title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: To open the conference schedule, LSU traveled to face cross-divisional foe Vanderbilt for the first time since 2010. LSU won comfortably, 66–38, scoring the most points in regulation against an SEC opponent in school history.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Vanderbilt received the opening kickoff and capitalized with a five-yard touchdown run by Ke'Shawn Vaughn to open the scoring. LSU responded with their own touchdown drive, ending with a four-yard pass from Joe Burrow to Justin Jefferson. On their next drive, LSU needed just one play, which was a 64-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase. The Tigers scored twice more in the first quarter to make the score 28–7, first with a nine-yard run by Clyde Edwards-Helaire, and then with a 25-yard pass from Burrow to Chase. In the second quarter, the teams traded field goals, first with a 41-yarder by Vanderbilt's Ryley Guay, and then with a 25-yarder by LSU's Cade York. With 1:56 left in the half, Burrow and Chase connected for a touchdown once again, this time from 51 yards out. In the final minute of the half, LSU received the ball pinned at their own five yard line, and Vanderbilt's Elijah McAllister recovered a Clyde Edwards-Halaire fumble in the endzone for a score, making the score 38–17 at the half. Joe Burrow had 357 passing yards at half-time, a school record.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: To open the second half, LSU's Micah Baskerville returned a Vanderbilt onside kick attempt 46 yards to the one yard line, after which Burrow threw his fifth touchdown pass to Racey McMath. Vanderbilt responded with a 52-yard touchdown run by Ke'Shawn Vaughn. LSU then scored again with a 16-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase, Burrow's sixth of the day. Baskerville then blocked a Vanderbilt punt attempt and recovered the ball for a touchdown to make the score 59–24 midway through the third quarter. Later in the third quarter, Vanderbilt scored again with an 18-yard pass from Riley Neal to Kalija Lipscomb. In the fourth quarter, LSU scored with a six-yard touchdown run by John Emery Jr., and Vanderbilt scored in the final minutes via a 47-yard pick-six thrown by Myles Brennan.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow's six touchdown passes set a school record. He completed 25 of 34 passes for 398 yards, becoming the first player in school history to throw for 350 or more yards in three consecutive games. He was named SEC Offensive Player of the Week for the third time of the season. Ja'Marr Chase had 10 receptions for 229 yards and four touchdowns.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: After a bye week, LSU played its fourth and final non-conference game at home against Utah State of the Mountain West Conference. LSU won in a blowout, 42–6.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU received the opening kickoff and scored on the opening drive with a seven-yard pass from Joe Burrow to Derrick Dillon. On the next drive, a Burrow pass was tipped and intercepted by Utah State's Cameron Haney and returned to the LSU 7 yard line. The Aggies settled for a 30-yard field goal three plays later. LSU turned the ball over on downs on their next drive, and Utah State once again kicked a field goal, this time from 47 yards out to bring the score to 7–6 at the end of the first quarter. Early in the second quarter, Burrow scored a one-yard touchdown run. Burrow threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to Ja'Marr Chase with 4:55 left in the quarter, which brought the score to 21–6 at half-time. In the third quarter, Joe Burrow threw a four-yard touchdown pass to Justin Jefferson, and then a 39-yard touchdown pass later in the quarter, again to Jefferson. On Burrow's last drive of the game before being benched, he threw an eight-yard touchdown pass to Thaddeus Moss to make the score 42–6 early in the fourth quarter. Both teams failed to score for the remainder of the game, with LSU missing a 53-yard field goal attempt.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow completed 27 of 38 passes for 344 yards and five touchdowns to along with 42 yards and another touchdown on the ground. He became the first LSU quarterback to ever throw for 300-plus yards in four consecutive games.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: On October 12, LSU played cross-division rival and seventh-ranked Florida at home, pulling away in the second half for a 42–28 win.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU received the opening kickoff and advanced to the Florida 26 yard-line, but Cade York's 44-yard field goal attempt was no good. LSU's next drive started with a 57-yard run by Clyde Edwards-Helaire, and ended with a nine-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase to open the scoring of the game. Florida responded with their own scoring drive, ending with a five-yard touchdown pass from Kyle Trask to Trevon Grimes. In the second quarter, LSU and Florida each traded two touchdown drives. LSU scored with a seven-yard pass from Burrow to Justin Jefferson, and Florida responded with a one-yard touchdown pass from Emory Jones to La'Mical Perine. LSU then scored via a 39-yard run by Edwards-Helaire, and Florida closed out the half with a six-yard touchdown pass from Trask to Van Jefferson with four seconds remaining, bringing the score to 21–21.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Florida took a 28–21 lead on the opening possession of the second half with a two-yard pass from Kyle Trask to Van Jefferson. LSU tied the game up again with a five-yard touchdown run by Edwards-Helaire. A 33-yard touchdown run by Tyrion Davis-Price on LSU's next possession regained them the lead. Midway through the fourth quarter, Florida threatened to tie the game again, advancing to the LSU 16 yard-line, but Trask threw an interception in LSU's endzone. The Tigers put the game out of reach on the next possession with a 54-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase to bring the score to 42–28 with 5:43 remaining. Florida advanced to the LSU two-yard line in the final minute, but turned the ball over on downs, after which LSU kneeled out the remainder of the clock.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow failed to throw for 300 or more yards for the first time in five games, finishing with 293 yards and three touchdowns on 21-of-24 attempts. Clyde Edwards-Helaire had 134 yards and two touchdowns. Ja-Marr Chase had seven receptions for 127 yards and two touchdowns, and Justin Jefferson had 10 receptions for 123 yards and a touchdown.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Next, LSU traveled to Starkville, Mississippi to play divisional foe Mississippi State. LSU won in another rout, 36–13.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU advanced to within the Mississippi State 10 yard-line on each of their first three drives, but had to settle for field goals each time. Cade York converted from 20, 23, and 25 yards to make the score 9–0 midway through the second quarter. Mississippi State made the score 9–7 with a 12-yard touchdown run by Garrett Shrader. LSU quickly re-asserted itself with a 60-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Racey McMath, then an interception of Mississippi State's Garrett Shrader by JaCoby Stevens, and another touchdown pass from Burrow, to Ja'Marr Chase from eight yards out. The score was 22–7 at half-time. In the third quarter, LSU scored twice more, with a 37-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Derrick Dillon, and then an 18-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Justin Jefferson, after which the score was 36–7. Neither team scored again until Mississippi State scored a touchdown in the final minute of the game, a 24-yard pass from Shrader to Stephen Guidry, to make the score 36–13.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow completed 25 of 32 attempts for 327 yards and four touchdowns. He passed LSU's single season passing touchdowns record (29) during the game.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU returned home on October 26 for a top-ten showdown against ninth-ranked Auburn. LSU's offense struggled against Auburn's defense, putting up a season-low 23 points, but pulled out the win, 23–20.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Auburn struck first with a 30-yard field goal by Anders Carlson. Early in the second quarter, LSU took the lead with a 20-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Terrace Marshall Jr. Later in the quarter, Auburn's punt to LSU's Derek Stingley Jr. was fumbled by Stingley and recovered by Auburn on the LSU 22 yard-line. Auburn took advantage of the turnover by scoring via a one-yard touchdown run by Bo Nix. LSU tied the game at 10–10 with a 20-yard field goal by Cade York with 33 seconds remaining in the half.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: In the third quarter, Auburn took a 13–10 lead with a 23-yard field goal by Carlson. LSU's next two possessions ended with a failed fourth down attempt on the Auburn 2 yard-line, and a Burrow interception. LSU regained the lead late in the third quarter with a six-yard touchdown run by Clyde Edwards-Helaire, and then in the early fourth quarter, a seven-yard touchdown run by Burrow. Most of the fourth quarter was a defensive struggle between the two teams, with the teams trading six consecutive punts. With 2:32 remaining, Auburn pulled within three points with a five-yard touchdown pass from Nix to Seth Williams. Their onside kick attempt was recovered by LSU's Derrick Dillon, and LSU was able to wind down the remainder of the clock to win the game.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow finished the game with 32-of-42 attempts for 321 yards, one touchdown pass, one rushing touchdown, and an interception. This was his eighth career 300-yard game, a school record. Clyde Edwards-Helaire ran for 136 yards and a touchdown on 26 attempts. Ja'Marr Chase led the team with eight receptions for 123 yards.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: After a second bye week, LSU traveled to Tuscaloosa to play rival Alabama. Heading into the game, LSU was ranked No. 1 and Alabama No. 2 in the AP Poll. The season's first College Football Playoff rankings were released on the Tuesday prior to the game, with LSU ranked No. 2 and Alabama ranked No. 3. Alabama quarterback Tua Tagovailoa, who was only 20 days removed from a minor ankle surgery, was making his return, and the battle between him and Joe Burrow was expected to play a major role in the Heisman Trophy race. Adding even more aura of spectacle to the game was the attendance of President Donald Trump. Alabama was a six-point betting favorite heading into the game. LSU won the game in a shootout, 46–41.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: On Alabama's opening possession, the Crimson Tide advanced to the LSU 8-yard line, but the ball slipped out of Tua Tagovailoa's hand for a fumble, recovered by LSU's Ray Thornton. LSU responded with a touchdown drive ending with a 33-yard pass from Joe Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase. Alabama gave LSU a short field again when they fumbled a punt snap on their next drive, after which LSU scored via a 40-yard field goal by Cade York. Alabama got on the board late in the first quarter with a 77-yard punt return touchdown by Jaylen Waddle. Early in the second quarter, LSU scored with a 29-yard pass from Burrow to Terrace Marshall Jr. Alabama pulled within three with a 64-yard touchdown pass from Tagovailoa to DeVonta Smith. After a 45-yard field goal by York with 4:20 remaining in the first half, LSU scored again with a one-yard touchdown run by Clyde Edwards-Helaire with 26 seconds remaining. Alabama's Tua Tagovailoa threw an interception on their next play, returned by LSU's Patrick Queen to the Alabama 26-yard line. LSU was able to score after a 15-yard penalty on Alabama and then a 13-yard pass from Burrow to Edwards-Helaire to make the score 33–13 at half-time.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: In the third quarter, Alabama scored with a 15-yard touchdown pass from Tagovailoa to Najee Harris. Early in the fourth quarter, Harris scored again on a one-yard run, to make the score 33–27 LSU. LSU then scored with a five-yard run by Edwards-Helaire, but Alabama pulled within a score again with a five-yard touchdown pass from Tagovailoa to Jerry Jeudy with 5:32 remaining. LSU went up 46–34 with 1:37 remaining with a seven-yard touchdown run by Edwards-Helaire, but Alabama scored on their next play with an 85-yard touchdown pass from Tagovailoa to DeVonta Smith with 1:21 remaining. Alabama's onside kick attempt was recovered by LSU's Justin Jefferson, and, after a first down run by Edwards-Helaire, LSU kneeled out the rest of the clock to win the game, 46–41.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU's 46 points were the most ever scored on Alabama in Bryant–Denny Stadium in regulation. The win also snapped an eight-game losing streak to Alabama by LSU. Joe Burrow finished with 31-of-39 attempts for 393 yards and three touchdowns. He earned his second Walter Camp National Offensive Player of the Week honors for the performance. Burrow was named SEC Co-Offensive Player of the Week, sharing the award with teammate Clyde Edwards-Helaire, who had 180 total yards and four total touchdowns (three rushing, one receiving). Ja'Marr Chase had 140 receiving yards and a touchdown in the game.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU next traveled to Oxford, Mississippi to play Ole Miss in the Magnolia Bowl. LSU won by a score of 58–37.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU opened the scoring on their opening drive with a 34-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase. After each team traded missed field goal attempts, LSU scored again with a four-yard run by Tyrion Davis-Price. Two more second quarter scores by LSU, the first a 51-yard pass from Burrow to Chase, and the second a 12-yard pass from Burrow to Justin Jefferson, made the score 28–0. Ole Miss got on the board in the second quarter with a five-yard touchdown run by John Rhys Plumlee, and LSU converted a 33-yard field goal in the final seconds of the half to make the score 31–7 at half-time.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Ole Miss scored on the opening possession of the third quarter with a 46-yard touchdown run by Plumlee. After a 27-yard LSU field goal, Ole Miss scored again with a 60-yard run by Plumlee to make the score 34–23. LSU responded with a seven-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Jefferson, and then converted a 52-yard field goal after an Ole Miss interception to make the score 44–23 heading into the fourth quarter. Early in the final quarter, Joe Burrow threw an interception, and Ole Miss scored on the next play with a 35-yard run by Plumlee. Burrow threw another interception on the next drive, but the LSU defense forced a turnover on downs. LSU scored with a 61-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Chase on the next drive. Ole Miss scored its last points with 3:19 to go with a 55-yard pass from Matt Corral to Elijah Moore, but LSU scored once again on the next play with a 49-yard touchdown run by Clyde Edwards-Helaire, which ended the scoring at 58–37.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow set a career high with 489 yards to go along with five touchdown passes. He passed Rohan Davey's LSU single season passing yards record during the game. Burrow also completed 17 consecutive passes at one point, setting a school record. Ja'Marr Chase had 227 receiving yards and three touchdowns, and was later named SEC Offensive Player of the Week. Clyde Edwards-Helaire had 172 rushing yards and a touchdown.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: For the second-to-last game of the regular season, LSU faced rival Arkansas in a battle for the Golden Boot, and with an opportunity to secure LSU's spot in the SEC Championship Game with a win. LSU did just that with a 56–20 victory.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU scored on the game's opening drive with a 37-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase. Arkansas converted two field goals, from 24 yards and 47 yards, to make the score 7–6 midway through the second quarter. LSU scored touchdowns on their final three possessions of the first half via a two-yard run by Tyrion Davis-Price, a 27-yard run by Clyde Edwards-Helaire, and a 10-yard pass from Burrow to Justin Jefferson, to make the score 28–6 at half-time.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Arkansas opened the second-half with a missed 45-yard field goal attempt. LSU fumbled on its first possession, but then the Tigers scored on four consecutive possessions, with a 50-yard pass from Burrow to Chase, a 26-yard run by Edwards-Helaire, an 89-yard run by Edwards-Helaire, and a 39-yard run by John Emery Jr. The score was then 56–6 early in the fourth quarter. Arkansas then scored with a 24-yard pass from Michael Woods II to Jack Lindsey, then recovered an onside kick attempt and scored with a two-yard run by Devwah Whaley to end the scoring on the day at 56–20.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Clyde Edwards-Helaire had his fourth consecutive 100-yard game by running for a career-high 188 yards and three touchdowns. Joe Burrow passed for 327 yards and three touchdowns. Ja'Marr Chase added 144 receiving yards and two touchdowns. Linebacker JaCoby Stevens, who had a career high three sacks and four tackles for loss, was named SEC Defensive Player of the Week. Safety Maurice Hampton, who was making his first career start in place of the injured Grant Delpit, had six tackles and was named SEC Freshman of the Week.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU's regular season finale was against Texas A&M. The previous meeting between the two schools tied the NCAA record for most overtimes (seven) and set the FBS record for most combined points in a game (146), in which the Tigers lost to the Aggies, 74–72. The 2019 game was not nearly as close, as LSU secured an undefeated regular season with a 50–7 blowout win. Quarterback Joe Burrow, in his final home game as a Tiger, made a pregame introduction to great fanfare wearing a jersey with the name "Burreaux" on the back, paying tribute to the French heritage of the state and university.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU jumped out to a 31–0 lead by scoring on each of their first five possessions. The Tigers received the opening kickoff and scored in six plays with a five-yard touchdown run by Clyde Edwards-Helaire. Their next drive ended with a 12-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Justin Jefferson. Late in the first quarter, they scored again with a 78-yard pass from Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase. In the second quarter, LSU scored with a four-yard touchdown run by Tyrion Davis-Price, and a 51-yard field goal by Cade York. The score was 31–0 at half-time. In the third quarter, LSU's Cade York converted a 50-yard field goal, and then Texas A&M scored their only points of the day with a one-yard run by Isaiah Spiller. LSU responded with an 18-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Chase, then intercepting a pass from Texas A&M's Kellen Mond, and scoring another touchdown, a 58-yard pass from backup quarterback Myles Brennan to Racey McMath. Late in the fourth quarter, the Tigers pinned the Aggies at their own 1-yard line with a punt, and then Neil Farrell Jr. sacked James Foster in the endzone for a safety to end the scoring on the day at 50–7.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow had 352 passing yards and three touchdowns in the game, and in the process set the SEC record for single-season passing yards previously held by Kentucky's Tim Couch, and tied the SEC record for single-season passing touchdowns, shared with Missouri's Drew Lock.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU, as undefeated champions of the SEC West Division, faced off against 11–1 East Division champion Georgia in the SEC Championship Game in Atlanta. Heading into the game, LSU was ranked second and Georgia fourth in the College Football Playoff rankings. There was widespread speculation that both teams could possibly make it into the playoff, depending on the outcome of the game. LSU was considered a 7.5-point betting favorite. LSU removed all doubt about its resume by winning comfortably, 37–10. This was LSU's 16th conference championship in school history, its 12th in the Southeastern Conference, and first since 2011.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: After a Georgia punt on the game's opening possession, LSU opened the scoring with a 23-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase. LSU scored again late in the first quarter after a Georgia missed field goal attempt with a seven-yard pass from Burrow to Terrace Marshall Jr. Georgia got on the board early in the second quarter with a 39-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship. LSU's Cade York converted his own field goal, from 41 yards out, with 2:22 remaining in the half. Georgia's next possession ended in a Jake Fromm interception to Derek Stingley Jr., but LSU's 48-yard field goal attempt missed with 14 seconds to go kept the score at 17–3 LSU at half-time.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU's opening possession of the second half ended with a 28-yard field goal by York, and Georgia's ensuing possession resulted in a 37-yard miss by Blankenship. LSU then quickly widened its lead with an 80-yard drive that included a 71-yard pass from Burrow to Justin Jefferson and ended with a four-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Marshall Jr., followed by another interception of Fromm by Stingley Jr., and then an eight-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Jefferson to make the score 34–3 at the end of the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Georgia scored its only touchdown via a two-yard pass from Fromm to George Pickens, and LSU scored with a 50-yard field goal by York to end the scoring at 37–10.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow's performance, with 349 passing yards, four touchdowns, 41 rushing yards, and a 16-yard reception, was described by the Associated Press as "completing his Heisman Trophy coronation". He was named MVP of the game. Justin Jefferson had seven receptions for 115 yards and a touchdown.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: In the final College Football Playoff rankings of the year, LSU moved from second to first, passing Ohio State, who had beaten Wisconsin in the Big Ten Championship Game, 34–21. LSU's opponent in the CFP semi-final, the Peach Bowl, was fourth-ranked Oklahoma, champions of the Big 12 Conference at 12–1. LSU entered the game as 13.5-point betting favorites. LSU exceeded those high expectations by destroying the Sooners 63–28.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: After an Oklahoma three-and-out to open the game, LSU scored in three plays with a 19-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Justin Jefferson. After trading three-and-outs, Oklahoma responded with a three-yard touchdown run by Kennedy Brooks. The score was tied at 7–7, but LSU put the game out of reach by scoring touchdowns on each of their next seven possessions. Before the end of the first quarter, they scored via an eight-yard pass from Burrow to Terrace Marshall Jr., and a 35-yard pass from Burrow to Jefferson. In the second quarter, LSU scored with a 42-yard pass from Burrow to Jefferson, then a 30-yard pass from Burrow to Jefferson. Oklahoma temporarily stopped the bleeding with a two-yard touchdown run by Jalen Hurts, but LSU responded with a 62-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Thaddeus Moss and a two-yard pass from Burrow to Marshall Jr. before the half. The score at half-time was 49–14. Joe Burrow had seven touchdown passes in the first half, which tied the all-time NCAA full-game bowl record, and Justin Jefferson's four touchdown receptions also tied the all-time full-game bowl record.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: LSU opened the second half with a touchdown drive that ended with a two-yard run by Burrow, his eighth touchdown of the day, after which he and most other offensive starters were benched. Oklahoma's next possession ended with a 12-yard touchdown run by Hurts. After a missed 46-yard field goal attempt by LSU's Cade York early in the fourth quarter, Oklahoma scored again with a one-yard touchdown run by T.J. Pledger. LSU scored once more with a six-yard touchdown run by John Emery Jr. with 3:59 remaining to end the scoring at 63–28.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: Joe Burrow had 493 passing yards, seven passing touchdowns, and a rushing touchdown in just over one half of play; he was named Offensive MVP of the game. Linebacker K'Lavon Chaisson was named Defensive MVP after finishing with two sacks and six tackles. Justin Jefferson finished with 14 receptions for 227 yards and four touchdowns in the game.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: By winning the Peach Bowl, LSU advanced to the College Football Playoff National Championship to play the winner of the Fiesta Bowl, third-seeded Clemson. The game was played at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, mirroring LSU's previous appearances in national championship games in 2012, 2008, and 2004. Clemson was the defending national champion and on a 29-game winning streak, but LSU was considered a 5.5-point betting favorite heading into the game.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: To open the game, both teams were forced to punt on each of their first two possessions. Clemson opened the scoring with a one-yard touchdown run by quarterback Trevor Lawrence. LSU evened the score with a 52-yard touchdown pass from Joe Burrow to Ja'Marr Chase. Early in the second quarter, Clemson regained the lead with a 52-yard field goal by B.T. Potter, and then extended the lead on their next possession with a 36-yard touchdown run by Tee Higgins. LSU scored touchdowns on their next three possessions to close out the first half: first on a three-yard run by Burrow, then a 14-yard pass from Burrow to Chase, and then a six-yard pass from Burrow to Thaddeus Moss with 10 seconds remaining in the half. The score was 28–17 LSU at half-time.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: In the third quarter, Clemson pulled within three with a three-yard touchdown run by Travis Etienne and a successful two-point conversion via a pass from Lawrence to Amari Rodgers. LSU extended the lead with a four-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Moss late in the quarter. Early in the fourth quarter, LSU scored again, with a 24-yard touchdown pass from Burrow to Terrace Marshall Jr. to make the score 42–25. LSU's defense held Clemson scoreless throughout the fourth quarter to help seal the victory.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: With the win, LSU finished as undefeated College Football Playoff champions, and were later crowned unanimous national champions by the polls. This was LSU's fourth national title in school history, and first since the 2007 season. It was their first undefeated season since 1958, and the second ever 15–0 season by any FBS team in the modern era (after Clemson the previous season). Joe Burrow had 463 passing yards and five touchdowns in the game, and was named Offensive MVP. Linebacker Patrick Queen had eight total tackles, including 0.5 sacks and 2.5 tackles for loss and was named Defensive MVP.


title: 2019 LSU Tigers football team

text: The 2020 NFL Draft was held remotely (due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic) from April 23–25. LSU had the most players selected in the draft with 14. This tied the 2003 Ohio State NFL Draft record for a single school during a seven-round draft. LSU also had the most first-round selections of the draft with five, including first overall pick Joe Burrow. LSU also tied the 2016 Ohio State Buckeyes with ten draft picks taken within the first three rounds.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: Sampath Kumar (18 September 1950 – 30 December 2009), known by his stage name Vishnuvardhan, was an Indian actor predominantly in Kannada cinema. He is regarded as one of the popular cultural icon of Karnataka. Vishnuvardhan is often referred to as "Sahasa Simha" and "The Angry Young Man of Kannada Cinema." He appeared in more than 220 films all together in Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu. He was called "The Phoenix of Indian Cinema." He made his debut in the 1972 National Award winning film, "Vamsha Vriksha", in a supporting role. The same year he played the lead role in Puttanna Kanagal's "Naagarahaavu" which was his breakthrough and he had won Filmfare Special Jury Award (Filmfare Special Award – South). He won Karnataka State Film Awards & Filmfare Awards South for best performance.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: In 2008, a poll conducted by CNN-IBN listed Vishnuvardhan as the most popular star in the Kannada film industry. A road stretching from Banashankari Temple to Kengeri in Bangalore was named after him. It is the longest road in India to be named after an actor. In an interview with "The Hindu", he had said that it was the era of Bruce Lee and it was only Kamal Haasan and himself who had learnt martial arts in his generation. He was also the story writer of the 1997 movie "Ganesha I Love You" directed by Phani Ramachandra.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: Vishnuvardhan was born in Mysore to H. L. Narayana Rao and Kamakshamma. His father was an artist, music composer and a screenwriter who was known for his collection of musical instruments and had written the story, screenplay, dialogues and lyrics for the 1962 Kannada movie "Vidhivilasa". He had six siblings. His sister Rama was a Kathak dancer at the Mysore Palace, and brother Ravi was a child actor who appeared in the 1955 Tamil language - Kannada bilingual film "Modala Thedi". Vishnuvardhan was educated first in Mysore's Gopalswamy School and then at Bangalore's Kannada Model High School. He attended high school and obtained a degree from National College, Basavanagudi, Bangalore.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: Vishnuvardhan married actress Bharathi on 17 February 1975 in Bangalore. They have two adopted daughters, Keerthi and Chandana. Actor Aniruddha Jatkar is his son in law.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: In his 37-year career, he played a variety of roles in more than 200 films. Vishnuvardhan started his career with the National Award-winning movie "Vamshavruksha" (1972) directed by Girish Karnad based on the novel by S. L. Bhyrappa. His first lead role was in "Naagarahaavu", directed by Puttanna Kanagal and based on a trilogy by T. R. Subba Rao. Next he appeared along with Rajkumar in "Gandhada Gudi". Released in 1973, it was the highest-grossing Kannada movie of the year. In 1974 he appeared in "Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu" which also went on to break box-office records. In 1977, he appeared in many Kannada movies of which three were with Rajinikanth who was then a budding star - "Sahodarara Savaal, Kiladi Kittu" and "Galate Samsara". In 1978, Vishnuvardhan appeared in the hit romantic drama "Hombisilu" and his role of a doctor fetched him his first Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor. He also acted in "Kiladi Jodi" with Srinath and Lakshmi. During the 70s Vishnuvardhan formed a successful pair with not only his actress wife Bharathi, but also the two top actresses of the decade - Aarathi and Manjula.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: In 1982, the Joe Simon directed "Sahasa Simha" became a blockbuster and bestowed the title of Sahasa Simha on him. In 1984 he debuted in Bollywood with "Ek Naya Itihas" opposite Hema Malini. In the same year, "Bandhana", where he appeared with Suhasini Maniratnam had him play a doctor again but as a dejected lover. The film was not only a blockbuster but also fetched him his second Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor and became another turning point in his career. In 1985, he appeared with Rajinikanth in the Tamil film "Sri Raghavendrar" and the next year in the multi-starrer "Viduthalai" co-starring Sivaji Ganesan as well. A number of his films in the 1980s like "Onde Guri", "Nee Bareda Kadambari", "Jeevana Chakra", "Khaidi", "Suprabhaata", "Deva" and "Hrudaya Geethe" were successful at the box-office. "Malaya Marutha" in which he played a classical singer got him a lot of critical acclaim.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: In 1990, "Muthina Haara" - the National award winning film ( 38th National Film Awards ) directed by S.V. Rajendra Singh Babu (who had earlier given him the blockbuster "Bandhana") got him rave reviews but was an average grosser at the box office, while "Mathe Haaditu Kogile" where he costarred with Anant Nag for the first time became a super hit. In 1991,he appeared in a double role in "Lion Jagapathi Rao" for which he received yet his third Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor. In 1992 he appeared in the National award winning film Harakeya Kuri directed by K. S. L. Swamy He made his debut in Malayalam cinema in 1981 with Adima Changala, Again in 1992 appeared in a Malayalam movie "Kauravar," starring Mammootty in the lead role. The film was a commercial success and his performance in the film was critically acclaimed. "Halunda Tavaru" which released in 1994 was a blockbuster. In 1994, he once again forayed into Hindi cinema appearing in the Hindi-Kannada bilingual "Vishnu Vijaya" (titled "Ashaant" in Hindi) and "Zaalim" along with then rising star Akshay Kumar. Other significant movies in the late 1990s include "Surya Vamsha", "Habba" and "Laali". During this time, while he acted with almost all the notable actresses of the South industry, he formed the most successful pair with Madhavi, Bhavya, Suhasini, Rupini and Sithara.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: In 2000 "Yajamana" was a huge box office success and became the all-time highest grossing Kannada movie. His other big hit that year was "Soorappa". Over the next few years Vishnuvardhan continued to give more successful films like "Kotigobba", "Simhadriya Simha", "Jamindaru", "Diggajaru", "Kadamba" and most importantly "Apthamitra" which turned out to be the last film of Soundarya who costarred with him. In 2007, "Ee Bandhana" costarring Jaya Prada directed by actress Vijayalakshmi Singh, and "Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige" directed by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar co-starring Sudeepa(actor),got him a lot of acclaim for portraying him in age appropriate roles. He appeared in "Neenello Naanalle" with his son-in-law Aniruddha Jatkar and popular actress Rakshita. In 2009 "Bellary Naga" was his last movie to release before his death. "Aptharakshaka" (2010) which released posthumously became a huge blockbuster.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: He appeared on television for the first time in the 1980s. Shankar Nag directed "Malgudi Days" and introduced Vishnuvardhan as the main character Venkat Rao, in an episode called "Rupees Forty-five a Month". Here, his co-star was Gayatri Nag.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: Vishnuvardhan started an organisation called Sneha Loka to promote harmony and to help during calamities like floods. He conducted a "padayatra" to collect funds for the flood-affected people in the northern part of the state. Vishnuvardhan and his wife Bharathi had adopted the Melukote town in Mandya district where he had dug borewells in the water-starved temple town. Many of his other charitable donations were revealed only when the beneficiaries came forward and spoke about it. In January 2005, Vishnuvardhan, cricketer Syed Kirmani and Shivram participated in a Cancer Awareness Walkathon organised by Bangalore Institute of Oncology (BIO) to commemorate its 15 years of public service in Bangalore.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: SPB started singing for Vishnuvardhan in the 1972 film "Naagarahaavu". Balasubrahmanyam as music director, composed all the songs for Vishnuvardhan's "Sowbhagyalakshmi". Balasubrahmanyam has sung all the five songs in his last Kannada film "Aptharakshaka" and was awarded the Best Playback Singer Filmfare Award for the song "Gharane Ghara Gharane". He dedicated his award to Vishnuvardhan.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: Vishnuvardhan's pairing with director H.R. Bhargava is considered one of the best pairings of Kannada film industry. His first film with H.R. Bhargava was Asaadhya Aliya which was successful. He has a total of 23 films with H.R. Bhargava. To name a few are "Guru Sishyaru", "Jeevana Chakra", "Karunamayi", "Jana Naayaka", "Hrudaya Geethe", "Karna", "Mathe Haditu Kogile", "Onde Guri", "Krishna Nee Begane Baaro", "Shiva Shankar", "Bangarada Kalasa".


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: In his later part of career, Vishnuvardan's pair with actress Prema was also successful. Their films include "Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda","Yajamana", "Apthamithra"


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: He started singing in movies occasionally and later went on to sing devotional songs for albums. The first song he sang was in the movie "Nagarahole" and he has recorded some duet songs with the notable legendary singers S. Janaki, Bangalore Latha, Vani Jairam and P. Susheela. The first devotional album sung by him was on "Lord Ayappa" and the title of the album was "Jyothiroopa Ayappa". His other albums were "Thayi Bhanashankari" (on goddess Banashankari) and "Vishwapremi Ayappa". He also sang devotional songs on Dharmastala's Lord Manjunathaswamy, Malemadeshwara and Ranachandi Chamundi.


title: Vishnuvardhan (actor)

text: On 30 December 2009, Vishnuvardhan died of a massive cardiac arrest at King's Court Hotel in Mysore. He was survived by his wife, Bharathi Vishnuvardhan, and their two adopted daughters, Keerthi and Chandana. He was cremated with full state honours at Abhiman studio in Bangalore.


title: Servomotor

text: A servomotor (or servo motor) is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.


title: Servomotor

text: Servomotors are not a specific class of motor, although the term "servomotor" is often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop control system.


title: Servomotor

text: A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either analogue or digital) representing the position commanded for the output shaft.


title: Servomotor

text: The motor is paired with some type of position encoder to provide position and speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The measured position of the output is compared to the command position, the external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that required, an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in either direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.


title: Servomotor

text: The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via a potentiometer and bang-bang control of their motor; the motor always rotates at full speed (or is stopped). This type of servomotor is not widely used in industrial motion control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheap servos used for radio-controlled models.


title: Servomotor

text: More sophisticated servomotors use optical rotary encoders to measure the speed of the output shaft and a variable-speed drive to control the motor speed. Both of these enhancements, usually in combination with a PID control algorithm, allow the servomotor to be brought to its commanded position more quickly and more precisely, with less overshooting.


title: Servomotor

text: Servomotors are generally used as a high-performance alternative to the stepper motor. Stepper motors have some inherent ability to control position, as they have built-in output steps. This often allows them to be used as an open-loop position control, without any feedback encoder, as their drive signal specifies the number of steps of movement to rotate, but for this the controller needs to 'know' the position of the stepper motor on power up. Therefore, on first power up, the controller will have to activate the stepper motor and turn it to a known position, e.g. until it activates an end limit switch. This can be observed when switching on an inkjet printer; the controller will move the ink jet carrier to the extreme left and right to establish the end positions. A servomotor will immediately turn to whatever angle the controller instructs it to, regardless of the initial position at power up.


title: Servomotor

text: The lack of feedback of a stepper motor limits its performance, as the stepper motor can only drive a load that is well within its capacity, otherwise missed steps under load may lead to positioning errors and the system may have to be restarted or recalibrated. The encoder and controller of a servomotor are an additional cost, but they optimise the performance of the overall system (for all of speed, power and accuracy) relative to the capacity of the basic motor. With larger systems, where a powerful motor represents an increasing proportion of the system cost, servomotors have the advantage.


title: Servomotor

text: There has been increasing popularity in closed loop stepper motors in recent years. They act like servomotors but have some differences in their software control to get smooth motion. The main benefit of a closed loop stepper motor is its relatively low cost. There is also no need to tune the PID controller on a closed loop stepper system.


title: Servomotor

text: Many applications, such as laser cutting machines, may be offered in two ranges, the low-priced range using stepper motors and the high-performance range using servomotors.


title: Servomotor

text: The first servomotors were developed with synchros as their encoders. Much work was done with these systems in the development of radar and anti-aircraft artillery during World War II.


title: Servomotor

text: Simple servomotors may use resistive potentiometers as their position encoder. These are only used at the very simplest and cheapest level, and are in close competition with stepper motors. They suffer from wear and electrical noise in the potentiometer track. Although it would be possible to electrically differentiate their position signal to obtain a speed signal, PID controllers that can make use of such a speed signal generally warrant a more precise encoder.


title: Servomotor

text: Modern servomotors use rotary encoders, either absolute or incremental. Absolute encoders can determine their position at power-on, but are more complicated and expensive. Incremental encoders are simpler, cheaper and work at faster speeds. Incremental systems, like stepper motors, often combine their inherent ability to measure intervals of rotation with a simple zero-position sensor to set their position at start-up.


title: Servomotor

text: Instead of servomotors, sometimes a motor with a separate, external linear encoder is used. These motor + linear encoder systems avoid inaccuracies in the drivetrain between the motor and linear carriage, but their design is made more complicated as they are no longer a pre-packaged factory-made system.


title: Servomotor

text: The type of motor is not critical to a servomotor and different types may be used. At the simplest, brushed permanent magnet DC motors are used, owing to their simplicity and low cost. Small industrial servomotors are typically electronically commutated brushless motors. For large industrial servomotors, AC induction motors are typically used, often with variable frequency drives to allow control of their speed. For ultimate performance in a compact package, brushless AC motors with permanent magnet fields are used, effectively large versions of Brushless DC electric motors.


title: Servomotor

text: Drive modules for servomotors are a standard industrial component. Their design is a branch of power electronics, usually based on a three-phase MOSFET or IGBT H bridge. These standard modules accept a single direction and pulse count (rotation distance) as input. They may also include over-temperature monitoring, over-torque and stall detection features. As the encoder type, gearhead ratio, and overall system dynamics are application specific, it is more difficult to produce the overall controller as an off-the-shelf module and so these are often implemented as part of the main controller.


title: Servomotor

text: Most modern servomotors are designed and supplied around a dedicated controller module from the same manufacturer. Controllers may also be developed around microcontrollers in order to reduce cost for large-volume applications.


title: Servomotor

text: Integrated servomotors are designed so as to include the motor, driver, encoder and associated electronics into a single package.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The spread of Islam spans about 1,400 years. Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories and building imperial structures over time. Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the Rashidun from 632 to 661 CE, which was the reign of the first four successors of Muhammad. These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading, the Islamic Golden Age, and the age of the Islamic gunpowder empires, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. Trade played an important role in the spread of Islam in several parts of the world, especially Indian traders in Southeast Asia.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Muslim dynasties were soon established and subsequent empires such as those of the Umayyads, Abbasids, Mamluks, Seljukids, and the Ayyubids were among some of the largest and most powerful in the world. The Ajuran and Adal Sultanates, and the wealthy Mali Empire, in North Africa, the Delhi, Deccan, and Bengal Sultanates, and Mughal and Durrani Empires, and Kingdom of Mysore and Nizam of Hyderabad in the Indian subcontinent, the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Samanids in Persia, Timurids, and the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia significantly changed the course of history. The people of the Islamic world created numerous sophisticated centers of culture and science with far-reaching mercantile networks, travelers, scientists, hunters, mathematicians, physicians, and philosophers, all contributing to the Islamic Golden Age. The Timurid Renaissance and the Islamic expansion in South and East Asia fostered cosmopolitan and eclectic Muslim cultures in the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia and China.


title: Spread of Islam

text: As of 2016, there were 1.7 billion Muslims, with one out of four people in the world being Muslim, making Islam the second-largest religion. Out of children born from 2010 to 2015, 31% were Muslim and currently Islam is the world's fastest-growing major religion.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Muslim Arab expansion in the first centuries after Prophet Muhammad's death soon established dynasties in North Africa, West Africa, to the Middle East, and south to Somalia by the Companions of the Prophet, most notably the Rashidun Caliphate and military advents of Khalid Bin Walid, Amr ibn al-As and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Within the century of the establishment of Islam upon the Arabian Peninsula and the subsequent rapid expansion during the early Muslim conquests, one of the most significant empires in world history was formed. For the subjects of the empire, formerly of the Byzantine and the Sasanian Empires, not much changed in practice. The objective of the conquests was mostly of a practical nature, as fertile land and water were scarce in the Arabian Peninsula. A real Islamization therefore came about only during the subsequent centuries.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Ira M. Lapidus distinguishes between two separate strands of converts of the time: animists and polytheists of tribal societies of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent and the native Christians and Jews existing before the Muslims arrived.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The empire spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the Aral Sea, from the Atlas Mountains to the Hindu Kush. It was bounded mostly by "a combination of natural barriers and well-organized states".


title: Spread of Islam

text: For the polytheistic and pagan societies, apart from the religious and spiritual reasons that individuals may have had, conversion to Islam "represented the response of a tribal, pastoral population to the need for a larger framework for political and economic integration, a more stable state, and a more imaginative and encompassing moral vision to cope with the problems of a tumultuous society." In contrast, for tribal, nomadic, monotheistic societies, "Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian religious affiliation." Conversion initially was neither required nor necessarily wished for: "(The Arab conquerors) did not require the conversion as much as the subordination of non-Muslim peoples. At the outset, they were hostile to conversions because new Muslims diluted the economic and status advantages of the Arabs."


title: Spread of Islam

text: Only in subsequent centuries, with the development of the religious doctrine of Islam and with that the understanding of the Muslim ummah, would mass conversion take place. The new understanding by the religious and political leadership in many cases led to a weakening or breakdown of the social and religious structures of parallel religious communities such as Christians and Jews.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the empire's first school, which taught the Arabic language and Islamic studies. The caliphs furthermore began the ambitious project of building mosques across the empire, many of which remain today, such as the Umayyad Mosque, in Damascus. At the end of the Umayyad period, less than 10% of the people in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and Spain were Muslim. Only the Arabian Peninsula had a higher proportion of Muslims among the population.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The Abbasids replaced the expanding empire and "tribal politics" of "the tight-knit Arabian elite with cosmopolitan culture and disciplines of Islamic science, philosophy, theology, law and mysticism became more widespread, and the gradual conversions of the empire's populations occurred. Significant conversions also occurred beyond the extent of the empire such as that of the Turkic tribes in Central Asia and peoples living in regions south of the Sahara in Africa through contact with Muslim traders active in the area and Sufi orders. In Africa, Islam spread along three routes, across the Sahara via trading towns such as Timbuktu, up the Nile Valley through the Sudan up to Uganda and across the Red Sea and down East Africa through settlements such as Mombasa and Zanzibar. The initial conversions were of a flexible nature.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The reasons that by the end of the 10th century, a large part of the population had converted to Islam are diverse. According to the British-Lebanese historian Albert Hourani, one of the reasons may be that


title: Spread of Islam

text: "Islam had become more clearly defined, and the line between Muslims and non-Muslims more sharply drawn. Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. (...) The status of Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians was more precisely defined, and in some ways it was inferior. They were regarded as the 'People of the Book', those who possessed a revealed scripture, or 'People of the Covenant', with whom compacts of protection had been made. In general, they were not forced to convert, but they suffered from restrictions. They paid a special tax; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they could not marry Muslim women;."


title: Spread of Islam

text: Most of those laws were elaborations of basic laws concerning non-Muslims ("dhimmis") in the Quran, which does not give much detail about the right conduct with non-Muslims, but it in principle recognises the religion of "People of the Book" (Jews, Christians and sometimes others as well) and securing a separate tax from them that replaces the zakat, which is imposed upon Muslim subjects.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Ira Lapidus points towards "interwoven terms of political and economic benefits and of a sophisticated culture and religion" as appealing to the masses. He noted:


title: Spread of Islam

text: "The question of why people convert to Islam has always generated the intense feeling. Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversions to Islam were made at the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death. It is now apparent that conversion by force, while not unknown in Muslim countries, was, in fact, rare. Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. (...) In most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together. Moreover, conversion to Islam did not necessarily imply a complete turning from an old to a totally new life. While it entailed the acceptance of new religious beliefs and membership in a new religious community, most converts retained a deep attachment to the cultures and communities from which they came."


title: Spread of Islam

text: The result, he points out, can be seen in the diversity of Muslim societies today, with varying manifestations and practices of Islam.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Conversion to Islam also came about as a result of the breakdown of historically-religiously organized societies: with the weakening of many churches, for example, and the favouring of Islam and the migration of substantial Muslim Turkish populations into the areas of Anatolia and the Balkans, the "social and cultural relevance of Islam" were enhanced and a large number of peoples were converted. This worked better in some areas (Anatolia) and less in others (such as the Balkans in which "the spread of Islam was limited by the vitality of the Christian churches".)


title: Spread of Islam

text: Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic numerals and Arab customs spread throughout the empire. A sense of unity grew among many though not all provinces and gradually formed the consciousness of a broadly Arab-Islamic population. What was recognizably an Islamic world had emerged by the end of the 10th century. Throughout the period, as well as in the following centuries, divisions occurred between Persians and Arabs, and Sunnis and Shias, and unrest in provinces empowered local rulers at times.


title: Spread of Islam

text: There are a number of historians who see the rule of the Umayyads as responsible for setting up the "dhimmah" to increase taxes from the "dhimmis" to benefit the Arab Muslim community financially and to discourage conversion. Islam was initially associated with the Arabs' ethnic identity and required formal association with an Arab tribe and the adoption of the client status of "mawali". Governors lodged complaints with the caliph when he enacted laws that made conversion easier since that deprived the provinces of revenues from the tax on non-Muslims.


title: Spread of Islam

text: During the following Abbasid period, an enfranchisement was experienced by the "mawali" and a shift was made in the political conception from that of a primarily-Arab empire to one of a Muslim empire. Around 930 a law was enacted that required all bureaucrats of the empire to be Muslims. Both periods were also marked by significant migrations of Arab tribes outwards from the Arabian Peninsula into the new territories.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Richard Bulliet's "conversion curve" shows a relatively low rate of conversion of non-Arab subjects during the Arab centric Umayyad period of 10%, in contrast with estimates for the more politically-multicultural Abbasid period, which saw the Muslim population grow from around 40% in the mid-9th century to close to 100% by the end of the 11th century. That theory does not explain the continuing existence of large minorities of Christians during the Abbasids. Other estimates suggest that Muslims were not a majority in Egypt until the mid-10th century and in the Fertile Crescent until 1100. What is now Syria may have had a Christian majority until the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In addition to conversion to Islam, the Muslim population also grew from a higher birth rate than non-Muslims as a result of the rights of Muslim men to marry four women, have numerous concubines and raise their children as Muslims.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The expansion of Islam continued in the wake of Turkic conquests of Asia Minor, the Balkans and the Indian subcontinent. The earlier period also saw the acceleration in the rate of conversions in the Muslim heartland, and in the wake of the conquests, the newly-conquered regions retained significant non-Muslim populations. That was contrast to the regions in which the boundaries of the Muslim world contracted, such as the Emirate of Sicily (Italy) and Al Andalus (Spain and Portugal), where Muslim populations were expelled or forced to Christianize in short order. The latter period of that phase was marked by the Mongol invasion (particularly the Siege of Baghdad in 1258) and, after an initial period of persecution, the conversion of those conquerors to Islam.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The Ottoman Empire defended its frontiers initially against threats from several sides: the Safavids in the east, the Byzantine Empire in the north until it vanished by the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, and the great Catholic powers from the Mediterranean Sea: Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and Venice with its eastern Mediterranean colonies.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Later, the Ottoman Empire set on to conquer territories from these rivals: Cyprus and other Greek islands (except Crete) were lost by Venice to the Ottomans, and the latter conquered territory up to the Danube basin as far as Hungary. Crete was conquered during the 17th century, but the Ottomans lost Hungary to the Holy Roman Empire, and other parts of Eastern Europe, which ended with the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The Ottoman sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Islam has continued to spread through commerce and migrations, especially in Southeast Asia, America and Europe.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Like their Byzantine and late Sasanian predecessors, the Marwanid caliphs nominally ruled the various religious communities but allowed the communities' own appointed or elected officials to administer most internal affairs. Yet the Marwanids also depended heavily on the help of non-Arab administrative personnel and on administrative practices (e.g., a set of government bureaus). As the conquests slowed and the isolation of the fighters ("muqatilah") became less necessary, it became more and more difficult to keep Arabs garrisoned. As the tribal links that had so dominated Umayyad politics began to break down, the meaningfulness of tying non-Arab converts to Arab tribes as clients was diluted; moreover, the number of non-Muslims who wished to join the ummah was already becoming too large for this process to work effectively.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) by the forces of the Rashid Caliph Umar against the Byzantines began in November 636. For four months, the siege continued. Ultimately, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, an ethnic Arab, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Umar in person. The caliph, then in Medina, agreed to these terms and travelled to Jerusalem to sign the capitulation in the spring of 637.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Sophronius also negotiated a pact with Umar known as Umar's Assurance, allowing for the religious freedom for Christians in exchange for jizya, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called dhimmis. Under Muslim rule, the Jewish and Christian population of Jerusalem in this period enjoyed the usual tolerance given to non-Muslim theists.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Having accepted the surrender, Omar then entered Jerusalem with Sophronius "and courteously discoursed with the patriarch concerning its religious antiquities". When the hour for his prayer came, Omar was in the Anastasis church, but refused to pray there, lest in the future Muslims should use that as an excuse to break the treaty and confiscate the church. The Mosque of Umar, opposite the doors of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with the tall minaret, is known as the place to which he retired for his prayer.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Bishop Arculf, whose account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the seventh century, "De locis sanctis", written down by the monk Adamnan, described reasonably pleasant living conditions of Christians in Palestine in the first period of Muslim rule. The caliphs of Damascus (661-750) were tolerant princes who were on generally good terms with their Christian subjects. Many Christians, such as John of Damascus, held important offices at their court. The Abbasid caliphs at Baghdad (753-1242), as long as they ruled Syria, were also tolerant to Christians. Harun Abu Jaʻfar (786-809), sent the keys of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, who built a hospice for Latin pilgrims near the shrine.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Rival dynasties and revolutions led to the eventual disunion of the Muslim world. In the ninth century, Palestine was conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, whose capital was Cairo. Palestine once again became a battleground as the various enemies of the Fatimids counterattacked. At the same time, the Byzantines continued to attempt to regain their lost territories, including Jerusalem. Christians in Jerusalem who sided with the Byzantines were put to death for high treason by the ruling Shiʻi Muslims. In 969, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonous correspondence with the Byzantines.


title: Spread of Islam

text: As Jerusalem grew in importance to Muslims and pilgrimages increased, tolerance for other religions declined. Christians were persecuted and churches destroyed. The Sixth Fatimid caliph, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, 996–1021, who was believed to be "God made manifest" by his most zealous Shiʻi followers, now known as the Druze, destroyed the Holy Sepulchre in 1009. This powerful provocation helped ignite the flame of fury that led to the First Crusade. The dynasty was later overtaken by Saladin of the Ayyubid dynasty.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In Egypt conversion to Islam was initially considerably slower than in other areas such as Mesopotamia or Khurasan, with Muslims not thought to have become the majority until around the fourteenth century.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In the initial invasion, the victorious Muslims granted religious freedom to the Christian community in Alexandria, and the Alexandrians quickly recalled their exiled Monophysite patriarch to rule over them, subject only to the ultimate political authority of the conquerors. In such a fashion the city persisted as a religious community under an Arab Muslim domination more welcome and more tolerant than that of Byzantium. (Other sources question how much the native population welcomed the conquering Muslims.)


title: Spread of Islam

text: Byzantine rule was ended by the Arabs, who invaded Tunisia from 647 to 648 and Morocco in 682 in the course of their drive to expand the power of Islam. In 670, the Arab general and conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi established the city of Kairouan (in Tunisia) and its Great Mosque also known as the Mosque of Uqba; the Great Mosque of Kairouan is the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world. Berber troops were used extensively by the Arabs in their conquest of Spain, which began in 711.


title: Spread of Islam

text: No previous conqueror had tried to assimilate the Berbers, but the Arabs quickly converted them and enlisted their aid in further conquests. Without their help, for example, Andalusia could never have been incorporated into the Islamic state. At first only Berbers nearer the coast were involved, but by the 11th century Muslim affiliation had begun to spread far into the Sahara.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The conventional historical view is that the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between CE 647–709 effectively ended Catholicism in Africa for several centuries. However, new scholarship has appeared that provides more nuance and details of the conversion of the Christian inhabitants to Islam. A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. There is also evidence of religious pilgrimages after 850 CE to tombs of Catholic saints outside of the city of Carthage, and evidence of religious contacts with Christians of Arab Spain. In addition, calendar reforms adopted in Europe at this time were disseminated amongst the indigenous Christians of Tunis, which would have not been possible had there been an absence of contact with Rome.


title: Spread of Islam

text: During the reign of Umar II, the then governor of Africa, Ismail ibn Abdullah, was said to have won the Berbers to Islam by his just administration, and other early notable missionaries include Abdallah ibn Yasin who started a movement which caused thousands of Berbers to accept Islam.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The history of commercial and intellectual contact between the inhabitants of the Somali coast and the Arabian Peninsula may help explain the Somali people's connection with Muhammad. The early Muslims fled to the port city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia to seek protection from the Quraysh at the court of the Aksumite Emperor in present-day Ethiopia. Some of the Muslims that were granted protection are said to have then settled in several parts of the Horn region to promote the religion. The victory of the Muslims over the Quraysh in the 7th century had a significant impact on local merchants and sailors, as their trading partners in Arabia had then all adopted Islam, and the major trading routes in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea came under the sway of the Muslim Caliphs. Through commerce, Islam spread amongst the Somali population in the coastal cities. Instability in the Arabian peninsula saw further migrations of early Muslim families to the Somali seaboard. These clans came to serve as catalysts, forwarding the faith to large parts of the Horn region.


title: Spread of Islam

text: On the east coast of Africa, where Arab mariners had for many years journeyed to trade, mainly in slaves, Arabs founded permanent colonies on the offshore islands, especially on Zanzibar, in the 9th and 10th century. From there Arab trade routes into the interior of Africa helped the slow acceptance of Islam.


title: Spread of Islam

text: By the 10th century, the Kilwa Sultanate was founded by Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi (was one of seven sons of a ruler of Shiraz, Persia, his mother an Abyssinian slave girl. Upon his father's death, Ali was driven out of his inheritance by his brothers). His successors would rule the most powerful of Sultanates in the Swahili coast, during the peak of its expansion the Kilwa Sultanate stretched from Inhambane in the south to Malindi in the north. The 13th-century Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta noted that the great mosque of Kilwa Kisiwani was made of coral stone (the only one of its kind in the world).


title: Spread of Islam

text: In the 20th century, Islam grew in Africa both by birth and by conversion. The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. However, in the same time period, the number of Christians also grew in Africa, from 8.7 million in 1900 to 346 million in 2000, surpassing both the total population as well as the growth rate of Islam on the continent.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The spread of Islam in Africa began in the 7th to 9th century, brought to North Africa initially under the Umayyad Dynasty. Extensive trade networks throughout North and West Africa created a medium through which Islam spread peacefully, initially through the merchant class. By sharing a common religion and a common transliteralization (Arabic), traders showed greater willingness to trust, and therefore invest, in one another. Moreover, toward the 19th century, the Nigeria based Sokoto Caliphate led by Usman dan Fodio exerted considerable effort in spreading Islam.


title: Spread of Islam

text: It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure. Now however, more complex processes are considered, in light of the more protracted time frame attributed to the progression of the ancient Persian religion to a minority; a progression that is more contiguous with the trends of the late antiquity period. These trends are the conversions from the state religion that had already plagued the Zoroastrian authorities that continued after the Arab conquest, coupled with the migration of Arab tribes into the region during an extended period of time that stretched well into the Abbasid reign.


title: Spread of Islam

text: While there were cases such as the Sassanid army division at Hamra, that converted "en masse" before pivotal battles such as the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, conversion was fastest in the urban areas where Arab forces were garrisoned slowly leading to Zoroastrianism becoming associated with rural areas. Still at the end of the Umayyad period, the Muslim community was only a minority in the region.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Through the Muslim conquest of Persia, in the 7th century, Islam spread as far as the North Caucasus, which parts of it (notably Dagestan) were part of the Sasanid domains. In the coming centuries, relatively large parts of the Caucasus became Muslim, while the larger swaths of it would still remain pagan (paganism branches such as the Circassian "Habze") as well as Christian (notably Armenia and Georgia), for centuries. By the 16th century, most of the people of what are nowadays Iran and Azerbaijan had adopted the Shia branch of Islam through the conversion policies of the Safavids.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Islam was readily accepted by Zoroastrians who were employed in industrial and artisan positions because, according to Zoroastrian dogma, such occupations that involved defiling fire made them impure. Moreover, Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. According to Thomas Walker Arnold, for the Persian, he would meet Ahura Mazda and Ahriman under the names of Allah and Iblis. At times, Muslim leaders in their effort to win converts encouraged attendance at Muslim prayer with promises of money and allowed the Quran to be recited in Persian instead of Arabic so that it would be intelligible to all.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Robert Hoyland argues that the missionary efforts of the relatively small number of Arab conquerors in Persian lands led to "much interaction and assimilation" between rulers and ruled, and to descendants of the conquerors adapting the Persian language and Persian festivals and culture, (Persian being the language of modern-day Iran, while Arabic is spoken by its neighbors to the west.)


title: Spread of Islam

text: A number of the inhabitants of Afghanistan accepted Islam through Umayyad missionary efforts, particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and Umar ibn Abdul Aziz. Later, starting from the 9th century, the Samanids, whose roots stemmed from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility, propagated Sunni Islam and Islamo-Persian culture deep into the heart of Central Asia. The population within its areas began firmly accepting Islam in significant numbers, notably in Taraz, now in modern-day Kazakhstan. The first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. According to historians, through the zealous missionary work of Samanid rulers, as many as 30,000 tents of Turks came to profess Islam and later under the Ghaznavids higher than 55,000 under the Hanafi school of thought. After the Saffarids and Samanids, the Ghaznavids re-conquered Transoxania, and invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 11th century. This was followed by the powerful Ghurids and Timurids who further expanded the culture of Islam and the Timurid Renaissance, reaching until Bengal.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Islamic influence first came to be felt in the Indian subcontinent during the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them and the ports of South East Asia to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. According to Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book "The History of India as told by its own Historians", the first ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE. The first Indian mosque is thought to have been built in 629 CE, purportedly at the behest of an unknown Chera dynasty ruler, during the lifetime of Muhammad () in Kodungallur, in district of Thrissur, Kerala by Malik Bin Deenar. In Malabar, Muslims are called Mappila.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In Bengal, Arab merchants helped found the Port of Chittagong. Early Sufi missionaries settled in the region as early as the 8th century.


title: Spread of Islam

text: H. G. Rawlinson, in his book "Ancient and Medieval History of India" (), claims the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century. This fact is corroborated, by J. Sturrock in his "South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals", and also by Haridas Bhattacharya in "Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV".


title: Spread of Islam

text: The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. It was, however, the subsequent expansion of the Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent over the next millennia that established Islam in the region.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Embedded within these lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism being natural condition of the natives who resisted, resulting in the failure of the project to Islamicize the Indian subcontinent is highly embroiled with the politics of the partition and communalism in India. Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. These are typically represented by the following schools of thought:


title: Spread of Islam

text: Muslim missionaries played a key role in the spread of Islam in India with some missionaries even assuming roles as merchants or traders. For example, in the 9th century, the Ismailis sent missionaries across Asia in all directions under various guises, often as traders, Sufis and merchants. Ismailis were instructed to speak potential converts in their own language. Some Ismaili missionaries traveled to India and employed effort to make their religion acceptable to the Hindus. For instance, they represented Ali as the tenth avatar of Vishnu and wrote hymns as well as a mahdi purana in their effort to win converts. At other times, converts were won in conjunction with the propagation efforts of rulers. According to Ibn Batuta, the Khaljis encouraged conversion to Islam by making it a custom to have the convert presented to the Sultan who would place a robe on the convert and award him with bracelets of gold. During Delhi Sultanate's Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's control of the Bengal, Muslim missionaries in India achieved their greatest success, in terms of number of converts to Islam.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, was able to conquer almost the entirety of South Asia. Although religious tolerance was seen during the rule of emperor Akbar's, the reign under emperor Aurangzeb witnessed the full establishment of Islamic sharia and the re-introduction of Jizya (a special tax imposed upon non-Muslims) through the compilation of the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri. The Mughals, already suffering a gradual decline in the early 18th century, was invaded by the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah. The Mughal decline provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire, Mysore Kingdom, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad and Nizams of Hyderabad to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent. Eventually, after numerous wars sapped its strength, the Mughal Empire was broken into smaller powers like Shia Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Kingdom of Mysore, which became the major Asian economic and military power on the Indian subcontinent.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Even before Islam was established amongst Indonesian communities, Muslim sailors and traders had often visited the shores of modern Indonesia, most of these early sailors and merchants arrived from the Abbasid Caliphate's newly established ports of Basra and Debal, many of the earliest Muslim accounts of the region note the presence of animals such as orang-utans, rhinos and valuable spice trade commodities such as cloves, nutmeg, galangal and coconut.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Islam came to the Southeast Asia, first by the way of Muslim traders along the main trade-route between Asia and the Far East, then was further spread by Sufi orders and finally consolidated by the expansion of the territories of converted rulers and their communities. The first communities arose in Northern Sumatra (Aceh) and the Malacca's remained a stronghold of Islam from where it was propagated along the trade routes in the region. There is no clear indication of when Islam first came to the region, the first Muslim gravestone markings year 1082.


title: Spread of Islam

text: When Marco Polo visited the area in 1292 he noted that the urban port state of Perlak was Muslim, Chinese sources record the presence of a Muslim delegation to the emperor from the Kingdom of Samudra (Pasai) in 1282, other accounts provide instances of Muslim communities present in the Melayu Kingdom for the same time period while others record the presence of Muslim Chinese traders from provinces such as Fujian. The spread of Islam generally followed the trade routes east through the primarily Buddhist region and a half century later in the Malacca's we see the first dynasty arise in the form of the Sultanate of Malacca at the far end of the Archipelago form by the conversion of one Parameswara Dewa Shah into a Muslim and the adoption of the name Muhammad Iskandar Shah after his marriage to a daughter of the ruler of Pasai.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In 1380, Sufi orders carried Islam from here on to Mindanao. Java was the seat of the primary kingdom of the region, the Majapahit Empire, which was ruled by a Hindu dynasty. As commerce grew in the region with the rest of the Muslim world, Islamic influence extended to the court even as the empires political power waned and so by the time Raja Kertawijaya converted in 1475 at the hands of Sufi Sheikh Rahmat, the Sultanate was already of a Muslim character. In Vietnam, the Cham people proselytized due to contact with traders and missionaries from Kelantan.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Another driving force for the change of the ruling class in the region was the concept among the increasing Muslim communities of the region when ruling dynasties to attempt to forge such ties of kinship by marriage. By the time the colonial powers and their missionaries arrived in the 17th century the region up to New Guinea was overwhelmingly Muslim with animist minorities.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In the mid 7th century AD, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam penetrated into areas that would later become part of European Russia. A centuries later example that can be counted amongst the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner whom the Byzantines captured during one of their wars against Muslims. The Muslim prisoner was brought into the territory of the Pechenegs, where he taught and converted individuals to Islam. Little is known about the timeline of the Islamization of Inner Asia and of the Turkic peoples who lay beyond the bounds of the caliphate. Around the 7th and 8th centuries some states of Turkic peoples existed - like the Turkic Khazar Khaganate (see "Khazar-Arab Wars") and the Turkic Turgesh Khaganate, which fought against the caliphate in order to stop Arabization and Islamization in Asia. From the 9th century onwards, the Turks (at least individually, if not yet through adoption by their states) began to convert to Islam. Histories merely note the fact of pre-Mongol Central Asia's Islamization. The Bulgars of the Volga (to whom the modern Volga Tatars trace their Islamic roots) adopted Islam by the 10th century. under Almış. When the Franciscan friar William of Rubruck visited the encampment of Batu Khan of the Golden Horde, who had recently (in the 1240s) completed the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, he noted "I wonder what devil carried the law of Machomet there".


title: Spread of Islam

text: Another contemporary institution identified as Muslim, the Qarakhanid dynasty of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, operated much further east, established by Karluks who became Islamized after converting under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan in the mid-10th century. However, the modern-day history of the Islamization of the region - or rather a conscious affiliation with Islam - dates to the reign of the "ulus" of the son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, who founded the Golden Horde, which operated from the 1240s to 1502. Kazakhs, Uzbeks and some Muslim populations of the Russian Federation trace their Islamic roots to the Golden Horde and while Berke Khan became the first Mongol monarch to officially adopt Islam and even to oppose his kinsman Hulagu Khan in the defense of Jerusalem at the Battle of Ain Jalut (1263), only much later did the change became pivotal when the Mongols converted "en masse" when a century later Uzbeg Khan (lived 1282–1341) converted - reportedly at the hands of the Sufi Saint Baba Tukles.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Some of the Mongolian tribes became Islamized. Following the brutal Mongol invasion of Central Asia under Hulagu Khan and after the Battle of Baghdad (1258), Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia. The Mongols destroyed the caliphate and persecuted Islam, replacing it with Buddhism as the official state religion. In 1295 however, the new Khan of the Ilkhanate, Ghazan, converted to Islam, and two decades later the Golden Horde under Uzbeg Khan (reigned 1313–1341) followed suit. The Mongols had been religiously and culturally conquered; this absorption ushered in a new age of Mongol-Islamic synthesis that shaped the further spread of Islam in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In the 1330s, the Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate (in Central Asia) converted to Islam, causing the eastern part of his realm (called Moghulistan) to rebel. However, during the next three centuries these Buddhist, Shamanistic and Christian Turkic and Mongol nomads of the Kazakh Steppe and Xinjiang would also convert at the hands of competing Sufi orders from both east and west of the Pamirs. The Naqshbandis are the most prominent of these orders, especially in Kashgaria, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Muslims of Central Asian origin played a major role in the Mongol conquest of China. Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Southwest China, became Yuan Governor of Yunnan in 1274. A distinct Muslim community, the Panthays, was established in the region by the late 13th century.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Tariq ibn Ziyad was a Muslim general who led the Islamic conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711-718 A.D. He is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Iberian history. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name "Jabal Tāriq" () (meaning "mountain of Tariq"), named after him.


title: Spread of Islam

text: There are accounts of the trade connections between the Muslims and the Rus, apparently Vikings who made their way towards the Black Sea through Central Russia. On his way to Volga Bulgaria, Ibn Fadlan brought detailed reports of the Rus, claiming that some had converted to Islam.


title: Spread of Islam

text: According to the historian Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Böszörmény ("Izmaelita" or "IsmailiNizari") denomination of the Muslims who lived in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th to 13th centuries, were employed as mercenaries by the kings of Hungary.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The history of Arab and Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula is probably one of the most studied periods of European history. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. European points of view started changing with the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in new descriptions of the period of Islamic rule in Spain as a "golden age" (mostly as a reaction against Spain's militant Roman Catholicism after 1500).


title: Spread of Islam

text: The tide of Arab expansion after 630 rolled through North Africa up to Ceuta in present-day Morocco. Their arrival coincided with a period of political weakness in the three-centuries-old kingdom established in the Iberian peninsula by the Germanic Visigoths, who had taken over the region after seven centuries of Roman rule. Seizing the opportunity, an Arab-led (but mostly Berber) army invaded in 711, and by 720 had conquered the southern and central regions of the peninsula. The Arab expansion pushed over the mountains into southern France, and for a short period Arabs controlled the old Visigothic province of Septimania (centered on present-day Narbonne). The Arab Caliphate was pushed back by Charles Martel (Frankish Mayor of the Palace) at Poitiers, and Christian armies started pushing southwards over the mountains, until Charlemagne established in 801 the Spanish March (which stretched from Barcelona to present day Navarre).


title: Spread of Islam

text: A major development in the history of Muslim Spain was the dynastic change in 750 in the Arab Caliphate, when an Umayyad Prince escaped the slaughter of his family in Damascus, fled to Cordoba in Spain, and created a new Islamic state in the area. This was the start of a distinctly Spanish Muslim society, where large Christian and Jewish populations coexisted with an increasing percentage of Muslims. There are many stories of descendants of Visigothic chieftains and Roman counts whose families converted to Islam during this period. The at-first small Muslim elite continued to grow with converts, and with a few exceptions, rulers in Islamic Spain allowed Christians and Jews the right specified in the Koran to practice their own religions, though non-Muslims suffered from political and taxation inequities. The net result was, in those areas of Spain where Muslim rule lasted the longest, the creation of a society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants, a process in some ways similar to the assimilation many years later of millions of immigrants to the United States into English-speaking culture. As the descendants of Visigoths and Hispano-Romans concentrated in the north of the peninsula, in the kingdoms of Asturias/Leon, Navarre and Aragon and started a long campaign known as the 'Reconquista' which started with the victory of the Christian armies in Covadonga in 722. Military campaigns continued without pause. In 1085 Alfonso VI of Castille took back Toledo. In 1212 the crucial Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa meant the recovery of the bulk of the peninsula for the Christian kingdoms. In 1238 James I of Aragon took Valencia. In 1236 the ancient Roman city of Cordoba was re-conquered by Ferdinand III of Castille and in 1248 the city of Seville. The famous medieval epic poem 'Cantar de Mio Cid' narrates the life and deeds of this hero during the Reconquista.


title: Spread of Islam

text: The Islamic state centered in Cordoba had ended up splintering into many smaller kingdoms (the so-called taifas). While Muslim Spain was fragmenting, the Christian kingdoms grew larger and stronger, and the balance of power shifted against the 'Taifa' kingdoms. The last Muslim kingdom of Granada in the south was finally taken in 1492 by Queen Isabelle of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon. In 1499, the remaining Muslim inhabitants were ordered to convert or leave (at the same time the Jews were expelled). Poorer Muslims (Moriscos) who could not afford to leave ended up converting to Catholic Christianity and hiding their Muslim practices, hiding from the Spanish Inquisition, until their presence was finally extinguished.


title: Spread of Islam

text: In Balkan history, historical writing on the topic of conversion to Islam was, and still is, a highly charged political issue. It is intrinsically linked to the issues of formation of national identities and rival territorial claims of the Balkan states. The generally accepted nationalist discourse of the current Balkan historiography defines all forms of Islamization as results of the Ottoman government's centrally organized policy of conversion or "dawah". The truth is that Islamization in each Balkan country took place in the course of many centuries, and its nature and phase was determined not by the Ottoman government but by the specific conditions of each locality. Ottoman conquests were initially military and economic enterprises, and religious conversions were not their primary objective. True, the statements surrounding victories all celebrated the incorporation of territory into Muslim domains, but the actual Ottoman focus was on taxation and making the realms productive, and a religious campaign would have disrupted that economic objective.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Ottoman Islamic standards of toleration allowed for autonomous "nations" ("millets") in the Empire, under their own personal law and under the rule of their own religious leaders. As a result, vast areas of the Balkans remained mostly Christian during the period of Ottoman domination. In fact, the Eastern Orthodox Churches had a higher position in the Ottoman Empire, mainly because the Patriarch resided in Istanbul and was an officer of the Ottoman Empire. In contrast, Roman Catholics, while tolerated, were suspected of loyalty to a foreign power (the Papacy). It is no surprise that the Roman Catholic areas of Bosnia, Kosovo and northern Albania, ended up with more substantial conversions to Islam. The defeat of the Ottomans in 1699 by the Austrians resulted in their loss of Hungary and present-day Croatia. The remaining Muslim converts in both elected to leave "lands of unbelief" and moved to territory still under the Ottomans. Around this point in time, new European ideas of romantic nationalism started to seep into the Empire, and provided the intellectual foundation for new nationalistic ideologies and the reinforcement of the self-image of many Christian groups as subjugated peoples.


title: Spread of Islam

text: As a rule, the Ottomans did not require followers of Greek Orthodoxy to become Muslims, although many did so in order to avert the socioeconomic hardships of Ottoman rule. One by one, the Balkan nationalities asserted their independence from the Empire, and frequently the presence of members of the same ethnicity who had converted to Islam presented a problem from the point of view of the now dominant new national ideology, which narrowly defined the nation as members of the local dominant Orthodox Christian denomination. Some Muslims in the Balkans chose to leave, while many others were forcefully expelled to what was left of the Ottoman Empire. This demographic transition can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of mosques in Belgrade, from over 70 in 1750 (before Serbian independence in 1815), to only three in 1850.


title: Spread of Islam

text: Since the 1960s, many Muslims have migrated to Western Europe. They have come as immigrants, guest workers, asylum seekers or as part of family reunification. As a result, the Muslim population in Europe has steadily risen.


title: Spread of Islam

text: A Pew Forum study, published in January 2011, forecast an increase of the proportion of Muslims in the European population from 6% in 2010 to 8% in 2030.


title: Greed

text: Greed (or avarice) is an uncontrolled longing for increase in the acquisition or use of material gain (be it food, money, land, or animate/inanimate possessions); or social value, such as status, or power. Greed has been identified as undesirable throughout known human history because it creates behavior-conflict between personal and social goals.


title: Greed

text: The initial motivation for (or purpose of) greed and actions associated with it may be the promotion of personal or family survival. It may at the same time be an intent to deny or obstruct competitors from potential means (for basic survival and comfort) or future opportunities; therefore being insidious or tyrannical and having a negative connotation. Alternately, the purpose could be defense or counteractive response to such obstructions being threatened by others. But regardless of purpose, "greed" intends to create an inequity of access or distribution to community wealth.


title: Greed

text: Modern economic thought frequently distinguishes "greed" from "self-interest", even in its earliest works, and spends considerable effort distinguishing the line between the two. By the mid-19th Century - affected by the phenomenological ideas of Hegel - economic and political thinkers began to define greed inherent to the structure of society as a negative and inhibitor to the development of societies. Keynes wrote "'The world is not so governed from above that private and social interest always coincide. It is not so managed here below that in practice they coincide'." Both views continue to pose fundamental questions in today's economic thinking.


title: Greed

text: Weber posited that the spirit of capitalism integrated a philosophy of avarice coloured with utilitarianism. Weber also says that, according to Protestant Ethic, "Wealth is thus bad ethically only in so far as it is a temptation to idleness and sinful enjoyment of life, and its acquisition is bad only when it is with the purpose of later living merrily and without care".


title: Greed

text: As a secular psychological concept, greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs. The degree of inordinance is related to the inability to control the reformulation of "wants" once desired "needs" are eliminated. Erich Fromm described greed as "a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without ever reaching satisfaction." It is typically used to criticize those who seek excessive material wealth, although it may equally be applied to the need to feel more excessively moral, social, or otherwise better than someone else.


title: Greed

text: One individual consequence of greedy activity may be an inability to sustain any of the costs or burdens associated with that which has been or is being accumulated, leading to a backfire or destruction, whether of self or more generally. Other outcomes may include a degradation of social position, or exclusion from community protections. So, the level of "inordinance" of greed pertains to the amount of vanity, malice or burden associated with it.


title: Greed

text: Animal examples of greed in literary observations are frequently the attribution of human motivations to other species. The "dog-in-the-manger", or "piggish" behaviors are typical examples. Characterizations of the wolverine (whose scientific name "(Gulo gulo)" means "glutton") remark both on its outsized appetite, and its penchant for spoiling food remaining after it has gorged.


title: Greed

text: Ancient views of greed abound in nearly every culture. In Classical Greek thought; "pleonexy" (an unjust desire for tangible/intangible worth attaining to others) is discussed in the works of Plato and Aristotle. Pan-Hellenic disapprobation of greed is seen by the mythic punishment meted to Tantalus, from whom ever-present food and water is eternally withheld. Late-Republican and Imperial politicians and historical writers fixed blame for the demise of the Roman Republic on greed for wealth and power, from Sallust and Plutarch to the Gracchi and Cicero. The Persian Empires had the three-headed Zoroastrian demon Aži Dahāka (representing unslaked desire) as a fixed part of their folklore. In the Sanskrit Dharmashastras the "root of all immorality is "lobha" (greed).", as stated in the "Laws of Manu (7:49)". In early China, both the Shai jan jing and the Zuo zhuan texts count the greedy Taotie among the malevolent Four Perils besetting gods and men. North American Indian tales often cast bears as proponents of greed (considered a major threat in a communal society). Greed is also personified by the fox in early allegoric literature of many lands.


title: Greed

text: Greed (as a cultural quality) was often imputed as a racial pejorative by the ancient Greeks and Romans; as such it was used against Egyptians, Punics, or other Oriental peoples; and generally to any enemies or people whose customs were considered strange. By the late Middle Ages the insult was widely directed towards Jews.