title: A2 milk

text: The company initially marketed its milk as containing no A1 protein, but in 2003 the New Zealand Commerce Commission tested the milk and found some A1 protein in it, and forbade the company from saying the milk had no A1 protein; the commission notice of the ruling said: "Although the A2 Corporation expressed confidence during the investigation that its quality controls were sufficient to exclude the vast majority of beta casein A1, it acknowledged that it could not be certain that there was no A1 in A2 milk."


title: A2 milk

text: A2 Corporation changed its name to The a2 Milk Company Limited in April 2014, and at that time had about 8% market share of the milk products market in Australia.


title: A2 milk

text: A2 Corporation licensed patents filed in the 1990s by the New Zealand Dairy Board, and filed its own patents on genetic tests to determine what form of beta-casein cows produce in milk, and concerning supposed adverse health consequences of milk containing both the A1 and A2 proteins.


title: A2 milk

text: The a2 Milk Company focused its initial efforts on urging farmers to undertake breeding programs to develop herds that would produce milk with predominantly A2 protein. However the launch of the milk was delayed by opposition from Fonterra, which had contracts with about 98% of New Zealand dairy farms. These contracts were protected under New Zealand law by the Dairy Industry Restructuring Act of 2001. Seeking leverage in the battle with Fonterra over access to farmers, and over patent rights, Howard Paterson, the CEO of A2 Corporation, led the company into litigation against Fonterra, asking the New Zealand High Court to order Fonterra to put health warnings on its conventional milk concerning risks of type 1 diabetes, heart disease, autism and schizophrenia due to the presence of A1 beta-casein, and to force Fonterra to publicly disclose all the information it had about the links between A1 beta-casein and health risks. The litigation threatened New Zealand's economy and international reputation as at the time Fonterra was responsible for 20% of New Zealand's exports. The press over the litigation and public concern over the claims of A2 Corporation led the New Zealand Food Safety Authority and the Ministry of Health and the Food Standards Australia and New Zealand to issue reports and statements confirming the safety of conventional milk.


title: A2 milk

text: A2 Corporation was able to obtain agreements with enough dairy farmers to launch its milk in New Zealand at the end of April 2003. In the middle of 2003, both founders of the company died. In July, Paterson was found dead in his hotel room during a business trip at the age of 50, and a month later Dr. Corran McLachlan died of cancer at the age of 59. In New Zealand it is illegal to make health claims about a food product without providing scientific evidence and registering the food as a medicine, and in November 2003 the New Zealand Commerce Commission advised that A2 Corporation Ltd and its licensed a2 MILK brand producers had agreed to amend the health claims in their promotional material following a warning from the commission. By end of 2003 the weakened A2 Corporation had withdrawn the litigation against Fonterra and negotiations had resumed.


title: A2 milk

text: Meanwhile, the first time milk with predominantly A2 protein was marketed anywhere in the world was in March 2003 in Australia, by a dairy farm unaffiliated with A2 Corporation, run by the Denniston family. Shortly thereafter, an Australian company called A2 Dairy Marketers licensed patent rights and the A2 trademark from A2 Corporation and started offering Australian dairy farmers a premium price for their milk, if it was shown to be pure A1 protein–free milk. The Dennistons and A2 Dairy Marketers marketed milk with predominantly A2 protein boldly, touting its safety and the dangers of standard milk. However, Australian laws forbid companies from making misleading health claims about food, and in September 2004, A2 Dairy Marketers in Australia was fined $15,000 after it pleaded guilty to six breaches of those laws. The company, which had been in a tenuous financial situation since beginning trading in May 2004, went into administration in October, and was liquidated in November, owing farmers and processors tens of thousands of dollars. A $1.27 million federal government grant awarded to the company in August as part of the Regional Partnerships Program was also cancelled. A2 Corporation set up a new subsidiary and licensee, A2 Australia, to market and produce its product. A2 Australia established new contracts with the dairy farmers who had A1 protein–free herds, promising better payment terms—a week in advance instead of once per month, after shipment.


title: A2 milk

text: In December, A2 Corporation sold its interests in A2 Australia to Fraser & Neave, a food marketing giant in Asian markets, for about $1.1 million. A2 Corporation had lost about $1.3 million for 2004, the same as it has lost the year before; the sale allowed A2 Corporation to rely on Fraser & Neave to build the Australian and Asian businesses. A2 Corporation focused on recovering from the deaths of its founders organizationally and financially, relied on its New Zealand licensees to develop the New Zealand market, and turned its focus to developing overseas markets.


title: A2 milk

text: As A2 Corporation grew its business, opposition to A2 Corporation's claims played out in the media. Dairy Australia, the national association of the Australian dairy industry, and market competitors like Parmalat have consistently said that there is no evidence to suggest A1 proteins are dangerous and have warned that criticism of normal milk is damaging the entire dairy industry.


title: A2 milk

text: In 2006, A2 Corporation was on sound enough footing to buy back A2 Australia from Fraser & Neave. In 2006, it lost about $1 million, after having lost $9 million the year before, but revenues had approximately doubled. In that year it warned shareholders not to expect profit for another three years.


title: A2 milk

text: Publication of a book, "Devil in the Milk" by Keith Woodford, about A1 beta-casein and its perceived dangers to health, boosted sales of milk with predominantly A2 protein in Australia and New Zealand, and prompted the New Zealand Food Safety Authority to propose again reviewing the science to address consumer concerns that A1 milk might be harmful. It asked the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to undertake such a review. The EFSA report, released in 2009, found that "a cause and effect relationship is not established between the dietary intake of BCM-7 (beta-casomorphin-7), related peptides or their possible protein precursors and non-communicable diseases".


title: A2 milk

text: Commercial development proceeded, and by 2010 some 40 million litres of milk with predominantly A2 protein were being produced by 12,000 A2-certified cows across Australia, with milk processed at four plants in Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, and yoghurt made with milk with predominantly A2 protein went on the market in Australia in April 2010.


title: A2 milk

text: In February 2011, A2 Corporation announced it had a made a profit over a half-year for the first time; in the six months ending 31 December 2010, it made a net $894,000, or 17 cents/share. In December 2012, A2 Corporation announced it would attempt to raise $20 million and list on the New Zealand Stock Exchange main board, and that it would use the funds to grow its Chinese infant formula and UK milk businesses under the a2 and a2 MILK brands. It listed in March 2013.


title: A2 milk

text: Other products produced using milk with predominantly A2 protein were developed, including thickened cream, infant formula, ice cream, yogurts, and other dairy products.


title: A2 milk

text: In 2014, Lion, a beverage and food company that operates in Australia and New Zealand, and is owned by Kirin, relaunched their Pura Milk product with a new label stating: "Naturally contains A2 protein."


title: A2 milk

text: The a2 Milk Company announced in November 2014 that it had begun the application process for a dual listing on the Australian Securities Exchange in a bid to open its register to Australian investors and boost the liquidity of its shares. The company said it expected a listing to be completed by March 2015.


title: A2 milk

text: In August 2003, as part of a new focus on overseas markets following the death of its founders, A2 Corporation exclusively licensed patent and trademark rights to US-based Ideasphere Incorporated (ISI) to market milk with predominantly A2 protein products in North America under its a2 and a2 MILK brands. ISI had paid A2 $500,000 in license fees by the end of 2004. ISI acquired Twinlab in September 2003, followed by another string of acquisitions in the dietary supplement market. In June 2005, ISI and A2 Corporation agreed to form a joint venture, A2 Milk Company LLC; A2 Corporation invested $400,000, and ISI assigned the license agreement to the new company.


title: A2 milk

text: In April 2007, A2 Corporation announced a deal in which the joint venture would license rights to the Original Foods Company, whose branding the milk with predominantly A2 protein product would carry, and in which the product would be sold in several midwestern states through the Hy-Vee supermarket chain under the a2 and a2 MILK brands.


title: A2 milk

text: In A2 Corporation's 2009 Annual Report, the company announced that the joint venture had regained all rights to the US market through a settlement with the Original Foods Company, and that "The US dairy milk market remains intensely competitive and continues to be a major challenge." In 2010, A2 Corporation bought out all but less than 1% of ISI's share in the joint venture.


title: A2 milk

text: A2 Corporation formed a joint venture with a major British milk supplier, Müller Wiseman Dairies, in November 2011 to process, market, and sell its milk with predominantly A2 protein products in Britain and Ireland. In June 2014, the a2 Milk Company reported it had 20 dedicated farms supplying milk for processing in the UK. In its first year, the milk recorded £1 million in sales through 1,000 stores. On 1 January 2014, the a2 Milk Company exited its joint venture with Müller Wiseman Dairies by acquiring MWD's stake for a "nominal" amount.


title: A2 milk

text: In October 2019, the a2 Milk Company announced that it had decided to "discontinue a2 milk in the UK" and its products would only be available until the end of November 2019


title: A2 milk

text: The first consignments of the a2 Milk Company's infant formulas were sent to China in 2013. Shipments were interrupted for two months starting in April 2014 when the Chinese government introduced strict new import regulations for infant formula in response to the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, in which more than 300,000 infants were poisoned by contaminated milk formula.


title: A2 milk

text: In 2018, the a2 Milk Company was fined 100,100 yuan for breaching Chinese child image advertising rules by using An Ji, son of Hu Ke and Sha Yi, in their advertising when he was under 10.


title: A2 milk

text: The Brasilian Association of Allergy and Immunology found that about 350,000 individuals in Brazil are allergic to beta-caseins. As of 2017, about 700 litres of milk a day were produced in the country through Gir cows, a breed originally procured from India, but which are now also being exported to India.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, and archaeologist. She spent much of her life exploring and mapping the Middle East, and became highly influential to British imperial policy-making as an Arabist due to her knowledge and contacts built up through extensive travels. During her lifetime, she was highly esteemed and trusted by British officials such as High Commissioner for Mesopotamia Percy Cox, giving her great influence. She participated in both the 1919 Paris Peace Conference (briefly) and the 1921 Cairo Conference, which helped decide the territorial boundaries and governments of the post-War Middle East as part of the partition of the Ottoman Empire. Bell believed that the momentum of Arab nationalism was unstoppable, and that the British government should ally with nationalists rather than stand against them. Along with T. E. Lawrence, she advocated for independent Arab states in the Middle East following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and supported the installation of Hashemite monarchies in what is today Jordan and Iraq.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell was raised in a privileged environment that allowed her an education at Oxford University, to travel the world, and to make the acquaintance of people who would become influential policy-makers later. In her travels, she became an excellent mountain climber and horseback rider. She expressed great affection for the Middle East, visiting Qajar Iran, Syria-Palestine, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia. She participated in archaeological digs during a time period of great ferment and new discoveries, and personally funded a dig at Binbirkilise in Asia Minor. She travelled through the Ha'il region in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula during an extensive trip in 1913–1914, and was one of very few Westerners to have seen the area at the time. The outbreak of World War I in August 1914, and the Ottoman Empire's entry into the war a few months later on the side of Germany, upended the status quo in the Middle East. She briefly joined the Arab Bureau in Cairo, where she worked with T. E. Lawrence. At the request of family friend Lord Hardinge, Viceroy of India, she joined the British administration in Ottoman Mesopotamia in 1917, where she served as a political officer and as the Oriental Secretary to three High Commissioners: the only woman in such high-ranking civil roles in the British Empire. Bell also supported the cause of the largely urban Sunni population in their attempts to modernise Iraq.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: She spent much of the rest of her life in Baghdad and was a key player in the nation-building of what would eventually become the Kingdom of Iraq. She met and befriended a large number of Iraqis in both the cities and the countryside, and was a confidante and ally of Iraq's new King Faisal. Toward the end of her life, she was sidelined from Iraqi politics. Perhaps seeing that she still needed something to occupy her, Faisal appointed her the Honorary Director of Antiquities of Iraq, where she returned to her original love of archaeology. In that role, she helped modernize procedures and catalogue findings, all of which helped prevent unauthorized looting of artifacts. She supported education for Iraqi women, served as president of the Baghdad library (the future Iraq National Library), and founded the Iraq Museum as a place to display the country's archaeological treasures. She died in 1926 of an overdose of sleeping pills in what was possibly a suicide, although she was in ill health regardless.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell wrote extensively. She translated a book of Persian poetry; published multiple books describing her travels, adventures, and excavations; and sent a steady stream of letters back to England during World War I that influenced government thinking in an era when few English people were familiar with the contemporary Middle East.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Gertrude Bell was born on 14 July 1868 in Washington New Hall—now known as Dame Margaret Hall—in Washington, County Durham, England. Her family was wealthy, which enabled both her higher education and her travels. Her grandfather was the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, an industrialist and a Liberal Member of Parliament between 1875 and 1880. Mary ( Shield) Bell, the daughter of John Shield of Newcastle-on-Tyne and Gertrude's mother, died in 1871 while giving birth to a son, Maurice Bell (later the 3rd Baronet). Gertrude Bell was just three at the time, and the death led to a lifelong close relationship with her father, Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet, a progressive capitalist and mill owner who made sure his workers were well paid. Throughout her life, Gertrude consulted on matters great and small with her father, her personal role model. In particular, Hugh shared his knowledge of government and access to highly-placed officials with Gertrude.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: When Gertrude was seven years old, her father remarried, providing her a stepmother, Florence Bell (née Olliffe), and eventually, three half-siblings. Florence Bell was a playwright and author of children's stories, as well as the author of a study of Bell factory workers. She instilled concepts of duty and decorum in Gertrude. She also recognized her intelligence and contributed to her intellectual development by ensuring she received an excellent schooling. Florence Bell's activities with the wives of Bolckow Vaughan ironworkers in Eston, near Middlesbrough, may have helped influence her step-daughter's later promotion of education for Iraqi women. Some biographies suggest the loss of her mother Mary caused underlying childhood trauma, revealed through periods of depression and risky behaviour. While this loss surely marked her, Gertrude and Florence had a positive and lifelong relationship.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: From 1883 to 1886, Gertrude Bell attended Queen's College in London, a prestigious school for girls. At the age of 17, she then studied at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University. History was one of the few subjects women were allowed to study, due to the many restrictions imposed on them at the time. She specialised in modern history, and she was the first woman to graduate in Modern History at Oxford with a first class honours degree, a feat she achieved in only two years. Eleven people graduated that year. Nine were recorded because they were men, and the other two were Bell and Alice Greenwood. However, the two women were not awarded academic degrees. It was not until 1920 that Oxford treated women equally with men in this respect.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell never married or had children. After graduating from Oxford, she spent two and a half years, from 1890 to 1892, attending the London social rounds of balls and banquets where eligible young men and women paired off, but failed to find a match. After arriving in Persia in 1892, she courted Henry Cadogan, a mid-ranking British diplomat in Tehran, but was refused permission to marry him after her father discovered that Cadogan was deeply in debt and not her social equal. Cadogan died in 1893; Bell received the news via telegram. She befriended British colonial administrator Sir Frank Swettenham on a visit to Singapore with her brother Hugo in 1903 and maintained a correspondence with him until 1909. She had a "brief but passionate affair" with Swettenham following his retirement to England in 1904. She had an unconsummated affair with Major Charles Doughty-Wylie, a married man, with whom she exchanged love letters from 1913 to 1915. Doughty-Wylie died in April 1915 during the Gallipoli Campaign, a loss which devastated Bell.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's uncle, Sir Frank Lascelles, was British minister (similar to ambassador) at Tehran, Persia. Bell travelled to Persia to visit him, arriving in May 1892. She stayed for around six months and loved the experience; she called Persia "paradise" in a letter home. She described her experiences in her book "Persian Pictures", which was published in 1894. She spent much of the next decade travelling around the world, mountaineering in Switzerland, and developing a passion for archaeology and languages. She became fluent in Arabic, Persian (Farsi), French, German, Italian, and Turkish. In 1897, she published a well-regarded translation from Persian into English of the poems of The Divān of Hafez; her work was later praised by Edward Denison Ross, E. Granville Browne, and others. She had also practised horseback riding from a young age, a skill that would aid her in her travels.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In 1899, Bell again went to the Middle East. She visited Palestine and Syria that year and in 1900, on a trip from Jerusalem to Damascus, she became acquainted with the Druze living in Jabal al-Druze.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Between 1899 and 1904, she climbed a number of mountains, including the La Meije and Mont Blanc, and recorded 10 new paths or first ascents in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland. One Alpine peak in the Bernese Oberland, the Gertrudspitze, was named after her after she and her guides Ulrich and Heinrich Fuhrer first traversed it in 1901. However, she failed in an attempt of the Finsteraarhorn in August 1902, when inclement weather including snow, hail and lightning forced her to spend "forty eight hours on the rope" with her guides, clinging to the rock face in terrifying conditions that nearly cost her her life. She did some further climbing in the Rocky Mountains during a trip through North America in 1903, but eased up on her mountaineering in later years.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In 1905, she returned to Greater Syria. She met Mark Sykes, then a British traveller. The two quarrelled and shared a mutual dislike of each other that would last until 1912, when they made up. She concluded her trip visiting archaeological sites in Asia Minor and visiting Constantinople. She published her observations of the Middle East in the 1907 book "Syria: The Desert and the Sown". In it she vividly described, photographed, and detailed her trip to Greater Syria including Damascus, Jerusalem, Beirut, Antioch, Alexandretta, and the lands of the Druze and of the Bedouin. "The Desert and the Sown" was well-received in the western world; the book received positive reviews and was a success. A notable epithet of Bell's came from her trip to Syria, where one particular compliment from a Bani Sakher tribesman she recorded became part of her later public image: ""Mashallah! Bint aarab."" Literally, it meant "As God wills it, a daughter of the Arabs," but she translated it as being called a "daughter of the desert."


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In March 1907, Bell journeyed back to Asia Minor (Anatolia) and began to work with Sir William M. Ramsay, an archaeologist and New Testament scholar. The pair and their staff performed excavations of destroyed buildings and churches that dated from the Byzantine era in Binbirkilise, which she funded and planned. The results were chronicled in the book "A Thousand and One Churches".


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In January 1909, Bell left for Mesopotamia. She visited the Hittite city of Carchemish, photographed the relief carvings in Halamata Cave, mapped and described the ruin of Ukhaidir, and travelled on to Babylon and Najaf. In Carchemish, she consulted with the two archaeologists on site, T. E. Lawrence and Reginald Campbell Thompson. She struck up a friendship with Lawrence, and the two would trade letters in the following years. Both Bell and Lawrence had attended Oxford and earned a First Class Honours in Modern History, both spoke fluent Arabic, and both travelled extensively in the Arabian desert and established ties with the local tribes. In 1910, Bell visited the Munich exhibition "Masterpieces of Muhammadan Art". In a letter to her stepmother, she recounts how she had the research room to herself and spoke to some Syrians from Damascus who were part of the ethnographic section of the exhibition. She wrote a book on her journey and the archaeological work, "Amurath to Amurath", as well as a journal article.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In 1913, she completed her last and most arduous Arabian journey, travelling about 1800 miles from Damascus to the politically volatile Ha'il, back up across the Arabian peninsula to Baghdad and from there back to Damascus. She was only the second foreign woman after Lady Anne Blunt to visit Ha'il. Unbeknownst to outsiders, the Rashidi dynasty had been ravaged by both war with Ibn Saud's forces and internecine rivalries; the Emir and oldest dynasty member was only 16 years old after assassinations and disputes had killed others of the bloodline. Bell was held prisoner in the city for eleven days before being released. She wrote afterward that "In Hayil, murder is like the spilling of milk." At the conclusion of her trip in Baghdad, Bell met the influential Naqib, Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani, who would be an important political figure later after the end of Ottoman rule. Bell's travels resulted in her being elected a Fellow of the Geographical Society in 1913; she was awarded a medal from them in 1914, then another in 1918.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Throughout her travels Bell established close relations with local inhabitants and tribes across the Middle East. While she could meet with the wives and daughters of local notables without it being a breach of propriety, a possibility denied male travellers, she did not take advantage of this much; she was only mildly curious about the lives of Arab women. Her main focus was on meeting and knowing the influential in Arab society, the male shaiks and leaders.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The British entered World War I in August 1914, and the Ottoman Empire entered the war in late October to early November. At the suggestion of Wyndham Deedes, the British War Office asked Bell for her assessment of the situation in Ottoman Syria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. In response she wrote a letter detailing her thoughts on the degree of British sympathies in the region.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell volunteered with the Red Cross, serving from November 1914–November 1915; first in Boulogne, France, and then later back in London. She was part of the Wounded & Missing Enquiry Department (W&MED) that attempted to coordinate information between the British Army, French hospitals, and worried families about the status of soldiers and casualties of the war.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Coincidentally, Judith Doughty-Wylie, the wife of the man Bell was carrying on an affair with, was also stationed in Boulogne in this period. The two met and exchanged pleasantries. Bell asked Charles Doughty-Wylie in a letter to discourage his wife from any further meetings.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In November 1915, Bell was summoned to Cairo in the British protectorate of Egypt; she arrived on 30 November. The Cairo detachment of British officials, headed by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Gilbert Clayton and renowned archaeologist and historian Lt. Cmdr. David Hogarth, was called the Arab Bureau. She also again met T. E. Lawrence, who had joined the Arab Bureau in December 1914. The Bureau set about organising and processing Bell's own, Lawrence's, and Capt. W. H. I. Shakespear's data about the location and disposition of Arab tribes of the Sinai and Gulf region. They also mapped the region, including its sources of water. This information would later be of use to Lawrence during the Arab Revolt as to which tribes could be encouraged to join the British against the Ottoman Empire.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's stay in Cairo was short; she was soon sent to British India, arriving in February 1916, likely at the suggestion of journalist-turned-diplomat Valentine Chirol. Her task in Delhi was to better coordinate the Arab Bureau with the Government of India and mediate their differences; according to Bell, "there was no kind of touch between us except rather bad tempered written telegrams!" Lord Hardinge, Viceroy of India and family friend of the Bells, was skeptical of the Arab Bureau's recent moves and promises of an independent Arab state, fearing that directly challenging the Ottoman Sultan's religious role as caliph could stir up unrest among India's substantial minority of Muslims. Bell's knowledge of the issues impressed Lord Hardinge, and she was soon sent on to Basra (captured by the British at the start of the war in November 1914) in March 1916 to act as a liaison between India and Cairo. At the time, the British were still recovering from recent setbacks in the Mesopotamian campaign. Her task there, as one of the very few Westerners who knew the area, was to advise Chief Political Officer Percy Cox, draw maps, find local guides willing to work with the British, and write reports on the inhabitants of Mesopotamia.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Cox found her an office in his headquarters, and she split her time between there and the Military GHQ Basra. She travelled in the region, assessed the stance and opinions of the local inhabitants, and drew maps that would aid the British Army in their eventual advance on Baghdad. Bell was unpaid at first, but Lord Chelmsford arranged for her to be given a formal paid position in June 1916. She became the only female political officer in the British forces and received the title of Percy Cox's Oriental Secretary. During her Basra work, she struck up close working relationships with fellow political officers Reader Bullard and the young St. John Philby.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell met Ibn Saud in Basra in late November–December 1916, as Cox and India were courting his support against the Ottoman-supporting Ibn Rashid. She was impressed with him and wrote an article in the "Arab Bulletin" extolling his abilities as a "politician, ruler, and raider." Ibn Saud was apparently less impressed with her; according to a later account by Philby, he mimicked her feminine and higher-pitched style of speech as an impression and joke to later Nejd audiences. She would later, in 1920, presciently warn Lawrence that he was overestimating Sharif Hussein's position after war between him and Ibn Saud broke out, and that Ibn Saud was likely to defeat the Hejaz if the struggle continued.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: While in the Middle East, Gertrude Bell reported on the Armenian genocide. Contrasting the killings with previous massacres, she wrote that earlier killings "were not comparable to the massacres carried out in 1915 and the succeeding years." Bell also reported that in Damascus, "Ottomans sold Armenian women openly in the public market." In an intelligence report, Bell quoted a statement by a Turkish prisoner-of-war:


title: Gertrude Bell

text: After British troops took Baghdad, on 11 March 1917, Bell was summoned by Cox to the city. She was also given the honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire. After Cox left Mesopotamia in 1918 for England and then Persia, control fell to Arnold Wilson, the Acting British Civil Commissioner in Mesopotamia. Initially, Bell and Wilson got along; a memorandum Bell wrote in February 1919, "Self-Determination in Mesopotamia", did not show major differences with Wilson. Cox and Wilson's wartime provisional government drew on British India for inspiration, replicating its legal code and bureaucratic structure, and Bell's assessment was that this was keeping the Iraqi people content. Bell visited France and England in 1919, attending the Paris Peace Conference for a short time in Wilson's stead. At Paris, plans for the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire came into shape, as negotiations over which territories should be distributed to who took place. Famously, the Sykes–Picot Agreement, negotiated by the same Mark Sykes whom Bell had met 15 years earlier, allocated northern Syria to French influence, although the French were persuaded to withdraw their claims on Mosul vilayet to Syria's east. This left the British and Arabs with southern Syria, Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra to divide.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell spent September–October 1919 visiting Egypt, Palestine, and Hashemite-ruled Syria before returning to Baghdad in November 1919.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In 1919, Mesopotamia was still under a provisional military government that largely reported to the government of British India. Over the course of 1919, Bell became convinced that an independent Arab government in Mesopotamia backed by British advisors was the correct path to follow. She saw the provisional Hashemite government in Syria, while corrupt, seemingly return life to a peaceful normal state; meanwhile, affairs in Egypt saw the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 against the British. Bell believed that the "spirit of 1919" would spread to Mesopotamia as well if the British dawdled in honouring the promise of self-determination. She spent nearly a year writing what was later considered a masterly official report, "Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia". Civil Commissioner Wilson disagreed with Bell on the topic, and the two had a falling out. Wilson, of the India school, preferred an Arab government to be under direct influence of British officials who would retain real control, as he felt, from experience, that Mesopotamian populations were not yet ready to govern and administer the country efficiently and peacefully. Troubles arose; Shia tribes in central Iraq rose in revolt in the summer of 1920, and made common cause with Sunnis. Wilson blamed Sharifan anti-British propaganda for the revolt. Bell blamed Wilson for the unrest in the region, saying his approach was insufficiently deferential to local wishes.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: On 11 October 1920, Percy Cox returned to Baghdad, replacing the discredited Wilson. Cox asked Bell to continue as his Oriental Secretary and to act as liaison with the forthcoming Arab government. Cox promptly restored much of the earlier Ottoman government structure and began to appoint more Iraqis to lead in the local provincial governments, albeit backed by powerful British advisors. Back in the British Isles, the British public was weary of constant war, the Irish War of Independence was being fought, and the British Empire was deeply in debt following the ruinous Great War. British officials in London, in particular the new Secretary of State for War and Air, Winston Churchill, wanted to reduce expenses in the colonies, including the cost of quashing revolts. British officials realised that their policy of direct governance was adding to costs. While the revolt of 1920 was successfully suppressed, it had cost 50 million pounds, hundreds of British and Indian lives, and thousands of Arab lives to do so. It was clear that Iraq would be cheaper as a self-governing state. Churchill convened a conference in Cairo to resolve the future of British administration of the region now that the war was finished.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell, Cox and Lawrence were among a select group of "Orientalists" convened by Churchill to attend the conference in Cairo to determine the internal boundaries of the British mandates from within the territory Britain had claimed during the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Few British officials had any experience in Arab or Kurdish affairs; Cox trusted Bell, and Bell was thus unusually influential and gave significant input in these discussions. The British government had reluctantly allowed France to take control of Syria as part of negotiations of the Treaty of Sèvres, leading to the creation of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon. This complicated earlier British promises to its allies in the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans, as they had presumed they would lead a new pan-Arab state centred in Damascus; but the French saw the Hashemites and their allies as potential rivals for power, and thus had no interest in allowing a Hashemite monarchy in Syria.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Various possibilities existed for these lands, including a continued direct mandate (the British Mandate for Mesopotamia), independence on various terms, or even ceding the discontented northern territories back to the new Turkish state. The school of thought that favoured independence with British direction and alliance became known as the "Cairo School", against the "India School" that favoured direct rule by Britons. Throughout the conference, Bell, Cox, and Lawrence favoured the Cairo School approach, and worked to promote the establishment of the independent countries of Transjordan and Iraq. They also supported the Sharifian Solution: that these states be presided over by the sons of the instigator of the Arab Revolt, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca. In this proposal, Abdullah and Faisal would serve as the kings of the new countries (the eventual Monarchy of Jordan and Monarchy of Iraq). Bell thought that Faisal's status as an outsider would enable him to hold together the new country of Iraq as someone not beholden to any one group, but rather a unifying symbol. In theory, Shias would respect him because of his lineage from Muhammad; Sunnis would follow him because he was Sunni from a respected family. In practice, pan-Arabism and Sharifism would prove more appealing to the Sunni population in Iraq than the Shia population. Bell was also influenced by a strain of British thought that romantically considered the desert Arabs of the Hejaz as "pure" Arabs, and thus naturally suited to possessing legitimacy and respect; the success of Faisal in the Arab Revolt at assembling a coalition of disparate tribes acted as proof to this school.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The Ottomans had divided the region into the strategically important for the British Basra vilayet in the south, the central Baghdad vilayet, and the northern Kurdish-dominated Mosul vilayet. The three had little cultural or economic interdependency under Ottoman rule. The territory of the new Iraq was an undecided matter before the conference. The question of what to do with oil-rich Mosul in particular became known as the Mosul question. Bell advocated for expansive Iraqi borders that would include all three of the Ottoman territories including Mosul. In this, she was defeated at the conference; Churchill, Hubert Young, Lawrence, and others feared that putting Kurds under an Arab ruler might make them sympathetic to Turkey and disloyal to Iraq, while establishing an independent buffer state of Southern Kurdistan or Upper Mesopotamia would ensure the Kurds would see any Turkish incursion as unwelcome rather than a liberation. They insisted that the Southern Kurds only be included in Iraq if they directly asked to be. Bell would eventually get her way after the conference, though. In the process of the largely performative nationwide referendum to endorse Faisal of 1921, the referendum takers were able to find enough pro-Faisal members of Kurdish elite to satisfy the new British government of late 1922 to allow the inclusion of Mosul as part of Iraq after all. The Kurdish elite had extracted certain promises for autonomy, but these promises would be largely ignored. Bell wrote a letter in 1924 responding to an article likely from Arnold Wilson that argued Mosul would be happier under Turkish rule; Bell argued that based on the elite representatives to the Constituent Assembly, Mosul still wished to be part of Iraq. Negotiations and occasional warfare with Kemalist Turkey would continue until 1926, when the Treaty of Ankara recognized Mosul as part of Iraq. Lawrence would later write that he often feared and sometimes hoped that the over-large state Bell had built would collapse.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Against the wishes of the Arab-sympathetic Bell, the British would eventually decide to keep the British Mandate for Palestine to be run directly by themselves, rather than make it part of Transjordan. Bell opposed the Zionist movement; she wrote that she regarded the Balfour Declaration with "the deepest mistrust" and that "It's like a nightmare in which you foresee all the horrible things which are going to happen and can't stretch out your hand to prevent them". In a letter to her mother she described the Balfour Declaration as "a wholly artificial scheme divorced from all relation to facts and I wish it the ill-success it deserves".


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The Sharifan solution prevailed, and Faisal was presented to Iraq as the new king. The main local candidate for leadership who had opposed the selection of Faisal, Sayyid Talib, was arrested and exiled in April 1921 after being invited to tea with Percy Cox's wife, at Bell's suggestion and with Cox's assent; Bell viewed Talib as a potential rebel if left unchecked.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell served in the Iraq British High Commission advisory group throughout the 1920s and was an integral part of the administration of Iraq in Faisal's first years. Upon Faisal's arrival in 1921, Bell advised him on local questions, including matters involving tribal geography, tribal leadership, and local business. Faisal was crowned king of Iraq on 23 August 1921. Referred to in Iraqi Arabic as "al-Khatun" (a Lady of the Court), Bell was a confidante of Faisal and helped ease his passage into the role. Bell played the role of mediator between Faisal's government, British officials, and local notables. She took a special interest in public relations: arranging receptions, parties, and meetings; discussing the state of affairs with both the British and Arab elite of Baghdad; and transferring requests and complaints to the government. She also suggested designs for both the flag of Iraq and Faisal's personal flag.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The new Iraqi government had to mediate between the various groups of Iraq: Shias, Sunnis, Kurds, Jews, and Assyrian Christians. Keeping these groups content was essential for political balance in Iraq and for British imperial interests. An important project for both the British and the new Iraqi government was creating a new identity for these people so that they would identify themselves as one nation. One of the main issues that faced Faisal was establishing his legitimacy among the Shia population. There was little enthusiasm for Faisal when he landed at the Shia port of Basra. Faisal's administration, while reserving certain positions for Shiites as a token, was pan-Arabist and Sunni-dominated, a position that Bell endorsed. Sunni elites made it clear that they would consider any reduction of their traditional privileges during Ottoman rule, as compared to the Shiites or Kurds, a betrayal. Bell thought that a Shia-dominated government would likely devolve into a theocracy. Bell had difficulty making close relationships with the most important Shia leaders; she wrote that she was "cut off from them because their tenets forbid them to look upon an unveiled woman and my tenets don't permit me to veil."


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell did not find working with the new king to be easy; she wrote in one 1921 letter that "You may rely upon one thing — I'll never engage in creating kings again; it's too great a strain."


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Muriel Forbes advocated for the creation of a new library in Baghdad in 1919–20 and founded the Baghdad Peace Library ("Maktabat al-Salam"). Bell energetically promoted the library and subsequently served on its Library Committee as President from 1921 to 1924. This included participating in fund-raising events, soliciting free copies of books from British publishers for library use, and publishing articles in the library's Review. The library started as a private, subscription library, but due to financial difficulties, it was taken over by the Ministry of Education in 1924 and changed into a public library. In 1926, it was one of only two public libraries in the country. It became known as the Baghdad Public Library in 1929, and was renamed in 1961 to the National Library of Iraq.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In October 1922, King Faisal appointed Bell as Honorary Director of Antiquities, a task suited to her experience and love of archaeology. Several notable excavations took place during Bell's tenure, with Bell involved in the cataloguing and distribution of antiquities. Leonard Woolley conducted extensive excavations of the city of Ur from 1922–1934. In 1924, Bell personally invited Assyriologist Edward Chiera to conduct archaeological excavations in ancient Nuzi, near Kirkuk, Iraq, where hundreds of inscribed clay tablets had been discovered and deciphered, now known as the Nuzi Tablets.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The state of approvals for archaeological digs during Ottoman Empire rule had been loose and unorganized; digs happened without being registered to any authority; and there was no governing body with the authority to oversee or enforce the few regulations that did exist. Bell's chief role as Director of Antiquities was to draw up proposed legislation that would clarify the status of existing digs, regulate the granting of new permits, adjudicate ownership of discovered artefacts, and allow for the creation of a Department of Antiquities to enforce the law. Bell's initial proposals were considered overly friendly to British interests by Sati' al-Husri, Faisal's Director of Education and an Arab nationalist. Al-Husri slowed passage of the law, but Bell's law passed in 1924 after revisions; it largely followed the standard model elsewhere in the world, but notably reserved extensive power to the Director (that is, herself) to judge whether discovered antiquities would go in the national museum and stay as property of the state, or be allowed for export. It also placed the Department of Antiquities under the Ministry of Public Works, away from al-Husri.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's law was a hybrid that bridged the gap between the chaos of Ottoman-era archaeology and later laws that would more directly enforce Iraqi sovereignty on the matter. Foreign archaeologists continued legally exporting antiquities from Iraq, but in a more restricted manner. Simply organizing, tracking, and regulating archaeological digs seems to have hurt the black market trade in looted antiquities.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: As Director of Antiquities, Bell was responsible for storing excavated antiquities for personal review and examination. Her initial storeroom, called the Babylonian Stone Room, was soon filling up, however. She requested a dedicated building to act as a museum in March 1923, but was initially rejected. After sustained lobbying effort over the next years, carefully ensuring that the elites of Iraqi government and society saw the latest excavations from Ur and were invested in the project at parties and events, she finally secured a location for her museum plan on the ground floor of a stationery and printing building in March 1926. This became the Baghdad Archaeological Museum, later renamed the Iraq Museum; it opened in June 1926, shortly before Bell's death.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: As part of her role as Director, Bell helped establish procedures that were becoming standard around the world: carefully keeping a ledger of excavations and finds, as well as detailed descriptions of material, dimensions, and other comments; applying a formal numbering system to track them; and sending photographs of unusual finds off to the British Museum for further analysis. She did this with only a small but hard-working staff; the Department of Antiquities only consisted of her, Abdulqadir Pachachi, and Salim Lawi from 1924–26. Bell and the Department helped preserve Iraqi culture and history which included the important relics of Mesopotamian civilizations, and the museum kept them in their country of origin. Bell's will bequeathed £50,000 to the Iraq Museum and £6,000 to the British Museum to establish the "British School of Archaeology in Iraq" in London (later renamed to "The British Institute for the Study of Iraq"), which continued to fund and aid excavation projects (adjusted for inflation, around £2.1 million and £250,000 in 2021, respectively).


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The stress of authoring a prodigious output of books, correspondence, intelligence reports, reference works, and white papers; of recurring bronchitis attacks brought on by years of heavy cigarette smoking; of bouts with malaria; and finally, of coping with Baghdad's summer heat all took a toll on her health. Somewhat frail to start with, she became emaciated over the course of the 1920s, and suffered a drastic collapse of her health in 1924. Bell briefly returned to Britain in 1925, where she faced continued ill health. She did take the opportunity to correspond with Lawrence, who sought her advice on his forthcoming book "Seven Pillars of Wisdom". Her family's fortune had begun to decline due to a wave of post-World War I coal strikes in Britain that would culminate in the general strike of 1926 and economic depression in Europe; the Bells began preparation to move out of their expensive mansion at Rounton to reduce costs. She returned to Baghdad and soon developed pleurisy. While she recovered, she heard that her younger half brother Hugo had died of typhoid.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Many of Bell's dear friends left Iraq in the early 1920s, most notably Percy Cox, who retired in 1923. In late 1922, she struck up a lasting friendship with Kinahan Cornwallis, a fellow British advisor in Iraq. She signaled an openness to a romantic involvement to the much younger Cornwallis, but was rejected, and their relationship stayed a professional friendship.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell suffered psychologically from 1923–1926, and may have been depressed. The new High Commissioner of the mandate installed in 1923, Henry Dobbs, kept Bell as his Oriental Secretary but consulted her less frequently than Percy Cox had. Bell was no longer consulted by Faisal as much after his first year in office either, and he had not lived up to her impossibly high expectations. While she had thrown herself into her new position as Director of Antiquities with gusto, she still disliked being sidelined from the high affairs of state. Over the course of two days in 1925, her beloved pet dog as well as Kinahan Cornwallis's dog, whom she had looked after and cared for as well, both died.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: On 12 July 1926, Bell was discovered dead of an overdose of allobarbital sleeping pills. It is unknown whether the overdose was an intentional suicide or an accidental misdose. She had asked her maid to wake her in the morning, suggesting an accident, but she had also requested for Cornwallis to look after her new dog in case anything happened to her the previous day, and had recently written a philosophical letter on how her lonely existence cannot extend forever to her mother, suggesting foreknowledge of her death. She was buried at the Anglican cemetery in Baghdad's Bab al-Sharji district the same day. Her funeral was a major event, attended by a large crowd. It was said King Faisal watched the procession from his private balcony as they carried her coffin to the cemetery. Back in Great Britain, King George V personally wrote a letter of condolences to her parents Hugh and Florence.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's upper class background and training in history influenced her to have views considered old-fashioned for the time, with seeming pining for an older, nobler aristocratic age. Her historical training did aid in understanding the Middle East; many Britons of the era were essentially ignorant and uninterested in the history of the region after the era of early Christianity and the Roman Empire. It did mean that she phrased her appeals toward Arab nationalists in the style of recreating a lost Golden Age of the early Caliphates, rather than using more modernist arguments. She was simultaneously an Iraqi nationalist and a British imperialist; Bell saw no contradiction in this, although fissures between the interests of the Iraqi state and the interests of the British Empire developed almost immediately.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: From an early age, Bell was outspoken and independent despite being raised in a deferential society; she was willing to verbally contest respected professors and experts during her schooling. This sometimes manifested as arrogance, especially to British people she perceived as non-experts. She was willing to back down when sparring with fellow Arabists; T. E Lawrence writes of one incident in 1911 where she criticized the methods used at the dig at Carchemish before being reprimanded and convinced otherwise by Lawrence and Thompson. She occasionally had a contrarian bent, seemingly enjoying supporting tough causes. Bell had a rationalist perspective, and espoused atheist views. She unsuccessfully attempted to convince her half-brother Hugo not to enter the Church as a clergyman. Another contrarian position she adopted was taking an anti-suffragist position when momentum was building toward women's suffrage among women of higher education such as herself. She was a founding member of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League in 1908 and was president of its northern branch. It seems that her stance may have arisen from both her parents being anti-suffragists, as well as a belief that women could already be successful under the existing system without the vote. She appears to have softened on this stance later in her life after Parliament granted suffrage to women in 1918; Vita Sackville-West wrote that after visiting her in 1925, she had welcomed the move for women's rights, and had shifted from the Liberal views of her father to considering being a Labour voter.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's voluminous letters document her changing and at times contradictory beliefs on the plausibility of an Arab state, the best degree of British involvement, and the challenges involved. T. E. Lawrence once remarked that she "changed her direction every time like a weathercock" (although, in the same statement, wrote she was a "wonderful person"). At different times, she wrote both in favour and against an independent Arab state, direct British rule, and the Sharifan solution. Later, she wished for Faisal to be both an independent ruler with legitimacy to Iraqis and great personal authority, yet also a ruler who simultaneously agreed with British requests and priorities: an impossible position. Still, she grasped the dangers of British involvement better than many of her contemporaries. Bell's 1920 report on the region showed striking ambivalence on the wisdom and capacity of the imperial project, depicting the tribal culture of the countryside as a centuries-long tradition that had outlasted Turkish rule and would not easily bend to outside intervention. According to a report she wrote in the Arab Bulletin:


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The boundary lines of Iraq that emerged during the partition of the Ottoman Empire, the 1921 Cairo Conference, and the 1922 addition of Southern Kurdistan still hold today for the modern state of Iraq. The inclusion of the Kurdish-dominated Mosul vilayet in Iraq is still considered a mistake by many historians and commentators. Bell supported this inclusion of traditionally Kurdish lands in a state dominated by Arabs, however, against the advice of some of her contemporaries including T. E. Lawrence, Edward Noel, and E. B. Soane. More generally, Bell had extensive contact and personal friendships with many Arabs, but comparatively limited contact with Kurds, perhaps leading to her unfounded optimism on the wisdom of including Kurdish lands in Iraq. As part of her role in the Iraqi government, she supported suppression of Kurdish revolts of the 1920s, and did not particularly advocate for any privileges or autonomy for the region. The division of the Kurds between Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran led to their oppression in all four countries. Saad Eskander wrote that Bell is more fondly remembered by Iraqi Arabs than Iraqi Kurds as a result.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell proposed that many aspects of government be decentralized, both because it was the only feasible way to maintain a heterogeneous multi-ethnic and multi-religion state, as well as a certain degree of parochial romanticisation of classical Arab culture. Under her Tribal Criminal and Civil Disputes Regulation, local shaikhs in the countryside had wide authority to manage tax collection and the judiciary on their own; the national government only had such authority in the major cities. Later rulers would favor a strong, centralized government and find this decentralization intrusive; Bell's law was later repealed by the new Iraqi Republic government after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's work in archaeology and her tenure as Director of Antiquities is generally well-regarded. Her photographs, notes, and detailed plans of sites she visited from 1909–1914 is "priceless documentation" that preserved knowledge of many monuments and buildings since damaged or destroyed. A memorial plaque dedicated to Bell was installed at the Archaeological Museum in 1930, after King Faisal requested her memory be honored in the project she had devoted so much effort. However, the reputation of non-Iraqi archaeologists later suffered due to her corrupt successor as Director of Antiquities, Richard Cooke. Cooke was forced to resign in a scandal after he was caught using his position to take and smuggle antiquities for his own personal fortune. After several short-lived successors to Cooke, Sati' al-Husri, Bell's political rival, took over as Director of Antiquities in 1934. He succeeded in advocating for a new law that revised Bell's 1924 law on Antiquities. The revised 1936 legislation gave the Iraqi government additional power in the division of antiquities between archaeologists and the government.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's work with the future National Library of Iraq and the library of the National Museum of Iraq was praised as helping establish the basis for libraries that would go on to be among the best in the Middle East by the 1980s. Ian Johnson praised it as a step toward bringing back a tradition of scholarship from the Abbasid Caliphate; the region had become an intellectual backwater under Ottoman rule.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Many of Bell's compatriots wrote admiring articles, reports, and lectures upon receiving news of her death, including Vita Sackville-West, Leo Amery, Arnold Wilson, Percy Cox, Henry Dobbs, and others. An obituary written by her peer D. G. Hogarth expressed the respect British officials held for her. Hogarth wrote:


title: Gertrude Bell

text: No woman in recent time has combined her qualities – her taste for arduous and dangerous adventure with her scientific interest and knowledge, her competence in archaeology and art, her distinguished literary gift, her sympathy for all sorts and condition of men, her political insight and appreciation of human values, her masculine vigour, hard common sense and practical efficiency – all tempered by feminine charm and a most romantic spirit.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell's 1920 white paper, "Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia", possibly the first white paper composed by a woman, is considered important and influential; H. V. F. Winstone called it her "finest political work". Winstone also wrote that despite the later fall of the Kingdom of Iraq, Bell's "real work" had been her earlier role as an archaeologist, scholar, author, translator, and adventurer, a legacy that would last long after the Iraqi monarchy was forgotten.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Elie Kedourie, an Iraqi Jew who left the country to become a conservative British historian, denounced Faisal as a "pathetic incompetent", Lawrence as a "fanatic", and Bell for her "sentimental enthusiasm" and "fond foolishness" in her advocacy of an Arab state. He blamed them for unleashing Arab nationalism in a region where it had been previously unknown. Kedourie admired large multi-ethnic empires and favoured, in retrospect, Arnold Wilson's solution of direct British rule that he believed would better protect minority rights; the Iraqi Jewish community would greatly shrink in the 1940s and 50s in the face of oppression from the hostile government.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac described Bell as "one of the few representatives of His Majesty's Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection" in an overview of British policy-making following World War I.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: A stained-glass window dedicated to her memory, made by Douglas Strachan, was erected in St Lawrence's Church, East Rounton, North Yorkshire. It depicts Magdalen College, Oxford, and Khadimain, Baghdad. The inscription commemorates her as "Versed in the learning of the east and of the west, Servant of the State, Scholar, Poet, Historian, Antiquary, Gardener, Mountaineer, Explorer, Lover of Nature of Flowers and of Animals, Incomparable Friend Sister Daughter".


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In the 2010s, a team from Newcastle University released a comic version of Bell's life, with John Miers the cartoonist.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In 2016, a campaign was launched to transform the Bell family's former estate, Red Barns, into a memorial and museum. The family were patrons of the Arts and Crafts movement in England, and the home, located in Redcar, features wallpaper by William Morris. Although the building is Grade II* listed, it had not been maintained. A 2015 exhibition about her at the Great North Museum in Newcastle helped raise interest. The exhibition moved to the Kirkleatham Museum in Redcar after its run in Newcastle.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: The Gertrude Bell archive, an extensive record of Bell's writings held by Newcastle University, was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme in 2017.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: In 2019, entomologists studying wild bees in Saudi Arabia described a new genus which they named to honour Bell, as genus "Belliturgula", known from the species "Belliturgula najdica" from central Saudi Arabia.


title: Gertrude Bell

text: Bell wrote voluminously during her life. After her death in 1926, her stepmother Florence Bell took the first attempt to curate a selection of her writing from over 2,400 pages of letters. In 1927, Florence published two volumes of Gertrude's collected correspondence, albeit leaving out her more romantic letters out of propriety as well as omitting material she thought might be embarrassing to the Iraqi government. Since then, various collections of Bell's letters, journal articles, reports, and wartime "Arab Bulletin" articles have been published.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The 2022 season is the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' 47th in the National Football League (NFL) in Tampa, Florida, their first under new head coach Todd Bowles, and ninth under general manager Jason Licht. Bowles was elevated from the defensive coordinator position, which he held from 2019 to 2021.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Buccaneers entered the 2022 season as defending NFC South champions and are attempting to win their division in consecutive seasons for the first time in franchise history. They are also looking to achieve a playoff berth for the third consecutive season. After starting the season 2–0, they lost five out of their next six games, including a 3–21 upset defeat to 1–5 Carolina, and failing to improve upon their franchise-best 13–4 record from last year after a Week 8 loss to the Baltimore Ravens.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: On February 1, 2022, quarterback Tom Brady announced his retirement from the league. Brady had one season remaining on his contract with the Buccaneers. However, on March 13, after only forty days, he reversed his decision, and announced he would return for the 2022 season. Brady's announcement triggered a flurry of free agent signings, re-signings, and restructuring, including Chris Godwin, Leonard Fournette, Shaq Mason, Russell Gage, Carlton Davis, Ryan Jensen, Julio Jones and others. Jensen, however, would be placed on IR due to a knee injury during training camp.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: On March 30, a couple weeks after Brady's announcement, head coach Bruce Arians announced his second retirement from coaching and shifted to Senior Football Consultant. Defensive coordinator and former Jets head coach Todd Bowles was immediately named the successor to Arians. After two seasons with the club, Rob Gronkowski announced his second retirement on June 21.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay visited Dallas on "Sunday Night Football", the second year in a row that the Buccaneers faced the Cowboys in primetime in Week 1. Tampa Bay defeated Dallas 19–3, behind a dominating defensive performance. Quarterback Tom Brady, coming off an eventful offseason which saw him retire, unretire, then take an 11-day leave of absence during training camp, started his third season under center for Tampa Bay. Brady threw for 212 yards and one touchdown, and became the oldest starting quarterback in NFL history. Leonard Fournette, however, was the offensive star of the night. Fournette rushed for 127 yards and caught two passes for 10 yards. New head coach Todd Bowles won his debut with Tampa Bay.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Dallas took the opening kickoff and drove 54 yards in 14 plays to the Tampa Bay 32. Brett Maher kicked a 51-yard field goal for an early 3–0 lead. It would be the only points of the night for Dallas. Tampa Bay answered with a 44-yard field goal by Ryan Succop and a 3–3 tie. The drive was sparked by a 24-yard catch and run by Chris Godwin, his first game back after suffering an ACL injury in 2021. Dallas went three-and-out and punted on their second drive. Brady found Mike Evans on a 19-yard gain, then two plays later Fournette blasted for 17 yards to the Dallas 25. The drive stalled, however, and Succop's second field goal gave Tampa Bay a 6–3 lead.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Offensive futility plagued Dallas, as they went three-and-out again. Later, Dak Prescott was intercepted by Antoine Winfield Jr. deep in Cowboys territory. However, Tampa Bay struggled in the red zone, and once again had to settle for a field goal. Leading 9–6, the Buccaneers got the ball with 1:46 left in the second quarter. Brady's 48-yard bomb to Julio Jones set the Buccaneers up at the Dallas 29 yard line. Succop's fourth field goal with 19 seconds remaining gave Tampa Bay a 12–3 halftime lead.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Brady's 5-yard touchdown pass to Mike Evans in the third quarter was the only touchdown of the night. Brady found Evans on the left side of the endzone. Evans, falling backwards, reached up and grabbed the ball with one hand, and pulled it into his chest for the score.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Trailing 19–3, Dallas was unable to mount any sort of comeback. Quarterback Dak Prescott left the game in the fourth quarter with a fractured thumb, and was replaced by Cooper Rush. The 3 total points by Dallas was their worst opening day score since 1989. Tampa Bay started the season off 1–0, and Brady himself improved to 7–0 all-time against the Cowboys. It was also Tampa Bay's first win at AT&T Stadium, and first win at Dallas since 2001.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay snapped a six-game regular season losing streak to division rival New Orleans. A chippy, defensive struggle through three quarters, the Buccaneers capitalized on five second half Saints turnovers to pull away for a 20–10 victory. Quarterback Tom Brady had just an average performance, throwing for only 190 yards and one touchdown pass. Leonard Fournette was held to only 65 yards rushing on 24 carries. But the Buccaneers won the turnover battle, and two clutch field goals and a "pick-6" put the game out of reach. The Buccaneers offense was missing Julio Jones (knee), Chris Godwin (hamstring), and Donovan Smith (elbow), all out with injuries.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Saints took the opening kickoff, and drove 63 yards in 11 plays. The Tampa Bay defense stiffened in the red zone, and New Orleans settled for a Wil Lutz field goal and a 3–0 lead. Tampa Bay's first drive looked promising, as they drove to the Saints 26 yard line. Facing 3rd-and-1, Brady fumbled a bad snap, and the Saints recovered. The Saints managed one first down, but a Taysom Hill run on third down was tackled a for a loss and the Saints were forced to punt.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: On the first play of the second quarter, Mike Evans broke free on a busted coverage, and was wide open for a 41-yard gain down to the Saints 31. Facing a 4th & inches at the 8 yard line, Leonard Fournette was stuffed for no gain. Tampa Bay's second drive came up empty, as they turned the ball over on downs. Neither team was able to get much going on offense in the second quarter. New Orleans led 3–0 at halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay finally got on the board in the second half. Ryan Succop kicked a 47-yard field goal to tie the game at 3–3 with 6:49 left in the third quarter. On the ensuing drive, New Orleans drove to the Tampa Bay 20. Mark Ingram II took a handoff for 9 yards to the 11 yard line, but the ball came loose and was recovered by Tampa Bay. The score remained 3–3.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The fourth quarter began with Tampa Bay driving. The Saints forced a three-and-out, but were flagged for "Too Many Men on the Field" during the punt, and Tampa Bay got a free first down. Facing 3rd-and-5 at their own 29, Brady's pass attempt to Scotty Miller fell incomplete. After the play, an argument broke out on the field, which escalated into a melee. Marshon Lattimore exchanged heated words with Tom Brady, then traded shoves with Leonard Fournette. Mike Evans tackled Lattimore to the turf and a fight between the two teams ensued. It was the second such altercation between Evans and Lattimore, after a previous one in 2017. Both Evans and Lattimore were ejected, the penalties offset. Jake Camarda's punt went off the side of his foot and netted only 26 yards.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Jameis Winston threw deep to Chris Olave, but was picked off by Jamel Dean in the endzone. The turnover appeared to spark the Buccaneers, as they drove 80 yards in 9 plays for the game's first touchdown. Brady found Breshad Perriman in the right corner of the endzone for a 28-yard touchdown pass and a 10–3 lead. Two plays later, Winston threw another interception, again picked off by Jamel Dean. The turnover led to a Succop field goal, and a 13–3 lead with 5:55 left in regulation.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Mike Edwards picked off Jameis Winston, his third straight interception thrown, and ran it back 68 yards for a touchdown to take control of the game with 4:23 to go. The Buccaneers held on for a 20–10 victory, and started 2–0 for the second season in a row. One day after the game, Mike Evans was suspended by the league for one game for his role in the altercation with Marshon Lattimore.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay hosted Green Bay in their home opener. The Tampa Bay offense was without wide receivers Mike Evans (suspension), Chris Godwin (hamstring), and Julio Jones (knee). Quarterback Tom Brady threw a 1-yard touchdown pass to Russell Gage with 14 seconds left in regulation. However, the ensuing two-point conversion attempt failed, and the Packers held on for a 14–12 win.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay received the opening kickoff, and drove 48 yards in ten plays. Ryan Succop kicked a 45-yard field goal, giving the Buccaneers a 3–0 lead. Green Bay controlled the rest of the first half offensively. Aaron Rodgers threw touchdown passes on Green Bay's next two drives, putting the Packers ahead 14–3.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Late in the second quarter, Rodgers connected with Randall Cobb for 40 yards down to the Tampa Bay 22. Facing 3rd-and-goal at the 5 yard line, Rodgers completed a pass to Aaron Jones to the 2, but the ball was knocked away for a fumble. Vita Vea recovered the loose ball in the endzone for a touchback, and the Tampa Bay defense snuffed out Green Bay's drive. The Buccaneers squandered a scoring opportunity in the final minute of the first half. Brady's pass to Breshad Perriman at the Green Bay 26 was subsequently fumbled and recovered by Green Bay. The Packers led 14–3 at halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Momentum shifted towards Tampa Bay, particularly the defense, in the second half. The Packers punted on six of their next seven drives, and were shutout in the second half. Midway through the third quarter, Rodgers was picked off by Logan Ryan near midfield. The turnover lead to a Buccaneers field goal, and the deficit was trimmed to 14–6.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay got the ball with 3:04 left in the fourth quarter. Brady led the Buccaneers on decisive 13-play, 89-yard drive. Facing 3rd-and-goal at the Green Bay 1, Brady found Russell Gage for a 1-yard touchdown pass with 14 seconds left. Tampa Bay lined up for a potential game-tying two-conversion attempt, but allowed the play clock to run out, and were flagged for Delay of game. After a five yard penalty, the second two-point conversion attempt failed. Brady's pass intended for Gage was tipped and fell incomplete.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay hosted Kansas City on Sunday Night Football. The game was a rematch of Super Bowl LV. In the week leading up to the game, Hurricane Ian was predicted to impact the Tampa Bay area. The Buccaneers staff, coaches, and players evacuated to Miami on Tuesday, and conducted practice at the Miami Dolphins facility. The storm put the status of the game in doubt. Tentative plans were made to relocate the game to U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis. However, the storm made landfall further to the south, and the game was played at Raymond James Stadium as scheduled. Club management released a statement after the storm, "We are also very thankful that the Tampa Bay area was spared the most damaging consequences of this powerful storm (of Hurricane Ian)." They also thanked law enforcement officials and emergency personnel for monitoring and enhancing safety of residents around Tampa. During pregame ceremonies, first responders were honored for their service during the storm.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Rachaad White fumbled away the opening kickoff, and Kansas City recovered. On the second play from scrimmage, Patrick Mahomes found Travis Kelce for a 16-yard touchdown pass, and built an early lead the Chiefs would never surrender. Mahomes threw for 249 yards and 3 touchdown passes as Kansas City overpowered Tampa Bay by a score of 41–31.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: With wide receivers Mike Evans, Chris Godwin, and Julio Jones back in the lineup, the Tampa Bay passing offense improved over the previous week. Quarterback Tom Brady threw for 385 yards and three touchdown passes. The Tampa Bay rushing attack, however, was futile. The Buccaneers rushed for only 3 yards on 6 attempts.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Trailing 41–24 with 4:58 left in the fourth quarter, Sean Murphy-Bunting intercepted Patrick Mahomes, and returned the ball 33 yards to the Kansas City 34 yard line. Brady's 5-yard touchdown pass to Leonard Fournette narrowed the deficit to 41–31 with 3:30 left. The Buccaneers got the ball back with 45 seconds left, but time ran out to mount any sort of comeback.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay hosted division rival Atlanta. The Buccaneers built a 21–0 lead through three quarters, and held on for a 21–15 victory. Leonard Fournette was the offensive standout for the day. He rushed for 56 yards and one rushing touchdown, and caught 10 passes for 83 yards and one receiving touchdown.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Both teams punted on their first possessions. On their second possession, Tampa Bay drove to the Atlanta 15 yard line. Tom Brady's pass to Cade Otton appeared to give the Buccaneers a first down, but the ball was spotted short of the line to gain. One the next play, facing 4th-and-inches, Leonard Fournette was tackled for no gain, and Tampa Bay turned the ball over on downs.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay got the ball back to start the second quarter. Facing a 3rd-and-3 at the Atlanta 37, Brady kept the drive alive with a 25-yard pass to Mike Evans. Three plays later, Fournette was in the endzone with a 1-yard run. Tampa Bay took a 7–0 lead. On their next drive, Tampa Bay drove 84 yards in 13 plays. Ryan Succop's 21-yard chip-shot field goal made the score 10–0.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Inside the two-minute warning, the Falcons got to the Tampa Bay 25-yard line. Antoine Winfield Jr. sacked Marcus Mariota for a loss of 9, pushing them back to the 34. With 24 seconds left in the half, Younghoe Koo's 52-yard field goal attempt into the wind sailed wide right. With 9 seconds left, Brady found Fournette for a quick completion to the 26, and he ran out of bounds with 3 seconds on the clock. Ryan Succop kicked a wobbly 44-yard field goal as time expired in the half, and Tampa Bay led 13–0.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: In the third quarter, Tom Brady threw deep to Mike Evans, who broke free for a 40-yard gain all the way to the Atlanta 1-yard line. On the next play, Brady threw to Fournette for the touchdown, and followed it up with a two-point conversion pass to Russell Gage. Tampa Bay led 21–0 at the end of the third quarter.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Atlanta tried to rally in the fourth quarter, as Tampa Bay's offense went cold. The Buccaneers went three-and-out on three straight drives, while the Falcons put up two touchdowns to trim the deficit to 21–15. With 3:18 left in regulation, Tampa Bay faced a 3rd-and-3 at their own 43. Brady's pass was incomplete, but a defensive holding penalty on Atlanta gave the Buccaneers a first down. Three plays later, Tampa Bay faced another 3rd down. Tom Brady was sacked for a loss of 10, but Grady Jarrett was called for a questionable roughing the passer penalty. Brady then made a crucial 9-yard completion to Mike Evans for a first down just before the two-minute warning. Brady was then able to take a knee to seal the victory.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Tampa Bay defense held Atlanta scoreless through three quarters, sacked Marcus Mariota five times, and held the Falcons to only 89 yards in the first half. The Buccaneers won their fifth straight against the Falcons, and Tom Brady remained undefeated individually against Atlanta. Tampa Bay improved to 3–2 on the season, taking the lead in the NFC South.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tom Brady's two-point conversion pass to Chris Godwin was knocked down at the goal line, and Tampa Bay fell 20–18 at Pittsburgh. The Buccaneers offense struggled, reaching the endzone only once, and going only 4-for-14 on third down conversions. The Buccaneers fell to 3–3 and into a tie for first place in the NFC South division.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Steelers took a 7–0 lead in the first quarter with Kenny Pickett's 6-yard touchdown pass to Najee Harris. Ryan Succop kicked three first-half field goals, and the Buccaneers trailed 10–9 at halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Steven Sims ran the second half kickoff back 89 yards to the Tampa Bay 12 yard line. Pittsburgh added a field goal and stretched their lead to 13–9. Tampa Bay drove 69 yards in 14 plays. Despite a 1st-and-goal at the Pittsburgh 4 yard line, the Buccaneers had to settle for field goal. The Steelers led 13–12 at the end of the third quarter.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: With Kenny Pickett out of the game due to concussion protocol, Mitchell Trubisky took over at quarterback for the Steelers. After a Tampa Bay three-and-out, Trubisky threw a 6-yard touchdown to Chase Claypool. Trailing 20–12, Tom Brady drove the Buccaneers 73 yard in 14 plays, including two fourth down conversions. On 1st-and-10 at the Pittsburgh 11, Brady completed to Leonard Fournette for an 11-yard touchdown pass. The two-point conversion failed, and the score was 20–18 with 4:45 to go. Tampa Bay was unable to get the ball back, and the Steelers ran out the clock for the victory.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay lost their fourth game in five weeks, and dropped to 3–4 on the season. Quarterback Tom Brady fell to the Panthers for the first time since Week 4 of 2017, and fell to 3–4 in a season for only the second time in his career. The Buccaneers converted only two of twelve third down attempts and were stopped twice in three fourth down attempts. The Panthers win came days after trading Christian McCaffrey to the 49ers.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The tone for the day was set early. On the third play of the game, Brady threw deep downfield to a wide open Mike Evans. Evans was ten yards clear from any defender, but the ball was juggled off of his fingertips, and dropped incomplete at the 25 yard line. It would have been an effortless, walk-in touchdown, but the drive came up empty, and seemingly the Buccaneers never recovered. The first quarter ended scoreless.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Carolina led 7–0 at halftime after a 20-yard P. J. Walker touchdown pass to D. J. Moore near the back of the endzone. Late in the third quarter, D'Onta Foreman gassed the Buccaneers defense with a 60-yard rush down to the Tampa Bay 17. One play later, Chuba Hubbard was in the endzone with a 17-yard scoring run, and Carolina led 14–0.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: At the start of the fourth quarter, the Buccaneers finally reached the red zone. With a 1st-and-goal at the Carolina 8, Brady threw three incompletions, and they settled for a Ryan Succop field goal. It would be their only points of the game.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay lost their third straight game, falling to Baltimore on "Thursday Night Football" to drop to 3–5 on the season, their worst start since 2018. Quarterback Tom Brady threw for 325 yards and one touchdown pass. Brady set the record for most career sacks (556), and lost a third straight start for the first time since 2002.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Ravens received the opening kickoff, but managed only one first down on the drive. Justin Tucker punted, and the ball was fielded at the 11 yard line. Dee Delaney, however, was blocked and ran into his own teammate causing return man Jaelon Darden to muff the punt. The Ravens recovered the ball at the Tampa Bay 6 yard line, and the turnover led to field goal. On the next possession, Tampa Bay drove 75 yards in 8 plays, scoring their first opening drive touchdown all season. Chris Godwin's 44-yard catch and run set up Leonard Fournette's 1-yard touchdown run. The Buccaneers added a field goal late in the first quarter, and led 10–3.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: In the second quarter, the Ravens failed on a 4th & 2 at the Tampa Bay 9 yard line, then had field goal attempt blocked as time expired. The Buccaneers held the 10–3 lead into halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Ravens rushing attack wore out a tired Buccaneers defense in the second half. Trailing 27–16 with 2:16 left in regulation, Brady drove the Buccaneers 75 yards in 11 plays. Julio Jones caught an 8-yard touchdown pass with 49 seconds left, but the ensuing two-point conversion try failed. With the score 27–22, an onside kick attempt failed, and Baltimore held on for the victory.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tom Brady threw a 1-yard touchdown pass to Cade Otton with 9 seconds left in regulation to lift the Buccaneers over the visiting Rams. Tampa Bay snapped a three-game losing streak, and moved back into first place in the NFC South. During the game, Brady became the first player in NFL history to eclipse 100,000 passing yards (combined regular season & postseason), and he also achieved his 43rd career fourth quarter comeback, tying the mark set by Peyton Manning. Tampa Bay defeated the defending Super Bowl champion Rams, snapped a three-game losing streak to Los Angeles, and also avenged a divisional round playoff loss from the previous January. In a mostly defensive battle, the Tampa Bay defense held Matthew Stafford to only 165 yards passing, and held the Rams to 4-for-15 on third down conversions.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Los Angeles received the opening kickoff, but went three-and-out and punted. On Tampa Bay's first drive, they drove 54 yards in 12 plays, reaching the Los Angeles 2 yard line. Mike Evans was injured converting a crucial third down, but would return to the game after brief consolation with the trainers. Ryan Succop kicked a chip-shot field goal, and Tampa Bay led 3–0.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Early in the second quarter, the Rams were driving at their own 31 yard line. Stafford found Cooper Kupp in stride, who exploited a busted coverage. Kupp ran free for a 69-yard touchdown, and a 7–3 Rams lead. After the explosive score, neither team was able to get much going on offense. The Rams went three-and-out three times. Tampa Bay went three-and-out twice, then had a field goal attempt blocked. With 28 seconds left in the half, Succop's 38-yard field goal (his second of the game) made the score 7–6 at halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The second half started with a three-and-out by the Buccaneers, followed by a field goal for the Rams. Tampa Bay's lone highlight of the quarter was Jake Camarda's 74-yard punt, which helped flip the field position. Facing a 4th & 2 at the LA 45, Brady was sacked and turned the ball over on downs. The turnover led to a 34-yard Cooper Kupp reception (down to the 10 yard line), followed by a Matt Gay field goal. Los Angeles led 13–6 at the end of the third quarter.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: In the fourth quarter, Tampa Bay put together a 9-play, 30-yard drive. But a Holding penalty helped stall the drive, and they had to settle for a field goal attempt. Brady's 15-yard pass to Leonard Fournette at the 9:05 mark pushed him beyond 100,000 career passing yards. On the next play, Succop kicked a 52-yard field goal, and trimmed the deficit to 13–9.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Tampa Bay defense forced a three-and-out, and the Buccaneers got the ball back at their own 41 with 5:43 to go. Brady swiftly moved the Buccaneers down field, including four quick passes to Scotty Miller, and had a 1st & Goal at the Los Angeles 7. On 2nd & Goal, Brady threw a strike to an open Miller in the back of the endzone. Miller jumped high to make the catch, but the ball hit his facemask and was dropped incomplete. Brady's pass attempt on 3rd & Goal intended for Cade Otton was swatted down at the goal line. That set up 4th & Goal at the 6. Brady was looking for Mike Evans in the endzone, but he was double covered and the pass fell incomplete, nearly intercepted by Jalen Ramsey. With two timeouts left, the Buccaneers turned the ball over on downs at the LA 6 yard line with 1:52 remaining.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Tampa Bay defense needed a stop in order to get the ball back. Darrell Henderson was tackled for no gain on first down, and Tampa Bay used their second timeout. On 2nd & 10, Cooper Kupp took a handoff wide to the right side, and after a gain of only 5 yards, gave himself up by sliding to the grass. He managed to stay in bounds - forcing Tampa Bay to call their final timeout - but was spotted well short of the line to gain. On 3rd & 5, Henderson took a handoff up the middle, but was tackled after only a minimal gain. The Rams punted with 54 seconds left on the clock, and Jaelon Darden fielded the ball at the Tampa Bay 40.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tom Brady found Cade Otton for a 28-yard gain on 1st down. Brady spiked the ball at the LA 32, then completed three quick sideline passes to advance the Buccaneers down to the 7 yard line. With 16 seconds left, Brady's pass to Mike Evans in the endzone was incomplete, but Derion Kendrick hooked his waist and drew a pass interference penalty. On 1st & Goal at the LA 1, Brady took a shotgun snap into a play-action, took two steps to his right, then threw to tight end Cade Otton on the right side. Otton jogged in nearly untouched for the game-winning touchdown with 9 seconds left.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Running back Rachaad White rushed for 105 yards and Leonard Fournette put up 57 yards and one touchdown on the ground as Tampa Bay defeated Seattle 21–16 at the inaugural Munich Game. It was Tampa Bay's first win in four appearances in the NFL International Series, and the Buccaneers moved back into sole possession of first place in the NFC South. Linebacker Devin White led the defense, recording eight combined tackles, two sacks, a tackle for loss, three quarterback hits and a forced fumble, just days after the death of his father.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Seattle won the coin toss and elected to defer. Both teams went scoreless on their first two possessions. Tampa Bay had a three-and-out, and a missed field goal. Seattle punted both times, and the first quarter was scoreless. Tampa Bay was driving into Seahawks territory to start the second quarter. On 3rd & 10 at the Seattle 31, quarterback Tom Brady found Julio Jones wide open on a crossing route. Jones turned up field and was met at the goal line, but absorbed the hit and managed to skirt inside the pylon for a 31-yard touchdown pass. Tampa Bay took a 7–0 lead. After another Seattle three-and-out, the Buccaneers got the ball back with 12:05 left in the half. Brady drove the Buccaneers 86 yards in 13 plays, notching six first downs. Brady connected to Chris Godwin for a 19-yard gain, then found a wide open Scotty Miller at the Seattle 5 yard line. Miller jumped high to make the catch, fell to the ground, bobbled the ball initially, then re-secured it for the reception. Two plays later, Leonard Fournette was in the endzone with a 1-yard touchdown run. Tampa Bay took a 14–0 lead into halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Seahawks got on the board in the third quarter, driving 38 yards in 8 plays. Jason Myers's 55-yard field goal made the score 14–3. On their next drive, Tampa Bay drove to the Seattle 22, highlighted by a one-handed catch by Chris Godwin. On 1st & 10 at the Seahawks 22, the Buccaneers turned the ball over on a busted trick play. Leonard Fournette lined up in the shotgun, took a couple steps to his right, then lofted a pass to Tom Brady, who had lined up as a wide receiver to the left. Brady slipped on the slick turf and fell down on the play, and the ball was intercepted by Tariq Woolen. Geno Smith subsequently drove the Seahawks down to the Tampa Bay 9 yard line. Facing 2nd & Goal at the 9, Smith came under pressure and was sacked by Devin White. The ball came loose and was recovered by Anthony Nelson to snuff out the drive. Tampa Bay continued to hold the lead at 14–3.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Rachaad White broke free for a 29-yard blast, stiff-arming and shoving down defender Quandre Diggs, moving Tampa Bay to the Seattle 43 yard line to start the fourth quarter. Brady's 4-yard touchdown pass to Chris Godwin stretched the lead to 21–3 with 10:48 to go. Smith threw two touchdown passes in the fourth quarter, narrowing the deficit to 21–16 with 3:58 left. Trailing by 5 points and with all three timeouts left, Seattle elected to kick off to Tampa Bay. The Buccaneers chewed up the clock, achieving three first downs on the drive, and did not let Seattle get the ball back. Coming out of the two-minute warning, with the crowd singing "Take Me Home, Country Roads", Rachaad White iced the game with a decisive 18-yard run. Brady took a knee to run out the clock, and Tampa Bay won 21–16.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay fell at Cleveland in overtime by the score of 23–17. Quarterback Tom Brady threw for 246 yards and two touchdown passes, but the Buccaneers were held scoreless in the fourth quarter, and could not score on two overtime drives. Tampa Bay fell to 5–6, but still maintained their lead in the NFC South.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Both teams scored touchdowns on their opening drives. Brady's 10-yard touchdown pass to Chris Godwin made the score 7–7 with 5:11 left in the first quarter. Cleveland added a field goal, then with 39 seconds left in the half, Ryan Succop's 42-yard field goal tied the score 10–10 at halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: In the third quarter, Tampa Bay drove 80 yards in 7 plays. A 28-yard reception by Mike Evans, followed by a 14-yard catch by Chris Godwin set up a 5-yard touchdown pass to Ko Kieft. Tampa Bay took a 17–10 lead midway through the third quarter. The Tampa Bay defense forced Cleveland into three punts and a turnover on downs over their next four drives.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Clinging to a 17–10 lead with 2:20 left in regulation, Tampa Bay punted from deep inside their own territory. Jacoby Brissett found David Njoku at the back of the endzone with 32 seconds left for a touchdown. Njoku's one-handed catch tied the score at 17–17. Tampa Bay had one last possession, but poor clock management prevented them from getting into field goal range. Brady found Julio Jones for a 26-yard gain down to the Cleveland 48, but since head coach Todd Bowles had chosen not to call a timeout prior to the play, they were left with only 8 seconds on the clock. The game went to overtime tied 17–17.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay won the coin toss and received. They crossed midfield, but the drive stalled due to a penalty, and they were forced to punt. After trading punts, Cleveland had the ball with 2:45 left in the overtime period. Brissett connected to Amari Cooper, who broke free for a 46-yard gain to the Tampa Bay 3. Two plays later, Nick Chubb punched the ball in for the game-winning touchdown for Cleveland.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay trailed 16–3 with just over three minutes left in the fourth quarter, then scored two touchdowns in the final three minutes to win 17–16. Quarterback Tom Brady found rookie running back Rachaad White for a 6-yard touchdown pass with 3 seconds left to lift the Buccaneers over the visiting Saints. Brady surpassed Peyton Manning with his 44th career fourth-quarter comeback, and extended his own record with his 56th game-winning drive (4th quarter or overtime). Brady also achieved his second career win after trailing by 13+ points with five minutes or less left in the fourth quarter of a game. Tampa Bay snapped a four-game home losing streak to rival New Orleans, and swept the season series for the first time since 2007.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Tampa Bay received the opening kickoff, and drove 72 yards in 16 plays. On 3rd & Goal at the 3 yard line. Brady's screen to Leonard Fournette was stopped for no gain. Ryan Succop kicked a chip-shot 21-yard field goal, and Tampa Bay took an early 3–0 lead.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Early in the second quarter, Brady threw deep to Scotty Miller, but the pass was broken up by Alontae Taylor. Two plays later, Brady tried to go deep to Julio Jones, but that ball was just out of his reach. New Orleans got on the board with an 8-play, 80-yard drive. Andy Dalton's 30-yard touchdown pass to Taysom Hill gave the Saints a 7–3 lead. With Tampa Bay driving near midfield inside the two-minute warning, Brady was intercepted by Demario Davis. The turnover led to a Wil Lutz field goal, and New Orleans led 10–3 at halftime.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Like much of the first half, the third quarter was filled with frustration for Tampa Bay. Rachaad White lost a fumble, and that turnover led to another Saints field goal. A promising drive late in the third stalled at the Saints 40. It was 4th & 7, and Jake Camarda punted for a touchback to start the fourth quarter (a net of only 20 yards).


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: Andy Dalton hit Chris Olave for a 26-yard gain on 3rd down & 3, then a "pass interference" call on Carlton Davis helped the Saints convert on another third down. Facing a 3rd & 2 at the 11, Dalton's pass to Alvin Kamara fell incomplete, tipped by Carl Nassib. The Saints settled for another field goal, and stretched their lead to 16–3 with 8:02 left in regulation.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: On 1st & 10, Tom Brady was sacked for a loss of 7. A shovel pass to Rachaad White then gained back the lost yards. Tampa Bay faced 4th & 10 at their own 25 with 7:14 left when the Saints stopped the clock for an injury timeout. Brady insisted on going for it on fourth down, but was overruled by head coach Todd Bowles. The decision drew boos from the crowd. Jake Camarda's 45-yard punt was fielded by Rashid Shaheed who returned it 17 yards to the NO 47.


title: 2022 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: The Tampa Bay defense forced a three-and-out. After a short gain on first down, Mark Ingram caught a short pass to the right, but retreated out of bounds a yard short of the mark to make. Dalton's quick pass on 3rd & 1 went through the hands of Marquez Callaway, and the Saints punted. Tom Brady took over with 5:21 on the clock, and put together a 10-play, 91-yard scoring drive. After moving downfield with relative ease, a costly "holding" penalty on Donovan Smith pushed Tampa Bay back into a 2nd & 20 at the New Orleans 45. Brady then threw a deep bomb downfield to Mike Evans. What likely would have been a 45-yard touchdown reception was broken up at the goal line by Paulson Adebo, but Adebo was flagged for "pass interference". The penalty gave the Buccaneers a 1st & Goal at the 1. Brady found Cade Otton in the right corner of the endzone for a touchdown, and cut the deficit to 16–10.