text: In any case, for almost a thousand years the Patriarch of Constantinople presided over the church in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its missionary activity that brought the Christian faith in its Byzantine form to many peoples north of the imperial borders. The cathedral church of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), was the center of religious life in the eastern Christian world.


title: Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

text: The Ecumenical Patriarchate came to be called the "Great Church of Christ" and it was the touchstone and reference point for ecclesiastical affairs in the East, whether in terms of church government, relations with the state, or liturgical matters.


text: In history and in canonical literature (i.e. the Church's canons and traditional commentaries on them), the Ecumenical Patriarchate has been granted certain prerogatives () that other autocephalous Orthodox churches do not have. Not all of these prerogatives are today universally acknowledged, though all do have precedents in history and canonical references. The following is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prerogatives and their reference points:


text: In the eighth and ninth centuries the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images and ordered the destruction of an image of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act which was fiercely resisted by the citizens. Constantine V convoked a church council in 754, which condemned the worship of images, after which many treasures were broken, burned, or painted over with depictions of trees, birds or animals: one source refers to the church of the Holy Virgin at Blachernae as having been transformed into a "fruit store and aviary". Following the death of his son Leo IV in 780, the empress Irene restored the veneration of images through the agency of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.


text: The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century, only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress Theodora, who restored the icons.


text: The relations between the papacy and the Byzantine court were good in the years leading up to 1054. The emperor Constantine IX and the Pope Leo IX were allied through the mediation of the Lombard catepan of Italy, Argyrus, who had spent years in Constantinople, originally as a political prisoner.


text: Patriarch Michael I Cerularius ordered a letter to be written to John, the Bishop of Trani in which he attacked the "Judaistic" practices of the West, namely the use of unleavened bread. The letter was to be sent by John to all the bishops of the West, including the Pope. John promptly complied and the letter was passed to Humbert of Mourmoutiers, the cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida, who translated the letter into Latin and brought it to the Pope, who ordered a reply to be made to each charge and a defence of papal supremacy to be laid out in a response.


text: Although he was hot-headed, Michael was convinced to cool the debate and thus attempt to prevent the impending breach. However, Humbert and the pope made no concessions and the former was sent with legatine powers to the imperial capital to solve the questions raised once and for all. Humbert, Frederick of Lorraine, and Peter, Archbishop of Amalfi, arrived in April 1054 and were met with a hostile reception; they stormed out of the palace, leaving the papal response with Michael, who in turn was even more angered by their actions. The patriarch refused to recognise their authority or, practically, their existence. When Pope Leo died on April 19, 1054, the legates' authority legally ceased, but they effectively ignored this technicality.


text: In response to Michael's refusal to address the issues at hand, the legatine mission took the extreme measure of entering the church of the Hagia Sophia during the Divine Liturgy and placing a bull of excommunication on the altar.


text: The events of the East-West Schism are generally dated from the acts of 1054. However, these events only triggered the beginning of the schism. The full schism was not actually consummated by the seemingly mutual excommunications. The New Catholic Encyclopedia reports that the legates had been careful not to intimate that the bull of excommunication implied a general excommunication of the Byzantine Church. The bull excommunicated only Cerularius, Leo of Achrida, and their adherents. Thus, the New Catholic Encyclopedia argues that the dispute need not have produced a permanent schism any more than excommunication of any "contumacious bishop". The schism began to develop when all the other Eastern patriarchs supported Cerularius. According to the New Catholic Encyclopedia, it was the support of Emperor Michael VI Stratiotikos that impelled them to support Cerularius. Some have questioned the validity of the bull on the grounds that Pope Leo IX had died at that time and so the authority of the legates to issue such a bull is unclear.


text: The legates left for Rome two days after issuing the bull of excommunication, leaving behind a city near riot. The patriarch had the immense support of the people against the emperor, who had supported the legates to his own detriment. To assuage popular anger, the bull was burnt, and the legates were anathematised. Only the legates were anathematised and, in this case too, there was no explicit indication that the entire Western church was being anathematised.


text: In the bull of excommunication issued against Patriarch Michael I Cerularius by the papal legates, one of the reasons cited was the alleged deletion by the Eastern Church of the "Filioque" from the original Nicene Creed. In fact, it was precisely the opposite: the Eastern Church had not deleted anything; it was the Western Church that had added this phrase to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed.


text: As Bishop Kallistos Ware writes, "Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them. […] The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware". In fact, efforts were made in subsequent centuries by Popes and Patriarchs to heal the rift between the churches. However, a number of factors and historical events worked to widen the separation over time.


text: The Fourth Crusade in exchange for promised funds attempted to help the deposed emperor Alexius IV regain his throne. After taking Constantinople, returning Alexius IV to the throne, the revolt against and murder of Alexius IV left the Crusaders without payment. On 12 April 1204, the crusaders inflicted a severe sacking on Constantinople for three days, during which many ancient and medieval Roman and Greek works were either stolen or destroyed. Despite their oaths and the threat of excommunication, the Crusaders ruthlessly and systematically violated the city's holy sanctuaries, destroying, defiling, or stealing all they could lay hands on; nothing was spared. It was said that the total amount looted from Constantinople was about 900,000 silver marks. The Venetians received 150,000 silver marks that was their due, while the Crusaders received 50,000 silver marks. A further 100,000 silver marks were divided evenly up between the Crusaders and Venetians. The remaining 500,000 silver marks were secretly kept back by many Crusader knights.


text: Nicetas Choniates gives a vivid account of the sack of Constantinople by the Frankish and Venetian Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade:


text: Meanwhile, the Latin Empire of Constantinople was established, and Byzantine refugees founded their own successor states, the most notable of these being the Empire of Nicaea under Theodore Lascaris (a relative of Alexius III), the Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus.


text: The new seat of the Patriarchate was established in the city of Nicaea until in 1261, when Constantinople was reconquered by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.


text: In accordance with the traditional custom at the time, Sultan Mehmed II allowed his troops and his entourage three full days of unbridled pillage and looting in the city shortly after it was captured. Once the three days passed, he would then claim its remaining contents for himself. However, by the end of the first day, he proclaimed that the looting should cease as he felt profound sadness when he toured the looted and enslaved city. Hagia Sophia was not exempted from the pillage and looting and specifically became its focal point as the invaders believed it to contain the greatest treasures and valuables of the city. Shortly after the defence of the Walls of Constantinople collapsed and the Ottoman troops entered the city victoriously, the pillagers and looters made their way to the Hagia Sophia and battered down its doors before storming in.


text: Throughout the period of the siege of Constantinople, the trapped worshippers of the city participated in the Divine Liturgy and the Prayer of the Hours at the Hagia Sophia and the church formed a safe-haven and a refuge for many of those who were unable to contribute to the city's defence, which comprised women, children, elderly, the sick and the wounded. Being trapped in the church, the many congregants and yet more refugees inside became spoils-of-war to be divided amongst the triumphant invaders. The building was desecrated and looted, with the helpless occupants who sought shelter within the church being enslaved. While most of the elderly and the infirm/wounded and sick were killed, and the remainder (mainly teenage males and young boys) were chained up and sold into slavery.


text: The women of Constantinople also suffered from rape at the hands of Ottoman forces. According to Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes, and 30,000 civilians being enslaved or forcibly deported. George Sphrantzes says that people of both genders were raped inside Hagia Sophia.


text: After Constantinople was overrun by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Patriarchate came to care more directly for all the Orthodox living in the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed II appointed Gennadios II Scholarios as the Patriarch in 1454 and designated him as the spiritual leader as well as the ethnarch or, in Turkish, "milletbashi" of all the Orthodox Christians in the Empire, regardless of ethnic origin; not only Greeks, but also Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians, Wallachians, Moldavians, Croatis, Syrians, orthodox Arabs, Georgians and Lazs came under the spiritual, administrative, fiscal, cultural and legal jurisdiction of the Patriarchate. Some of the other patriarchs came at various points to live permanently in Constantinople and function as part of the local church government. This situation, according to some of the Orientalists and historians, shows the "Pax Ottomana" (or "Pax Ottomanica", literally "the Ottoman Peace").


text: The Russian Orthodox Church, which for centuries had been a diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, declared its independence in 1448 shortly before Constantinople fell owing to its protest over the Council of Florence, in which representatives of the patriarchate had signed onto union with Rome, trading doctrinal concessions for military aid against the encroaching Ottomans. The military aid never came and those concessions were subsequently repudiated by the patriarchate but, from 1448, the Russian church came to function independently. Within decades after the Fall of Constantinople to Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453, some were nominating Moscow as the "Third Rome", or the "New Rome". In 1589, 141 years later, Constantinople came to recognize Russia's independence and led the Eastern Orthodox Church in declaring Russia also to be a patriarchate, numbering Moscow's bishop as fifth in rank behind the ancient patriarchates. The Russian Orthodox Church became the largest of the Eastern Orthodox churches in the world.


text: As Ottoman rule weakened, various parts of the Orthodox Church that had been under the direct influence of the Ecumenical Patriarchate came to be independent. These churches at first usually declared their independence without universal approval, which came after Constantinople gave its blessing. The rate at which these new autocephalous ("self-headed") churches came into being increased in the 19th century, particularly with the independence of Greece.


text: In 1833, the Church of Greece declared its autocephaly, which was subsequently recognized by the patriarchate in 1850. In 1865, the Romanian Orthodox Church, against the protests of Constantinople, declared its independence, which was acknowledged in 1885. A year before Greece's autocephaly was self-proclaimed, the Serbian Orthodox Church was named autocephalous by the local secular government but Constantinople refused recognition until 1879. In 1860 the Bulgarians seceded from the Ecumenical Patriarchate; in 1870 the Bulgarian church was politically recognized as autonomous under the name Bulgarian Exarchate by the Sultan's firman, but it was not until 1945 that it was recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In 1922, the Albanian Orthodox Church declared its autocephaly, being granted recognition of it in 1937.


text: In addition to these churches, whose territory had been agreed upon by all as within Constantinople's jurisdiction, several other disputed areas' Eastern Orthodox churches have had recognition by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as either autocephalous or autonomous, including the Finnish Orthodox Church and Estonian Orthodox Church in 1923, the Polish Orthodox Church in 1924, and the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church in 1998. The majority of these disputes are a result of the expansion of the Russian Empire, which often included a subjugation of the Orthodox churches in conquered lands to the Moscow Patriarchate. Due to this, the Moscow Patriarchate often disputes the Ecumenical Patriarch's role as prime representative and spiritual leader of the world's Orthodox Christians, citing that it represents the numerically largest Orthodox community.


text: As a ruling institution, the Ottoman Empire brought regulations on how the cities would be built (quality reassurances) and how the architecture (structural integrity, social needs, etc.) should be shaped. Special restrictions were imposed concerning the construction, renovation, size and usage of bells in churches. For example, in a town a church should not be larger in size than the largest mosque. Some churches were destroyed (e.g. the Church of the Holy Apostles), many were converted into mosques (among them the Hagia Sophia and Chora Church in Constantinople, and the Rotunda and Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki) or served for other uses (e.g. Hagia Irene in Constantinople, which became an armory for the Janissaries, and the Gül Mosque [Hagia Theodosia or Christ Euergetes], also in Constantinople, which after the Conquest served for a while as a naval dockyard). Such rules, however, although very strict in the beginning, with time and the increasing importance in the Ottoman Empire of the Rûm Millet were more and more disregarded, so that in the 19th century in Istanbul there was a veritable building boom of Orthodox churches, many among them having high bell towers and brick domes, both of which had previously been strictly prohibited.


text: Since 1586 the Ecumenical Patriarchate has had its headquarters in the relatively modest Church of St George in the Fener (Phanar) district of Istanbul. The current territory of the Patriarchate is significantly reduced from what it was at its height. Its canonical territory currently includes most of modern Turkey, northern Greece and Mount Athos, the Dodecanese and Crete. By its interpretation of Canon 28 of Chalcedon, Constantinople also claims jurisdiction over all areas outside the canonically defined territories of other Orthodox churches, which includes the entire Western hemisphere, Oceania, the United Kingdom, Western Europe, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia. This claim is disputed by other autocephalous churches with dioceses in those areas, as well as the Turkish government.


text: The Orthodox presence in Turkey itself is small; however the majority of Orthodox in North America (about two-thirds) are under the Ecumenical Patriarchate, primarily in the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. The Patriarchate also enjoys an even greater majority in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the Albanian, Rusyn and Ukrainian jurisdictions in America are also part of the Patriarchate.


text: Most of the Patriarchate's funding does not come directly from its member churches but rather from the government of Greece, due to an arrangement whereby the Patriarchate had transferred property it had owned to Greece. In exchange, the employees, including the clergy, of the Patriarchate are remunerated by the Greek government. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America provides substantial support through an annual contribution, known as the "logia", and its institutions, including the American-based Greek Orthodox Ladies Philoptochos Society and the Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, usually important laymen who make large donations for the upkeep of the Patriarchate. In turn, they are granted honorary titles which once belonged to members of the Patriarchal staff in centuries past.


text: The Patriarchate acts in the capacity of being an intermediary and facilitator between the Orthodox churches and also in relations with other Christians and religions. This role sometimes brings the Patriarchate into conflict with other Orthodox churches, as its role in the church is debated. The question centers around whether the Ecumenical Patriarchate is simply the most honored among the Orthodox churches or whether it has any real authority or prerogatives () that differ from the other autocephalous churches. This dispute is often between Constantinople and Moscow, the largest Orthodox church in terms of population, especially as expressed in the Third Rome theory which places Moscow in the place of Constantinople as the center of world Orthodoxy. Such disputes sometimes result in temporary breaks in full communion, though usually not for very long.


text: The relationship between Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire was frequently bitter, due in no small part to the privilege given to Islam. In the secular Republic of Turkey, tensions are still constant. Turkey requires by law that the Patriarch be a Turkish citizen by birth, which all Patriarchs have been since 1923—all ethnic Greeks from the minuscule and steadily decreasing Greek minority of Turkey, which is causing a shortage of priests and consequently potential candidates for the post of Ecumenical Patriarch. The state's expropriation of church property and the closing of the Orthodox Theological School of Halki are also difficulties faced by the Patriarchate.


text: The affairs of the patriarchate are conducted by the Holy Synod, presided over by the Ecumenical Patriarch. The synod has existed since some time prior to the fourth century and assists the patriarch in determining the affairs of the possessions under his jurisdiction. The synod first developed from what was referred to as the "resident synod", composed of the patriarch, local bishops, and any Orthodox bishops who were visiting in the imperial capital of Constantinople. After the fall of Constantinople, the synod's membership became limited to bishops of the patriarchate.


text: The Holy and Sacred Synod, presided over by His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, is composed of twelve hierarchs, each serving a year-long term, with half of the synod's members changing every six months in March and September.


text: The current members of the Holy and Sacred Synod serving from March 1, 2021 – August 31, 2021, are as follows:


text: Notable hierarchs of the Ecumenical Patriarchate are the popular writer Kallistos (Timothy) Ware, an assistant-bishop in the Archdiocese of Thyateira and author of "The Orthodox Church", the best-known introduction to the Orthodox Church in English, and John Zizioulas, Metropolitan of Pergamon, a well-known professor of Systematic Theology.


text: The right of non-Turkish members of the synod (from Northern Greece, the Dodecanese, America and Western Europe) to convene appears to be threatened by a recent declaration from the Istanbul Governor reported in the Freiburg archdiocesan magazine.


text: Head of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and of the Holy Synod is the Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch and who since 1991 has been Bartholomew I (). The local churches of the Ecumenical Patriarchate consist of six archdioceses, 66 metropolises, 2 dioceses and one exarchate, each of which reports directly to the Patriarch of Constantinople with no intervening authority.


text: Spiritually assigned to the Ecumenical Patriarchate by the Patriarchal and Synodic Act of 4 September 1928:


title: John Houseman

text: John Houseman (born Jacques Haussmann; September 22, 1902 – October 31, 1988) was a Romanian-born British-American actor and producer of theatre, film, and television. He became known for his highly publicized collaboration with director Orson Welles from their days in the Federal Theatre Project through to the production of "Citizen Kane" and his collaboration, as producer of "The Blue Dahlia", with writer Raymond Chandler on the screenplay. He is perhaps best known for his role as Professor Charles W. Kingsfield in the film "The Paper Chase" (1973), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He reprised his role as Kingsfield in the 1978 television series adaptation.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman was also known for his commercials for the brokerage firm Smith Barney. He had a distinctive English accent, a product of his schooling.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman was born Jacques Haussmann on September 22, 1902, in Bucharest, Romania, the son of May (née Davies) a governess and Georges Haussmann, who ran a grain business. His mother was British, from a Christian family of Welsh and Irish descent. His father was an Alsatian-born Jew. He was educated in England at Clifton College, became a British subject, and worked in the grain trade in London before emigrating to the United States in 1925, where he took the stage name of John Houseman. He became a United States citizen in 1943.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman worked as a speculator in the international grain markets, only turning to the theater following the 1929 stock market crash.


title: John Houseman

text: On Broadway he co-wrote "Three and One" (1933) and "And Be My Love" (1934). Composer Virgil Thomson recruited him to direct "Four Saints in Three Acts" (1934), Thomson's collaboration with Gertrude Stein. He later directed "The Lady from the Sea" (1934), "Valley Forge" (1934).


title: John Houseman

text: In 1934, Houseman was looking to cast "Panic", a play he was producing based on a drama by Archibald MacLeish concerning a Wall Street financier whose world crumbles about him when consumed by the crash of 1929. Although the central figure is a man in his late fifties, Houseman became obsessed by the notion that a young man named Orson Welles he had seen in Katharine Cornell's production of "Romeo and Juliet" was the only person qualified to play the leading role. Welles consented and, after preliminary conversations, agreed to leave the play he was in after a single night to take the lead in Houseman's production. "Panic" opened at the Imperial Theatre on March 15, 1935. Among the cast was Houseman's ex-wife, Zita Johann, who had co-starred with Boris Karloff three years earlier in Universal's "The Mummy".


title: John Houseman

text: Although the play opened to indifferent notices and ran for a mere three performances, it nevertheless led to the forging of a theatrical team, a fruitful but stormy partnership in which Houseman said Welles "was the teacher, I, the apprentice."


title: John Houseman

text: In 1936, the Federal Theatre Project of the Works Progress Administration put unemployed theatre performers and employees to work. The Negro Theatre Unit of the Federal Theatre Project was headed by Rose McClendon, a well-known black actress, and Houseman, a theatre producer. Houseman describes the experience in one of his memoirs:


title: John Houseman

text: Within a year of its formation, the Federal Theatre had more than fifteen thousand men and women on its payroll at an average wage of approximately twenty dollars a week. During the four years of its existence its productions played to more than thirty million people in more than two hundred theatres as well as portable stages, school auditoriums and public parks the country over.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman immediately hired Welles and assigned him to direct "Macbeth" for the FTP's Negro Theater Unit, a production that became known as the "Voodoo Macbeth", as it was set in the Haitian court of King Henri Christophe (and with voodoo witch doctors for the three Weird Sisters) and starred Jack Carter in the title role. The incidental music was composed by Virgil Thomson. The play premiered at the Lafayette Theatre on April 14, 1936, to enthusiastic reviews and remained sold out for each of its nightly performances. The play was regarded by critics and patrons as an enormous, if controversial, success. After 10 months with the Negro Theater Project, however, Houseman felt he was faced with the dilemma of risking his future:


title: John Houseman

text: ... on a partnership with a 20-year-old boy in whose talent I had unquestioning faith but with whom I must increasingly play the combined and tricky roles of producer, censor, adviser, impresario, father, older brother and bosom friend.


title: John Houseman

text: In 1936, Houseman and Welles were running a WPA unit in midtown Manhattan for classic productions called Project No. 891. Their first production was Christopher Marlowe's "Tragical History of Dr. Faustus" which Welles directed while also playing the title role.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman and Welles put on "Horse Eats Hat" (1936). Houseman, without Welles, helped in the direction of Leslie Howard's production of "Hamlet" (1936).


title: John Houseman

text: In June 1937, Project No. 891 produced their most controversial work with "The Cradle Will Rock". Written by Marc Blitzstein, the musical was about Larry Foreman, a worker in Steeltown (played in the original production by Howard Da Silva), which is run by the boss, Mister Mister (played in the original production by Will Geer). The show was thought to have had left-wing and unionist sympathies (Foreman ends the show with a song about "unions" taking over the town and the country), and became legendary as an example of a "censored" show. Shortly before the show was to open, FTP officials in Washington announced that no productions would open until after July 1, 1937, the beginning of the new fiscal year.


title: John Houseman

text: In his memoir, "Run-Through", Houseman wrote about the circumstances surrounding the opening night at the Maxine Elliott Theatre. All the performers had been enjoined not to perform on stage for the production when it opened on July 14, 1937. The cast and crew left their government-owned theatre and walked 20 blocks to another theatre, with the audience following. No one knew what to expect; when they got there Blitzstein himself was at the piano and started playing the introduction music. One of the amateur performers, Olive Stanton, who played the part of Moll, the prostitute, stood up in the audience, and began singing her part. All the other performers, in turn, stood up for their parts. Thus the "oratorio" version of the show was born. Apparently, Welles had designed some intricate scenery, which ended up never being used. The event was so successful that it was repeated several times on subsequent nights, with everyone trying to remember and reproduce what had happened spontaneously the first night. The incident, however, led to Houseman being fired and Welles's resignation from Project No. 891.


title: John Houseman

text: That same year, 1937, after detaching themselves from the Federal Theatre Project, Houseman and Welles did "The Cradle Will Rock" as an independent production on Broadway. They also founded the acclaimed New York drama company, the Mercury Theatre. Houseman wrote of their collaboration at this time:


title: John Houseman

text: On the broad wings of the Federal eagle, we had risen to success and fame beyond ourselves as America's youngest, cleverest, most creative and audacious producers to whom none of the ordinary rules of the theater applied.


title: John Houseman

text: Armed with a manifesto written by Houseman declaring their intention to foster new talent, experiment with new types of plays, and appeal to the same audiences that frequented the Federal Theater the company was designed largely to offer plays of the past, preferably those that "...seem to have emotion or factual bearing on contemporary life." The company mounted several notable productions, the most remarkable being its first commercial production of "Julius Caesar". Houseman called the decision to use modern dress "an essential element in Orson's conception of the play as a political melodrama with clear contemporary parallels."


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman and Welles later presented "The Shoemakers' Holiday" (1938), "Heartbreak House" (1938) and "Danton's Death" (1938).


title: John Houseman

text: Beginning in the summer of 1938, the Mercury Theatre was featured in a weekly dramatic radio program on the CBS network, initially promoted as "First Person Singular" before gaining the official title "The Mercury Theatre on the Air". An adaptation of "Treasure Island" was scheduled for the program's first broadcast, for which Houseman worked feverishly on the script. However, a week before the show was to air, Welles decided that a program far more dramatic was required. To Houseman's horror, "Treasure Island" was abandoned in favor of Bram Stoker's "Dracula", with Welles playing the infamous vampire. During an all night session at Perkins' Restaurant, Welles and Houseman hashed out a script.


title: John Houseman

text: "The Mercury Theatre on the Air" featured an impressive array of talents, including Agnes Moorehead, Bernard Herrmann, and George Coulouris.


title: John Houseman

text: "The Mercury Theatre on the Air" subsequently became famous for its notorious 1938 radio adaptation of H. G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds", which had put much of the country in a panic. By all accounts, Welles was shocked by the panic that ensued. According to Houseman, "he hadn't the faintest idea what the effect would be". CBS was inundated with calls; newspaper switchboards were jammed.


title: John Houseman

text: While Houseman was teaching at Vassar College, he produced Welles' never-completed second short film, "Too Much Johnson" (1938). The film was never publicly screened and no print of the film was thought to have survived. Footage was rediscovered in 2013.


title: John Houseman

text: The Welles-Houseman collaboration continued in Hollywood. In the spring of 1939, Welles began preliminary discussions with RKO's head of production, George Schaefer, with Welles and his Mercury players being given a two-picture deal, in which Welles would produce, direct, perform, and have full creative control of his projects.


title: John Houseman

text: For his motion picture debut, Welles first considered adapting Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" for the screen. A 200-page script was written. Some models were constructed, while the shooting of initial test footage had begun. However, little, if anything, had been done either to whittle down the budgetary difficulties or begin filming. When RKO threatened to eliminate the payment of salaries by December 31 if no progress had been made, Welles announced that he would pay his cast out of his own pocket. Houseman proclaimed that there wasn't enough money in their business account to pay anyone. During a corporate dinner for the Mercury crew, Welles exploded, calling his partner a "bloodsucker" and a "crook". As Houseman attempted to leave, Welles began hurling dish heaters at him, effectively ending both their partnership and friendship.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman later, however, played a pivotal role in ushering "Citizen Kane" (1941), which starred Welles. Welles telephoned Houseman asking him to return to Hollywood to "babysit" screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz while he completed the script, and keep him away from alcohol. Still drawn to Welles, as was virtually everyone in his sphere, Houseman agreed. Although Welles took credit for the screenplay of "Kane", Houseman stated that the credit belonged to Mankiewicz, an assertion that led to a final break with Welles. Houseman took some credit himself for the general shaping of the story line and for editing the script. In an interview with Penelope Huston for "Sight & Sound" magazine (Autumn, 1962) Houseman said that the writing of "Citizen Kane" was a delicate subject:


title: John Houseman

text: In 1975, during an interview with Kate McCauley, Houseman stated that film critic Pauline Kael in her essay "Raising Kane", had caused an "idiotic controversy" over the issue: "The argument is Orson's own fault. He wanted to be given all the credit because he's a hog. Actually, it "is" his film. So it's a ridiculous argument."


title: John Houseman

text: After he and Welles went their separate ways, Houseman went on to direct "The Devil and Daniel Webster" (1939) and "Liberty Jones" (1941) and produced the Mercury Theatre's stage production of "Native Son" (1941) on Broadway, directed by Welles.


title: John Houseman

text: In Hollywood he became a vice-president of David O. Selznick Productions. His most notable achievement during that time was helping adapt and produce the adaptation of "Jane Eyre" (1943) which starred Joan Fontaine and Welles.


title: John Houseman

text: In the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Houseman quit his job and became the head of the overseas radio division of the Office of War Information (OWI), working for the Voice of America whilst also managing its operations in New York City.


title: John Houseman

text: In 1945 Houseman signed a contract with Paramount Pictures to produce movies. His first credit for that studio was "The Unseen" (1945). He followed it with "Miss Susie Slagle's" (1945) and "The Blue Dahlia" (1946), both with Veronica Lake. The latter, starring Alan Ladd and written by Raymond Chandler, has become a classic.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman went to RKO where he produced "They Live by Night" (1948) the directorial debut of Nicholas Ray. He also did "The Company She Keeps" (1949) and "On Dangerous Ground" (1951).


title: John Houseman

text: He returned to Broadway to produce "Joy to the World" (1949) and "King Lear" (1950-51), the latter with Louis Calhern.


title: John Houseman

text: RKO's head of production had been Dore Schary. When Schary moved to MGM he offered Houseman a contract at the studio, which the producer accepted.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman's stint at MGM began with "Holiday for Sinners" (1952); then he had a huge success with "The Bad and the Beautiful" (1952), directed by Vincente Minnelli. He followed it with the film adaptation of "Julius Caesar" (1953) (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture)


title: John Houseman

text: Also popular was "Executive Suite" (1954), a highly creative adaptation by Ernest Lehman of Cameron Hawley's bestselling novel. However, although "Her Twelve Men" (1954), Minnelli's "The Cobweb" (1955) and Fritz Lang's "Moonfleet" (1955) all lost money. So did "Lust for Life" (1956), a biopic directed by Minnelli of Vincent van Gogh, although it was extremely well-received critically.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman moved into television producing, notably doing "The Seven Lively Arts" (1957) and episodes of "Playhouse 90".


title: John Houseman

text: He also returned to theatre, producing revivals of "Measure for Measure" (1957) and "The Duchess of Malfi" (1957).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman was enticed back to MGM as a producer, and given his own production company, John Houseman Productions. His films were "All Fall Down" (1962), "Two Weeks in Another Town" (1962) and "In the Cool of the Day" (1963).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman returned to television where he made "The Great Adventure" and "Journey to America" (1964). He returned to Hollywood briefly to produce "This Property Is Condemned" (1966), then returned to TV for "Evening Primrose" (1966).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman became the founding director of the Drama Division at The Juilliard School, and held this position from 1968 until 1976. The first graduating class in 1972 included Kevin Kline and Patti LuPone; subsequent classes under Houseman's leadership included Christopher Reeve, Mandy Patinkin, and Robin Williams.


title: John Houseman

text: Unwilling to see that very first class disbanded upon graduation, Houseman and his Juilliard colleague Margot Harley formed them into an independent, touring repertory company they named the "Group 1 Acting Company." The organization was subsequently renamed The Acting Company, and has been active for more than 40 years. Houseman served as the producing artistic director through 1986, and Harley has been the company's producer since its founding. Writing in "The New York Times" in 1996, Mel Gussow called it "the major touring classical theater in the United States."


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman continued to be involved in theatre, producing "The School for Wives" (1971), "The Three Sisters" (1973), "The Beggar's Opera" (1973), "Scapin" (1973), "Next Time I'll Sing to You" (1974), "The Robber Bridegroom" (1975), "Edward II" (1975), and "The Time of Your Life" (1975)


title: John Houseman

text: He directed "The Country Girl" (1972), "Don Juan in Hell" (1973), "Measure for Measure " (1973), and "Clarence Darrow" (1974) (with Henry Fonda).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman had acted occasionally during the early part of his career and he had a brief but important part in "Seven Days in May" (1964).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman first became widely known to the public for his Golden Globe and Academy Award-winning role as Professor Charles Kingsfield in the film "The Paper Chase" (1973). The film was a success and launched Houseman into an unexpected late career as a character actor.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman played Energy Corporation Executive Bartholomew in the film "Rollerball" (1975), and was in the thrillers "Three Days of the Condor" (1975) and "St Ives" (1976).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman appeared on TV in "Fear on Trial" (1975), "The Adams Chronicles" (1976), "Truman at Potsdam" (1976), "Hazard's People" (1976) and "Six Characters in Search of an Author" (1976). Houseman was reunited with "The Paper Chase" co-star Lindsay Wagner in 1976's "Kill Oscar", a three-part joint episode of the popular science fiction series "The Bionic Woman" and "The Six Million Dollar Man"; he played the scientific genius Dr. Franklin.


title: John Houseman

text: He continued appearing on TV in "Captains and the Kings" (1976), "The Displaced Person" (1977), a version of "Our Town" (1977), "" (1977), "The Best of Families" (1977), "Aspen", "The Last Convertible" (1978), "The French Atlantic Affair" (1978) and "The Associates" (1980).


title: John Houseman

text: In films he parodied Sydney Greenstreet in the Neil Simon film "The Cheap Detective" (1978) and was in "Old Boyfriends" (1980), John Carpenter's "The Fog" (1980), "Wholly Moses!" (1981) and "My Bodyguard" (1981).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman briefly returned to producing with the TV movie "Gideon's Trumpet" (1980), which he also appeared in and "Choices of the Heart" (1983). He produced one more show on Broadway, "The Curse of an Aching Heart" (1982).


title: John Houseman

text: He acted in "The Babysitter" (1980), "A Christmas Without Snow" (1980), "Ghost Story" (1981), "Mork & Mindy", "Murder by Phone" (1982) (second billed), "Marco Polo" (1982), and "American Playhouse" (1982).


title: John Houseman

text: Having played a Harvard Law School professor in the film "The Paper Chase" (1973), he reprised the role in a television series of the same name, which ran from 1978 to 1979 and 1983 to 1986. During that time, he received two Golden Globe nominations for "Best Actor in a TV Series—Drama".


title: John Houseman

text: In the 1980s Houseman became more widely known for his role as grandfather Edward Stratton II in "Silver Spoons", which starred Rick Schroder, and for his commercials for brokerage firm Smith Barney, which featured the catchphrase, "They make money the old fashioned way... they "earn it"." Another was Puritan brand cooking oil, with "less saturated fat than the leading oil", featuring the famous 'tomato test'.


title: John Houseman

text: He played Jewish author Aaron Jastrow (loosely based on the real life figure of Bernard Berenson) in the highly acclaimed 1983 miniseries "The Winds of War" (receiving a fourth Golden Globe nomination). He declined to reprise the role in the sequel "War and Remembrance" miniseries (the role then went to Sir John Gielgud).


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman had an affair with actress Joan Fontaine after her marriage to actor Brian Aherne ended. "Ours was what was known in Hollywood as a 'romance,' -- which meant that we slept together three or four nights a week, got invited to parties together, went away together for weekends and sometimes talked about getting married without really meaning it," Houseman wrote in Front and Center, his second autobiography.


title: John Houseman

text: In 1988, he appeared in his last two roles—cameos in the films "" and "Scrooged". He played a driving instructor (whose mannerisms parodied many of his prior roles) in the former, and himself in the latter. Both films were released after his death.


title: John Houseman

text: On October 31, 1988, Houseman died at age 86 of spinal cancer at his home in Malibu, California. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.


title: John Houseman

text: Houseman was portrayed by Cary Elwes in the Tim Robbins–directed film "Cradle Will Rock" (1999). Actor Eddie Marsan plays the role of Houseman in Richard Linklater's film "Me & Orson Welles" (2009). Houseman was played by actor Jonathan Rigby in the "Doctor Who" audio drama "Invaders from Mars" set around the "War of the Worlds" broadcast. Actor Sam Troughton portrayed Houseman in the 2020 film "Mank".


title: John Houseman

text: In the "Seinfeld" episode "The Face Painter", Jerry tells Elaine that Alec Berg has "a good John Houseman name". Jerry then imitates Houseman, speaking Alec Berg's name in a non-rhotic, gravelly rasp.


title: John Houseman

text: In the "SCTV" episode "Jane Eyrehead", guest star Robin Williams portrayed Houseman in the sketch commercial "An Evening with John Houseman", in which he reads the Mellonville phonebook to a cheering theater audience.


title: Caput Mundi

text: "Roma Caput Mundi" is a Latin phrase taken to mean "Rome capital of the world" and "Roma capitale del mondo" in Italian (literally: "head of the world"; see capital, capitol). It originates out of a classical European understanding of the known world: Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia. The influence of Rome in the ancient world began to grow around the 2nd century BC as the Republic expanded across Southern Europe and North Africa. For the next five centuries, Rome governed much of the known world (of traditional Greco-Roman geography) and served as the world's largest city during that period. The cultural influence of the local language of Rome (Latin) as well as Roman art, architecture, law, religion, and philosophy was significant. The Imperial city of Rome adopted as its nickname "Caput Mundi", attributing this to its perception of an enduring power of Ancient Rome and the Roman Catholic Church. Today it still remains one of the most visited cities in the world.


title: Caput Mundi

text: Vatican City (also known as Holy See) is the seat of the Catholic Church, the largest church of Christianity, which is the largest religion in the world.


title: Caput Mundi

text: The former capital of the British Empire, the largest empire in history, and current capital and largest city of the United Kingdom, London, is sometimes called the "capital of the world". It had been a part of the Roman Empire and has been a major settlement since the epoch of Ancient Rome (known then as Londinium).


title: Caput Mundi

text: London is one of the world's major business, financial, and cultural centres, and exerts influence on its politics, education, technology, entertainment, media, fashion, and the arts all contributing to its status as a leading global city. London is often described as the most important global city. Many of the world's largest corporations have their headquarters in London, the city taking a central role as a part of the wider global economy. London has sometimes been called the financial capital or centre of the world, as it maintains the largest trade surplus in financial services around the world. In addition, London in time and on maps is on the Prime Meridian, running directly through Greenwich (also known as the Greenwich Meridian), with its time zone as GMT+0 (UTC+0). The decision made at the International Meridian Conference was due to the dominance of the British Empire and the influence of British India and for logistical reasons. Furthermore, London is the home to the British monarch, who is the official head of state of 15 Commonwealth realms and the Head of the Commonwealth, so the symbolical leader of the association of mostly former British territories, covering one quarter of Earth's surface and being home to 1/3 of its population.


title: Caput Mundi

text: London is one of the most visited cities as measured by international (non-British) arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic. It is the leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe. According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world, and the city has even been called the educational capital of the world. It is home to world-class institutions such as Imperial College London in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, the comprehensive University College London, and the London School of Economics in economics, finance, and business.


title: Caput Mundi

text: The situation of numerous iconic landmarks, such as Big Ben, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, the Houses of Parliament, and Buckingham Palace, as well as modern architecture such as the Gherkin, The Shard, the London Eye, and the O2, drew approximately 16.7 million international tourists in 2013, establishing London as the most visited city in the world for international tourists. The city is also home to the world's largest library and botanical garden.


title: Caput Mundi

text: London was described as the capital of the "empire on which the sun never sets". It has presently the largest foreign-born population of any city and has been ranked as the world's capital city in terms of culture, business, technological readiness, and overall economic clout, as well as attracting the most foreign investment of any global city.


title: Caput Mundi

text: Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, science, and the arts. Prior to the Second World War, Paris, like London, was sometimes described as the capital of the world.


title: Caput Mundi

text: Today, Paris remains one of the world's leading business, financial, and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, technology, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts all contribute to its status as a major global city.


title: Caput Mundi

text: Greater Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received 38 million visitors in 2019, a record, measured by hotel arrivals. In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) and ahead of London (19.09 million). The city's top cultural attraction in 2018 was the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris (13 million visitors), followed by the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur (11 million visitors), followed by the Louvre (9.6 million visitors); the Eiffel Tower (6.1 million visitors); the Centre Pompidou (3.5 million visitors); and the Musée d'Orsay (3.3 million visitors).


title: Caput Mundi

text: Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by international airports, the busiest being Paris–Charles de Gaulle (second busiest airport in Europe). In terms of cargo traffic, the airport is the eleventh busiest in the world and the busiest in Europe, handling 2,102,268 metric tonnes of cargo in 2019. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily; it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world, but the busiest located outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015.


title: Caput Mundi

text: In the academic year 2004–2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students, comprised the largest concentration of university students in Europe. Paris also hosts four of the top ten business schools in the world, including INSEAD, ESSEC, HEC and ESCP Europe.


title: Caput Mundi

text: Paris has one of the largest city GDPs in the world. It ranks as the first city in Europe (and third worldwide) by the number of companies classified in "Fortune"'s Fortune Global 500. Paris produced €738 billion (or US$882 billion at market exchange rates) or around 1/3 of the economy of France in 2018. The GDP per capita of the region was €60,100 (or $71,900 at market exchange rates), the highest in France. While the economy of the Paris metropolitan area — the largest in Europe with London—generates around 1/3 of France's GDP or almost $1.0 trillion. Paris has been ranked as the 2nd most attractive global city in the world in 2019 by KPMG. La Défense, Paris's Central Business District, was ranked by Ernst & Young in 2017 as the leading business district in continental Europe, and fourth in the world. The OECD is headquartered in Paris, the nation's financial capital.


title: Caput Mundi

text: In 2018 the GDP of the Paris Region was the largest in Europe, ahead of Nordrhein-Westfalen in Germany. The GDP per capita was the 4th highest in Europe, after Luxembourg, Brussels, and Hamburg.


title: Caput Mundi

text: In 2018, Paris was one of the most expensive cities in the world, along with Singapore and Hong Kong.


title: Caput Mundi

text: New York, the most populous city in the United States and the second most populous in North America after Mexico City, is sometimes described by the Latin phrase ""Novum Caput Mundi"" ("New Capital of the World"); or more commonly by the English phrase, "Capital of the World", primarily in reference to Manhattan, the core borough often referred to as simply "The City" by locals. Often described as the most powerful global city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, and the city's fast pace has inspired the term "New York minute". New York is the most photographed city in the world. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural, media, financial, and entertainment capital of the world, despite not being the modern governmental capital of the United States or even of New York State (which is Albany). As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. LGBT travel guide "Queer in the World" states, "The fabulosity of Gay New York is unrivaled on Earth, and queer culture seeps into every corner of its five boroughs". In 2019, New York was voted the "greatest city in the world" per a survey of over 30,000 people from 48 cities worldwide, citing the city's cultural diversity.


title: Caput Mundi

text: Numerous national and international private corporations have headquarters in New York. Anchored by Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York has been called the world's principal financial center. as well as most economically powerful city Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ, the world's two largest stock exchanges per total market capitalization of their listed companies. The New York branch is the most influential in the Federal Reserve, whose monetary policy decisions impact economies globally.


title: Caput Mundi

text: The New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass, is defined by both the metropolitan statistical area (19.9 million residents in 2013) and the combined statistical area (23.5 million residents in 2013). In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion, while in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve nations and eleven nations, respectively.


title: Caput Mundi

text: New York City is home to many prestigious higher education institutions with the most notable being Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University. These universities are ranked among the top universities in the world, while some of the world's most prestigious institutions such as Princeton University and Yale University remain in the New York metropolitan area. According to Academic Ranking of World Universities, New York has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any global city.


title: Caput Mundi

text: New York has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. Tourism is vital to New York, and many districts and landmarks in New York have become well known, as the city received a record high 66.6 million tourists in 2019. New York is the most photographed city in the world. The Empire State Building has become the global standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. Times Square, at the hub of the Broadway theater district, is nicknamed The Crossroads of the World, The Center of the Universe, and the "heart of the world".


title: Caput Mundi

text: As the capital of the United States and the seat of the U.S. federal government, many of the actions taken by government personnel in Washington, D.C., including those by the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. President, have a large impact on the lives of people across the world. Washington also holds the headquarters of important international organizations whose actions significantly affect people across the world, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization of American States. USAID, the U.S. government's leading international aid agency, is also headquartered in the city, as are many prominent global development, humanitarian, and human rights groups. The city is also home to many of the world's leading think tanks, whose scholars and researchers impact U.S. foreign policy as well as the policy of other governments and organizations. Among these think tanks are the Brookings Institution, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and the Wilson Center. Many other prominent international organizations also have major offices in the Washington, D.C. region, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Many prominent global media outlets also have their headquarters in the Washington region, such as "The Washington Post". Other media outlets, like CNN, The BBC, and "The New York Times", have major offices in the region.


title: Caput Mundi

text: Additionally, the Federal Reserve (known as "the Fed"), which is the United States' Central Bank, is headquartered in the city. Due to the significance of the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency, the decisions taken by the Fed have ripple effects across world economies. The city and the surrounding Washington region has also served as the location for many prominent global meetings and engagements. The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty took place in Washington; this treaty established NATO, which took part in the Cold War. By the Cold War's end, Washington was dubbed by "The Washington Post" to be the new capital of the world.


title: SNAFU

text: SNAFU is an acronym that is widely used to stand for the sarcastic expression Situation normal: all fucked up. It is a well-known example of military acronym slang. It is sometimes bowdlerized to "all fouled up" or similar. It means that the situation is bad, but that this is a normal state of affairs. The acronym is believed to have originated in the United States Marine Corps during World War II.


title: SNAFU

text: In modern usage, "SNAFU" is sometimes used as an interjection. "SNAFU" also sometimes refers to a bad situation, mistake, or cause of trouble. It is more commonly used in modern vernacular to describe running into an error or problem that is large and unexpected. For example, in 2005, "The New York Times" published an article titled "Hospital Staff Cutback Blamed for Test Result Snafu".


title: SNAFU

text: "SNAFU" was first recorded in "American Notes and Queries" in their September 1941 issue. "Time" magazine used the term in their June 16, 1942, issue: "Last week U.S. citizens knew that gasoline rationing and rubber requisitioning were snafu." Most reference works, including the "Random House Unabridged Dictionary", supply an origin date of 1940–1944, generally attributing it to the U.S. Army. Rick Atkinson ascribes the origin of "SNAFU", "FUBAR", and a bevy of other terms to cynical GIs ridiculing the Army's penchant for acronyms.


title: SNAFU

text: The attribution of "SNAFU" to the American military is not universally accepted: it has also been attributed to the British, although the "Oxford English Dictionary" gives its origin and first recorded use as U.S. military slang.


title: SNAFU

text: In a wider study of military slang, Elkin noted in 1946 that there "are a few acceptable substitutes such as 'screw up' or 'mess up,' but these do not have the emphasis value of the obscene equivalent." He considered the expression to be "a caricature of Army direction. The soldier resignedly accepts his own less responsible position and expresses his cynicism at the inefficiency of Army authority." He also noted that "the expression […] is coming into general civilian use."


title: SNAFU

text: SUSFU is an acronym for Situation unchanged: still fucked up, but can also be bowdlerized—just like "SNAFU"—to Situation unchanged: still fouled up. It is used in a military context and was first recorded in the "American Notes and Queries" in their September 1941 issue.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The Collectivity of Saint Martin (), commonly known as simply Saint Martin (, ), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean, on – but not identical with – the island of Saint Martin. Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel. Its capital is Marigot.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: With a population of 32,489 as of January 2019 on an area of , it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin, and some neighbouring islets, the largest of which is Île Tintamarre. The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten, which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2010 following the dissolution of Netherlands Antilles. This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Before 2007, the French part of Saint Martin was a commune belonging to the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. Despite seceding from Guadeloupe in 2007 and gaining more autonomy as an overseas collectivity of France, Saint Martin has remained an outermost region of the European Union and is part of the eurozone. For statistical purposes, it is still included in the NUTS 2 (FRY1) and NUTS 3 (FRY10) of Guadeloupe by Eurostat.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The island was named by Christopher Columbus in honour of St Martin of Tours because he first sighted it on the saint's feast day on 11 November 1493.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Saint Martin was inhabited by Amerindian peoples for many centuries, with archaeological evidence pointing to a human presence on the island as early as 2000 BC. These people most likely migrated from South America. The earliest known people were the Arawak who settled there between 800 and 300 BC. Circa 1300-1400 AD, they began to be displaced by hostile groups of Carib people.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: It is commonly believed that Christopher Columbus named the island in honor of Saint Martin of Tours when he encountered it on his second voyage of discovery. However, he actually applied the name to the island now called Nevis when he anchored offshore on 11 November 1493, the feast day of Saint Martin. The confusion of numerous poorly charted small islands in the Leeward Islands meant that this name was accidentally transferred to the island now known as Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Nominally a Spanish territory, the island became the focus of the competing interest of the European powers, notably France and the United Provinces. Meanwhile, the Amerindian population began to decline precipitously, dying from diseases brought by the Europeans.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: In 1631, the Dutch built Fort Amsterdam on Saint Martin and the Dutch West India Company began mining salt there. Tensions between the Netherlands and Spain were already high due to the ongoing Eighty Years' War, and in 1633 the Spanish captured St Martin and drove off the Dutch colonists. The Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, attempted to regain control in 1644 but were unsuccessful. However, in 1648 the Eighty Years' War ended and the island lost its strategic and economic value to Spain. The Spanish abandoned it and the Dutch returned. The French also began settling, and rather than fight for control of the entire island the two powers agreed to divide it in two with the Treaty of Concordia. The first governor of French Saint Martin was Robert de Longvilliers. Various adjustments to the precise alignment of the border occurred, with the boundary settling at its current position by 1817.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: To work the new cotton, tobacco and sugar plantations the French and Dutch began importing large numbers of African slaves, who soon came to outnumber the Europeans. The French eventually abolished slavery in 1848, followed by the Dutch in 1863 (though after 1848, slavery had scarcely been enforceable as slaves could simply move from the Dutch to the French side of the island). Meanwhile, in 1763, Saint Martin was merged into France's Guadeloupe colony.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: By the first decades of the 20th century Saint Martin's economy was in a poor state, prompting many to emigrate. Things improved during the Second World War as the Americans built an airstrip on the Dutch side of the island.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: In 1946 Saint Martin (along with Saint Barthélemy) was formally subsumed as an into the Guadeloupe . Tourism started expanding from the 1960s–70s onward, eventually becoming the dominant sector of Saint Martin's economy.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: In 2007 Saint Martin was detached from Guadeloupe and became a territorial collectivity with its own Prefect and Territorial Council.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: In 2017 Saint Martin was again devastated by a hurricane, Irma, causing widespread destruction across the entire island.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The Collectivity of Saint Martin occupies the northern half of the island of Saint Martin in the Leeward Islands; the southern half forms the Dutch territory of Sint Maarten. To the north across the Anguilla Channel lies the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla, to the south-east of the island lies the French island of Saint Barthélemy and further south are the Dutch islands of Saba and Saint Eustatius.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Saint Martin's land area is The terrain is generally hilly, with the highest peak being Pic Paradis at , which is also the highest peak on the island as a whole. The Terres Basses region lying west of the capital Marigot, which contains the French half of the Simpson Bay Lagoon, is flatter. There are a few small lakes on Saint Martin, such as Chevrise Pond, Great Pond and Red Pond. The land is part of the Leeward Islands xeric scrub ecoregion.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Numerous small islands lie off the coast, most notably Rock of the Cove Marcel, Creole Rock, Little Key, Pinel Island, Green Cay Grand Islet (within the Simpson Bay Lagoon) and the largest Tintamarre Island.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Hurricane Irma hit Saint Martin on 6 September 2017; 95% of the structures on the French side were damaged or destroyed. Looting or "pillaging" was a problem initially; France subsequently sent 240 gendarmes to help control the situation.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: On 11 September President Emmanuel Macron visited St Martin to view the damage and to assure residents of support for relief efforts. At that time, only tourists and visitors from France (mainlanders) had been evacuated from St. Martin, leading to complaints by black and mixed-race residents that whites were being given priority. Macron pledged 50 million euros of aid for the French islands and said the rebuilding will be done quickly but very well. By March 2018 much of the territory's infrastructure was back up and running.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Saint Martin was for many years a French commune, forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas région and département of France. In 2003 the population of the French part of the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. On 9 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both the French part of Saint Martin and (separately) the neighbouring Saint Barthélemy. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, once the local assemblies were elected, with the second round of the vote ultimately occurring on 15 July 2007. Saint Martin remains part of the European Union.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The new governance structure befitting an overseas collectivity took effect on 15 July 2007 with the first session of the Territorial Council (). This is a unicameral body of 23 members, with elections held every five years. The first President of the Territorial Council was Louis-Constant Fleming, however on 25 July 2008 Fleming resigned after being sanctioned by the for one year over problems with his 2007 election campaign. On 7 August, Frantz Gumbs was elected as President of the Territorial Council. However, his election was declared invalid on 10 April 2009 and Daniel Gibbs appointed as Acting President of the Territorial Council on 14 April 2009. Gumbs was re-elected on 5 May 2009.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The Chief of State is the President of France (currently Emmanuel Macron), who is represented locally by a Prefect appointed by him/her on the advice of the Minister of the Interior (France). The current Prefect is Sylvie Feucher. Saint Martin elects one member to the French Senate, and one to the French National Assembly (note that the latter post is shared with Saint Barthélemy).


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Before 2007, Saint Martin was coded as GP (Guadeloupe) in ISO 3166-1. In October 2007, it received the ISO 3166-1 code MF (alpha-2 code), MAF (alpha-3 code), and 663 (numeric code).


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: There currently exists a movement in Saint Martin aiming for the unification of island of Saint Martin, which has its own flag.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Saint Martin has a population of 32,489 (Jan. 2019 census), which means a population density of . At the Jan. 2017 French census the population was 35,334 (up from only 8,072 inhabitants at the 1982 census). The population decrease between January 2017 and January 2019 is due to Hurricane Irma which affected Saint Martin in early September 2017 and destroyed most of the territory's infrastructure.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Most residents live on the coastal region in the towns of Marigot (the capital), Grand-Case and Quartier-d'Orleans. Most residents are of black or mixed Creole ancestry, with smaller numbers of Europeans and Indians.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: French is the official language of the territory. Other languages spoken include English, Dutch, Papiamento and Spanish. A local English-based dialect is spoken in informal situations on both the French and Dutch sides of the island. The sizable Haitian community (7,000 in 2000) also use Haitian Creole.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The main religions are Roman Catholicism, Jehovah's Witnesses, various Protestant denominations, Hinduism and Islam.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The majority of the inhabitants of the island of St. Martin profess Christianity, in the French part the Catholic Church is the majority. There are also other Christian groups and other religions.The French territory of St. Martin is part of the Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre (in Latin, "Dioecesis Imae Telluris" and in French, "Diocèse de Basse-Terre et Pointe-à-Pitre"), attached to the organization of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese includes the territories of Guadeloupe, St. Barthélemy and St. Martin. This diocese is part of the ecclesiastical province of Fort-de-France, in the ecclesiastical region of the Antilles, and has as neighbors to the northwest, the diocese of Saint John-Basseterre and to the southeast, the diocese of Roseau.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: About sixty priests are active in the diocese and serve several churches, among them the Church of Saint Martin de Tours ("Saint-Martin-de-Tours") in Marigot, the Church of Mary Star of the Sea ("Église de Marie Etoile de la Me"r) in Grand Case and the Church of Saint Martin in Quartier d'Orléans ("Église de Saint-Martin").


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: The episcopal see is located in Basse-Terre, city of Guadeloupe, with the cathedral of Our Lady of Guadeloupe as the main or mother church, ("cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Guadeloupe").


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: As a part of France, the official currency of Saint Martin is the euro, though the US dollar is also widely accepted. Tourism is the main economic activity – with over one million visitors annually some 85% of the population is employed in this sector. The other major sector is the financial services industry. Though limited, agriculture and fishing are also practiced, though these sectors are very small and most food is imported.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: INSEE estimated that the nominal GDP of Saint Martin amounted to 581.8 million euros in 2014 (US$771.9 million at 2014 exchanges rates; US$660.3 million at Feb. 2022 exchange rates). In that same year the nominal GDP per capita of Saint Martin was 16,572 euros (US$21,987 at 2014 exchanges rates; US$18,806 at Feb. 2022 exchange rates), which was only half the GDP per capita of metropolitan France in 2014, and 79% of Guadeloupe's GDP per capita. In comparison, the nominal GDP per capita on the Dutch side of the island, Sint Maarten, was US$33,536 in 2014.


title: Collectivity of Saint Martin

text: Saint Martin has one airport, Grand Case-Espérance Airport, which provides flights to Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Barthélemy. For international tourists Saint Martin relies on Princess Juliana International Airport on the Dutch side of the island.


title: AT-X (TV network)

text: AT-X broadcasts many "Comic Gum" anime adaptations. "Ikki Tousen", "Ah My Buddha" and "Juden Chan" were shown on this channel first, before they were rebroadcast on Tokyo MX. As a premium channel, AT-X is also known for showing uncensored versions of several anime like "Juden Chan", "Ah My Buddha", "Girls Bravo", "Elfen Lied", "Mahoromatic", "High School DxD" and "Redo of Healer", which would normally get censored on free-to-air television because of the large amounts of mature content.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: "The Power of Love" is a song co-written and originally recorded by American singer Jennifer Rush in 1984. It was released as the fifth single from her debut album, "Jennifer Rush" (1984), and has since been covered by Air Supply, Laura Branigan and Celine Dion.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Recorded in Frankfurt, Germany (where Rush is based) and released in West Germany without much success in late 1984, Rush's original version reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in October 1985 and subsequently became the biggest-selling single of the year in the UK as Rush became the first female artist ever to have a million-selling single in the UK—it became the ninth best-selling single of the decade. It also topped the charts in several other European countries, as well as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Dion's cover version peaked at number one in the United States, Canada and Australia in 1994. The song has been translated into several languages, becoming a pop standard.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: "The Power of Love" was first recorded in Frankfurt, West Germany by Jennifer Rush for her 1984 eponymous album. This was a year after the band Frankie Goes to Hollywood conceived a song with the same title. It was released as a single in West Germany in December 1984. In June 1985, "The Power of Love" was issued as a single in the United Kingdom, where it topped the chart for five weeks in October 1985 and became the best-selling single of the year. As of March 2017, it had sold 1.45 million copies in the UK. The success of the song saw Rush perform it ‘‘live’’ on the BBC’s "Top of the Pops" in late 1985.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: The massive success of "The Power of Love" in the UK followed with widespread international success for the single in the last months of 1985 and the first of 1986, including a German re-release with a resultant number-nine charting. Eventually "The Power of Love" reached number one in Australia, Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa and Spain (where Rush topped the chart with a version in Spanish called "Si tú eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer", translated as "If you are my man and I'm your woman"), number three in Switzerland, Sweden and Belgium, and number seven in the Netherlands.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: CBS held off on releasing "The Power of Love" in North America feeling the disc was too European. It finally saw release in the United States and Canada in January 1986 but despite rising to number one in Canada, "The Power of Love" failed to become a significant US hit, stalling at number 57 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for the week ending of April 5, 1986, and spending 13 weeks within the Hot 100. The song was performed by Rush on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" in March 1986 and "American Bandstand" in April 1986.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Michele Greppi from "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" picked "The Power of Love" as the "best cut" of the album, complimenting Rush's voice, noting that her "operatic training shows in her incredible range (with no apparent loss of power or flexibility at either top or bottom)". Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger stated that it's "a song about how love removes your own sense of scale, makes existence itself unfamiliar, so the disorientating disconnect between it and anything resembling my emotional reality makes a sort of warped sense." He added the chorus as "so memorable". Alan Jones from "Music Week" declared it "frankly superior". Richard Defendorf from "The Orlando Sentinel" deemed it a "goopy ballad". "People" magazine wrote that "what's most impressive is Rush's voice. Throaty, intense and wide-ranging". The reviewer also noted that there is "intelligent passion" in the "broody" "The Power of Love". Pop Rescue described it as a "fantastically classic power ballad" and "flawless", adding that the singer's vocals are "rich, strong, and wonderfully spine tingling". Greg Kennedy from "Red Deer Advocate" viewed the song as "plaintive" and "poignant". A writer for "The Stage" called it a "superballad".


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Australian music channel Max placed the song at number 771 in their list of "1000 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2011.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: The music video of "The Power of Love" was directed by German director Michael Leckebusch. It was filmed in New York City. As the video begins, we see the city in the early morning hours. Some villainous types are walking around an empty office, looking for something. They are being discovered by Rush's man, who obviously works at nights. Then the focus switches to Rush who is seen leaving Madison Square Garden Center. She starts singing and at home, she opens the door to her bedroom and finds her man lying asleep. When the chorus starts, Rush is standing in a freight elevator that is moving upwards. There are glimpses of the villainous men pushing her man to do things for them. Some scenes show Rush wearing black sunglasses, standing on the dock by the sea, while she watches the guys meeting on a pier to plot something. They are also hitting her man on the street by car. Apparently Rush is trying to help him out of the hands of these villains. Towards the end, she walks alone through the city in the evening hours, singing. At home, she once again opens the bedroom door, checking that her man is lying there asleep and then she shuts the door.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Australian duo Air Supply covered "The Power of Love" for their 1985 eponymous album. Since the song was sung by Russell Hitchcock, the gender roles were reversed in the lyrics ("I'm your lady and you are my man" became "You are my lady and I am your man"). It was released as a single in July 1985 in the United States, and later in Canada and New Zealand. Their version was titled "The Power of Love (You Are My Lady)" so as not to be confused with "The Power of Love" by Huey Lewis and the News which was on the charts at the same time. Air Supply's version was a moderate success in New Zealand and Canada, reaching the top 40 in both countries in late 1985. In the US, it peaked at number 68. Their cover was featured in the 2017 film "Death Note".


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: American singer Laura Branigan recorded "The Power of Love" under the title "Power of Love" for her fifth studio album, "Touch" (1987). Produced by David Kershenbaum, the track was released in October 1987 as the album's second single and reached number 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 that December, becoming Branigan's seventh and final top-40 entry. "Power of Love" also peaked at number 19 on "Billboard"s Hot Adult Contemporary chart.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Branigan would say of "Power of Love": "There's a song on this album" ("Power Of Love") "that to me is the ultimate in singing. It's a real emotional tear-your-heart-out kind of song. It's a classic torch song with today's feeling. I think those are the ones that live on forever.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: "It has a range that keeps going on and on. It is really challenging vocally and yet it is really emotional. Emotion of the most important thing for me.".


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Canadian singer Celine Dion covered "The Power of Love" for her third English-language studio album, "The Colour of My Love" (1993). It was produced by David Foster and released as the first single in November 1993 in North America, in December 1993 in Japan, and in early 1994 in the rest of the world. "Billboard" ranked it as the 46th Top Love Song of All Time.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: "The Power of Love" became the best-selling single by a female artist of 1994 in the United States (8th overall) selling 900,000 copies. It became Dion's first US number-one song, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 for four weeks in February 1994. It also became her first Australian chart topper and second number-one single in Canada. The song also topped the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada. In the rest of the world, "The Power of Love" reached the top ten in France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden and New Zealand. It was certified Platinum in the United States (selling 1.5 million copies) and Australia, Gold in the UK and New Zealand and Silver in France.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: "The Power of Love" won the ASCAP Pop Award for Most Performed Song in the United States. It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, two "Billboard" Music Awards for Hot 100 Single of the Year and Hot Adult Contemporary Single of the Year, and for the Juno Award for Single of the Year. Thanks to "The Power of Love," David Foster was also nominated for the Juno Award for Producer of the Year.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: A music video for the song was released. It only used the radio edit, which was the opening track for all releases of the song.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: "The Power of Love" became one of Dion's signature songs. She performed it in all her tours including her most recent, Courage World Tour. "The Power of Love" is included on many of her live albums. "The Power of Love" was also featured on Dion's greatest hits compilations: "All the Way... A Decade of Song" (1999), "Complete Best" (2008), "" (2008) and "The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster" (2012). Live performances are included on "À l'Olympia" (album), "Live à Paris" (album), "Live à Paris" (video), "Au cœur du stade" (video), "" (video), "" (album/video), and "Céline une seule fois / Live 2013" (album/video). She also performed the song at the American Music Awards of 1995 and her CBS television special "That's Just the Woman in Me" on February 15, 2008.


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Dion's cover of "The Power of Love" received acclaim from music critics. About.com placed the song at number seven in their ranking of "Top 10 Celine Dion Songs", calling it a "big ballad". Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic "highlighted" it in his review of "The Colour of My Love". A reviewer from "The Baltimore Sun" wrote that the singer "sounds great" when she's working with "tunefully romantic stuff", like "The Power of Love". Dave Sholin from the "Gavin Report" commented, "A song this powerful places extraordinary demands on those who sing it. Only a rare few are up to the task and who better than Celine Dion to revive the song first made a hit around the world by Jennifer Rush. Add Celine's interpretation to producer David Foster's arrangement and the result is nothing short of superb".


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Another editor, Ron Fell said "it's made better than ever", adding it as "awesome!" Caroline Sullivan from "The Guardian" described it as a "bodice-bursting" version. Mike Wass from "Idolator" complimented Dion's "flawless vocal" on a "classy" Foster arrangement. Dennis Hunt from "LA Times" compared Dion's vocals favorably to those of Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey. He noted "that grandiose, note-stretching finish". Pan-European magazine "Music & Media" described the song as a "tender rendition". Alan Jones from "Music Week" said it "is so powerful it's sure to score". A reviewer from "The Network Forty" declared it "a reflective ballad brought to life by Celine's brilliantly distinctive vocals". "The Plain Dealer" deemed it a "soaring rendition". Christopher Smith from TalkAboutPopMusic viewed the song as "powerful and faithful to the original version".


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: Siren kings, members of a New Zealand street subculture devoted to the volume and clarity of music via public address system loudspeakers, value the Celine Dion version of "The Power of Love" as a perfect song for the medium. Siren king Purp Ci'i stated that it "will smash anyone in a battle—that song is dangerous...It's an old favourite from when sirens first started."


title: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)

text: The Spanish version of Jennifer Rush's "The Power of Love," "Si tu eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer" was introduced by Dominican singer Angela Carrasco in 1986 and became very popular throughout Latin America. The same version was later recorded by a number of Latin artists including Yolandita Monge, Amanda Miguel, and La India. La India's version of the song peaked at number thirty-eight on Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States. Wilfrido Vargas's New York Band covered the song in merengue which peaked at number thirty-seven on the Hot Latin Songs chart. It was also covered by Los Melódicos and Dulce López from "La Academia". Italian dance act Fits of Gloom released their version in 1994 with vocals by British singer Lizzy Mack which reached No. 49 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: XAMPP

text: XAMPP ( or ) is a free and open-source cross-platform web server solution stack package developed by Apache Friends, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MariaDB database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages. Since most actual web server deployments use the same components as XAMPP, it makes transitioning from a local test server to a live server possible.


title: XAMPP

text: XAMPP's ease of deployment means a WAMP or LAMP stack can be installed quickly and simply on an operating system by a developer, with the advantage that common add-in applications such as WordPress and Joomla! can also be installed with similar ease using Bitnami.


title: XAMPP

text: The term XAMPP is an apparent acronym. However, there is no official acronym expansion specified on the Apache Friends website. Their homepage header reads "XAMPP Apache + MariaDB + PHP + Perl", indicating that this abbreviation is a recursive acronym.


title: XAMPP

text: MySQL was replaced with MariaDB on 19 October 2015 and beginning with XAMPP versions 5.5.30 and 5.6.14, effectively altering the meaning of the acronym.


title: XAMPP

text: While both letters P are de facto interchangeable, the convention used at the Apache Friends website indicates that the first letter P is short for PHP and the latter letter P is short for Perl.


title: XAMPP

text: XAMPP requires only one zip, tar, 7z, or exe file to be downloaded and run, and little or no configuration of the various components that make up the web server is required. The Windows version of XAMPP requires Microsoft Visual C++ 2017 Redistributable.


title: XAMPP

text: XAMPP is regularly updated to the latest releases of Apache, MariaDB, PHP and Perl. It also comes with a number of other modules, including OpenSSL, phpMyAdmin, MediaWiki, Joomla, WordPress and more. Self-contained, multiple instances of XAMPP can exist on a single computer, and any given instance can be copied from one computer to another. XAMPP is offered in both a full and a standard version (Smaller version).


title: XAMPP

text: The most obvious characteristic of XAMPP is the ease at which a WAMP webserver stack can be deployed and instantiated. Later, some common packaged applications that could be easily installed were provided by Bitnami.


title: XAMPP

text: Officially, XAMPP's designers intended it for use only as a development tool, to allow website designers and programmers to test their work on their own computers without any access to the Internet. To make this as easy as possible, many important security features are disabled by default. XAMPP has the ability to serve web pages on the World Wide Web. A special tool is provided to password-protect the most important parts of the package.


title: XAMPP

text: XAMPP also provides support for creating and manipulating databases in MariaDB and SQLite, among others.


title: XAMPP

text: Once XAMPP is installed, it is possible to treat a local host like a remote host by connecting using an FTP client. Using a program like FileZilla has many advantages when installing a content management system (CMS) like Joomla or WordPress. It is also possible to connect to localhost via FTP with an HTML editor.


title: Friesian horse

text: The Friesian (also Frizian) is a horse breed originating in Friesland, in the Netherlands. Although the conformation of the breed resembles that of a light draught horse, Friesians are graceful and nimble for their size. It is believed that during the Middle Ages, ancestors of Friesian horses were in great demand as war horses throughout continental Europe. Through the Early Middle Ages and High Middle Ages, their size enabled them to carry a knight in armour. In the Late Middle Ages, heavier, draught type animals were needed. Though the breed nearly became extinct on more than one occasion, the modern day Friesian horse is growing in numbers and popularity, used both in harness and under saddle. Most recently, the breed is being introduced to the field of dressage.


title: Friesian horse

text: The Friesian breed is most often recognised by its black coat colour, however, colour alone is not the only distinguishing characteristic; Friesians are occasionally chestnut as some bloodlines do carry the "red" ('e") gene. In the 1930s, chestnuts and bays were seen. Friesians rarely have white markings of any kind; most registries allow only a small star on the forehead for purebred registration. To be accepted as breeding stock by the FPS studbook ("Friesch Paarden Stamboek"), a stallion must pass a rigorous approval process.


title: Friesian horse

text: The Friesian stands on average about , although it may vary from at the withers, and mares or geldings must be at least to qualify for a "star-designation" pedigree. Horses are judged at an inspection, or "keuring", by Dutch judges, who decide whether the horse is worthy of star designation. The breed has powerful overall conformation and good bone structure, with what is sometimes called a "Baroque" body type. Friesians have long, arched necks and well-chiseled, short-eared, "Spanish-type" heads. They have powerful, sloping shoulders, compact, muscular bodies with strong, sloping hindquarters and low-set tails. Their limbs are comparatively short and strong. A Friesian horse also has a long, thick mane and tail, often wavy, and "feather"—long, silky hair on the lower legs—deliberately left untrimmed. The breed is known for a brisk, high-stepping trot. The Friesian is considered willing, active, and energetic, but also gentle and docile. A Friesian tends to have great presence and to carry itself with elegance. Today, there are two distinct conformation types—the "baroque" type, which has the more robust build of the classical Friesian, and the modern, "sport horse" type, which is finer-boned. Both types are common, though the modern type is currently more popular in the show ring than is the baroque Friesian. However, conformation type is considered less important than correct movement.


title: Friesian horse

text: The chestnut colour is generally not accepted for registration for stallions, though it is sometimes allowed for mares and geldings. A chestnut-coloured Friesian that competes is penalised. However, discoloration from old injuries or a black coat with fading from the sun is not penalised. The chestnut allele, a recessive genetic trait in the Friesian, does exist; in the 1990s, two mares gave birth to chestnut foals. The Friesch Paarden Stamboek began to attempt breeding out the chestnut colour in 1990, and today stallions with genetic testing indicating the presence of the chestnut or "red" gene, even if heterozygous and masked by black colour, are not allowed registration with the FPS. The American Friesian Association, which is not affiliated to the KFPS, allows horses with white markings and/or chestnut colour to be registered if purebred parentage can be proven. In 2014 there were eight stallion lines known to still carry the chestnut gene.


title: Friesian horse

text: There are four genetic disorders acknowledged by the industry that may affect horses of Friesian breeding: dwarfism, hydrocephalus, a tendency for aortic rupture, and megaesophagus. There are genetic tests for the first two conditions. The Friesian is also among several breeds that may develop equine polysaccharide storage myopathy. Approximately 0.25% of Friesians are affected by dwarfism, which results in horses with a normal-sized head, a broader chest than normal, an abnormally long back and very short limbs. It is a recessive condition. Additionally, the breed has a higher-than-usual rate of digestive system disorders, and a greater tendency to have insect bite hypersensitivity. Like some other draught breeds, they are prone to a skin condition called verrucous pastern dermatopathy and may be generally prone to having a compromised immune system. Friesian mares have a very high 54% rate of retained placenta after foaling. Some normal-sized Friesians also have a propensity toward tendon and ligament laxity which may or may not be associated with dwarfism. The relatively small gene pool and inbreeding are thought to be factors behind most of these disorders.


title: Friesian horse

text: The Friesian originates in the province of Friesland in the northern Netherlands, where there is evidence of thousands of years of horse populations.


title: Friesian horse

text: As far back in history as the 4th century there are mentions of Friesian troops which rode their own horses. One of the most well-known sources of this was by an English writer named Anthony Dent who wrote about the Friesian mounted troops in Carlisle. Dent, amongst others, wrote that the Friesian horse was the ancestor of both the British Shire, and the Fell pony. However, this is just speculation.


title: Friesian horse

text: It wasn't until the 11th century, that there were illustrations of what appeared to be Friesans. Many of the illustrations found depict knights riding horses which resembled the breed, with one of the most famous examples being William the Conqueror.


title: Friesian horse

text: These ancestors of the modern Friesians were used in medieval times to carry knights to battle. In the 12th and 13th centuries, some eastern horses of crusaders were mated with Friesian stock. During the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Netherlands were briefly linked with Spain, there was less demand for heavy war horses, as battle arms changed and became lighter. Andalusian horses were crossbred with Friesians, producing a lighter horse more suitable (in terms of less food intake and waste output) for work as urban carriage horses.


title: Friesian horse

text: The breed was especially popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, when they were in demand not only as harness horses and for agricultural work, but also for the trotting races so popular then. The Friesian may have been used as foundation stock for such breeds as the Dole Gudbrandsdal, the Norfolk Trotter (ancestor of the Hackney), and the Morgan. In the 1800s, the Friesian was bred to be lighter and faster for trotting, but this led to what some owners and breeders regarded as inferior stock, so a movement to return to pureblood stock took place at the end of the 19th century.


title: Friesian horse

text: A studbook society was founded in 1879 by Frisian farmers and landowners who had gathered to found the Fries Rundvee Stamboek (FRS) The "Paardenstamboek" ("horse stud book") was published in 1880 and initially registered both Friesian horses and a group of heavy warmblood breeds, including Ostfriesen and Alt-Oldenburgers, collectively known as "Bovenlanders". At the time, the Friesian horse was declining in numbers, and was being replaced by the more fashionable Bovenlanders, both directly, and by crossbreeding Bovenlander stallions on Friesian mares. This had already virtually exterminated the pure Friesian in significant parts of the province in 1879, which made the inclusion of Bovenlanders necessary. While the work of the society led to a revival of the breed in the late 19th century, it also resulted in the sale and disappearance of many of the best stallions from the breeding area, and Friesian horse populations dwindled. By the early 20th century, the number of available breeding stallions was down to three. Therefore, in 1906, the two parts of the registry were joined, and the studbook was renamed the Friesch Paarden Stamboek (FPS) in 1907."


title: Friesian horse

text: In 1913 a society, Het Friesch Paard, was founded to protect and promote the breed. By 1915 it had convinced FPS to split registration into two groups. By 1943, the breeders of non-Friesian horses left the FPS completely to form a separate association, which later became the Koninklijk Warmbloed Paardenstamboek Nederland (Royal Warmblood Studbook of the Netherlands (KWPN).