title: Vertical integration

text: Vertical integration through production and marketing contracts have also become the dominant model for livestock production. Currently, 90% of poultry, 69% of hogs, and 29% of cattle are contractually produced through vertical integration. The USDA supports vertical integration because it has increased food productivity. However, "... contractors receive a large share of farm receipts, formerly assumed to go to the operator's family".


title: Vertical integration

text: Under production contracts, growers raise animals owned by integrators. Farm contracts contain detailed conditions for growers, who are paid based on how efficiently they use feed, provided by the integrator, to raise the animals. The contract dictates how to construct the facilities, how to feed, house, and medicate the animals, and how to handle manure and dispose of carcasses. Generally, the contract also shields the integrator from liability. Jim Hightower, in his book, "Eat Your Heart Out", discusses this liability role enacted by large food companies. He finds that in many cases of agricultural vertical integration, the integrator (food company) denies the farmer the right of entrepreneurship. This means that the farmer can only sell "under" and "to" the integrator. These restrictions on specified growth, Hightower argues, strips the selling and producing power of the farmer. The producer is ultimately limited by the established standards of the integrator. Yet, at the same time, the integrator still keeps the responsibility connected to the farmer. Hightower sees this as ownership without reliability.


title: Vertical integration

text: Under marketing contracts, growers agree in advance to sell their animals to integrators under an agreed price system. Generally, these contracts shield the integrator from liability for the grower's actions and the only negotiable item is a price.


title: Vertical integration

text: In the United States new automobiles can not be sold at dealerships owned by the same company that produced them but are protected by state franchise laws.


title: Vertical integration

text: EssilorLuxottica, the company that merged with Essilor and Luxottica, occupies up to 30% of the global market share as well as representing billions of pairs of lenses and frames sold annually. Before the merger, Luxottica also owned 80% of the market share of companies that produce corrective and protective eyewear as well as owning many retailers, optical departments at Target and Sears, and key eye insurance groups, such as EyeMed, many of which are already part of the now merged company.


title: Vertical integration

text: In the United States, major vertical mergers have included CVS Health's purchase of Aetna, and Cigna's purchase of Express Scripts.


title: Vertical integration

text: Amazon.com has been criticized for being anti-competitive as both an owner and participant of its dominant online marketplace. In office products, Sycamore Partners owns both Staples, Inc., a major retailer, and Essendant, a dominant wholesaler.


title: Vertical integration

text: Before a wave of deregulation at the end of 20th century, most electric utilities were vertically integrated and provided electric generation, transmission, distribution, and sales. These were not just conglomerates with a common accounting department: there was just one profit center in sales, and costs of transmission and distribution were not separated. Partial deregulation in the US in 1978 (PURPA) forced the utilities to buy electricity outside if the rates were competitive; this gave rise to independent power producers. The other deviation from the vertical integration model were local distribution companies in some towns and regions. In the US 250 vertically integrated companies provided 85% of electrical generation. As of 2022, this "public utility" model was still utilized in some US states, mostly in the Mountain West, Great Plains, and Southeast.


title: Vertical integration

text: In economic theory, vertical integration has been studied in the literature on incomplete contracts that was developed by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. Consider a seller of an intermediate product that is used by a buyer to produce a final product. The intermediate product can only be produced with the help of specific physical assets (e.g., machines, buildings). Should the buyer own the assets (vertical integration) or should the seller own the assets (non-integration)? Suppose that today the parties have to make relationship-specific investments. Since today complete contracts cannot be written, the two parties will negotiate tomorrow about how to divide the returns of the investments. Since the owner is in a better bargaining position, he will have stronger incentives to invest. Hence, whether vertical integration is desirable or not depends on whose investments are more important. Hart's theory has been extended by several authors. For instance, DeMeza and Lockwood (1998) have studied different bargaining games, while Schmitz (2006) has introduced asymmetric information into the incomplete contracting setup. In these extended models, vertical integration can sometimes be optimal even if only the seller has to make an investment decision.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Randolph Channing Crowder Jr. (born December 2, 1983) is an American former college and professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons during the 2000s. He played college football for Florida, and was recognized as an All-American. Crowder was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft, and played his entire professional career for the Dolphins.


title: Channing Crowder

text: He currently co-hosts "Hochman & Crowder", weekdays from 2–6PM simulcast on 790 The Ticket and 560 WQAM. He also co-hosts The Pivot, alongside Fred Taylor and Ryan Clark.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Crowder was born in State College, Pennsylvania, the son of All-American defensive lineman Randy Crowder and Pauline Pope-Crowder. He was a highly regarded linebacker for North Springs High School in Sandy Springs, Georgia who garnered prep All-America recognition. He was named to SuperPrep's All-America Team and that publication ranked him among the nation's top 30 linebackers. He collected All-America honors from PrepStar and that publication ranked him among the Southeast's top 10 linebackers. He garnered All-America honors from Rivals.com and that group ranked him among the nation's top 15 outside linebackers. As a senior, he recorded 114 tackles in 2001 with 7.5 sacks sacks while also rushing for over 800 yards. He was named one of the top four linebackers in the state of Georgia by the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution". He was team MVP in 2001.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Crowder accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Ron Zook's Florida Gators football team in 2003 and 2004. He was an original member of Florida's 2002 signing class, but delayed his enrollment until January 2003 in order to complete rehabilitation of his knee. He joined the Gators and practiced with the team prior to the 2003 Outback Bowl.


title: Channing Crowder

text: As a freshman in 2003, Crowder played in 11 games with nine starts. Those nine starts were the most by a freshman linebacker in school history. He would end up leading the nation in tackles by a freshman during the season. He ranked first among linebackers, first among Florida's true freshmen and tied for ninth on the team with 816 plays despite missing two games. He became the first true freshman of 2003 to start for the Gators and was the first true freshman linebacker to start since Travis Harris started four games in 2000. Crowder underwent arthroscopic knee surgery on October 1 prior to the Mississippi game, and missed the game against the Rebels. He returned against eventual national champion LSU 10 days after surgery to lead the linebacking unit with seven tackles.


title: Channing Crowder

text: On the year, Crowder led the linebackers with 106 tackles (avg. 9.6 per game) – the second-highest total on the team. He also had five tackles for loss, two sacks, four pass breakups and a forced fumble. He led the defense with 12 tackles and one pass deflection against Arkansas, and led the defense against Vanderbilt with a then career-high 15 tackles. Crowder caused Kentucky quarterback Jared Lorenzen to throw a game-turning interception, that set up a touchdown and gave Florida the win.


title: Channing Crowder

text: As a team captain in 2004, he finished third on team with 73 tackles, earned the team's outstanding linebacker award. Crowder was the Gators' leader in tackles six games, and was third on squad with 8.5 tackles for loss. He intercepted his first career pass against Arkansas when he picked off a Matt Jones pass and returned it 22 yards in a 45–30 win. Crowder recorded a career-high two quarterback sacks against LSU's JaMarcus Russell. He notched an SEC and career-best 18 tackles and forced the second fumble of his career against Mississippi State. On the year, he started seven of nine games before a mid-foot sprain in the first quarter of the Georgia game and missed almost all of the next three contest. He recovered his third career fumble and notched three tackles in the Peach Bowl against Miami.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Following his second college season, Crowder was recognized as a first-team All-SEC selection and an ESPN All-American.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Crowder was originally drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the third round (70th overall) in the 2005 NFL Draft. The pick used to select him was previously acquired from the Chicago Bears in the Marty Booker-Adewale Ogunleye trade from the year before. Then-head coach Nick Saban was familiar with Crowder, having coached in the SEC at LSU before coming to Miami.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Crowder signed a four-year contract with the team in July and went on to start 13 of the 16 games in which he played during his rookie season. He opened 11 games at the weakside spot and two in the middle. The Dolphins opened with either five or six defensive backs in the only three games he did not start. Along with running back Ronnie Brown and cornerback Travis Daniels, 2005 marked the first time since 1996 that three or more Dolphin rookies opened at least ten games. Crowder ranked second on the team with 90 tackles, the highest total by a Dolphins rookie since Zach Thomas tallied 164 in 1996. It also was the fifth-highest total among NFL rookies in 2005. Crowder added two fumble recoveries, two forced fumbles and four passes defensed on the year. He replaced an injured Thomas at middle linebacker for games during the season. During the year, he posted a season-high 10 tackles on two occasions. Crowder collected seven tackles against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 16 and also recovered an Earnest Graham fumble that led to a Ronnie Brown eight-yard TD run on the next play from scrimmage. Crowder prevented a potential touchdown against the Atlanta Falcons when he forced the ball loose from fullback Justin Griffith with the Falcons at the Dolphins' 8 yard-line, and was recovered by Travis Daniels. Crowder also recovered a J. P. Losman fumble against the Buffalo Bills on December 4.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Crowder was once again a reliable starter in 2006 and continued to progress as a player. He finished second on the Dolphins with 104 tackles (behind only Zach Thomas) and had one sack for nine yards in losses that season. It was Crowder's first 100-tackle season of his career. He had four games of double-figure tackles, and tied or led the team in tackles three times and finished second on the team in tackles six times during the season. He started all 16 games during the regular season, though he suffered a hip injury on November 19 against the Minnesota Vikings that forced him from that contest permanently. In week 12 of the 2008 season against the New England Patriots, he was ejected from the game after engaging in a fight with Patriots offensive tackle Matt Light.


title: Channing Crowder

text: An unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, Crowder was re-signed to a three-year contract by the Dolphins on February 25, 2009. On December 6, 2009, against the New England Patriots, Crowder made his first career interception and also sealed the win off for the Dolphins. Crowder was placed on injured reserve on December 30. He suffered a right foot injury which made him miss a game versus the Houston Texans.


title: Channing Crowder

text: On July 29, 2011, the Dolphins released Crowder and then signed LB Kevin Burnett from the San Diego Chargers. Just over a week later on August 9, 2011, Crowder abruptly announced his retirement from the NFL.


title: Channing Crowder

text: On February 1, 2012, Crowder appeared on the Super Bowl's Radio Row and announced his intention to restart his professional career.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Crowder is the son of former NFL defensive lineman Randy Crowder, who was a sixth-round pick by the Dolphins in 1974. Channing is married to wife Aja, and the couple have appeared together on VH1 reality television series "Baller Wives".


title: Channing Crowder

text: On January 23, 2008, Crowder lost control of his truck on a wet exit ramp and crashed it into a tree. He was unharmed and was charged with careless driving and leaving the scene of a crash.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Prior to the October 27, 2007 Giants–Dolphins game in London, England, Crowder reportedly stated he "couldn't find London on a map". He later implied that he did not believe there were any black people in London as well.


title: Channing Crowder

text: In a 2012 interview with NFL Films, Crowder confessed to urinating in his pants "every game" while in the NFL.


title: Channing Crowder

text: On June 27, 2011, Crowder insinuated on his new radio show that he had sold his jerseys while playing college football for the Florida Gators, but he later reiterated that he had not sold them.


title: Channing Crowder

text: He was a commentator on WQAM during the 2011 NFL season. His midday show on WQAM with NBC 6 news anchor, Adam Kuperstein, was recently cancelled. He then co-hosted "Hochman & Crowder" (formerly "Hochman, Crowder & Krantz" until the departure of co-host Zach Krantz in May 2017) weekdays from 2-6PM on WQAM.


title: Channing Crowder

text: He was a part of Brandon Marshall's podcast I AM ATHLETE, alongside Chad Johnson and Fred Taylor. He currently co-hosts The Pivot with Taylor and Ryan Clark.


title: Hobby

text: A hobby is considered to be a regular activity that is done for enjoyment, typically during one's leisure time. Hobbies include collecting themed items and objects, engaging in creative and artistic pursuits, playing sports, or pursuing other amusements. Participation in hobbies encourages acquiring substantial skills and knowledge in that area. A list of hobbies changes with renewed interests and developing fashions, making it diverse and lengthy. Hobbies tend to follow trends in society, for example stamp collecting was popular during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as postal systems were the main means of communication, while video games are more popular nowadays following technological advances. The advancing production and technology of the nineteenth century provided workers with more leisure time to engage in hobbies. Because of this, the efforts of people investing in hobbies has increased with time.


title: Hobby

text: Hobbyists may be identified under three sub-categories: "casual leisure" which is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation, "serious leisure" which is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment, and finally "project-based leisure" which is a short-term, often one-off, project that is rewarding.


title: Hobby

text: In the 16th century, the term "hobby" had the meaning of "small horse and pony". The term "hobby horse" was documented in a 1557 payment confirmation for a "Hobbyhorse" from Reading, England. The item, originally called a "Tourney Horse", was made of a wooden or basketwork frame with an artificial tail and head. It was designed for a child to mimic riding a real horse. By 1816 the derivative, "hobby", was introduced into the vocabulary of a number of English people. Over the course of subsequent centuries, the term came to be associated with recreation and leisure. In the 17th century, the term was used in a pejorative sense by suggesting that a hobby was a childish pursuit, however, in the 18th century with more industrial society and more leisure time, hobbies took on greater respectability. A hobby is also called a pastime, derived from the use of hobbies to "pass the time". A hobby became an activity that is practiced regularly and usually with some worthwhile purpose. Hobbies are usually, but not always, practiced primarily for interest and enjoyment, rather than financial reward.


title: Hobby

text: Prior to the mid-19th century, hobbies were generally considered as an obsession, childish or trivial, with negative connotations. However, as early as 1676 Sir Matthew Hale, in "Contemplations Moral and Divine", wrote "Almost every person hath some hobby horse or other wherein he prides himself." He was acknowledging that a "hobby horse" produces a legitimate sense of pride. The cultural shift towards acceptance of hobbies was thought to begin during the mid 18th century as working people had more regular hours of work and greater leisure time, spending more time to pursue interests that brought them satisfaction. However, there was concern that these working people might not use their leisure time in worthwhile pursuits. "The hope of weaning people away from bad habits by the provision of counter-attractions came to the fore in the 1830s, and has rarely waned since. Initially, the bad habits were perceived to be of a sensual and physical nature, and the counter attractions, or perhaps more accurately alternatives, deliberately cultivated rationality and the intellect." The book and magazine trade of the day encouraged worthwhile hobbies and pursuits. The burgeoning manufacturing trade made materials used in hobbies cheap and was responsive to the changing interests of hobbyists.


title: Hobby

text: In 1941, George Orwell identified hobbies as central to European culture at the time: "Another English characteristic which is so much a part of us that we barely notice it … is the addiction to hobbies and spare-time occupations, the prolateness of English life. We are a nation of flower-lovers, but also a nation of stamp-collectors, pigeon-fanciers, amateur carpenters, coupon-snippers, darts-players, crossword-puzzle fans. All the culture that is most truly native centers round things which even when they are communal are not official—the pub, the football match, the back garden, the fireside and the 'nice cup of tea'."


title: Hobby

text: Deciding what to include in a list of hobbies provokes debate because it is difficult to decide which pleasurable pass-times can also be described as hobbies. During the 20th century the term hobby suggested activities, such as stamp collecting, embroidery, knitting, painting, woodwork, and photography. Typically the description did not include activities like listening to music, watching television, or reading. These latter activities bring pleasure, but lack the sense of achievement usually associated with a hobby. They are usually not structured, organized pursuits, as most hobbies are. The pleasure of a hobby is usually associated with making something of value or achieving something of value. "Such leisure is socially valorized precisely because it produces feelings of satisfaction with something that looks very much like work but that is done of its own sake." "Hobbies are a contradiction: they take work and turn it into leisure, and take leisure and turn it into work." A 2018 study using survey results identified the term "hobby" to most accurately describe activities associated with making or collecting objects, especially when done alone.


title: Hobby

text: Cultural trends related to hobbies change with time. In the 21st century, the video game industry has been popular as a hobby involving millions of children and adults. Stamp collecting declined along with the importance of the postal system. Woodwork and knitting declined as hobbies, because manufactured goods provide cheap alternatives for handmade goods. Through the internet, an online community has become a hobby for many people; sharing advice, information and support, and in some cases, allowing a traditional hobby, such as collecting, to flourish and support trading in a new environment.


title: Hobby

text: Hobbyists are a part of a wider group of people engaged in leisure pursuits where the boundaries of each group overlap to some extent. The "Serious Leisure Perspective" groups hobbyists with amateurs and volunteers and identifies three broad groups of leisure activity with hobbies being found mainly in the Serious leisure category. "Casual leisure" is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation. "Serious leisure" is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment. Finally, "project-based leisure" is a short-term often a one-off project that is rewarding.


title: Hobby

text: The terms amateur and hobbyist are often used interchangeably. Stebbins has a framework which distinguishes the terms in a useful categorization of leisure in which "casual leisure" is separated from "serious Leisure". He describes serious leisure as undertaken by "amateurs", "hobbyists" and "volunteers". "Amateurs" engage in pursuits that have a professional counterpart, such as playing an instrument or astronomy. Hobbyists engage in five broad types of activity: "collecting", "making and tinkering" (like embroidery and car restoration), "activity participation" (like fishing and singing), "sports and games", and "liberal-arts" hobbies (like languages, cuisine, literature). Volunteers commit to organizations where they work as guides, counsellors, gardeners and so on. The separation of the amateur from the hobbyist is because the amateur has the ethos of the professional practitioner as a guide to practice. An amateur clarinetist is conscious of the role and procedures of a professional clarinetist.


title: Hobby

text: A large proportion of hobbies are mainly solitary in nature. However, individual pursuit of a hobby often includes club memberships, organized sharing of products and regular communication between participants. For many hobbies there is an important role in being in touch with fellow hobbyists. Some hobbies are of communal nature, like choral singing and volunteering.


title: Hobby

text: People who engage in hobbies have an interest in and time to pursue them. Children have been an important group of hobbyists because they are enthusiastic for collecting, making and exploring, in addition to this they have the leisure time that allows them to pursue those hobbies. The growth in hobbies occurred during industrialization which gave workers set time for leisure. During the Depression there was an increase in the participation in hobbies because the unemployed had the time and a desire to be purposefully occupied. Hobbies are often pursued with an increased interest by retired people because they have the time and seek the intellectual and physical stimulation a hobby provides.


title: Hobby

text: Hobbies are a diverse set of activities and it is difficult to categorize them in a logical manner. The following categorization of hobbies was developed by Stebbins.


title: Hobby

text: Collecting includes seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying and storing. Collecting is appealing to many people due to their interest in a particular subject and a desire to categorize and make order out of complexity. Some collectors are generalists, accumulating items from countries of the world. Others focus on a subtopic within their area of interest, perhaps 19th century postage stamps, milk bottle labels from Sussex, or Mongolian harnesses and tack, Firearms (both modern and vintage).


title: Hobby

text: Collecting is an ancient hobby, with the list of coin collectors showing Caesar Augustus as one. Sometimes collectors have turned their hobby into a business, becoming commercial dealers that trade in the items being collected.


title: Hobby

text: An alternative to collecting physical objects is collecting records of events of a particular kind. Examples include train spotting, bird-watching, aircraft spotting, railfans, and any other form of systematic recording a particular phenomenon. The recording form can be written, photographic, online, etc.


title: Hobby

text: "Making" and "tinkering" includes working on self-motivated projects for fulfillment. These projects may be progressive, irregular tasks performed over a long period of time. Making and Tinkering hobbies include higher-end projects, such as building or restoring a car or building a computer from individual parts, like CPUs and SSDs. For computer savvy do-it-yourself hobbyists, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining may also popular. A CNC machine can be assembled and programmed to make different parts from wood or metal.


title: Hobby

text: Tinkering is 'dabbling' with the making process, often applied to the hobby of tinkering with car repairs, and various kinds of restoration: of furniture, antique cars, etc. It also applies to household tinkering: repairing a wall, laying a pathway, etc. Examples of Making and Tinkering hobbies include Scale modeling, model engineering, 3D printing, dressmaking, and cooking.


title: Hobby

text: Scale modeling is making a replica of a real-life object in a smaller scale and dates back to prehistoric times with small clay "dolls" and other children's toys that have been found near known populated areas. Some of the earliest scale models of residences were found in Cucuteni–Trypillia culture in Eastern Europe. These artifacts were dated to be around 3000-6000 BC. Similar models dating back to the same period were found in ancient Egypt, India, China and Mesopotamia archaeological sites.


title: Hobby

text: At the turn of the Industrial Age and through the 1920s, some families could afford things such as electric trains, wind-up toys (typically boats or cars) and the increasingly valuable tin toy soldiers. Scale modeling as we know it today became popular shortly after World War II. Before 1946, children as well as adults were content in carving and shaping wooden replicas from block wood kits, often depicting enemy aircraft to help with identification in case of an invasion.


title: Hobby

text: With the advent of modern plastics, the amount of skill required to get the basic shape accurately shown for any given subject was lessened, making it easier for people of all ages to begin assembling replicas in varying scales. Superheroes, aero planes, boats, cars, tanks, artillery, and even figures of soldiers became quite popular subjects to build, paint and display. Although almost any subject can be found in almost any scale, there are common scales for such miniatures which remain constant today.


title: Hobby

text: Model engineering refers to building functioning machinery in metal, such as internal combustion motors and live steam models or locomotives. This is a demanding hobby that requires a multitude of large and expensive tools, such as lathes and mills. This hobby originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, later spreading and flourishing in the mid-20th century. Due to the expense and space required, it is becoming rare.


title: Hobby

text: 3D Printing is a relatively new technology and already a major hobby as the cost of printers has fallen sharply. It is a good example of how hobbyists quickly engage with new technologies, communicate with one another and become producers related to their former hobby. 3D modeling is the process of making mathematical representations of three dimensional items and is an aspect of 3D printing.


title: Hobby

text: Dressmaking has been a major hobby up until the late 20th century, in order to make cheap clothes, but also as a creative design and craft challenge. It has been reduced by the low cost of manufactured clothes.


title: Hobby

text: Cooking is for some people an interest, a hobby, a challenge and a source of significant satisfaction. For many other people it is a job, a chore, a duty, like cleaning. In the early 21st century the importance of cooking as a hobby was demonstrated by the high popularity of competitive television cooking programs.


title: Hobby

text: Outdoor pursuits are the group of activities which occur outdoors. These hobbies include gardening, hill walking, hiking, backpacking, cycling, canoeing, climbing, caving, fishing, hunting, target shooting (informal or formal), wildlife viewing (as birdwatching) and engaging in watersports and snowsports.


title: Hobby

text: One large subset of outdoor pursuits is gardening. Residential gardening most often takes place in or about one's own residence, in a space referred to as the garden. Although a garden typically is located on the land near a residence, it may also be located on a roof, in an atrium, on a balcony, in a windowbox, or on a patio or vivarium.


title: Hobby

text: Gardening also takes place in non-residential green areas, such as parks, public or semi-public gardens (botanical gardens or zoological gardens), amusement and theme parks, along transportation corridors, and around tourist attractions and hotels. In these situations, a staff of gardeners or groundskeepers maintains the gardens. Moreover the benefits are real.


title: Hobby

text: Indoor gardening is concerned with growing houseplants within a residence or building, in a conservatory, or in a greenhouse. Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated into air conditioning or heating systems.


title: Hobby

text: Water gardening is concerned with growing plants that have adapted to pools and ponds, along with aquascaping in planted aquariums. Bog gardens are also considered a type of water garden. A simple water garden may consist solely of a tub containing the water and plants.


title: Hobby

text: Many hobbies involve performances by the hobbyist, such as singing, acting, juggling, magic, dancing, playing a musical instrument, martial arts, and other performing arts.


title: Hobby

text: Some hobbies may result in an end product. Examples of this would be woodworking, photography, moviemaking, jewelry making, software projects such as Photoshopping and home music or video production, making bracelets, artistic projects such as drawing, painting, Cosplay (design, creation, and wearing a costume based on an already existing creative property), creating models out of card stock or paper – called papercraft. Many of these fall under the category visual arts.


title: Hobby

text: Writing is often taken up as a hobby by aspiring writers and usually appears in the form of personal blog, guest posting or fan fiction (literary art resulting in creation of written content based on already existing, licensed creative property under specified terms).


title: Hobby

text: Reading books, ebooks, magazines, comics, or newspapers, along with browsing the internet is a common hobby, and one that can trace its origins back hundreds of years. A love of literature, later in life, may be sparked by an interest in reading children's literature as a child. Many of these fall under the category literary arts.


title: Hobby

text: Stebbins distinguishes an amateur sports person and a hobbyist by suggesting a hobbyist plays in less formal sports, or games that are rule bound and have no professional equivalent. While an amateur sports individual plays a sport with a professional equivalent, such as football or tennis. Amateur sport may range from informal play to highly competitive practice, such as deck tennis or long distance trekking.


title: Hobby

text: The Department for Culture, Media, and Support in England suggests that playing sports benefits physical and mental health. A positive relationship appeared between engaging in sports and improving overall health.


title: Hobby

text: During the 20th century there was extensive research into the important role that play has in human development. While most evident in childhood, play continues throughout life for many adults in the form of games, hobbies, and sport. Moreover, studies of aging and society support the value of hobbies in healthy aging.


title: Hobby

text: There have been many instances where hobbyists and amateurs have achieved significant discoveries and developments. These are a small sample.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: JAB Holding Company ("JAB" or Joh. A. Benckiser) is a German conglomerate, headquartered in Luxembourg, that includes investments in companies operating in the areas of consumer goods, forestry, coffee, luxury fashion, animal health, and fast food, among others.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: As of 2015, JAB’s portfolio included a minority stake in the consumer products company Reckitt Benckiser, and majority stakes in Coty, Peet’s Coffee & Tea, Caribou Coffee Company, Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE), Einstein Noah Restaurant Group, and Jimmy Choo. As of that date, JAB also owned Bally, Belstaff, Zagliani, Espresso House, and Baresso Coffee.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: In May 2014, D.E Master Blenders 1753 announced to acquire a majority stake in Mondelez's coffee business (outside of France) to form Jacobs Douwe Egberts, it would combine brands Jacobs, Carte Noire, Gevalia, Kenco, Tassimo and Millicano from Mondelez International and Douwe Egberts, L’OR, Pilao and Senseo from D.E Master Blenders.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: In August 2014, under the Peet's Coffee & Tea brand, JAB acquired Mighty Leaf Tea, a specialty tea retailer based in the San Francisco Bay Area. In October 2015, Peet's Coffee & Tea acquired Portland, Oregon's Stumptown Coffee in a deal whose terms were not disclosed, and in the same month acquired a majority stake in Chicago-based Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: In March 2016, JAB and other investors acquired Keurig Green Mountain for $13.9 billion. In May 2016, JAB-controlled JAB Beech reached an agreement to acquire US doughnut shop operator Krispy Kreme for $1.35 billion.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: In April 2017, JAB reached an agreement to buy U.S.-based Panera Bread, a fast casual bakery-café chain, for $7.5 billion. Also in April, JAB was reported to be stepping back from investment in luxury goods, with reported plans to sell its stakes in the designer shoe and clothing brands Jimmy Choo, Bally, and Belstaff. In August 2017, JAB announced the acquisition of Bruegger's Bagels.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: On 29 January 2018, Keurig Green Mountain announced it was acquiring Dr Pepper Snapple Group, with JAB owning 87% of the combined companies. As of February 2018, JAB retained ownership of a minority stake in Bally after sale of its majority stake to the Chinese conglomerate Shandong Ruyi. JAB's beverage empire was described in 2018 as having been built on "buy now, pay later" (extended terms of trade) principles; some coffee roasters owned by JAB are reported to require up to 300 days of financing from their suppliers.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: In February 2019 the company spent $1.2 billion to acquire Compassion-First Pet Hospitals then purchased National Veterinary Associates four months later. The combined revenue of Compassion-First and National Veterinary Associates is expected to be $3 billion in 2020, placing it among the three largest players in the industry barely 12 months after the firm’s first takeover.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: Owned by Germany’s Reimann family, 90% of JAB belongs to four of the nine adopted children of the late Albert Reimann Jr. (1898–1984). They trace their wealth to chemist Ludwig Reimann, who, in 1828, joined with Johann Adam Benckiser (founder of the namesake chemical company). Reimann married one of Benckiser's daughters and ended up owning the business. Great-grandson Albert Reimann Jr. took over after his father died in 1952 and added consumer goods.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: Initially, each of the nine children had inherited 11.1% ownership in JAB upon Albert's death in 1984. In the following years, five of the heirs sold their stakes to the other four: Matthias Reimann-Andersen, Renate Reimann-Haas, Stefan Reimann-Andersen and Wolfgang Reimann. As of January 2015, each of the four owns about $3.8 billion in JAB shares.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: The primary shareholder of JAB, as listed in its 2016 Consolidated Financial Statements, is Austrian-domiciled company Agnaten SE. Agnaten is listed, by PrivCo, as a subsidiary of Joh. A. Benckiser GmbH, the investment vehicle of the Reimann family.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: In March 2019, a German newspaper revealed that Albert Reimann Sr. and his son Albert Reimann Jr. were enthusiastic supporters of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party well before they took power and profited from forced labor in their industrial chemicals company in southern Germany and in their own home. The revelations sparked ethical questions about consumer support for companies that owe their success in part to the historical use of forced labor.


title: JAB Holding Company

text: Two months later, several of the Reimanns revealed to "The New York Times" that their mother, Emilie Landecker, Albert Jr.'s mistress, baptized as a Catholic like her mother, was the daughter of Alfred Landecker, a Jewish man deported to the Izbica Ghetto in 1942. His ultimate fate is unknown although many Jews sent to Izbica were held there pending transport to the Belzec and Sobibor extermination camps. They have renamed the family foundation after him and doubled its budget to €25 million (US$28.2 million), to fund projects that honour the victims of the Holocaust and Nazism.


title: Chelsea Green

text: Chelsea Anne Cardona (born April 4, 1991) is a Canadian professional wrestler, stuntwoman and model. She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling where she is a former impact Knockouts champion and Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Champion. She is also known for her time in WWE, under her real name. Green has appeared extensively on the independent wrestling circuit in North America and Asia, as well as for the NWA, Ring of Honor, World Wonder Ring Stardom, WWE, and her first appearance in Impact Wrestling, where she performed under the ring name Laurel Van Ness and held the Impact Knockouts Championship; she also played Reklusa on the "Lucha Underground" TV series.


title: Chelsea Green

text: Under the ring name Jaida, she wrestled on for Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling (ECCW). Her first match on May 31, 2014, at "ECCW Better Than You". She teamed with Brady Malibu and MR2 in a losing six-man tag match against Billy Suede, Kenny Lush & Nicole Matthews. She next joined a Women's title tournament, winning the first round against Kaitlin Diamond. On December 8, 2014, at the conclusion of the Women's title tournament held at "ECCW Payoff", she defeated Kate Carney in the semi-finals.


title: Chelsea Green

text: In 2016, Green toured Japan twice for World Wonder Ring Stardom (WWRS). Her first tour was three months long, but was cut short by a broken collarbone while wrestling in India. Green's second tour of Japan was in late 2016, where she teamed with Santana Garrett for the 2016 Goddesses of Stardom Tag League. During this tour, Green also challenged Wonder of Stardom Champion Kairi Hojo to a match but lost. Green was undefeated in singles bouts in Japan, prior to her loss to Hojo.


title: Chelsea Green

text: Queens of Combat 17 on February 18, 2017 saw the start of the QOC Tag Team Championship tournament to crown the first QOC Tag Team Champions. Van Ness teamed with Taeler Hendrix and defeated Aja Perera and Kiera Hogan in the first round. At Queens of Combat 18, also on February 18, they defeated Nevaeh and Rachael Ellering in the semi-finals. Hendrix and Van Ness defeated The Lucha Sisters (Leva Bates and Mia Yim) to become the first QOC Tag Team Champions.


title: Chelsea Green

text: In September 2018, Green performed on the All In pay-per-view show, the first independent wrestling event in the U.S. to draw a live attendance of at least 10,000 fans. Green wrestled Britt Baker, Madison Rayne, and Tessa Blanchard in a Four corner survival match.


title: Chelsea Green

text: In 2021, Green announced she would be starting her own podcast with the first episode airing April 26, 2021.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On January 7, 2016, Green made her TNA debut under the ring name "Chelsea," losing to Jade. The following night on January 8 at , she wrestled in a number one contenders gauntlet battle royal match for the TNA Knockouts Championship, entering the ongoing match at number four before being eliminated by Awesome Kong.


title: Chelsea Green

text: In June 2016, Green officially signed with Impact. She made her televised debut as a heel on the September 29 episode of "Impact Wrestling" under the new ring name Laurel Van Ness, defeating Madison Rayne. On the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Van Ness attacked Allie which led to a match between the two where Van Ness was victorious. She attacked Allie again the following week, which led to another match between the two on the December 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Van Ness was defeated.


title: Chelsea Green

text: In late 2016, Van Ness formed an on-screen relationship with Braxton Sutter. On February 23, 2017, the two were set to marry until Van Ness got rejected by Sutter during their wedding when he professed that he was in love with Allie (who is Sutter's legitimate wife). The following week of "Impact Wrestling", the Lady Squad quietly disbanded when former leader Maria's contract expired.


title: Chelsea Green

text: In March, Van Ness started a maniacal gimmick, wrestling with a severely disheveled appearance (including a messy, damaged wedding dress and chaotic-looking make-up), barefoot, and carrying a wine bottle to the ring. Grado tried to propose to her on July 27, however he was interrupted by Kongo Kong.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On the August 24 episode of "Impact", Van Ness came out, all cleaned-up, during Grado's deportation farewell address. She took out a wedding ring, asked Grado if he wanted to marry her and he said yes, establishing herself as a babyface for the first time in Impact. However, after Grado found out that Van Ness was Canadian, not American, he called off the wedding on the September 7 episode of "Impact". Van Ness began turning heel when she reverted to her emotionally chaotic gimmick, which later included going out in the crowd and campaigning for a husband. On November 5, at Bound for Glory, Van Ness attacked Grado during his Monster's Ball match against Abyss, completing her turn heel -- only to be on the receiving end of Rosemary's mist.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On November 8, which aired on a tape delay on December 14, Van Ness defeated Rosemary in a tournament final for the vacant Impact Knockouts Championship. During that time she also returned to her 'normal' ring gear instead of the ruined wedding dress, but retaining her chaotic/'drama' gimmick.<ref name="Impact30/11/17"></ref><ref name="Impact14/12/17"></ref> Behind the scenes, Green planned to leave Impact Wrestling upon her contract's expiration, believing WWE would then immediately hire her, but Impact's producers cast her as champion before Green notified them she intended to leave. So, Green asked for her contractual release from the company while one of its onscreen titleholders; management, predictably, refused to release her while she was still champion in its storylines. On January 15, 2018, Impact officially released Green after she had completed her matches in the television tapings (where she ensured a smooth storyline continuity by losing the Knockouts Title to Allie).


title: Chelsea Green

text: Green debuted during the season four tapings of "Lucha Underground" on February 25, 2018, under the stage name "Reklusa." Green wrestled a fatal four-Way with Jeremiah Crane, XO Lishus, and Marty "The Moth" Martinez. On October 10, Reklusa lost to Pentagón Dark in the main event.


title: Chelsea Green

text: During the feud between Brie Bella and Stephanie McMahon, Green appeared on the August 11, 2014 episode of "Raw", portraying Daniel Bryan's physical therapist "Megan Miller," confessing that the two had been having an affair before an infuriated Bella stormed the ring and slapped her.<ref name="Raw11/08/14"></ref> In 2015, Green reappeared under her real name, as a contestant on the sixth season of the re-launched "Tough Enough" finishing in fourth place for the females.


title: Chelsea Green

text: Chelsea took part in WWE tryouts and was signed on August 3, 2018. Chelsea started at the WWE performance center on October 8, 2018 and made her NXT in-ring debut at a live event on October 26, 2018, competing under her familiar "psychotic" gimmick. However, she suffered a broken wrist during her first TV match on the March 13, 2019 NXT TV tapings and underwent surgery the following day on March 14. Green returned to the ring on June 29 at a NXT live event. Green appeared on the December 23, 2019 edition of "Raw", competing in a losing effort against Charlotte Flair. On January 8, 2020 she was announced as the first member of professional wrestling manager Robert Stone's stable. On January 26, Green competed in the women's Royal Rumble match at the pay-per-view of the same name, which was eventually won by Flair. On the March 4 episode of "NXT", Green defeated Shotzi Blackheart to qualify for a Ladder match at to determine the #1 contender for the NXT Women's Championship. The ladder match was moved to the April 8 episode of NXT where the match was won by Io Shirai. On the May 27 episode of "NXT", she fired Robert Stone. Following the wind-up of Green's partnership with Stone, WWE had planned to call her up to "Raw", but after the show's executive director Paul Heyman left the position, the plan was scrapped.


title: Chelsea Green

text: Green made her "SmackDown" debut on the November 13 edition of the show, where she participated in a fatal four-way qualifying match against Liv Morgan, Natalya, and Tamina to earn a spot at Survivor Series as part of the women's team, which Morgan won. Following the match, it was revealed that Green had broken her wrist again and that the planned finish which saw Green winning had to be changed. After months of inactivity, on April 15, 2021, WWE released Green from her contract.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On July 11, 2021, Green made a surprise debut at Ring of Honor (ROH)'s Best in the World pay-per-view event, introduced by Maria Kanellis-Bennett (who was an onscreen personality and behind-the-scenes producer for ROH). Originally, Green was scheduled to wrestle in the ROH Women's World Championship tournament; however, Green suffered an arm/wrist fracture prior to the date of her first round match, and the Maryland Athletic Commission (every match except the final was taped for ROH's weekly TV show in Baltimore, Maryland) didn't medically clear her in time to participate. While recovering from injury, Green appeared as one of the onscreen commentators for the tournament's first round matches.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On July 17, 2021 at Slammiversary, Green returned to Impact Wrestling, but under her real name, wrestling in an intergender tag team match with real-life fiancé Matt Cardona, defeating Brian Myers and Tenille Dashwood. In October, Green entered the tournament to crown the first Impact Digital Media Champion: she defeated Madison Rayne in the first round, and lost to Jordynne Grace in the finals at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view show.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On January 8, 2022, at Hard to Kill, Green participated in the inaugural Knockouts Ultimate X match, which was won by Tasha Steelz. On the March 24, 2022 episode on Impact Wrestling, Green and Cardona attacked Mickie James after James was defeated by Steelz in a street fight match, turning heel in the process.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On the July 21 episode of "Impact!", Green alongside Deonna Purrazzo, now dubbed as "VXT", faced the Knockouts World Champion Jordynne Grace and Mia Yim, which they were victorious. On August 12, at the pre-show of Emergence, VXT defeated Rosemary and Taya Valkyrie to win the Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Championship. They lost the title on October 7 at Bound for Glory to The Death Dollz (Jessicka, Rosemary and Valkyrie), ending their reign at 56 days.


title: Chelsea Green

text: On April 4, 2019, her 28th birthday, Green announced her engagement to fellow professional wrestler, Matt Cardona. The two had been dating since January 2017. They were married on New Year’s Eve 2021 in Las Vegas.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Shaft is a 2000 American action crime film directed by John Singleton and starring Samuel L. Jackson, Vanessa L. Williams, Jeffrey Wright, Christian Bale, Dan Hedaya, Busta Rhymes, Toni Collette and Richard Roundtree.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Although the film shares the same title as the 1971 film, it is a contemporary sequel with Jackson's John Shaft character being related to the earlier films' Shaft. The film received generally positive reviews and opened at the number-one position at the box office when it debuted June 16, 2000.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Called in to investigate the grievous assault of Trey Howard outside a restaurant, NYPD Detective John Shaft arrests Walter Wade Jr., the son of a wealthy real estate tycoon, after noticing blood on him. Wade claims self-defense. Shaft notices an injured waitress, Diane Palmieri, eyeing Wade, and unsuccessfully tries to coax a statement from her. Trey's friend tells Shaft that when she and Trey entered the restaurant, Wade racially harassed him. Trey humiliated Wade back and left the restaurant, pursued by Wade. Shaft looks for Diane but she has left. Trey goes into a seizure and dies; when Wade mocks Trey, Shaft punches Wade on the nose, and does it again after being threatened with reassignment to another precinct. At the trial, the judge grants Wade bail of $200k. He later calls Shaft to thank him for breaking his nose, and says he has fled to Switzerland.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Two years later, Wade returns to the U.S., and Shaft greets and arrests him. Shaft's friends throw him a celebratory party where the elder "Uncle" Shaft appears and warns him that Wade's wealth raises his chances of acquittal. While Wade is temporarily detained at police headquarters, Dominican drug lord Peoples Hernandez, whom Shaft previously arrested, befriends him. At the hearing, the judge has Wade surrender his passport and sets bail at $1 million. Shaft resigns from the police force, vowing to bring Wade to justice on his own terms.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Shaft searches for Diane but only locates her mother Ann, while Wade offers his deceased mother's jewelry to hire Peoples to go after her. Peoples wants Wade to join him in his drug business, but agrees to the job provided that Wade sells the jewelry. Peoples hires Shaft's former colleague officers Jack Roselli and Jimmy Groves to tail Shaft; the pair reveal a snitch among Peoples' gang who had told Shaft what was happening. Disguised, Shaft and his former partner, Detective Luger, mug Wade of the money he gathered from selling the jewelry. He then plants the money on Roselli and Groves, and makes Peoples think they are double-crossing him. However, after getting word that Shaft has left the scene, they follow him.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Having traced a phone call, Shaft eventually locates Diane, but Peoples' gang attacks them. In the shootout, Shaft kills Peoples' little brother. Diane's brothers Mikey and Frankie arrive to retrieve her, but Mikey is stabbed by Peoples. Shaft, Diane, Rasaan, and Frankie regroup at Rasaan's apartment, secretly followed by Roselli and Groves. Diane tells Shaft her eyewitness account of Wade murdering Trey. Wade threatens her to keep silent, and then she agrees to accept a payoff provided that she disappear. Meanwhile, Peoples angrily attacks Wade over his brother's death.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Roselli and Groves stake out Rassan's apartment but when Carmen arrives and starts asking questions, they shoot her in the chest. Peoples' gang attack, but Shaft shoots back, while Diane and the others flee. Roselli and Groves catch Shaft, who commands Carmen, who was wearing a vest, to kill them. Peoples and his gang pursue and take down Rassan's car. When Peoples holds Diane hostage, Shaft persuades him to fight without weapons, but after a momentary faceoff, they draw backup handguns, with Shaft killing Peoples first.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Shaft assures Trey's mother Carla about the new trial conditions, however, when Wade arrives, she shoots him several times and is subsequently arrested. Back at the police station, Shaft reiterates to Carmen his preference to be a private detective. A woman asks them for help filing assault charges against her abusive boyfriend. Initially hesitatant, he decides to help her via his methods upon seeing her injury. He and his uncle go together to confront the boyfriend, along with Rasaan, whom Shaft presents with a new ride.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Will Smith, Wesley Snipes, and Don Cheadle were considered for the role of John Shaft. Singleton considered Lauryn Hill for the role of Carmen Vasquez.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 115 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With a charismatic lead, this new "Shaft" knows how to push the right buttons." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: The film opened at the box office at #1 with $21.7 million; by the end of its run, "Shaft" had grossed $70.3 million in the domestic box office and $107.2 million worldwide, against a $46 million budget.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: In 2000, McFarlane Toys released a Shaft (Samuel L. Jackson) action figure as part of their Movie Maniacs series three toy line. Accessories included are a handgun, sunglasses and a replica of the film's poster with a skulls and bones base.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on June 6, 2000 by LaFace Records. It peaked at #22 on the "Billboard" 200 and #3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.


title: Shaft (2000 film)

text: Despite having an identical title, the 2019 film acts as a second remake-sequel to both this 2000 film and the originals starring Richard Roundtree. The 2019 release stars Jessie Usher as J.J. Shaft, an FBI agent and the son of Samuel L. Jackson's character. Both Jackson and Roundtree reprise their roles, but the film retroactively reveals that Roundtree's character is actually the biological father of Jackson's John Shaft, mentioning that Shaft Sr. spent years pretending to be his uncle. Unlike the 2000 film and the 1970s trilogy, the 2019 installment received mixed reviews and failed at the box office.


title: Matt Lattanzi

text: Matthew Vincent Lattanzi (born February 1, 1959) is an American former actor and dancer. He is most commonly recognized as the first husband of singer and actress Dame Olivia Newton-John, and for his acting in films such as "My Tutor" and the soap opera "Paradise Beach".


title: Matt Lattanzi

text: Lattanzi was born and raised in Portland, Oregon, the son of Jeanette (née Slowikowski) and Charles Paul Lattanzi. His father was a maintenance foreman of Italian descent, while his mother is of Polish ancestry. He graduated from Benson Polytechnic High School in 1977.


title: Matt Lattanzi

text: While filming "Xanadu" (1980), Lattanzi met Olivia Newton-John, whom he married in 1984. The couple had one daughter, Chloe Rose Lattanzi, born on January 17, 1986. By 1993, his acting career was largely over, and he took a job as a contractor for a homebuilding company in California. Lattanzi and Newton-John moved to their farm in Australia in 1993 so that he could audition for the soap opera, "Paradise Beach". He won a six-month contract for the show.


title: Matt Lattanzi

text: On April 24, 1995, Lattanzi and Newton-John announced their divorce. A year later, Olivia Newton-John would be in a relationship with Patrick Kim McDermott. From 1997 to 2007, Lattanzi was in a relationship with Cindy Jessup.


title: Matt Lattanzi

text: In 2008, Lattanzi briefly appeared in the MTV reality series "Rock the Cradle", supporting his daughter Chloe (a contestant on the show). That same year, Lattanzi—a lifelong environmentalist—was reported to be living off the grid near Malibu, California. He now resides in Portland, Oregon.


title: Matt Lattanzi

text: Lattanzi's career consists mostly of small movie parts, though he did have a starring role in 1983's "My Tutor". Other film credits include "Rich and Famous", "Grease 2", "That's Life!", "Roxanne", "Catch Me If You Can", and "Diving In". Lattanzi also had a significant role in the Australian soap opera, "Paradise Beach", and he appeared in four of Newton-John's music videos: "Landslide", "Soul Kiss", "Toughen Up" and "Can't We Talk It Over in Bed".


title: Papiamento

text: Papiamento () or Papiamentu (; ) is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken in the Dutch Caribbean. It is the most widely spoken language on the Caribbean ABC islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao), with official status in Aruba and Curaçao. Papiamento is also a recognised language in the Dutch public bodies of Sint-Eustatius and Saba.


title: Papiamento

text: The language, spelled in Aruba and in Bonaire and Curaçao, is largely based on colonial-era Portuguese and Spanish (including Judaeo-Portuguese), and has been influenced considerably by Dutch and Venezuelan Spanish. Due to lexical similarities between Spanish and Portuguese, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact origin of some words. Though there are different theories about its origins, most linguists now believe that Papiamento emerged from the Spanish and Portuguese creole languages that developed in the West African coasts, as it has many similarities with Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole.


title: Papiamento

text: There are various theories about the origin and development of the Papiamento language, and precise history has not been established. Its parent language is surely Iberian, but scholars disputed whether Papiamento was derived from Portuguese and its derived Portuguese-based creole languages or from Spanish. Historical constraints, core vocabulary, and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole are far less than those shared with Spanish, even though the Spanish and Dutch influences occurred later, from the 17th century onwards. Jacoba Bouschoute made a study of the many Dutch influences in Papiamento.


title: Papiamento

text: The name of the language itself originates from , from Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole ("to chat, say, speak, talk"), added by the noun-forming suffix .


title: Papiamento

text: Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 15th century but made little use of them. Portuguese merchants had been trading extensively in the West Indies and with the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain during 1580–1640 period, their trade extended to the Spanish West Indies. In 1634, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting most of the small remaining Arawak and Spanish population to the continent (mostly to the Venezuelan west coast and the Venezuelan plains, as well as all the way east to the Venezuela Orinoco basin and Trinidad), and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean.


title: Papiamento

text: The first evidence of widespread use of Papiamento in Aruba and Curaçao can be seen in official documents in the early 18th century. In the 19th century, most materials in the islands were written in Papiamento including Roman Catholic school books and hymnals. In 1837, the "Catecismo Corticu pa uso di catolicanan di Curaçao" was printed, the first printed book in Papiamento. In 2009 the Catecismo Corticu was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World register. The first Papiamento newspaper was published in 1871 and was called "Civilisadó" (The Civilizer).


title: Papiamento

text: One local development theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from an original Portuguese-African pidgin, with later Dutch and Spanish (and even some Arawak) influences.


title: Papiamento

text: Another theory is that Papiamento first evolved from the use in the region since 1499 of 'lenguas' and the first repopulation of the ABC Islands by the Spanish by the Cédula real decreed in November 1525 in which Juan Martinez de Ampués, factor of Española, had been granted the right to repopulate the depopulated Islas inútiles of Oroba, Islas de los Gigantes, and Buon Aire.


title: Papiamento

text: The evolution of Papiamento continued under the Dutch colonisation under the influence of 16th-century Dutch, Portuguese (Brazilian) and Native American languages (Arawak and Taíno), with the second repopulation of the ABC islands with immigrants who arrived from the ex-Dutch Brazilian colonies.


title: Papiamento

text: The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the Dutch-held territories in Northeast Brazil, causing most Portuguese-speaking Jews and their Portuguese-speaking Dutch allies and Dutch-speaking Portuguese Brazilian allies in those lands to flee from religious persecution. The precise role of Sephardic Jews in the early development is unclear, but Jews certainly played a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews from Portugal, Spain, Cape Verde or Portuguese Brazil. Also, after the Eighty Years' War, a group of Sephardic Jews immigrated from Amsterdam. Therefore, it can be assumed that Judaeo-Portuguese was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. The Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area and so business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento. While various nations owned the island, and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento became the constant language of the residents.


title: Papiamento

text: When the Netherlands opened economic ties with Spanish colonies in what are now Venezuela and Colombia in the 18th century students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish, and Spanish began to influence the creole language.


title: Papiamento

text: Since there was a continuous Latinisation process (Hoetink, 1987), even the elite Dutch-Protestant settlers eventually communicated better in Spanish than in Dutch, as a wealth of local Spanish-language publications in the 19th century testify.


title: Papiamento

text: According to the European and African origin theory the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose in the 16th century in the west coast of Africa and in the Portuguese Cape Verde islands. From the 16th to the late 17th centuries, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese trading posts (, ) in those regions. Around those ports, several Portuguese-African pidgin and creole languages developed, such as Cape Verdean Creole, Guinea-Bissau Creole, Angolar, and Forro (from São Tomé). The sister languages bear strong resemblance with Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from one or more of these older creoles or their predecessors, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and traders from Cape Verde and West Africa.


title: Papiamento

text: The similarity between Papiamento and the other Afro-Portuguese creoles can be seen in the same pronouns used, , , , , , being Portuguese-based.


title: Papiamento

text: Afro-Portuguese creoles often have a shift from "v" to "b" and from "o" to "u": (), instead of . In creole and also in Spanish, and are pronounced the same. In creole, it is also written as a . Just like in Portuguese a final is typically pronounced as .


title: Papiamento

text: Guene (the name comes from "Guinea") was a secret language that was used by slaves on the plantations of the landhouses of West Curaçao. There were about a hundred Guene songs that were sung to make the work lighter. However, because of the secret character of Guene, it never had much influence on Papiamento.


title: Papiamento

text: Since the late 1990s, research has been done that shines light on the ties between Papiamento and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole. Martinus (1996), Quint (2000) and Jacobs (2008, 2009a, 2009b) focus specifically on the linguistic and historical relationships with the Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole, as spoken on the Santiago island of Cape Verde and in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance.


title: Papiamento

text: In Bart Jacob's study "The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamento" he defends the hypothesis that Papiamento is a relexified offshoot of an early Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole variety that was transferred from Senegambia to Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century, when the Dutch controlled the island of Gorée, a slave trading stronghold off the coast of Senegal. The Creole was used for communication among slaves and between slaves and slave holders.


title: Papiamento

text: On Curaçao, this variety underwent internal changes as well as contact-induced changes at all levels of the grammar, but particularly in the lexicon, due to contact with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Dutch. Despite the changes, the morphosyntactic framework of Papiamento is still remarkably close to that of the Upper Guinea Creoles of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Parallels have also been identified between the development of Papiamento and Catholicism.)


title: Papiamento

text: Papiamento has been an official language of Aruba since May 2003. In the former Netherlands Antilles, Papiamento was made an official language on 7 March 2007. After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, Papiamento's official status was confirmed in the newly formed Caribbean Netherlands. Also, 150,000 Antillians (mostly from Curaçao) live in the Netherlands and speak their mother language, Papiamento, fluently. Some Papiamento is also spoken on Sint Maarten and the Paraguaná Peninsula of Venezuela.


title: Papiamento

text: Venezuelan Spanish and American English are constant influences today. Code-switching and lexical borrowing from Spanish, Dutch and English among native speakers is common. This is considered as a threat to the development of the language because of the loss of the authentic and Creole "feel" of Papiamento.


title: Papiamento

text: Many immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean choose to learn Papiamento because it is more practical in daily life on the islands. For Spanish-speakers, it is easier to learn than Dutch, because Papiamento uses many Spanish and Portuguese words.


title: Papiamento

text: The first opera in Papiamento, adapted by from his novel "Katibu di Shon", was performed at the Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam on 1 July 2013, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ending of slavery in the Dutch Caribbean.


title: Papiamento

text: The Papiamento language originates from about 1650. The oldest Papiamento texts that have been preserved are written letters. In the following three letters you can see that words changed and the spelling then was more conform the Dutch spelling. Some words are no longer in use and replaced by others. But the basis of Papiamento did not change much.


title: Papiamento

text: The oldest letter dates from 1775. It was sent by the Sephardic Jew Abraham Andrade to his mistress Sarah Vaz Parro, about a family meeting in the centre of Curaçao.


title: Papiamento

text: The next letter dates from 1783 and was recently discovered in an English archive. It was sent by Anna Charje in the name of her baby Jantje Boufet to her husband Dirk Schermer in Rotterdam. (The final sentence is standard Dutch.)


title: Papiamento

text: The third text dates from 1803. It is a court testimony in which 26 Aruban farm workers sign a statement to support their boss Pieter Specht against false accusations by Quant.


title: Papiamento

text: Since the 1970s, two different orthographies have been developed and adopted. In 1976, Curaçao and Bonaire officially adopted the Römer-Maduro-Jonis version, a phonetic spelling. In 1977, Aruba approved a more etymology-based spelling, presented by the Comision di Ortografia (Orthography Commission), presided by Jossy Mansur.


title: Papiamento

text: Papiamento has two main dialects, one in Aruba and one in Curaçao and Bonaire (Papiamentu), with lexical and intonational differences. There are also minor differences between Curaçao and Bonaire.


title: Papiamento

text: Spoken Aruban Papiamento sounds much more like Spanish. The most apparent difference between the two dialects is given away in the name difference. Whereas Bonaire and Curaçao opted for a phonology-based spelling, Aruba uses an etymology-based spelling. Many words in Aruba end with "o" while the same word ends with "u" in Bonaire and Curaçao. And even in Curaçao, the use of the u-ending is still more pronounced among the Sephardic Jewish population. Similarly, the use of "k" in Bonaire and Curaçao replaces "c" in Aruba.


title: Papiamento

text: Papiamento vowels are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch vowels. Papiamento has the following nine vowels:


title: Papiamento

text: Papiamento diphthongs are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch diphthongs. It has the following diphthongs:


title: Papiamento

text: Stress is very important in Papiamento. Many words have a very different meaning when a different stress is used:


title: Papiamento

text: When a word deviates from the rules, the stressed vowel is indicated by an acute accent ( ´ ), but it is often omitted in casual writing.


title: Papiamento

text: Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and its derived Portuguese-based creoles and (Early Modern) Spanish. The real origin is usually difficult to tell because the two Iberian languages are very similar, and adaptations were made in Papiamento. A list of 200 basic Papiamento words can be found in the standard Swadesh list, with etymological reference to the language of origin. There is a remarkable similarity between words in Papiamento, Cape Verdean Creole, and Guinea-Bissau Creole, which all belong to the same language family of the Upper Guinea Creoles. Most of the words can be connected with their Portuguese origin.


title: Papiamento

text: Linguistic studies have shown that roughly 80% of the words in Papiamento's present vocabulary are of Iberian origin, 20% are of Dutch origin, and some of Native American or African origin. A study by Van Buurt and Joubert inventoried the words of Taíno and Caquetío Arawak origin, mostly words for plants and animals. Arawak is an extinct language that was spoken by Indians throughout the Caribbean. The Arawak words were re-introduced in Papiamento by borrowing from the Spanish dialect of Venezuela


title: Papiamento

text: Many words are of Iberian origin, and it is impossible to label them as either Portuguese or Spanish:


title: Papiamento

text: While the presence of word-final can easily be traced to Portuguese, the diphthongisation of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. The use of , rather than , descends from its pronunciation in the dialects of northern Portugal as well as of Spanish. Also, a sound shift may have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese: ("nephew"): in Portuguese, in Spanish. The pronunciation of as is certainly Portuguese, but the use of instead of () in the ending is from Spanish.


title: Papiamento

text: Few Portuguese words come directly from Portuguese, but most come via the Portuguese-based creole; in the examples below, the Cape Verdean Creole equivalents are , , and .


title: Papiamento

text: Aruba and Bonaire's national anthems are in Papiamento, "Aruba Dushi Tera" and "Tera di Solo y suave biento" respectively. The newspaper "Diario" is also in the language.


title: Papiamento

text: The 2013 films "Abo So" (Aruba) and "Sensei Redenshon" (Curaçao) were the first feature films in Papiamento; the comedy "Bon Bini Holland" (Curaçao and Netherlands) also contains some Papiamento.


title: Papiamento

text: The Lord's Prayer in a register of Papiamento used liturgically by the Roman Catholic Church, compared with Spanish, Portuguese, and King James English:


title: Papiamento

text: This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Papiamento, Portuguese, and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Spanish is shown for the contrast.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Hannah Montana: The Movie is a 2009 American teen musical comedy-drama film based on the Disney Channel television series of the same name. Directed by Peter Chelsom and written by Dan Berendsen, the film stars series regulars Miley Cyrus, Billy Ray Cyrus, Emily Osment, Moises Arias, Mitchel Musso and Jason Earles, as well as Lucas Till, Vanessa Williams, Margo Martindale, and Melora Hardin. The film tells of how Miley Stewart's popularity begins to take over her life, so her father convinces her to take a trip to her hometown of Crowley Corners, Tennessee to get some perspective on what matters most in life.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: "Hannah Montana: The Movie" is the second theatrical film based on a Disney Channel Original Series after "The Lizzie McGuire Movie" (2003), and is the second theatrical release of the "Hannah Montana" franchise, its predecessor "" being released a year prior in 2008. It is also the first, and so far only, the theatrical film was produced by It's a Laugh Productions and Millar/Gough Ink. Filming began in April 2008, much of it occurring in Columbia, Tennessee, and Los Angeles, California, and was completed in July 2008.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: "Hannah Montana: The Movie" was released theatrically by Walt Disney Pictures on April 10, 2009, in the United States, and it was later made available for streaming on Disney+. The film achieved commercial success, grossing $155 million in worldwide box office revenue against a $30 million budget. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Cyrus' acting but noted that it failed to differentiate itself as a feature film.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Miley Stewart and her best friend Lilly Truscott arrive at a concert and race through the crabdoor just in time for Miley to perform as her secret alter ego: pop superstar singer Hannah Montana. After filming a music video for her song “The Best of Both Worlds”, Miley – as Hannah – is confronted by Oswald Granger, an unscrupulous tabloid reporter. Hannah’s manager Vita sends Oswald away, but he manages to record her alluding to Hannah’s “secret”, which he becomes determined to uncover.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: While shopping as Hannah, Miley fights with Tyra Banks over a pair of shoes, making her late for Lilly’s birthday party. Oswald records the incident and follows her to the party, forcing Miley to attend as Hannah in order to prevent him from learning her secret. Hannah’s presence steals the entire party’s attention, as does her performance of “Let’s Get Crazy”. Lilly leaves dejected and is stopped and questioned by Oswald, to whom she reveals that Hannah is from Crowley Corners, Tennessee.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Already upset with Miley for prioritizing her celebrity life over her family and friends, her father Robby is infuriated when her fight with Tyra makes headlines. He allows Vita to book a private jet for Miley to attend an awards show as Hannah, but instead flies her to Crowley Corners to spend two weeks there for her grandmother Ruby’s birthday. Miley is eager to return to being Hannah, but Ruby chastises her for neglecting to spend time with her family.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Miley gradually reconnects with small-town life, her grandmother, and her childhood friend Travis Brody, while Robby is drawn to a local woman named Lorelai. Oswald arrives, and Miley is forced to misdirect him by claiming to know Hannah. The town holds a fundraiser to prevent developer Mr. Bradley from turning local land into a shopping mall, organizing a barn party where Miley performs “Hoedown Throwdown” as herself. When Mr. Bradley tells the crowd they will never raise enough money, Travis suggests Miley ask Hannah to hold a concert.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Lilly arrives disguised as Hannah to throw off Oswald and reconciles with Miley. Travis asks Miley out on a date, but she has already been invited by Lorelai to a dinner as Hannah with the town’s mayor. Miley tries to run back and forth between both dinners, but Travis catches her mid-change and deduces her secret before angrily leaving. Miley then overhears Robby rejecting Lorelai to protect Miley's double-life. Miley finishes writing “Butterfly Fly Away”, which she and her father sing together. She stays up all night to complete the chicken coop she and Travis were building; touched by this, he attends Hannah’s concert.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: As the town prepares for the concert, Miley receives her late mother’s necklace from Ruby. Miley stops performing mid-song when she sees Travis and Lorelai in the audience and announces that she can no longer live a lie before removing her blonde wig, revealing her true identity to the crowd. After she sings “The Climb", the crowd pleads with her to continue being Hannah and promises to keep her secret. Oswald takes a picture of Miley, but before he can publish it, his daughters arrive – flown to the concert by Vita – and their admiration for Hannah convinces him not to sell the story; instead, he rebukes his editor Lucinda and quits. Miley reconciles with and kisses Travis and returns to the stage to finish the concert with "You'll Always Find Your Way Back Home", as Lorelai and Robby reunite. During the credits, the cast dances to “Hoedown Throwdown”.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: While attending the premiere of "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", Billy Ray Cyrus and Miley Cyrus said they were planning to make a film adaptation for their TV series "Hannah Montana", which debuted on Disney Channel on March 24, 2006, and expected it to be a feature film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, rather than a Disney Channel Original Movie.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Since writers were still working on the script for the movie, Cyrus was free to share whatever ideas she had for the upcoming project. She said that, at the time, the best concept she thought of involved returning to her hometown of Nashville, Tennessee. Cyrus spent most of her time away from her beloved home since "Hannah Montana" was taped at Tribune Studios in Hollywood. She spent up to eight and a half hours a day working on the set.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Billy Ray Cyrus shared further details about the script: "There'll be a lot of similarities [to the show], and the fact that Miley is so real, her music is real, we'll keep a lot of that realism. But I think we'll go a little further with the comedy. And it's going to be on the big screen, so we'll try to make everything look bigger." The movie went into production on an estimated $30 million budget.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: On the April 2 episode of "The Miley & Mandy Show" on YouTube, Miley spoke to Ryan Seacrest on flying to Tennessee in "two weeks" and would be staying for several months. She went on to say there would be many guest stars, and she'd ride horses and attend school.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Filming began in April 2008 in Los Angeles, California and Columbia, Tennessee. It entered production in May 2008 and post-production in July 2008. The beginning of the film was shot in Los Angeles including, The Forum where the concert was, Franklin High School and Santa Monica Beach. Several of scenes were filmed in Nashville, Tennessee, based on Miley's and her father's hometown, for the scene that Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana's travels back home, with Fairground scenes filmed near the end of the movie.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: There is a carnival scene filmed at Smiley Hollow in Ridgetop, Tennessee where Peter Gunn's character hunts for the real Hannah in the crowd. He finds Jackson selling "Hannah wigs" and everyone around him looks like Hannah from the back so he turns them all around looking for the real one.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: The songs "Backwards" (co-written by Marcel and Tony Mullins and recorded by Rascal Flatts) and "Crazier" (by Taylor Swift) were featured in the movie as well as "Game Over" and another hit song by UK rocker Steve Rushton. There were also a few musical numbers filmed, including "The Climb" and "You'll Always Find Your Way Back Home". 500 paid extras and 1500 volunteer extras were on hand during filming of these scenes. In some scenes, Miley rode horses.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: A scene was filmed in the Cool Springs Galleria Mall (south of Nashville). It was filmed in the women's shoe department of the Belk store. Miley Cyrus, Vanessa Williams, and Tyra Banks were all in the scene, where Hannah fights with Tyra over a pair of shoes. Scenes were also filmed at Franklin High School. The school stood-in for the fictional Seaview High School which Miley and Lilly attend.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: On June 3, 2008, there was an accident on the set during the filming. A huge wind blew a projection screen into a Ferris wheel full of passengers, who were extras for the movie. There was no serious injury. "When the wind caught it, all the cables were loose. It started [flying]," extra Brenda Blackford told Nashville station WKRN-TV. "I was watching to see which corner of it was gonna hit the Ferris wheel, because it was unavoidable". Miley Cyrus and her father Billy Ray were not on the set when the accident happened. Disney stated: "During a break in the filming of "Hannah Montana: The Movie", a minor accident occurred involving a piece of production equipment. Fortunately, there were only a few minor injuries. Medical personnel have treated the extras and crew involved. None of the cast was on the set. Filming has resumed".


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack on March 24, 2009, on the third anniversary of "Hannah Montana"s 2006 debut, with songs by Miley Cyrus, Hannah Montana, Billy Ray Cyrus, Rascal Flatts, Taylor Swift, and Steve Rushton. The score was originally to be written by composer Alan Silvestri, and he penned a new song with Glen Ballard, "Butterfly Fly Away", which is sung in the film. Due to a scheduling conflict with "", which he was also signed to score, he had to drop out. (However, a cue from Silvestri's score to "The Mexican" is tracked into the movie.) Stepping in was composer John Debney, who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage. The album debuted at  2 on the Billboard 200 with 137,592 sold in the first week, and after four weeks claimed the  1 spot. A was released on August 18, 2009.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: The film was issued a G-rating from the MPAA for all ages admitted. The premiere of "Hannah Montana: The Movie" was held on April 2, 2009, in Los Angeles. The UK premiere was held in London on April 23, 2009; it was released in British and Irish cinemas on May 1, 2009. Play Along Toys released dolls and toys based on the film. The film made its world premiere on the Disney Channel on Friday November 19, 2010, where it drew 4.6 million viewers.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: On January 15, 2009, the film's official trailer was released, along with the official poster on a website, as a sneak peek of the film was released in December 2008 on Disney Channel, including on New Year's Eve. On February 16, 2009, an exclusive Disney Channel preview was premiered alongside the music videos "The Climb" and "Hoedown Throwdown" from the "Hannah Montana: The Movie" soundtrack previewed by Miley Cyrus. Cyrus also promoted the film and performed the film's lead single "The Climb" on various talk shows including, "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Good Morning America", "The Tyra Banks Show", and "Rachael Ray". She also performed her song on "American Idol" on April 16, 2009. A video game based on the film was released on April 7, 2009, three days before the film's release. The game was revealed by ESRB. The game was released for 7th gens.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: "Hannah Montana: The Movie" was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18, 2009.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: "Hannah Montana: The Movie" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 7 in the UK. It was also released on DVD, Blu-ray and Disney Digital in Australia on October 21. First week sales were strong with 1,232,725 DVD copies sold and over $20 million in revenue. Total DVD sales to date stand at 3,610,964 and $61 million in revenue. Extras include behind the scenes, bloopers, sneak peeks and more.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: On its opening day, the film grossed $17,436,095, and earned $32,324,483 on its opening weekend, with a $10,367 average from 3,118 theaters, earning the  1 spot. However the film lost 58% of its gross its second weekend, falling to  3, earning $13,406,217 and $4,300 average and gaining 113 theaters. The film ended up grossing $79,576,189 in the U.S., and $75,969,090 overseas, and a total of $155,545,279 worldwide. The film beat the motion-picture animated film "Coraline" which garnered a total of $124,596,398 in theaters, but came after the film "" which grossed a total of $192,610,372.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 44% based on 129 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "While youthful Miley fans won't complain, "Hannah Montana the Movie" is little more than a formulaic Disney Channel episode stretched thin." Metacritic gives a score of 47 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: "Entertainment Weekly" praised: "The surface lesson of the movie is that celebrity life looks easy but it's hard. The real lesson, as always, is that since even Miley has to work overtime to Hannah, every girl in the audience – if she tries hard enough – can become the star she longs to be." Peter Hartlaub from "San Francisco Chronicle" praised: ""Hannah Montana: The Movie" isn't an abomination. The characters are wholesome, the plot is easy to follow and the songs all sound the same, so you can really only get one stuck in your head at a time. But even as adults give their blessing for prepubescent moviegoers to see the film, they should be plotting to stay as far away from the theater as possible. If you're no longer old enough to carry a Hannah Montana lunch box, this movie will feel like punishment."


title: Hannah Montana: The Movie

text: "Atomic Popcorn" stated: "Hip-hop and country. Like the Hannah Montana's theme song says, "You get the best of both worlds." Ten minutes before the movie started, the two rows of what looked to be 14-year-old girls started singing the TV show theme song. Over and over again. The little 6-to-10-year-old girls that filled the rest of the theater were singing along and dancing in their seats. My 16-year-old daughter said with a big smile on her face, 'Isn't this fun?' I said, with as much of a smile as I could muster, 'A little bit.'" "Blogcritics" noted: "This movie definitely hit the target audience mark with the best opening day for a live action, G-rated movie. The predictable ending strays from the fun tone to address drama from the two main character arcs. Some stereotypes and commercialism weaken the movie, but target and general audiences can find a wide variety of appealing elements here while Hannah fans won't be disappointed."


title: Stephanie Sigman

text: Stephanie Sigman is a Mexican-American actress. Her breakthrough role was in the 2011 Mexican crime drama film "Miss Bala". She has gone on to appear in "Pioneer" (2013), "Spectre" (2015), "Going Under" (2016), and "" (2017). On television, Sigman starred in "Narcos" (2015) and "S.W.A.T" (2017) for the first and second seasons of both series.


title: Stephanie Sigman

text: Sigman was born in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico, to a Mexican mother and an American father, Lee Sigman, a New York Yankees scout from Kansas. She is a U.S. citizen through her father. Her brother, baseball player Kenneth Ray Sigman, was formerly married to actress Barbara Mori.


title: Stephanie Sigman

text: Sigman began her career appearing on Mexican television, before making her film debut in "Rio de Oro". In 2011, she played the leading role of Laura Guerrero in the Mexican crime drama film, "Miss Bala". The film was selected as the Mexican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist. Sigman was nominated for a Dublin Film Critics' Circle Award in 2011 for her performance in film. The following year, she played Catalina Aguado in the Canadian documentary film "Flight of the Butterflies". In 2013, Sigman co-starred in the Norwegian thriller "Pioneer".


title: Stephanie Sigman

text: In 2013, Sigman played the leading role in the USA Network drama pilot "The Arrangement" opposite Bryan Greenberg. It was not ordered to series. Later that year, she was cast in a recurring role on the FX crime drama series "The Bridge". She also starred in the Arctic Monkeys music video for "Snap Out of It" in 2014. In 2015, Sigman played Valeria Vélez, character based on Virginia Vallejo, in the Netflix crime thriller, "Narcos".


title: Stephanie Sigman

text: In 2015, Sigman appeared in the James Bond film "Spectre", becoming the second Mexican actress to play a Bond girl after Linda Christian first played the role of Valerie Mathis in the 1954 TV adaptation of "Casino Royale". She later was cast as a female lead in the action comedy "Going Under", as well as "War on Everyone".


title: Stephanie Sigman

text: In 2016, Sigman had a recurring role as Monica Ava during the second season of the ABC anthology drama series "American Crime" created by John Ridley. Ridley later cast Sigman in the leading role as Presence Foster, the former Army veteran who finds herself as unlicensed Private Investigator, in the ABC detective drama pilot, "Presence".


title: Stephanie Sigman

text: In 2017, Sigman began playing Jessica Cortez, captain and commanding officer of the LAPD Metropolitan Division in "S.W.A.T.". She exited at the start of the third season, when her character left to pursue FBI training.


title: Gloria Hatrick McLean

text: Gloria was born on March 10, 1918, to Edgar B. Hatrick of Larchmont, New York. Her family spent the summers at The Broadmoor hotel and resort. She attended the Finch School in New York and spent two years studying drama at a dramatic school.


title: Gloria Hatrick McLean

text: In 1943, she married Edward Beale McLean Jr., a son of heiress Evalyn Walsh McLean and Edward Beale McLean, heir to "The Washington Post". McLean had previously been married to Ann Carroll Meem, of Washington, D.C., from May 1938 to July 1943. Together Edward and Gloria had two sons: Michael and Ronald McLean. Ronald died on June 8, 1969, aged 24, in Vietnam as a commissioned Marine officer.


title: Gloria Hatrick McLean

text: In January 1948, Gloria and Edward divorced and in October of that year, he married Manuela "Mollie" Hudson, the former wife of Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr.


title: Gloria Hatrick McLean

text: On August 9, 1949, she married James Stewart, who adopted both children from her first marriage, Ronald, then age five, and Michael, age three. Together, she and Stewart had twin daughters born on May 7, 1951: Judy and Kelly. Kelly Stewart became an anthropologist.


title: Gloria Hatrick McLean

text: According to her obituary in the "Los Angeles Times", "Mrs. Stewart was active on the boards of the Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association, Natural History Museum, African Wildlife Foundation and St. John's Medical Center, and was a regular at charity dinners, dances and other events supporting those groups. ... She shared her husband's interests in skeet shooting, fishing, animals and travel. A fan magazine in 1985 called their partnership 'Dream Factory's Outstanding Marriage'". From the 1950s onward, Mrs. Stewart was a supporter of conserving big-game animals, rather than hunting them, and in time brought her husband around to the same viewpoint.


title: Gloria Hatrick McLean

text: The couple remained married until her death from lung cancer on February 16, 1994, at the age of 75. In February 1997, Jimmy Stewart was hospitalized for an irregular heartbeat and on June 25, a thrombosis formed in his right leg, leading to a pulmonary embolism one week later.


title: Gloria Hatrick McLean

text: Surrounded by his children on July 2, 1997, Stewart died at the age of 89 at his home in Beverly Hills, California, with his final words to his family being, "I'm going to be with Gloria now."


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: The Mk44 Bushmaster II is a 30 mm chain gun manufactured by Northrop Grumman. It is a derivative of the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster, and uses 70% of the same parts as the M242 while increasing the firepower by as much as 50% with the 20% increase in caliber size. The barrel is chromium-plated for extended life. The gun uses standard GAU-8 Avenger ammunition that is available in API (Armor-Piercing Incendiary), HEI (High-Explosive Incendiary) and APFSDS-T (Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer) variants.


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: The gun can be converted to a caliber of 40x180 mm, which involves changing the barrel and a few key parts, to use the SuperShot 40 cartridge. It can also be converted to use the 30x170 mm RARDEN cartridge.


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: The Bushmaster II is the standard primary armament of the Bionix-II AFV currently in service with the Singapore Army, the KTO Rosomak in Polish service, and the CV90 AFVs in Finnish, Norwegian and Swiss service. Although the United States Air Force selected this cannon to replace the 25 mm GAU-12 Equalizer and Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60 guns on its fleet of AC-130U gunships in 2007, this plan was later canceled. The United States Marine Corps' Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, which has been canceled, was expected to be armed with this cannon as well. Some United States Navy vessels, such as the new amphibious transport dock are armed with the Bushmaster II for surface threat defense.


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: The Bushmaster II cannon is used in the DS30M Mark 2 Automated Small Calibre Gun (ASCG) point defense system that is fitted to the Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates.


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: The USAF had experimented with installing Bushmaster II cannons on their AC-130U gunships in place of the GAU-12 and Bofors 40 mm cannons. On 11 August 2008, the effort was canceled because of problems with the Bushmaster's accuracy in tests "at the altitude we were employing it." There were also schedule considerations that drove the decision. On 9 July 2012, the Air Force type classified a new version of the Bushmaster called the GAU-23/A. The cannon will be used on the AC-130W and the AC-130J gunships.


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: The U.S. Navy uses the Mk44 Bushmaster II in the Mk 46 Mod 2 Gun Weapon System (GWS). The GWS is produced by General Dynamics to give warships protection against small, high-speed surface craft. A Mk 46 turret consists of the 30 mm chain gun, a forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensor, a low light television camera, and a laser rangefinder. The guns fire at 200 rounds per minute and are fed by a 400-round magazine through 200-round dual feeds. Effective range is for full-caliber high-explosive or armor-piercing ammunition, which can be extended when using sub-caliber rounds. The Mk 46 GWS is permanently installed on the "San Antonio"-class amphibious transport dock and can be installed on and s as part of the surface warfare (SuW) package. In 2012, the Navy decided to replace the Mk 110 57 mm cannons on s with the Mk 46 GWS.


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: Orbital ATK developed a modified version of the Bushmaster II, known as the Mk44 STRETCH, which can fire the 30x173mm Mk310 PABM-T airburst round.


title: Mk44 Bushmaster II

text: In January 2020, Northrop Grumman revealed the development of proximity airburst rounds for the LCS' 30 mm gun modules to destroy small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Since the modules feature dual feeders, different types of rounds could be fed for different targets.