoize not only the "length" of the input that matches at some offset against a given rule, but also must store the sub-tree that is generated by that rule at that offset in the input, since subsequent calls to the rule by the parser will not actually descend and rebuild that tree. For the same reason, memoized parser algorithms that generate calls to external code (sometimes called a semantic action routine) when a rule matches must use some scheme to ensure that such rules are invoked in a predictable order.


title: Memoization

text: Since, for any given backtracking or syntactic predicate capable parser not every grammar will "need" backtracking or predicate checks, the overhead of storing each rule's parse results against every offset in the input (and storing the parse tree if the parsing process does that implicitly) may actually "slow down" a parser. This effect can be mitigated by explicit selection of those rules the parser will memoize.


title: Codpiece

text: A codpiece () is a triangular piece that attached to the front of men's hose, covering the fly. It may be held in place by ties or buttons. It was an important fashion item of European clothing during the 15th–16th centuries. In the modern era, similar clothing pieces are worn in the leather subculture, and in performance costumes, such as for rock and metal musicians. A similar device with rigid construction, an athletic cup, is used as protective gear for male athletes.


title: Codpiece

text: From the ancient world there are extant depictions of articles of clothing designed to cover just the male genitalia; for example, archaeological recovery at Minoan Knossos on Crete has yielded figurines, some of whom wear only a garment covering the male genitalia. However, the codpiece, "per se", appeared in everyday European fashion for men only many centuries later, associated with hose and trousers.


title: Codpiece

text: In 14th century European fashions, men's hose were two separate legs worn over linen drawers, leaving a man's genitals covered only by a layer of the linen drawers. As the century wore on and men's hemline fashion rose, the hose became longer and joined at the centre back, there rising to the waist, but remaining open at the centre front. Further shortening of the cote or doublet fashion resulted in more prominence of the genitals; this area would then be covered with a triangular material called a codpiece. Most of what is known about the cut, fit, and materials used for Renaissance codpieces is through portraits, clothing inventories, receipts for payments and tailor cutting guides.


title: Codpiece

text: Such excessive codpieces became an object of derision showered on outlandish fashions. The Renaissance author, François Rabelais, refers satirically to a book entitled "On the Dignity of Codpieces", in the foreword to his 1532 book, "The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel".


title: Codpiece

text: This fashion reached its peak of size and decoration in the 1540s before falling out of use by the 1590s.Suits of armor of the 16th century followed civilian fashion, and for a time, codpieces were a prominent addition to the full suits of armor.


title: Codpiece

text: A few examples of full suits of armor with codpieces are on display in museums today. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has one. The Higgins Armory in Worcester, Massachusetts also had an example on display until its close. The armor of Henry VIII displayed in the Tower of London has a codpiece as well.


title: Codpiece

text: Examples of metal parts of such armor are depicted by Wendelin Boeheim in his 1890 publication on the history of weapons, "Handbuch der Waffenkunde", which was published in Leipzig, Germany.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Bill Nye the Science Guy is an American science education television program created by Bill Nye, James McKenna, and Erren Gottlieb, with Nye starring as a fictionalized version of himself. It was produced by KCTS and McKenna/Gottlieb Producers and distributed by Buena Vista Television with substantial financing from the National Science Foundation. The show aired in syndication from September 10, 1993, to February 5, 1999, over the course of six seasons and 100 episodes; beginning in season 2, a concurrent run was added on PBS from October 10, 1994, to September 3, 1999, with the show's first run remaining in syndication. After the show's first run was completed, Nye continued to portray the Science Guy character for a number of short interstitial segments for the cable television channel "Noggin", which aired during rebroadcasts of "Bill Nye the Science Guy". A video game based on the series was released in 1996, and a subsequent television show for adults, "Bill Nye Saves the World", was broadcast two decades later.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Known for its quirky humor and rapid-fire MTV-style pacing, the show won critical acclaim and was nominated for 23 Emmy Awards, winning nineteen. Studies also found that people that viewed "Bill Nye" regularly were better able to generate explanations and extensions of scientific ideas than non-viewers.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Nye portrays a hyper-kinetic tall and slender scientist wearing a blue lab coat and a bow-tie. He combines the serious science of everyday things with fast-paced action and humor. Each half-hour show begins with a cold open, where Nye introduces the episode's theme, which leads into an opening credit sequence, and featuring Nye in a computer animated scientific world, along with his head spinning, radio frequencies, and plastic toy dinosaurs flying. In later seasons, the theme song was cut short by a static screen. After the opening credits, announcer Pat Cashman says "Brought to you by...", in which a product name is related to the episode's theme. Nye walks onto the set, which is called "Nye Laboratories", filled with scientific visuals including many "of science" contraptions announced dramatically, relevant to the theme of the episode. Science-related TV and movie parodies configure the facts of the episode's theme, along with parodies of TV commercials. The show has featured many guest appearances. Each episode features Nye visiting many places relating to the episode's theme, showing interviews of people talking about their work and other contributions. At the end of each episode, Nye thanks the viewers for watching, before explaining in a clever description of a theme's activity. The closing credits roll over bloopers from the episode.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Bill Nye was originally an engineer for the 747 airliner at Boeing, having moved to Seattle in 1977 after he was accepted for the position. Nye began to perform stand-up comedy in his spare time after he entered and won a Steve Martin lookalike contest at a comedy club, which led to him meeting fellow comedians Ross Shafer and John Keister. Nye eventually left Boeing in 1985 to join Shafer and Keister in writing and performing for "Almost Live!", a then-fledgling sketch comedy television show produced by local NBC affiliate KING-TV. During his tenure on the show, Nye began cultivating a science-explaining TV persona; the first instance of the persona occurred in 1985 when Nye called Shafer on-air to correct his pronunciation of the word "gigawatt", to which Shafer retorted, "Who do you think you are – Bill Nye the Science Guy?" As a result, Nye was subsequently asked to give scientific answers to the show's call-in questions. His persona's first on-air appearance, as it is contemporarily known, occurred on January 10, 1987, by circumstance when the primary guest for that night's performance of "Almost Live!" called in to cancel their appearance; with no backup guest planned to fill the resulting empty time, the show's writers elected to have Nye demonstrate the household uses of liquid nitrogen. During the demonstration, Nye submerged an onion in liquid nitrogen and proceeded to shatter it, receiving acclaim from the studio audience.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: As Nye produced more demonstrations for "Almost Live!", he began to develop the idea of a show featuring his "Science Guy" persona; KING-TV declined his proposal, though he eventually received assistance from station alumni James McKenna and Erren Gottlieb. Together, the group pitched the show as "Watch Mr. Wizard" meets "Pee-wee's Playhouse", though the latter part was later replaced with MTV after the arrest of actor Paul Reubens for indecent exposure in 1991. Their pitch lasted for four years, being declined by Fox and other networks over various concerns, until they convinced Elizabeth Brock of local PBS member station KCTS-TV to take a chance on the idea. KCTS-TV commissioned a pilot for "Bill Nye the Science Guy", which aired on April 14, 1993, on the station itself before airing on PBS stations nationwide for the rest of the month. Nye successfully obtained underwriting from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy. Nye's program became part of a package of syndicated series that local stations could schedule to fulfill Children's Television Act requirements; because of this, "Bill Nye the Science Guy" became the first program to run concurrently on both public and commercial stations.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: The "Bill Nye the Science Guy" theme song was written by songwriter (and former math teacher) Mike Greene. It was inspired by Danny Elfman and Oingo Boingo, when composing the theme, and used his voice for singing the "Bill Nye the Science Guy" refrain. It consisted of Pat Cashman saying the show's title in a distorted male voice, and the word "Bill" is repeated throughout as a percussive shout. An electric guitar was used during the theme song, followed by a female voice saying "Science rules!" (with Bill lip-syncing), "Inertia is a property of matter", and "T-minus seven seconds".


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: When Greene was enlisted to write the theme song, the show's producers requested that the song "not sound like a kid's show"; the final result was accordingly uncommon for the time. "I used my voice for the first demo to send to the producers, Jim and Erren," he said. "After they approved it, I hired singers because I wanted to make it better. I hired a guy to sing it who sounded pretty cool. He had like a rock‑and‑roll kind of voice, so it sounded pretty slick. Then as another option, I hired a girl to sing it to give it a bit more R&B kind of sound. Then I sent those versions to Jim and Erren, and they said, 'Why have you got them on it? We want your voice. It’s funnier.' I thought, 'My voice is funnier??? Good thing I’m not touchy about my singing!' So we kept my voice on there."


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Set to a house beat, Greene enlisted rappers to repeat the word "Bill!" as a percussive shout, deliberately imitating the shouting featured in House of Pain's 1992 song Jump Around. "I can’t name them, because it was against their contract to do outside things without permission from their record company," Greene noted. "It was kinda funny, because they were in my studio one day to record a song. I was working on the Nye theme as they walked in and I told them, 'Hey, do me a favor and go in the booth and chant 'Bill, Bill, Bill' over and over again.' They had no idea what it was for, but they're cool, so they did. It sounded great, so that's the version we kept. The show didn't air until a year later, so it wasn't until then that they understood what this was really for."


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: The show was created in 1992 by Bill Nye, James McKenna and Erren Gottlieb, produced by McKenna/Gottlieb Producers, Inc, in partnership with KCTS in Seattle. The following year, the production companies entered a distribution agreement with Buena Vista Television, a subsidiary of Disney. As part of the agreement, the profits of the show were split between Disney and the production team, with Disney owning full distribution rights across broadcasting, home video, and digital streaming. McKenna and Gottlieb all met while McKenna was a producer on "Almost Live!", a Seattle-based comedy show.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Before his show launched, Nye had previously worked alongside Christopher Lloyd in "", where he played Doc Brown's assistant and demonstrated several experiments.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: The show has been likened to the next-generation version of "Watch Mr. Wizard". The show ran about the same time as and covered similar topics to "Beakman's World", in fact sharing one crew member, editor/writer/director Michael Gross.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: The show was primarily funded by the National Science Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the annual financial support from the viewers/stations of the PBS network. Other funding sponsors included Ore Ida, The Boeing Company (which Nye worked for until 1986, Boeing was also based in Seattle until 2001 when it relocated its corporate headquarters to Chicago, Illinois), and Intel. The Syndicated airings were credited as "Produced in Association with the National Science Foundation", while the PBS airings changed it to "Produced in Association with Walt Disney Television".


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: The show began with a 26-episode order for the 1993–1994 Season. After its initial success, it was renewed for a second 26-episode order for the 1994–1995 Season, followed by 13 for the 1995–1996 Season. Lastly, it was renewed for two more years, bringing the final episode total to 100. The final episode aired in 1999, well after production ended in 1997.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Despite Disney's association and ownership with the show, it has never aired on any network owned by Walt Disney Television in the US (such as Disney Channel and the American Broadcasting Company, known as simply ABC, which Disney did not acquire until 1996, three years after the show premiered.)


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: In September 1999, Bill Nye signed a multi-year deal to develop and star in original programs for Noggin, a cable channel co-owned by Nickelodeon and the Children's Television Workshop. In addition to producing the new content, Noggin acquired all 100 episodes of "Bill Nye the Science Guy"; this made it the first-ever program acquisition by the channel. Noggin and Nye chose not to develop new episodes of the show, and instead created original shorts featuring Nye, in character and costume from "Bill Nye the Science Guy". In the shorts, Nye's "Science Guy" persona worked as the "head sparkologist" of Noggin, and he tried to find out what topics sparked viewers' imaginations. Bill Nye told "Multichannel News" that he was interested in creating multiple original shows for Noggin, including a math-based series and one "showing kids how to exercise good judgment."


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: In conjunction with the production of "Bill Nye the Science Guy", KCTS-TV conducted several research studies that evaluated how effective the program was as an educational tool. In one study, it was found that viewers of the program made more observations and sophisticated classifications than non-viewers. In surveys of elementary students who watched the program, most children concluded that Nye made "kids like science more". When surveyed whether Nye was a scientist or actor and comedian, most students asserted he was a scientist, though many said both. Students also described Nye almost equally as both "funny" and "smart", and believed he was a "source of good information."


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: "NOTE: The Production Codes were taken from the United States Copyright Office. Airdates were taken from the Newspaper Archives. The Sioux City, Iowa NBC affiliate of KTIV is an example of a station that carried the show in Syndication."


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the series in its entirety on DVD, as part of the series' 20th anniversary. In the United Kingdom, it was distributed on VHS by ViewTech, Bristol. In 1994 and 1995, Walt Disney Home Video released five volumes of "Bill Nye the Science Guy", such as "The Human Body: The Inside Scoop", "Powerful Forces: All Pumped Up", "Dinosaurs: Those Big Boneheads", "Reptiles & Insects: Leapin' Lizards", and "Outer Space: Way Out There". All five volumes were released on VHS, containing two episodes. As of May 2017, the 1996 episode "Probability" is edited from its original airing, with a segment removed featuring a cast member saying there are only two genders. Netflix denied allegations they edited it (their new series "Bill Nye Saves the World" features Nye stating gender is on a spectrum) saying "It was delivered to us that way by Buena Vista TV." A set of 31 episodes is also available for purchase on the iTunes Store, though they have been split into two separate volumes; one containing 14 episodes and the other containing 17 episodes.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: Despite Disney's involvement in the series, the series has not been available on Disney+ due to a dispute with Nye over revenue sharing.


title: Bill Nye the Science Guy

text: A computer game based on the series, titled "", was released in 1996 for Windows and Macintosh by Pacific Interactive.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda Peregrín Schüll (born 15 August 1989 or 1992), mononymously known as Belinda, is a Spanish-Mexican singer, songwriter and actress. She has lived in Mexico City, Mexico since a young age. In 2000, she started her career as a child actor at the age of 10 when she was cast as the lead role in the Mexican children's telenovela "Amigos x siempre". She later appeared in "Aventuras en el tiempo" (2001) and "Cómplices Al Rescate" (2002).


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Her self-titled debut studio album "Belinda" (2003), was a commercial success, selling over 1,1 million copies worldwide. The album spawned many successful singles, including her debut hit single "Lo Siento" and "Vivir", the main theme of the 2004 telenovela "Corazones al límite." Following her departure from Sony BMG and management in 2005, Belinda's second album "Utopía" (2006) earned her two Latin Grammy Awards nominations and was certified platinum in Mexico. It contained the top-ten singles "Ni Freud ni tu mamá", "Bella Traición" and "Luz Sin Gravedad".


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda has also appeared in motion pictures, including the Disney Channel Original Movie "The Cheetah Girls 2" (2006), and has dubbed voice roles for "The Tale of Despereaux" (2008) and "Las aventuras de Tadeo Jones" (2012). Her return to Mexican telenovelas in "Camaleones" (2009) and the TV series "Mujeres asesinas 3" (2010), inspired her subsequent third album "Carpe Diem" (2010), which spawned the hit single "Egoísta". Her fourth album "Catarsis" (2013), debuted at number-one in her native Mexico, and was preceded by the hit singles "En El Amor Hay Que Perdonar" and "En La Obscuridad". In 2017, Belinda was an extra on the film "Baywatch", starring Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Together, her four studio albums, singles and soundtracks has sold over 3 million copies making her the third best-selling female Mexican act. The international press have named her the "Princess of Latin Pop".


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: As 2020, she is one of the coaches of the Mexican singing competition show, La Voz on "TV Azteca" after being acquired from Televisa after 7 seasons.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda was born in 1989 or 1992 in Madrid, Spain, to a French-Spanish mother, Belinda Schüll Moreno, and a Spanish father, Ignacio Peregrín Gutiérrez. Her maternal grandfather was the late famous French bullfighter, Pierre Schüll. She has a younger brother, Ignacio, born in Mexico City in 1996. Her father owned several factories in Europe. The family moved to Mexico City permanently when Belinda was 4 years old.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: At a very early age Belinda showed an incredible talent for singing, acting, and writing and shooting home videos. At 10 she was cast in her first telenovela, "¡Amigos x Siempre!", produced by Televisa in Mexico, and she was featured on the soundtrack. Both show and album became huge successes in Latin America. In 2001 she starred in her second telenovela named "Aventuras en el Tiempo", also produced by Televisa. The series achieved success in Mexico and many Latin-American countries. She contributed to the series soundtracks. She gained recognition playing twins in "Cómplices Al Rescate." She toured with the cast in many Latin-American countries with over 160 live shows. She recorded two soundtracks for the series and received her first Latin Grammy nomination for her work on one of the soundtracks. She didn't return for the series' second season.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Her international self-titled debut studio album "Belinda" was released in Mexico by Sony BMG and RCA Records on 5 August 2003. The album became a great success in Mexico and throughout Latin America, selling over 0,5 million copies worldwide. The album was produced by Rudy Pérez, Graeme Pleeth, Mauri Stern and Robin Barter. Six singles were released, including a number of top ten singles: "Lo Siento", "Boba Niña Nice", "Ángel" and "Vivir" which was chosen as the main theme song for "Corazones al límite", a soap opera in which she briefly appeared. The album itself was re-released several times throughout 2004 and 2005.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: In early 2005 she collaborated with Mexican rock band "Moderatto" on a cover by Timbiriche titled "Muriendo Lento" which peaked at No. 1 in Mexico and was a commercial success.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: In 2006, Belinda debuted in the North American markets where she makes her film debut in the Disney Channel Original Movie "The Cheetah Girls 2" as Marisol. The movie premiered on 25 August 2006 with a total of over 8.1 million viewers, one of the highest rated television films the network has released. Belinda also contributed 4 songs to Soundtrack, which was released on 15 August 2006 and debuted at No. 5 on the "Billboard" 200 and sold 1.4 million copies to date in the US.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Her second studio album "Utopía" was released in late 2006 and peaked at No. 3 on the Mexican charts, selling over 1 million records worldwide; and included the hit single "Ni Freud Ni Tu Mamá" (2006). Belinda revealed that her label wanted her to spend a week in Los Angeles for the recording of "Utopía 2" an English CD/DVD re-release for European and North American countries. She also guest-starred in "Buscando a Timbiriche, La Nueva Banda". On 18 October 2007, Belinda won 2 awards, "Video of the Year" for "Bella Traición", and "Best Solo Artist" at the MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamerica. She was also nominated in two categories in the 2007 Latin Grammy Awards held on 8 November: "Song of the Year" for "Bella Traición", and "Best Female Pop Album" for her hit album "Utopía."


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda provided vocals for the Spanglish remix of "Te Quiero" by DJ Flex and Finley's 2008 single "Your Hero".


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: In 2009 she starred alongside Alfonso Herrera and Edith González in the action-themed telenovela, Camaleones. On 27 August 2009 EMI Televisa posted a video teaser of her new song "Sal de Mi Piel", originally announced as the lead single of her yet-untitled third studio album; it was then selected as the main theme of "Camaleones". In 2010 she guest-starred on the third season of Mujeres Asesinas, starring in the episode "Anette and Anne, noble", based on the story of the painter Sofia Bassi, in which she shared credits with Issabella Camil and William Levy. She also recorded the song "Contigo en la distancia" for one of the scenes. The episode and song were praised by critics; the episode was one of the series' highest rated.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: In February and March 2010 she was featured in collaboration with several Latin artists in ""Somos el Mundo"" and ""Ay Haiti"". Both songs were released as charity singles for benefits.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: "Carpe Diem", Belinda's third studio album, was released on 23 March 2010. Two days after its release, the album was certified gold in Mexico after 40,000 copies were sold. The lead single of the record "Egoísta" featuring Pitbull was released to commercial success; A shift from her prominent pop-rock genre to more dance oriented. The album's second and final single is "Dopamina" was released in 2011 to moderate success. The video for "Dopamina" was released on 2 February 2011. Belinda also stated on her Facebook that she was putting the final touches on her next two videos for the tracks; "Gaia" and "Amor Transgénico" which were never released.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda announced that she would dedicate 2011 and 2012 to writing and recording for her new album. On 5 June 2012, "En El Amor Hay Que Perdonar" was confirmed as the album's lead single. It was officially released for digital download on 19 June 2012. On 21 July 5 new tracks from the album were leaked online, including next single "I Love You (Te Quiero)" featuring Pitbull alongside "Bailaría Sobre El Fuego", "Litost", "Aguardiente", "Como Si Fuéramos Novios", "Dame Mas", and "Con Los Ojos Cerrados".


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: "En El Amor Hay Que Perdonar" debuted at number seven on the Mexican Singles Chart and peaked at number one, and stayed for one week. Although not an official single from the album, "Te Voy A Esperar" (which features Juan Magán), for the soundtrack of the film "Las aventuras de Tadeo Jones" was digitally released in Spain, debuting and staying at number one for ten weeks, receiving the Platinum certification by PROMUSICAE for sales of over 60,000, and was included as a bonus track on the Latin American editions of the album. In Mexico, "Te Voy A Esperar" was only released for airplay and peaked at number seven. "Catarsis" was originally scheduled to be released on 25 September 2012. However, it was pushed back and was released on 2 July 2013.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: "En la Obscuridad" was released as the second single, it debuted at No. 37 on the Mexican Singles Chart, peaking at number 10, in March 2013. It had an international impact for Belinda's career, peaking at No. 39 in Spain and at No. 65 in South Korea. In just two days, the video broke the Latin music record on VEVO, with more than 3 million views.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda embarked on the Catarsis Tour starting in August 2013. Featuring a much bigger production than her past tours, the concert tour lasted almost three years ending in mid 2016 which also saw the singer visiting various festivals throughout Latin America. The tour also saw various "phases" and saw changes to the stage, backdrops, and wardrobes. Most notably there was the "Kastle Ghost Koncept" phase that included a castle set up on the stage and famous singers appearing on stage. Later that year Belinda collaborated with Mexican Rock Band Motel on their song "Sueño de Ti" which was released as the second single from their fourth album Prisma.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: In March 2016 it was announced that Belinda would be an extra in "Baywatch", the film adaptation of the 90's television show of the same name that stars Zac Efron and Dwayne Johnson. In June of the same year Belinda was announced as part of the Spanish adaptation of the film "Trolls" and its 2020 sequel "Trolls World Tour", lending her voice to the character Poppy.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Apart from film work, the singer entered the world of fashion and debuted her shoe line, a collaboration with Capa de Ozono, in July 2016 and were officially released in the fall of 2016.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: In between the completion of the Catarsis Tour, film work and her shoe line, Belinda announced she was in the songwriting process for her fifth album. She posted a preview of a ballad on her social media in May 2016 and promised her new album will fit perfectly into her discography, leading fans to believe she will return to the earlier sound of her first two albums "Belinda" and "Utopía". With the start of 2017 the singer revealed that American DJ Steve Aoki was working on her album and shared several videos of the two working together in the studio. On 27 April 2017 she confirmed the lead single of her fifth album to be titled "Bailalo" which was produced by Aoki and was scheduled to be featured in the song's accompanying music video directed and produced by Criss Angel which was never released to the public. However, on February 27, 2020, the music video and audio of the song were leaked on the internet and became the trending topic to all of her fans, though the song is yet to be released on digital platforms. Still focusing on work for her fifth album, Belinda was forced to postpone the shooting of two music videos in Spain, due to the Coronavirus disease that prompted the cancellation of all flights for that country. One of the songs features Spanish singer Juan Magán, who she has previously collaborated with in past projects. Belinda finally talked about the leaking of her music video "Bailalo", describing it as "a video full of colors, talent and Cirque du Soleil in Las Vegas".


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda founded her own music promotion company called Joy Music. Joy Music promotes concert tours and several independent albums.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda and her younger brother opened a luxury karaoke bar, La Chismosa Canta Bar (The Gossip sing and bar), in Mexico. The bar serves high-class alcohol and is modeled after the glitz and glamour of the Roaring Twenties. As of 2016, La Chismosa Canta Bar has 3 locations in Mexico.


title: Belinda Peregrín

text: Belinda began dating Mexican singer Christian Nodal in 2020, whom she met while working together on "La Voz". They announced their engagement in May 2021, which took place in a restaurant in Barcelona. In February 2022, Nodal informed about their separation.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: Little Italy is a 2018 Canadian-American romantic comedy film directed by Donald Petrie, with a screenplay by Steve Galluccio and Vinay Virmani from a story by Virmani. The film stars Emma Roberts, Hayden Christensen, Alyssa Milano, Adam Ferrara, Gary Basaraba, Linda Kash, Andrew Phung, Cristina Rosato, Danny Aiello, Andrea Martin and Jane Seymour. The film features one of Aiello's final film appearances before his death in 2019.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: Nikki and Leo both grow up in Toronto's Little Italy neighborhood, where their families are running a pizza business together. After winning a pizza competition together, a feud developed between Nikki's father Sal and Leo's father Vince which caused them to dissolve their partnership and start separate restaurants next door to each other. The pair have never told anyone what started the feud between them. Nikki eventually leaves her family to go to London to become a chef, while Leo remains in Toronto to work at his father's restaurant. After several years, Nikki is given the option to compete for the chance to run her instructor Corinne's new restaurant. Corinne gives Nikki two weeks off to prepare her menu and return home to Toronto.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: Leo still works at his father's restaurant but has moved out of his parents' house and lives with his friend Luigi above Luigi's bar, where Leo also bartends. The feud between Vince and Sal has escalated over the years, with Vince having Sal investigated for tax evasion and Sal attempting to have Vince's Indian employee Jogi deported. Upon arriving home in Toronto, Nikki meets Leo at the bar and they drunkenly play soccer in a midst of a thunderstorm. Nikki passes out and spends the night at Leo's, while he sleeps on the couch. The next day, she is welcomed by her family on her arrival. Vince and Jogi are arrested after Sal and his Indian employee Jessie replace the oregano at Vince's restaurant with marijuana, but are soon released. Jessie and Jogi share a mutual unspoken attraction, despite working for the rival restaurants. Additionally, Leo's grandfather Carlo and Nikki's grandmother Franca have been dating in secret as they only outwardly participate in the feud.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: Nikki's mother and friends try to set her up with several single men from the neighborhood, but she is uninterested. She grows closer to Leo as they cook together at his apartment, and is impressed with his creativity and cooking skills. Carlo proposes to Franca and professes his love for her, but she walks away without giving him an answer. Nikki encourages Leo to serve his pizza out of Vince's restaurant, but he tells her his father is stubborn and opposed to changing the menu. He confides in her that he will open his own restaurant after his father retires, so he will not be forced to compete with Vince.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: Franca finally agrees to marry Carlo despite her promise not to remarry after her husband died. Nikki and Leo go for a ride around Little Italy, where they relive their childhood experiences together. They return to Leo's apartment, where they sleep together. Nikki receives a call from Corinne, reminding her that she needs the menu in a few days, otherwise she will promote another chef. Struggling, Nikki expresses her regrets to Leo.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: Franca and Carlo arrange a dinner for the families, during which they announce their relationship, but do not reveal their engagement. Upset at the revelation that their parents have been dating, Sal and Vince begin exchanging insults. Vince proposes entering a pizza competition against Sal saying that whoever loses will have to leave Little Italy. When they are reminded they are banned from the competition because of their fight years ago, they decide to have Nikki and Leo enter the competition. Nikki initially refuses to compete, and Vince asserts it is because she afraid to face Leo. Nikki and Leo start arguing about who let who win in soccer when they were kids. Leo makes a reference to them sleeping together the night before, and Nikki slaps him and storms out in anger.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: At the competition, Leo is declared the winner and Nikki departs to the airport for London. However, Leo refuses to take the trophy after he realizes that Nikki had purposely switched their sauces so that Leo would win. Realizing that Nikki has gone to the airport, Leo and their families go after her. At the airport, Leo finds Nikki and declares that all he wants in life is her and that he is in love with her. Although she initially appear to reject him, she ultimately decides to stay with Leo. She declares her mutual love for him and they kiss. They confront their fathers about their fight years ago, and Sal and Vince admit that the fight was indirectly about their parents Franca and Carlo. In 1999, after winning the pizza competition, Sal and Vince argued about who to name the winning pizza after, resulting in the beginning of the rivalry. Franca and Carlo finally announce that they are getting married. Sal and Vince hug each other, formally ending the rivalry.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: Some time later, the families celebrate at Nikki and Leo's new restaurant. Corinne, who came to Toronto to convince Nikki to return to London, reveals that she had to shut down her new restaurant after receiving negative reviews from critics. The families all dance together, and Nikki and Leo finally set up Jessie and Jogi as a couple.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: In July 2017, it was announced Hayden Christensen, Emma Roberts, Andrea Martin, Alyssa Milano, Danny Aiello, Adam Ferrara, Gary Basaraba, Andrew Phung, and Jane Seymour had joined the cast of the film, with Donald Petrie directing from a screenplay by Steve Galluccio and Vinay Virmani. Pauline Dhillon and Ajay Virmani served as producers on the film, while Fred Fuchs, Tiffany Kuzon, Patrick Roy and Christina Kubacki served as executive producers, under their Firsttake Entertainment, Telefilm Canada and Gem Entertainment banners, respectively. Entertainment One handled distribution in Canada.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: The film was released in Canada on August 24, 2018, by Entertainment One and in the United States on September 21, 2018, by Lionsgate.


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that of critics have given the film a positive review, based on reviews, with an average rating of . On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 28 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews."


title: Little Italy (2018 film)

text: The movie was widely mocked as one of the worst movies of the year. It was the pick for episode 206 of the podcast "How Did This Get Made?", which discusses unusually terrible films. When trailers were released confirming it was an actual movie, the film was widely mocked on social media and failed to get a wide theatrical release, screening in just a handful of theatres and being made available On Demand while still in theatres.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Francis Lee Bailey Jr. (June 10, 1933 – June 3, 2021) was an American criminal defense attorney. Bailey's name first came to nationwide attention for his involvement in the second murder trial of Sam Sheppard, a surgeon accused of murdering his wife. He later served as the attorney in a number of other high-profile cases, such as Albert DeSalvo, a suspect in the "Boston Strangler" murders, heiress Patty Hearst's trial for bank robberies committed during her involvement with the Symbionese Liberation Army, and US Army Captain Ernest Medina for the My Lai Massacre. He was a member of the "Dream Team" in the trial of former football player O. J. Simpson, who was accused of murdering Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: For most of his career, he was licensed in Florida and in Massachusetts, where he was disbarred in 2001 and 2003, respectively, for misconduct while defending marijuana dealer Claude Louis DuBoc. Following his disbarment, he moved to Maine, where he ran a consulting firm. He later sat for the bar exam in the state of Maine, though in 2013 he was denied a law license by the Maine Board of Bar Examiners, a decision reversed by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court in 2014.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey was born June 10, 1933, in Waltham, Massachusetts. His mother, Grace (Mitchell), was a teacher and nursery school director, and his father, Francis Lee Bailey Sr., was an advertising salesman. His parents divorced when he was ten. Bailey attended Cardigan Mountain School and then Kimball Union Academy, where he graduated in 1950. He studied at Harvard College but dropped out in 1952 to join the United States Navy and later transferred to the Marine Corps. He was commissioned as an officer and, following flight training, received his naval aviator wings in 1954. He served as a jet fighter pilot, and then began to serve as a squadron legal officer.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: He briefly returned to Harvard before being admitted to Boston University School of Law in 1957, which accepted his military experience in lieu of the requirement for students to have completed at least three years of undergraduate college courses. While attending Boston University, he achieved the highest grade point average in the school's history. He graduated with an LL.B. in 1960 and was ranked first in his class.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In 1954, Sam Sheppard was found guilty in the murder of his wife Marilyn. The case was one of the inspirations for the television series "The Fugitive" (1963–1967). In the 1960s, Bailey, at the time a resident of Rocky River, Ohio, was hired by Sheppard's brother Stephen to help in Sheppard's appeal. In 1966, Bailey successfully argued before the U.S. Supreme Court that Sheppard had been denied due process, winning a re-trial. A not guilty verdict followed. This case established Bailey's reputation as a skilled defense attorney and was the first of many high-profile cases.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In 1964, Bailey defended Albert DeSalvo for a series of sexual assaults known as the "Green Man" or "Measuring Man" incidents. Bailey later said that DeSalvo confessed that he had also committed the "Boston Strangler" murders. DeSalvo was found guilty of the assaults, but was never tried for the murders.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Carl A. Coppolino was accused of the July 30, 1963, murder of retired Army Col. William Farber, his neighbor and the husband of Marjorie Farber, with whom Coppolino was having an affair. He was also accused of the August 28, 1965, murder of his wife, Carmela Coppolino. The prosecution claimed that Coppolino injected his victims with a paralyzing drug called succinylcholine chloride, which at the time was undetectable due to limited forensic technology. Bailey successfully defended Coppolino in the New Jersey case over the death of Farber in December 1966. However, Coppolino was convicted of murdering his wife in Florida. He was paroled after serving 12 years of his sentence.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey attended Keeler Polygraph Institute in Chicago, where he became an expert in lie detector tests. It was in this capacity that he was enlisted by the defense in the case of George Edgerly, a mechanic charged with murdering his wife. When Edgerly's attorney was incapacitated by a heart attack, Bailey took over the defense. Edgerly—whose story was one of several that served as the basis for the television series and film "The Fugitive"—was acquitted.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey successfully defended U.S. Army Captain Ernest Medina in his 1971 court-martial for responsibility in the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War. Medina was court-martialed for allegedly allowing the men in the company he commanded to murder My Lai non-combatants. Medina claimed that he never gave orders to kill non-combatants, and that his men killed non-combatants of their own volition. Medina also testified that he was unable to stop the massacre because he did not become aware of it until it was too late. Medina additionally denied personally killing any Vietnamese non-combatants at My Lai, with the exception of a young woman whom two soldiers testified that they had found hiding in a ditch. When she emerged with her hands held up, Medina shot her because, as he claimed at his court-martial, he thought she had a grenade. Medina was acquitted, and subsequently left the Army. He later worked at an Enstrom Helicopter Corporation plant in which Bailey had an ownership stake.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: The prosecution of Patty Hearst, a newspaper heiress who had committed armed bank robberies after being kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), was one of Bailey's defeats. In her autobiography, Hearst described his closing argument as "disjointed" and said that she suspected he had been drinking. During his closing argument, Bailey spilled a glass of water on his pants. Hearst was convicted and sentenced to seven years in prison. She served 22 months before her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. She was pardoned by President Bill Clinton in 2001.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: While Hearst was convicted at trial, Bailey did protect her from a further death-penalty prosecution. On April 28, 1975, members of the SLA had robbed a Crocker Bank branch in Carmichael, California. Hearst drove one of the getaway cars. A customer was killed when one of the robbers' gun discharged. The Symbionese Liberation Army members participating in the robbery were therefore subject to the death penalty under the felony murder rule. Bailey negotiated with prosecutors for Hearst to receive immunity in exchange for her testimony about the Carmichael robbery, thus protecting her from a possible death sentence.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In 1994, while the O. J. Simpson case was being tried, Bailey and Robert Shapiro represented Claude DuBoc, an accused marijuana dealer. In a plea bargain agreement with the U.S. Attorney, DuBoc agreed to turn over his assets to the U.S. government. These included a large block of stock in BioChem, worth approximately $6 million at the time of the plea deal. When the government sought to collect the stock, it had increased in value to $20 million. Bailey said he was entitled to the appreciation in payment of his legal fees. Since he had used the stock as collateral for loans, he was unable to turn over the stock to the government. In 1996, Bailey was sent to prison for contempt. After 44 days at the Federal Correctional Institution, Tallahassee, Bailey's brother succeeded in raising the money to enable him to return the stock, and he was freed.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey joined the O. J. Simpson defense team just before the preliminary hearing. Bailey held numerous press conferences to discuss the progress of the case. In a press conference prior to his cross-examination of Mark Fuhrman, Bailey said, "Any lawyer in his right mind who would not be looking forward to cross-examining Mark Fuhrman is an idiot." His famous cross-examination of Fuhrman is considered to be the key to Simpson's acquittal. In front of a predominantly Black jury, Bailey got Fuhrman to claim, "Marine to Marine", he never used the word "nigger" to describe Blacks at any time during the previous 10 years, a claim the defense team later found evidence to refute. Ultimately, the statement that Bailey drew from the detective forced Fuhrman to plead the Fifth in his next courtroom appearance, thereby undermining his credibility with the jury. Bailey also attracted minor attention for keeping a silver flask on the defense table, which fellow defense attorney Robert Kardashian claimed contained only coffee.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey published a book about the Simpson trial shortly before his death, titled "The Truth About the O.J. Simpson Trial: By the Architect of the Defense".


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: British citizen Chantal McCorkle, along with her American husband William, were tried and convicted in 1998 in Florida for her part in a financial fraud. The McCorkles sold kits, advertised in infomercials, purporting to show buyers how to get rich by buying property in foreclosures and government auctions. Among the grounds for their conviction was their representation in the infomercials that they owned luxury automobiles and airplanes (actually rented for the commercials), and their use of purported testimonials from satisfied customers, who were actually paid actors.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Chantal, represented by Mark Horwitz, and her husband, represented by Bailey, were each originally sentenced to over 24 years in federal prison under mandatory sentencing laws. After two appeals, the McCorkles' sentences were reduced in 2006 to 18 years.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: A strike to Bailey's credibility came when he took on the case of aggrieved families of passengers on Korean Air Lines Flight 007, which was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1983. Though he made several public statements attesting to his commitment to the case, his law firm put in a much smaller number of hours on the case than did the two other law firms working on it. He aggravated other clients by traveling to Libya to discuss defending two men who were charged with blowing up Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, even after undertaking the cause of the relatives of that bombing's victims. To the latter, the expedition to Tripoli was a clear conflict of interest; Bailey denied that he intended to defend the Libyans, though a letter he had written to the U.S. Government suggested otherwise.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Koscot Interplanetary and Dare to be Great were multi-level marketing companies owned by Glenn W. Turner. In 1973, Turner, Bailey and eight others were indicted by a federal grand jury on conspiracy and mail fraud charges. The indictment said that Bailey had appeared in a film made for Turner's organization and had appeared with Turner at several rallies. A nine-month trial ended in a hung jury. Charges were then dropped against Bailey. In 1975, Turner pleaded guilty to a single misdemeanor charge of violating securities laws and was given probation.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey was featured in an RKO television special in which he conducted a mock trial, examining various expert witnesses on the subject of the "Paul is dead" rumor referring to Beatle Paul McCartney. One of the experts was Fred LaBour, whose article in "The Michigan Daily" had been instrumental in the spread of the urban legend. LaBour told Bailey during a pre-show meeting he had made up the whole thing. Bailey responded, "Well, we have an hour of television to do. You're going to have to go along with this." The program aired locally in New York City on November 30, 1969, and was never re-aired.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In 1967, Bailey became host of the short-lived ABC television series "Good Company", a series in which he would interview celebrities in their homes in a format similar to Edward R. Murrow's "Person to Person". In 1983, Bailey again became a television host, when he was named the host of a short-lived syndicated television show called "Lie Detector". Guests were questioned by Bailey and were then submitted to a polygraph test.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: On February 28, 1982, Bailey was arrested for drunk driving in California. He was acquitted, thanks in large part to the defense conducted by Robert Shapiro, who employed Bailey on the O. J. Simpson criminal defense team 12 years later. The drunk driving trial so enraged Bailey that he wrote a book, "How to Protect Yourself Against Cops in California and Other Strange Places", which alleged serious abuses by police and argued that driving under the influence of alcohol had become "a number, not a condition". He furthermore asserted that political pressure had motivated police to go after celebrities in particular.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey's high public profile came both as a result of the cases he took on and his own actions. In 2001, he was disbarred in the state of Florida, with reciprocal disbarment in Massachusetts on April 11, 2003. The Florida disbarment was the result of his handling of shares in a pharmaceutical company named Biochem Pharma during his representation of marijuana dealer Claude DuBoc. Bailey had transferred a large portion of DuBoc's assets into his own accounts. The stock, worth about $5.9 million, was supposed to be included in the forfeiture of assets that DuBoc made as part of a plea bargain. It had been held by Bailey because it would be sold immediately if it came into government possession, but it was expected to rise dramatically in value. Bailey later refused to turn it over, saying that it was payment of his legal fees and not part of DuBoc's asset forfeiture. In addition, Bailey said that the stock was collateral for loans that he had received, and so could not be sold until the loans were repaid. These arguments were rejected by the court; the stock rose in value to about $20 million, and Bailey then argued that, if he turned over the stock so that it could be sold, he was entitled to keep the difference between what it was valued at when he received it and its new, higher price. After Bailey was imprisoned for six weeks in 1996 for contempt of court, his brother raised the money that enabled Bailey to turn the stock over to the government, and he was released. He was later found guilty of seven counts of attorney misconduct by the Florida Supreme Court, and in 2001 he was disbarred. Massachusetts disbarred Bailey two years later.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In early 2003, a judge ordered Bailey to pay $5 million in taxes and penalties on income connected with the Duboc case. The judge later reversed the decision, although Bailey still had an unpaid tax bill of nearly $2 million, which he disputed. In March 2005, Bailey filed to regain his law license in Massachusetts but failed.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In 2009, Bailey moved to Yarmouth, Maine, where he was a partner in the Bailey & Elliott consulting business with his girlfriend Debbie Elliott. In 2012, Bailey passed the Maine bar examination and applied for a law license; the Maine Board of Bar Examiners voted 5–4 to deny his application. The majority said Bailey had not proved by "clear and convincing evidence that he possesses the requisite honesty and integrity" to practice law. Bailey appealed, petitioning the Maine Supreme Judicial Court to review the denial. In March 2013, a two-day hearing was held by Supreme Judicial Court Justice Donald G. Alexander in which Bailey's suitability to practice law was examined. Justice Alexander filed a 57-page ruling on April 19, 2013, stating that Bailey "was almost fit to practice law, except for an outstanding tax debt of nearly $2 million". Bailey was allowed to move for reconsideration of the decision "if [he] offer[ed] a plan to repay the nearly $2 million he owes in back taxes to the federal government". Initially, the government had claimed that Bailey owed $4 million in back taxes. However, representing himself before the tax court, Bailey was successful in having the amount owed reduced to $2 million.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In June 2013, Bailey's attorney, Peter DeTroy, filed a motion for reconsideration of the decision. After oral arguments were heard on the reconsideration, Justice Alexander granted the motion, stating that "[a] general survey of the state precedent on the debt payment issue suggests that the existence of a debt, by itself, may not result in a finding of lack of good moral character ... Rather, findings of failure of proof of good moral character tend to be based on misconduct regarding effort — or lack of effort — to pay the debt, or misconduct referencing the debt payment obligation in the bar admission process." This cleared the way for Bailey to obtain a Maine law license. However, Maine's Board of Bar Examiners appealed Justice Alexander's decision to the entire Supreme Court, minus Alexander.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: On April 10, 2014, the Maine Supreme Court voted 4-to-2 to side with the Bar Examiners and reverse Justice Alexander's decision, which continued to prevent Bailey from practicing law in Maine.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey was married four times. His first marriage, to Florence Gott, ended in divorce in 1961; his second marriage, to Froma Portley, lasted until their divorce in 1972; his third marriage, to Lynda Hart, lasted from 1972 until their divorce in 1980; and his fourth marriage, to Patricia Shiers, lasted from 1985 until her death in 1999. He had two sons from his first marriage and another son from his second marriage.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: Bailey moved to Georgia towards the end of his life. After a period of ill health, he died under hospice care in Atlanta on June 3, 2021, aged 87.


title: F. Lee Bailey

text: In Ezra Edelman's 2016 documentary "", Bailey is featured heavily through interviews and archive footage of the Simpson murder trial, particularly his cross-examination of Mark Fuhrman. In his interview, Bailey continued to assert that Fuhrman deliberately planted the incriminating glove on Simpson's estate in an attempt to frame him. When asked by Edelman what motive Fuhrman would have, Bailey responded that Simpson had married a white woman, which he described as "a capital offense in Fuhrman's eyes".


title: Business model

text: A business model describes how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value, in economic, social, cultural or other contexts. The process of business model construction and modification is also called "business model innovation" and forms a part of business strategy.


title: Business model

text: In theory and practice, the term "business model" is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to represent core aspects of an organization or business, including purpose, business process, target customers, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, sourcing, trading practices, and operational processes and policies including culture.


title: Business model

text: The literature has provided very diverse interpretations and definitions of a business model. A systematic review and analysis of manager responses to a survey defines business models as the design of organizational structures to enact a commercial opportunity. Further extensions to this design logic emphasize the use of narrative or coherence in business model descriptions as mechanisms by which entrepreneurs create extraordinarily successful growth firms.


title: Business model

text: Business models are used to describe and classify businesses, especially in an entrepreneurial setting, but they are also used by managers inside companies to explore possibilities for future development. Well-known business models can operate as "recipes" for creative managers. Business models are also referred to in some instances within the context of accounting for purposes of public reporting.


title: Business model

text: Over the years, business models have become much more sophisticated. The "bait and hook" business model (also referred to as the "razor and blades business model" or the "tied products business model") was introduced in the early 20th century. This involves offering a basic product at a very low cost, often at a loss (the "bait"), then charging compensatory recurring amounts for refills or associated products or services (the "hook"). Examples include: razor (bait) and blades (hook); cell phones (bait) and air time (hook); computer printers (bait) and ink cartridge refills (hook); and cameras (bait) and prints (hook). A variant of this model was employed by Adobe, a software developer that gave away its document reader free of charge but charged several hundred dollars for its document writer.


title: Business model

text: In the 1950s, new business models came from McDonald's Restaurants and Toyota. In the 1960s, the innovators were Wal-Mart and Hypermarkets. The 1970s saw new business models from FedEx and Toys R Us; the 1980s from Blockbuster, Home Depot, Intel, and Dell Computer; the 1990s from Southwest Airlines, Netflix, eBay, Amazon.com, and Starbucks.


title: Business model

text: Today, the type of business models might depend on how technology is used. For example, entrepreneurs on the internet have also created new models that depend entirely on existing or emergent technology. Using technology, businesses can reach a large number of customers with minimal costs. In addition, the rise of outsourcing and globalization has meant that business models must also account for strategic sourcing, complex supply chains and moves to collaborative, relational contracting structures.


title: Business model

text: Design logic views the business model as an outcome of creating new organizational structures or changing existing structures to pursue a new opportunity. Gerry George and Adam Bock (2011) conducted a comprehensive literature review and surveyed managers to understand how they perceived the components of a business model. In that analysis these authors show that there is a design logic behind how entrepreneurs and managers perceive and explain their business model. In further extensions to the design logic, George and Bock (2012) use case studies and the IBM survey data on business models in large companies, to describe how CEOs and entrepreneurs create narratives or stories in a coherent manner to move the business from one opportunity to another. They also show that when the narrative is incoherent or the components of the story are misaligned, that these businesses tend to fail. They recommend ways in which the entrepreneur or CEO can create strong narratives for change.


title: Business model

text: Berglund and Sandström (2013) argued that business models should be understood from an open systems perspective as opposed to being a firm-internal concern. Since innovating firms do not have executive control over their surrounding network, business model innovation tends to require soft power tactics with the goal of aligning heterogeneous interests. As a result, open business models are created as firms increasingly rely on partners and suppliers to provide new activities that are outside their competence base. In a study of collaborative research and external sourcing of technology, Hummel et al. (2010) similarly found that in deciding on business partners, it is important to make sure that both parties' business models are complementary. For example, they found that it was important to identify the value drivers of potential partners by analyzing their business models, and that it is beneficial to find partner firms that understand key aspects of one's own firm's business model.


title: Business model

text: The University of Tennessee conducted research into highly collaborative business relationships. Researchers codified their research into a sourcing business model known as Vested Outsourcing), a hybrid sourcing business model in which buyers and suppliers in an outsourcing or business relationship focus on shared values and goals to create an arrangement that is highly collaborative and mutually beneficial to each.


title: Business model

text: From about 2012, some research and experimentation has theorized about a so-called "liquid business model".


title: Business model

text: Sangeet Paul Choudary distinguishes between two broad families of business models in an article in "Wired" magazine. Choudary contrasts pipes (linear business models) with platforms (networked business models). In the case of pipes, firms create goods and services, push them out and sell them to customers. Value is produced upstream and consumed downstream. There is a linear flow, much like water flowing through a pipe. Unlike pipes, platforms do not just create and push stuff out. They allow users to create and consume value.


title: Business model

text: Alex Moazed, founder and CEO of Applico, defines a platform as a business model that creates value by facilitating exchanges between two or more interdependent groups usually consumers and producers of a given value. As a result of digital transformation, it is the predominant business model of the 21st century.


title: Business model

text: In an op-ed on MarketWatch, Choudary, Van Alstyne and Parker further explain how business models are moving from pipes to platforms, leading to disruption of entire industries.


title: Business model

text: There are three elements to a successful platform business model. The "toolbox" creates connection by making it easy for others to plug into the platform. This infrastructure enables interactions between participants. The "magnet" creates pull that attracts participants to the platform. For transaction platforms, both producers and consumers must be present to achieve critical mass. The "matchmaker" fosters the flow of value by making connections between producers and consumers. Data is at the heart of successful matchmaking, and distinguishes platforms from other business models.


title: Business model

text: Chen (2009) stated that the business model has to take into account the capabilities of Web 2.0, such as collective intelligence, network effects, user-generated content, and the possibility of self-improving systems. He suggested that the service industry such as the airline, traffic, transportation, hotel, restaurant, information and communications technology and online gaming industries will be able to benefit in adopting business models that take into account the characteristics of Web 2.0. He also emphasized that Business Model 2.0 has to take into account not just the technology effect of Web 2.0 but also the networking effect. He gave the example of the success story of Amazon in making huge revenues each year by developing an open platform that supports a community of companies that re-use Amazon's on-demand commerce services.


title: Business model

text: Jose van Dijck (2013) identifies three main ways that media platforms choose to monetize, which mark a change from traditional business models. One is the subscription model, in which platforms charge users a small monthly fee in exchange for services. She notes that the model was ill-suited for those "accustomed to free content and services", leading to a variant, the freemium model. A second method is via advertising. Arguing that traditional advertising is no longer appealing to people used to "user-generated content and social networking", she states that companies now turn to strategies of customization and personalization in targeted advertising. Eric K. Clemons (2009) asserts that consumers no longer trust most commercial messages; Van Dijck argues platforms are able to circumvent the issue through personal recommendations from friends or influencers on social media platforms, which can serve as a more subtle form of advertisement. Finally, a third common business model is monetization of data and metadata generated from the use of platforms.


title: Business model

text: Malone et al. found that some business models, as defined by them, indeed performed better than others in a dataset consisting of the largest U.S. firms, in the period 1998 through 2002, while they did not prove whether the existence of a business model mattered.


title: Business model

text: In the healthcare space, and in particular in companies that leverage the power of Artificial Intelligence, the design of business models is particularly challenging as there are a multitude of value creation mechanisms and a multitude of possible stakeholders. An emerging categorization has identified seven archetypes.


title: Business model

text: The concept of a business model has been incorporated into certain accounting standards. For example, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) utilizes an "entity's business model for managing the financial assets" as a criterion for determining whether such assets should be measured at amortized cost or at fair value in its International Financial Reporting Standard, IFRS 9. In their 2013 proposal for accounting for financial instruments, the Financial Accounting Standards Board also proposed a similar use of business model for classifying financial instruments. The concept of business model has also been introduced into the accounting of deferred taxes under International Financial Reporting Standards with 2010 amendments to IAS 12 addressing deferred taxes related to investment property.


title: Business model

text: Both IASB and FASB have proposed using the concept of business model in the context of reporting a lessor's lease income and lease expense within their joint project on accounting for leases. In its 2016 lease accounting model, IFRS 16, the IASB chose not to include a criterion of "stand alone utility" in its lease definition because "entities might reach different conclusions for contracts that contain the same rights of use, depending on differences between customers' resources or suppliers' business models." The concept has also been proposed as an approach for determining the measurement and classification when accounting for insurance contracts. As a result of the increasing prominence the concept of business model has received in the context of financial reporting, the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), which advises the European Union on endorsement of financial reporting standards, commenced a project on the "Role of the Business Model in Financial Reporting" in 2011.


title: Business model

text: Business model design generally refers to the activity of designing a company's business model. It is part of the business development and business strategy process and involves design methods. Massa and Tucci (2014) highlighted the difference between crafting a new business model when none is in place, as it is often the case with academic spinoffs and high technology entrepreneurship, and changing an existing business model, such as when the tooling company Hilti shifted from selling its tools to a leasing model. They suggested that the differences are so profound (for example, lack of resource in the former case and inertia and conflicts with existing configurations and organisational structures in the latter) that it could be worthwhile to adopt different terms for the two. They suggest business model design to refer to the process of crafting a business model when none is in place and business model reconfiguration for process of changing an existing business model, also highlighting that the two process are not mutually exclusive, meaning reconfiguration may involve steps which parallel those of designing a business model.


title: Business model

text: Al-Debei and Avison (2010) consider value finance as one of the main dimensions of BM which depicts information related to costing, pricing methods, and revenue structure. Stewart and Zhao (2000) defined the business model as "a statement of how a firm will make money and sustain its profit stream over time."


title: Business model

text: Osterwalder et al. (2005) consider the Business Model as the blueprint of how a company does business. Slywotzky (1996) regards the business model as "the totality of how a company selects its customers, defines and differentiates it offerings, defines the tasks it will perform itself and those it will outsource, configures its resources, goes to market, creates utility for customers and captures profits."


title: Business model

text: Mayo and Brown (1999) considered the business model as "the design of key interdependent systems that create and sustain a competitive business." Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart (2011) explain a business model as a set of "choices (policy, assets and governance)" and "consequences (flexible and rigid)" and underline the importance of considering "how it interacts with models of other players in the industry" instead of thinking of it in isolation.


title: Business model

text: Zott and Amit (2009) consider business model design from the perspectives of design themes and design content. Design themes refer to the system's dominant value creation drivers and design content examines in greater detail the activities to be performed, the linking and sequencing of the activities and who will perform the activities.


title: Business model

text: Developing a framework for business model development with an emphasis on design themes, Lim (2010) proposed the environment-strategy-structure-operations (ESSO) business model development which takes into consideration the alignment of the organization's strategy with the organization's structure, operations, and the environmental factors in achieving competitive advantage in varying combination of cost, quality, time, flexibility, innovation and affective.


title: Business model

text: A business model design template can facilitate the process of designing and describing a company's business model. In a paper published in 2017, Johnson demonstrated how matrix methods may usefully be deployed to characterise the architecture of resources, costs, and revenues that a business uses to create and deliver value to customers which defines its business model. Systematisation of this technique (Johnson settles on a business genomic code of seven matrix elements of a business model) would support a taxonomical approach to empirical studies of business models in the same way that Linnaeus’ taxonomy revolutionised biology.


title: Business model

text: Daas et al. (2012) developed a decision support system (DSS) for business model design. In their study a decision support system (DSS) is developed to help SaaS in this process, based on a design approach consisting of a design process that is guided by various design methods.


title: Business model

text: In the early history of business models it was very typical to define business model types such as bricks-and-mortar or e-broker. However, these types usually describe only one aspect of the business (most often the revenue model). Therefore, more recent literature on business models concentrate on describing a business model as a whole, instead of only the most visible aspects.


title: Business model

text: The following examples provide an overview for various business model types that have been in discussion since the invention of term "business model":


title: Business model

text: Technology centric communities have defined "frameworks" for business modeling. These frameworks attempt to define a rigorous approach to defining business value streams. It is not clear, however, to what extent such frameworks are actually important for business planning. Business model frameworks represent the core aspect of any company; they involve "the totality of how a company selects its customers defines and differentiates its offerings, defines the tasks it will perform itself and those it will outsource, configures its resource, goes to market, creates utility for customers, and captures profits". A business framework involves internal factors (market analysis; products/services promotion; development of trust; social influence and knowledge sharing) and external factors (competitors and technological aspects).


title: Business model

text: A review on business model frameworks can be found in Krumeich et al. (2012). In the following some frameworks are introduced.


title: Business model

text: The process of business model design is part of business strategy. Business model design and innovation refer to the way a firm (or a network of firms) defines its business logic at the strategic level.


title: Business model

text: In contrast, firms implement their business model at the operational level, through their business operations. This refers to their process-level activities, capabilities, functions and infrastructure (for example, their business processes and business process modeling), their organizational structures (e.g. organograms, workflows, human resources) and systems (e.g. information technology architecture, production lines).


title: Business model

text: The brand is a consequence of the business model and has a symbiotic relationship with it, because the business model determines the brand promise, and the brand equity becomes a feature of the model. Managing this is a task of integrated marketing.


title: Business model

text: The standard terminology and examples of business models do not apply to most nonprofit organizations, since their sources of income are generally not the same as the beneficiaries. The term 'funding model' is generally used instead.


title: Business model

text: The model is defined by the organization's vision, mission, and values, as well as sets of boundaries for the organization—what products or services it will deliver, what customers or markets it will target, and what supply and delivery channels it will use. Mission and vision together make part of the overall business purpose. While the business model includes high-level strategies and tactical direction for how the organization will implement the model, it also includes the annual goals that set the specific steps the organization intends to undertake in the next year and the measures for their expected accomplishment. Each of these is likely to be part of internal documentation that is available to the internal auditor.


title: Business model

text: When an organisation creates a new business model, the process is called business model innovation. There is a range of reviews on the topic, the latter of which defines business model innovation as "the conceptualisation and implementation of new business models". This can comprise the development of entirely new business models, the diversification into additional business models, the acquisition of new business models, or the transformation from one business model to another (see figure on the right). The transformation can affect the entire business model or individual or a combination of its value proposition, value creation and deliver, and value capture elements, the alignment between the elements. The concept facilitates the analysis and planning of transformations from one business model to another. Frequent and successful business model innovation can increase an organisation's resilience to changes in its environment and if an organisation has the capability to do this, it can become a competitive advantage.


title: Business model

text: As a specific instance of Business Model Dynamics, a research strand derived from the evolving changes in business models, BMA identifies an update of the current business model to changes derived from the context. BMA can be innovative or not, depending on the degree of novelty of the changes implemented. As a consequence of the new context, several business model elements are promoted to answer those challenges, pivoting the business model towards new models. Companies adapt their business model when someone or something such as COVID-19 has disrupted the market. BMA could fit any organization, but incumbents are more motivated to adapt their current BM than to change it radically or create a new one.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg ions and O ions held together by ionic bonding. Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + HO → Mg(OH)), but it can be reversed by heating it to remove moisture.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from "magnesia negra", a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: While "magnesium oxide" normally refers to MgO, the compound magnesium peroxide MgO is also known. According to evolutionary crystal structure prediction, MgO is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 116 GPa (gigapascals), and a semiconducting suboxide MgO is thermodynamically stable above 500 GPa. Because of its stability, MgO is used as a model system for investigating vibrational properties of crystals.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Pure MgO is not conductive and has a high resistance to electric current at room temperature. The pure powder of MgO has a relative permittivity inbetween 3.2 to 9.9 formula_1 with an approximate dielectric loss of tan(δ) > 2.16x10 at 1kHz.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Magnesium oxide is produced by the calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. The latter is obtained by the treatment of magnesium chloride solutions, typically seawater, with limewater or milk of lime.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Calcining at different temperatures produces magnesium oxide of different reactivity. High temperatures 1500 – 2000 °C diminish the available surface area and produces dead-burned (often called dead burnt) magnesia, an unreactive form used as a refractory. Calcining temperatures 1000 – 1500 °C produce hard-burned magnesia, which has limited reactivity and calcining at lower temperature, (700–1000 °C) produces light-burned magnesia, a reactive form, also known as caustic calcined magnesia. Although some decomposition of the carbonate to oxide occurs at temperatures below 700 °C, the resulting materials appears to reabsorb carbon dioxide from the air.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: MgO is prized as a refractory material, i.e. a solid that is physically and chemically stable at high temperatures. It has two useful attributes: high thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity. Filling the spiral Calrod range top heating elements on kitchen electric stoves is a major use. "By far the largest consumer of magnesia worldwide is the refractory industry, which consumed about 56% of the magnesia in the United States in 2004, the remaining 44% being used in agricultural, chemical, construction, environmental, and other industrial applications." MgO is used as a basic refractory material for crucibles.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: It is a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materials. As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards have several attractive characteristics: fire resistance, termite resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resistance, and strength.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Most gas mantles utilize magnesium oxide. Early iterations such as the Clamond basket used only this. Later versions use ~60% magnesium oxide, with other components such as lanthanum oxide or yttrium oxide making up the rest. Another exception would be thoriated gas mantles.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Magnesium oxide is used extensively in the soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, air emissions treatment, and waste treatment industries for its acid buffering capacity and related effectiveness in stabilizing dissolved heavy metal species.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Many heavy metals species, such as lead and cadmium are most soluble in water at acidic pH (below 6) as well as high pH (above 11). Solubility of metals affects bioavailability of the species and mobility soil and groundwater systems. Most metal species are toxic to humans at certain concentrations, therefore it is imperative to minimize metal bioavailability and mobility.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Granular MgO is often blended into metals-contaminated soil or waste material, which is also commonly of a low pH (acidic), in order to drive the pH into the 8–10 range where most metals are at their lowest solubilities (basic). Metal-hydroxide complexes have a tendency to precipitate out of aqueous solution in the pH range of 8–10. MgO is widely regarded as the most effective metals stabilization compound when compared to Portland cement, lime, kiln dust products, power generation waste products, and various proprietary products due to MgO's superior buffering capacity, cost effectiveness, and ease/safety of handling.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Most, if not all products that are marketed as metals stabilization technologies create very high pH conditions in aquifers whereas MgO creates an ideal aquifer condition with a pH of 8–10. Additionally, magnesium, an essential element to most biological systems, is provided to soil and groundwater microbial populations during MgO-assisted metals remediation as an added benefit.


title: Magnesium oxide

text: Magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and indigestion, as an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative. It is also used to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping. In quantities sufficient to obtain a laxative effect, side effects of long-term use may rarely cause enteroliths to form, resulting in bowel obstruction.


title: Tatsuhisa Suzuki

text: "Shūkan Bunshun" reported that Suzuki was engaged to LiSA in May 2019. In January 2020, the two publicly revealed their relationship and announced they had married.


title: Tatsuhisa Suzuki

text: On August 4, 2021, Suzuki went on hiatus due to poor health issues, following a report published on July 30 by "Shūkan Bunshun" alleging that he was involved in an extramarital affair with a female work associate. The same report also alleged that Suzuki had possibly violated non-disclosure agreements during the affair regarding music he and Oldcodex had been working on for other anime series. On August 30, 2021, Suzuki released a statement apologizing for his "careless behavior." As a result of the hiatus, he withdrew from "Ultraman". He was also recast in "Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger", the CD bonuses of the game adaptation of "", "", "Alchemy Stars", "The Misfit of Demon King Academy", and "Tokyo Revengers". However, Kyoto Animation confirmed that they were not replacing him in "Free!".


title: Grand Est

text: Rhine Franconian: "Groß Oschte"; ; ) is an administrative region in Northeastern France. It superseded three former administrative regions, Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine, on 1 January 2016 under the provisional name of Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (; ACAL or, less commonly, ALCA), as a result of territorial reform which had been passed by the French Parliament in 2014.


title: Grand Est

text: The region sits astride three water basins (Seine, Meuse and Rhine), spanning an area of , the fifth largest in France; it includes two mountain ranges (Vosges and Ardennes). It shares borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany and Switzerland. As of 2017, it had a population of 5,549,586 inhabitants. The prefecture and largest city, by far, is Strasbourg.


title: Grand Est

text: The East of France has a rich and diverse culture, being situated at a crossroads between the Latin and Germanic worlds. This history is reflected in the variety of languages spoken there (Alsatian, Champenois, and Lorraine Franconian). Most of today's Grand Est region was considered "Eastern" as early as the 8th century, when it constituted the southern part of the Francian territory of Austrasia. The city of Reims (in Champagne), where Frankish king Clovis I had been baptized in 496 AD, would later play a prominent ceremonial role in French monarchical history as the traditional site of the coronation of the kings of France. The Champagne fairs played a significant role in the economy of medieval Europe as well. Alsace and Lorraine thrived in the sphere of influence of the Holy Roman Empire for most of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and subject to competing claims by France and Germany over the centuries.


title: Grand Est

text: The region has distinctive traditions such as the celebration of Saint Nicholas Day, Christmas markets, or traditions involving the Easter hare in Alsace and Lorraine. Alsace-Moselle are furthermore subject to local law for historical reasons. With a long industrial history and strong agriculture and tourism (arts, gastronomy, sightseeing), the East of France is one of the top economic producing regions in the country.


title: Grand Est

text: The provisional name of the region was Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine, formed by combining the names of the three former regions—Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine—in alphabetical order with hyphens. The formula for the provisional name of the region was established by the territorial reform law and applied to all but one of the provisional names for new regions. The ACAL regional council, which was elected in December 2015, was given the task of choosing a name for the region and submitting it to the Conseil d'État—France's highest authority for administrative law—by 1 July 2016 for approval. The provisional name of the region was retired on 30 September 2016, when the new name of the region, "Grand Est", took effect.


title: Grand Est

text: In Alsace and in Lorraine, the new region has frequently been called ALCA, for Alsace-Lorraine-Champagne-Ardennes, on the internet.


title: Grand Est

text: Like the name "Région Hauts-de-France" (and, until 2015, the name "Région Centre"), the name "Région Grand Est" contains no reference whatsoever to the area's history or identity, but merely describes its geographical location within metropolitan France.


title: Grand Est

text: In a poll conducted in November 2014 by France 3 in Champagne-Ardenne, "Grand Est" (29.16%) and "Austrasie" (22.65%) were the top two names among 25 candidates and 4,701 votes. Grand Est also topped a poll the following month conducted by L'Est Républicain, receiving 42% of 3,324 votes.


title: Grand Est

text: Grand Est covers of land and is the sixth-largest of the regions of France. Grand Est borders four countries—Belgium (Wallonia region) and Luxembourg (Cantons of Esch-sur-Alzette and Remich) on the north, Germany on the east and northeast, and Switzerland on the southeast. It is the only French region to border more than two countries, or more countries than French regions. Its neighbors within France are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on the south, Île-de-France on the west, and Hauts-de-France on the northwest.


title: Grand Est

text: Grand Est contains ten departments: Ardennes, Aube, Bas-Rhin, Marne, Haute-Marne, Haut-Rhin, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Moselle, Vosges.


title: Grand Est

text: The region is bordered on the east by the Rhine, which forms about half of the border with Germany. Other major rivers which flow through the region include the Meuse, Moselle, Marne, and Saône.


title: Grand Est

text: Lakes in the region include lac de Gérardmer, lac de Longemer, lac de Retournemer, lac des Corbeaux, Lac de Bouzey, lac de Madine, étang du Stock and lac de Pierre-Percée.