title: Prim's algorithm

text: In computer science, Prim's algorithm (also known as Jarník's algorithm) is a greedy algorithm that finds a minimum spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the edges that forms a tree that includes every vertex, where the total weight of all the edges in the tree is minimized. The algorithm operates by building this tree one vertex at a time, from an arbitrary starting vertex, at each step adding the cheapest possible connection from the tree to another vertex.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: The algorithm was developed in 1930 by Czech mathematician Vojtěch Jarník and later rediscovered and republished by computer scientists Robert C. Prim in 1957 and Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1959. Therefore, it is also sometimes called the Jarník's algorithm, Prim–Jarník algorithm, Prim–Dijkstra algorithm


title: Prim's algorithm

text: Other well-known algorithms for this problem include Kruskal's algorithm and Borůvka's algorithm. These algorithms find the minimum spanning forest in a possibly disconnected graph; in contrast, the most basic form of Prim's algorithm only finds minimum spanning trees in connected graphs. However, running Prim's algorithm separately for each connected component of the graph, it can also be used to find the minimum spanning forest. In terms of their asymptotic time complexity, these three algorithms are equally fast for sparse graphs, but slower than other more sophisticated algorithms.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: However, for graphs that are sufficiently dense, Prim's algorithm can be made to run in linear time, meeting or improving the time bounds for other algorithms.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: As described above, the starting vertex for the algorithm will be chosen arbitrarily, because the first iteration of the main loop of the algorithm will have a set of vertices in "Q" that all have equal weights, and the algorithm will automatically start a new tree in "F" when it completes a spanning tree of each connected component of the input graph. The algorithm may be modified to start with any particular vertex "s" by setting "C"["s"] to be a number smaller than the other values of "C" (for instance, zero), and it may be modified to only find a single spanning tree rather than an entire spanning forest (matching more closely the informal description) by stopping whenever it encounters another vertex flagged as having no associated edge.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: Different variations of the algorithm differ from each other in how the set "Q" is implemented: as a simple linked list or array of vertices, or as a more complicated priority queue data structure. This choice leads to differences in the time complexity of the algorithm. In general, a priority queue will be quicker at finding the vertex "v" with minimum cost, but will entail more expensive updates when the value of "C"["w"] changes.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: The time complexity of Prim's algorithm depends on the data structures used for the graph and for ordering the edges by weight, which can be done using a priority queue. The following table shows the typical choices:


title: Prim's algorithm

text: A simple implementation of Prim's, using an adjacency matrix or an adjacency list graph representation and linearly searching an array of weights to find the minimum weight edge to add, requires O(<nowiki>|</nowiki>V<nowiki>|</nowiki>) running time. However, this running time can be greatly improved further by using heaps to implement finding minimum weight edges in the algorithm's inner loop.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: A first improved version uses a heap to store all edges of the input graph, ordered by their weight. This leads to an O(|E| log |E|) worst-case running time. But storing vertices instead of edges can improve it still further. The heap should order the vertices by the smallest edge-weight that connects them to any vertex in the partially constructed minimum spanning tree (MST) (or infinity if no such edge exists). Every time a vertex "v" is chosen and added to the MST, a decrease-key operation is performed on all vertices "w" outside the partial MST such that "v" is connected to "w", setting the key to the minimum of its previous value and the edge cost of ("v","w").


title: Prim's algorithm

text: Using a simple binary heap data structure, Prim's algorithm can now be shown to run in time O(<nowiki>|</nowiki>E<nowiki>|</nowiki> log <nowiki>|</nowiki>V<nowiki>|</nowiki>) where <nowiki>|</nowiki>E<nowiki>|</nowiki> is the number of edges and <nowiki>|</nowiki>V<nowiki>|</nowiki> is the number of vertices. Using a more sophisticated Fibonacci heap, this can be brought down to O(<nowiki>|</nowiki>E<nowiki>|</nowiki> + <nowiki>|</nowiki>V<nowiki>|</nowiki> log <nowiki>|</nowiki>V<nowiki>|</nowiki>), which is asymptotically faster when the graph is dense enough that <nowiki>|</nowiki>E<nowiki>|</nowiki> is ω(<nowiki>|</nowiki>V<nowiki>|</nowiki>), and linear time when |E| is at least |V| log |V|. For graphs of even greater density (having at least |V| edges for some "c" > 1), Prim's algorithm can be made to run in linear time even more simply, by using a "d"-ary heap in place of a Fibonacci heap.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: Let "P" be a connected, weighted graph. At every iteration of Prim's algorithm, an edge must be found that connects a vertex in a subgraph to a vertex outside the subgraph. Since "P" is connected, there will always be a path to every vertex. The output "Y" of Prim's algorithm is a tree, because the edge and vertex added to tree "Y" are connected. Let "Y" be a minimum spanning tree of graph P. If "Y"="Y" then "Y" is a minimum spanning tree. Otherwise, let "e" be the first edge added during the construction of tree "Y" that is not in tree "Y", and "V" be the set of vertices connected by the edges added before edge "e". Then one endpoint of edge "e" is in set "V" and the other is not. Since tree "Y" is a spanning tree of graph "P", there is a path in tree "Y" joining the two endpoints. As one travels along the path, one must encounter an edge "f" joining a vertex in set "V" to one that is not in set "V". Now, at the iteration when edge "e" was added to tree "Y", edge "f" could also have been added and it would be added instead of edge "e" if its weight was less than "e", and since edge "f" was not added, we conclude that


title: Prim's algorithm

text: Let tree "Y" be the graph obtained by removing edge "f" from and adding edge "e" to tree "Y". It is easy to show that tree "Y" is connected, has the same number of edges as tree "Y", and the total weights of its edges is not larger than that of tree "Y", therefore it is also a minimum spanning tree of graph "P" and it contains edge "e" and all the edges added before it during the construction of set "V". Repeat the steps above and we will eventually obtain a minimum spanning tree of graph "P" that is identical to tree "Y". This shows "Y" is a minimum spanning tree. The minimum spanning tree allows for the first subset of the sub-region to be expanded into a smaller subset "X", which we assume to be the minimum.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: The main loop of Prim's algorithm is inherently sequential and thus not parallelizable. However, the inner loop, which determines the next edge of minimum weight that does not form a cycle, can be parallelized by dividing the vertices and edges between the available processors. The following pseudocode demonstrates this.


title: Prim's algorithm

text: This algorithm can generally be implemented on distributed machines as well as on shared memory machines. The running time is formula_2, assuming that the "reduce" and "broadcast" operations can be performed in formula_3. A variant of Prim's algorithm for shared memory machines, in which Prim's sequential algorithm is being run in parallel, starting from different vertices, has also been explored. It should, however, be noted that more sophisticated algorithms exist to solve the distributed minimum spanning tree problem in a more efficient manner.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: Masamune Makabe was a chubby boy who had a close relationship with Aki Adagaki, a beautiful wealthy girl, until one day she cruelly rejected him and gave him the nickname "Pig's Foot". Seeking revenge against his tormentor, Masamune changed his name, began dieting and working out every day to become a fit and handsome, albeit vain, high school student. When he encounters Aki once again, she does not recognize him and he commits to seduce her into falling in love with him before embarrassingly rejecting her to exact vengeance. Masamune ends up allying with Aki's classmate and servant Yoshino Koiwai, who seems to know Masamune's nickname as well.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: Writer Hazuki Takeoka and Korean female artist Tiv began serializing the manga in the December 2012 issue of Ichijinsha's "shōnen" manga magazine "Monthly Comic Rex" on October 27, 2012. Ten tankōbon volumes were released between April 2013 and July 2018. A spin-off titled is drawn by Yūki Shinichi and is serialized on Gekkan ComicREX starting from November 2016 issue. North American publisher Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they had licensed the series on September 4, 2015. The series concluded in 2018, with the final chapter being released on June 27. Takeoka and Tiv launched a spinoff manga in "Monthly Comic Rex" on September 27, 2018. The short manga, titled , is a series of after-stories focusing on various characters. "After School" spin-off released in "tankōbon" as 11th and finale volume of the main series.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: A light novel adaptation by Hazuki Takeoka, with art by Tiv, has been published by Ichijinsha in a single volume released on December 20, 2013.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: On June 23, 2016, publisher Ichijinsha announced that the series would receive an anime television series adaptation. The anime is produced by Silver Link and directed by Mirai Minato, with Michiko Yokote supervising the scripts, and Yokote and Kento Shimoyama writing the scripts, featuring character designs by Yūki Sawairi. Toshiki Kameyama is the series' sound director while Lantis produced the music. The opening theme is performed by Ayaka Ohashi, and the ending theme is "Elemental World" performed by ChouCho. The AT-X broadcast uses the song as its ending theme; it was sung by Ohashi and Suzuko Mimori under their respective character names Aki Adagaki and Neko Fujinomiya. The series aired from January 5 to March 23, 2017. It was broadcast on Tokyo MX, AT-X, and BS Fuji. The anime ran for 12 episodes and was released across six BD/DVD volumes. Crunchyroll streamed and licensed the series, while Funimation produced an English dub. An OVA of the series has been released and tells an "after story" for the manga.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: On April 2, 2022, a second season titled "Masamune-kun's Revenge R" was announced. The main staff and cast members are reprising their roles. It is set to premiere in Q2 2023. The opening theme is "Please, please!" performed by Ayaka Ōhashi.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: Reviewing the first volume, Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network stated that the combination of revenge comedy and romance was "working thus far". She felt that Aki's servant was the most interesting character, but also enjoyed Masamune, especially how he had to "think about the correct response for each situation he finds himself in". She called Aki "utterly detestable", and noted that it would be difficult for the series to turn around and make her a romantic interest. She wrote that the art was attractive, but noted that the drawings of women were often anatomically incorrect.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: The anime adaptation's first episode received poor reviews from Anime News Network's staff during the Winter 2017 season previews. Theron Martin enjoyed the series the most, stating that with the clichés he should have hated the first episode, but instead he found it quite entertaining. Other staffers weren't so positive. Nick Creamer called it a "fairly generic romcom premiere starring a very repugnant cast", while Bamboo Dong claimed it was "a plain piece of toast smeared with unresolved childhood memories of rejection" and complained about how males are portrayed as hapless victims of the heartless women. Jacob Chapman called the comedy "dehumanizing" and the episode was not engaging. Paul Jensen was more positive in that he found the story and characters were unusual enough to be interesting, but he had mixed feelings as he was not sure what the series wanted to be. Silverman states that the episode walks a fine line between comedy and cruelty and her strong dislike of Aki is definitely coloring this episode for her.


title: Masamune-kun's Revenge

text: Fellow ANN editor Lauren Orsini chose "Masamune-kun's Revenge" as her pick for the Worst Anime of 2017, criticizing its "excessive cruelty" being delivered by the two main leads and the rest of the cast, concluding that, "This anime should only be viewed as an example of how not to win friends and influence people. The best revenge is a life well lived, as in, not Masamune's approach".


title: Esther Hicks

text: Esther Hicks (née Weaver, born March 5, 1948) is an American inspirational speaker, channeler, and author. She has co-written nine books with her late husband Jerry Hicks, presented numerous workshops on the law of attraction with Abraham-Hicks Publications and appeared in the original version of the 2006 film "The Secret". The Hicks' books, including the series "The Law of Attraction", are – according to Esther Hicks – "translated from a group of non-physical entities called Abraham". Hicks describes what she is doing as tapping into "infinite intelligence".


title: Esther Hicks

text: Esther Weaver was born in Coalville, Utah on March 5, 1948. At age 20 she met her first husband, and from that marriage were born two daughters, one of whom (Tracy) works with her. In 1976 she met Jerry Hicks, then a successful Amway distributor, and they married four years later. In his early life Jerry Hicks had been a circus acrobat for two years in Cuba, and then, beginning in 1948, had toured for 20 years as a musician, master of ceremonies, and comedian. Jerry Hicks died November 18, 2011, from cancer. He was 85 years old.


title: Esther Hicks

text: According to Esther and Jerry Hicks, "Abraham" consists of a group of entities that are "interpreted" by Esther Hicks. Abraham has described themselves as "a group consciousness from the non-physical dimension". They have also said, "We are that which you are. You are the leading edge of that which we are. We are that which is at the heart of all religions." Abraham has said through Esther that, whenever one feels moments of great love, exhilaration, or pure joy, that is the energy of source and that is who Abraham is.


title: Esther Hicks

text: A large part of Hicks' work centers around the law of attraction, a concept which William Walker Atkinson (1862–1932) wrote about in his book "Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction in the Thought World" (1906).


title: Esther Hicks

text: Esther Hicks narrated and appeared in the original version of the film "The Secret", as well as being a central source of the film's inspiration. The footage featuring Hicks was removed from the later "Extended Edition" after the film's creator Rhonda Byrne, who has been involved in contractual disputes and litigation regarding the film, rescinded the original contract covering Hicks' participation, and asked that Hicks relinquish her "intellectual property rights in these areas forever". In an open letter posted on the internet, Hicks stated that she had been "uncomfortable with what felt to us like a rather aggressive marketing campaign," and that ultimately Abraham gave her the following advice: "Whenever you are given an ultimatum that says, 'if you don't do this, then we will have to do such and such,' it is best that you just let it go and move on. Otherwise there is always another, and this, and this, and this." The letter doesn't condemn Byrne, but clarifies why Hicks no longer appears in "The Secret".


title: Esther Hicks

text: Hicks has since posted a video on YouTube further explaining her discomfort with "The Secret" and finally, her decision to discontinue her involvement with the film.


title: Esther Hicks

text: Hay House, Inc. published the Hicks' book, "Ask and it is Given", in September 2004. Since that book they have also published "The Amazing Power of Deliberate Intent" (January 2006), "The Law of Attraction" (October 2006), "The Astonishing Power of Emotions" (September 2008), "Money and the Law of Attraction: Learning to Attract Health, Wealth & Happiness," and "The Vortex: Where the Law of Attraction Assembles All Cooperative Relationships" (2009). A series of fictional children's books, "Sara I", "II", and "III", is also available. Several of their books have been translated into Spanish, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Czech, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovak, Serbian, Romanian, Russian and Japanese.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: Andrew Wells VanWyngarden (born February 1, 1983) is an American musician. He is the lead vocalist, guitar player and songwriter for the band MGMT, praised for (according to "Interview Magazine") "an uncanny knack for producing pop music that sounds as if it were filtered through a kaleidoscope." One of his (and MGMT cofounder Benjamin Goldwasser's) songs, "Kids" (from the "Oracular Spectacular" album), received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, while the duo was nominated in the Best New Artist category.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: Andrew VanWyngarden was born in Columbia, Missouri, and grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, where he attended Lausanne Collegiate School and White Station High School. His father, Bruce VanWyngarden, is the editor-at-large of the alternative newspaper Memphis Flyer. Andrew fondly remembers his childhood years in Memphis, especially fishing and camping with his father. "I've always really liked nature and the ocean. My friends and I would go out with nets and make little aquariums with the creatures we'd find," he said. He was active in YMCA outdoors programs, and the family frequently went canoeing, camping, and fishing.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: One of his first experiences with music was listening to his father play The Who song "Pinball Wizard" on his electric guitar with a Fender Twin Reverb amp. In seventh grade, he received a Les Paul guitar and immediately started playing. That same year, he won a contest at Lausanne, playing "Under the Bridge" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was influenced by the music he listened to with his sister, Nirvana and Ween in particular, and often went through his parents' record collection in the attic where he found Neil Young, Bob Dylan, The Rolling Stones, etc. "From then on, all he ever wanted for Christmas was musical instruments; future seasons saw a drum set, a banjo, and a mandolin."


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: While in high school, he formed a band with Dan Treharne called Glitter Penis, where it was the two of them playing around on the computer "just making songs," VanWyngarden says. They created and recorded parody songs but did not perform live. Later on, VanWyngarden was in a band called Accidental Mersh with future MGMT guitarist Hank Sullivant who would later introduce him to James Richardson, MGMT's future live guitarist. The band achieved local success and fame in and around the Memphis area, and released two albums: The self-titled "Accidental Mersh" and "Mirror Israeli". The first album reached the #2 spot on Napster's "Unsigned Bands" chart. The band went on hiatus when most of its members went to college. Andrew invited Ben Goldwasser to play the keyboard for Mersh during the summer of 2002. The band had a weekly gig at Newby's, but the shows were sparsely attended and the band dissolved. In college, he wrote and performed a song called "Super Volcano" for a class.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: VanWyngarden attended and graduated in music from Wesleyan University, where he met fellow band member Ben Goldwasser in his freshman year. He said he planned to study the natural sciences of astronomy, but meeting Goldwasser changed his whole life course. He also mentioned studying entomology while in college. It was Andrew who initiated the formation of the group: "[Ben] wasn't really into it. I remember him saying he wanted to do some sort of social work, something noble for a good cause. I was like: 'C'mon, man! Where's your selfish ambition?'" Andrew (according to Q) remembered his University years as something "almost sickeningly idyllic: lots of doing mushrooms in the woods, not a hard graft in the library."


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: He has said in interviews that "Kids" was one of the first songs they produced together, the song is included in the band's early EP "We (Don't) Care" (released under the name The Management).


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: Andrew came up with the title of MGMT's 2010 album "Congratulations" while making "Oracular Spectacular." He writes a lot of the lyrics for MGMT, he has described the process, "I'd sit down for a few hours and try to do them. Usually, the ideas for the lyrics have been in my head for a while, and that's how I go over them again and again." His favorite song from the album is "Siberian Breaks." In a 2010 interview, speaking of fame and its effects on him, Andrew conceded that to some extent he's turned into a kind of character he was poking fun at in the debut album. "I didn't realize it until now, but it's kind of funny, because the first song on our first album was 'Time to Pretend', which was about the imagined rock star scenario. So, [the song] 'It's Working' is like, "Yeah, we went out there and we did a lot of drugs, and it's not that great".


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: Upon the release of "Congratulations", he has cited his literary influences as being "Leaves of Grass" by Walt Whitman, The Ice Storm, The Anthology of French Poetry and authors such as Robert Anton Wilson and John Ashbery. His favorite pastime is surfing and says that in the future he would like to produce.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: Andrew VanWyngarden is in a project with Kevin Barnes from Of Montreal called Blikk Fang. In October 2014, it was announced that two songs would be released by Blikk Fang in Polyvinyl Records' "4 Track Singles Series" for 2015. He appeared in "The Heart is a Drum Machine", a documentary film about the nature of contemporary music.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: In 2014, he released a solo track entitled "I Just Knew" for the surfing film "Spirit of Akasha". He also released a cover of "I'm Alive", a song originally by Peter Howe.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: VanWyngarden said that he is of Dutch descent. He has previously dated several models including Nasrin Leahy, Camille Rowe and Andreea Diaconu. He currently lives in Rockaway Beach, Queens, New York.


title: Andrew VanWyngarden

text: On November 30, 2020, Vanwyngarden released the Fanta Se EP under the DJ name Gentle Dom. In January 2021, Gentle Dom released a remix of "All About You" by The Knocks featuring Foster the People.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: William Windom (September 28, 1923 – August 16, 2012) was an American actor. Known as a character actor of the stage and screen, he is perhaps best known for his recurring role as Dr. Seth Hazlitt alongside Angela Lansbury in the CBS mystery series "Murder, She Wrote" (1984–1996).


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom made his television debut in 1949 in the NBC anthology series "The Philco Television Playhouse". He continued acting in shows such as "Studio One", "Masterpiece Playhouse", "Omnibus", and "Kraft Television Theatre". During this time he also appeared on "The Twilight Zone", "Gunsmoke", "", and "Star Trek". He then gained acclaim in his television career for his portrayal of cartoonist John Monroe in the short-lived NBC sitcom "My World and Welcome to It" (1969–1970) winning him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: He then guest starred in various programs including "Columbo", "Night Gallery", "Marcus Welby M.D.", and "Quincy M.E." before gaining acclaim for his a recurring role on CBS's mystery series "Murder, She Wrote" (1986-1996) portraying Dr. Seth Hazlitt of Cabot Cove opposite Angela Lansbury. During this time he would also appear on the shows "St. Elsewhere", "Magnum, P.I.", "Newhart", "L.A. Law", and "Murphy Brown" as well as voicing Uncle Chuck in "Sonic the Hedgehog". His final television appearances include roles in Fox's "Ally McBeal", and CBS's "The District".


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom's also known for his film roles in the Academy Award-winning "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962), "The Americanization of Emily" (1964), "The Detective" (1968), "Brewster McCloud" (1970), and "Escape from the Planet of the Apes" (1971) as well as several John Hughes films, "Planes, Trains and Automobiles" (1987), "She's Having a Baby" (1988), and "Uncle Buck" (1989), as well as "Miracle on 34th Street" (1994), and "True Crime" (1999).


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom was born in New York City, (in the Borough of Manhattan), the son of Isobel Wells (née Peckham) and Paul Windom, an architect. He was the great-grandson of the United States Secretary of the Treasury of the same name, whom the actor physically resembled. He attended Williams College before enlisting in the U.S. Army. He participated in the Army Specialized Training Program where he studied at The Citadel, Antioch College and the University of Kentucky.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom then became a paratrooper with Company B, 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division. While stationed in Frankfurt during the Allied occupation of Germany he enrolled in Biarritz American University in France and became involved in drama.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: During his early screen career in the 1950s, Windom appeared in TV series including "Omnibus" and "Robert Montgomery Presents", and continued his guest-starring roles in series during the 1960s such as the "Five Characters in Search of an Exit" 1961 episode of "The Twilight Zone", that he claimed was his West Coast television debut. He played The Major, one of the five characters who are in an unidentified place, which is revealed at the end of the episode. He reported some years later that Richard Widmark was originally offered the role, but when Widmark learned that the pay was only to be $1,000 for the week, he turned it down. Actress Susan Harrison, who played The Ballerina, got first billing, while Windom got second. Windom said that Murray Matheson, who played The Clown, should have received billing ahead of both of them.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: His first leading role in television came in the sitcom "The Farmer's Daughter" (1963–1966), a series (based on the 1947 film) about a young Minnesota woman (played by Inger Stevens) who becomes the housekeeper for a widowed congressman (Windom), which ran for three seasons.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom's first role in film was alongside Gregory Peck in the Oscar-winning "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962) as Horace Gilmer, the prosecutor of Tom Robinson (Brock Peters), to Peck's defense lawyer Atticus Finch.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: He continued in American television appearances, including "The Donna Reed Show", "Gunsmoke" and "" (playing Commodore Matt Decker, commander of the doomed USS "Constellation" in the popular 1967 episode "", a role he would reprise nearly 40 years later for ""). He played a recurring role (3 episodes) in "The Invaders" in 1967.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: In 1968, Windom starred alongside Peter Falk and Gene Barry in the TV movie "Prescription: Murder", the pilot for the TV series "Columbo". He would guest star in another edition of the series (titled "Short Fuse") in 1972. In 1971 he played a supporting role alongside Jimmy Stewart, George Kennedy and Kurt Russell in the Columbia production "Fools' Parade".


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom starred with Frank Sinatra in the film "The Detective" (1968), playing a homophobic killer, a role that received great reviews from "The New York Times." The following year, he had the lead role as cartoonist John Monroe in the sitcom "My World and Welcome to It". Although the series only aired for one season, he won the 1970 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: After the cancellation of the series, Windom toured the country for a time in a one-man Thurber show. After the run was completed, he filmed the pilot for a new series "Is There a Doctor in the House?" with Rosemary Forsyth. The pilot was written with both actors in mind for the two starring roles, and while it was well received by the critics and in viewership ratings in both its first run and a re-run in the summer of 1971, it was not picked up for a series.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: After a host of roles in film, TV movies and guest appearances in TV series during the 1970s and 1980s, Windom joined the series "Murder, She Wrote" in 1985 as Dr. Seth Hazlitt. His initial appearance was in October 1985. (He had previously appeared as a guest star playing another character in April 1985.) The producers enjoyed his work, and consequently invited him to return at the beginning of the second season to take on the role permanently. Windom briefly left the show in 1990 to work on the first television version of "Parenthood" (based on the 1989 film of the same name), playing the role of patriarch Frank Buckman (played by Jason Robards in the film and, later, Craig T. Nelson in the second TV version). The show was ultimately canceled after 12 episodes and Windom returned to "Murder, She Wrote" as a semi-regular for the remainder of the run of that series. In all, Windom appeared in 53 episodes of "Murder, She Wrote", second only to the show's main star, Angela Lansbury.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom continued to appear in film and TV guest roles during the 1990s and 2000s, with appearances in the films "Sommersby" (1993), "Miracle on 34th Street" (1994), and Clint Eastwood's "True Crime" (1999), and episodes of series, including "Ally McBeal" (2000) and "The District" (2001), before making his final acting appearance in the 2005 drama "Yesterday's Dreams".


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Bill married his first wife, Carol Keyser, in New York in August 1947. They worked together and he also worked for her father selling insurance for three years. They divorced in December 1955. In 1958 He married actress Barbara Joyce in Edgartown, Massachusetts. She was six years older than Bill. However, he soon moved to California and remained there for work. Bill said the marriage lasted just three years, but the divorce was not finalized until 1963. A few weeks later, he married his third wife, Barbara Clare. She was the granddaughter of MGM founder Louis B. Mayer and 11 years Bill's junior. Bill became stepfather to Barbara's two daughters from a previous marriage. His first child, Rachel, was born in 1964. Bill and Barbara divorced in 1968. In October 1969 he married his fourth wife Jacqulyn D. Hopkins, 19 years his junior. They had two daughters, Heather Juliet in 1970 and Hope Teresa in 1973.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: In 1974, Bill met Patricia (Fehrle) Tunder while shooting a TV movie; she was working for the production company. Almost a year later, in July 1975, he filed for divorce from Jacqulyn.


title: William Windom (actor)

text: Windom died on August 16, 2012, at the age of 88 at his home in Woodacre, California from congestive heart failure.


title: Unsane

text: Unsane is a 2018 American psychological horror film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Jonathan Bernstein and James Greer. The film stars Claire Foy, Joshua Leonard, Jay Pharoah, Matt Damon, Juno Temple, Aimee Mullins, and Amy Irving, and follows a woman confined to a mental institution after she is pursued by a stalker. The film was shot entirely on the iPhone 7 Plus.


title: Unsane

text: "Unsane" had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 21, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on March 23, 2018, by Soderbergh's production company Fingerprint Releasing and Bleecker Street. The film was a commercial success, grossing over $14 million on a budget of $1.5 million and received generally positive reviews from critics, who mainly praised the performances, direction, cinematography and production values.


title: Unsane

text: Sawyer Valentini is a woman who moves away from her home in Boston to escape a stalker. However, she is still traumatized, having a brief reaction while on a date. She talks with a counselor at Highland Creek Behavioral Center, unknowingly signing a consent form for voluntary 24-hour admission to a locked psychiatric hospital. She calls the police but they do nothing when they see the signed form. During the night, stress causes Sawyer to lash out through physical altercations with a patient and a staff member. As a result, the staff psychiatrist retains her for seven more days.


title: Unsane

text: Another patient, Nate Hoffman, reveals to Sawyer that Highland Creek is running a scheme to milk health insurance claims for profit. They trick people into voluntarily committing themselves as long as the patients' insurance companies continue to pay; when insurance claims run out, the patient is "cured" and released. One day, Sawyer sees David Strine, her stalker, working as an orderly under the pseudonym George Shaw.


title: Unsane

text: Nate has a secret cellphone, and Sawyer uses it to call her mother, Angela, who attempts to get her out; Sawyer reveals to her mother about having been stalked, and explains that David is at the hospital. David intentionally gives Sawyer a large dose of methylphenidate, causing her to appear insane. That evening, he convinces Angela, who had never seen him before, that he is a hotel employee, and kills her.


title: Unsane

text: David feels threatened with Sawyer and Nate together, knocking Nate unconscious and secretly torturing him with a defibrillator before killing him with an overdose of fentanyl. Sawyer finds Nate's phone under her pillow, with images of Nate badly beaten. She alerts the staff, who dismiss and put her in solitary confinement. David visits Sawyer and says he has a secluded mountain cabin he wants to take Sawyer to. Sawyer mocks him for his inexperience with women. David later returns and reveals he faked that Sawyer's insurance ran out, changing her status to released. At a forest, the body of the real George Shaw is found.


title: Unsane

text: Looking for a way out, Sawyer feigns concern that David is a virgin, and that she does not want to be his first. She convinces David to have sex with another woman to prove that he will only want Sawyer after losing his virginity. Sawyer suggests Violet, another patient who previously threatened Sawyer with a shank, and he brings her to the solitary confinement cell. Sawyer uses Violet's shank to stab David in the neck and flees as he kills Violet. He recaptures Sawyer outside, and she wakes up in the trunk of his car next to her mother's corpse.


title: Unsane

text: Sawyer jumps from the trunk of the moving car and flees into the woods with David in pursuit. David catches Sawyer and breaks her ankle with a hammer. She stabs him in the eye with Angela's cross and slashes his throat with the shank. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Nate was an undercover investigative journalist sent to investigate Highland Creek. Police execute a warrant on the center and arrest the hospital administrator. Six months later, while at lunch, Sawyer thinks she sees David sitting in the restaurant. She approaches him with a knife, but upon realizing it is not him drops the knife and runs away in a panic.


title: Unsane

text: In July 2017, it was announced Steven Soderbergh had shot a film in secret, in June 2017, starring Claire Foy and Juno Temple. The film was shot on an iPhone 7 Plus in 4K using the app FiLMiC Pro, and was released through Soderbergh's Fingerprint Releasing banner. In August 2017, Jay Pharoah confirmed that he was a co-star in the film.


title: Unsane

text: The film had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 21, 2018. and was released in the United States on March 23, 2018.


title: Unsane

text: "Unsane" has grossed $7.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $14.2 million.


title: Unsane

text: In the United States and Canada, "Unsane" was released alongside "", "Midnight Sun", "Sherlock Gnomes" and "Paul, Apostle of Christ", and was projected to gross $3 million from 2,023 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up debuting to $3.7 million, finishing 11th at the box office. In its second weekend the film made $1.4 million, a 61.6% drop.


title: Unsane

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Unsane" unleashes Steven Soderbergh's inner B-movie maestro, wading into timeless psychological thriller territory and giving it a high-tech filmmaking spin." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Unsane

text: Richard Brody from "The New Yorker" wrote "Above all, [Soderbergh] revels, with palpable joy, in his repertory of distorted, disturbing, lurid yet lucid images, making a furious movie that signifies nothing but the irrepressible vitality of the cinema itself. Soderbergh's experiment is a success." Justin Chang of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Soderbergh is one of the most dexterous directors working in the American mainstream, and he has a sly talent for lacing even a seemingly disposable genre offering with smart, incisive ideas."


title: Merck Group

text: The Merck Group, branded and commonly known as Merck, is a German multinational science and technology company headquartered in Darmstadt, with about 60,000 employees and present in 66 countries. The group includes around 250 companies; the main company is Merck KGaA in Germany. The company is divided into three business lines: Healthcare, Life Sciences and Electronics. Merck was founded in 1668 and is the world's oldest operating chemical and pharmaceutical company, as well as one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.


title: Merck Group

text: Merck operates in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. It has major research and development centres in Darmstadt, Boston, Tokyo and Beijing, as well as other Research and Development units in Taiwan, France, Israel, South Korea, India and in the UK. Merck pioneered the commercial manufacture of morphine in the 19th century and for a time held a virtual monopoly on cocaine.


title: Merck Group

text: Merck was privately owned until going public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 1995 and is listed on the DAX index of Germany's top companies. The Merck family still controls a majority of 70.3% of the company's shares. The Merck Group includes around 250 companies in 180 countries; the current main parent company of the group, since 1995, is named "Merck KGaA", and is itself mainly owned by the former main parent company, "E. Merck oHG", which now operates as a holding company.


title: Merck Group

text: The American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. was established as a subsidiary of Merck in 1891, but was nationalized by the United States in 1917, before being privatized again when George W. Merck repurchased the stock in 1919. It is known as MSD ("Merck Sharp and Dohme") outside of North America. The original Merck of Darmstadt holds the rights to the name Merck in all countries except the U.S. and Canada, where it is known as EMD ("Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt"), and the life science business specifically is known as MilliporeSigma. In 2015 Merck adopted a uniform brand identity for all its subsidiaries, and the company has stressed its intention to protect the brand of "the real Merck" globally and initiated litigation against its former subsidiary over use of the name.


title: Merck Group

text: In 2018, the company celebrated their 350th anniversary. Merck has formed a strategic alliance with the Technische Universität Darmstadt, which is located in the same town as Merck.


title: Merck Group

text: The roots of Merck reach back as far as the 17th century in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (now a part of Germany). In 1668, Friedrich Jacob Merck, an apothecary, assumed ownership of the "Engel-Apotheke" ("Angel Pharmacy") in Darmstadt.


title: Merck Group

text: In 1816, Emanuel Merck, a descendant of the original founder, took over the pharmacy. Thanks to his scientific education he was successful in isolating and characterizing several different alkaloids in the pharmacy's laboratory, and by doing so also invented a number of drugs. He began the manufacture of these substances "in bulk" in 1827, touting them as a "Cabinet of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Innovations". He and his successors gradually built up a chemical-pharmaceutical factory that produced — in addition to raw materials for pharmaceutical preparations — a multitude of other chemicals and (from 1890) medicines.


title: Merck Group

text: In 1891, Georg(e) Merck established himself in the United States and set up "Merck & Co." with Theodore Weicker in New York. Merck & Co. was confiscated following the First World War and set up as an independent company in the United States. Today, the US company, which operates as Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) outside the U.S. and Canada, has about 68,000 employees (December 2021) in 120 countries. It is one of the top 5 pharmaceutical companies worldwide, larger than its German ancestor, which employs 60,334 people in 67 countries (December 2021). While Merck in Darmstadt is the legal successor of the original Merck and retains the rights to the name "Merck" in all countries except the U.S. and Canada, it is sometimes known as the "German Merck" or "Merck Darmstadt" in North America. The company was formerly also referred to as "E. Merck" (Emanuel Merck).


title: Merck Group

text: In the years of the Nazi rule, the company was led by Karl Emanuel Merck who became a member of the Nazi party in 1933 and subsequently received the title of Wehrwirtschaftsführer. In addition, Merck was president of the Hessian Chamber of Commerce and Industry as well as performing an advisory function in the Expert Advisory Council for National Health ("Sachverständigenrat für Volksgesundheit") of the NSDAP. During World War II, Merck was manufacturing war essential products such as narcotics, vitamins, biocides and other chemicals. According to the company's account, 265 forced laborers were working in the plant in Darmstadt, most of them women from Russia and Poland. Additionally, several hundred Fremdarbeiter ("foreign workers") from France and Belgium were employed throughout the war years. An air raid on 12 December 1944 destroyed nearly 70 percent of the plant and killed 55 employees.


title: Merck Group

text: In the early 1980s Merck Group built a visitor center at its Darmstadt headquarters that featured a pyramid.


title: Merck Group

text: Merck was legally named "E. Merck oHG" until 1995. In 1995 it was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and became a KGaA, legally named "Merck KGaA".


title: Merck Group

text: Merck KGaA established its philanthropic foundation in 2008 called Merck Foundation and Rasha Kelej currently serves as its CEO.


title: Merck Group

text: On March 13, 2006, Merck announced a takeover bid for Schering AG, the world's largest producer of oral contraceptives. On March 23, 2006, Bayer AG made a supported offer for Schering and Merck decided to drop out of the bidding for the company. Schering is not to be confused with Schering-Plough which was once part of Schering AG but was acquired by Merck & Co. in 2009. In September 2006 the company announced a takeover bid of $13.2 billion for Serono SA, Switzerland's largest biotech firm. The deal included a buy-out of the Bertarelli family's 64.5% stake in Serono to be followed by a public tender offer for the remaining shares starting in November 2006. The combined company has an R&D budget of approximately $1.1 billion and sales of approximately $4.6 billion. Its approximately $2 billion in sales of biologics would make it 7th among pharmaceutical/biotech companies. The new entity, Merck Serono, began operations in 2007.


title: Merck Group

text: In 2010, Merck took over Billerica (MA) based Millipore Corporation for EUR 5.3 billion (US$7.2 billion). It is now Merck's life science business unit. With the acquisition of Millipore, Merck is consolidating its US holdings and shutting down the Gibbstown facility and warehouse. Gibbstown operations will be transferred to the new Philadelphia office and Millipore headquarters.


title: Merck Group

text: Merck Korea received the "Leading Investor Award" at the 5th Korea-EU Industrial Cooperation Day in 2011.


title: Merck Group

text: In December 2013, the company bought AZ Electronic Materials SA (AZEM) for about $2.6 billion in cash to increase its offering of specialty chemicals to the electronics industry.


title: Merck Group

text: In September 2014 Merck halted the clinical development of two drug candidates in development with Oxygen Biotherapeutics. One drug candidate suffered a lack of success in patient recruitment, with its MUC1 antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy drug, tecemotide (L-BLP25), missing its Phase I/II endpoint of increasing overall survival in patients with Stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Later in September it was announced that the company would acquire Sigma-Aldrich for $17 billion. After the acquisition was completed in 2015, Merck had around 50,000 employees. In November 2014, Merck and Pfizer agreed a deal for the latter to sell the former sharing rights to develop an experimental immunotherapy drug for a fee of $850 million.


title: Merck Group

text: In October 2015, Merck revealed it would return the rights of the Kuvan drug to BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. The drug is effective in the treatment of the rare genetic disorder PKU, however Merck is moving away from genetics into cancer treatment, immunology and neurology. In October, it was announced that Karl-Ludwig Kley, CEO of Merck since April 2007, would retire in April 2016, and be succeeded by Stefan Oschmann, who has been a member of the executive board since 2011. The company started building new facilities for its R&D operations and a new visitor center at its Darmstadt site in the early 2010s by 2015 had torn down the site's pyramid as part of the renovations.


title: Merck Group

text: In April 2017, the company announced it had completed the acquisition of food safety testing company, BioControl Systems Inc. In August of the same year the company announced the acquisition of Natrix Separations for an undisclosed sum.


title: Merck Group

text: In April 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Versum Materials. The acquisition was completed in October 2019 and represented an equity value of about U$5.8 billion. In the same year, Merck has also announced the acquisition of Intermolecular Inc, the California-based company for advanced materials. The acquisition was completed in September 2019 and represented an equity value of U$62 million.


title: Merck Group

text: In February 2020, Merck announced the divestment of its Allergopharma Business to Dermapharm, under an unspecified fee. The deal includes Merck's Portfolio in Europe and parts of Asia, including China and India.


title: Merck Group

text: In January 2021, MilliporeSigma announced it would acquire AmpTec to expand and enhance the businesses mRNA vaccine capabilities as well as its treatment and diagnostics offerings. In March, its Performance Materials division changed name to Electronics division. In December of the same year, EMD Serono (Merck Group operations in the US and Canada) announced it would acquire Swiss-based Chord Therapeutics and its lead drug cladribine, used in generalised myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.


title: Merck Group

text: In September 2017, Merck said it is considering options for its consumer-health division, including a potential full or partial sale, or strategic partnership. An equity analyst estimated the unit could command a purchase price of €1.8 billion to €2.7 billion from a full sale. In December "Reuters" reported that both Nestlé and private equity owners of Stada were preparing bids for Merck's consumer health group. Days later, Reuters again reported that Perrigo was also preparing a bid for the division in the region of €4 billion ($4.7 billion to $4.8 billion). In April 2018, Reuters reported that generic drug manufacturer, Mylan was in advanced discussions to acquire the consumer health business for between €3.5–4 billion (£3–3.4 billion). Later in the month, Reuters reported that Procter & Gamble would purchase the division for €3.4 billion euros (£2.96 billion; $4.2 billion).


title: Merck Group

text: Merck in Darmstadt is the sole legal successor of the original Merck and retains the rights to the trademark "Merck" in all countries except the U.S. and Canada, where "EMD" brand is mostly used (it was introduced alongside Merck's 2001 logo). In recent branding campaigns, the company has referred to itself as "the original Merck" and "the real Merck". The company was legally known as "E. Merck oHG" until 1995, when "Merck KGaA" became the main parent company and the former a holding company. Both oHG and KGaA are generic business entity type designations and not used in everyday speech or branding.


title: Merck Group

text: In 2015 Merck adopted a new logo to increase the visual differences between both companies, while also visualizing “vibrant science and technology” as the new company's brand. It has initiated litigation in several countries against its former subsidiary Merck & Co. (MSD) over infringing use of the Merck name. In 2016, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom; the judge also held that MSD's use of "Merck" as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck's trade mark rights in the UK. In response, MSD has initiated counter-litigation in the United States.


title: Merck Group

text: After those controversies, Merck also adopted a new logo for EMD. The same look was also given to the logos of EMD Serono, MilliporeSigma, and EMD Performance Materials (renamed EMD Electronics in March 2021) divisions. Its corporate website is "merckgroup.com" in the world excluding U.S. and Canada, displaying normal Merck logo in the header, and "emdgroup.com" in U.S. and Canada, displaying use of its corporate name, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, in the header and additionally displaying a disclaimer about trademark ownership in the footer.


title: Merck Group

text: On December 7, 2021, Merck, which uses the name EMD Electronics in North America, announced they would be investing $1 billion in a U.S. operations joint venture with Palantir Technologies to assist in solving some of the chip industries supply chain problems. The plan is for sites in Pennsylvania, Texas, California, and Arizona.


title: Merck Group

text: Generics UK (Merck's former British subsidiary, the global Generics business being sold on October 2, 2007) paid a £12M out-of-court settlement with the Department of Health and Social Care of the UK over involvement in an alleged price and supply fixing cartel.


title: Merck Group

text: The NHS alleges various drugs companies exploited the oligopolistic market conditions, forcing the NHS to pay inflated prices. NHS fraud investigators believe there was a conspiracy to limit the supply of 30 of its most commonly prescribed drugs, including a class of penicillin antibiotics and to a generic version of best-selling ulcer treatment Zantac. The NHS has so far filed claims in relation to just three drugs, seeking damages of more than £150m, while the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) is conducting a parallel investigation into the price-fixing allegations limited to the supply of blood-thinning pill warfarin and penicillin-based antibiotics. Homes and offices of executives at six firms, including Ranbaxy, Generics UK, Norton Healthcare, Goldshield and Regent-GM were raided by the SFO in May 2002.


title: Merck Group

text: The following is an illustration of the company's mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and historical predecessors:


title: Merck Group

text: After Wilhelm Adam Sertürner's isolation of morphine from opium in 1805, Merck pioneered (from 1827) the commercial manufacture of morphine for an expanding global market. From 1884 onwards, Merck also played role in the production and marketing of cocaine. Sigmund Freud, author of "Über Coca" (1884), was an enthusiastic collaborator in Merck's cocaine research, though the methodological sophistication of his self-experimentation studies has been challenged.


title: Merck Group

text: Attention was directed at vitamins as a new product category, and Vigantol was introduced in 1927, followed by Cebion in 1934.


title: Merck Group

text: Following the defeat of Germany in World War II, Merck was granted permission by the military government to produce drugs, pesticides, food preservatives, reagents, and fine chemicals for laboratory use. Soon afterward the boom that is commonly known as the "Wirtschaftswunder" (economic miracle) set in. For Merck, this meant two-digit sales-growth figures for many years. Products of this time included corticoid preparations — for example Fortecortin, which is still used today — the cold remedy Nasivin or the hormone preparations Gestafortin and Mantova.


title: Merck Group

text: Merck currently employs over 2,500 people in its 4 R&D hubs via. Boston, Darmstadt, Beijing and Tokyo. In the year 2018, Merck invested over €1,6 billion in its R&D operations.


title: Merck Group

text: The focus of Merck's current pharmaceutical R&D is on oncology, neurology and immunology. In oncology, its first marketed product is "Erbitux" (cetuximab), for which it has marketing rights worldwide, apart from North America. (Cetuximab was discovered by Imclone Systems, and is marketed in North America by Bristol-Myers Squibb.) Other areas of Expertise from Merck Healthcare include Fertility, Endocrinology and General Medicine, the later focusing on treatments for Diabetes, Thyroid disease and Cardiovascular diseases. Some products from Merck include Metformin, Bisoprolol, Levothyroxine and Digitoxin. Merck's clinical research strategy consists of a partnership with Quintiles in which the latter helps the former in the clinical development of all its compounds. In February 2019, Merck also announced a partnership with GSK to develop and commercialize M7824 (bintrafusp alfa*), a new Immunotherapy with potential in various difficult-to-treat cancers.


title: Merck Group

text: The life science business of Merck, formerly known as Merck Millipore, was created in July 2010 following the completed acquisition of the US company Millipore. It employs around 19'000 people in 66 countries and runs 65 manufacturing sites and uses the brands Sigma-Aldrich, Milli-Q and Millipore. This division comprises all Millipore activities and major segments of the former Merck division Performance & Life Science Chemicals.Merck Millipore had three business units: Bioscience, Lab Solutions and Process Solutions. The Bioscience business unit is dedicated to solutions and reagents for protein research and cell biology, cell culture solutions, as well as to products and services for the development of biopharmaceutical agents. The scope of activities of Lab Solutions included laboratory chemicals and other materials for research, science and industry, products and services for sampling, and test kits for the pharmaceutical, foods and diagnostics industries, along with products, consumables and services surrounding highly purified laboratory water for science and industry. Process Solutions focused on products and services for the production of chemical and biopharmaceutical agents. In 2022 the business was restructured and consisted afterwards of the entities Life Science Services, Science & Lab Solutions, and Process Solutions. The Life Science Services include the Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) and contract testing services. Science & Lab Solutions includes products for Laboratories and Quality Control organizations. Process Solutions supports the biopharma manufacturing processes of its clients with single-use products.


title: Merck Group

text: In 2015, Merck acquired SigmaAldrich and combined it with Merck Millipore. The company was branded Merck globally and MilliporeSigma in the United States and Canada The newly established life science business of Merck has 300,000 products and three business units: Research Solutions, Process Solutions and Applied Solutions. The company serves customers in biotech, pharma, diagnostics, food safety, academia, and environmental. Matthias Heinzel serves as the CEO of the life science business of Merck.


title: Merck Group

text: The Life Science business sponsors several award programs for graduate students. One of these awards, the Alfred R. Bader Award for Student Innovation recognizes advanced chemistry graduate students, typically in the field of synthetic organic chemistry.


title: Merck Group

text: Semiconductor Solutions is the largest business unit within Merck's Electronics business sector. It provides materials, delivery systems, and services for the semiconductor industry. The business unit supplies products for every major production step in the wafer processing, including doping, lithography, patterning, deposition, planarization, etching, and cleaning. After the acquisition of Intermolecular, its capabilities allow material combinations to be tested directly in the specific application environment accelerating learning cycles. Since the acquisition of Versum and Intermolecular, inc., the company's portfolio in electronic materials was significantly expanded. The launch of the integrated organization was done on June 1, 2020.


title: Merck Group

text: Merck started working on effect pigments in 1957. The business unit is called Surface Solutions. The core markets for Surface Solutions are automotive coatings, cosmetics, and, to a smaller extent, industrials. An example of its pigments is alumina effect pigments sold under the brand name Xirallic. Currently, this business unit pools all activities for pigments in lacquering, printing, and plastic applications, in the field of security technology (for instance counterfeiting protection), pigments for applications in the food and pharmaceutical areas, functional materials, and active substances and pigments for cosmetics.


title: Merck Group

text: "M Ventures" is a venture capital fund of Merck. In 2021, the funds available for investment were increased by Eur 600M to enable investments Biotechnology and Technology.


title: Merck Group

text: The award was jointly established by Merck and the Technische Universität Darmstadt in 1992. It recognizes globally-renowned scientists who have made superb contributions to chemical and pharmaceutical research.


title: Merck Group

text: During the company's 350th anniversary in 2018, Merck announced the Future Insight Prize, designed to stimulate innovative solutions to solve some of humanities biggest problems and to help realize the dreams of a better tomorrow. The prize consists of a research grant of €1,000,000 ($1.1 million) every year through the next 35 years, to motivate innovation in areas that could solve humanity's most pressing issues.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Monsters is a 2010 British science-fiction horror film written and directed by Gareth Edwards (in his feature directorial debut). Edwards also served as the cinematographer, production designer, and a visual effects artist. The film takes place years after a NASA probe crashed in Mexico, which leads to the sudden appearance of giant tentacled monsters. It follows Andrew Kaulder (Scoot McNairy), an American photojournalist tasked with escorting his employer's daughter Samantha Wynden (Whitney Able) back to the United States by crossing through Mexico's "Infected Zone", where the creatures reside.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Edwards conceived the idea for the film after seeing fishermen attempt to bring a creature in with a net, and imagining a monster inside. He pitched the idea to Vertigo Films, who suggested he watch "In Search of a Midnight Kiss", a low-budget film starring McNairy. Edwards cast McNairy and Able in the lead roles. Principal photography lasted three weeks and had a production crew of six people. Filming took place in five countries, and many locations were used without permission. Most of the extras were people who were at these locations during filming and were persuaded to act in it; all of their dialogue was improvised, and Edwards provided outlines of the primary plot points.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: "Monsters" premiered at South by Southwest on 13 March 2010. Hours later, Magnet Releasing acquired the rights to distribute it in North America. It had a limited release there, beginning on 29 October 2010, followed by a theatrical release in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2010. The film received generally positive reviews and was a box office success, grossing 4.2 million against a budget of less than $500,000. "", a sequel, was released in the UK on 1 May 2015.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: After a NASA space probe (sent to verify the existence of extraterrestrial life in the solar system) crash-lands in Mexico, extraterrestrial life forms spread throughout the Mexico–United States border region, leading to the quarantine of the northern half of Mexico. US and Mexican troops battle to contain the creatures, and a huge wall stretching along the border ostensibly keeps the US protected.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: American photojournalist Andrew Kaulder (Scoot McNairy) receives a call from his employer, who tells Andrew to find his daughter, Samantha Wynden (Whitney Able), and escort her back to the US. Andrew locates Samantha in a Mexican hospital and the pair board a train, until learning the tracks ahead have been damaged. They discover that if they do not leave the country within a few days, sea and air travel will be blocked for six months. Andrew and Samantha decide to hitchhike their way to the coast. Andrew buys Samantha an expensive ferry ticket for the next morning. After enjoying the local nightlife together, Andrew sleeps with a local woman who steals their passports. Unable to board the ferry, Samantha is forced to barter her engagement ring for passage through the quarantine zone.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: They travel by riverboat until being transferred to a group of armed escorts who are to lead them overland to the Mexico–US border. The convoy is attacked by the creatures. Andrew and Samantha escape, but none of the guards survive. Pressing on, they discover the bodies of dead travellers and bond at the top of an ancient pyramid in sight of the US border wall. By the time they reach the border, the creatures have crossed into the United States. Andrew and Samantha travel through a severely damaged, evacuated town in Texas, find an abandoned gas station with power and call the army for help.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: While waiting for help to arrive, they make phone calls to their families. A lone creature silently approaches the station. Hiding, Samantha observes several tentacles exploring the inside of the store, seemingly soaking up a television's light. Samantha quickly unplugs the television and the creature loses interest. Another creature appears and they communicate with one another and possibly mate via light impulses. The creatures leave as the military arrives. Samantha and Andrew kiss before they are rushed into different vehicles. The chronological ending takes place at the beginning of the film, filmed in green night vision sight, when the military rescue team is attacked by a creature.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: While studying at university in 1996, Edwards made a short monster movie set in suburbia. He initially wanted to expand the idea but after the release of "War of the Worlds", he believed it was "not going to be special any more". Considering that the film would have to be low-budget, Edwards decided to embrace the found footage style of "The Blair Witch Project" and mix that element with his original concept. After learning about "Cloverfield" similar premise, he abandoned this idea and moved on to a concept where a "war [is] going on somewhere on the other side of the world and no one cares".


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Edwards conceived the film while watching some fishermen struggling to haul in their net and imagining a monster inside of it. He had the idea to make a monster movie set "years after most other monster movies end, when people aren't running and screaming but life is going on" and "where a giant, dead sea monster is considered completely normal".


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Edwards pitched his idea to Vertigo Films, where producer James Richardson asked him to watch "In Search of a Midnight Kiss" for an example of low-budget film making. It starred Scoot McNairy and had been made for $15,000. Edwards was impressed by McNairy but wanted a real couple to portray the lead characters. McNairy sent Edwards a picture of his girlfriend, actress Whitney Able, who Edwards initially thought was "too good-looking". He changed his mind after meeting them and cast them both.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: The film was written and directed by Gareth Edwards, while Allan Niblo and James Richardson of Vertigo Films served as producers. Edwards did not storyboard or script the film but wrote a treatment of the story and outlines that detailed points that needed to be hit in dialogue. The filming equipment cost approximately $15,000 and the production budget came in "way under" $500,000. The film was able to be made on such a low budget largely due to the production using consumer grade prosumer level equipment instead of professional paraphernalia. The film was shot using digital video cameras rather than the more expensive 35 mm film and was edited on a laptop computer. Many of the locations in the film were used without permission and most of the extras were people who were already at the locations. As the extras were non-actors who were persuaded to be in the film, their actions were improvised.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: The film was shot in Belize, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and the United States over three weeks. For about 90 per cent of the principal photography, the crew consisted of seven people transported in one van: Edwards, Able, McNairy, sound operator Ian Maclagan, line producer Jim Spencer, Mexican fixer Verity Oswin and a driver.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Every night after shooting, editor Colin Goudie and his assistant Justin Hall would download the footage so the memory sticks could be cleared and be ready for the next day. While new footage was being shot, the filmed footage was edited at the production team's hotel. After filming concluded, the crew had over 100 hours of footage. The original cut was over four hours long but was trimmed to 94 minutes after eight months of editing. Edwards originally had the ending of the film both at the beginning and the end. He and the producers disagreed about the placement, so he decided to put the chronological ending of the film at the beginning and end the film immediately after Andrew and Samantha kiss.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Edwards created the visual effects using off-the-shelf Adobe software, ZBrush and Autodesk 3ds Max. He had five months to create all 250 visual effects shots, a process he undertook in his bedroom. He produced two shots a day until he reached the first creature shot, when "suddenly two months went by and [he] still hadn't finished a single creature shot"; Edwards stated that the creatures' visual effects were the most challenging element of production. Due to time constraints, the sound effects had to be produced before the visual effects.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: "Monsters" premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival on 13 March 2010. In May, the film was screened at the Cannes Film Market. It also screened as part of the 64th Edinburgh International Film Festival on 18 June 2010, and screened twice at the Los Angeles Film Festival on 23 and 26 June. The film was first released in Russia on 30 September 2010. "Monsters" later released in the United States on 29 October, in Canada on 5 November, and the United Kingdom on 3 December. In the weeks leading up to the UK release, a marketing campaign using social network Foursquare was announced. Vue Entertainment and Cineworld Cinemas set up 'infected locations' which gave users access to exclusive "Monsters" content and the chance to win random on-the-spot prizes.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: "Monsters" was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 11 April 2011 by Vertigo Films, in Australia on 13 April 2011 by Madman Entertainment, and in North America on 1 February 2011 by Magnolia Pictures.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Hours after the film's screening at South by Southwest, Magnet Releasing acquired the distribution rights in the United States. Tom Quinn, an executive at Magnet, stated that they "were blown away by "Monsters"" and were "thrilled to bring his vision to American audiences." Shortly after, D Films acquired the rights to distribute the film in Canada. "Monsters" was released in 19 countries between September 2010 and December 2011. It grossed $4.2 million from worldwide ticket sales, earning over $1 million in the United Kingdom and Russia and over $100,000 in Mexico, France, the United States, Australia, Germany, Spain, Poland, and Turkey.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: The film was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2010. On its opening weekend, "Monsters" grossed $550,110 in 164 cinemas, averaging $3,354 per cinema. The following weekend, the film dropped to 153 and grossed $244,607, a 55.5% decrease, averaging $1,599. Over its three subsequent weekends, the film grossed $99,891. The film concluded its five-week run on 2 January 2011; the gross was $1,442,633.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: The film was released in North America on 29 October 2010. On its opening weekend, "Monsters" grossed $20,508 in three theatres, for an average of $6,836 per theatre. The following weekend, the film screened in 13 theatres and grossed an additional $28,590. In its third weekend, the film expanded to 25 theatres and grossed $48,680, averaging $1,947 per theatre. Over its six subsequent weekends, the film grossed an additional $60,141. On 26 December 2010, the film concluded its nine-week run with a gross of $237,301.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: "Monsters" received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 159 reviews, with an average rating of 6.61/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "It doesn't quite live up to its intriguing premise, but "Monsters" is a surprising blend of alien-invasion tropes, political themes, and relationship drama." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 63 based on 26 reviews, which is considered to be "generally favorable reviews".


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Roger Ebert awarded the film three and a half out of four stars, praising its focus on "characters, relationships, fear and mostly unseen menace" rather than its visual effects, as well as the acting. He also commended Edwards for "evoking ... awe and beauty" and for the creature designs. Peter Bradshaw, writing for "The Guardian", gave it four stars out of five, described the film as a "terrifically exciting sci-fi movie" and concluded that Edwards "channels the upriver nightmares of [Werner] Herzog and [Francis Ford] Coppola, with a strong streak of Spielbergian wonder at the sight of two aliens apparently dancing". Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" was critical of the performances but praised the film's "considerable, crafty virtues", its premise, and its ending. Jeanette Catsoulis of "The New York Times" called the film "wondrously atmospheric" and "effortlessly compel[ling]", and praised Edwards' "beautiful, otherworldly" visual effects. Dan Jolin of "Empire" echoed the comparison to Herzog, opining that the film "exhibits the lyrical surrealism of [his] jungle excursions". He also praised the visual effects, Edwards' cinematography, and the "simmering" chemistry between McNairy and Able, concluding that the film was "both shoestring and sci-fi filmmaking at its best". Michael Rechtshaffen of the Associated Press praised Edwards for "add[ing] original touches to the genre" and for his production design. He criticised the "tentative" and "alienating" performances of McNairy and Able, but stated that "the overall picture still impresses". Jennie Punter of "The Globe and Mail" disagreed, comparing the lead actors' chemistry to Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy in "Before Sunrise" and praising the pacing. Clark Collis of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B+, also praising the performances of McNairy and Able and commending Edwards' work.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: Conversely, Ty Burr of the "Boston Globe" gave the film a mixed review, granting it two and a half stars out of five. Though he praised the score, he stated that it is "more fascinating for its ambitions than for what it accomplishes" and criticised the main characters for being "too shallow" and unengaging. Robert Abele of the "Los Angeles Times" criticised the "weak plot, forgettable dialogue and sloppy politics" and called the lead characters "empty-headed blanks". Amy Biancolli of the "San Francisco Chronicle" called McNairy and Able a "semi-interesting" pair, but disliked the lack of monsters in the film, the dialogue, and the familiarity of the story. Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" called the film "a less-than-compelling relationship drama", criticising it for being unoriginal and predictable, and that hiding the monsters made them less frightening.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: At the 13th British Independent Film Awards, "Monsters" was nominated in six categories including Best Picture, Best Director for Edwards, and Best Actor for McNairy. The film won for Best Director, Best Technical Achievement, and Best Achievement in Production. At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, Edwards was nominated for Outstanding Debut by a British Director, but lost to Chris Morris for "Four Lions". It won Best Independent Movie at the 2011 Scream Awards, and was nominated for Best Science Fiction Movie. The film also won Best International Film at the 37th Saturn Awards. The National Board of Review named the film one of the top ten independent films of 2010, and it placed third on Moviefone's Top 10 Sci-Fi Movies of 2010 list.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: A sequel, "", started filming in March 2013 in Jordan and Detroit, with Tom Green directing and Jay Basu writing. Gareth Edwards and Scoot McNairy served as executive producers. Johnny Harris, Sam Keeley and Joe Dempsie starred in the film. Originally scheduled to be released on 28 November 2014, the film's release date was then moved to 27 February 2015, and was eventually released by Vertigo on 1 May 2015. In contrast to "Monsters", "Monsters: Dark Continent" was not well received by critics, with an 18% score on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews.


title: Monsters (2010 film)

text: In January 2018, Channel 4 is developing a TV series based on the movie. It is unknown whether or not Gareth Edwards, the original director of the film is serving as executive producer for the TV series.


title: David Hayter

text: David Hayter is a Canadian-American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer. He is well known as the English-language voice actor for Solid Snake and Naked Snake in the "Metal Gear" video game series. He wrote the film "X-Men" and co-wrote "X2" and "Watchmen", and was awarded the Saturn Award for Best Writing in 2000 for his work on "X-Men". Hayter voices King Shark on "The Flash".


title: David Hayter

text: Hayter's father, Stephen, worked in the pharmaceutical industry. He started acting at the age of nine. He spent most of his childhood living around the world, and moved to Kobe at the age of 15, graduating from its international Canadian Academy in 1987. After this, he attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for two years until transferring to the Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto. He stayed there until the age of 20, when he moved to Hollywood.


title: David Hayter

text: Hayter did some live acting in the early 1990s, most notably in an episode of the sitcom "Major Dad", but soon became more interested in voice acting and later landed the role of Captain America in the popular 1994 "Spider-Man" animated series. He also provided the voice of Arsène Lupin III in the English version of the anime film "The Castle of Cagliostro" and the voice of Tamahome in the English version of the anime series "Fushigi Yūgi". He also starred in the 1994, straight-to-video movie, "", as the protagonist, Sean Barker (a role he took over from the previous actor, Jack Armstrong); Hayter has since gone-on to use the character's name as an alias in various work credits.


title: David Hayter

text: Hayter began providing the English voice of "Metal Gear" series protagonist Solid Snake in the 1998 video game "Metal Gear Solid", which also served as the series's transition from 2D to 3D. Hayter would go on to play Solid Snake and his progenitor Naked Snake throughout all the succeeding installments (including spinoffs, re-releases and adaptations) up to and including "" (2010). Hayter also has an extended live-action cameo as himself in one of the fictional TV programs prior to the start of "" (2008); where he wears the "Solid Eye", the technologically advanced eye patch that the main character wears throughout the game. Outside the "Metal Gear" series, Hayter also voiced the character in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" (2008).


title: David Hayter

text: His work with the "Metal Gear" series has also led Hayter to do voice work in other video game projects such as "" and "". He cited the series as an influence on his screenwriting, stating that "Kojima and I have different styles," "but I've certainly learned things from him, especially about ambiguity and telling a story without giving all the answers."


title: David Hayter

text: Hayter is one of the few "Metal Gear" actors to have played and completed the games he's voiced in. According to Paul Eiding, Hayter gave up half of his own paycheck in order to bring back the cast of the original "Metal Gear Solid" for the 2004 remake "".


title: David Hayter

text: Following the announcement of "" in the 2013 Game Developers Conference, Hayter announced that he was not asked to reprise as the main character for this entry. This was later confirmed when Konami announced that Kiefer Sutherland would be the character's voice during E3 the same year. Hayter has since revealed in an interview that he had to re-audition for the role suggesting that the series' creator Hideo Kojima was already considering recasting the part much earlier, with Kurt Russell (Snake Plissken in "Escape from New York" and "Escape from L.A.") having been allegedly offered the role during the development of "" (2004).


title: David Hayter

text: After Kojima's departure from Konami, Hayter would reprise the role in a "Metal Gear Solid"-themed advertisement for the 2016 Ford Focus SE aired in 2016. In 2018, Hayter provided the character's voice in two video games: "Super Bomberman R" (which added two playable characters based on both Solid Snake and Naked Snake in an update) and "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".


title: David Hayter

text: In 2000, he wrote the screenplay for the movie version of "X-Men", for which he was awarded the 2000 Saturn Award for Best Writing, and then went on to co-write the screenplay for its sequel "X2" with writing team Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris. Shortly after his work on "X-Men", Hayter was hired to write and direct a project based on the heroine Black Widow. However, due to the limited success of similar themed films featuring female vigilante protagonists at the time, Marvel withdrew their offer to Hayter stating, "We don't think it's time to do this movie". Hayter's daughter Natasha, born whilst he was writing the "Black Widow" script, is named after the titular character.


title: David Hayter

text: Hayter also wrote an adaptation of the graphic novel "Watchmen" by Alan Moore and David Gibbons. Noted for being a harsh critic of translations of his works to film, Moore said of the script "David Hayter's screenplay was as close as I could imagine anyone getting to [a film version of] "Watchmen". That said, I shan't be going to see it. My book is a comic book. Not a movie, not a novel. A comic book. It's been made in a certain way, and designed to be read a certain way." Hayter and writer Alex Tse shared credit on the finished screenplay. Tse drew "the best elements" from two of the project's previous drafts written by Hayter. The script did not keep the contemporary atmosphere that Hayter created, but instead returned to the original Cold War setting of the "Watchmen" comic. Warner Bros. was amenable to the 1980s setting, and the director also added a title montage sequence to introduce the audience to the events of alternate history United States in that time period.


title: David Hayter

text: On September 7, 2012, it was announced that Hayter would pen the screen adaptation "Caught Stealing", and would star Patrick Wilson and Alec Baldwin.


title: David Hayter

text: On July 8, 2013, Hayter was hired by Lakeshore Entertainment to write the film "The Sword", based on the Image Comics series.


title: David Hayter

text: On August 7, 2013, it was announced Hayter was developing a television show on Fox tentatively titled "World War III", about a fiction global conflict that chronicles "a perfect storm of world events places us in the center of a global battle which may bring the world as we know it to an end." Hayter will be writing the series' story bible and pilot episode, as well as producing and serving as showrunner.


title: David Hayter

text: On September 28, 2018, Hayter announced he was co-writing and producing the upcoming Netflix series "Warrior Nun", based on the 1994 comic book series "Warrior Nun Areala", with Simon Barry serving as series creator and showrunner. Season 1 debuted on Netflix on July 2, 2020.


title: David Hayter

text: On January 31, 2022, it was announced that Hayter would be writing and producing a television adaptation of the 2000 video game "American McGee's Alice".


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England, and one of the four National Health Service systems in the United Kingdom. It is the second largest single-payer healthcare system in the world after the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde. Primarily funded by the government from general taxation (plus a small amount from National Insurance contributions), and overseen by the Department of Health and Social Care, the NHS provides healthcare to all legal English residents and residents from other regions of the UK, with most services free at the point of use for most people. The NHS also conducts research through the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR).


title: National Health Service (England)

text: Free healthcare at the point of use comes from the core principles at the founding of the National Health Service. The 1942 Beveridge cross-party report established the principles of the NHS which was implemented by the Labour government in 1948. Labour's Minister for Health Aneurin Bevan is popularly considered the NHS' founder, despite never formally being referred to as such. In practice, "free at the point of use" normally means that anyone legitimately and fully registered with the system (i.e., in possession of an NHS number), available to legal UK residents regardless of nationality (but not non-resident British citizens), can access the full breadth of critical and non-critical medical care, without payment except for some specific NHS services, for example eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of long-term care. These charges are usually lower than equivalent services provided by a private provider and many are free to vulnerable or low-income patients.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The NHS provides the majority of healthcare in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term healthcare, ophthalmology and dentistry. The National Health Service Act 1946 came into effect on 5 July 1948. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance: it is used by about 8% of the population, generally as an add-on to NHS services.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The NHS is largely funded from general taxation, with a small amount being contributed by National Insurance payments and from fees levied in accordance with recent changes in the Immigration Act 2014. The UK government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health and Social Care, headed by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. The Department of Health and Social Care had a £110 billion budget in 2013–14, most of this being spent on the NHS.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: A. J. Cronin's controversial novel "The Citadel", published in 1937, had fomented extensive debate about the severe inadequacies of healthcare. The author's innovative ideas were not only essential to the conception of the NHS, but in fact, his best-selling novels are said to have greatly contributed to the Labour Party's victory in 1945.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: A national health service was one of the fundamental assumptions in the Beveridge Report. The Emergency Hospital Service established in 1939 gave a taste of what a National Health Service might look like.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: Healthcare prior to the war had been an unsatisfactory mix of private, municipal and charity schemes. Bevan decided that the way forward was a national system rather than a system operated by local authorities. He proposed that each resident of the UK would be signed up to a specific General Practice (GP) as the point of entry into the system, building on the foundations laid in 1912 by the introduction of National Insurance and the list system for general practice. Patients would have access to all medical, dental and nursing care they needed without having to pay for it at the time.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: In the 1980s, Thatcherism represented a systematic, decisive rejection and reversal of the post-war consensus, wherein the major political parties largely agreed on the central themes of Keynesianism, the welfare state, the mixed economy, supplies both of public and private housing, and close regulation of the economy. There was one major exception: the National Health Service, which was widely popular and had wide support inside the Conservative Party. In 1982, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher promised Britons that the NHS is "safe in our hands."


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The NHS was established within the differing nations of the United Kingdom through differing legislation, and such there has never been a singular British healthcare system, instead there are 4 health services in the United Kingdom; NHS England, the NHS Scotland, HSC Northern Ireland and NHS Wales, which were run by the respective UK government ministries for each home nation before falling under the control of devolved governments in 1999. In 2009, NHS England agreed to a formal NHS constitution, which sets out the legal rights and responsibilities of the NHS, its staff, and users of the service, and makes additional non-binding pledges regarding many key aspects of its operations.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The Health and Social Care Act 2012 came into effect in April 2013, giving GP-led groups responsibility for commissioning most local NHS services. Starting in April 2013, primary care trusts (PCTs) began to be replaced by general practitioner (GP)-led organisations called clinical commissioning groups (CCGs). Under the new system, a new NHS Commissioning Board, called NHS England, oversees the NHS from the Department of Health. The Act has also become associated with the perception of increased private provision of NHS services. In reality, the provision of NHS services by private companies long precedes this legislation, but there are concerns that the new role of the healthcare regulator ('Monitor') could lead to increased use of private-sector competition, balancing care options between private companies, charities, and NHS organisations. NHS trusts responded to the Nicholson challenge—which involved making £20 billion in savings across the service by 2015.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The English NHS is controlled by the UK government through the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), which takes political responsibility for the service. Resource allocation and oversight was delegated to NHS England, an arms-length body, by the Health and Social Care Act 2012. NHS England commissions primary care services (including GPs) and some specialist services, and allocates funding to 211 geographically based clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) across England. The CCGs commission most services in their areas, including hospital and community-based healthcare.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: A number of types of organisation are commissioned to provide NHS services, including NHS trusts and private sector companies. Many NHS trusts have become NHS foundation trusts, giving them an independent legal status and greater financial freedoms. The following types of NHS trusts and foundation trusts provide NHS services in specific areas:


title: National Health Service (England)

text: In the year ending at March 2017, there were 1.187 million staff in England's NHS, 1.9% more than in March 2016. There were 34,260 unfilled nursing and midwifery posts in England by September 2017, this was the highest level since records began. 23% of women giving birth were left alone part of the time causing anxiety to the women and possible danger to them and their babies. This is because there are too few midwives. Neonatal mortality rose from 2.6 deaths for every 1,000 births in 2015 to 2.7 deaths per 1,000 births in 2016. Infant mortality (deaths during the first year of life) rose from 3.7 to 3.8 per 1,000 live births during the same period. Assaults on NHS staff have increased, there were 56,435 recorded physical assaults on staff in 2016–2017, 9.7% more than the 51,447 the year before. Low staffing levels and delays in patients being treated are blamed for this.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: Nearly all hospital doctors and nurses in England are employed by the NHS and work in NHS-run hospitals, with teams of more junior hospital doctors (most of whom are in training) being led by consultants, each of whom is trained to provide expert advice and treatment within a specific speciality. From 2017, NHS doctors must reveal how much money they make from private practice.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: General practitioners, dentists, optometrists (opticians) and other providers of local health care are almost all self-employed, and contract their services back to the NHS. They may operate in partnership with other professionals, own and operate their own surgeries and clinics, and employ their own staff, including other doctors etc. However, the NHS does sometimes provide centrally employed health care professionals and facilities in areas where there is insufficient provision by self-employed professionals.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: Note that due to methodological changes, the 1978 figure is not directly comparable with later figures.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: A 2012 analysis by the BBC estimated that the NHS across the whole UK has 1.7 million staff, which made it fifth on the list of the world's largest employers (well above Indian Railways). In 2015 the Health Service Journal reported that there were 587,647 non-clinical staff in the English NHS. 17% worked supporting clinical staff. 2% in cleaning and 14% administrative. 16,211 were finance staff.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The NHS plays a unique role in the training of new doctors in England, with approximately 8,000 places for student doctors each year, all of which are attached to an NHS University Hospital trust. After completing medical school, these new doctors must go on to complete a two-year foundation training programme to become fully registered with the General Medical Council. Most go on to complete their foundation training years in an NHS hospital although some may opt for alternative employers such as the armed forces. Most NHS staff, including non-clinical staff and GPs (although most GPs are self-employed), are eligible to join the NHS Pension Scheme—which, from 1 April 2015, is an average-salary defined-benefit scheme. Among the current challenges with recruiting staff are pay, work pressure, and difficulty recruiting and retaining staff from EU countries due to Brexit. and there are fears that doctors could also leave.<ref name="Guardian20/5/2017"></ref>


title: National Health Service (England)

text: In March 2021, the Department of Health and Social Care made a non-binding recommendation that NHS staff in England should receive a 1% pay rise for 2021–2022, citing the 'uncertain' financial situation and the current low inflation. This is estimated to cost £500 million a year, as almost half of the NHS's budget goes on staffing costs (at £56.1 billion). The Trades Union Congress estimated that nurses' pay would be £2,500 less than in 2010, paramedics' pay would be £3,330 less and porters' pay would be £850 less due to inflation. The Royal College of Nursing has criticized the pay rise, calling it 'pitiful' and said that nurses should be getting 12.5% more; it has also agreed to set up a £35m fund to support members in the event of a strike. Other unions have threatened strike actions and warned that the proposal could lead to staff quitting their jobs, worsening staffing issues. The Labour Party similarly criticized the proposal as 'reprehensible' and claimed that it goes against a government 'promise' made in 2020 to give NHS workers a 2.1% pay rise, which was voted for in a long-term spending plan in January 2020 but the Department of Health considered to be not legally binding. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has defended the 1% pay rise, stating that the government is giving workers "as much as we can" in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and that he was "massively grateful" to the health and social care workers. Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Matt Hancock and Secretary of State for Education Gavin Williamson have similarly argued that the decision was due to an assessment of what was affordable due to the pandemic and that NHS staff was excluded from a wider public sector pay freeze. The Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration, an independent review body, is expected to make its own recommendations on NHS salaries in May 2021, which may differ from the Department of Health's recommendation. Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Jon Ashworth has clarified that Labour would "honour whatever the review body recommends".


title: National Health Service (England)

text: At the end of 2021 there were 99,000 vacancies in the English NHS. 39,000 more nurses were needed, together with 1,400 more anesthetists, 1,900 more radiologists and 2,500 more GPs.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: Miriam Deakin of NHS Providers stated there were 133,000 NHS vacancies in late 2022.<ref name="guardian10/12/2022">Revealed: NHS planning to draft thousands of volunteers as it faces winter crisis "The Guardian"</ref>


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The coalition government's white paper on health reform, published in July 2010, set out a significant reorganisation of the NHS.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The white paper, "Equity and excellence: liberating the NHS", with implications for all health organisations in the NHS abolishing primary care trusts and strategic health authorities. It claimed to shift power from the centre to GPs and patients, moving somewhere between £60 to £80 billion into the hands of clinical commissioning groups to commission services. The bill became law in March 2012 with a government majority of 88 and following more than 1,000 amendments in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.


title: National Health Service (England)

text: Jeremy Hunt describes the process of setting the NHS budget as far too random - "decided on the back of headlines, elections and anniversaries rather than on rational calculations of demand and cost."


title: National Health Service (England)

text: The total budget of Department of Health in England in 2017/18 was £124.7 billion. £13.8 billion was spent on medicines. The National Audit Office reports annually on the summarised consolidated accounts of the NHS.