title: Charles Taze Russell

text: After Russell's death, a crisis arose surrounding Rutherford's leadership of the society, culminating in a movement-wide schism. As many as three-quarters of the approximately 50,000 Bible Students who had been associating in 1917 had left by 1931. This shift resulted in the formation of several groups that retained variations on the name "Bible Students". Those who maintained fellowship with the Watch Tower Society adopted the name "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931, while those who severed ties with the Society formed their own groups including the Pastoral Bible Institute in 1918, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919, and the Dawn Bible Students Association in 1929.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Charles Taze Russell was born to Scotch-Irish parents, immigrant Joseph Lytel Russell (1813–1897) and Ann Eliza Birney (1825–1861), on February 16, 1852 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Russell was the second of five children, of whom two survived into adulthood. His mother died when he was 9 years old.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: The Russells lived for a time in Philadelphia before moving to Pittsburgh, where they became members of the Presbyterian Church. When Charles was in his early teens, his father made him partner of his Pittsburgh haberdashery store. By age twelve, Russell was writing business contracts for customers and given charge of some of his father's other clothing stores. At age thirteen, Russell left the Presbyterian Church to join the Congregational Church. In his youth he was known to chalk Bible verses on fence boards and city sidewalks in an attempt to convert unbelievers; he particularly noted the punishment of hell awaiting the unfaithful.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: At age sixteen, a discussion with a childhood friend on faults perceived in Christianity (such as contradictions in creeds, along with medieval traditions) led Russell to question his faith. He investigated various other religions, but concluded that they did not provide the answers he was seeking. In 1870, at age eighteen, he attended a presentation by Adventist minister Jonas Wendell. Russell later said that, although he had not entirely agreed with Wendell's arguments, the presentation had inspired him with a renewed zeal and belief that the Bible is the word of God.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: On March 13, 1879, Russell married Maria Frances Ackley (; 1850–1938) after a few months' acquaintance. The couple separated in 1897. Russell blamed the marriage breakup on disagreements over Maria Russell's insistence on a greater editorial role in "Zion's Watch Tower" magazine. A later court judgment noted that he had labelled the marriage "a mistake" three years before the dispute over her editorial ambitions had arisen. Maria Russell filed a suit for legal separation in the Court of Common Pleas at Pittsburgh in June 1903 and three years later filed for divorce under the claim of mental cruelty. She was granted a separation, with alimony, in 1908. Maria Russell died at the age of 88 in St. Petersburg, Florida on March 12, 1938 from complications related to Hodgkin's disease.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Russell was a charismatic figure, but claimed no special revelation or vision for his teachings and no special authority on his own behalf. He stated that he did not seek to found a new denomination, but intended to gather together those who were seeking the truth of God's Word "during this harvest time". He wrote that the "clear unfolding of truth" within his teachings was due to "the simple fact that God's due time has come; and if I did not speak, and no other agent could be found, the very stones would cry out." He viewed himself—and all other Christians anointed with the Holy Spirit—as "God's mouthpiece" and an ambassador of Christ. Later in his career he accepted without protest that many Bible Students viewed him as the "faithful and wise servant" of Matthew 24:45. After his death, the "Watch Tower" said that he had been made "ruler of all the Lord's goods".


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: About 1870, Russell and his father established a group with a number of acquaintances to undertake an analytical study of the Bible and the origins of Christian doctrine, creed, and tradition. The group, strongly influenced by the writings of Millerite Adventist ministers George Storrs and George Stetson, who were also frequent attendees, concluded that many of the primary doctrines of the established churches, including the Trinity, hellfire, and inherent immortality of the soul, were not substantiated by the scriptures.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Around January 1876, Russell received a copy of Nelson Barbour's "Herald of the Morning" in the mail. Barbour was an influential Adventist writer and publisher. Russell telegraphed Barbour to set up a meeting. Barbour and John Henry Paton visited in Allegheny in March 1876 at Russell's expense so that he could hear their arguments, and compare the conclusions that each side had made in their studies. Russell sponsored a speech by Barbour in St. George's Hall, Philadelphia in August 1876 and attended other lectures by Barbour.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Among the teachings Barbour introduced was the view that Christians who had died would be raised in April 1878. Russell, who had previously rejected prophetic chronology, was moved to devote his life to what he was convinced were now the last two years before the invisible, spiritual return of Christ. He sold his five clothing stores for approximately $300,000 (current value $). With Russell's encouragement and financial backing, Barbour wrote an outline of their views in "Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World", published in 1877. A text Russell had previously written, titled "The Object and Manner of our Lord's Return", was published concurrently through the offices of the "Herald of the Morning". Russell was eager to lead a Christian revival and called two separate meetings of Christian leaders in Pittsburgh. Russell's ideas, particularly stressing the imminence of the rapture and the second advent of Christ, were rejected both times.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: When 1878 arrived, failure of the expected rapture brought great disappointment for Barbour and Russell, and their associates and readers. But one of Russell's associates claimed that Russell was not upset.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Confused by what was perceived to be an error in calculation, Russell re-examined the doctrine to see if he could determine whether it had biblical origins or was simply Christian tradition. He concluded that the doctrine was Christian tradition. Through the pages of the "Herald", he wrote about what he had concluded on the subject. Barbour, embarrassed by the failure of their expectations, rejected Russell's explanation. They conducted a debate in successive issues of the journal from early 1878 to mid-1879. In a matter of months, Barbour changed some of the views which he and Russell had previously shared, and no longer relied on prophetic chronology. They began to debate over the issue of 'Christ's ransom', and the two eventually separated because of their disagreements.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Russell withdrew his financial support and started his own journal, "Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence", publishing his first issue in July 1879. Barbour formed The Church of the Strangers that same year, continuing to publish "Herald of the Morning".


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In 1881, Russell founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, with William Henry Conley as president and Russell as secretary-treasurer; they intended to disseminate tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles. All materials were printed and bound by Russell's privately owned Tower Publishing Company for an agreed price, then distributed by colporteurs. The Society was incorporated in 1884, with Russell as president, and in 1886 its name was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In 1908, Russell transferred the headquarters of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society to Brooklyn, New York where it remained until 2016, when it was relocated to Warwick, New York.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: With the formation of the Watch Tower Society, Russell intensified his ministry. His Bible study group had grown to hundreds of local members, with followers throughout New England, the Virginias, Ohio, and elsewhere. They annually re-elected him "Pastor", and commonly referred to him as "Pastor Russell". Congregations that eventually formed in other nations also followed this tradition.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In 1881, Russell published his first work to gain wide distribution: "Food for Thinking Christians." The 162-page "pamphlet" was published using donated funds amounting to approximately $40,000 (current value $). It had a circulation of nearly 1.5 million copies over a period of four months distributed throughout the United States, Canada and Great Britain by various channels. During the same year he published "Tabernacle and its Teachings" which was quickly expanded and reissued as "Tabernacle Shadows of the "Better Sacrifices"," outlining his interpretation of the various animal sacrifices and tabernacle ceremonies instituted by Moses. Russell claimed that the distribution of these works and other tracts by the Watch Tower Society during 1881 exceeded by eight times that of the American Tract Society for the year 1880.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In 1903, newspapers began publishing his written sermons. These newspaper sermons were syndicated worldwide in as many as 4,000 newspapers, eventually reaching an estimated readership of some 15 million in the United States and Canada.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In 1910, the secular journal "Overland Monthly" calculated that by 1909, Russell's writings had become the most widely distributed, privately produced English-language works in the United States. It said that the entire corpus of his works were the third most circulated on earth, after the Bible and the Chinese Almanac. In 1912 "The Continent", a Presbyterian journal, stated that in North America Russell's writings had achieved a greater circulation "than the combined circulation of the writings of all the priests and preachers in North America."


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Russell devoted nearly a tenth of his fortune, along with contributed funds, in publishing and distributing "Food for Thinking Christians" in 1881. That year he also published "The Tabernacle and its Teachings" and "Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices". In 1886, after reportedly not making back most of the money spent publishing these three titles, he began publication of what was intended to be a seven-volume series. The volumes were collectively called "Millennial Dawn", later renamed "Studies in the Scriptures" to clarify that they were not novels. Russell published six volumes in the series:


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: The delayed publication of the seventh volume became a source of great anticipation and mystery among Bible Students. Following Russell's death in 1916, a seventh volume titled "The Finished Mystery" was published in 1917; this was advertised as his "posthumous work". This seventh volume was a detailed interpretation of the Book of Revelation, but also included interpretations of Ezekiel and the Song of Solomon. Controversy quickly surrounded both its publication and content. It soon became known that much of the contents were written and compiled by two of Russell's associates, Clayton J. Woodworth and George H. Fisher, and edited by Joseph Rutherford, by then the new president of the Watch Tower Society.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Russell directed the production of a worldwide roadshow presentation titled "The Photo-Drama of Creation", an innovative eight-hour religious film in four parts. It was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides. Production began as early as 1912, and the "Drama" was introduced in 1914 by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. A book by the same name was also published. The project's expenses put the organization under some financial pressures; the full cost was estimated at about US$300,000 (current value $).


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Following his examination of the Bible, Russell and other Bible Students came to regard Christian creeds and traditions as harmful errors. They saw their own work as restoring Christianity to the purity of its first century. Many contemporary Church leaders and scholars considered his views heretical. Russell agreed with other Protestants on the primacy of the Bible, and on justification by faith alone, but thought that errors had been introduced in interpretation. Russell agreed with many 19th-century Protestants, including Millerites, in the concept of a Great Apostasy that began in the first century AD. He also agreed with many other contemporary Protestants in belief in the imminent Second Coming of Christ, and in Armageddon.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Russell's scriptural interpretations differed from those of Catholics, and of many Protestants, in the following areas:


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Russell's health declined markedly in the three years leading up to his death. During his final ministerial tour of the western and southwestern United States, he became increasingly ill with cystitis, but ignored advice to abandon the tour. Russell died on October 31, 1916, at age 64 near Pampa, Texas, while returning to Brooklyn by train. An associate of Russell stated that Russell's body at age 64 was more worn out than that of his father who died at age 84. He was buried in United Cemetery, Pittsburgh. The gravesite is marked by a headstone; nearby stood a pyramid memorial erected by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1921. The pyramid memorial was vandalized and subsequently removed in September 2021.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In January 1917, Joseph Franklin Rutherford was elected president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, despite disputes over the election process. Further disputes arose over interpretation of sections of Russell's will dealing with the future contents of "Zion's Watch Tower" magazine, as well as who, if anyone, had authority to print new literature. By the end of the 1920s, nearly three-quarters of the Bible Student congregations had rejected Rutherford's on-going changes in organizational structure, doctrinal interpretations, and congregational practices, some of which began to appear in material printed by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society as early as 1917. Many Bible Students were disaffected by Rutherford's rejection of Russell's views regarding his role in the restoration of the "truth" and support of the Great Pyramid as having been built under God's direction.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Those remaining supportive of Rutherford adopted the new name "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931. They renamed their magazine as "The Watchtower". Many of the most prominent Bible Students who had left the society held their own meeting in October 1929 to gather other dissenters; the First Annual Bible Students Reunion Convention was held in the old Pittsburgh "Bible House" long used by Russell. These conventions were held yearly, but the process of 'regathering' took nearly twenty years.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: As early as 1892, Russell's views and management style were strongly criticized by certain individuals associated with his ministry. In 1893, a paper was written and circulated to Bible Students in Pittsburgh by associates Otto van Zech, Elmer Bryan, J. B. Adamson, S. G. Rogers, Paul Koetitz, and others. It accused Russell of being a dictatorial leader, a shrewd businessman who appeared eager to collect funds from the selling of the "Millennial Dawn" books, of cheating one of them financially, and of issuing thousands of "Millennial Dawn" books under a female pseudonym. Russell wrote a booklet "A Conspiracy Exposed and Harvest Siftings" in response, issuing it as an extra to the April 1894 "Zion's Watch Tower" magazine. He intended to pre-empt efforts by his critics to circulate their views to a wider audience of Bible Students. Russell printed copies of letters he had received from these former associates to show that their claims were false, and that those involved 'were guided by Satan in an attempt to subvert his work' as a "minister of the gospel".


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In 1897, Russell's wife, Maria, left him after a disagreement over the management of "Zion's Watch Tower" magazine. According to Russell's successor Joseph Franklin Rutherford, she believed that, as his wife, she should have equal control over its administration and equal privilege in writing articles, preaching, and traveling abroad as his representative. In 1903, she filed for legal separation on the grounds of mental cruelty, referring to forced celibacy and frequent cold, indifferent treatment by him. The separation was granted in 1906, with Russell charged to pay alimony.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: During the trial Mrs. Russell's attorney alleged that in 1894 Mr. Russell had engaged in "improper intimacy" with Rose Ball, by then a 25-year-old woman. The Russells had cared for her as a foster daughter said to be an orphan. Mrs. Russell alleged that Ball had told her Mr. Russell claimed to be an amorous "jellyfish floating around" to different women until someone responded to his advances. Mr. Russell denied the accusations and said he had never used such language to describe himself. When the judge asked Mrs. Russell if she was accusing her husband of adultery, she replied, "No".


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: "The Washington Post" and the "Mission Friend" of Chicago reprinted the "jellyfish" story while also accusing Russell of immoral conduct. Russell sued the papers for libel; the jury decided in his favor, awarding him one dollar. Following an appeal, Russell received a cash settlement of $15,000 (current value $) plus court costs, and an agreement that the two papers publish his weekly syndicated sermons as well as a retraction defending his character.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Rose Ball later married and lived in Australia. As Rose Ball Henninges, she died November 22, 1950, at the age of 81 in Melbourne. For several years she had written articles for "The People's Paper" and was associated with the Bible Students in Australia until her death.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: On March 22, 1911, "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle" reported that Russell was accused of gaining profit from a strain of wheat named "Miracle Wheat" by K.B. Stoner of Fincastle, Virginia, who claimed to have discovered this strain. Russell sold the wheat for $60 per bushel, far above the average cost of wheat at the time. Throughout 1912 and 1913, the "Eagle" continued to report on Russell's alleged fraud. Russell sued the "Eagle" for libel, but lost. A government expert investigated the "Miracle Wheat" and said it "was low in the Government tests". Prior to entering the court, the "Eagle" declared that "at the trial it will show that "Pastor" Russell's religious cult is nothing more than a money-making scheme." Russell defended himself publicly, and in writing, claiming that the wheat was donated to the Watch Tower Society. He said that although sold for $1 per pound, Mr. Stoner allegedly routinely sold it for a $1.25 per pound. Russell claimed to have no financial connection to the wheat, and said that no one claimed a refund although he had offered one for up to a year later for any who were dissatisfied with their purchase. In 1975, the Watch Tower Society stated that gross receipts from the "Miracle Wheat" fundraiser totaled "about $1800" (current value $), of which "Russell himself did not get a penny". It also said that "the Society itself made no claim for the wheat on its own knowledge and the money received went as a donation into Christian missionary work."


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In June 1912, Rev. J. J. Ross (1871–1935), Pastor of the James Street Baptist Church in Hamilton, Ontario, published and widely distributed a four-page leaflet titled, "Some Facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame)." He alleged that Russell was involved in questionable business practices, had defrauded his estranged wife, and denounced his qualifications, legitimacy and moral example as a Pastor. Russell, in turn, sued Ross for defamatory libel on December 2, 1912. After several delays the case came before Police Court Magistrate George H. Jelfs on March 17, 1913. During cross-examination Russell said that he had attended public school for seven years, having left when he was about fourteen years of age, after which he received instruction through private tutors. He said that he was versed in Latin terms "to an extent" but did not know Hebrew or Greek, that he had never been ordained by any bishop or minister, and had never attended a theological seminary or any schools of higher learning. The Hamilton and Toronto Ontario newspapers reported the claims made by Ross and provided a brief outline of the court proceedings. They did not refer to any alleged misconduct on the part of Russell. They criticized Ross for having fled Ontario when summoned and not being present during any of the court proceedings.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: On April 1, 1913, the High Court of Ontario returned a verdict of "No Bill" ruling that Russell was not entitled to damages because, the libel was not likely to result in any violence within Canada. Following the libel case, Ross published an expanded edition of 48-pages titled, "Some Facts and More Facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame)". In this work, Ross claimed that during the proceedings on March 17, 1913, Russell had repeatedly lied under oath by affirming that he was ordained, but denying the same when cross-examined, by affirming that he knew the Greek language, but when shown by Counselor Staunton an extract from the New Testament in Greek by Westcott & Hort, he was unable to recognize it, and that he had not been divorced from his wife, but retracted the statement under cross-examination. In response, Russell stated through various printed and public sources that he had never claimed knowledge of the Greek language, merely the alphabet and that early Christians were also criticized by the religious authorities for being unlearned and ignorant. He believed that his ordination was "of God" according to the biblical pattern, not requiring any denominational approval or theological training. He suggested that his annual election as "Pastor" by over 500 congregations worldwide constituted him as properly ordained. Russell contended that Ross and others were attacking him because they were unable to answer his theological arguments, preferring instead to resort to slander and character assassination.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Some have claimed that various symbols Russell employed in his published literature are Masonic in nature, and that such associations implied he engaged in occult activity. In later editions of the "Studies in the Scriptures" series a winged solar disk was stamped on the front cover, a symbol that is also associated with Freemasonry. However, Russell's use of the winged solar-disk originated from his understanding of Malachi 4:2, which denotes a sun with wings, as a symbol that Christ's millennial Kingdom had begun to emerge. Some critics also claim that the pyramid that stood near Russell's gravesite was Masonic because of its shape and its use of the Cross and Crown symbol, although this remains disputed. The Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon has said that Russell was not a Freemason, and notes that the symbols pre-date the fraternity.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: In June 1913, during a transcontinental speaking tour, Russell lectured in a Masonic hall in San Francisco, saying:


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Although I have never been a Mason ... Something I do seems to be the same as Masons do, I don't know what it is; but they often give me all kinds of grips and I give them back, then I tell them I don't know anything about it except just a few grips that have come to me naturally.


title: Charles Taze Russell

text: Throughout his ministry he said that he believed Christian identity is incompatible with Freemasonry. He described Freemasonry, Knights of Pythias, Theosophy, and other such groups as "grievous evils" and "unclean".


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: Pranitha Subhash is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Hindi films. She debuted as an actress in the 2010 Kannada film, "Porki". In 2012, she starred in the critically acclaimed film "Bheema Theeradalli". She went on to appear in several commercially successful Telugu and Tamil films like "Baava" (2010), "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013), "Massu Engira Masilamani" (2015), and "Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal" (2017).


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: Pranitha debuted in the 2010 Kannada film "Porki" opposite Darshan. After the success of "Porki", she refused several offers from Kannada films and became choosy about her projects before signing for the Telugu film "Baava", a love story where she starred opposite Siddharth. She was praised unanimously for her portrayal of a Telugu village belle in the film. She then went on to appear in her first Tamil film, "Udhayan", starring Arulnithi.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: She was then signed up for her second Tamil project "Saguni", opposite Karthi, which released in both Tamil and Telugu languages. "Saguni" was her biggest release: a film that released in a record 1,150 theatres all over the world.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: She then appeared in "Jarasandha" and "Bheema Theeradalli", a real-life story of a naxalite, both opposite Duniya Vijay. Subhash was praised for her portrayal of Bheemavva by critics and won a Filmfare nomination for the same. She won the Santosham award that year for "Bheema Theeradalli".


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: After this, she appeared in the Telugu language film "Attarintiki Daredi", which was released in September 2013 and went on to become the highest grossing Telugu language film of all time, collecting over ₹100 crore. It also won her nominations at various award events. The film is being remade in other languages.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: During the same time, she worked on a Kannada film "Brahma", opposite Upendra. She also worked on "Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda", starring Raveena Tandon and Mohan Babu, in which she was paired opposite Manchu Manoj. Both the films fared well. After a brief gap of two years, she signed for another Tamil film "Masss", opposite Suriya in late November 2014. In late 2014, she signed for a Telugu film "Dynamite", opposite Manchu Vishnu.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: In December 2020, Subhash completed her executive education and received a degree in Professional & Leadership Development from Harvard Kennedy School.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: Subhash endorsed brands like Joyalukkas, SVB Silks Salem, Bombay Jewellery, Welight Academy of Education, Sri Lakshmi Jewellery, Pondichery and


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: RS Brothers. She was signed as the brand ambassador of the team Karnataka Bulldozers in the Celebrity Cricket League in its third season in 2013. In October 2014, Subhash along with Anu Prabhakar was selected as the ambassador for the Jewels of India – a fashion jewellery exhibition in Bangalore.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: Subhash bought stakes in a hospitality company and now co-owns a restaurant called Bootlegger on Lavelle Road, Bangalore.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: Subhash has been involved in various philanthropic activities in India. She is working towards modernizing public education in Karnataka by adopting schools and providing them with better infrastructure and sanitation facilities. Subhash and a group of volunteers refurbished an ageing school in Karnataka's Hassan district. She has been committed to the cause by bringing an overhaul in the infrastructure and introducing language teachers in the schools. Today, at least 13 such schools have been adopted by various individuals and has set a precedence to the others. She contributed US$10,000 to the same cause. In April 2019, the Election Commission (EC), along with Rahul Dravid, had appointed Subhash as a brand ambassador to promote awareness among general public on voting before the 2019 general election in India. The initiative was termed as "State Icons" and aimed to reach out to millions of voters in Karnataka. In 2018, Subhash was a part of the Young South Indian Leaders delegation, organised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel.


title: Pranitha Subhash

text: Pranitha married businessman Nitin Raju in an intimate ceremony on 30 May 2021. They have a daughter born in 2022.


title: Bitter orange

text: Bitter orange, Seville orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange is the citrus tree Citrus" × "aurantium and its fruit. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. It is probably a cross between the pomelo, "Citrus maxima", and the mandarin orange, "Citrus reticulata".


title: Bitter orange

text: Wild trees are found near small streams in generally secluded and wooded parts of Florida and the Bahamas after it was introduced to the area from Spain, where it had been introduced and cultivated heavily beginning in the 10th century by the Moors.


title: Bitter orange

text: Citrus × aurantium can be identified through its orange fruit with a distinctly bitter or sour taste. The tree has alternate simple leaves and thorns on its petiole.


title: Bitter orange

text: Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, and are found in perfume, used as a flavoring or as a solvent, and also for consumption. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade and also used to make French "bigarade".


title: Bitter orange

text: Bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine. Bitter orange supplements have been linked to a number of serious side effects and deaths, and consumer groups advocate that people avoid using the fruit medically. Whether bitter orange affects medical conditions of heart and cardiovascular organs, by itself or in formulae with other substances, is inconclusive. Standard reference materials are released concerning the properties in bitter orange by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for ground fruit, extract, and solid oral dosage form, along with those packaged together into one item.


title: Bitter orange

text: The Seville orange (the usual name in this context) is prized for making British orange marmalade, being higher in pectin than the sweet orange, and therefore giving a better set and a higher yield. Once a year, oranges of this variety are collected from trees in Seville and shipped to Britain to be used in marmalade. However, the fruit is rarely consumed locally in Andalusia. This reflects the historic Atlantic trading relationship with Portugal and Spain; the earliest recipe for 'marmelat of oranges' dates from 1677.


title: Bitter orange

text: Bitter orange—"bigarade"—was used in all early recipes for "duck à l'orange", originally called "canard à la bigarade".


title: Bitter orange

text: It is also used in compotes and for orange-flavored liqueurs. The peel can be used in the production of bitters. The unripe fruit, called "narthangai", is commonly used in Southern Indian cuisine, especially in Tamil cuisine. It is pickled by cutting it into spirals or small wedges and stuffing it with salt. The pickle is usually consumed with yoghurt rice called "thayir sadam". The fresh fruit is also used frequently in "pachadis".


title: Bitter orange

text: In Finland and Sweden, bitter orange peel is used in dried, ground form (called "pomeranssi" in Finnish, "pomerans" in Swedish) in gingerbread ("pepparkakor"), some Christmas bread, and "mämmi". In Denmark, the candied peel (Danish "pomeransskal") is used in various desserts and cakes like Christmas Cake ("julekage") and Brown Cake ("brunekager"). It is also used in the Nordic "glögi".


title: Bitter orange

text: In Greece and Cyprus, the "nerántzi" or κιτρομηλο, respectively, is one of the most prized fruits used for spoon sweets, and the "C. aurantium" tree ("nerantziá" or "kitromiliá") is a popular ornamental tree. In Albania as well, "nerënxa" or "portokalli i hidhur" is used commonly in spoon sweets.


title: Bitter orange

text: In Malta, bitter oranges are known as "larinġ tal-bakkaljaw", and are used for marmalade and as root-stock for other citrus trees. The Maltese soft drink Kinnie is also made from bitter oranges.


title: Bitter orange

text: In Turkey, juice of the ripe fruits can be used as salad dressing, especially in Çukurova region. However, in Iraqi cuisine, a bitter orange or "raranj" in Iraqi is used to complement dishes such as charred fish ("samak" or "simach maskouf", tomato stew "morgat tamata", "qeema", a dish that has the same ingredients as an Iraqi tomato stew with the addition of minced meat, boiled chickpeas "lablabi", salads, as a dressing, and on essentially any dish one might desire to accompany bitter orange. Iraqis also consume it as a citrus fruit or juice it to make bitter orange juice "aseer raranj". Throughout Iran (where the fruit is commonly known as "narenj"), the juice is popularly used as a salad dressing, souring agent in stews and pickles or as a marinade. The blossoms are collected fresh to make a prized sweet-smelling aromatic jam (bitter orange blossom jam, "morabba bahar-narenj"), or added to brewing tea.


title: Bitter orange

text: In the Americas, the juice from the ripe fruit is used as a marinade for meat in Nicaraguan, Cuban, Dominican, and Haitian cooking, as it is in Peruvian "ceviche". In Yucatán (Mexico), it is a main ingredient of the "cochinita pibil". In Cuba, a traditional Christmas time dessert is made with the peel of the bitter orange cooked in syrup and eaten with cheese and "buñuelos". In Suriname, its juice is also used in the well-known dish pom.


title: Bitter orange

text: The extract of bitter orange (and bitter orange peel) has been marketed as dietary supplement purported to act as a weight-loss aid and appetite suppressant. Bitter orange contains the tyramine metabolites "N"-methyltyramine, octopamine, and synephrine, substances similar to epinephrine, which act on the α adrenergic receptor to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure and heart rate. Several low-quality clinical trials have had results of p-synephrine (alone or in combination with caffeine or some other substances) increasing weight loss slightly.


title: Bitter orange

text: Following bans on the herbal stimulant ephedra in the U.S., Canada, and elsewhere, bitter orange has been substituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by dietary supplement manufacturers. Like most dietary supplement ingredients, bitter orange has not undergone formal safety testing, but it is believed to cause the same spectrum of adverse events (harmful side effects) as ephedra. The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health found, "currently little evidence [shows] that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."


title: Bitter orange

text: Case reports have linked bitter orange supplements to strokes, angina, and ischemic colitis. Following an incident in which a healthy young man suffered a heart attack linked to bitter orange, a case study found that dietary supplement manufacturers had replaced ephedra with its analogs from bitter orange.


title: Bitter orange

text: Bitter orange may have serious interactions with drugs such as Statins (to lower cholesterol), nifedipines (to lower blood pressure), some anti-anxiety drugs, some antihistamines, etc. in a similar way to the effect of grapefruit (see grapefruit–drug interactions).


title: Bitter orange

text: This orange is used as a rootstock in groves of sweet orange. The fruit and leaves make lather and can be used as soap. The hard, white or light-yellow wood is used in woodworking and made into baseball bats in Cuba.


title: FN FNC

text: The FNC () is a 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle developed by the Belgian arms manufacturer FN Herstal and introduced in the late 1970s.


title: FN FNC

text: The FNC was developed between 1975–1977 for NATO standardization trials, as a less expensive alternative to the M16 rifle. The rifle's design is based on the FNC 76 prototype, which itself originated from the commercially unsuccessful FN CAL rifle. This prototype was soon withdrawn from the NATO competition after performing poorly due to its rushed development.


title: FN FNC

text: The first state to adopt the FNC was Indonesia, which purchased approximately 10,000 rifles in 1982 for its air force. The Indonesian government later acquired a license to permit Indonesian firm PT Pindad to manufacture the rifle for all branches of the armed forces, as the Pindad SS1 and Pindad SS2.


title: FN FNC

text: Trials for the Swedish Armed Forces were held between 1981–1982, using updated prototypes that proved the utility and efficiency of the design, impressing both the Swedish military and Belgian Army staff back at home. Sweden adopted a version of the FNC for domestic production in 1986, naming it the Ak 5. Slightly modified, it remains the main service rifle of the Swedish Armed Forces.


title: FN FNC

text: The FNC was finally adopted by the Belgian Armed Forces in 1989, as a service-wide replacement for the 7.62×51mm NATO FN FAL, after having been issued in small numbers to airborne infantry units for several years.


title: FN FNC

text: The rifle is also used as a service rifle by the armed forces of Tonga, a microstate in the Pacific Ocean.


title: FN FNC

text: The FNC is a selective fire weapon that uses a gas-operated long-stroke piston system and a rotating bolt locking mechanism equipped with two locking lugs that engage corresponding recesses in the barrel extension. The bolt is rotated and unlocked by the interaction of the bolt's cam pin with a camming guide contained in the bolt carrier. Overall, the mechanism strongly resembles that of Kalashnikov rifles, but adapted to more advanced design and production methods. The rear part of the cocking handle slot, cut in the upper receiver for the cocking handle, is covered by a spring-loaded cover which automatically opens by the handle when it goes back and automatically closes the opening when the cocking handle returns forward.


title: FN FNC

text: The spring extractor is located inside the bolt head, the ejector is fixed and riveted to the inside of the receiver housing. The FNC uses a 2-position gas valve, a hammer-type firing mechanism and a trigger with a fire selector switch that is simultaneously the manual safety, securing the weapon from accidental firing. The selector lever is located on the left side of the receiver and has 4 settings: "S" - weapon safe, "1" - single fire mode, "3" - 3-round burst, "A" - continuous (automatic) fire.


title: FN FNC

text: The FNC's barrel features a flash suppressor that is also used to launch NATO standard 22mm rifle grenades (only the standard rifle model has this capability). The gas block contains a gas valve setting that is used to isolate the gas system, providing an increased volume of propellant required to fire a rifle grenade. The sheet-metal gas valve switch when pulled upright, acts as a V-notch sight used for aiming the rifle grenades. The piston head and extension, as well as the gas port block, barrel bore and chamber, are hard-chrome plated to minimize the effects of propellant fouling.


title: FN FNC

text: The rifle feeds from 30-round steel magazines that are interchangeable with magazines from the American M16 rifle (STANAG 4179 compliant). After the last round is fired, the bolt will remain closed as there is no provision for an automatic bolt hold open. However, the bolt handle can be manually worked to hold the bolt back. FNC magazines will function in AR-15/M16-type rifles but the follower will not hold the bolt open on the last round unless they have been modified with an M16-type follower.


title: FN FNC

text: The plastic-coated, lightweight alloy skeleton stock folds to the right side of the receiver. A fixed synthetic (polyamide) buttstock is also available.


title: FN FNC

text: The upper receiver is made from stamped steel, the lower receiver, along with magazine housing, is made from aluminum alloy.


title: FN FNC

text: The rifle has a flip-type L-shaped windage-adjustable rear sight with two apertures with settings for 250 and 400 m, while the front sight post is adjustable for elevation. Optics such as the Hensoldt 4× telescopic sight can be attached with the use of a receiver-mounted adapter.


title: FN FNC

text: Standard equipment supplied with the FNC includes a spike bayonet or a variant of the American M7 blade bayonet (with the use of a lug adapter) and a sling. The rifle can be deployed with a barrel mounted bipod and blank-firing adaptor.


title: FN FNC

text: The FNC is produced in two primary configurations: a standard rifle and short (carbine) length. The "Standard" Model 2000 rifle and the "Short" Model 7000 carbine are equipped with barrels with 6 right-hand grooves and a 178 mm (1:7 in) rifling twist rate used to stabilize the longer and heavier Belgian SS109 bullet. The Model 0000 rifle and Model 6000 carbine use a slower 305 mm (1:12 in) twist rate for the shorter and lighter American M193 bullet.


title: FN FNC

text: Fabrique Nationale also offers semi-automatic-only Law Enforcement carbine versions: the Model 7030 with a 178 mm (1:7 in) rifling twist and the Model 6040 with a 305 mm (1:12 in) twist rate. These single-fire carbines feature a barrel and are also capable of firing rifle grenades and mounting a bayonet.


title: FN FNC

text: The Swedish service rifle built by Bofors Ordnance (currently BAE Systems Bofors) is a modernized Model 2000 rifle without the 3-round burst fire control setting. It was accepted into service in 1986 as the Ak 5 after extensive trials and receiving several modifications and replaced the 7.62mm Ak 4 (a licensed version of the Heckler & Koch G3). Bofors has produced several variants of the basic Ak 5: the Ak 5B (equipped with a British 4× SUSAT optical sight but no mechanical iron sights), the Ak 5C (a modular variant designed for compatibility with various accessories), and the Ak 5D (a compact variant for vehicle crews and rangers).


title: FN FNC

text: In Indonesia, a modified version of the FNC, produced under license as the Pindad SS1 with adaptations for jungle climate conditions, is used as the standard rifle of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. A Paramilitary variant of the SS1 created for police use exists as the V1-V2 used by the Korps Sabhara chambered in 7.62×45mm Pindad. This cartridge is a necked-up version of the 5.56×45mm cartridge, utilizing a round-nose bullet similar to the .30 Carbine and was created by for urban warfare/close quarter combat. The Pindad SS2 is an updated version of the Pindad SS1. SS2 rifles have been phased into service since 2006 in the Indonesian military and police in order to gradually replace the SS1 rifles which were in service from the 1990s. Another variant, the SS Blackout-V1 exists in the .300 Blackout caliber.


title: Hop (film)

text: Hop is a 2011 American fantasy comedy film co-produced by Illumination Entertainment and Relativity Media, and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film was directed by Tim Hill and produced by Chris Meledandri and Michele Imperato Stabile, from a screenplay written by Brian Lynch and the writing team of Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio. Paul and Daurio also conceived the film's story. Starring James Marsden, Russell Brand, Kaley Cuoco, Hank Azaria, Gary Cole, Elizabeth Perkins, David Hasselhoff, Chelsea Handler, and Hugh Laurie, the film follows a young rabbit who would rather drum in a band than succeed his father as the Easter Bunny, and befriends a human slacker seeking a job.


title: Hop (film)

text: "Hop" premiered at Universal Studios in Hollywood on March 27, 2011, and was theatrically released in the United States on April 1, by Universal Pictures, and it received generally negative reviews from critics. During its theatrical run, the film earned $184million at the box office. To date, it is the only Illumination film that combines live-action photography with animation.


title: Hop (film)

text: On Easter Island, a young rabbit named E.B. is intended to succeed his father as the Easter Bunny. Intimidated by the calling's demands and ignoring his father's orders, E.B. runs away to Hollywood to pursue his dream of becoming a drummer. In Van Nuys, E.B. is hit by Fred O'Hare, an out-of-work, job-hopping slacker who was driving to his sister Sam's boss's house to house-sit, while his parents forced him to move out. Feigning injury, E.B. persuades Fred to take him in as he recovers, but when E.B. causes trouble, Fred attempts to release him in the wilderness. E.B. persuades to help him by claiming to be the Easter Bunny, whom Fred as a child had witnessed delivering eggs.


title: Hop (film)

text: E.B.'s father sends his royal guards, the Pink Berets, to search for him and bring him back. In Hollywood, E.B. sees the Berets closing in on him and hides inside a business where Fred is having a job interview. E.B. enjoys a successful recording session with The Blind Boys of Alabama as their substitute drummer, but ruins Fred's job interview. In the process, E.B. gets a tip about a possible audition for David Hasselhoff, who invites him to perform on his show.


title: Hop (film)

text: Afterwards, Fred attends his adoptive younger sister Alex's school Easter pageant with E.B. hiding in a satchel. E.B., alarmed that the Pink Berets have apparently found him due to the three bunny suit shadows on a wall and disgusted by Alex's awful rendition of "Peter Cottontail", dashes out and disrupts the show, forcing Fred to feign a ventriloquist's act with E.B.'s cooperation as his dummy and leading the show in singing, "I Want Candy". Both Fred's father Henry and Alex are angry about the upstaging, but Fred is inspired to be the Easter Bunny himself. Although skeptical, E.B. agrees to train him and finds that Fred has some genuine talent for it.


title: Hop (film)

text: Meanwhile, the Easter Bunny's second-in-command Carlos the Chick plots a coup d'état against him to take over Easter. Carlos inspires the chicks to uprise the bunnies and begins training to become the Easter Bunny, or, Easter Chick, but seems to lack the qualities an Easter Bunny needs. As the Pink Berets close in on him, E.B. prepares a decoy to fake his death and leaves for Hasselhoff's show. The Berets see the decoy and, horrified that Fred has apparently killed E.B., capture him and take him to Easter Island. Fred is confronted by E.B.'s father and Carlos, however Carlos pretends to be upset about E.B.'s death, silences Fred when he tries to tell the truth, and seizes control of the Easter factory, tying up E.B.'s father and placing him and Fred to be boiled alive. Meanwhile, E.B. starts to feel guilty for acting selfish and leaving Fred, and is convinced by Hasselhoff on his show to go back and help his friend.


title: Hop (film)

text: E.B. races back to the factory. He confronts Carlos, but is immobilized in gummy candy and tossed into the chocolate bunny carving line. E.B. survives by dodging the blades of the machine, while Fred eats through the black-licorice ropes, escaping with E.B’s father, who couldn’t eat through due to the poor taste of the candy. Carlos, now a chick-bunny combination due to the magic of The Egg of Destiny, battles with E.B. and defeats him easily due to his size. Carlos then tries to lead the Egg Sleigh out with his sidekick Phil directing, but E.B. improvises a drum session that drives Phil to uncontrollably dance to the beat and provide the wrong signals, causing the sleigh to crash and subdue Carlos. E.B. and his father reconcile, and he and Fred are crowned co-Easter bunnies, while Carlos is forced to pull the Egg Sleigh.


title: Hop (film)

text: The animated characters were designed by Peter de Sève. The CGI animation of the film was made by Los Angeles-based Rhythm & Hues Studios.


title: Hop (film)

text: Universal teamed up with 92 major companies to promote "Hop", including Holiday Inn, Krispy Kreme, Lindt, Kraft Foods, The Hershey Company, Build-A-Bear Workshop, Comcast, Kodak, Hallmark, HMV, and Burger King. A large range of licensed merchandise was released in connection with the film, including toys, stuffed animals, many sorts of candy, T-shirts, cookie decorating kits, baked goods and other products from Kraft Foods. Some items were available exclusively at Walmart stores. The premiere of "Hop" took place at Universal Studios Hollywood on March 27, 2011.


title: Hop (film)

text: A "Hop" video game was released only for the Nintendo DS alongside the film. On March 29, 2011, a crossover game featuring "Hop" and "Doodle Jump" was released on the App Store for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. All 25 levels being available after the film's release. As part of "Doodle Jump" in-app purchases with downloads, a new level can be selected through naming at "Hop" game over screen.


title: Hop (film)

text: Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released "Hop" on DVD and Blu-ray on March 23, 2012. Physical copies include featurettes and games, with a short film "Phil's Dance Party".


title: Hop (film)

text: "Hop" earned $108.5million in the United States and Canada and $75.9million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $184.4million. To date, it is the lowest grossing film released by Illumination.


title: Hop (film)

text: The film was released on April 1, 2011. "Hop" earned $11.5million on its first day. The film debuted earning $38million from 3,579 theaters. Its second weekend earnings dropped by 42 percent to $21.7million, and followed by another $11.1million the third weekend. "Hop" completed its theatrical run in the United States and Canada on August 19, 2011.


title: Hop (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Hop" has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of , making it the lowest-rated film produced by Illumination to date. Its critical consensus reads, "It's impressively animated, but "Hop"s script is so uninspired that not even James Marsden's frantic mugging can give it any bounce." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Hop (film)

text: The subplot involving Carlos the Easter Chick was considered to be insensitive to Mexican Americans by one reviewer. Peter Debruge of "Variety" called it "hilariously un-PC".


title: Hop (film)

text: Andrew Arnett won an award for "Character Animation in a Live Action Production" for work on this film at the 2012 Kids Choice Awards.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Monarch of the Glen is a British drama television series produced by Ecosse Films for BBC Scotland and broadcast on BBC One for seven series between February 2000 and October 2005 with 64 episodes in total.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: The first five series of "Monarch of the Glen" told the story of young restaurateur Archie MacDonald trying to restore his childhood home in the Scottish Highlands, starring Alastair Mackenzie, Richard Briers, Susan Hampshire, and Dawn Steele, whilst the final two series of the show focused on new Laird Paul Bowman trying to modernise the estate, primarily starring Lloyd Owen, Tom Baker, Alexander Morton and Susan Hampshire.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: The series is loosely based on Sir Compton Mackenzie's "Highland Novels", which are set in the same location but in the 1930s and 1940s. The first book in that series is called "The Monarch of the Glen", which was a reference to the famous painting of the same name by Landseer.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: The series was created by Michael Chaplin and produced by Nick Pitt, Paddy Higson, Jeremy Gwilt, Stephen Garwood, and Rob Bullock. The show saw many directors, most notably Edward Bennett, Richard Signy, Rick Stroud, and Robert Knights; and many writers including Chaplin, Niall Leonard, John Martin Johnson, Leslie Stewart, and Jeremy Front. Filming took between six and eight months per series in the Badenoch and Strathspey area of the Scottish Highlands, in particular at Ardverikie House, which was the location for the fictional "Glenbogle House".


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: While trying to carve a living out of the London restaurant he runs with his girlfriend Justine, Archie MacDonald is called back to his Highland home, as his father Hector is dying. When he arrives, he finds that the news was a ploy by his mother, Molly, to get him to Scotland. He learns he has inherited his father's title and estate, Glenbogle. Archie faces a tough decision: whether to help the debt-ridden Glenbogle or to return to Justine in London. Archie meets the local school headteacher, Katrina Finlay, with whom he begins a complicated friendship. The feisty staff of Glenbogle — Lexie, Golly, and Duncan — also prove hard to handle. Archie negotiates a deal with the bank and tries to find ways out of debt. Pressured by Justine to return to London, he decides to sell his share in the London restaurant and stay on at Glenbogle. Justine relents and decides to join Archie.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: After his split with Justine, Archie finally knows where his future lies - at Glenbogle. developing a relationship with Katrina, Archie faces obstacles: with his new Head Ranger, Fergal MacClure who is also attracted to Katrina, and with Lexie, who has her eye on the Laird. Hector and Molly face problems as their daughter Lizzie comes, apparently pregnant, to Glenbogle with her healer boyfriend and his acolytes. Hector visits an old flame to try to get the trails on the estate approved by the local council. Golly faces a battle with Fergal to keep Duncan as his friend and assistant because Duncan is very taken with outward bounds activities over the fieldsport traditions of the estate and Fergal's charismatic enthusiasm. Fergal falls for Katrina but is offered a job in New Zealand when his work establishing the trails at Glenbogle ends. He asks Katrina to go with him, and she leaves because Archie will not state his love for her. Archie chases her train but discovers from Fergal that she has already disembarked. He finds her on the estate and they kiss.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Glenbogle's debts are mounting, and the bank, Lascelles, sends Stella Moon to take over the estate as financial controller. The hard and stubborn Stella proves difficult to handle, though she has her eye on Archie, now unattached again, as Katrina has taken up the offer of a career in national politics following her success on the local Council. Duncan also faces romantic problems. Molly is upset that Hector is spending more time with his chum Kilwillie than with her. Golly is reunited with his daughter after many years (he had wanted to marry her mother, but she had left him). Local entrepreneur Stuart McIntosh tries to take land from under the MacDonalds' feet. The estate is now turning a profit and Stella is offered a job in South America provided the estate passes inspection by the Bank's chief at the Midsummer's Ball. Stella tries to sabotage the event in an attempt to stay at Glenbogle with Archie, but she fails. The bank's chair returns control of the estate to Archie, who realises he's in love with Lexie, and proposes to her in the kitchen. Initially, Lexie says no but then changes into a red ball dress and meets Archie on the terrace and says yes. The engagement causes friction between Archie and Hector, who disapproves of the match because he fears Lexie may feel trapped on the estate and leave Archie—as Molly once left him. This information is never relayed to Archie, because Hector dies suddenly. Lexie wants to delay the wedding as it is mere weeks after the funeral but Archie insists it go ahead. Lexie runs off. Archie and the estate team track her down and he agrees they should postpone their marriage.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Lexie struggles to become the new Lady of Glenbogle after her marriage to Archie, but tries to continue some of her old duties, especially cooking. When Archie hires a new cook, Lexie becomes upset and jealous, and insists on a cook-off, using an old, relatively unknown Scottish recipe. She doesn't know that the new cook, Irene, has been the chef of a large Highland hotel, and that this particular recipe was one of her specialities. Molly tries to come to terms with being a widow after Hector's death and finds she has a suitor in the shape of new neighbour, Andrew. When Paul Bowman-MacDonald suddenly turns up, Archie and his mother Molly are shocked and upset to learn that his father once had an affair, and that Paul was the child produced. They also discover that he is AWOL from the British Army. Molly tries to be welcoming to Paul, realising that being illegitimate is not his fault, and that he wasn't even aware of his parentage until his mother's death. Still, she feels betrayed. Golly is devastated to find that Duncan is romantically involved with new cook, Irene, but Duncan is horrified to find that Irene is pregnant by the husband she has run away from. Archie must deal with his father's astronomical death duties. Lexie's mother offers to pay these off as a wedding gift but Lexie refuses out of pride. Briefly, Molly considers marrying Killwillie to get them out of the financial hole, but money is found at the last minute.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Glenbogle's financial problems are over, and Archie starts to become bored. Looking for a new challenge he considers running a restaurant owned by Kilwillie - in New York. Lexie is not keen. Paul returns to Glenbogle to start afresh but is treated badly. He wants to start an outward bound centre on the estate but the locals don't want city youths visiting. A compromise is eventually found when Lexie suggests they offer first turn at the new activity centre to local youth. Molly wonders whether she is in love after her relationship with Andrew starts to blossom. Golly's daughter, Jess, comes to live in Glenbogle. Duncan finds a new girlfriend in Kilwillie's niece Hermione, but she is very bossy. Lexie wonders whether she has what it takes to be Laird after Archie leaves Glenbogle to go mountain climbing in Nepal with his sister Lizzie in honour of their late father. After Duncan discovers that Hermione hid the contents of a job acceptance letter from him, he ends the relationship. He and Jess begin a friendship that leads to a more serious relationship. When Molly discovers that Andrew has proposed to many women and painted them all wearing his mother's engagement ring, she realises she cannot trust him. She takes a holiday and, when she returns, her long friendship with Golly — dating to the earliest years of her marriage — takes a turn in a new direction.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Paul becomes Laird of Glenbogle after Lexie and Archie move to New Zealand, but he falls in love with Lexie when she comes back to Glenbogle temporarily. Ewan, who has joined the estate as Cook, sets up a pirate radio station in the glen. He forms a friendship with Archie's and Paul's uncle Donald, who comes back to his childhood home under a curfew order. Clearly, there is bad feeling between Molly and Donald. It later emerges that he had propositioned her whilst she was married and when she refused to run off with him, he left the estate - and his brother - never to speak to Hector again. Molly is not forthcoming with Golly and when Jess sets her father up, Golly falls in love with new dancing teacher, Meg. He wonders whether he is too old to have a relationship with her but they appear to enjoy one another. Duncan starts the series about to propose to Jess, but is discouraged from this by her comments. He later finds a talent for radio via Ewan's programme, but to get more experience decides to apply for a job with hospital radio in the city. Jess tries to come to terms with Duncan's departure from the glen. Molly is disconcerted by Golly's new relationship and backs away. Paul tries to persuade Lexie to stay at Glenbogle with him, but despite their attraction, Lexie takes Molly's advice - and the story of Hector and Donald's parting to heart. She leaves for New Zealand to join Archie. A city-worker-turned-farmer, Isobel, arrives, and her problems distract Paul.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Paul becomes close to a local shepherdess, Iona McLean, but his romantic dreams are temporarily dashed when Iona's former fiancé arrives in the glen. Ewan wonders whether to stay with girlfriend, Zoe, when he takes a shine to Paul's goddaughter, Amy. Molly becomes a mother-like figure to Golly's new son, Cameron, after the death of Meg (who never regained consciousness after giving birth). Jess tries to prove herself to her father when she starts to feel that Golly does not care about her. Donald wonders whether to go to a retirement home when he starts to feel his age. Glenbogle is threatened with closure after Paul realises that the financial problems that once plagued the estate are slowly returning. The village community buys Glenbogle allowing the MacDonalds to remain in the house. Paul marries Iona. At the end of the show, the main characters each have a romantic partner and they take a photograph: Paul and Iona; Molly and Golly; Jess and Duncan; Ewan and Amy; Donald and a woman from the retirement home; and Kilwillie and the female minister. Hector appears as a ghost, talks to Molly, and witnesses these events.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: The following is a list of the regular cast of "Monarch of the Glen" who were credited in the opening credits of the show (in appearance order).


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: The following is a list, in order of appearance, of actors who were in three or more episodes of "Monarch of the Glen" as the same character but who were not credited as a regular in the opening titles of the show.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: While the fictional Glenbogle estate in Compton Mackenzie's Highland novels place the estate near Ben Nevis, the series is filmed in and around the Cairngorms, Badenoch and Strathspey, with Ben Nevis replaced by the fictional Ben Bogle.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Ardverikie House, designed by John Rhind in 1870 and built in the Scottish baronial style, depicts Glenbogle Castle in "Monarch of the Glen", while location filming took place in Kingussie and Laggan and scenes involving the loch use Loch Laggan. The majority of the programme was filmed on and around the Ardverikie Estate situated on the South-East bank of Loch Laggan. Glenbogle Station was filmed at Broomhill railway station, near Nethy Bridge. This station is the terminus of the Strathspey Railway, a restored steam railway.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: The River Pattack just up from the Ardverikie Estate was used several times. Glenbogle Church is the Cille Choirille Church near Roy Bridge. Lord Kilwillie's Castle is Balavil House, off the A9 road 2 miles north-east of Kingussie.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Seven series were filmed, totaling 64 episodes (including a Hogmanay Special). The series was broadcasting internationally USA (BBC America and PBS), Australia (ABC), Canada (BBC Canada), Norway, Sweden, Hong Kong, New Zealand, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Vietnam, and Dubai. The series is shown to more than 100 countries on BBC Entertainment (formerly BBC Prime), the BBC's 24-hour global entertainment channel, broadcast to Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Publicity in the United States included front-page coverage in the "Chicago Tribune". "Monarch of the Glen" was Australia's most popular BBC drama in 2002 and 2003.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: "Monarch of the Glen" was broadcast in the United Kingdom on Sunday evenings on BBC One, usually at 20.00 GMT. British ratings in the first five series were high, but lowered after the departure of several of the main characters (Archie, Hector, Lexie, Duncan, and Katrina). A petition was formed by 21-year-old "Boglie" Emma Richards to ensure that lead character Archie stayed on the show, but it failed when the actor left the show midway through the fifth series.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: Ratings hit an all-time low in 2004, and BBC bosses axed the show, but promised that they would bring back many of the cast from earlier series for a fantastic series finale. The seventh and final series "did" bring back Richard Briers, Hamish Clark, and Julian Fellowes as promised by the BBC, but the reunion didn't include Archie or Lexie.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: "Monarch of the Glen" has been released on DVD in the UK, The Netherlands, and USA only on Region 2 and 1 respectively. In the UK, series 1, 2, and 7 were released in one set, and series 3–6 in two sets - each set containing two discs. Acorn Media UK produced the original DVDs, but in 2006 a box-set featuring all seven series on 22 discs was produced by the BBC themselves. The Acorn Media UK DVDs, featured special features such as an exclusive interview with Susan Hampshire, photo galleries, production notes, and filmographies. The BBC box-set only featured a making-of show titled "The Last Monarch", which was broadcast on BBC Scotland before the series finale on 23 October 2005. In The Netherlands series 4-7 were released in an edited form of 50 mins per episode instead of the UK 60 minutes.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: + Region 4 (Australia) - Series 4,5,6,7 Only available in a Compilation Boxset exclusive to the ABC Shop July 2007.


title: Monarch of the Glen (TV series)

text: In 2002, the series was spoofed in popular BBC television sketch series "French and Saunders" for their "Celebrity Christmas Puddings" special and was named "Monarch of the Glum". Alastair Mackenzie himself appeared in his role of Archie. Dawn French appeared as Lexie MacDonald, Jennifer Saunders as Molly MacDonald.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: A peanut butter and jelly sandwich (PB&J) consists of peanut butter and fruit preserves—jelly—spread on bread. The sandwich may be open-faced, made of a single slice of bread folded over, or made using two slices of bread. The sandwich is popular in the United States, especially among children; a 2002 survey showed the average American will eat 1,500 peanut butter and jelly sandwiches before graduating from high school. There are many variations of the sandwich, starting with the basic peanut butter sandwich or jam sandwich.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: In basic preparation methods, a layer of peanut butter is spread on one slice of bread and a layer of fruit preserves is spread on another before the two sides are sandwiched together. (Jelly is a fruit-based spread, made primarily from fruit juice boiled with a gelling agent and allowed to set, while jam contains crushed fruit and fruit pulp, heated with water and sugar and cooled until it sets with the aid of natural or added pectin.)


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: The water inherent to preserves can make the bread soggy, especially when the sandwich is prepared ahead of time as part of a bag lunch. To prevent this, the peanut butter can be spread first on both slices of bread. The fat in peanut butter will block the moisture from the preserves from entering the slices of bread. However, the preserves are now more mobile and can squirt out the sides. If the open sides are sealed, the preserves are thoroughly contained; this technique is utilized by the major manufacturers of sealed crustless sandwiches (e.g. "Uncrustables").


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: There are many variations on the sandwich; for example, honey or sliced fruit can be substituted for the jelly component, e.g., a peanut butter and banana sandwich.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: Marshmallow fluff can also be substituted for the jelly, or added for extra flavor; this sandwich is called a "Fluffernutter".


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: The popularity of almond butter has inspired some to transition to "almond butter and jelly" sandwiches; other nut butters are less common. Seed butters, such as sunflower seed butter are also possible peanut butter substitutes. Cream cheese, substituted for the peanut butter, makes a "cream cheese and jelly" sandwich. Nutella is another possible spread.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: Peanut butter was originally paired with a diverse set of savory foods, such as pimento, cheese, celery, Worcestershire sauce, watercress, saltines and toasted crackers. In a "Good Housekeeping" article published in May 1896, a recipe "urged homemakers to use a meat grinder to make peanut butter and spread the result on bread." The following month, the culinary magazine "Table Talk" published a "peanut butter sandwich" recipe.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: The first known reference for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich appeared in the "Boston Cooking School Magazine" in 1901; it called for "three very thin layers of bread and two of filling, one of peanut paste, whatever brand you prefer, and currant or crabapple jelly for the other", and called it as "so far as I know original". In the early 20th century, this sandwich was adopted down the class structure as the price of peanut butter dropped. It became popular with children with the advent of sliced bread in the 1920s, which allowed them to make their own sandwiches easily.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: Since World War II, both peanut butter and jelly have been found on US soldiers' military ration list.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: A peanut butter and jelly sandwich that is made with two slices of white bread, two tablespoons each of peanut butter and grape jelly provides 403 kcal, 18 g fat, 58 g carbohydrates (mostly sugar), and 12 g protein, which is 27% of the Recommended Daily Intake of fat and 22% of calories.


title: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich

text: While roughly 50% of the calories are from fat, most of them come from monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fats, which the American Heart Association considers beneficial to heart health.


title: Artificial vagina

text: An artificial vagina is a device designed to imitate the female sex organ. To achieve this, it will generally be made of a soft material, lubricated, and sometimes heated.


title: Artificial vagina

text: There are different types of artificial vaginas. They may be designed for medical research purposes, animal breeding, or as a sex toy for erotic stimulation. Strokers and sleeves are sex toys usually designed as a handheld way to simulate a sex act, while an artificial vagina installed in a sex doll can be used hands-free.


title: Artificial vagina

text: Artificial vaginas are widely used by farms in cattle artificial insemination programs and semen collection centers for collecting animal sperm and its further application. An artificial vagina designed for collecting semen will imitate some or all of the anatomical features and behaviors of an animal's vagina.


title: Artificial vagina

text: There are several types of collecting apparatus, but the general design uses a tube with a normally sterile inner liner and hard outer shell. The walls of the tube may be hollow and filled with warm water to mimic a natural body temperature for better results, and may contain a filter to separate the semen.


title: Artificial vagina

text: An artificial vagina, "stroker", "masturbation aid", "masturbator", or "pocket pussy" is designed to simulate the sensation of sexual intercourse on the erect penis and to induce orgasm and ejaculation. It will often have moving parts such as vibrators that increase stimulation rather than accurately simulate a woman's vagina.


title: Artificial vagina

text: Usually the artificial vagina has a realistic or close to realistic appearance with a sleeve, where the penis can be inserted. The sleeve, or as it is also called "vaginal tunnel", measures in average from 10 to 20 centimetres (4 to 8 inches) and can have an open end for inserting a vibrating bullet, if the user wishes.


title: Artificial vagina

text: This type of artificial vagina is modeled on female genitals. For marketing purposes, many manufacturers design the vagina like an exact replica of some famous pornographic actress' vulvas. Realistic vaginas are made to simulate the natural physiology: pubic bones, hair, labia, all natural creases and dimples, etc.


title: Artificial vagina

text: Artificial vagina is currently the most researched male sex toy type in the United States and Europe. The popularity of this sex toy has increased dramatically and is now competing with industry’s most popular sex toy types that include dildos and vibrators.


title: Artificial vagina

text: These masturbators also come in many shapes and styles for many purposes; such as mouths for oral sex, as well as the several realistic vaginas that are manufactured with a narrower anal orifice (or anus) for those users who also like to simulate anal sex. The natural vagina has a series of ridges called rugae, and manufacturers often add nubs or ribs into artificial vaginas to simulate the rugae and enhance pleasure.


title: Artificial vagina

text: In Japan, artificial vaginas are known as "onaholes". They often feature more varied designs than their Western counterparts, come in various sizes, and often feature packaging with anime and hentai-themed art. Onacups are popular disposable artificial vaginas that simulate various sex acts and come with lubricant already inside.


title: Artificial vagina

text: These artificial vaginas superficially resemble the previous one, but they have the added feature of a vibrating element — usually a removable vibrating bullet that can be easily inserted into a hole into the bottom or the end of the sleeve. For more intensive sensations there are a variety of functions: vibrating, pulsating, surging, rotating, multi-speed, etc.


title: Artificial vagina

text: Vibrating bullets are usually controlled by a panel connected by a wire. Some kinds of vibrating artificial vagina are designed effect, replicating the role of a penis pump—with a bulb squeezed by the user.


title: Artificial vagina

text: Strokers are generally more discreet than other masturbators. The inside of a stroker features a textured canal that stimulates the penis while the outside is often ridged to ensure a good grip during use. Some automatic strokers are powered by electric motors to simulate the sensations of sexual movements.


title: Artificial vagina

text: In prison slang, a "fifi" refers to an artificial vagina usually made by rolling a trash bag or condom inside of a towel, and using some sort of lubricant such as hand lotion. These are also referred to as "fifi towels" or "fifi bags".


title: Artificial vagina

text: In 2016, Buck Angel partnered with a sex toy company to release the Buck-Off FTM Stroker. It's designed "for [the] t-cock/enlarged clitoris" of a transgender man on hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It was the first such product, and won both an XBIZ Award and an AVN Award. Later, a smaller variant for people not on HRT called the Kiss-X was released.


title: Artificial vagina

text: The artificial vagina as a sex toy is designed from materials that imitate the feel of natural skin. The materials used in manufacturing artificial vaginas are stretchable and elastic to accommodate different penis sizes.


title: Artificial vagina

text: The above materials are all porous and therefore require special care and cleaning to avoid bacterial accumulation. Manufacturers recommend protecting them by applying a condom during use. This is less of a concern with artificial vaginas made from silicone, which, while generally more expensive, is non-porous and can be disinfected after cleaning with a bleach solution or heat.


title: Artificial vagina

text: Masturbators are sometimes used for medical research. For example, Kobori "et al." at Dokkyo Medical University have applied a Japanese "onacup" for ejaculatory dysfunction studies.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Warsaw Chopin Airport (, ) is an international airport in the Włochy district of Warsaw, Poland. It is Poland's busiest airport with 18.9 million passengers in 2019, thus handling approximately 40% of the country's total air passenger traffic. The airport is a central hub for LOT Polish Airlines as well as a base for Enter Air and Wizz Air.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Warsaw Chopin Airport covers of land and handles approximately 300 scheduled flights daily, including a substantial number of charters. London, Kyiv, Frankfurt, Paris, and Amsterdam are the busiest international connections, while Kraków, Wrocław, and Gdańsk are the most popular domestic ones.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Founded in 1934, the airport was previously known as Warsaw-Okecie Airport () and bore the name of its Okęcie neighborhood throughout its history. It was renamed in honour of Polish composer and former Warsaw resident Frédéric Chopin in 2001. Despite the official change, "Okecie" "()" remains in popular and industry use, including air traffic and aerodrome references.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: An underground railway station connected from the airport to Warsaw's suburban rail system was opened in June 2012 in time for the Euro 2012 football championships, and on 25 November 2013, the airport announced accommodating – for the first time in history – its 10 millionth passenger in a single year. A new and modern terminal was completed in 2015.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: The secondary international airport of the city is the much smaller Warsaw Modlin Airport, which opened in 2012 and is used for low-cost traffic.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: In 1924, when urban development around Warsaw's aerodrome at Mokotów Field (Pole Mokotowskie) began affecting air traffic, the Ministry of Railways purchased land near the village of Okęcie to construct a new airport. On 29 April 1934, the Polish president, Ignacy Mościcki, opened Central Airport (Okęcie), which from then on took over the handling of all traffic from the former civilian aerodrome at Pole Mokotowskie. In the weeks after its opening, a journalist from the magazine "Flight and Air Defence of Poland" reported the following: "In a large pastel-coloured hall, we see a ticket office, a customs post, telegraph and post office, police station and a kiosk with various newspapers etc... On the first (upper) floor, there is a restaurant and viewing terrace, from where one can see the entire territory of the airport."


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: With the building finished in 1933, the new modernist premises of the Warsaw airport cost the State Treasury around zl 10 million. The new complex included three hangars, exhibition space, garages, and of course a large, modern terminal building with a concrete taxiway complete with stands for a number of aircraft. Warsaw thus received an airport befitting of any European capital city. In its first year of operation, Okęcie served around 10,750 passengers. After the aerodrome's civilian buildings were finished, the military potential of the site began to be developed, with a Polish Air Force base opening soon after; later followed the buildings of the Institute of Aviation, PZL aircraft-building plant and other pieces of aviation infrastructure.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: As air traffic and the number of aircraft movements grew greatly year on year, the authorities identified the need to develop a new system for air traffic navigation and control. The state, as a result, marked a number of air corridors for use by civil airlines, whilst radio stations were established to regulate such traffic and divert it away from sensitive and restricted areas. By 1938, the airport was equipped with 16 immigration checkpoints for passengers both departing and arriving on international flights. These posts were then manned by the Polish Border Guard. By 1937, the airport had also received new radio navigation equipment and was using Lorenz beam technology to assure the safety of landings and approaches over Warsaw, during periods of poor visibility or bad weather. On the eve of World War II, Okęcie airport was connected by regular scheduled flights with 6 domestic and 17 foreign airports, among which were Tel-Aviv (then in Palestine) and Beirut in Lebanon; there were also plans to soon begin transatlantic service to the United States.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: During World War II, Okęcie was often used as a battleground between the German Army and Polish resistance and was almost completely destroyed. From the very first day of the war in Poland, Okęcie became a target for bombing by the German Luftwaffe. Later, once Warsaw was occupied by the German army, the airport became the base for two German aviation schools and a Junkers aircraft repair works. During this period, the airport also received its first concrete runway and taxiways; these were left undamaged until the very final days of the war, despite numerous attacks by both the Home Army and Soviet Armed Forces. However, with the German withdrawal from the city, both Okęcie's remaining buildings and ground infrastructure (including the runway) were intentionally destroyed in order to deny their use to the advancing Red Army and Polish First Army.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: After the war, LOT Polish Airlines resumed operations at Okęcie using what was left of the pre-war infrastructure; the airline was also responsible for initiating reconstruction efforts at the airport, and soon, within two years, a new terminal, control tower and a number of stands for aircraft based at and visiting the new Okęcie had been completed.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: By the end of the 1940s, the airport had been reconnected with most of Poland's most important cities and a number of international services, including those to Moscow, Belgrade, Berlin, Bucharest, Budapest, Brussels, Copenhagen, Prague and Stockholm. In the first half of the 1950s, this development continued and the airport authorities continued to hold talks with many international airlines on the subject of opening routes to Warsaw. In 1956, maintenance of Okęcie was transferred from LOT Polish Airlines to state administration, then later in 1959, on the government's initiative, a decision was made to reconstruct the airport's main terminal; this, however, did not actually take place until 1964.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: The new civil aviation authority began to exercise control over airports, air corridors and routing, ground aviation infrastructure and the responsibility for entering into and signing aviation accords with other states. This gave the authority effectively complete control over Warsaw's airport.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: In 1961, the airport's management board decided to purchase a radar for civilian air traffic control and to begin the expansion of the airport in Warsaw. The winning design for a new terminal by Jan and Krystyna Dobrowolski referred to modern architectural solutions used in many western airports. In planning, it was ordered that the initial capacity of the new 'International Airport Station' (Międznarodowy Dworzec Lotniczy) should be about 1 million passengers a year. In 1962, work began on the technical design of the new terminal, and two years later, construction started. At the same time on the opposite side of the airport, a new Air Traffic Control Centre (CKRL) was established along with the airport control tower. At this time, new radar, navigational and lighting systems for operations were also purchased. Runways 1 and 3 were also thoroughly renovated.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: In 1969, the new terminal officially became operational, with it celebrating, just one year later, its first million passengers served. However, it soon became apparent that the new terminal was too small. As a result of this situation, and to alleviate the problems it was causing, part of the airport's administrative office was moved to the south of the terminal and into makeshift buildings and the old airport premises on Ul. 17 Stycznia. A new separate, temporary arrival hall was then built. Meanwhile, domestic flights continued to operate from the facilities built on the site of the pre-war terminal. Some years later, in 1979, a new arrivals hall, the so-called 'Finnish Hall' opened. Thereafter, there was a further upgrade to the airport's runways, and after the renovation of runways 1 and 3, runway 2 was re-designated as taxiway 'Delta'; this was because of its location on the same axis as a number of major obstacles, most notably the Palace of Culture and Science and Raszyn radio transmitter.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Political events of the early 1980s caused a decline in passenger traffic, but already by 1983, there was renewed growth, especially on international routes. However, it turned out that the existing airport infrastructure was not able to handle as much traffic as the airport was dealing with by this period; thus, in November 1986, the Government decided to expand the airport. In the face of economic reform in the late 1980s, there was also a need to create a new managing body for airports and air traffic in Poland. In October 1987, a new company, the State Enterprise "Polish Airports" (PPL), an independent, self-governing and self-financing entity of the national economy, replaced the state aviation administration as the manager of the airport. The company was managed under the authority of the minister responsible for communications and transport was responsible.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: It was only in 1990, after the fall of communism, that a new terminal started to be built at Okęcie. The main contractor was the German company Hochtief, and the work involved some 164 subcontractors, of which 121 were Polish companies. After 24 months, the new terminal was completed at the expense of some 300 million German marks. A network of multi-storey car parks and access roads was also built, and with their completion, Warsaw gained a modern terminal with a capacity of 3.5 million passengers a year. The terminal began to operate on 1 July 1992, with the first travellers to use it being those returning from Athens, Bangkok, Dubai and New York. Ten days later, the airport celebrated the first passengers departing from the new Warsaw Okęcie. In the departure hall at that time, there were 26 check-in desks; however, in subsequent years of operation, passenger traffic grew rapidly. In 1993, the airport handled nearly 2.2 million passengers, while six years later, this figure climbed to 4 million. Eventually, the decision was taken to increase the number of available check-in desks to 33, and then to 46, consequently increasing the terminal's capacity to 6 million passengers a year.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: In March 2001, Warsaw Airport was renamed in honour of the renowned Polish pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin (though this name is almost never used by residents of Warsaw, and most frequent visitors know the airport simply as Okęcie). A year later, a tender for the construction of a new passenger terminal at Warsaw airport was announced, this was then won by the Polish-Spanish consortium of Ferrovial Agromán, Budimex and Estudio Lamela, who joined in 2004 to implement the largest Polish investment in civil aviation history, Chopin Airport's long-awaited 'Terminal 2'. By 2006, the arrivals level of this new terminal had been inaugurated, with the departures level finally, after a long delay due to certification issues, being opened in late 2007. In this same year, the low-cost Etiuda terminal was also opened; this, however, was closed again just two years later in 2009, with all operations being transferred to terminals 1 and 2. The final and most recent developments in the airport's history came in the period covering 2010–2011, when the airport's new central and south piers were finished (left unfinished until the possibility of connecting them with the north pier appeared) and opened along with a redesigned terminal complex which saw the airport's two terminals merged to form a single 'Terminal A' complex. Despite this, work continues on reconstructing taxiways, ramps and access roads, the most important projects of which will see the airport connected to Poland's expressway network via the S79 Airport Expressway and S2 Southern Warsaw Bypass. An underground railway station connected to Warsaw's suburban rail system was opened in June 2012 in time for the UEFA Euro 2012 football championships.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: As of July 2015, the airport is managed by the State Enterprise "Polish Airports" (PPL), which has existed since 1987 and deals with construction and operation of airports and provision of services to passengers and airlines. PPL is owned and managed by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development, in line with the 1987 Act.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: The airport has two intersecting runways, whose configuration and available taxiways under current rules permit 34 passenger operations (takeoffs or landings) per hour.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: In 2010, the designation of terminals had changed and the entire former Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 complex is now designated as "Terminal A" divided into five check-in areas (A, B, C, D, E) in two main halls. The complex contains 116 check-in desks. Additionally LOT Polish Airlines, Lufthansa, Finnair, Turkish Airlines, KLM and Air France passengers can use one of the 23 self-service check-in stands located in the Terminal. There are 45 passenger gates, 27 of which are equipped with jetways.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: The south hall contains the check-in areas A and B (former "Terminal 1") was built in 1992 with a capacity for 3.5 million passengers per year to replace the ageing complex from the Communist era. Initially, it handled all the traffic. Since 2007, the T2, a newly built terminal adjacent to T1, has been gradually taking over the major part of the traffic. Reconstruction of the south hall started on 13 September 2012. On 23 May 2015, the redesigned, reconstructed south hall was fully integrated into the 'Terminal A' complex. Before its refurbishment, the south hall was very recognisable by Poles for its very characteristically dark red colour of many construction elements, including the roof that covered the departure hall, pillars, frames of doors and windows and other. In Polish, it was called "buraczkowy", which simply means "beetroot-coloured" in English.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: This new terminal (formerly known as "Terminal 2"), featuring the check-in areas C, D and E, became fully operational on 12 March 2008, two years after the originally planned opening date. The arrivals area was in operation from mid-2007 but problems with safety certification and disagreements between the airport and the construction firm delayed full operation. The new terminal is considerably larger than the older Terminal 1 and has taken over departures for all Star Alliance and Oneworld airlines and a few other carriers. August 2014 saw Chopin Airport as one of the first European airports offering free unlimited Internet access to all its passengers and visitors.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Passenger handling, aircraft handling, into-plane fueling and de-icing/anti-icing services are handled by LS Airport Services (LS) or Welcome Airport Services (WAS).


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Warsaw Chopin Airport is located in the south-west part of Warsaw, approximately from the city centre. The airport is easy to access by train, local buses or taxi.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: A rail link was built at a cost of 230 million złoty to connect the airport's Warsaw Chopin Airport railway station (built as part of the former Terminal 2) to the Warsaw city center. The station was opened on 1 June 2012, with service starting on the same day. Trains run every 15 minutes.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Żwirki i Wigury, named after the celebrated aviators who won the Challenge International de Tourisme in 1932, is the main artery leading to the airport.


title: Warsaw Chopin Airport

text: Warsaw city centre can be reached by the bus lines: 175 and 188 during the day and N32 at night. There is also an additional line 148 that provides access to Ursynów (a southern part of Warsaw) and Praga (an eastern part of Warsaw). Bus 331 connects with the Wilanowska metro station.


title: Nashville SC

text: Nashville Soccer Club is a Major League Soccer team based in Nashville, Tennessee. The team began play in the league in 2020 as a continuation of the USL club of the same name and plays its home matches at Geodis Park. It is principally owned by John Ingram, owner of Ingram Industries, along with investors and partial owners the Turner family of Dollar General Stores.


title: Nashville SC

text: Prior to the arrival of Nashville's MLS team, the city had various soccer teams which played in the lower divisions of American soccer. The most notable teams were the Nashville Metros who played from 1989 until 2012 and Nashville FC, who played in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) from 2013 to 2016. The city also hosts two NCAA Division I men's soccer teams, the Belmont Bruins and Lipscomb Bisons. The Vanderbilt Commodores also played Division I men's soccer until the team's demise after the 2005 season. Prior to these teams, the Nashville Diamonds participated in the then-second division American Soccer League for one season in 1982.


title: Nashville SC

text: The NPSL team, Nashville FC, was founded by a supporters group that intended to form a team as a fan-owned group. Chris Jones, Nashville FC's president, cited existing fan-owned clubs as inspiration for NFC's foundation, in particular the English club F.C. United of Manchester. In February 2014, the two groups merged to form a single club for the 2014 NPSL season. The club had two teams participating in the Middle Tennessee Soccer Alliance, Nashville's largest competitive adult league, and had partnered with the Tennessee State Soccer Association (TSSA), an organization with over 20,000 registered players in the Middle Tennessee area alone. The team played its matches at Vanderbilt Stadium. The NPSL club had ambitions of climbing the American Soccer Pyramid, with the reported target an entry into the then third-tier United Soccer League (USL; now known as the USL Championship) by 2017, and then ascension into the Division II North American Soccer League by 2020. However, in 2016, the USL awarded a franchise to a separate ownership group in Nashville. Nashville FC subsequently sold its team name, logo, and color scheme to the new USL franchise, which became known as Nashville SC, in exchange for a 1 percent equity stake in the USL team and a voting seat on its board.


title: Nashville SC

text: In August 2016, a group of Nashville business leaders from several of the city's largest corporations formed the Nashville MLS Organizing Committee and began efforts to secure funding for an MLS stadium. The group, led by Bill Hagerty, sought an MLS team immediately rather than working up the soccer pyramid. The group fully supported the recently awarded USL expansion team, Nashville SC, which began play in 2018. Both groups supported each other in their common vision to grow the sport in Tennessee. In October 2017, the group unveiled their plans for $275 million stadium and redevelopment project, which was approved by the city in November.


title: Nashville SC

text: The formal bid to add an MLS franchise to Nashville began in January 2017. On March 4, 2017, businessman John Ingram, under the entity Nashville Holdings LLC, bought a majority stake in DMD Soccer, the ownership group of Nashville SC. Ingram also headed up the bid to bring an MLS franchise to Nashville, and the partnership between Ingram and Nashville SC was an effort to present a united front to MLS after Nashville was named one of ten finalist cities for four MLS franchises. In August 2017, Mark Wilf, Zygi Wilf and Leonard Wilf joined as investors; the Wilfs, owners of the National Football League's Minnesota Vikings, had previously backed an aborted MLS expansion bid in Minneapolis.


title: Nashville SC

text: MLS officially awarded an expansion team to Nashville on December 20, 2017, and announced that they would join the league in 2020. On May 21, 2018, Ian Ayre was announced as the CEO of the franchise. On October 30, 2018, Mike Jacobs was announced as the general manager of the franchise.


title: Nashville SC

text: On February 20, 2019, the franchise operators announced that the MLS side would assume the Nashville Soccer Club name then in use by the city's USL Championship side.


title: Nashville SC

text: Nashville SC's inaugural MLS match was February 29, 2020, with the club hosting Atlanta United FC at Nissan Stadium. The game was played in front of 59,069, becoming the highest attended soccer event in Tennessee. Walker Zimmerman scored the team's first goal in the 2–1 loss. The inaugural season came to a halt on March 12, 2020, after only two games when the MLS suspended the season for thirty days due to the COVID-19 pandemic, then extended to until May 10, 2020. On June 10, MLS announced MLS is Back Tournament, but were unable to participate in the tournament due to multiple COVID cases on the team. Their next game was an August 12 win against FC Dallas, the first in franchise history. Nashville SC finished the 2020 regular season 8–8–7 with 32 points. They entered the MLS Cup playoffs in the play-in round beating Inter Miami 3–0 before knocking off Toronto FC 1–0 in the first round, Nashville in the conference semi-finals 2–0.