title: Peso

text: Spanish laws of 1728 and 1730 ordered the mechanization of the minting of the peso so that they would be perfectly round and have milled edges. There was a simultaneous reduction in weight and fineness to 8.5 pesos to a mark (27.064 g), 0.9167 fine or 24.809 g fine silver. This new peso became even more popular in international trade, with recipients finding it more advantageous to trade it as coined silver of known value rather than melting it into silver bullion.


title: Peso

text: This coin was known to English colonists in North America as a "piece of eight", then later on as a "Spanish dollar", "Spanish milled dollar", and finally as a "Mexican dollar". In French, it was called a "piastre" and in Portuguese, a "pataca" or "patacão". The Spanish names at various times and in various places were "real de a ocho", "patacón", "duro", or "fuerte".


title: Peso

text: A final alteration in 1772 further reduced the fineness of the peso from 11/12 fine to 130/144 = 0.9028 (fine silver 24.443 g). A sample of coins at the end of the 18th century, however, confirm a fineness of only 0.896 (hence, fine silver 24.25 g); see Currency of Spanish America#Coinage of 1786. The weight of the United States dollar was defined in 1788 as 371.25 grains of fine silver (or 24.057 g) based on the average silver content of worn peso coins. The full 0.9028 fineness was restored by Mexico after its independence in 1821.


title: Peso

text: While the relationship of = (or peso duro) continued in the Americas until the 19th century, Spain grappled with the issuance of "reales de vellon" (made of billon alloy with less than ½ silver) of various weights and finenesses starting in 1600 due to its domestic financial and monetary problems.


title: Peso

text: In 1642, it first recognized a new, reduced "real provincial" worth only or for use only in Spain (with the old real worth now called "real nacional" and retained in Latin America). In 1686 Spain minted a coin worth provinciales (or only , known as the "peso maria" or "peso sencillo") which was poorly received by the people.


title: Peso

text: An edict made in the same year which valued the peso duro at = reales de vellon proved to be ineffective as the various reales in circulation contained even less silver. The situation was only resolved in 1837 with the peso duro fixed at $1 = 20 reales de vellon, with all prior non-standard reales demonetized.


title: Peso

text: The loss of Latin American colonies and the ensuing domestic instability in the 19th century cut off the inflow of precious metals into Spain and resulted in French coinage gradually entering domestic circulation. Two subsequent decimal system reforms were attempted in 1850 (at = , each of or ) and 1864 (at = , each of ) but were not fully carried out. The peso and the real were only fully retired with the introduction in 1868 of the Spanish peseta, at par with the French franc, and at the rate of = = = of fine silver.


title: Peso

text: The successful revolt of the Spanish colonies in America had cut off the supply of silver coin by 1820. By 1825 "...the Spanish dollar, the universal coin of three centuries, had lost its supremacy, and...its universal dominion was in process of disintegration into rival 'currency areas', chief among which was destined to be the area dominated by British sterling."


title: Peso

text: The Spanish dollar continued to dominate the Eastern trade, and the peso of eight reales continued to be minted in the New World. The coin was sometimes called a Republican dollar, but eventually any peso of the old Spanish eight-real standard was generally referred to as a Mexican dollar, Mexico being the most prolific producer. Mexico restored the standard of 1772, producing a coin of 27.073 g, 0.9028 fine, containing 24.441 g fine silver (the mark weight of the Mexico City mint was very slightly heavier than the standard mark of Spain).


title: Peso

text: In 1869–1870, not long after adopting the metric system, Mexican mints began producing the peso of “Un Peso” denomination, popularly known as “balanza” (scales), with the same weight and fineness, but with a uniform diameter of 37 mm (making it slightly thicker than the old peso, which was slightly irregular, with a diameter of 38–40 mm). Chinese merchants rejected the new coin, discounting it by 4%–5% in favor of the old eight-real peso. Faced with this threat to her silver exports, Mexico returned to the old eight-real peso by decree of May 29, 1873, but international trade was already shifting from silver to gold, and after 1873 there was a steady decline in the international price of silver.


title: Peso

text: Until 1873 the Mexican dollar would have been to all intents and purposes equal in value to the silver dollar coins of the United States north of the border, but at that time in history, the Mexican coin would have had a much greater international presence than the U.S. dollar. The great silver devaluation of 1873 caused the Mexican dollar to drop in value against the U.S. dollar, but until the beginning of the 20th century the Mexican dollar would still have been a more widely accepted coin in the Far East than the U.S. dollar. Between the 16th and 19th centuries Mexico produced well over three billion of these coins. Mexico minted the last eight-real peso in 1897, and at the beginning of the twentieth century these Mexican dollar coins were worth only 50 U.S. cents.


title: Peso

text: The Philippine peso (Filipino: piso) is derived from the Spanish silver coin "Real de a Ocho" or "Spanish dollar", in wide circulation in the entire America and Southeast Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries, through its use in the Spanish colonies and even in the United States and Canada.


title: Peso

text: Prior to 1852 the Philippines had no currency of its own (with the exception of local copper cuartos) since pesos received from Spain and Spanish Latin America were accepted in circulation. Locally issued pesos only came about with


title: Peso

text: As with Mexican dollars, the Philippine unit was based on silver, unlike the United States and Canada where a gold standard operated. Thus, following the great silver devaluation of 1873, the Philippine peso devalued in parallel with the Mexican unit, and by the end of the 19th century, was worth half a United States dollar. The name of the currency remained unchanged despite the 1896 Philippine Revolution and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1898.


title: Peso

text: Several countries formerly used different currencies also named peso not listed here, with different value, over time. See Argentine peso#History.


title: Geek show

text: Geek shows were an act in traveling carnivals and circuses of early America and were often part of a larger sideshow.


title: Geek show

text: The billed performer's act consisted of a single geek, who stood in the center ring to chase live chickens. It ended with the performer biting the chickens' heads off and swallowing them. The geek shows were often used as openers for what are commonly known as freak shows. It was a matter of pride among circus and carnival professionals not to have traveled with a troupe that included geeks. Geeks were often alcoholics or drug addicts, and paid with liquor – especially during Prohibition – or with narcotics. In modern usage, the term "geek show" is often applied to situations where an audience is drawn to a performance or show where the performance consists of a horrific act that the crowd finds distasteful but ultimately entertaining. It may also be used by a single person in reference to an experience that he or she found humiliating but others found entertaining.


title: Geek show

text: "Freaks" (1932) is a horror film with a long history of controversy because it used real carnival performers. In its original release, it became the only M-G-M film ever to be pulled from cinemas before completing its domestic engagements.


title: Geek show

text: In the film noir classic "Nightmare Alley" (1947), based on the 1946 novel of the same name by William Lindsay Gresham, Tyrone Power plays a sideshow barker in a seedy carnival which includes a geek biting the heads off live chickens. Power's character later succeeds as a charlatan mentalist, but then descends into alcoholism and is reduced to falsely portraying a geek as a means of survival in another sideshow. In one of Gresham's non-fiction books, "Monster Midway", he further details the process of making an alcoholic or a drug addict perform a geek act in exchange for a fix.


title: Geek show

text: Bob Dylan's "Ballad of a Thin Man", from the 1965 album "Highway 61 Revisited", makes a reference to the geek in its third verse. It is directed at the 'straight' Mr Jones, who is unable to come to terms with the counter-culture youth revolution around him:


title: Geek show

text: In the television show "Starsky and Hutch" (1976), Huggy tells Starsky and Hutch that the guy they are looking for, Monty Voorhees, used to be a geek. Starsky explains geeks to Hutch. He also claims that the geeks formed a union in 1932, which he then admits he made up. "Well, suppose all they paid you in was chicken heads." (“Bounty Hunter”, Season 1, Episode 22)


title: Geek show

text: The artist Joe Coleman bit the heads off white rats as part of his stage act as Doctor Momboozo in the 1980s. He primarily did a 'Human Bomb' show, self-detonating at the end, but also performed with the rodents for his turn as a geek.


title: Geek show

text: The 1990 Troma film "Luther the Geek" revolves around a geek named Luther, who eventually becomes a murderer who bites the heads off his victims.


title: Geek show

text: A geek show figures in the Katherine Dunn novel "Geek Love" (1989). Crystal Lil, the debutante mother of the freaks, met their father while performing as a geek during her summer break from university. Aloysius, the proprietor of the traveling circus, comments that college boys often toured as geeks during their summer breaks, but at the sight of the lovely Crystal Lil and her eagerness they made an exception. During a recounting of her time as a geek, Crystal remarks on how damaged her teeth were from biting the heads off chickens.


title: Geek show

text: In the 1993 "Beavis and Butt-Head" episode "At the Sideshow", Beavis and Butt-Head go to a carnival, run a foul of the staff, and are forced to join the sideshow as Siamese twin chicken geeks.


title: Geek show

text: In the 1995 "X-Files" episode "Humbug", real-life sideshow performer The Enigma portrays a mostly-mute geek named "The Conundrum." True to the classical view of circus or even other sideshow performers about them, one of the sideshow workers calls The Conundrum "neither highly trained nor professional, just...unseemly." In true geek form, The Conundrum's willingness to eat anything plays a crucial role in resolving the episode's plot.


title: Geek show

text: In the 1998 "Simpsons" episode "Bart Carny", Homer and Bart are asked to perform in a geek show to pay off a debt: "You just bite the heads off the chickens and take a bow".


title: Geek show

text: In "Marvel Noir", Norman Osborn has his henchmen all employed from various sideshow attractions. Adrian Toomes was a former Geek, and seems to have lost all conscience, as he devoured Ben Parker.


title: Geek show

text: In the film "The Wizard of Gore" there is a show that opens with "The Geek" (played by Jeffrey Combs) eating maggots and then biting the head off a rat.


title: Geek show

text: In the first two episodes of "", there is a geek named Meep (played by Ben Woolf) who performs in the Freak Show biting heads off of baby chickens. He is eventually wrongfully arrested and murdered by the other inmates in prison.


title: Geek show

text: In HBO's 2003 television series "Carnivàle", Ben Hawkins' father, Henry Scudder, deserted the Austro-Hungarian Army and fled to America where he eventually succumbed to alcoholism and worked as a sideshow geek at Hyde and Teller's carnival.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Forrest Meredith Tucker (February 12, 1919 – October 25, 1986) was an American actor in both movies and television who appeared in nearly a hundred films. Tucker worked as a vaudeville straight man at the age of fifteen. A mentor provided funds and contacts for a trip to California, where party hostess Cobina Wright persuaded guest Wesley Ruggles to give Tucker a screen test because of Tucker's photogenic good looks, thick wavy hair and height of six feet, five inches. Tucker was a sight reader who needed only one take and his film career started well despite a perception in most Hollywood studios that blond men were not photogenic. He enlisted in the Army during World War II. After twenty years spent mainly in Westerns and action roles, he returned to his roots, showing versatility as a comedic and stage musical actor. In the television series "F Troop", he became identified with the character of Cavalry Sgt. Morgan O'Rourke (a manipulative character quite similar to Phil Silvers' role as MSgt. Ernie Bilko). Tucker struggled with a drinking problem that began to affect his performances in the later years of his career.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker described himself as a farm boy. He was born in Plainfield, Indiana, on February 12, 1919, a son of Forrest A. Tucker and his wife, Doris Heringlake. His mother has been described as an alcoholic. Tucker began his performing career at age 14 at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, pushing the big wicker tourist chairs by day and singing "Throw Money" at night. After his family moved to Washington, D.C., Tucker attracted the attention of Jimmy Lake, the owner of the Old Gaiety Burlesque Theater, by winning its Saturday night amateur contest on consecutive weeks. After his second win, Tucker was hired there at full time as Master of Ceremonies, but left when it was soon discovered that he was underage. He graduated from Washington-Lee High School, Arlington, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., in 1938, and, joining the United States Cavalry, was stationed at Fort Myer in Arlington County, Virginia, but discharged for, once again, being underage. He returned to work at the Old Gaiety after his 18th birthday.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: When Lake's theatre closed for the summer in 1939, Tucker was helped by a wealthy mentor to travel to California and try to break into film acting. He made a successful screen test, and began auditioning for movie roles. In his own estimation, Tucker was in the mold of large "ugly guys" such as Wallace Beery, Ward Bond and Victor McLaglen, rather than a matinee idol. His debut was as a powerfully built farmer who clashes with the hero in "The Westerner" (1940), which starred Gary Cooper. Tucker stood out in a fight scene with Cooper. Tucker had a support role in "The Great Awakening" (1941) for United Artists. Overcoming a feeling in Hollywood that fair hair did not photograph well, he quickly attained leading man status, starring in PRC's "Emergency Landing" (1941). He signed a contract with Columbia Pictures.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: At Columbia Tucker had a support role in one of their Lone Wolf pictures, "Counter-Espionage" (1942), followed by a Boston Blackie entry, "Boston Blackie Goes Hollywood" (1942). He was borrowed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for "Keeper of the Flame" with Tracy and Hepburn.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Like many other movie actors at the time, Tucker enlisted in the United States Army during World War II; he earned a commission as a second lieutenant.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker resumed his acting career at war's end. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer borrowed him for the classic film "The Yearling" (1946). Warners borrowed him to play Errol Flynn's love rival with Eleanor Parker in "Never Say Goodbye" the same year.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: In 1948, Tucker left Columbia and signed with Republic Pictures. His first films for them were "Hellfire" (1949) and "The Last Bandit" (1949) with Wild Bill Elliott. He made "Montana Belle" for Republic with Jane Russell; it was sold to RKO.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker had a role in Republic's "Sands of Iwo Jima" (1949), as PFC Thomas, a Marine with a score to settle with John Wayne's Sergeant Stryker. He went back to Columbia to support Scott again in "The Nevadan" (1950).


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker was promoted to star roles with "California Passage" (1950). He followed this with "Rock Island Trail" (1950).


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker was back to supporting actor for "Hoodlum Empire" (1952) then over at Paramount he co-starred with Sterling Hayden in "Flaming Feather" (1952) and supported Charlton Heston in "Pony Express" (1953).


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker went to England in support of British film star Margaret Lockwood in "Laughing Anne" (1953), a co-production with Republic.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Back in the United States, he went back to work for Republic: "San Antone" (1953) with Rod Cameron; "Flight Nurse" (1953) and "Jubilee Trail" (1954) with Joan Leslie.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: He returned to England to make another with Lockwood, "Trouble in the Glen" (1954), and stayed on to make "Break in the Circle" (1955) for Hammer Films.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker made some films for Allied Artists, "Paris Follies of 1956" (1955) and "Finger Man" (1955) in support of Frank Lovejoy, and then supported Randolph Scott once more in "Rage at Dawn" (1956).


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker had a two-year stint on television playing the well-received role of a charter-boat captain in Bermuda in the series "Crunch and Des" from 1955 to 1956 with Sandy Kenyon.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: He was top billed in Fox's "The Quiet Gun" (1957) and supported Charlton Heston in "Three Violent People" (1957). Hammer Films in Britain asked him back to play the lead in "The Abominable Snowman" (1957). He stayed on in England for "The Strange World of Planet X" (1957), and "The Trollenberg Terror" (1958).


title: Forrest Tucker

text: The year 1958 brought another turning point in his career, when he won the role of Beauregard Burnside, Mame's first husband in "Auntie Mame", the highest grossing U.S. film of the year. Tucker showed a flair for light comedy under the direction of Morton DaCosta that had largely been unexplored in his roles in Westerns and science fiction films.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker was cast as Professor Harold Hill in the national touring production of "The Music Man" in 1958 and played the role 2,008 times over the next five years, including a 56-week run at the Shubert Theatre in Chicago.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Following his "Music Man" run, Tucker starred in the Broadway production of "Fair Game for Lovers" (1964).


title: Forrest Tucker

text: In 1961, Tucker appeared on NBC in Audie Murphy's short-lived western series "Whispering Smith". Tucker played the outlaw Bob Dalton in the 1963 episode "Three Minutes to Eternity" of the syndicated Western series, "Death Valley Days", a dramatization of the simultaneous bank robberies by the Dalton gang in Coffeyville, Kansas. Tucker appeared in CBS's "Appointment with Adventure" in the 1956 series finale titled "Two Falls for Satan"; and ABC's "Channing", a drama about college life that aired during the 1963–64 season.


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker turned to television for his most famous role, starring as frontier capitalist Sgt. Morgan O'Rourke in "F Troop" (1965–67). Though "F Troop" lasted only two seasons on ABC, the series has been in constant syndication since, reaching three generations of viewers. (Two of his "Gunsmoke" episodes feature Tucker in his cavalry uniform again, as the unconventional Sergeant Holly (1970), who in one scene "marries" and spends a hectic night with Miss Kitty.)


title: Forrest Tucker

text: After the close of "F Troop", Tucker returned to films in character roles like "The Night They Raided Minsky's" (1969), "Barquero" (1970), "Chisum" (1970), "Welcome Home, Johnny Bristol" (1972), and "Cancel My Reservation" (1972). He had the lead in "The Wild McCullochs" (1975), and was a supporting actor in the television movie "A Real American Hero" (1978).


title: Forrest Tucker

text: On television, Tucker was a frequent guest star, including a total of six appearances on "Gunsmoke" and the recurring role of Jarvis Castleberry, Flo's estranged father on the 1976-1985 TV series, "Alice" and its spinoff, "Flo".


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker was a regular on three series after "F Troop": "Dusty's Trail" (1973) with Bob Denver; "The Ghost Busters" (1975) which reunited him with "F Troop" co-star Larry Storch; guest star on "The Bionic Woman" as J.T. Conners and "Filthy Rich" playing the second Big Guy Beck. (1982–83). He continued to be active on stage as well, starring in the national productions of "Plaza Suite", "Show Boat" and "That Championship Season".


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker returned to the big screen, after an absence of several years, in the Cannon Films action film "Thunder Run" (1986), playing the hero, trucker Charlie Morrison. His final film appearance was "Outtakes", a low-budget imitation of "The Groove Tube".


title: Forrest Tucker

text: Tucker, who had battled lung cancer for more than a year, as well as having a series of minor illnesses, collapsed and was hospitalized, for the second time in a week, on his way to the ceremony for his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on August 21, 1986. He died at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital on October 25, 1986, a few months after the theatrical release of "Thunder Run" and "Outtakes". He was interred in Forest Lawn–Hollywood Hills Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills.


title: Jason Earles

text: Jason Daniel Earles (born April 26, 1977) is an American actor. Known for his role as Jackson Stewart in the Disney Channel sitcom "Hannah Montana" and his role as Rudy Gillespie in the Disney XD series "Kickin' It".


title: Jason Earles

text: Earles was born in San Diego, California. After living in Ohio and Washington state, his family moved to Oregon. In Oregon, he graduated from Glencoe High School in Hillsboro. Before moving back to southern California, Earles lived in Billings, Montana, where he graduated in theatre arts from Rocky Mountain College in 2000.


title: Jason Earles

text: Earles played a nerdy card gamer who was friends with the character Brian Miller in the CBS sitcom "Still Standing". In 2004, he appeared in the film "National Treasure" as Thomas Gates, ancestor of Ben Gates (Nicolas Cage). In 2005, Earles played Ernie Kaplowitz in the film "".


title: Jason Earles

text: Earles' most notable role was as Jackson Stewart, the older brother of Miley Stewart (Miley Cyrus), in the Disney Channel series "Hannah Montana" from 2006 to 2011. Earles was notably older than the character he played; when the show began, he was a 29-year-old playing a 16-year-old.


title: Jason Earles

text: He guest-starred twice in the Disney Channel series "Phil of the Future" as Grady Spaggett, an advanced math student. Earles appeared in the 2006 "Disney Channel Games" on the Blue Team, and in the 2007 and 2008 "Disney Channel Games" on the Red team.


title: Jason Earles

text: Earles was the co-host of "Disney Channel's Sing-Along Bowl-athon" (Disney Channel's 2006 New Year's Eve special) and the corresponding online voting.


title: Jason Earles

text: He voiced Spudnik in the 2009 talking dog film "Space Buddies". Earles stars as the sensei, Rudy Gillespie in the Disney XD original series "Kickin' It", which premiered on June 13, 2011.


title: Jason Earles

text: Earles served as the acting coach for "", and will guest star in season three as Dewey Wood, a camp counselor.


title: Jason Earles

text: Earles has contributed cast memorabilia to the fundraisers for Rocky Mountain College, his alma mater.


title: Jason Earles

text: He was married to Jennifer Earles from 2002 to 2013. On August 12, 2017, Jason Earles married Katie Drysen.


title: Molson Coors

text: The Molson Coors Beverage Company is an American-Canadian multinational drink and brewing company incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law and headquartered in Golden, Colorado and Montreal, Quebec.


title: Molson Coors

text: Molson Coors was formed in 2005 through the merger of Molson of Canada, and Coors of the United States.


title: Molson Coors

text: In 2016, Molson Coors acquired the full global brand portfolio of Miller Brewing Company for approximately US$12 billion. The agreement made Molson Coors the world's third largest brewer at the time.


title: Molson Coors

text: Molson Coors is a publicly traded company on both the New York Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange. Molson Coors has been a constituent of the S&P500 since 2005.


title: Molson Coors

text: On July 22, 2004, the Adolph Coors Company and Molson, Inc. announced their plan to merge. The merger was completed February 9, 2005, with the merged company being named Molson Coors Brewing Company. The merger including the brands and brewing operations of the Molson Brewery and the Coors Brewing Company. Molson Brewery was started by John Molson in Montreal, Canada in 1786. Coors Brewing Company was started by Adolph Coors in Golden, Colorado, United States in 1873.


title: Molson Coors

text: The operations of Molson Coors in Brazil were sold to the Mexican group FEMSA in 2006, and the beer operations of FEMSA was acquired by Heineken International in 2010.


title: Molson Coors

text: On October 9, 2007, SABMiller and Molson Coors Brewing Company announced a joint venture to be known as MillerCoors for their U.S. brewing and sales operations. SABMiller had 58% stake in the company, and Molson Coors had a 42% stake. MillerCoors combined their operations within North America with the headquarters in Chicago .


title: Molson Coors

text: In early 2012 the company expanded into the Central and Eastern Europe markets by acquiring the region's market-leading brewery StarBev from CVC Capital Partners.


title: Molson Coors

text: In September 2015 Anheuser-Busch Inbev announced that it had reached agreement to acquire competitor SABMiller for $107 billion. During the merger discussions between the two companies in 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) had agreed to the proposed deal only on the basis that SABMiller "spins off all its MillerCoors holdings in the U.S. — which include both Miller- and Coors-held brands — along with its Miller brands outside the U.S."


title: Molson Coors

text: SABMiller agreed to divest itself of the Miller brands by selling its stake in MillerCoors to Molson Coors. The merger between Anheuser-Busch Inbev and SABMiller closed on October 10, 2016. The spinoff deal was completed on October 11, 2016. As per the agreement with the regulators, SABMiller sold to Molson Coors full ownership of the Miller Brewing Company brand portfolio.


title: Molson Coors

text: After SABMiller divested itself of all interests in MillerCoors, Molson Coors became the largest brewer in North America


title: Molson Coors

text: On October 30, 2019, the company announced it would change its name to Molson Coors Beverage Company as a part of a restructuring to take place in 2020. The name change would reflect the companies growing focus on beverages outside of the traditional beer and brewing offerings. Additionally, the company would retire the MillerCoors corporate brand name and reorganize its global business units into Molson Coors North America, headquartered in Toronto, and Molson Coors Europe, headquartered in Prague.


title: Molson Coors

text: On February 26, 2020, six people, including the shooter, were killed at a shooting near the company's Milwaukee brewing campus. The Milwaukee complex serves as a site for some of Molson Coors' corporate offices and brewing facilities and was in the "Miller Valley" area, which served as the headquarters for the Miller Brewing Company before it was acquired by Molson Coors.


title: Molson Coors

text: On September 15, 2020, Molson Coors and D. G. Yuengling & Son announced a joint venture to oversee the expansion of Yuengling beer into states beyond its existing footprint. Under the terms of the deal, Yuengling beers will be brewed and packaged in select Molson Coors’ breweries under Yuengling brewers’ supervision, and distributed into new markets.


title: Molson Coors

text: The company brews, markets and sells the Molson Coors portfolio of brands. Molson Coors operates breweries across the world, including the Molson Brewery in Montreal, Quebec, Blue Moon Brewing Company in Denver, Colorado, Borsodi Brewery in Bőcs, Hungary, Coors Brewery in Golden, Colorado, Creemore Springs Brewery in Creemore, Ontario, Fraser Valley Brewery in Chilliwack, British Columbia, Leinenkugel Brewery in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, Miller Brewery in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Pardubice Brewery in Pardubice, Czech Republic, and the Staropramen Brewery in Prague, Czech Republic.


title: Molson Coors

text: Notable brands include Blue Moon, Carling, Coors Banquet, Coors Light, George Killian's Irish Red, Granville Island Brewing, Hamm's, Hop Valley, Leinenkugel's, Miller High Life, Miller Lite, Milwaukee's Best, Molson Canadian, Molson Export, Steel Reserve, Terrapin, Vizzy Hard Seltzer a Staropramen.


title: Molson Coors

text: Molson Coors conducted a comprehensive, and voluntary investigation of its pollution and environmental emissions. Coors was not violating the Clean Air Act but was encouraged by the Environmental Audit Privilege and Voluntary Disclosure Act which immunizes and credits organizations for conducting environmental self-audits, which can grant immunity from environmental regulation fines.


title: Molson Coors

text: The United States government had thought that Coors was a minor violator of emissions such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but the investigating showed otherwise, revealing that Coors was 17 times over the estimated value of emissions. Molson Coors then provided the audit results to the Colorado Department of Health which culminated in a $1.05 million fine for the 189 violations of state pollution laws.


title: Molson Coors

text: Although Molson Coors said they did not know about the volatile organic compounds they were emitting, they do claim to be environmentally aware. Coors invented a new printing technology technique which uses ultra-violet light to cure the print, a technique which the company claims is more environmentally sound than the traditional gas firing technique. Coors has also incorporated a quarterly Supplier Quality Scorecard for their growers which tracks sustainable performance metrics such as emissions, energy consumption, and water consumption.


title: Molson Coors

text: In an in-depth analysis of the climate change "countermovement", the Coors Affiliated Foundation was listed among the top donors, having funded roughly 1% (US$6.2 million) of all climate denial research conducted between 2003 and 2010.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: Saathiya (English: "Companion") is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Shaad Ali and produced by Mani Ratnam and Yash Chopra under the banner of Yash Raj Films. The film stars Rani Mukerji and Vivek Oberoi, with Shah Rukh Khan and Tabu appearing in special appearances. The soundtrack was composed by A. R. Rahman and the lyrics are penned by Gulzar. It is a remake of the Tamil film "Alaipayuthey" whose climax was reported to be inspired by the 1998 film "Sliding Doors" and which was also directed by Mani Ratnam with music composed by Rahman as well. "Box Office India" declared the film a "Hit". Additionally, the film won 6 Filmfare Awards.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: Aditya Sehgal and his friends are searching for Aditya's wife Suhani Sehgal. She has been missing for hours, a few days after having a fight with Aditya about their failing marriage. But Aditya now realizes that he loves her more than anything and is devastated that he can't find her.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: The film goes into a flashback, where it is seen that Aditya and Dr. Suhani meet each other at a wedding. Aditya immediately falls in love with her and pursues her. Suhani at first believes that he is simply flirting with her but later, both realize that they love each other. However, Aditya's rich lifestyle and Suhani's middle-class lifestyle creates a rift between their parents where Aditya's father Om Sehgal insults Suhani's father. Aditya and Suhani elope and get married in a small ceremony. At first, they live in their respective homes and keep their marriage a secret. However, when a proposal comes for Suhani's elder sister, the truth comes out. Aditya and Suhani then cut ties with their parents and move to a dilapidated house and start their married life together.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: Soon, marital problems threaten to drive them apart. A misunderstanding causes Suhani to think Aditya is having an affair and they get into a major argument. Suhani then gets involved in a car accident. As she is crossing the street, a car hits her, almost fatally injuring her. Aditya has no idea of this and waits for her to return home, happily thinking that they will patch up.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: Later Aditya realizes that Suhani is missing and starts looking for her. It is revealed that Savitri is the one who hit Suhani with her car. Scared to own up, Savitri calls her husband, who is an IAS officer. Her husband, Yeshwant Rao, arrives at the hospital and tells the doctor that Suhani is his wife and he wants her operated. Aditya finds out about the incident and reaches the hospital. Suhani falls into a coma. Yeshwant explains to Aditya, and takes the blame and tells him that he had caused the accident. Aditya threatens Yeshwant and leaves. Savitri meets Aditya and tells him that it was she who caused the accident and she is feeling guilty.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: The two shed tears together until Yeshwant comes and picks her up. Soon, Suhani regains consciousness. Aditya runs in and expresses the pain and suffering he went through in the hours of separation. Suhani also expresses her own love and feelings for him. The film ends as Aditya and Suhani finally makeup and they hug each other on the hospital bed.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: There are 9 songs composed by A. R. Rahman and lyrics by Gulzar. A. R. Rahman re-used all of his compositions from the soundtrack of the Tamil film "Alaipayuthey", with the exception of two songs, "Mere Yaar Mila De" and "Naina Milaike" which replaced their Tamil counterparts "Evano Oruvan" and "Alaipayuthey". The soundtrack turned out to be one of the strong points of the film. "Saathiya" won most of the music awards, despite facing tough competition from "Devdas" (2002). A. R. Rahman and Sonu Nigam won Best Music Director and Best Male Playback for "Saathiya", respectively. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 20,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's second highest-selling, behind "Devdas".


title: Saathiya (film)

text: For the soundtrack, the songs, "Alaipayuthey" and "Evano Oruvan" were not re-composed from the Tamil version. Instead, Rahman composed a Sufi track "Mere Yaar Mila De" and "Naina Milaike", a classical number. Lyricist Gulzar, who wrote all the Hindi version songs, stated, "In "Saathiya" I wrote 'Mere Yaar Mila De', which isn't a typical romantic number though it's essentially a love song." Unlike previous soundtracks recorded by Rahman for Ratnam, the former composed majority of the songs by fusing the classical carnatic music genres into moderns rhythms.


title: Saathiya (film)

text: On penning review for "Bollywood Hungama", critic Taran Adarsh stated, "A.R. Rahman's music is melodious and easy on the ears. The title track is the pick of the lot, but the item song can easily be deleted, for it serves as a speed breaker in the goings-on. Perhaps, even this song was added to add spice." Critic based at Australian Cine Urban praised the music, "A superb digital sound mix drives the all important soundtrack, fantasy music video clips on the cable music channels in that they are multi-costume and multi-location showpieces, taking us from waterfalls to snowy mountain fields to idyllic shorelines. Duets and full scale wedding routines follow each other as the first half zips along with its charter to set the musical mood." Vijay Ramanan of "Planet Bollywood", "A. R. Rahman's music and score, while simply re-created from the original except for two songs is as usual – fantastic. "Mr. Brown" reviewed the music of the film, "The songs-chiefly are the lilting title number; the percussive wedding song "Chhalka Chhalka Re" ("It Spilled"); and the seductive ballads "Chupke Se" ("Quietly") and "Aye Udi Udi Udi" ("Flew Away") a highlight. Glamsham pointed, "All in all, all praises to the music composition by A R Rahman; the music is unique and upbeat. A R Rahman has been successful in creating a different genre of music for his ever increasing list of fans. The lyrics is definitely getting subdued by the exciting music. A must buy for people who love new music".


title: Probability mass function

text: In probability and statistics, a probability mass function is a function that gives the probability that a discrete random variable is exactly equal to some value. Sometimes it is also known as the discrete density function. The probability mass function is often the primary means of defining a discrete probability distribution, and such functions exist for either scalar or multivariate random variables whose domain is discrete.


title: Probability mass function

text: A probability mass function differs from a probability density function (PDF) in that the latter is associated with continuous rather than discrete random variables. A PDF must be integrated over an interval to yield a probability.


title: Probability mass function

text: Probability mass function is the probability distribution of a discrete random variable, and provides the possible values and their associated probabilities. It is the function formula_1 defined by


title: Probability mass function

text: for formula_2, where formula_3 is a probability measure. formula_4 can also be simplified as formula_5.


title: Probability mass function

text: Thinking of probability as mass helps to avoid mistakes since the physical mass is conserved as is the total probability for all hypothetical outcomes formula_8.


title: Probability mass function

text: A probability mass function of a discrete random variable formula_9 can be seen as a special case of two more general measure theoretic constructions:


title: Probability mass function

text: the distribution of formula_9 and the probability density function of formula_9 with respect to the counting measure. We make this more precise below.


title: Probability mass function

text: and that formula_13 is a measurable space whose underlying σ-algebra is discrete, so in particular contains singleton sets of formula_14. In this setting, a random variable formula_15 is discrete provided its image is countable.


title: Probability mass function

text: The pushforward measure formula_16—called the distribution of formula_9 in this context—is a probability measure on formula_14 whose restriction to singleton sets induces the probability mass function (as mentioned in the previous section) formula_19 since formula_20 for each formula_21.


title: Probability mass function

text: Now suppose that formula_22 is a measure space equipped with the counting measure μ. The probability density function formula_23 of formula_9 with respect to the counting measure, if it exists, is the Radon–Nikodym derivative of the pushforward measure of formula_9 (with respect to the counting measure), so formula_26 and formula_23 is a function from formula_14 to the non-negative reals. As a consequence, for any formula_21 we have


title: Probability mass function

text: When there is a natural order among the potential outcomes formula_8, it may be convenient to assign numerical values to them (or "n"-tuples in case of a discrete multivariate random variable) and to consider also values not in the image of formula_9. That is, formula_34 may be defined for all real numbers and formula_35 for all formula_36 as shown in the figure.


title: Probability mass function

text: The image of formula_9 has a countable subset on which the probability mass function formula_38 is one. Consequently, the probability mass function is zero for all but a countable number of values of formula_8.


title: Probability mass function

text: The discontinuity of probability mass functions is related to the fact that the cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is also discontinuous. If formula_9 is a discrete random variable, then formula_41 means that the casual event formula_42 is certain (it is true in 100% of the occurrences); on the contrary, formula_43 means that the casual event formula_42 is always impossible. This statement isn't true for a continuous random variable formula_9, for which formula_43 for any possible formula_8. Discretization is the process of converting a continuous random variable into a discrete one.


title: Probability mass function

text: There are three major distributions associated, the Bernoulli distribution, the binomial distribution and the geometric distribution.


title: Probability mass function

text: The following exponentially declining distribution is an example of a distribution with an infinite number of possible outcomes—all the positive integers: formula_57 Despite the infinite number of possible outcomes, the total probability mass is 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ⋯ = 1, satisfying the unit total probability requirement for a probability distribution.


title: Probability mass function

text: Two or more discrete random variables have a joint probability mass function, which gives the probability of each possible combination of realizations for the random variables.


title: Causal loop

text: A causal loop is a theoretical proposition, wherein by means of either retrocausality or time travel, an event (an action, information, object, or person) is among the causes of another event, which is in turn among the causes of the first-mentioned event. Such causally looped events then exist in spacetime, but their origin cannot be determined. A hypothetical example of a causality loop is given of a billiard ball striking its past self: the billiard ball moves in a path towards a time machine, and the future self of the billiard ball emerges from the time machine "before" its past self enters it, giving its past self a glancing blow, altering the past ball's path and causing it to enter the time machine at an angle that would cause its future self to strike its past self the very glancing blow that altered its path. In this sequence of events, the change in the ball's path is its own cause, which might appear paradoxical.


title: Causal loop

text: Other terms for "causal loop" are bootstrap paradox, information paradox, ontological paradox, self-sufficient loop, and predestination paradox; see § terminology.


title: Causal loop

text: Backwards time travel would allow for causal loops involving events, information, people or objects whose histories form a closed loop, and thus seem to "come from nowhere." The notion of objects or information that are "self-existing" in this way is often viewed as paradoxical, with several authors referring to a causal loop involving information or objects without origin as a "bootstrap paradox", an "information paradox", or an "ontological paradox". The use of "bootstrap" in this context refers to the expression "pulling yourself up by your bootstraps" and to Robert A. Heinlein's time travel story "By His Bootstraps". The term "time loop" is sometimes referred to as a causal loop, but although they appear similar, causal loops are unchanging and self-originating, whereas time loops are constantly resetting.


title: Causal loop

text: An example of a causal loop paradox involving information is given by Allan Everett: suppose a time traveler copies a mathematical proof from a textbook, then travels back in time to meet the mathematician who first published the proof, at a date prior to publication, and allows the mathematician to simply copy the proof. In this case, the information in the proof has no origin. A similar example is given in the television series "Doctor Who" of a hypothetical time-traveler who copies Beethoven's music from the future and publishes it in Beethoven's time in Beethoven's name. Everett gives the movie "Somewhere in Time" as an example involving an object with no origin: an old woman gives a watch to a playwright who later travels back in time and meets the same woman when she was young, and gives her the same watch that she will later give to him.


title: Causal loop

text: Krasnikov writes that these bootstrap paradoxes – information or an object looping through time – are the same; the primary apparent paradox is a physical system evolving into a state in a way that is not governed by its laws. He does not find this paradoxical, and attributes problems regarding the validity of time travel to other factors in the interpretation of general relativity.


title: Causal loop

text: A 1992 paper by physicists Andrei Lossev and Igor Novikov labeled such items without origin as "Jinn", with the singular term "Jinnee". This terminology was inspired by the Jinn of the Quran, which are described as leaving no trace when they disappear. Lossev and Novikov allowed the term "Jinn" to cover both objects and information with reflexive origin; they called the former "Jinn of the first kind", and the latter "Jinn of the second kind". They point out that an object making circular passage through time must be identical whenever it is brought back to the past, otherwise it would create an inconsistency; the second law of thermodynamics seems to require that the object tends to a lower energy state over the course of its history, and such objects that are identical in repeating points in their history seem to contradict this, but Lossev and Novikov argued that since the second law only requires entropy to increase in "closed" systems, a Jinnee could interact with its environment in such a way as to regain "lost" entropy. They emphasize that there is no "strict difference" between Jinn of the first and second kind. Krasnikov equivocates between "Jinn", "self-sufficient loops", and "self-existing objects", calling them "lions" or "looping or intruding objects", and asserts that they are no less physical than conventional objects, "which, after all, also could appear only from either infinity, or a singularity."


title: Causal loop

text: The term "predestination paradox" is used in the "Star Trek" franchise to mean "a time loop in which a time traveler who has gone into the past causes an event that ultimately causes the original future version of the person to go back into the past." This use of the phrase was created for a sequence in a 1996 episode of "" titled "Trials and Tribble-ations", although the phrase had been used previously to refer to belief systems such as Calvinism and some forms of Marxism that encourage followers to strive to produce certain outcomes while at the same time teaching that the outcomes are predetermined. Smeenk and Morgenstern use the term "predestination paradox" to refer specifically to situations in which a time traveler goes back in time to try to prevent some event in the past, but ends up helping to cause that same event.


title: Causal loop

text: A self-fulfilling prophecy may be a form of causality loop. Predestination does not necessarily involve a supernatural power, and could be the result of other "infallible foreknowledge" mechanisms. Problems arising from infallibility and influencing the future are explored in Newcomb's paradox. A notable fictional example of a self-fulfilling prophecy occurs in the classical play "Oedipus Rex", in which Oedipus becomes the king of Thebes and in the process unwittingly fulfills a prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother. The prophecy itself serves as the impetus for his actions, and thus it is self-fulfilling. The movie "12 Monkeys" heavily deals with themes of predestination and the Cassandra complex, where the protagonist who travels back in time explains that he can't change the past.


title: Causal loop

text: General relativity permits some exact solutions that allow for time travel. Some of these exact solutions describe universes that contain closed timelike curves, or world lines that lead back to the same point in spacetime. Physicist Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov discussed the possibility of closed timelike curves in his books in 1975 and 1983, offering the opinion that only self-consistent trips back in time would be permitted. In a 1990 paper by Novikov and several others, "Cauchy problem in spacetimes with closed timelike curves", the authors suggested the "principle of self-consistency," which states that "the only solutions to the laws of physics that can occur locally in the real Universe are those which are globally self-consistent." The authors later concluded that time travel need not lead to unresolvable paradoxes, regardless of what type of object was sent to the past.


title: Causal loop

text: Physicist Joseph Polchinski argued that one could avoid questions of free will by considering a potentially paradoxical situation involving a billiard ball sent back in time. In this situation, the ball is fired into a wormhole at an angle such that, if it continues along its course, it will exit in the past at just the right angle to hit its earlier self, knocking it off course, which would stop it from entering the wormhole in the first place. Thorne referred to this problem as "Polchinski's paradox". Two students at Caltech, Fernando Echeverria and Gunnar Klinkhammer, went on to find a solution that avoided any inconsistencies. In the revised scenario, the ball would emerge from the future at a different angle from the one that had generated the paradox, and delivers its past self a glancing blow instead of knocking it completely away from the wormhole. This blow changes its trajectory by just the right degree, meaning it will travel back in time with the angle required to deliver its younger self the necessary glancing blow. Echeverria and Klinkhammer actually found that there was more than one self-consistent solution, with slightly different angles for the glancing blow in each case. Later analysis by Thorne and Robert Forward showed that for certain initial trajectories of the billiard ball, there could actually be an infinite number of self-consistent solutions.


title: Causal loop

text: Echeverria, Klinkhammer and Thorne published a paper discussing these results in 1991; in addition, they reported that they had tried to see if they could find "any" initial conditions for the billiard ball for which there were no self-consistent extensions, but were unable to do so. Thus it is plausible that there exist self-consistent extensions for every possible initial trajectory, although this has not been proven. The lack of constraints on initial conditions only applies to spacetime outside of the chronology-violating region of spacetime; the constraints on the chronology-violating region might prove to be paradoxical, but this is not yet known.


title: Causal loop

text: Novikov's views are not widely accepted. Visser views causal loops and Novikov's self-consistency principle as an "ad hoc" solution, and supposes that there are far more damaging implications of time travel. Krasnikov similarly finds no inherent fault in causal loops, but finds other problems with time travel in general relativity.


title: Causal loop

text: Physicist David Deutsch shows in a 1991 paper that quantum computation with a negative delay—backwards time travel—could solve NP problems in polynomial time, and Scott Aaronson later extended this result to show that the model could also be used to solve PSPACE problems in polynomial time. Deutsch shows that quantum computation with a negative delay produces only self-consistent solutions, and the chronology-violating region imposes constraints that are not apparent through classical reasoning. Researchers published in 2014 a simulation validating Deutsch's model with photons. However, it was shown in an article by Tolksdorf and Verch that Deutsch's CTC (closed timelike curve, or a causal loop) fixed point condition can be fulfilled to arbitrary precision in any quantum system described according to relativistic quantum field theory on spacetimes where CTCs are excluded, casting doubts on whether Deutsch's condition is really characteristic of quantum processes mimicking CTCs in the sense of general relativity.


title: Causal loop

text: the same authors have shown that Deutsch's CTC fixed point condition can also be fulfilled in any system


title: Causal loop

text: subject to the laws of classical statistical mechanics, even if it is not built up by quantum systems. The authors conclude that hence,


title: Causal loop

text: Deutsch's condition is not specific to quantum physics, nor does it depend on the quantum nature of a physical system so that it can be fulfilled.


title: Causal loop

text: In consequence, Tolksdorf and Verch further conclude that Deutsch's condition isn't sufficiently specific to allow statements about time travel scenarios or their hypothetical realization by quantum physics, and that Deutsch's attempt to explain the possibility of his proposed time-travel scenario using the many-world interpretation of quantum mechanics is misleading.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The Egyptian Premier League (), also known as WE Egyptian Premier League (WE EPL) after the addition of title sponsor WE, is a professional association football league in Egypt and the top level of the Egyptian football league system. The league comprises 18 teams and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Egyptian Second Division. Seasons mostly run from August to May. Unlike most other leagues, all games are played all over the week.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The Egyptian Premier League was founded in 1948, unifying the local leagues that had existed previously. 70 clubs have competed in the league since its founding. Al Ahly have won the title 42 times, more than any other club. Their closest rivals, Zamalek, have won the league 14 times. Only five other clubs have won the league; those clubs are Ghazl El Mahalla, Ismaily, Al Mokawloon Al Arab, Olympic Club, and Tersana.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The Egyptian Premier League is one of the top national leagues, ranked second in Africa according to CAF's 5-Year Ranking for the 2022–23 season, based on performances in African competitions over the past five seasons. Egyptian teams have won the CAF Champions League a record 16 times, and Al Ahly was named the African Club of the Century by CAF. Two clubs have also won the CAF Confederation Cup.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The Egyptian Premier League once had among highest average stadium attendance in Africa and the Middle East until the Port Said Stadium riot occurred on 1 February 2012 after a league match involving Al Masry and Al Ahly, where 74 people were killed and more than 500 were injured. Since that date, all domestic football matches were played behind closed doors until 2017, when the local security authorities started to allow fans to attend selected matches with gradually increasing numbers starting from 100 attendance only and in 2021, the league started to welcome back thousands of supporters.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: Association football was introduced to Egypt while it was occupied by the British. The first football club in Egypt was El Sekka El Hadid, which was founded in 1903. The Sultan Hussein Cup was founded in 1917, and though it was dominated by English clubs in its first years, Egyptian clubs quickly gained power. The Egypt Cup, which no British teams competed in, began in 1922.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The first major football league in Egypt also began play in 1922; consisting of clubs from Cairo, it was called the Cairo Zone Competition. Three other leagues, in Alexandria, on the Suez Canal, and an obscure league in 'Bahary' began soon afterwards. It was at this time that the clubs Al-Ahly and Zamalek began their dominance, with the two clubs regularly winning the Cairo Zone Competition and the Egypt Cup.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: In 1938, the Egyptian Football Association (EFA) took control of the Cairo Zone Competition, along with the other three leagues. The Cairo Zone Competition was renamed the Cairo League, but otherwise remained mostly unchanged until the mid-1940s. The EFA felt that a national league, rather than many local leagues, was necessary. The President of the EFA passed the idea on to King Farouk I, who was an avid football fan. The Egyptian Premier League was founded by royal decree, and began play in 1948.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The first match, played on October 22, was between King Farouk Club (now Zamalek) and Al Masry SC, and finished in a 5–1 victory for Farouk. The match featured the first goal in the Egyptian Premier League, scored by Farouk's Mohamed Amin, and the first hat-trick in the new league, by Suad Rustom. During this time, Priemer League results in matches between clubs from Cairo were counted as Cairo League results as well. The Cairo League ceased play in 1952.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: Al Ahly won the first three competitions, though in 1949–50 they required a playoff against Tersana SC. The league was not contested during what would have been the 1951–52 season, as Egypt's national team were competing in the 1952 Summer Olympics. The season also did not take place due to the 1952 Egyptian revolution, in which King Farouk was overthrown. Farouk had allowed his name to be used by his favourite club, which quickly renamed itself Zamalek after the revolution. Gamal Abdel Nasser, who led the coup and took power after Farouk, was a supporter of Al-Ahly, and was named club president soon after he came to power. This increased the intensity of the already fierce Cairo derby between Al-Ahly and Zamalek.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: Al Ahly won the competition every season until the 1959–60 competition. The 1954–55 season was even stopped when Al Ahly conflicted with the federation and refused to play. No title was awarded. In the 1959–60 competition season, Zamalek finally won their first title after consistently being runners-up. Al Ahly's grip on the league loosened; though they did win some titles, in the 1965–66 edition, they finished in 6th out of 12, closer to relegation than to the championship. The decade had five different champions: Ismaily won their first title during this decade, and El-Olympi and Tersana won the league for the only time. Also, the 1962–63 and 1963–64 seasons featured 24 teams, a higher number than ever before.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The league ceased play in 1967 due to the Six-Day War between Egypt and Israel. The war ended in a decisive victory for Israel, and league play was not resumed until 1971. In 1969, Ismaily were allowed to play in the CAF Champions League (then the African Cup of Champion Clubs) as the most recent champions. They became the first Egyptian club to win that competition, though both Al Ahly and Zamalek have now won it many more times.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: In 1971, the league was restarted, only to be swiftly suspended again due to fighting at a match between Al Ahly and Zamalek. A controversial penalty for Zamalek resulted in a pitch invasion, and the dispute was so intense that the league was not allowed to continue. Ghazl El Mahalla won the league in the 1972–73 season for the only time in their history, but the league was then suspended again for the 1973–74 season because of the Yom Kippur War.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The league returned to its 24-team format for the 1975–76 championship, but it quickly reverted to a format featuring between 12 and 16 teams. After the Yom Kippur War, Al Ahly won three championships straight, followed by a single championship for Zamalek. This pattern would continue until 1990: Al Ahly would win many championships, followed by a single win for Zamalek. This was only interrupted by Al Mokawloon winning the 1982–83 edition. This is the latest time a team has won the League for the first time. Al Ahly and Zamalek also dominated the CAF Champions League, starting with a 1982 triumph for Al Ahly. The Egyptian Priemer League became the most successful league in that tournament when Zamalek won in 1993.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The league was not played in 1990 because of Egypt's qualification for the 1990 World Cup. After this delay, Ismaily won the 1990–91 season, followed by Zamalek winning twice in a row, and after that Al Ahly won every season until the turn of the century. Zamalek and Ismaily briefly rose in power once again between 2000 and 2004, and Ismaily's 2001–02 win is the latest time that a team other than Zamalek and Al Ahly have won.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: Between 2004 and 2011, Al Ahly won every edition of the Egyptian Premier League, occasianally being challenged by Zamalek or Ismaily. They also continued to dominate the CAF Champions League, becoming the most successful team in the competition. The league was one of the strongest and best-attended in Africa, ranking near the top of the CAF 5-Year Ranking since its inception. In 2011, another revolution began, part of the Arab Spring, which eventually resulting in the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak. Football featured heavily in the popular uprising, as ultras from clubs such as Al Ahly took part in the revolution.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: On 1 February 2012, a riot began at Port Said Stadium at a match between Al Masry and Al Ahly. Fans of Al Masry had brought weapons and stormed the field after their team won the match. These fans then charged Al Ahly fans, who could not flee because the gates behind them were locked. 74 people, mostly fans of Al Ahly, died of stab wounds, concussions, and suffocation. Over 500 people were injured. In the days after the riot, the police response was questioned—they appeared to do little to protect Al Ahly fans. It was widely speculated that the police themselves had incited the riot, perhaps as revenge for the role of Al Ahly ultras in the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak the previous year.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The violence and resulting trial tore Egypt apart for weeks. The season was cancelled, with Haras El Hodoud at the top of the table and possibly heading for a surprise victory. Fans were to be barred from entering matches for years afterwards, but the Egyptian Premier League attempted to get back on its feet the next season.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The 2012–13 season was cancelled as a result of the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état. After this, the Egyptian Premier League gradually returned to power. Al Ahly has won most seasons since 2013, and have also won two CAF Champions Leagues. Zamalek has won two league titles as well. An attempted return of fans was cancelled when a riot at a match between Zamalek and ENPPI resulted in 19 deaths. Fans were finally going to be let back into stadiums when the COVID-19 pandemic began, delaying the return until 2021.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: In general, AL Ahly and Zamalek are seen as dominant forces in the league, with budgets that dwarf those of all the other clubs, and Ismaily seen as a distant third place club, occasionally challenging the big teams. In 2018, Al Assiouty Sport were bought by Saudi billionaire Turki Al-Sheikh and renamed Pyramids FC. They have since become a strong competitor in the Premier League and also the CAF Confederation Cup, replacing Ismaily as the third-strongest team in the league.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: At the beginning of the 2021-2022 season, 2000 fans were allowed in every match (1000 per team). The situation was getting better that in May 2022 the number increased to 5000 (2500 per team). The 2021-2022 witnessed an improvement of the Egyptian Premier League, the appearance of teams such as: Cairo’s based Future FC and Alexandria’s based Pharco FC made the league more challenging and entertaining. Zamalek defended their title after they won the 2021-2022 edition of the league, while Al Ahly witnessed a mass deterioration and even finished the league in the 3rd place (behind Pyramids FC and Zamalek) to be out of the top two since 1992 when the club ended the league in the 4th place. Ismaily was on the verge of relegation to the second division but the club eventually managed to improve its results and finished the season in 9th place, while the newly founded Future FC finished in 5th place and managed to qualify for the CAF Confederation Cup, as it was in fourth place in most of the 2021-2022 season but lost the position to Tala’ea El Geish right at the end of the season.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: There are 18 clubs in the Egyptian Premier League. The season lasts from August to May. During the course of the season, each club plays the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 34 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then the head-to-head record between the teams in question, then goal difference, and then goals scored.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the head-to-head record between the teams in question, then goal difference, and then goals scored determine the winner. At the end of the season, the three lowest placed teams are relegated into the Egyptian Second League. The Egyptian Second League consists of three groups; the winner of each group is promoted. This system has been around since 2015; before then, the number of teams and relegation places was variable.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: The Egyptian Premier League has been sponsored since 2005. The sponsor has been able to determine the league's sponsorship name. The list below details who the sponsors have been and what they called the competition:


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: As the two most powerful clubs, Al Ahly and Zamalek were, before 2014, allowed to negotiate their own television deals. This allowed them to gain the largest television revenue of any club. In 2014, the league negotiated a £E 70,000,000 ($10,160,000) deal with the state-owned Nile Sport Network. However, the deal still guaranteed a great deal of money for Al Ahly and Zamalek, with 10% of revenue going to the team that had won the most Egyptian Premier Leagues (which is, comfortably, Al Ahly), and 10% going to the teams who appeared on television most frequently. Still, the deal did break the tradition of allowing the two clubs to negotiate deals that produced far more profit than the rest of the clubs in the league.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: In 2016, ON Sport TV was granted the rights to televise Egyptian Premier League games. The network is part of the state-owned Egyptian Media Group, which also controls EPL sponsor Presentation Sports. On Sport launched TIME SPORTS to televise the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations which was hosted by Egypt, right and after the end of the tournament, ON sport TV merged with TIME SPORTS and became known as ON TIME Sports.


title: Egyptian Premier League

text: A total of 70 clubs have played in the Egyptian Premier League from its inception in 1948–49 up to and including the 2020–21 season. But only two clubs have been members of the Egyptian Premier League for every season since its inception. These are Al Ahly and Zamalek, meanwhile Al-Ittihad and Al Masry have been absent only for two seasons of the League since its inception.


title: Dogs Playing Poker

text: Dogs Playing Poker, by Cassius Marcellus Coolidge, refers collectively to an 1894 painting, a 1903 series of sixteen oil paintings commissioned by Brown & Bigelow to advertise cigars, and a 1910 painting. All eighteen paintings in the overall series feature anthropomorphized dogs, but the eleven in which dogs are seated around a card table have become well known in the United States as examples of kitsch art in home decoration.


title: Dogs Playing Poker

text: Depictions and reenactments of the series have appeared in many films, television shows, theater productions, and other popular culture art forms. Critic Annette Ferrara has described "Dogs Playing Poker" as "indelibly burned into ... the American collective-schlock subconscious ... through incessant reproduction on all manner of pop ephemera".


title: Dogs Playing Poker

text: These were followed in 1910 by a similar painting, "Looks Like Four of a Kind". Other Coolidge paintings featuring anthropomorphized dogs include "Kelly Pool", which shows dogs playing kelly pool.


title: Dogs Playing Poker

text: Some of the compositions in the series are modeled on paintings of human card-players by such artists as Caravaggio, Georges de La Tour, and Paul Cézanne.


title: Dogs Playing Poker

text: On February 15, 2005, the originals of "A Bold Bluff" and "Waterloo" were auctioned as a pair to an undisclosed buyer for US $590,400. The previous top price for a Coolidge was $74,000. In 2015, "Poker Game" sold for $658,000, currently the highest price paid for a Coolidge.


title: Solar power in India

text: The Indian Government had an initial target of 20 GW capacity for 2022, which was achieved four years ahead of schedule. In 2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022, targeting an investment of 100 billion. India has established nearly 42 solar parks to make land available to the promoters of solar plants.


title: Solar power in India

text: Rooftop solar power accounts for 2.1 GW in 2018, of which 70% is industrial or commercial. In addition to its large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) initiative, India is developing off-grid solar power for local energy needs. Solar products have increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015 just under one million solar lanterns were sold in the country, reducing the need for kerosene. That year, 1,18,700 solar home lighting systems were installed and 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided under a national programme; just over 14 lakh (1.4 million) solar cookers were distributed in India.


title: Solar power in India

text: During 2010-19, the foreign capital invested in India on Solar power projects was nearly 20.7 billion US$.


title: Solar power in India

text: The International Solar Alliance (ISA), proposed by India as a founder member, is headquartered in India. India has also put forward the concept of "One Sun One World One Grid" and "World Solar Bank" to harness abundant solar power on global scale.


title: Solar power in India

text: With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the calculated solar energy incidence on India's land area is about 5 quadrillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year (or 5 EWh/yr). The solar energy available in a single year exceeds the possible energy output of all of the fossil fuel energy reserves in India. The daily average solar-power-plant generation capacity in India is 0.30 kWh per m of used land area, equivalent to 1,400–1,800 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a year with available, commercially-proven technology.


title: Solar power in India

text: In June 2015, India began a project to measure solar radiation with a spatial resolution of . This solar-radiation measuring network provides the basis for the Indian solar-radiation atlas. 121 solar radiation resource assessment (SRRA) stations have been installed across India by the National Institute of Wind Energy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to create a database of solar-energy potential. Data is collected and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET). Among the parameters measured are Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI).


title: Solar power in India

text: Installed photo-voltaic capacity in Andhra Pradesh was 4257 MW as of 30 September 2022. The state is planning to add 10,050 MW solar power capacity to provide power supply to farming sector during the day time. The state has also offered five Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects with a total capacity of 12,200 MW to developers under renewable power export policy outside the state. Andhra Pradesh is endowed with abundant pumped hydroelectric energy storage to make available solar power in to round the clock power supply for meeting its ultimate energy needs. The state is planning to construct 33,000 MW pumped storage projects to mitigate the intermittency associated with renewable energy.


title: Solar power in India

text: In 2015, NTPC agreed with APTransCo to install the 250-MW NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project near Kadiri in Anantapur district. In October 2017, 1000 MW was commissioned at Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park which has become the world's largest solar power plant at that time. In August 2018, Greater Visakhapatnam commissioned a 2 MW Mudasarlova Reservoir grid-connected floating solar project which is the largest operational floating solar PV project in India. NTPC Simhadri has awarded BHEL to install a 25 MW floating solar PV plant on its water supply reservoir. APGENCO commissioned 400 MW Ananthapuram - II solar park located at Talaricheruvu village near Tadipatri.


title: Solar power in India

text: Delhi being the Capital and a city state in India, has limitation in installing ground mounted solar power plants. However it is leading in rooftop solar PV installations by adopting fully flexible net metering system. The installed solar power capacity is 106 MW as on 30 September 2018. Delhi government has announced that the Rajghat thermal power plant will be officially shut at the 45 acre plant site and turned into a 5 MW solar power PV plant.


title: Solar power in India

text: Gujarat is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total installed solar power generation capacity reaching 4,431 MW as of 31 March 2021.


title: Solar power in India

text: Gujarat has been a leader in solar-power generation in India due to its high solar-power potential, availability of vacant land, connectivity, transmission and distribution infrastructure and utilities. According to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) report, these attributes are complemented by political will and investment. The 2009 Solar Power of Gujarat policy framework, financing mechanism and incentives have contributed to a green investment climate in the state and the targets for grid-connected solar power.


title: Solar power in India

text: The state has commissioned Asia's largest solar park near the village of Charanka in Patan district. The park is generating 345 MW by March 2016 of its 500 MW total planned capacity and has been cited as an innovative and environmentally-friendly project by the Confederation of Indian Industry. In December 2018, 700 MW Solar PV plant at Raghanesda Solar Park is contracted at ₹2.89/unit levelised tariff.


title: Solar power in India

text: To make Gandhinagar a solar-power city, the state government has begun a rooftop solar-power generation scheme. Under the scheme, Gujarat plans to generate 5 MW of solar power by putting solar panels on about 50 state-government buildings and 500 private buildings.


title: Solar power in India

text: It also plans to generate solar power by putting solar panels along the Narmada irrigation canals. As part of this scheme, the state has commissioned the 1 MW Canal Solar Power Project on a branch of the Narmada Canal near the village of Chandrasan in Mehsana district. The pilot project is expected to stop of water per year from evaporating from the Narmada River.


title: Solar power in India

text: In March 2022, Surat based Diamond Merchant Govind Dholakia aka Govind Kaka made his native in Amreli's Dudhala Complete Solarization. A 450 KW Solar Rooftop project will be used to power around 350 houses and public areas such as anganwadis and gram panchayat. Once complete, this would be the first village to be completely powered with solar panels by a Charitable trust or Foundation. Under the mentorship of Govind Dholakia who is the founder of SRKKF and his sole thought behind this initiative is to give it back to the society.


title: Solar power in India

text: State has set the 4.2 GW solar power (including 1.6 GW solar roof top) target by 2022 as it has high potential since it has at least 330 sunny days. Haryana is one of the fastest growing state in terms of solar energy with installed and commissioned capacity of 73.27 MW. Out of this, 57.88 MW was commissioned in FY 2016/17. Haryana solar power policy announced in 2016 offers 90% subsidy to farmers for the solar powered water pumps, which also offers subsidy for the solar street lighting, home lighting solutions, solar water heating schemes, solar cooker schemes. It is mandatory for new residential buildings larger than to install 3% to 5% solar capacity for no building plan sanctioning is required, and a loan of up to ₹10 lakhs is made available to the residential property owners. Haryana provides 100% waiver of electricity taxes, cess, electricity duty, wheeling charges, cross subsidy charges, transmission and distribution charges, etc. for rooftop solar projects.


title: Solar power in India

text: In December 2018, Haryana had installed solar capacity of 48.80 MW, and in January 2019 Haryana floated tender for 300 MW grid-connected solar power, and additional 16 MW tender for the canal top solar power.


title: Solar power in India

text: Karnataka is the top solar state in India exceeding 5,000 MW installed capacity by the end of financial year 2017–18. The installed capacity of Pavagada Solar Park is 2050 MW by the end of year 2019 which was the world biggest solar park at that time.


title: Solar power in India

text: Installed capacity of solar plants in Kerala as on 31 May 2021 is 298 MW. Kochi international airport is the first airport to run completely in solar energy. CIAL solar farm is responsible for it. There are plans to setup solar power plants in Idukki, Wayanad, Malappuram and Palakkad districts.


title: Solar power in India

text: First solar park in Kerala is located in Perla, Kasaragod. Floating Solar parks are being built and partly functional in Banasura Sagar , Idukki Dam and Vembanad Lake.


title: Solar power in India

text: Ladakh, though a late entrant in solar power plants, is planning to install nearly 7,500 MW capacity in few years.


title: Solar power in India

text: Madhya Pradesh had a total photovoltaic capacity of 1,117 MW by the end of July 2017. The Welspun Solar MP project, the largest solar-power plant in the state, was built at a cost of on of land and will supply power at per kWh. A 130 MW solar power plant project at Bhagwanpura, a village in Neemuch district, was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is the largest solar producer, and Welspun Energy is one of the top three companies in India's renewable-energy sector.


title: Solar power in India

text: A planned 750 MW solar-power plant in Rewa district, the Rewa Ultra Mega Solar plant, was completed and inaugurated on 10 July 2020. Spread over 1,590 acres, it is Asia's largest solar power plant and was constructed at a cost of ₹4,500 crore. Madhya Pradesh I is a power plant under construction near Surajpur Village in the Shajapur district of Madhya Pradesh with 200 MW. It is scheduled to be operational by fall 2023.


title: Solar power in India

text: The 125-MW Sakri solar plant is the largest solar-power plant in Maharashtra. The Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust has the world's largest solar steam system. It was constructed at the Shirdi shrine at an estimated cost of , which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable-energy ministry. The system is used to cook 50,000 meals per day for pilgrims visiting the shrine, resulting in annual savings of 100,000  kg of cooking gas, and was designed to generate steam for cooking even in the absence of electricity to run the circulating pump. The project to install and commission the system was completed in seven months, and the system has a design life of 25 years. The Osmanabad region in Maharashtra has abundant sunlight, and is ranked the third-best region in India in solar insolation. A 10 MW solar power plant in Osmanabad was commissioned in 2013. According to reports published by the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), its aggregate solar power potential capacity is 64.32 GW.


title: Solar power in India

text: Rajasthan is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 2289 MW by end of June 2018. Rajasthan is also home to the world's largest Fresnel type 125 MW CSP plant at the Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park. Jodhpur district leads the state with installed capacity of over 1,500 MW, followed by Jaisalmer and Bikaner.


title: Solar power in India

text: The Bhadla Solar Park, with total installed capacity of 2,245 MW, is the biggest plant in the world as of March 2020.


title: Solar power in India

text: In March 2019, the lowest tariff in India is ₹2.48/kWh for installing the 750 MW solar power plants in the state.


title: Solar power in India

text: Rajasthan became the first state with 10GW of solar power capacity. It is targeting a capacity of 30GW by FY25.


title: Solar power in India

text: Tamil Nadu had the 5th highest operating solar-power capacity in India in May 2018. The total operating capacity in Tamil Nadu was 1.8 GW. On 1 July 2017, the solar power tariff in Tamil Nadu has hit an all-time low of ₹3.47 per unit when bidding for 1500 MW capacity was held.


title: Solar power in India

text: The 648-MW Kamuthi Solar Power Project is the biggest operating project in the state. On 1 January 2018, NLC India Limited (NLCIL) commissioned a new 130 MW solar power project in Neyveli.


title: Solar power in India

text: Telangana ranks sixth when it comes to solar energy generation capacity in India. The state has a solar power generation capacity of 3,953 MW and plans to achieve a capacity of 5,000 MW by 2022. In 2019, NTPC Ramagundam had placed work order on Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) to install 100 MW floating solar PV plant on its water supply reservoir.


title: Solar power in India

text: In July 2022, NTPC's 100 MW floating solar photovoltaic (PV) project becomes fully operational in Telangana and becomes India's largest floating solar plant equipped with cutting-edge technology and environmentally friendly features.


title: Solar power in India

text: Including both ground and roof mounted plants, the country's installed solar power capacity was 39,083 MW as of 28 February 2021.


title: Solar power in India

text: Solar electricity generation from April 2021 to March 2022 increased to 73.48 terawatt-hour (TWh) from 60.4 TWh in the same period a year ago.


title: Solar power in India

text: The installed capacity is generally given in DC capacity at standard operating conditions. The actual AC power peak output at high voltage from a solar plant is between 65 to 75% of the rated DC capacity, after accounting for temperature coefficient, derating of solar cells capacity with time, losses in the total system, elevation of the plant, location of the plant, actual solar irradiance, etc. The AC peak power is also generally limited by the selected inverter's capacity for economic reasons.


title: Solar power in India

text: As of September 2022, the rooftop solar power generation capacity is 8.3 GW. Rooftop solar can be divided into residential solar, commercial and industrial solar roofs as well as a range of installations including agricultural buildings, community and cultural centers. 70 percent of rooftop solar in 2018 was in the industrial and commercial sectors, with just 20 percent as residential rooftop solar. Rooftop solar as a proportion of total solar installations is much less than is typical in other leading solar countries but was forecast to grow to 40 GW by 2022 under national targets. A rough calculation would imply that India had around just 430 MW of residential rooftop solar, whilst the UK with around half the overall solar capacity of India had over 2,500 MW of residential solar in 2018. The smallest segment was off-grid solar at 1467 MW which could help play a role in reaching villages and dwellings without access to the national grid.


title: Solar power in India

text: The installed capacity of commercial concentrated solar power plants (non storage type) in India is 227.5 MW with 50 MW in Andhra Pradesh and 177.5 MW in Rajasthan. The existing solar thermal power plants (non-storage type) in India, which are generating costly intermittent power on a daily basis, can be converted into storage type solar thermal plants to generate 3 to 4 times more base load power at cheaper cost and not depend on government subsidies. In March 2020, SECI called for 5000 MW tenders which can be combination of solar PV with battery storage, solar thermal with thermal energy storage (including biomass firing as supplementary fuel) and coal based power (minimum 51% from renewable sources) to supply round the clock power at minimum 80% yearly availability.


title: Solar power in India

text: Solar power, generated mainly during the daytime in the non-monsoon period, complements wind which generate power during the monsoon months in India. Solar panels can be located in the space between the towers of wind power plants. It also complements hydroelectricity, generated primarily during India's monsoon months. Solar-power plants can be installed near existing hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity, utilizing the existing power transmission infrastructure and storing the surplus secondary power generated by the solar PV plants. Floating solar plants on the reservoirs of pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are complementary to each other. Solar PV plants clubbed with pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are also under construction to supply peaking power.


title: Solar power in India

text: During the daytime, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy. This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the daylight whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from solar power tower and parabolic trough types) for meeting 24 hours baseload power. When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap excess grid power when the grid frequency is above 50 hz for heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.


title: Solar power in India

text: Generating hot water or air or steam using concentrated solar reflectors, is increasing rapidly. Presently concentrated solar thermal installation base for heating applications is about 20 MW in India and expected to grow rapidly.


title: Solar power in India

text: Bengaluru has the largest deployment of roof-top solar water heaters in India, generating an energy equivalent of 200 MW. It is India's first city to provide a rebate of on monthly electricity bills for residents using roof-top thermal systems, which are now mandatory in all new structures. Pune has also made solar water heaters mandatory in new buildings. Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) panels produce simultaneously the required warm water/air along with electricity under sunlight.


title: Solar power in India

text: The lack of an electricity infrastructure is a hurdle to rural India's development. India's power grid is under-developed, with large groups of people still living off the grid. In 2004, about 80,000 of the nation's villages still did not have electricity, 18,000 out of them could not be electrified by extending the conventional grid due to inconvenience. A target of electrifying 5,000 such villages was set for the 2002–2007 Five-Year Plan. By 2004 more than 2,700 villages and hamlets were electrified, primarily with solar photovoltaic systems. The development of inexpensive solar technology is considered a potential alternative, providing an electricity infrastructure consisting of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed electricity generation. It could bypass (or relieve) expensive, long-distance, centralized power-delivery systems, bringing inexpensive electricity to large groups of people. In Rajasthan during Financial Year 2016–17, 91 villages have been electrified with a solar standalone system and over 6,200 households have received a 100W solar home-lighting system.


title: Solar power in India

text: India has sold or distributed about 1.2 million solar home-lighting systems and 3.2 million solar lanterns, and has been ranked the top Asian market for solar off-grid products.


title: Solar power in India

text: By 2012, a total of 4,600,000 solar lanterns and 861,654 solar-powered home lights were installed. Typically replacing kerosene lamps, they can be purchased for the cost of a few months' worth of kerosene with a small loan. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is offering a 30- to 40-percent subsidy of the cost of lanterns, home lights and small systems (up to 210 W). Twenty million solar lamps are expected by 2022.


title: Solar power in India

text: Solar photovoltaic water-pumping systems are used for irrigation and drinking water. Most pumps are fitted with a motor powered with a 1,800 W PV array which can deliver about of water per day from a total hydraulic head of . By 31 October 2019 a total of 181,521 solar photovoltaic water pumping systems were installed and total solar photovoltaic water pumping systems would reach 3.5 million by the year 2022 under PM KUSUM scheme. During hot sunny daytime when the water needs are more for watering the fields, solar pumps performance can be improved by maintaining pumped water flowing/sliding over the solar panels to keep them cooler and clean. Agro photovoltaics is the electricity generation without losing agriculture production by using the same land. Solar driers are used to dry harvests for storage. Low cost solar powered bicycles are also available to ply between fields and village for agricultural activity, etc. On site/field, fertilizer is produced from air by solar power with no carbon emissions.


title: Solar power in India

text: In addition to solar energy, rainwater is a major renewable resource of any area. In India, large areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking or breweries water quality, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes, as rainwater is very low in salinity. Good quality water resources, closer to populated areas, are becoming a scarcity and increasingly costly for consumers. Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall and cloudy areas by the increased income from drinking water generation.


title: Solar power in India

text: Residential electricity consumers who are paying higher slab rates more than per unit, can form into local groups to install collectively rooftop off-grid solar power units (without much battery storage) and replace the costly power used from the grid with the solar power as and when produced. Hence power draw from the grid which is an assured power supply without much power cuts nowadays, serves as a cheaper backup source when grid power consumption is limited to lower slab rate by using solar power during the day time. The maximum power generation of solar panels during the sunny daytime is complementary with the enhanced residential electricity consumption during the hot/summer days due to the higher use of cooling appliances such as fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, desert coolers, etc. It would discourage the Discoms to extract higher electricity charges selectively from its consumers. There is no need of any permission from Discoms similar to DG power sets installation. Cheaper discarded batteries of electric vehicle can also be used economically to store the excess solar power generated in the daylight.


title: Solar power in India

text: Maximum solar-electricity generation during the hot hours of the day can be used for meeting residential air-conditioning requirements regardless of other load requirements, such as refrigeration, lighting, cooking, and water pumping. Power generation of photovoltaic modules can be increased by 17 to 20 percent by equipping them with a tracking system.


title: Solar power in India

text: In regions where peak electricity demand occurs in the evening, precooling of houses by increasing A/C settings in the afternoon as well as air conditioning systems combined with chilled water storage can increase the value of PV to the system and facilitate high shares of PV in total electricity generation. Using both options to better match AC electricity demand with PV electricity supply could increase cost-optimal shares of PV in total electricity by up to 15 percentage points.


title: Solar power in India

text: Solar-power plants equipped with battery storage systems where net energy metering is used can feed stored electricity into the power grid when its frequency is below the rated parameter (50 Hz) and draw excess power from the grid when its frequency is above the rated parameter. Excursions above and below the rated grid frequency occur about 100 times daily. The solar-plant owner would receive nearly double the price for electricity sent into the grid compared to that consumed from the grid if a frequency-based tariff is offered to rooftop solar plants or plants dedicated to a distribution substation. A power-purchase agreement (PPA) is not needed for solar plants with a battery storage systems to serve ancillary-service operations and transmit generated electricity for captive consumption using an open-access facility. Battery storage is popular in India, with more than 10 million households using battery backup during load shedding. Battery storage systems are also used to improve the power factor. Solar PV or wind paired with four-hour battery storage systems is already cost competitive, without subsidy and power purchase agreement by selling peak power in Indian Energy Exchange, as a source of dispatchable generation compared with new coal and new gas plants in India”. Battery energy storage system cost have come down drastically in India for a mega storage capacity of 500 MW with four hours daily power supply (two round trip cycles per day) at full capacity.


title: Solar power in India

text: India is experiencing morning peak power demand for nearly 6 months from November to April and the solar power generation from 6 am to 10 am is not adequate to meet morning peak demand as its availability peaks at midday time. However solar power panels can be oriented/fixed towards the south-eastern direction (nearly 10° towards the east from the south direction) to capture more sunlight for enhanced solar power generation during peak hours. Higher solar tariffs during morning hours enable the solar power plants to cater the maximum peak demand of the national grid reducing the load on peaking hydropower or load-following power plants.


title: Solar power in India

text: Battery storage is also used economically to reduce daily/monthly peak power demand for minimising the monthly demand charges from the utility to the commercial and industrial establishments. Using batteries to shift PV electricity from times with very high generation (noon) to times with low generation (evening, night, morning) can increase the cost-optimal share of PV in the future Indian power system substantially, from 40-50% without batteries to 60-90% with batteries.


title: Solar power in India

text: The land price is costly for acquisition in India. Dedication of land for the installation of solar arrays must compete with other needs. The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants is about for every 40–60 MW generated. One alternative is to use the water-surface area on canals, lakes, reservoirs, farm ponds and the sea for large solar-power plants. Due to better cooling of the solar panels and the sun tracking system, the output of solar panels is enhanced substantially. These water bodies can also provide water to clean the solar panels. Floating solar plants installation cost has reduced steeply by 2018. In January 2019, Indian Railways announced the plan to install 4 GW capacity along its tracks. Highways and railways may also avoid the cost of land nearer to load centres, minimising transmission-line costs by having solar plants about 10 meters above the roads or rail tracks. Solar power generated by road areas may also be used for in-motion charging of electric vehicles, reducing fuel costs. Highways would avoid damage from rain and summer heat, increasing comfort for commuters. By using high efficiency monocrystalline silicon modules in a earth mount solar array, the cost of module supporting structures and the land requirement are reduced drastically without reduction in electricity generation. Earth mounted solar arrays can withstand category 4 hurricane.


title: Solar power in India

text: The architecture best suited to most of India would be a set of rooftop power-generation systems connected