title: David Ricardo

text: Georgists believe that rent, in the sense that Ricardo used, belongs to the community as a whole. Henry George was greatly influenced by Ricardo, and often cited him, including in his most famous work, "Progress and Poverty" from 1879. In the preface to the fourth edition he wrote: "What I have done in this book, if I have correctly solved the great problem I have sought to investigate, is, to unite the truth perceived by the school of Smith and Ricardo to the truth perceived by the school of Proudhon and Lasalle; to show that laissez faire (in its full true meaning) opens the way to a realization of the noble dreams of socialism; to identify social law with moral law, and to disprove ideas which in the minds of many cloud grand and elevating perceptions."


title: David Ricardo

text: After the rise of the 'neoclassical' school, Ricardo's influence declined temporarily. It was Piero Sraffa, the editor of the Collected Works of David Ricardo and the author of seminal "Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities", who resurrected Ricardo as the originator of another strand of economic thought, which was effaced with the arrival of the neoclassical school. The new interpretation of Ricardo and Sraffa's criticism against the marginal theory of value gave rise to a new school, now named neo-Ricardian or Sraffian school. Major contributors to this school include Luigi Pasinetti (1930–), Pierangelo Garegnani (1930–2011), Ian Steedman (1941–), Geoffrey Harcourt (1931–2021), Heinz Kurz (1946–), Neri Salvadori (1951–), Pier Paolo Saviotti (–) among others. See also Neo-Ricardianism. The Neo-Ricardian school is sometimes seen to be a component of Post-Keynesian economics.


title: David Ricardo

text: Inspired by Piero Sraffa, a new strand of trade theory emerged and was named neo-Ricardian trade theory. The main contributors include Ian Steedman and Stanley Metcalfe. They have criticised neoclassical international trade theory, namely the Heckscher–Ohlin model on the basis that the notion of capital as primary factor has no method of measuring it before the determination of profit rate (thus trapped in a logical vicious circle). This was a second round of the Cambridge capital controversy, this time in the field of international trade. Depoortère and Ravix judge that neo-Ricardian contribution failed without giving effective impact on neoclassical trade theory, because it could not offer "a genuine alternative approach from a classical point of view."


title: David Ricardo

text: Several distinctive groups have sprung out of the neo-Ricardian school. One is the evolutionary growth theory, developed notably by Luigi Pasinetti, J.S. Metcalfe, Pier Paolo Saviotti, and Koen Frenken and others.


title: David Ricardo

text: Pasinetti argued that the demand for any commodity came to stagnate and frequently decline, demand saturation occurs. Introduction of new commodities (goods and services) is necessary to avoid economic stagnation.


title: David Ricardo

text: Ricardo's idea was even expanded to the case of continuum of goods by Dornbusch, Fischer, and Samuelson This formulation is employed for example by Matsuyama and others.


title: David Ricardo

text: Ricardian trade theory ordinarily assumes that the labour is the unique input. This is a deficiency as intermediate goods occupies now a great part of international trade. The situation changed after the appearance of 's work of 2007. He has succeeded to incorporate traded input goods in his model. His theory became more useful by the discovery of new definition of regular international values (a couple of wage rates for countries and prices for products), because it is not defined as the normal vector at a facet of world production possibility set, which is the set where all countries enjoy full employment. The new definition is given in Shiozawa and Fujimoto (2018) and in Shiozawa (2020). Shiozawa's theory of international values is now the unique theory of international trade that can treat unemployment and input trade in a general form.


title: David Ricardo

text: Yeats found that 30% of world trade in manufacturing is intermediate inputs. Bardhan and Jafee found that intermediate inputs occupy 37 to 38% in the imports to the US for the years from 1992 to 1997, whereas the percentage of intrafirm trade grew from 43% in 1992 to 52% in 1997.


title: David Ricardo

text: Chris Edward includes Emmanuel's unequal exchange theory among variations of neo-Ricardian trade theory. Arghiri Emmanuel argued that the Third World is poor because of the international exploitation of labour.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III, was a professional boxing trilogy fight between WBC and "The Ring" heavyweight champion, Tyson Fury, and former WBC heavyweight champion, Deontay Wilder. The bout took place at T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada on October 9, 2021. The fight, which Fury won via eleventh-round knockout, was widely regarded as the best match of the year and one of the greatest heavyweight fights of all time, winning the award for "The Ring" magazine Fight of the Year 2021.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: Fury and Wilder first fought in December 2018, with the bout ending in a controversial draw. The pair had a rematch in February 2020, with Fury emerging victorious via seventh-round technical knockout to capture the WBC and vacant "Ring" magazine heavyweight titles. Wilder initiated a contractual rematch clause in March, with the bout initially being scheduled for July 18. However, due to Wilder still recovering from surgery and concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic, the bout was postponed to October. The date was again pushed back to December due to the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions that would limit fan attendance. After ESPN was unwilling to televise the bout as the event would conflict with their NFL schedule, it was suggested the date be pushed back for a third time. Upon hearing the news, Fury announced that he was walking away from the fight, stating, "they asked me if I would agree to push it to December. I agreed to Dec. 19. Then they tried to change the date again into next year. I've been training. I'm ready. When they tried moving off Dec. 19 and pushing to next year, enough was enough. I've moved on." Wilder responded to the comments by releasing a video on social media, accusing Fury of cheating in their February 2020 fight.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: With Fury's team insisting the rematch clause had now expired, and Wilder's team insisting the opposite, the teams entered into a mediation process in an attempt to solve the issue, with a legally binding outcome being decided by an arbitration judge. In the meantime, Fury entered negotiations for a unification bout with reigning WBA (Super), IBF and WBO champion, Anthony Joshua. Following months of negotiations between the promoters of Fury and Joshua, an official announcement was said to be imminent. However, on May 17, 2021, it was announced that the arbitration judge had ruled in Wilder's favor, ordering Fury to face Wilder no later than September 15.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: Following the arbitration decision, Fury's co-promoter, Bob Arum, revealed a targeted date of July 24, at T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas. The fight was postponed after Fury tested positive for COVID-19 in July 2021. The new date was announced as October 9, 2021. Both men weighed in at their respective career-heaviest weights, with the champion Fury weighing in at 277 lbs, and the challenger Wilder at 238 lbs.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: Wilder started the fight as the aggressor, jabbing Fury to the body and landing several clean right hands to his chest and stomach in the first round, which all three judges scored for Wilder. In the second, Fury began landing shots of his own and pushed Wilder backwards as the champion looked to establish himself in the fight. Towards the end of the third round, Fury caught Wilder with a right hook to the temple followed by a right uppercut in the clinch, which sent Wilder to the canvas. He made it to his feet and survived the round. As Fury sought to pile on the pressure against Wilder in the fourth round, Wilder landed a left jab followed by a straight right hand to Fury's left temple, stunning the champion and knocking him down. Fury made it to his feet but was floored once more after Wilder connected with a short right hook to behind Fury's ear.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: Fury beat the count again, and the bell to end the round sounded soon after. At the beginning of the fifth, Wilder swung heavily at Fury, but the challenger was unable to land any telling blows. Fury then began to reassert himself, and took control of the fight in rounds six, seven, eight, and nine, outstriking Wilder and wobbling him with a number of heavy shots as the challenger began to appear fatigued. In round ten, Fury landed another heavy right hand that sent Wilder sprawling to the canvas for the second time in the fight. Wilder made it to his feet and saw the end of the round. Fury applied more forward pressure in the eleventh round, as he hurt Wilder repeatedly at range and in the clinch. Nearing a minute into the round, Fury landed a clean right hand to Wilder's temple, causing the challenger to collapse to the floor. Referee Russell Mora immediately called a stop to the bout, securing a knockout victory for the defending champion Fury.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: After the fight, Fury went over to Wilder and attempted to shake his hand. Wilder rebuffed the attempt and refused to acknowledge Fury. In his post-fight interview, Fury stated "I'm a sportsman. I went over to him to show some love and respect and he didn't show it back. I will pray for him so that God will soften his heart." Fury then added that it "was a great fight tonight, worthy of the best of trilogies." Praise for the fight was immediate and profuse, with fans and pundits describing it as one of the greatest heavyweight bouts in history. Promoter Bob Arum stated he had "never seen a heavyweight fight as magnificent as this" during his 57-year career in boxing.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: The WBC ruled that if the winner of the fight doesn't unify with Oleksandr Usyk next, the victor will be ordered to defend the title against Dillian Whyte, the long-standing WBC No. 1 contender. Fury as the victor ultimately defended his WBC and "Ring" world titles against Whyte on April 23, 2022, winning the bout via sixth-round technical knockout.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: As with the second fight, the trilogy fight's pay-per-view was a joint presentation of ESPN and Fox Sports, and featured personalities from both networks. This time, Fox handled the majority of production duties for the fight; the Fox Sports PPV for Manny Pacquiao vs. Yordenis Ugás—held at T-Mobile Arena in August—was described by a Fox Sports executive as having been a "dress rehearsal" for Fury-Wilder III.


title: Tyson Fury vs. Deontay Wilder III

text: At a cost of $79.99, the bout generated around 600,000 pay-per-view buys in the United States and around 300,000 buys overseas.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The Block is an Australian reality television series broadcast on the Nine Network. The series follows four or five couples as they compete against each other to renovate and style houses/apartments and sell them at auction for the highest price.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The original series first ran for two consecutive seasons in 2003 and 2004, and was originally hosted by Jamie Durie.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The Nine Network revived "The Block" after a six-year absence, with a third season commenced airing on 22 September 2010, this time hosted by television personality and builder Scott Cam. Shelley Craft joined as co-host from the fourth season.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: "The Block" has a large number of commercial sponsors and prominently features brand sponsorships regularly throughout episodes.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The original format of the series featured four couples with a prior relationship renovating a derelict apartment block in the Sydney suburb of Bondi, with each couple renovating a separate apartment over a period of 12 weeks and with a budget of A$40,000. The apartments were then sold at auction, with each couple keeping any profit made above a set reserve price and the couple with the highest profit winning a A$100,000 prize. The current format is relatively the same except the series usually features five couples, it is mainly based in Melbourne suburbs and the budget is $100,000+.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The first season was filmed at Bondi and the second at Manly. The third season again took place in Sydney, in the suburb of Vaucluse. Moving to Victoria, Australia, the fourth season was filmed in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, Victoria on Cameron Street. Breaking with tradition, season four was filmed in four side-by-side houses as opposed to an apartment block of four. Season four saw television personality Shelley Craft join Scott Cam in hosting the show.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Season five began airing in April 2012. As with season four, season five has retained the four separate houses format, as opposed to four apartments in a single apartment block as in earlier seasons. Season five is again set in Melbourne, on Dorcas Street, and is set in four adjacent multi-storey town houses. Season six returned to Sydney, in Bondi, for the tenth anniversary. The program has remained in Melbourne since season seven.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The first three seasons of "The Block" aired once weekly for 13, 26 and 9 weeks respectively. Since season four, the program has aired across multiple nights per week.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The first season of "The Block" began airing on 1 June 2003 on the Nine Network, replacing "Backyard Blitz" and "Location Location" in the network's flagship time slot of Sunday at 6:30 to 7:30 pm (AEST). The season was presented by "Backyard Blitz" host Jamie Durie and filmed in Bondi, New South Wales, with the majority of filming being completed prior to the series airing for editing purposes.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Following the success of the first season, an expanded second season of 26 episodes, airing twice weekly, premiered on 18 April 2004. The season was again set in Sydney, although in the suburb of Manly rather than Bondi where the first season was located.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Two original contestants, Dani and Monique Bacha, left the program in January 2004, two weeks into the second season, when it was reported that Dani had spent six months in jail in 2002 following his conviction for a drug-related offence. Andrew Rochford and Jamie Nicholson replaced Dani and Monique Bacha.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: After a long break, the series was revived in 2010 with a set of four apartments in the upmarket suburb of Vaucluse in Sydney being renovated and Scott Cam replacing Jamie Durie as host.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Eight couples were initially selected, with four being eliminated and the other four being given keys to the houses. The four remaining teams are:


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The winners of "The Block" were Polly and Waz. They made $15,000 in profit, and won the $100,000 grand prize, due to the other three couples' houses being passed in. In this finale episode, Josh proposed to Jenna, his girlfriend for five years and partner on "The Block".


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This was the worst auction in the history of "The Block" with auction profits having a combined result of $ due to only one property selling at auction.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Polly and Waz were the only couple whose property sold at auction, with the other three failing to meet their reserve prices. Following the auction, Amie and Katrina's property sold for their exact reserve amount, meaning they would not take any winnings from appearing on "The Block". Also, Rod and Tania's property sold for the highest profit on "The Block", at $72,000 (however, as it was after the auction, Polly and Waz are still the winners).


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This season, like season four, was also based in Melbourne, in the inner city suburb of South Melbourne with four double storey side by side terrace houses located at 401 – 407 Dorcas Street. The properties are all on separate titles with car access from Montague Street and plans approved to allow for a third story extension.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: It was announced during the finale of the fifth season that an all-star edition of the series would air in 2013, with viewers able to vote for couples to return from past seasons. These votes were taken into consideration when selecting the contestants, and the four returning couples were announced in October 2012 as Phil and Amity (of season one), Mark and Duncan (season three), Josh and Jenna (season four) and Dan and Dani (season five). Phil and Amity won All Stars with a total of $1,670,000 selling for their home. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Production for the series relocated from Melbourne—which had hosted the prior two seasons—to its original location of Bondi in Sydney to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the show's first season. Filming took place over nine weeks from October to December 2012.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Darren Palmer, who was a guest judge in the fourth and fifth seasons, replaced John McGrath as a permanent judge for this season. Both Neale Whitaker and Shaynna Blaze reprised their roles as judges from the previous season.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The Nine Network renewed "The Block" for a seventh season to air after Easter in 2013. The location for this season was 142 Park Street, South Melbourne. The building consists of 5 levels, with each couple allocated a full level to renovate. Alisa and Lysandra renovated level 1, Matt and Kim were responsible for level 2, level 3 was occupied by Bec and George, level 4 was completed by Madi and Jarrod and level 5 was made over by Trixie and Johnno.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Twin sisters Alisa and Lysandra won "The Block", with a profit of $295,000. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Applications for the eighth season of the series opened whilst the seventh season was airing, with couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents. Filming for the season was scheduled to occur between November 2013 and January 2014, and aired from 27 January 2014.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Season 8 was based in the Melbourne suburb of Albert Park, Victoria. The production company paid $5.9 million for 47 O’Grady Street, a brick warehouse that was then transformed into four luxury apartments.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The working title of season 8 was "Fans vs Favourites" as shown in the 2014 preview that was aired on the "Big Brother" 2013 finale. Returning to "The Block" were Brad and Dale (season 5) / Alisa and Lysandra (season 7). Joining "The Block" were The Super K's – Kyal and Kara, and The Retro Rookies – Steve and Chantelle. Steve O'Donnell and Chantelle Ford won "The Block" with a profit of $636,000 + $100,000 winners' prize money. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In May 2014, Lukas Kamay – who had won the auction for Alisa and Lysandra's apartment – was arrested for his involvement in an insider trading scam, for which he was later convicted and jailed. Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions Robert Bromwich told the court that the apartment purchase gave Kamay's crimes "a cloak of respectability". The sale agreement was broken, with the apartment to be re-sold at a later date.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The ninth season of "The Block" featured contestants renovating a former office building in Prahran into luxury apartments, with the season subtitled as "The Block: Glasshouse". Filming began in April 2014. One of the contestants was former professional Australian rules footballer Darren Jolly and his wife Deanne as one of the couples. The season debuted on 27 July 2014 at the 6:30 time slot.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Shannon and Simon Voss won "The Block" with a profit of $335,000 + $100,000 winners' prize money, while Michael & Carlene and Darren & Deanne made the bare minimum of $10,000 above reserve. Even newly-weds Karstan & Maxine only netted $40,000 in winnings. The auction profits had combined results of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The working title of season 10 was "Triple Threat" as shown in the 2014 preview that was aired on 23 November 2014. It was premiered on 27 January 2015 where contestants renovate a former three-level block of flats. Darren & Deanne (season 9), Bec & George and Matt & Kim (both season 7) returned to vie for a spot as contestants. Former contestant Dan Reilly from seasons 5 and 6 returned, this time as an apprentice foreman ("foreboy") under Keith's guidance after Dan himself became a qualified builder, who was a qualified carpenter during his stints as a contestant.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Former contestants Darren & Deanne won the season with $835,000 + $100,000 prize money, and all contestants won over $665,000. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: "The Block" was renewed for an eleventh season, which went into production in May 2015. Season 11 put the show 'back-to-basics' after ratings declines during the tenth season; episodes were cut from 90 to 60 minutes, fewer episodes, the eliminations were removed and Thursday night episodes were dropped.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Filming for season 11 began on 15 May 2015. This season renovated the former Hotel Saville in South Yarra – an octagonal, eight floor brick building. The title for Season 11 is "The Block: Blocktagon".


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Co-creator Julian Cress said that this season of "The Block" would have no tradies and only passionate do-it-yourself couples. In other seasons, at least one person in each team had a trade. The change came in the new direction in the back-to-basics change to the season. Cress said viewers would relate more to the characters who are big on spirit but small on skills when the show returned later in the year.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This season was sponsored by Mitre 10 (building equipment), Swisse Australia (vitamins), Aldi (groceries), Domain (money and apartment information), The Good Guys (electronics and kitchens) and Suzuki (transport).


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Shay & Dean Paine won the season with $655,000 + $100,000 prize money, and all contestants won over $349,000. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: On 28 October 2015, Nine renewed the series for a twelfth season. Since 2013, the Nine Network had aired two seasons of the show each year. In 2016, however, this would be the one and only season airing, and it did not air until the last quarter of 2016. It was once again set in Melbourne. On 27 December 2015, Frank Valentic teased a video saying that there are rumours of The Block going to Greville Street, Prahran.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: On 18 February 2016, it was reported that "The Block"s producers had bought an old heritage-listed soap factory for $5 million at 164 Ingles Street, Port Melbourne. This address was confirmed by Scott Cam on "The Today Show" on 9 May 2016. Filming began on 26 May 2016. The series began airing in August 2016 and had 5 teams competing. The season premiered on Sunday 21 August 2016. This season's contestants, Julia & Sasha, are the first ever female same-sex couple to compete on any season of "The Block". The season concluded on 13 November 2016.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This season is sponsored by Mitre 10 (building equipment), Aldi (groceries), Domain (cash flow and apartment information), McCafé (snacks, beverages, and the McCafe Quality Award), Stayz (challenge and additional finale prizes), Suzuki (transport and viewer voting prize) and Telstra (Smart Home Technology and additional cash flow).


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: William Bethune & Karlie Cicero won the season with $715,000 + $100,000 prize money. Each team of contestants won $425,000 or more. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: On 8 November 2016, "The Block" was renewed for a thirteenth season at Nine's upfronts. Applications for the thirteenth season of the series opened on 9 January 2017, with energetic couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents. Filming for the season is scheduled to occur between April 2017 and July 2017. The casting call also specifies first round couples will be reduced to final participants in the first week of filming, which suggests Season 13 will feature an elimination round similar to that of Season 5.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: On 11 March 2017, it was reported that a vacant block of land at 46 Regent Street, Elsternwick, had been purchased for $9.6 million back in December 2016, with plans approved to build a five lot subdivision, meaning for the first time ever, they would be building a property from the ground up, instead of renovating an existing building. On 17 March 2017, it was officially confirmed that 46 Regent Street Elsternwick will be the location of "The Block"'s thirteenth season with filming to begin on 27 April 2017, however they will not be building a property from the ground up, as five old rundown weatherboard houses are being relocated to the location, meaning this will be the first time since the sixth season the contestants will renovate a house.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In June 2017, Network Nine officially announced the location and teams for the thirteenth season of "The Block", one team being Aussie Model Elyse Knowles and her Boyfriend Josh. The season will premiere on Sunday 30 July 2017.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This season is sponsored by Mitre 10 (building equipment), Domain (cash flow & house marketing), McCafé (snacks & beverages), Stayz (challenge & additional finale prizes), Volkswagen (transport & cash flow), Centrum (vitamins) & Youfoodz (groceries & meals).


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Elyse Knowles & Josh Barker won the season with $447,000 + $100,000 prize money. Each team of contestants won $95,000 or more. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: On 21 November 2016, it was reported the producers were looking at The Gatwick Private Hotel at 34 Fitzroy Street, St Kilda as a possible site for its thirteenth season. On 17 December 2016, it was reported that "The Block" producers and the owners of The Gatwick Hotel are currently in negotiations on purchasing the property. On 4 March 2017, it was reported that the Gatwick Hotel deal did not go ahead and that the producers are searching for another property, however on 6 March 2017, it was reported the producers were in a closing deal to buy the property as residents of the building are to move out. On 17 March 2017, it was reported that The Gatwick Hotel would not be the location of "The Block"'s thirteenth season, although there was still interest in the building. On 22 March 2017, Nine officially confirmed that the building had been purchased and will be used for a future season of "The Block".


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In June 2017, "The Block" producers lodged renovation plans for The Gatwick Hotel with Port Phillip City Council. On 23 July 2017, the renovation plans were officially released, the information included that the network paid $10 million for the building (not $15 million as originally reported), it was confirmed that the site will have eight apartments, two-bedrooms on the ground level and three-bedrooms for the remaining homes, the existing roof to be partly demolished and a fourth floor built to include pergolas above outdoor terraces & a car park area would have six car spaces and bicycle parking, and each apartment would come with secure storage.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Applications for the fourteenth season of the series opened in August 2017 until 10 September 2017, looking for couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents. Filming for the season was originally slated to occur between January 2018 and April 2018, but will begin filming on 8 February 2018. In October 2017, the fourteenth season and location of "The Block" were officially confirmed at Nine’s upfronts. In June 2018, Network Nine announced the teams for the fourteenth season of "The Block". In July 2018, Network Nine announced the premiere date of Season 14 as Sunday, 5 August at 7pm.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This season is sponsored by Mitre 10 (building equipment), Domain (cash flow & house marketing), McCafé (snacks & beverages), Volkswagen (transport & cash flow), Youfoodz (groceries & meals) & BlueScope Steel (housing foundation, weekly viewer’s choice voting & promotion).


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Hayden Vale & Sara Tumino won the season with $545,000 + $100,000 prize money. Each team of contestants won $209,000 or more. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In June 2018, it was reported that "The Block" producers had acquired a rundown backpackers accommodation, Oslo Hotel, at 38 Grey Street, St Kilda, through an off-market deal struck after the series approached one of the owners. The building contains five mansions hidden behind the facade. The series producers and building planners set to submit renovation plans to the City of Port Phillip council imminently. In October 2018, the Oslo Hotel was confirmed as the next location for renovation, Nine Network acquired the building for $10.8 million.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In July 2019, Network Nine announced the teams for the fifteenth season of "The Block" and announced the premiere date as Sunday, 4 August at 7pm.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This season is sponsored by Mitre 10 (building equipment), Domain (cash flow & house marketing), McCafé (snacks & beverages), Volkswagen (transport & cash flow), Lite N‘ Easy (groceries & meals) & BlueScope Steel (housing foundation, weekly viewer’s choice voting & promotion).


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Tess Cattana & Luke Struber won the season with $630,000 + $100,000 prize money. Each team of contestants won $384,000 or more. The auction profits had a combined result of $.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In July 2019, it was reported by the Herald Sun that "The Block" and Channel 9 had acquired a vacant block of land in the exclusive bayside suburb of Brighton on 360 New Street, Brighton. Newly renovated houses are expected to be built on the land in 2020 for the 16th season of the Block.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Applications for the sixteenth season of the series opened in August 2019 until 15 September 2019, looking for couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents. Filming for the season is slated to begin in late January 2020.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In October 2019, the sixteenth season and location of The Block were officially confirmed at Nine’s upfronts.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In March 2020, the season was suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic and the potential risk it could cause to the crew, workers and contestants. After more than a month of suspension, the season resumed production on 4 May 2020 With extra safety precautions set in place.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In July 2020, Nine Network announced the teams for this season. The sixteenth season of "The Block" will premiere on Sunday, 23 August at 7pm.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: This season is sponsored by Mitre 10 (building equipment), Domain (cash flow & house marketing), McCafé (snacks & beverages), Ford (transport & cash flow), Lite N‘ Easy (meals), Aldi (groceries) & BlueScope Steel (housing foundation, weekly viewer’s choice voting & promotion).


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Jimmy & Tam Wilkins won the season with $966,000 + $100,000 prize money, which makes them the first team to win over $1 million. Each team of contestants won $460,000 or more. The auction profits had a combined result of $, which is currently the highest combined result over all seasons.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Applications for the seventeenth season of the series opened in August 2020 until 27 September 2020, looking for couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents. Filming is expected to be a 10–12 week shoot period from late February 2021 In September 2020, the seventeenth season of The Block was officially confirmed at Nine’s 2021 upfronts. In October 2020, it was reported that 5 properties on Bronte Court in Hampton, Victoria, were in the process of being purchased by Nine. In December 2020, it was confirmed that Bronte Court will be the next location for renovation, Nine Network acquired five houses in the area for $11.5 million combined.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In July 2021, it was officially confirmed the season will be Fans vs Faves, the second iteration of the format since season 8. Returning to the series are Mitch and Mark (season 15) / Ronnie and Georgia (season 13). Joining The Block will be Tanya and Vito, Josh and Luke & Kirsty and Jesse.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Mitch Edwards & Mark McKie won the season with $644,444.44 + $100,000 prize money, Each team of contestants won $296,000 or more.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Applications for the eighteenth season of the series opened in September 2021 until 18 October 2021, looking for couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents. Filming is expected to be a 10–12 week shoot period from late February 2022. In September 2021, the eighteenth season of The Block was officially confirmed at Nine’s 2022 upfronts, and for the first time the series will be heading to a regional location, the Macedon Ranges, where the contestants will be transforming country houses.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: In early April 2022, the day filming was scheduled to commence it was confirmed by sources that a contestant had tested positive to COVID-19. Filming was delayed by a week with filming commencing mid-April.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Omar & Oz won the season with $1,586,666.66 + $100,000 prize money, leaving both of them with $843,333 each and being the biggest profit to date for one team. Despite the huge win the other teams didn’t fair so well. Ryan & Rachel passed in at auction but immediately sold to the highest bidder for $169,000.50 and Tom & Sarah-Jane sold for $20,000.99 the lowest profit since season 9. Ankur & Sharon and Dylan & Jenny’s homes were both passed in with no result on auction day. On 11 November 2022, it was confirmed Ankur & Sharon‘s house had sold for $4.25 million giving them a profit of $170,000.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The two first seasons were successful with audience viewership, with the first season averaging 2.2 million viewers. Season 1 Finale was watched by 3.115 million viewers and Season 2 was watched by 2.273 million viewers.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The third season debuted with 1,134,000, a daily rank of 9. It lost to all its main time slot competition consisting of "Glee" on Network Ten and "" on the Seven Network. However, it remained successful with key demographics and enjoyed steady ratings throughout the season. Season 3 concluded with 1.712 million viewers, and was the top program of the night in total people and all key demographics. It was also the second most-watched program of the week.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: Reno Rumble was a program that pit teams from "The Block" against teams from the Seven Network's reality series "House Rules". The program aired on the Nine Network and was produced by the same production company as "The Block".


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: The series was renewed for a second season but did not involve former contestants from "The Block" or "House Rules" and was only produced by the Nine Network.


title: The Block (Australian TV series)

text: One of the workers, John Jeremy Bradley, passed away earlier in October 2022. He suffered a heart attack and he was 42.


title: Mirka Federer

text: Miroslava "Mirka" Federer (born Miroslava Vavrincová on 1 April 1978, later Miroslava Vavrinec) is a Swiss former professional tennis player.


title: Mirka Federer

text: She is married to tennis player Roger Federer, having first met him at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She retired from professional tennis in 2002 due to a persistent foot injury. By the time she closed her career, she was a top-100 ranked player.


title: Mirka Federer

text: Born in Bojnice (then Czechoslovakia), Miroslava emigrated to Switzerland when she was two years old. In 1987, when she was nine, her father took her to watch a tournament at Filderstadt in Germany. Mirka met Martina Navratilova, who thought she looked athletic and should try tennis. Navratilova later sent her a racquet and arranged for her first tennis lesson.


title: Mirka Federer

text: Her best Grand Slam performance was in 2001, when she reached the third round of the US Open. Monica Seles defeated her twice.


title: Mirka Federer

text: However, a recurring foot injury prevented Vavrinec from progressing further up the rankings, eventually forcing her retirement from competitive tennis in 2002. Following her retirement, she took on the role of Federer's public relations manager, traveling with him on tour, often seen attending his matches.


title: Mirka Federer

text: Prior to her retirement, she was ranked in the mid-80s, with a career high of No. 76, during the 2001 season.


title: Mirka Federer

text: Mirka married Roger Federer on 11 April 2009. They were married at Wenkenhof Villa in Riehen near Basel, surrounded by a small group of close friends and family. In 2009, Mirka gave birth to identical twin girls, Myla and Charlene. The Federers had another set of twins in 2014, this time fraternal twin boys, Leo and Lenny.


title: Device driver

text: In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer or automaton. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware being used.


title: Device driver

text: A driver communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device (drives it). Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program.


title: Device driver

text: Drivers are hardware dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.


title: Device driver

text: The main purpose of device drivers is to provide abstraction by acting as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware the end-user is using.


title: Device driver

text: For example, a high-level application for interacting with a serial port may simply have two functions for "send data" and "receive data". At a lower level, a device driver implementing these functions would communicate to the particular serial port controller installed on a user's computer. The commands needed to control a 16550 UART are much different from the commands needed to control an FTDI serial port converter, but each hardware-specific device driver abstracts these details into the same (or similar) software interface.


title: Device driver

text: Writing a device driver requires an in-depth understanding of how the hardware and the software works for a given platform function. Because drivers require low-level access to hardware functions in order to operate, drivers typically operate in a highly privileged environment and can cause system operational issues if something goes wrong. In contrast, most user-level software on modern operating systems can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.


title: Device driver

text: The task of writing drivers thus usually falls to software engineers or computer engineers who work for hardware-development companies. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the Logical Device Driver (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the Physical Device Driver (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor. However, in recent years, non-vendors have written numerous device drivers for proprietary devices, mainly for use with free and open source operating systems. In such cases, it is important that the hardware manufacturer provide information on how the device communicates. Although this information can instead be learned by reverse engineering, this is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software.


title: Device driver

text: Microsoft has attempted to reduce system instability due to poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development, called Windows Driver Frameworks (WDF). This includes User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF) that encourages development of certain types of drivers—primarily those that implement a message-based protocol for communicating with their devices—as user-mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction, they do not cause system instability. The Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) model continues to allow development of kernel-mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support.


title: Device driver

text: In Linux environments, programmers can build device drivers as parts of the kernel, separately as loadable modules, or as user-mode drivers (for certain types of devices where kernel interfaces exist, such as for USB devices). Makedev includes a list of the devices in Linux, including ttyS (terminal), lp (parallel port), hd (disk), loop, and sound (these include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio).


title: Device driver

text: Microsoft Windows .sys files and Linux .ko files can contain loadable device drivers. The advantage of loadable device drivers is that they can be loaded only when necessary and then unloaded, thus saving kernel memory.


title: Device driver

text: Device drivers, particularly on Microsoft Windows platforms, can run in kernel-mode (Ring 0 on x86 CPUs) or in user-mode (Ring 3 on x86 CPUs). The primary benefit of running a driver in user mode is improved stability, since a poorly written user-mode device driver cannot crash the system by overwriting kernel memory. On the other hand, user/kernel-mode transitions usually impose a considerable performance overhead, thus making kernel-mode drivers preferred for low-latency networking.


title: Device driver

text: Kernel space can be accessed by user module only through the use of system calls. End user programs like the UNIX shell or other GUI-based applications are part of user space. These applications interact with hardware through kernel supported functions.


title: Device driver

text: Because of the diversity of hardware and operating systems, drivers operate in many different environments. Drivers may interface with:


title: Device driver

text: So choosing and installing the correct device drivers for given hardware is often a key component of computer system configuration.


title: Device driver

text: Virtual device drivers represent a particular variant of device drivers. They are used to emulate a hardware device, particularly in virtualization environments, for example when a DOS program is run on a Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest operating system is run on, for example, a Xen host. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulates a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e.g., function calls. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor-level events like interrupts into the virtual machine.


title: Device driver

text: Virtual devices may also operate in a non-virtualized environment. For example, a virtual network adapter is used with a virtual private network, while a virtual disk device is used with iSCSI. A good example for virtual device drivers can be Daemon Tools.


title: Device driver

text: A device on the PCI bus or USB is identified by two IDs which consist of 4 hexadecimal numbers each. The vendor ID identifies the vendor of the device. The device ID identifies a specific device from that manufacturer/vendor.


title: Device driver

text: A PCI device has often an ID pair for the main chip of the device, and also a subsystem ID pair which identifies the vendor, which may be different from the chip manufacturer.


title: Device driver

text: Devices often have a large number of diverse and customized device drivers running in their operating system (OS) kernel and often contain various bugs and vulnerabilities, making them a target for exploits. "Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver" (BYOVD) uses signed, old drivers that contain flaws that allow hackers to insert malicious code into the kernel.<ref name="arstechnica/microsoft-blunder"></ref>


title: Device driver

text: There is a lack of effective kernel vulnerability detection tools, especially for closed-source OSes such as Microsoft Windows where the source code of the device drivers is mostly not public (open source) and the drivers often also have many privileges.


title: Device driver

text: Such vulnerabilities also exist in drivers in laptops, drivers for WiFi and bluetooth, gaming/graphics drivers, and drivers in printers.


title: Device driver

text: A group of security researchers considers the lack of isolation as one of the main factors undermining kernel security, and published a isolation framework to protect operating system kernels, primarily the monolithic Linux kernel which, according to them, gets ~80,000 commits/year to its drivers.


title: Dana Vespoli

text: Vespoli began performing at age 31 as a stripper at the Mitchell Brothers O'Farrell Theatre in San Francisco, using the stage name "Christa". She entered the adult film industry in 2003, first as a performer, and then as a director and producer.


title: Dana Vespoli

text: In April 2006, Vespoli began directing for Digital Sin. She has directed for Sweetheart Video and Evil Angel. She has received award nominations from "AVN" and Xbiz mostly for films she has directed for Evil Angel. Her directing work has focused mainly on lesbian scenes.


title: Dana Vespoli

text: In 2011, "Complex" ranked her thirteenth on their list of "The Top 50 Hottest Asian Porn Stars of All Time". In 2014, "Break.com" ranked her 31st on their list of "40 Best Asian Porn Stars Today". Vespoli was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2016.


title: Dana Vespoli

text: Vespoli married pornographic actor Manuel Ferrara in January 2005 and has three children with him. The couple divorced seven years later.


title: Level-5 (company)

text: Level-5 was established in October 1998 by Akihiro Hino and his development team at Riverhillsoft, following the release of "OverBlood 2". Since Hino did not originally believe that his team could become an independent developer, he formed a partnership with Sony Computer Entertainment, who would allow him to develop for their upcoming PlayStation 2 under the condition that he set up his own company. The name, "Level-5", was a reference to Japanese school report cards, where "Level-5" is the highest possible mark. Soon after being created, the company had eleven employees.


title: Level-5 (company)

text: Level-5's first full-scale production was the action role-playing game "Dark Cloud", developed under contract by Sony Computer Entertainment. Intended to be a launch game for the Japanese release of the PlayStation 2, it was delayed before the console's launch in March 2000 to allow further development, eventually being released in Japan in December 2000, and worldwide in 2001. Work immediately began on a sequel titled "Dark Chronicle", released as "Dark Cloud 2" in North America.


title: Level-5 (company)

text: Midway through 2002, the company had a substantial boost in recognition as it began development on three high-profile games:


title: Level-5 (company)

text: Yasumi Matsuno, director of "Vagrant Story", "Final Fantasy Tactics", and the "Ogre Battle" series, briefly joined Level-5 in June 2011, and left the company after completing work on "Crimson Shroud" for the Nintendo 3DS. By the early 2010s, Level-5 was one of the ten largest video game companies in Japan, holding a market share of 3.2%. In October 2015, Level-5 founded a spin-off company in Santa Monica, in cooperation with Dentsu, called Level-5 Abby. In October 2020, it was reported that the company's North American operations, including Level-5 Abby, were shutting down due to low sales.


title: Level-5 (company)

text: In 2009, Level-5 launched its Roid (Revolutionary Original Ideas Discovery) service, a mobile phone application that serves as a content delivery platform for mobile games. It is only compatible with NTT DoCoMo's i-mode mobile internet service in Japan. Users pay a monthly fee for access to exclusive games and social game functions. The platform debuted with six games: "Sloan and McHale's Mystery Story", "Professor Layton and the Mansion of the Mirror of Death Remix", "Chara Jo P", "Yuuenchi wo Tsukurō Revolution", "Treasure Island", and "Elf the Dragon". The first three were developed by Level-5, while the last three were developed by outside companies.


title: System of linear equations

text: In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of one or more linear equations involving the same variables.


title: System of linear equations

text: is a system of three equations in the three variables . A solution to a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables such that all the equations are simultaneously satisfied. A solution to the system above is given by the ordered triple


title: System of linear equations

text: since it makes all three equations valid. The word "system" indicates that the equations are to be considered collectively, rather than individually.


title: System of linear equations

text: In mathematics, the theory of linear systems is the basis and a fundamental part of linear algebra, a subject which is used in most parts of modern mathematics. Computational algorithms for finding the solutions are an important part of numerical linear algebra, and play a prominent role in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science, and economics. A system of non-linear equations can often be approximated by a linear system (see linearization), a helpful technique when making a mathematical model or computer simulation of a relatively complex system.


title: System of linear equations

text: Very often, the coefficients of the equations are real or complex numbers and the solutions are searched in the same set of numbers, but the theory and the algorithms apply for coefficients and solutions in any field. For solutions in an integral domain like the ring of the integers, or in other algebraic structures, other theories have been developed, see Linear equation over a ring. Integer linear programming is a collection of methods for finding the "best" integer solution (when there are many). Gröbner basis theory provides algorithms when coefficients and unknowns are polynomials. Also tropical geometry is an example of linear algebra in a more exotic structure.


title: System of linear equations

text: One method for solving such a system is as follows. First, solve the top equation for formula_6 in terms of formula_7:


title: System of linear equations

text: This results in a single equation involving only the variable formula_7. Solving gives formula_11, and substituting this back into the equation for formula_6 yields formula_13. This method generalizes to systems with additional variables (see "elimination of variables" below, or the article on elementary algebra.)


title: System of linear equations

text: where formula_15 are the unknowns, formula_16 are the coefficients of the system such that formula_17, and formula_18 are the constant terms.


title: System of linear equations

text: Often the coefficients and unknowns are real or complex numbers, but integers and rational numbers are also seen, as are polynomials and elements of an abstract algebraic structure.


title: System of linear equations

text: One extremely helpful view is that each unknown is a weight for a column vector in a linear combination.


title: System of linear equations

text: This allows all the language and theory of "vector spaces" (or more generally, "modules") to be brought to bear. For example, the collection of all possible linear combinations of the vectors on the left-hand side is called their "span", and the equations have a solution just when the right-hand vector is within that span. If every vector within that span has exactly one expression as a linear combination of the given left-hand vectors, then any solution is unique. In any event, the span has a "basis" of linearly independent vectors that do guarantee exactly one expression; and the number of vectors in that basis (its "dimension") cannot be larger than "m" or "n", but it can be smaller. This is important because if we have "m" independent vectors a solution is guaranteed regardless of the right-hand side, and otherwise not guaranteed.


title: System of linear equations

text: where "A" is an "m"×"n" matrix, x is a column vector with "n" entries, and b is a column vector with "m" entries.


title: System of linear equations

text: A solution of a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables such that each of the equations is satisfied. The set of all possible solutions is called the solution set.


title: System of linear equations

text: For a system involving two variables ("x" and "y"), each linear equation determines a line on the "xy"-plane. Because a solution to a linear system must satisfy all of the equations, the solution set is the intersection of these lines, and is hence either a line, a single point, or the empty set.


title: System of linear equations

text: For three variables, each linear equation determines a plane in three-dimensional space, and the solution set is the intersection of these planes. Thus the solution set may be a plane, a line, a single point, or the empty set. For example, as three parallel planes do not have a common point, the solution set of their equations is empty; the solution set of the equations of three planes intersecting at a point is single point; if three planes pass through two points, their equations have at least two common solutions; in fact the solution set is infinite and consists in all the line passing through these points.


title: System of linear equations

text: For "n" variables, each linear equation determines a hyperplane in "n"-dimensional space. The solution set is the intersection of these hyperplanes, and is a flat, which may have any dimension lower than "n".


title: System of linear equations

text: In general, the behavior of a linear system is determined by the relationship between the number of equations and the number of unknowns. Here, "in general" means that a different behavior may occur for specific values of the coefficients of the equations.


title: System of linear equations

text: In the first case, the dimension of the solution set is, in general, equal to , where "n" is the number of variables and "m" is the number of equations.


title: System of linear equations

text: The first system has infinitely many solutions, namely all of the points on the blue line. The second system has a single unique solution, namely the intersection of the two lines. The third system has no solutions, since the three lines share no common point.


title: System of linear equations

text: It must be kept in mind that the pictures above show only the most common case (the general case). It is possible for a system of two equations and two unknowns to have no solution (if the two lines are parallel), or for a system of three equations and two unknowns to be solvable (if the three lines intersect at a single point).


title: System of linear equations

text: A system of linear equations behave differently from the general case if the equations are "linearly dependent", or if it is "inconsistent" and has no more equations than unknowns.


title: System of linear equations

text: The equations of a linear system are independent if none of the equations can be derived algebraically from the others. When the equations are independent, each equation contains new information about the variables, and removing any of the equations increases the size of the solution set. For linear equations, logical independence is the same as linear independence.


title: System of linear equations

text: are not independent — they are the same equation when scaled by a factor of two, and they would produce identical graphs. This is an example of equivalence in a system of linear equations.


title: System of linear equations

text: are not independent, because the third equation is the sum of the other two. Indeed, any one of these equations can be derived from the other two, and any one of the equations can be removed without affecting the solution set. The graphs of these equations are three lines that intersect at a single point.


title: System of linear equations

text: A linear system is inconsistent if it has no solution, and otherwise it is said to be consistent. When the system is inconsistent, it is possible to derive a contradiction from the equations, that may always be rewritten as the statement .


title: System of linear equations

text: are inconsistent. In fact, by subtracting the first equation from the second one and multiplying both sides of the result by 1/6, we get . The graphs of these equations on the "xy"-plane are a pair of parallel lines.


title: System of linear equations

text: It is possible for three linear equations to be inconsistent, even though any two of them are consistent together. For example, the equations


title: System of linear equations

text: are inconsistent. Adding the first two equations together gives , which can be subtracted from the third equation to yield . Any two of these equations have a common solution. The same phenomenon can occur for any number of equations.


title: System of linear equations

text: In general, inconsistencies occur if the left-hand sides of the equations in a system are linearly dependent, and the constant terms do not satisfy the dependence relation. A system of equations whose left-hand sides are linearly independent is always consistent.


title: System of linear equations

text: Putting it another way, according to the Rouché–Capelli theorem, any system of equations (overdetermined or otherwise) is inconsistent if the rank of the augmented matrix is greater than the rank of the coefficient matrix. If, on the other hand, the ranks of these two matrices are equal, the system must have at least one solution. The solution is unique if and only if the rank equals the number of variables. Otherwise the general solution has "k" free parameters where "k" is the difference between the number of variables and the rank; hence in such a case there are an infinitude of solutions. The rank of a system of equations (i.e. the rank of the augmented matrix) can never be higher than [the number of variables] + 1, which means that a system with any number of equations can always be reduced to a system that has a number of independent equations that is at most equal to [the number of variables] + 1.


title: System of linear equations

text: Two linear systems using the same set of variables are equivalent if each of the equations in the second system can be derived algebraically from the equations in the first system, and vice versa. Two systems are equivalent if either both are inconsistent or each equation of each of them is a linear combination of the equations of the other one. It follows that two linear systems are equivalent if and only if they have the same solution set.


title: System of linear equations

text: When the solution set is finite, it is reduced to a single element. In this case, the unique solution is described by a sequence of equations whose left-hand sides are the names of the unknowns and right-hand sides are the corresponding values, for example formula_26. When an order on the unknowns has been fixed, for example the alphabetical order the solution may be described as a vector of values, like formula_27 for the previous example.


title: System of linear equations

text: To describe a set with an infinite number of solutions, typically some of the variables are designated as free (or independent, or as parameters), meaning that they are allowed to take any value, while the remaining variables are dependent on the values of the free variables.


title: System of linear equations

text: Here "z" is the free variable, while "x" and "y" are dependent on "z". Any point in the solution set can be obtained by first choosing a value for "z", and then computing the corresponding values for "x" and "y".


title: System of linear equations

text: Each free variable gives the solution space one degree of freedom, the number of which is equal to the dimension of the solution set. For example, the solution set for the above equation is a line, since a point in the solution set can be chosen by specifying the value of the parameter "z". An infinite solution of higher order may describe a plane, or higher-dimensional set.


title: System of linear equations

text: Different choices for the free variables may lead to different descriptions of the same solution set. For example, the solution to the above equations can alternatively be described as follows:


title: System of linear equations

text: The simplest method for solving a system of linear equations is to repeatedly eliminate variables. This method can be described as follows:


title: System of linear equations

text: Solving the first equation for "x" gives , and plugging this into the second and third equation yields


title: System of linear equations

text: Substituting "z" = 2 into the second or third equation gives "y" = 8, and the values of "y" and "z" into the first equation yields "x" = −15. Therefore, the solution set is the ordered triple formula_34.


title: System of linear equations

text: In row reduction (also known as Gaussian elimination), the linear system is represented as an augmented matrix:


title: System of linear equations

text: This matrix is then modified using elementary row operations until it reaches reduced row echelon form. There are three types of elementary row operations:


title: System of linear equations

text: Because these operations are reversible, the augmented matrix produced always represents a linear system that is equivalent to the original.


title: System of linear equations

text: There are several specific algorithms to row-reduce an augmented matrix, the simplest of which are Gaussian elimination and Gauss–Jordan elimination. The following computation shows Gauss–Jordan elimination applied to the matrix above:


title: System of linear equations

text: The last matrix is in reduced row echelon form, and represents the system , , . A comparison with the example in the previous section on the algebraic elimination of variables shows that these two methods are in fact the same; the difference lies in how the computations are written down.


title: System of linear equations

text: Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations, with each variable given by a quotient of two determinants. For example, the solution to the system


title: System of linear equations

text: For each variable, the denominator is the determinant of the matrix of coefficients, while the numerator is the determinant of a matrix in which one column has been replaced by the vector of constant terms.


title: System of linear equations

text: Though Cramer's rule is important theoretically, it has little practical value for large matrices, since the computation of large determinants is somewhat cumbersome. (Indeed, large determinants are most easily computed using row reduction.)


title: System of linear equations

text: Further, Cramer's rule has very poor numerical properties, making it unsuitable for solving even small systems reliably, unless the operations are performed in rational arithmetic with unbounded precision.


title: System of linear equations

text: If the equation system is expressed in the matrix form formula_39, the entire solution set can also be expressed in matrix form. If the matrix "A" is square (has "m" rows and "n"="m" columns) and has full rank (all "m" rows are independent), then the system has a unique solution given by


title: System of linear equations

text: where formula_41 is the inverse of "A". More generally, regardless of whether "m"="n" or not and regardless of the rank of "A", all solutions (if any exist) are given using the Moore–Penrose inverse of "A", denoted formula_42, as follows:


title: System of linear equations

text: where formula_44 is a vector of free parameters that ranges over all possible "n"×1 vectors. A necessary and sufficient condition for any solution(s) to exist is that the potential solution obtained using formula_45 satisfy formula_39 — that is, that formula_47 If this condition does not hold, the equation system is inconsistent and has no solution. If the condition holds, the system is consistent and at least one solution exists. For example, in the above-mentioned case in which "A" is square and of full rank, formula_42 simply equals formula_41 and the general solution equation simplifies to


title: System of linear equations

text: as previously stated, where formula_44 has completely dropped out of the solution, leaving only a single solution. In other cases, though, formula_44 remains and hence an infinitude of potential values of the free parameter vector formula_44 give an infinitude of solutions of the equation.


title: System of linear equations

text: While systems of three or four equations can be readily solved by hand (see Cracovian), computers are often used for larger systems. The standard algorithm for solving a system of linear equations is based on Gaussian elimination with some modifications. Firstly, it is essential to avoid division by small numbers, which may lead to inaccurate results. This can be done by reordering the equations if necessary, a process known as "pivoting". Secondly, the algorithm does not exactly do Gaussian elimination, but it computes the LU decomposition of the matrix "A". This is mostly an organizational tool, but it is much quicker if one has to solve several systems with the same matrix "A" but different vectors b.


title: System of linear equations

text: If the matrix "A" has some special structure, this can be exploited to obtain faster or more accurate algorithms. For instance, systems with a symmetric positive definite matrix can be solved twice as fast with the Cholesky decomposition. Levinson recursion is a fast method for Toeplitz matrices. Special methods exist also for matrices with many zero elements (so-called sparse matrices), which appear often in applications.


title: System of linear equations

text: A completely different approach is often taken for very large systems, which would otherwise take too much time or memory. The idea is to start with an initial approximation to the solution (which does not have to be accurate at all), and to change this approximation in several steps to bring it closer to the true solution. Once the approximation is sufficiently accurate, this is taken to be the solution to the system. This leads to the class of iterative methods. For some sparse matrices, the introduction of randomness improves the speed of the iterative methods.


title: System of linear equations

text: where "A" is an matrix, x is a column vector with "n" entries, and 0 is the zero vector with "m" entries.


title: System of linear equations

text: Every homogeneous system has at least one solution, known as the "zero" (or "trivial") solution, which is obtained by assigning the value of zero to each of the variables. If the system has a non-singular matrix () then it is also the only solution. If the system has a singular matrix then there is a solution set with an infinite number of solutions. This solution set has the following additional properties:


title: System of linear equations

text: These are exactly the properties required for the solution set to be a linear subspace of R. In particular, the solution set to a homogeneous system is the same as the null space of the corresponding matrix "A".


title: System of linear equations

text: There is a close relationship between the solutions to a linear system and the solutions to the corresponding homogeneous system:


title: System of linear equations

text: Specifically, if p is any specific solution to the linear system , then the entire solution set can be described as


title: System of linear equations

text: Geometrically, this says that the solution set for is a translation of the solution set for . Specifically, the flat for the first system can be obtained by translating the linear subspace for the homogeneous system by the vector p.


title: System of linear equations

text: This reasoning only applies if the system has at least one solution. This occurs if and only if the vector b lies in the image of the linear transformation "A".


title: Common Sense

text: Common Sense is a 47-page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–1776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Writing in clear and persuasive prose, Paine collected various moral and political arguments to encourage common people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government. It was published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution and became an immediate sensation.


title: Common Sense

text: It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in American history. As of 2006, it remains the all-time best-selling American title and is still in print today.


title: Common Sense

text: "Common Sense" made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence, which had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration. Paine connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity and structured "Common Sense" as if it were a sermon. Historian Gordon S. Wood described "Common Sense" as "the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era."


title: Common Sense

text: Paine arrived in the American colonies in November 1774, shortly before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Though the colonies and Great Britain had commenced hostilities against one another, the thought of independence was not initially entertained. Writing in 1778 of his early experiences in the colonies, Paine "found the disposition of the people such, that they might have been led by a thread and governed by a reed. Their attachment to Britain was obstinate, and it was, at that time, a kind of treason to speak against it. Their ideas of grievance operated without resentment, and their single object was reconciliation." Paine quickly engrained himself in the Philadelphia newspaper business, and began writing "Common Sense" in late 1775 under the working title of "Plain Truth". Though it began as a series of letters to be published in various Philadelphia papers, it grew too long and unwieldy to publish as letters, leading Paine to select the pamphlet form.


title: Common Sense

text: Benjamin Rush recommended the publisher Robert Bell, promising Paine that although other printers might balk at the content of the pamphlet, Bell would not hesitate or delay its printing. The pamphlet was first published on January 10, 1776. Bell zealously promoted the pamphlet in Philadelphia's papers, and demand grew so high as to require a second printing. Paine, overjoyed with its success, endeavored to collect his share of the profits and donate them to purchase mittens for General Montgomery's troops, then encamped in frigid Quebec. However, when Paine's chosen intermediaries audited Bell's accounts, they found that the pamphlet actually had made zero profits. Incensed, Paine ordered Bell not to proceed on a second edition, as he had planned several appendices to add to "Common Sense". Bell ignored that and began advertising a "new edition".


title: Common Sense

text: While Bell believed that the advertisement would convince Paine to retain his services, it had the opposite effect. Paine secured the assistance of the Bradford brothers, publishers of "The Pennsylvania Evening Post", and released his new edition, featuring several appendices and additional writings. Bell began working on a second edition. This set off a month-long public debate between Bell and the still-anonymous Paine, conducted within the pages and advertisements of the "Pennsylvania Evening Post", with each party charging the other with duplicity and fraud. Paine and Bell published several more editions through the end of their public squabble.


title: Common Sense

text: The publicity generated by the initial success and compounded by the publishing disagreements propelled the pamphlet to incredible sales and circulation. Following Paine's own estimate of the pamphlet's sales, some historians claim that "Common Sense" sold almost 100,000 copies in 1776, and according to Paine, 120,000 copies were sold in the first three months. One biographer estimates that 500,000 copies were sold in the first year (in both America and Europe, predominantly France and Britain), and another writes that Paine's pamphlet went through 25 published editions in the first year alone. However, some historians dispute these figures as implausible because of the literate population at the time and estimated the far upper limit as 75,000 copies.


title: Common Sense

text: Aside from the printed pamphlet itself, there were many handwritten summaries and whole copies circulated. Paine also granted publishing rights to nearly every imprint which requested them, including several international editions. It was immensely popular in France, where it was published without its diatribes against monarchy. At least one newspaper printed the entire pamphlet: the "Connecticut Courant" in its issue of February 19, 1776. Writing in 1956, Richard Gimbel estimated, in terms of circulation and impact, that an "equivalent sale today, based on the present population of the United States, would be more than six-and-one-half million copies within the short space of three months".


title: Common Sense

text: For nearly three months, Paine managed to maintain his anonymity, even during Bell's potent newspaper polemics. His name did not become officially connected with the independence controversy until March 30, 1776. Paine never recouped the profits that he felt were due to him from Bell's first edition. Ultimately, he lost money on the Bradford printing as well, and because he decided to repudiate his copyright, he never profited from "Common Sense".


title: Common Sense

text: In his first section, Paine related common Enlightenment theories of the state of nature to establish a foundation for republican government. Paine began the section by making a distinction between society and government and argues that government is a "necessary evil." He illustrates the power of society to create and maintain happiness in man through the example of a few isolated people who find it easier to live together rather than apart, thus creating society. As society continues to grow, a government becomes necessary to prevent the natural evil Paine saw in man.


title: Common Sense

text: To promote civil society through laws and account for the impossibility of all people meeting centrally to make laws, representation and elections become necessary. As that model was clearly intended to mirror the situation of the colonists at the time of publication, Paine went on to consider the English constitution.


title: Common Sense

text: Paine found two tyrannies in the English constitution: monarchical and aristocratic tyranny in the king and peers, who rule by heredity and contribute nothing to the people. Paine criticized the English constitution by examining the relationship between the king, the peers, and the commons.


title: Common Sense

text: The second section considers monarchy first from a biblical perspective and then from a historical perspective. He begins by arguing that since all men are equal at creation, the distinction between kings and subjects is a false one. Paine then quotes a sequence of biblical passages to refute the divine right of Kings. After citing , he highlights Gideon’s refusal to heed the people's call to rule, citing . He then reproduces the majority of (wherein Samuel relays God's objections to the people's demand for a king) and concludes: “the Almighty hath here entered his protest against monarchical government...”


title: Common Sense

text: Paine then examines some of the problems that kings and monarchies have caused in the past and concludes:


title: Common Sense

text: Paine also attacks one type of "mixed state," the constitutional monarchy promoted by John Locke, in which the powers of government are separated between a Parliament or Congress, which makes the laws, and a monarch, who executes them. The constitutional monarchy, according to Locke, would limit the powers of the king sufficiently to ensure that the realm would remain lawful rather than easily becoming tyrannical. According to Paine, however, such limits are insufficient. In the mixed state, power tends to concentrate into the hands of the monarch, eventually permitting him to transcend any limitations placed upon him. Paine questions why the supporters of the mixed state, since they concede that the power of the monarch is dangerous, wish to include a monarch in their scheme of government in the first place.


title: Common Sense

text: In the third section, Paine examines the hostilities between Britain and the American colonies and argues that the best course of action is independence. Paine proposes a "Continental Charter" (or "Charter of the United Colonies") that would be an American "Magna Carta". Paine writes that a Continental Charter "should come from some intermediate body between the Congress and the people" and outlines a Continental Conference that could draft a Continental Charter. Each colony would hold elections for five representatives at large, who would be accompanied by two members of the house of assembly of each colony and two members of Congress from each colony, for a total of nine representatives from each colony in the Continental Conference. The Conference would then meet and draft a Continental Charter that would secure "freedom and property to all men, and… the free exercise of religion". The Continental Charter would also outline a new national government, which Paine thought would take the form of a Congress.


title: Common Sense

text: Paine suggested that a congress may be created in the following way: each colony should be divided in districts, and each district would "send a proper number of delegates to Congress." Paine thought that each colony should send at least 30 delegates to Congress and that the total number of delegates in Congress should be at least 390. The Congress would meet annually and elect a president. Each colony would be put into a lottery; the president would be elected, by the whole congress, from the delegation of the colony that was selected in the lottery. After a colony was selected, it would be removed from subsequent lotteries until all of the colonies had been selected, at which point the lottery would start anew. Electing a president or passing a law would require three-fifths of the congress.


title: Common Sense

text: The fourth section of the pamphlet includes Paine's optimistic view of America's military potential at the time of the revolution. For example, he spends pages describing how colonial shipyards, by using the large amounts of lumber available in the country, could quickly create a navy that could rival the Royal Navy.


title: Common Sense

text: Heavy advertisement by both Bell and Paine and the immense publicity created by their publishing quarrel made "Common Sense" an immediate sensation not only in Philadelphia but also across the Thirteen Colonies. Early "reviewers" (mainly letter excerpts published anonymously in colonial newspapers) touted the clear and rational case for independence put forth by Paine. One Marylander wrote to the "Pennsylvania Evening Post" on February 6, 1776, that "if you know the author of COMMON SENSE, tell him he has done wonders and worked miracles. His stile ["sic"] is plain and nervous; his facts are true; his reasoning, just and conclusive".


title: Common Sense

text: While Paine focused his style and address towards the common people, the arguments he made touched on prescient debates of morals, government, and the mechanisms of democracy. That gave Common Sense a "second life" in the very public call-and-response nature of newspaper debates made by intellectual men of letters throughout Philadelphia. Paine's formulation of "war for an idea" led to, as Eric Foner describes it, "a torrent of letters, pamphlets, and broadsides on independence and the meaning of republican government... attacking or defending, or extending and refining Paine's ideas".


title: Common Sense

text: John Adams, who would succeed George Washington to become the new nation's second president, in his "Thoughts on Government" wrote that Paine's ideal sketched in "Common Sense" was "so democratical, without any restraint or even an attempt at any equilibrium or counter poise, that it must produce confusion and every evil work." Others, such as the writer calling himself "Cato," denounced Paine as dangerous and his ideas as violent. Paine was also an active and willing participant in what would become essentially a six-month publicity tour for independence. Writing as "The Forester," he responded to Cato and other critics in the pages of Philadelphian papers with passion and declared again in sweeping language that their conflict was not only with Great Britain but also with the tyranny inevitably resulting from monarchical rule.


title: Common Sense

text: Later scholars have assessed the influence of "Common Sense" in several ways. Some, like A. Owen Aldridge, emphasize that "Common Sense" could hardly be said to embody a particular ideology, and that "even Paine himself may not have been cognizant of the ultimate source of many of his concepts." They make the point that much of the pamphlet's value came as a result of the context in which it was published. Eric Foner wrote that the pamphlet touched a radical populace at the height of their radicalism, which culminated in Pennsylvania with a new constitution aligned along Paine's principles. Many have noted that Paine's skills were chiefly in persuasion and propaganda and that no matter the content of his ideas, the fervor of his conviction and the various tools he employed on his readers (such as asserting his Christianity when he really was a Deist), "Common Sense" was bound for success. Still others emphasized the uniqueness of Paine's vision, with Craig Nelson calling him a "pragmatic utopian" who de-emphasized economic arguments in favor of moralistic ones, thus giving credence to the argument that "Common Sense" was propaganda.


title: Common Sense

text: In response to "Common Sense", Rev. Charles Inglis, then the Anglican cleric of Trinity Church in New York, responded to Paine on behalf of colonists loyal to the Crown with a treatise entitled "The True Interest of America Impartially Stated".


title: St Pancras railway station

text: St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands to London. It provides East Midlands Railway services to , , , and on the Midland Main Line, Southeastern high-speed trains to Kent via and , and Thameslink cross-London services to Bedford, Cambridge, Peterborough, Brighton, Horsham and Gatwick Airport. It stands between the British Library, the Regent's Canal and London King's Cross railway station, with which it shares a London Underground station, .


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The station was constructed by the Midland Railway (MR), which had an extensive rail network across the Midlands and the North of England, but no dedicated line into London. After rail traffic problems following the 1862 International Exhibition, the MR decided to build a connection from Bedford to London with its own terminus. The station was designed by William Henry Barlow and constructed with a single-span iron roof. Following the station's opening on 1 October 1868, the MR constructed the Midland Grand Hotel on the station's façade, which has been widely praised for its architecture and is now a Grade I listed building along with the rest of the station.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: In the late 1960s, plans were made to demolish St Pancras entirely and divert services for King's Cross and , leading to fierce opposition. The complex underwent an £800 million refurbishment to become the terminal for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link/High-Speed 1/HS1 as part of an urban regeneration plan across East London, which was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in November 2007. A security-sealed terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to mainland Europe via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel, with platforms for domestic trains to the north and south-east of England. The restored station has 15 platforms, a shopping centre, and a coach facility. London St Pancras International is owned by HS1 Ltd and managed by Network Rail (High Speed), a subsidiary of Network Rail.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: St Pancras is at the southern end of the London Borough of Camden on a site orientated north–south, deeper than it is wide. The south is bounded by Euston Road (part of the London Inner Ring Road), and its frontage is the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel, while the west is bounded by Midland Road which separates it from the British Library and the east by Pancras Road which separates it from King's Cross station. The British Library is on the former goods yard site. Euston railway station is around ten minutes' walk along Euston Road.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: Behind the hotel, the train shed is elevated 5 m (17 ft) above street level and the area below forms the station undercroft which is where most of the shops and restaurants are located, along with the Eurostar departure lounge. The northern half of the station is mainly bounded to the east by Camley Street, with Camley Street Natural Park across the road. To the north-east is King's Cross Central, formerly known as the Railway Lands, a complex of intersecting railway lines crossed by several roads and the Regent's Canal.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The station's name comes from the St. Pancras parish, which originates from the fourth-century Christian boy martyr Pancras of Rome. The station was commissioned by the Midland Railway (MR), who had a network of routes in the Midlands, and in south and west Yorkshire and Lancashire but no route of its own to London. Before 1857 the MR used the lines of the L&NWR for trains into the capital; subsequently, the company's Leicester and Hitchin Railway gave access to London via the Great Northern Railway (GNR).


title: St Pancras railway station

text: In 1862, traffic for the second International Exhibition suffered extensive delays over the stretch of line into London over the GNR's track; the route into the city via the L&NWR was also at capacity, with coal trains causing the network at and elsewhere to reach effective gridlock. This was the stimulus for the MR to build its own line to London from Bedford, which would be just under long. Samuel Carter was solicitor for the parliamentary bill, which was sanctioned in 1863.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The main economic justification for the MR extension was for the transport of coal and other goods to the capital, which was hindered by a 1s 9d toll on GNR lines. A large goods station was constructed between 1862 and 1865, sited to the west of the King's Cross coal depot between the North London Railway and the Regent's Canal. Although coal and goods were the main motivation for the London extension, the Midland realised the prestige of having a central London passenger terminus and decided it must have a front on Euston Road. The company purchased the eastern section of land on the road's north side owned by Earl Somers.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The passenger station was designed by William Henry Barlow and constructed on a site that had previously been a slum called Agar Town.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The approaching line to the station crossed the Regent's Canal at a height allowing the line reasonable gradients; this resulted in the level of the line at St Pancras being above the ground level. (By contrast the lines to the adjacent King's Cross station tunnel under the Regent's Canal). Initial plans were for a two or three span roof with the void between station and ground level filled with spoil from tunnelling to join the Midland Main Line to the St. Pancras branch. Instead, due to the value of the land in such a location the lower area was used for freight, in particular beer from Burton. As a result, the undercroft was built with columns and girders, maximising space, set out to the same plans as those used for beer warehouses, and with a basic unit of length that of a beer barrel.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The contract for the construction of the station substructure and connecting lines was given to Messrs. Waring, with Barlow's assistant Campion as supervisor. The lower floor for beer warehousing contained interior columns wide, and deep carrying girders supporting the main station and track. The connection to the Widened Lines (St. Pancras branch) ran below the station's bottom level, in an east-to-west direction.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: To avoid the foundations of the roof interfering with the space beneath, and to simplify the design, and minimise cost, it was decided to construct a single span roof, with cross ties for the arch at the station level. The arch was sprung directly from the station level, with no piers. Additional advice on the design of the roof was given to Barlow by Rowland Mason Ordish. The arches' ribs had a web depth of , mostly open ironwork. The span width, from wall to wall was , with a rib every The arch was a slightly pointed design, with a reduced radius of curvature at the springing points. The Butterley Company was contracted to construct the arches. The total cost of the 24 rib roof and glazing was over £53,000, of which over half was for the main ribs. The cost of the gable end was a further £8,500.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The single-span overall roof was the largest such structure in the world at the time of its completion. The materials used were wrought iron framework of lattice design, with glass covering the middle half and timber (inside)/slate (outside) covering the outer quarters. The two end screens were glazed in a vertical rectangular grid pattern with decorative timber cladding around the edge and wrought iron finials around the outer edge. It was long, wide, and high at the apex above the tracks.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: Local services began running to the Metropolitan Railway junction underneath the terminus on 13 July 1868. The station itself opened to the public on 1 October. The first service was an overnight mail train from Leeds.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: St Pancras was built during a period of expansion for the MR, as the major routes to Manchester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Carlisle opened during this time. By 1902, there were 150 trains arriving and leaving the station daily, though this figure was far less than Waterloo or Liverpool Street. As well as Midland services, the Great Eastern Railway (GER) used St Pancras as a "West End" terminus for trains to , , between 1870 and 1917. At the turn of the 20th century, St Pancras had a faster service to than from King's Cross, at 71 minutes. GER services were suspended because of World War I and never resumed.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR) began boat train services from St Pancras from 9 July 1894, following the opening of the Tottenham and Forest Gate Railway. The trains ran from St Pancras to Tilbury via and . Tilbury Docks then provided a connection to Australia and Scandinavia. The following year, the LTSR began a service from St Pancras to . Boat trains continued to run from St Pancras until 1963, after which they were moved to Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: The Railways Act of 1921 forced the merger of the Midland with the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR) into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), and the LMS adopted the LNWR's (the "Premier Line") Euston station as its principal London terminus. The Midland Grand Hotel was closed in 1935, and the building was subsequently used as offices for British Railways. During World War II, bombing inflicted damage on the train shed, which was only partially reglazed after the war. On the night of 10–11 May 1941 a bomb fell onto the station floor at platform 3, exploding in the beer vaults underneath. The station was not significantly damaged, but was closed for eight days, with platforms 2–3 remaining closed until June. In 1947 the St. Pancras junction was relaid with prefabricated trackwork, along with associated changes to the signalling system.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: On the creation of British Railways (BR) in 1948, St Pancras received a significant investment after neglect by the LMS. Destinations included the London area services to North Woolwich, St Albans and Bedford. Long-distance trains reached Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester, with famous named trains including "The Palatine" to Manchester, "The Thames-Clyde Express" to Glasgow, and "The Master Cutler" to Sheffield (transferred from King's Cross in 1966, which itself had transferred from eight years earlier).


title: St Pancras railway station

text: On 7 October 1957, the signalling at St Pancras was upgraded, replacing the three original boxes with a power box controlling 205 route switches and 33 points over a network of 1,400 relays. From 1960 to 1966, electrification work on the West Coast Main Line between London and Manchester saw a new Midland Pullman from Manchester to St Pancras. These trains and those to Glasgow were withdrawn following the completion of the rebuilding of Euston and the consolidation of these services.


title: St Pancras railway station

text: By the 1960s, St Pancras was seen as redundant, and several attempts were made to close it and demolish the hotel (by then known as St Pancras Chambers). These attempts provoked strong and successful opposition, with the campaign led by the later Poet Laureate, John Betjeman. Jane Hughes Fawcett with the Victorian Society was instrumental in its preservation, and was dubbed "the furious Mrs. Fawcett" by British rail officials. Many of the demonstrators had witnessed the demolition of the nearby Euston Arch a few years previously and were strongly opposed to the distinctive architecture of St Pancras suffering the same fate. The station became Grade I listed building in November 1967, preventing any drastic modifications. The plans were scrapped by BR in December 1968, realising that it was more cost-effective to modernise the hotel instead, though they disliked owning it.