title: Pikey

text: The term "pikey" is possibly derived from "pike" which, c. 1520, meant "highway" and is related to the words "turnpike" (toll road) and "pikeman" (toll collector). Another possible etymology is that it derives from the Old English verb "pikka" (meaning to peck, pick or steal) which became "piken" in Middle English, before falling out of use. Part of its meaning survives in modern Dutch "pikken", meaning to steal as well as in the old French slang "piquer", to snatch, to steal. In Robert Henryson's Fable Collection (late 15th century), in the fable of the Two Mice, the thieving mice are referred to on more than one occasion as "pykeris":


title: Pikey

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" traced the earliest use of "pikey" to "The Times" in August 1838, which referred to strangers who had come to the Isle of Sheppey as "pikey-men". In 1847, J. O. Halliwell in his "Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words" recorded the use of "pikey" to mean a gypsy. In 1887, W. D. Parish and W. F. Shaw in the "Dictionary of Kentish Dialect" recorded the use of the word to mean "a turnpike traveller; a vagabond; and so generally a low fellow".


title: Pikey

text: Its Kentish usage became more widespread, as it was also used to include all of the travelling groups who came to the county as "pickers" in the summertime of fruit and hops.


title: Pikey

text: Thomas Acton's "Gypsy Politics and Social Change" notes John Camden Hotten's "Slang Dictionary" (1887) as similarly stating:


title: Pikey

text: Hotten's dictionary of slang gives "pike at" as "go away" and "Pikey" as "a tramp or a Gypsy". He continues a "pikey-cart" is, in various parts of the country, one of those habitable vehicles suggestive of country life. Possibly the term has some reference to those who continually use the "pike" or turnpike road.


title: Pikey

text: The "Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society" similarly agrees the term "pikey" solely applied (negatively) to Romani people.


title: Pikey

text: "Pikey" remained, as of 1989, common prison slang for Romani people or those who have a similar lifestyle of itinerant unemployment and travel. More recently, "pikey" was applied to Irish Travellers (other slurs include "tinkers" and "knackers") and non-Romanichal travellers. In the late 20th century, it came to be used to describe "a lower-class person, regarded as coarse or disreputable."


title: Pikey

text: Pikey's most common contemporary use is not as a term for the Romani ethnic group, but as a catch-all phrase to refer to people, of any ethnic group, who travel around with no fixed abode. Among English Romani Gypsies the term pikey refers to a Traveller who is not of Romani descent. It may also refer to a member who has been cast out of the family.


title: Pikey

text: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the definition became even looser and is sometimes used to refer to a wide section of the (generally urban) underclass of the country (in England generally known as chavs), or merely a person of any social class who "lives on the cheap" such as a bohemian. It is also used as an adjective, e.g. "a pikey estate" or "a pikey pub". Following complaints from Travellers' groups about racism, when the term was used by presenter Jeremy Clarkson as a pun for Pike's Peak in the television programme "Top Gear", the Editorial Standards Committee of the BBC Trust ruled that, in this instance, the term merely meant "cheap". In doing so, it justified the ascribed meaning by quoting the Wikipedia article for the term.


title: Pikey

text: Negative English attitudes towards "pikeys" were a running theme in the 2000 Guy Ritchie film "Snatch."


title: Pikey

text: In 2003 the Firle Bonfire Society burned an effigy of a family of gypsies inside a caravan after travellers damaged local land. The number plate on the caravan read "P1KEY". A storm of protests and accusations of racism rapidly followed. Twelve members of the society were arrested but the Crown Prosecution Service decided that there was insufficient evidence to proceed on a charge of "incitement to racial hatred".


title: Pikey

text: "Ned" is a Scottish usage that perhaps derives from the diminutive for the name Edward. The current usage dates from the 1930s, but the Oxford English Dictionary refers to its use for "hooligan" or "lout" in the 19th century.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: Gregory Edward Smith is a Canadian actor, writer, and director. Smith has appeared in several Hollywood films, and is known for his roles as Alan Abernathy in "Small Soldiers", Ephram Brown on The WB television series "Everwood", and as Dov Epstein on the ABC/Global police drama series "Rookie Blue".


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: Smith was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Terrea ("née" Oster), a teacher from the United States, and Maurice Smith, a producer of low-budget films originally from the United Kingdom. Smith's mother appeared in several of the films that his father produced during the 1980s. Smith has two brothers, including fellow actor Douglas Smith, and a sister.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: Smith began acting when he was fourteen months old, and appeared in a Tide television commercial and in store catalogues. After a role in the 1994 children's film "Andre", he starred in the 1995 direct-to-video release "Leapin' Leprechauns!" and its 1996 sequel, "Spellbreaker: Secret of the Leprechauns". Also in 1996, Smith appeared opposite Michelle Trachtenberg in "Harriet the Spy".


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: Smith subsequently starred in another direct-to-video film, "Shadow Zone: My Teacher Ate My Homework", and appeared in three 1998 films: "Krippendorf's Tribe", playing one of the children of the title character, "The Climb", a drama also starring John Hurt, and the film "Small Soldiers", in which Smith had a lead role opposite Kirsten Dunst, and for which he won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Leading Young Actor in 1999.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: During the 2000s, Smith appeared in the Mel Gibson-led "The Patriot" (2000), played outlaw Jim Younger in the western "American Outlaws" (2001), was featured in the short-lived 2001 CBS drama series "Kate Brasher", and was cast in a lead role on The WB Television Network show, "Everwood", which became a success and ran from 2002 until June 2006. His role on the show was described by "The Independent Weekly" as "one of the best portrayals of a thoughtful, alienated teenager on television". For this role, Smith won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV series (Comedy or Drama) Leading Young Actor in 2003. During "Everwood"'s filming, Smith owned a home on location in Park City, Utah.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: In 2005, Smith appeared in the comedy-drama film "Kids in America", which had a regional release in the U.S. During the film, Smith shared the longest on-screen kiss with Stephanie Sherrin, timed at almost six minutes. He also played in "Zenon (Girl of the 21st Century)" as Greg.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: Smith next appeared in the independent film drama "Nearing Grace", which received a limited theatrical release on October 13, 2006; in the film, which co-stars Ashley Johnson and Jordana Brewster, he plays Henry Nearing, a high senior in the 1970s. The News & Observer's review of the film described Smith's character as "self-deluded" and "perpetually brow-furrowing", although The Seattle Times noted that Smith was "likable", and HeraldNet's review specified that a "better movie will make [Smith] a star".


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: In 2007, Smith had a small role in "The Seeker: The Dark is Rising" as Max Stanton. Smith next appeared in the Richard Attenborough-directed period romance "Closing the Ring", playing a younger version of Christopher Plummer's character Young Jack, as well as in the thriller "Boot Camp", which co-stars Mila Kunis.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: In 2008, Smith produced the direct release-to-DVD film "Wieners", and made a guest appearance on the series "Eli Stone". Smith returned to TV in the series "Rookie Blue" as Officer Dov Epstein. The series premiered on both ABC and Global TV in Canada on June 24, 2010. Making his television directing debut, he also directed five episodes.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: On March 18, 2010, he was cast by Jim Sheridan for his 2011 thriller film "Dream House"; the movie was shot in Toronto.


title: Gregory Smith (actor)

text: On August 18, 2018, Smith married Canadian actress and model Taylor McKay. In 2021, the couple welcomed their first child, a son.


title: Santigold

text: Santi White (born September 25, 1976), known professionally as Santigold (formerly Santogold), is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. "Billboard" presented her in 2022, saying: "Spanning punk rock, hip-hop, and dance music, Santigold’s singular pen and voice have helped shape the past two decades of popular music".


title: Santigold

text: Her debut studio album, "Santogold" (2008), received widespread critical acclaim for its cross-genre combining dub, new wave, and hip-hop. The album's second single "L.E.S. Artistes", reached the top 40 in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Santigold

text: Her second album, "Master of My Make-Believe" (2012), peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Albums chart. The album included "Disparate Youth", her highest-charting single to date. She released her third album, "99¢", in 2016, and her second mixtape, "", in 2018.


title: Santigold

text: Her fourth studio album "Spirituals", including the singles "High Priestess" and "Ain't Ready", was released in September 2022. "Spirituals" received favorable reviews, "The Guardian" describing it as a "whirlwind album full of feeling and fervour".


title: Santigold

text: Additionally, Santigold has collaborated with artists such as Beastie Boys, David Byrne, Mark Ronson, Karen O, Jay-Z and Kanye West. Her awards include "Best Breakthrough Artist" at the 2008 NME Awards, and the "Vanguard award" at 2009 ASCAP Awards.


title: Santigold

text: Santi White was born on September 25, 1976, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to parents Ron White, an advisor to mayor John F. Street and Aruby Odom-White, a psychiatrist. She attended Germantown Friends School in Philadelphia, and later attended college at Wesleyan University, where she double-majored in music and African-American studies.


title: Santigold

text: She obtained her pseudonym in the 1990s after a friend gave it to her as a nickname. She worked for Epic Records as an A&R representative but left the position to co-write and executive produce "HowIDo", the singer Res's debut album.


title: Santigold

text: She was the singer of Philadelphia-based punk rock band Stiffed, which released the EP "Sex Sells" (2003) and the album "Burned Again" (2005). Both record were produced by Bad Brains bassist Darryl Jenifer. While in the band, White was offered a solo contract by Martin Heath of London-based independent label Lizard King Records.


title: Santigold

text: Her first singles as a soloist ("Creator" and "L.E.S. Artistes") received attention from Internet media outlets in 2007, and her debut album "Santogold", conceived with fellow Stiffed member John Hill, was issued in April 2008. The record featured appearances and production work from Chuck Treece, Diplo, Switch, and Jonnie "Most" Davis, among others. Blending a variety of musical genres ranging from new wave to alternative rock and reggae, the album was very well received by critics upon release and was noted for its "cross-genre confidence".


title: Santigold

text: "Santogold" was critically acclaimed by both "Entertainment Weekly" and "Spin", while "L.E.S. Artistes" made the number 2 position on "Rolling Stone"'s "Singles of the Year" list. "Santogold" was sixth on the magazine's "Albums of the Year" list. "Creator", along with "Lights Out", appeared in commercials in the US and the UK.


title: Santigold

text: During the summer of 2008, she released a mixtape CD, "", that was well received by "Pitchfork" and "NME". To support "Santogold", she toured with M.I.A. and Björk, and in June 2008, Coldplay invited her to be their opening act in the US. Her own US tour was called Goldrush Tour, and upon its completion, she supported Jay-Z and Kanye West on a number of their shows and The Streets at BBC's Electric Proms music festival. She finished the tour opening for Beastie Boys for three concerts on their get-out-the-vote Swing State Tour.


title: Santigold

text: In February 2009, she announced that she changed her stage name to Santigold for reasons related to a possible lawsuit from director Santo Victor Rigatuso, who produced the 1985 film "Santo Gold's Blood Circus". She finished the second leg of the tour in August 2009 at the Lollapalooza Festival in Chicago with "Billboard" noting that she "delivered a bright set and drew a headliner-sized audience" for a late afternoon concert. Before leaving the stage, she announced she was preparing to write her next album.


title: Santigold

text: In 2011, Santigold published the song "Go!" which featured Karen O of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs. The track was produced by Switch, Q-Tip and herself, and "NME" praised it as a "brittle and brilliant brawler of a track" with "great reverberating militaristic kettle-drum booms".


title: Santigold

text: She announced the follow-up to "Santogold" would be out in spring 2012. It was recorded in part in Jamaica and co-produced in part with TV on the Radio's Dave Sitek. She described "Master of My Make-Believe" as "sonically eclectic but with some epic curveballs thrown into the mix". She further said, "I want it to be about creating your own reality. I have a song called "The Keepers": "We're the keepers, while we sleep in America our house is burning down." "Big Mouth", the first track and video from the album was issued in late January as a free download. In February, an animated video for "Disparate Youth" was uploaded to her official YouTube channel. as the first single of the album. It was also released on iTunes in the US and later along with several remixes, in the UK.


title: Santigold

text: "Master of My Make-Believe" was released in late April to critical acclaim. "Disparate Youth" was featured in a December 2012 advertisement for the 2013 Honda Civic and a piano version of the song was used in a 2012-13 ad for Direct Line insurance. She then went on tour and opened a few shows on the US leg of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' I'm with You Tour. In May and June, she headlined her own US shows before a summer European tour. On August 15, 2012, she performed on the deck of the USS "Intrepid" as part of "Stephest Colbchella '012: Rocktaugustfest" on "The Colbert Report", and on May 9, 2013, she appeared as herself on "The Office" episode "A.A.R.M. In 2013, she recorded the song "Girls" for the soundtrack of the series of the same name. She made a special guest appearance as Millie in the Adult Swim original "".


title: Santigold

text: In June 2015, she contributed the song "Radio" to the soundtrack of the film "Paper Towns". In November, "Can't Get Enough of Myself", the first single of her forthcoming new album "99¢", was released. In February 2016, Santigold released an interactive music video for the song, which allowed viewers to insert themselves in the video, furthering the song's message about self-absorption and promotion in the social media age. Regarding the song and video, Santigold commented: "We have no illusion that we don’t live in this world where everything is packaged. People’s lives, persona, everything, is deliberate, and mediated. It can be dark and haunting and tricky, and freak us out, but it can also be silly and fun and we can learn to play with it". A second track, "Who Be Lovin Me" which featured iLoveMakonnen, was made available in December.


title: Santigold

text: "99¢", her third album, was out in February 2016 on Atlantic. "Mojo" wrote in a four star review that "99¢" had got "pleasure, sunshine and subversion". Santigold then went on tour in the US from March until May.


title: Santigold

text: Santigold released the dancehall-inspired mixtape "" on July 27, 2018, after announcing it the day before. The album was inspired by Afro-Caribbean music to evoke a "looser, sunnier spirit of summer". The bulk of the material was produced by Mixpak Records founder Dre Skull, with additional material from previous sessions with Ricky Blaze and Diplo. She also embarked on the 10 Years Golder Tour for the tenth anniversary of her debut self-titled album in 2019.


title: Santigold

text: Santigold's "Disparate Youth" is the first song featured on the soundtrack for the Netflix series "Unorthodox", released March 26, 2020. Her song "Run the Road" features in Season 1 of the HBO show Euphoria.


title: Santigold

text: After a 4-year musical hiatus, Santigold reemerged in May 2022 with "High Priestess", the lead single from her fourth album "Spirituals". She released "Ain't Ready" in June and announced the title of the album. "Spirituals" was recorded with familiar collaborators such as Rostam Batmanglij, Boys Noize, Nick Zinner and Dre Skull, as well as new collaborations with Illangelo, Lido and SBTRKT. Two other singles "Nothing" and "Shake" were released ahead of the album. "Spirituals" was released worldwide on CD and picture disc vinyl LP.


title: Santigold

text: Upon its release in September 2022, "Spirituals" received favorable reviews: "NME" rated it 4 out of 5 stars saying that "fearless sonic pioneer leads the pack once again", and "The Telegraph" wrote that it was a "tonally consistent" record in a 8 out of 10 review. "The Guardian" hailed it as "a winding journey through a landscape of loneliness, triumph and rage, inspired by African American folk song" and rated 4 out 5 stars.


title: Santigold

text: Besides her own work, Santigold has also collaborated with a number of other artists, including Mark Ronson in 2007, David Byrne in 2010 and Beastie Boys in 2011.


title: Santigold

text: She co-wrote the title track for GZA's 1999 album "Beneath the Surface", which featured Res. She also co-composed and produced a majority of Res' album "How I Do" in 2001, and later appeared on the song "Stay in Line" on GZA's 2002 album, "Legend of the Liquid Sword".


title: Santigold

text: In 2007, Santigold appeared on Mark Ronson's "Version", performing on a cover of The Jam's "Pretty Green", in her first performance credited as Santigold. White co-wrote Lily Allen's "Littlest Things" with Ronson, and co-composed for Ashlee Simpson with Kenna, including the lead single "Outta My Head (Ay Ya Ya)". In 2008, she recorded a song with N.E.R.D's Pharrell Williams and the Strokes' Julian Casablancas for Converse. Santigold explained that the musicians recorded the song separately and did "their own separate thing", "so it ends up being just this weird long song with sort of everybody with lots of their own personalities separate." The song, "My Drive Thru", was available for free on Converse's website.


title: Santigold

text: That same year, she featured vocals on the single "Brooklyn Go Hard" by rap artist Jay-Z: the track produced by Kanye West, also contained a sample of Santigold's "Shove It".


title: Santigold

text: In 2009, she sang on the track "Whachadoin?" with M.I.A., the Yeah Yeah Yeahs' Nick Zinner, and Spank Rock for DJ collective N.A.S.A.'s debut album, "The Spirit of Apollo", as well as a song entitled "Gifted" with Kanye West and Lykke Li. She then collaborated with Basement Jaxx's on their "Scars" album, adding her vocals to the song "Saga". White collaborated alongside Lil Wayne for Drake's song "Unstoppable", from his mixtape "So Far Gone" (2009).. Also in 2009, her vocals were included on the Major Lazer track, "Hold the Line". The same year, she also produced several tracks on Devo's 2010 reunion album "Something for Everybody".


title: Santigold

text: In 2010, she collaborated with David Byrne, and performed lead vocals on the song "Please Don’t" for Byrne's album "Here Lies Love".


title: Santigold

text: Santigold, alongside Switch and Sam Endicott of The Bravery, helped write the Christina Aguilera songs "Monday Morning" and "Bobblehead" for the album, "Bionic".


title: Santigold

text: In 2011, she was featured on the single "Don't Play No Game That I Can't Win" by Beastie Boys which was included on their album. She also took part on the Lonely Island's 2011 album "Turtleneck & Chain", lending her vocals to the track "After Party." White collaborated with Spank Rock on "Car Song", for his album "Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar".


title: Santigold

text: In 2012, Santigold was one of the guests on Amadou & Mariam's album, "Folila", featuring on the track "Dougou Badia." In 2013, she appeared on ASAP Rocky's debut album, "Long. Live. ASAP" featuring on the track, "Hell."


title: Santigold

text: In 2015, Santigold was featured in iLoveMakonnen's song, "Forever". In 2016, she was featured in OneRepublic's song 'Neighbourhood' (listed as NbHD) from their fourth studio album "Oh My My".


title: Santigold

text: In 2017, she was featured on With You.'s "Give It All", along with rapper Vince Staples. The song was featured on the "Power Rangers" soundtrack, sampling Snap!'s "The Power".


title: Santigold

text: In 2018, she was featured on Matt and Kim's single "Glad I Tried", along with Night Riots' Travis Hawley and Walk the Moon's Kevin Ray. Also in 2018 she and Lil' Yachty were featured on Diplo's track and video "Worry No More".


title: Santigold

text: In 2021, she was featured on Mick Ronson's track "Do You Do You Know" along with Kathleen Hanna, for the soundtrack of the TV series, "Watch The Sound".


title: Santigold

text: White has a mezzo-soprano vocal range, and her style back in 2008 has been compared often to that of M.I.A. In response to the comparison, White stated that they are both "women who have similar influences and have worked with some of the same people", but that her "music is different and she wasn't influenced by what the press was saying", adding, "I can't think of anybody who would be a better fit of somebody who I'm like... I think what's accurate about that comparison is that she's an artist who has loads of different influences... and is putting things together in a way that's unexpected and genreless."


title: Santigold

text: White has mentioned her liking for dub and punk, and she has also revealed her appreciation of new wave music, saying that "My Superman" is an interpolation of a Siouxsie and the Banshees' song "Red Light". The singer has also stated that she is inspired by 1980s pop music, feeling that it "had a depth to it", and that she hopes to "bring back some more good pop songs." The singer's main influences are James Brown and Aretha Franklin and she has cited Devo as her "ultimate favorite band." White also grew up listening to a lot of reggae, jazz, Fela Kuti and Nigerian music.


title: Santigold

text: Beyoncé gave a shout-out to Santigold in the 2022 track of "Break My Soul (The Queens Remix)", citing her among 29 legendary Black women in music. In the song, Beyoncé name dropped her creative heroes, and she opened with "Rosetta Tharpe, Santigold/ Bessie Smith, Nina Simone", next to Grace Jones. "W magazine" wrote that it was "the pop cultural equivalent of a Lifetime Achievement Award".


title: Santigold

text: Australian singer-songwriter Kevin Mitchell, under the moniker of Bob Evans, stated that Santigold's work was an influence for the creation of his fourth album "Familiar Stranger". As part of his performance for the breakfast program of national Australian radio station Triple J in March 2013, Mitchell performed a rendition of Santigold's song "Disparate Youth"—the performance occurred during the conclusion of "O Week" activities (orientation week for Australian universities) at the ABC studios in Melbourne, Australia.


title: Santigold

text: She is married to Trevor Andrew, with whom she has three children, a son born in 2014 and fraternal twins born in 2018.


title: Font

text: In metal typesetting, a font is a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. Each font is a matched set of type, with a piece (a "sort") for each glyph. A typeface consists of a range of such fonts that shared an overall design.


title: Font

text: In modern usage, with the advent of computer fonts, the term "font" has come to be used as a synonym for "typeface", although a typical typeface (or "font family") consists of a number of fonts. For instance, the typeface "Bauer Bodoni" (sample shown here) includes fonts "Roman" (or "Regular"), "Bold" and ""Italic""; each of these exists in a variety of sizes. The term "font" is correctly applied to any one of these alone but may be seen used loosely to refer to the whole typeface. When used in computers, each style is in a separate digital "font file".


title: Font

text: In both traditional typesetting and modern usage, the word "font" refers to the delivery mechanism of the typeface. In traditional typesetting, the font would be made from metal or wood type: to compose a page may require multiple fonts or even multiple typefaces.


title: Font

text: The word "font" (traditionally spelled "fount" in British English, but in any case pronounced ) derives from Middle French "fonte" that has been] melted; a casting". The term refers to the process of casting metal type at a type foundry.


title: Font

text: In a manual printing (letterpress) house the word "font" would refer to a complete set of metal type that would be used to typeset an entire page. Upper- and lowercase letters get their names because of which case the metal type was located in for manual typesetting: the more distant upper case or the closer lower case. The same distinction is also referred to with the terms "majuscule" and "minuscule".


title: Font

text: Unlike a digital typeface, a metal font would not include a single definition of each character, but commonly used characters (such as vowels and periods) would have more physical type-pieces included. A font when bought new would often be sold as (for example in a Roman alphabet) 12pt 14A 34a, meaning that it would be a size 12-point font containing 14 uppercase "A"s, and 34 lowercase "A"s.


title: Font

text: The rest of the characters would be provided in quantities appropriate for the distribution of letters in that language. Some metal type characters required in typesetting, such as dashes, spaces and line-height spacers, were not part of a specific font, but were generic pieces that could be used with any font. Line spacing is still often called "leading", because the strips used for line spacing were made of lead (rather than the harder alloy used for other pieces). This spacing strip was made from lead because lead was a softer metal than the traditional forged metal type pieces (which was part lead, antimony and tin) and would compress more easily when "locked up" in the printing "chase" (i.e. a carrier for holding all the type together).


title: Font

text: In the 1880s–1890s, "hot lead" typesetting was invented, in which type was cast as it was set, either piece by piece (as in the Monotype technology) or in entire lines of type at one time (as in the Linotype technology).


title: Font

text: In addition to the character height, when using the mechanical sense of the term, there are several characteristics which may distinguish fonts, though they would also depend on the script(s) that the typeface supports. In European alphabetic scripts, i.e. Latin, Cyrillic and Greek, the main such properties are the stroke width, called weight, the style or angle and the character width.


title: Font

text: The regular or standard font is sometimes labeled "roman", both to distinguish it from "bold" or "thin" and from "italic" or "oblique". The keyword for the default, regular case is often omitted for variants and never repeated, otherwise it would be "Bulmer regular italic", "Bulmer bold regular" and even "Bulmer regular regular". "Roman" can also refer to the language coverage of a font, acting as a shorthand for "Western European".


title: Font

text: Different fonts of the same typeface may be used in the same work for various degrees of readability and emphasis, or in a specific design to make it be of more visual interest.


title: Font

text: A typeface may come in fonts of many weights, from ultra-light to extra-bold or black; four to six weights are not unusual, and a few typefaces have as many as a dozen. Many typefaces for office, web and non-professional use come with a normal and a bold weight which are linked together. If no bold weight is provided, many renderers (browsers, word processors, graphic and DTP programs) support a bolder font by rendering the outline a second time at an offset, or smearing it slightly at a diagonal angle.


title: Font

text: The base weight differs among typefaces; that means one font may appear bolder than another font. For example, fonts intended to be used in posters are often bold by default while fonts for long runs of text are rather light. Weight designations in font names may differ in regard to the actual absolute stroke weight or density of glyphs in the font.


title: Font

text: Attempts to systematize a range of weights led to a numerical classification first used by Adrian Frutiger with the Univers typeface: 35 "Extra Light", 45 "Light", 55 "Medium" or "Regular", 65 "Bold", 75 "Extra Bold", 85 "Extra Bold", 95 "Ultra Bold" or "Black".


title: Font

text: Deviants of these were the "6 series" (italics), e.g. "46 Light Italics" etc., the "7 series" (condensed versions), e.g. "57 Medium Condensed" etc., and the "8 series" (condensed italics), e.g. 68 "Bold Condensed Italics".


title: Font

text: From this brief numerical system it is easier to determine exactly what a font's characteristics are, for instance "Helvetica 67" (HE67) translates to "Helvetica Bold Condensed".


title: Font

text: The first algorithmic description of fonts was made by Donald Knuth in his Metafont description language and interpreter.


title: Font

text: The TrueType font format introduced a scale from 100 through 900, which is also used in CSS and OpenType, where 400 is regular (roman or plain).


title: Font

text: Font mapping varies by font designer. A good example is Bigelow and Holmes's Go Go font family. In this family, the "fonts have CSS numerical weights of 400, 500, and 600. Although CSS specifies 'Bold' as a 700 weight and 600 as Semibold or Demibold, the Go numerical weights match the actual progression of the ratios of stem thicknesses: Normal:Medium = 400:500; Normal:Bold = 400:600".


title: Font

text: The terms "normal", "regular" and "plain" (sometimes "book") are used for the standard-weight font of a typeface. Where both appear and differ, "book" is often lighter than "regular", but in some typefaces it is bolder.


title: Font

text: Before the arrival of computers, each weight had to be drawn manually. As a result, many older multi-weight families such as Gill Sans and Monotype Grotesque have considerable differences in weights from light to extra-bold. Since the 1980s, it has become common to use automation to construct a range of weights as points along a trend, multiple master or other parameterized font design. This means that many modern digital fonts such as Myriad and TheSans are offered in a large range of weights which offer a smooth and continuous transition from one weight to the next, although some digital fonts are created with extensive manual corrections.


title: Font

text: As digital font design allows more variants to be created faster, a common development in professional font design is the use of "grades": slightly different weights intended for different types of paper and ink, or printing in a different region with different ambient temperature and humidity. For example, a thin design printed on book paper and a thicker design printed on high-gloss magazine paper may come out looking identical, since in the former case the ink will soak and spread out more. Grades are offered with characters having the same width on all grades, so that a change of printing materials does not affect copy-fit. Grades are common on serif fonts with their finer details.


title: Font

text: In European typefaces, especially Roman ones, a slope or slanted style is used to emphasize important words. This is called "italic" type or oblique type. These designs normally slant to the right in left-to-right scripts. Oblique styles are often called italic, but differ from "true italic" styles.


title: Font

text: Italic styles are more flowing than the normal typeface, approaching a more handwritten, cursive style, possibly using ligatures more commonly or gaining swashes.


title: Font

text: Although rarely encountered, a typographic face may be accompanied by a matching calligraphic face ("cursive", "script"), giving an exaggeratedly italic style.


title: Font

text: In many sans-serif and some serif typefaces, especially in those with strokes of even thickness, the characters of the italic fonts are only "slanted", which is often done algorithmically, without otherwise changing their appearance. Such "oblique" fonts are not true italics, because lowercase letter shapes do not change, but are often marketed as such. Fonts normally do not include both oblique and italic styles: the designer chooses to supply one or the other.


title: Font

text: Since italic styles clearly look different to regular (roman) styles, it is possible to have "upright italic" designs that take a more cursive form but remain upright; Computer Modern is an example of a font that offers this style. In Latin-script countries, upright italics are rare but are sometimes used in mathematics or in complex documents where a section of text already in italics needs a "double italic" style to add emphasis to it. For example, the Cyrillic minuscule "т" may look like a smaller form of its majuscule "Т" or more like a roman small "m" as in its standard italic appearance; in this case the distinction between styles is also a matter of local preference.


title: Font

text: In Frutiger's nomenclature the second digit for upright fonts is a 5, for italic fonts a 6 and for condensed italic fonts an 8.


title: Font

text: The two Japanese syllabaries, katakana and hiragana, are sometimes seen as two styles or typographic variants of each other, but usually are considered separate character sets as a few of the characters have separate kanji origins and the scripts are used for different purposes. The "gothic" style of the roman script with broken letter forms, on the other hand, is usually considered a mere typographic variant.


title: Font

text: Cursive-only scripts such as Arabic also have different styles, in this case for example Naskh and Kufic, although these often depend on application, area or era.


title: Font

text: There are other aspects that can differ among font styles, but more often these are considered intrinsic features of the typeface. These include the look of digits (text figures) and the minuscules, which may be smaller versions of the capital letters ("small caps") although the script has developed characteristic shapes for them. Some typefaces do not include separate glyphs for the cases at all, thereby abolishing the bicamerality. While most of these use uppercase characters only, some labeled "unicase" exist which choose either the majuscule or the minuscule glyph at a common height for both characters.


title: Font

text: Titling fonts are designed for headlines and displays, and have stroke widths optimized for large sizes.


title: Font

text: Some typefaces include fonts that vary the width of the characters ("stretch"), although this feature is usually rarer than weight or slope. Narrower fonts are usually labeled "compressed", "condensed" or "narrow". In Frutiger's system, the second digit of condensed fonts is a 7.


title: Font

text: Both can be further classified by prepending "extra", "ultra" or the like. Compressing a font design to a condensed weight is a complex task, requiring the strokes to be slimmed down proportionally and often making the capitals straight-sided. It is particularly common to see condensed fonts for sans-serif and slab-serif families, since it is relatively practical to modify their structure to a condensed weight. Serif text faces are often only issued in the regular width.


title: Font

text: These separate fonts have to be distinguished from techniques that alter the letter-spacing to achieve narrower or smaller words, especially for justified text alignment.


title: Font

text: Most typefaces either have proportional or monospaced (for example, those resembling typewriter output) letter widths, if the script provides the possibility. Some superfamilies include both proportional and monospaced fonts. Some fonts also provide both proportional and fixed-width ("tabular") digits, where the former usually coincide with lowercase text figures and the latter with uppercase lining figures.


title: Font

text: The width of a font will depend on its intended use. Times New Roman was designed with the goal of having small width, to fit more text into a newspaper. On the other hand, Palatino has large width to increase readability. The "billing block" on a movie poster often uses extremely condensed type in order to meet union requirements on the people who must be credited and the font height relative to the rest of the poster.


title: Font

text: Some professional digital typefaces include fonts that are optimised for certain sizes, for instance by using a thinner stroke weight if they are intended for large-size display use, or by using ink traps if they are to be printed at small size on poor-quality paper. This was a natural feature in the metal type period for most typefaces, since each size would be cut separately and made to its own slightly different design. As an example of this, experienced Linotype designer Chauncey H. Griffith commented in 1947 that for a type he was working on intended for newspaper use, the 6 point size was not 50% as wide as the 12 point size, but about 71%. However, it declined in use as pantograph engraving, and especially phototypesetting and digital fonts made printing the same font at any size simpler. A mild revival has taken place in recent years. Optical sizes are more common for serif fonts, since their typically finer detail and higher contrast benefits more from being bulked up for smaller sizes and made less overpowering at larger ones.


title: Font

text: There are several naming schemes for such variant designs. One such scheme, invented and popularized by Adobe Systems, refers to the variant fonts by the applications they are typically used for, with the exact point sizes intended varying slightly by typeface:


title: Font

text: "Font metrics" refers to metadata consisting of numeric values relating to size and space in the font overall, or in its individual glyphs. Font-wide metrics include cap height (the height of the capitals), x-height (the height of the lowercase letters) and ascender height, descender depth, and the font bounding box. Glyph-level metrics include the glyph bounding box, the advance width (the proper distance between the glyph's initial pen position and the next glyph's initial pen position), and sidebearings (space that pads the glyph outline on either side). Many digital (and some metal type) fonts are able to be kerned so that characters can be fitted more closely; the pair "Wa" is a common example of this.


title: Font

text: Some fonts, especially those intended for professional use, are duplexed: made with multiple weights having the same character width so that (for example) changing from regular to bold or italic does not affect word wrap. Sabon as originally designed was a notable example of this. (This was a standard feature of the Linotype hot metal typesetting system with regular and italic being duplexed, requiring awkward design choices as italics normally are narrower than the roman.)


title: Font

text: A particularly important basic set of fonts that became an early standard in digital printing was the Core Font Set included in the PostScript printing system developed by Apple and Adobe. To avoid paying licensing fees for this set, many computer companies commissioned "metrically compatible" knock-off fonts with the same spacing, which could be used to display the same document without it seeming clearly different. Arial and Century Gothic are notable examples of this, being functional equivalents to the PostScript standard fonts Helvetica and ITC Avant Garde respectively. Some of these sets were created in order to be freely redistributable, for example Red Hat's Liberation fonts and Google's Croscore fonts, which duplicate the PostScript set and other common fonts used in Microsoft software such as Calibri. It is not a requirement that a metrically compatible design be identical to its origin in appearance apart from width.


title: Font

text: Although most typefaces are characterised by their use of serifs, there are superfamilies that incorporate serif (antiqua) and sans-serif (grotesque) or even intermediate slab serif (Egyptian) or semi-serif fonts with the same base outlines.


title: Font

text: A more common font variant, especially of serif typefaces, is that of alternate capitals. They can have swashes to go with italic minuscules or they can be of a flourish design for use as initials ("drop caps").


title: Font

text: Typefaces may be made in variants for different uses. These may be issued as separate font files, or the different characters may be included in the same font file if the font is a modern format such as OpenType and the application used can support this.


title: Font

text: Alternative characters are often called stylistic alternates. These may be switched on to allow users more flexibility to customise the font to suit their needs. The practice is not new: in the 1930s, Gill Sans, a British design, was sold abroad with alternative characters to make it resemble fonts such as Futura popular in other countries, while Bembo from the same period has two shapes of "R": one with a stretched-out leg, matching its fifteenth-century model, and one less-common shorter version. With modern digital fonts, it is possible to group related alternative characters into stylistic sets, which may be turned on and off together. For example, in Williams Caslon Text, a revival of the 18th century font Caslon, the default italic forms have many swashes matching the original design. For a more spare appearance, these can all be turned off at once by engaging stylistic set 4. Junicode, intended for academic publishing, uses ss15 to enable a variant form of "e" used in medieval Latin. A corporation commissioning a modified version of a commercial font for their own use, meanwhile, might request that their preferred alternates be set to default.


title: Font

text: It is common for fonts intended for use in books for young children to use simplified, single-storey forms of the lowercase letters "a" and "g" (sometimes also "y" and "l"); these may be called "infant" or "schoolbook" alternates. They are traditionally believed to be easier for children to read and less confusing as they resemble the forms used in handwriting. Often schoolbook characters are released as a supplement to popular families such as Akzidenz-Grotesk, Gill Sans and Bembo; a well-known font intended specifically for school use is Sassoon Sans.


title: Font

text: Besides alternate characters, in the metal type era "The New York Times" commissioned custom condensed single sorts for common long names that might often appear in news headings, such as "Eisenhower", "Chamberlain" or "Rockefeller".


title: Font

text: Fonts can have multiple kinds of digits, including, as described above, proportional (variable width) and tabular (fixed width) as well as lining (uppercase height) and text (lowercase height) figures. They may also include separate shapes for superscript and subscript digits. Professional fonts may include even more complex settings for typesetting digits, such as digits intended to match the height of small caps. In addition, some fonts such as Adobe’s Acumin and Christian Schwartz’s Neue Haas Grotesk digitisation offer two heights of lining (uppercase height) figures: one slightly lower than cap height, intended to blend better into continuous text, and one at exactly the cap height to look better in combination with capitals for uses such as UK postcodes. With the OpenType format, it is possible to bundle all these into a single digital font file, but earlier font releases may have only one type per file.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Daniel James Morcombe (19 December 1989 – 7 December 2003) was an Australian boy who was abducted from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland on 7 December 2003 when he was 13 years old. Eight years later, Brett Peter Cowan (born 18 September 1969), a former Sunshine Coast resident, was charged with Morcombe's murder. In the same month, DNA tests confirmed bones in the Glass House Mountains were Morcombe's. On 13 March 2014, Cowan was found guilty of the murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment for indecently dealing with a child and interference with a corpse.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Morcombe was abducted from an unofficial bus stop under the Kiel Mountain Road overpass in the Woombye district of the Sunshine Coast approximately north of the Big Pineapple on Sunday, 7 December 2003.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Witnesses reported seeing Morcombe at approximately 2:10 pm under the overpass. Morcombe planned to catch the 1:35 pm bus to the Sunshine Plaza Shopping Centre for a haircut and to buy Christmas presents, but the bus had broken down. When a replacement bus eventually arrived, it did not stop, because it was behind schedule and the stop was unofficial; the driver radioed the depot for another bus to go and pick up Morcombe. The driver and other witnesses later reported seeing two men near Morcombe. When the second bus arrived three minutes later, Morcombe and the men were gone.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Morcombe's disappearance was one of the most extensively investigated crimes in Queensland's history. By 12 December 2008 rewards of A$250,000 from the Government and A$750,000 donated privately had been offered.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: The private reward expired at midnight on 31 May 2009. That day the Seven Network reported that a known paedophile, Douglas Jackway, could be of interest to the police. Jackway had been released from prison one month before Morcombe's disappearance. The Queensland Government came under criticism over Jackway's release; independent Queensland MP Peter Wellington claimed the Supreme Court had presented clear evidence of Jackway's risk of reoffending. This publicity prompted civil liberties groups to call for laws banning media outlets from naming people linked to criminal cases.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Earlier in the month a full-size clay model of the man believed to be involved in Morcombe's abduction was placed at the spot where he disappeared. Within a few days more than 300 tips were received.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: In July 2009, Morcombe's parents called for a coronial inquest into his disappearance. Of particular interest to the family were several criminals who had told police they knew who killed Morcombe. A coronial inquest was held between October 2010 and April 2011. The inquest called as witnesses the bus driver who had failed to stop for Morcombe at the overpass, a woman who had seen a man loitering near Morcombe, and several persons of interest.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: On 13 August 2011, after an extensive Mr. Big police operation, police took Brett Peter Cowan into custody and charged him with Morcombe's murder, child stealing, deprivation of liberty, indecent treatment of a child under 16, interfering with a corpse, and other offences after having led undercover detectives to Morcombe's remains. In 2006, Cowan had been interviewed over the Morcombe case and had admitted to police that he travelled along Kiel Mountain Road, on his way to purchase marijuana from a drug dealer, on the day of the disappearance. Cowan confessed to having seen and approached Morcombe to offer him a lift to the shopping centre, having parked his car in a nearby car-park of the church he attended.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Around this time, a white Mitsubishi Pajero was seized from a property on Russell Island. The vehicle was believed to have been involved in Morcombe's abduction after a witness at the coronial inquest reported seeing a vehicle of similar description parked north of the site where Morcombe was last seen.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: On 21 August 2011, two shoes and three human bones were found at a search site at Glass House Mountains. The shoes were similar to the ones that Morcombe was wearing when he disappeared. Underpants and a belt were also found. However, Morcombe also owned a distinctive fob style pocket watch with "Dan" engraved on it, which has not been found. By the end of the investigation, seventeen bones had been found, including a rib, hip, leg, arm and vertebrae. They were all confirmed as belonging to Morcombe using DNA from his toothbrush to make the match. As a result of the find, Morcombe's funeral was held at Siena Catholic College on 7 December 2012. More than 2,000 people attended it.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: On 7 February 2014, Cowan was ordered to stand trial. He was charged with murder, indecently dealing with a child under the age of 16 and improperly dealing with a corpse. The trial, at the Supreme Court of Queensland, began on 10 February 2014 under Justice Roslyn Atkinson. The prosecution closed its case on 7 March. 116 witnesses gave evidence and over 200 exhibits were tendered in evidence. Cowan pleaded not guilty and declined to give evidence.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: On 13 March 2014, Cowan was found guilty of all charges. Cowan had two previous convictions for child sex offences. On 14 March 2014, he was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 20 years. He was also sentenced to three-and-a-half years' imprisonment for indecently dealing with Morcombe and two years for interfering with his corpse, those sentences to be served concurrently. Judge Roslyn Atkinson said "I don't think you should be released in 20 years' time" which could affect Cowan's prison term. Cowan appealed his sentence to the Queensland Court of Appeal, under Justice Margaret McMurdo, seeking to have his conviction overturned. His legal team argued "... that the confession elicited through an undercover sting by police was inadmissible as evidence at trial". On 21 May 2015, Cowan's appeal was dismissed. The former Queensland Attorney-General Jarrod Bleijie had appealed to have Cowan's 20-year minimum sentence increased. This was also dismissed.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: The Morcombe family started the "Daniel Morcombe Foundation", and put its resources into keeping Morcombe's disappearance in the public eye and trying to find out what happened to their son. The foundation is committed to educating children about personal safety and to raising awareness throughout Australia of the dangers of predatory criminals. These efforts are supported by the Australian media, especially on each anniversary of Morcombe's disappearance when a "Day for Daniel" is held to promote awareness of the vulnerability of children. An accompanying event is the "Ride for Daniel", which covers 50 km of the Sunshine Coast, held each year since 2005.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: In 2015, Bruce Morcombe spoke to the family of another missing child, William Tyrrell, and warned them that psychics would descend on them with "bizarre and offbeat ... distracting information". He called it distressing and said that although they received hundreds of leads telling them that there was a "shed or a water tank", none were of any help, but still couldn't be ignored in case they included a "disguised confession". Capturing data from CCTV and ATM cameras was more helpful, as once the police have a person of interest it may help disprove an alibi. Morcombe's advice was to "remain positive, that's all you can do, the police will be working hard, they want to solve it as well".


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Morcombe's murder was the focus of the "Crime Investigation Australia" season 1 episode "Tears for Daniel" aired in 2005. A film based on Morcombe's murder, titled "Where is Daniel?", was planned. Directed by Peter Cousens and cinematography by Dean Cundey. On 2 July 2017, the case was covered by "Casefile True Crime Podcast".


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: Morcombe's father, Bruce Morcombe, appears in a series six episode of the ABC's "You Can't Ask That" focused on "Families of Missing Persons". In this episode, Morcombe describes the family's perspective on the events, as well as the aftermath.


title: Murder of Daniel Morcombe

text: "The Stranger", a film that fictionalises the undercover police operation to catch the murderer, was released in October 2022. In July 2022, Morcombe's parents "demanded" that the filmmakers stop using his name to market the film and were upset that they continued to do so.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, concurrently with other statewide and local elections to elect the next governor of the U.S. state of Georgia. Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp won the election, defeating Democratic former State Representative Stacey Abrams.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: The primary elections were held on May 22, 2018, and a primary runoff was held on July 24, 2018, between Republican candidates Kemp and Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle; Kemp prevailed. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal was term-limited and thus could not seek re-election to a third consecutive term. Abrams won the Democratic primary with over 75% of the vote, allowing her to avoid a runoff. Kemp was the sitting Secretary of State at the time of the election. Kemp's position led to accusations of a conflict of interest, as Kemp oversaw the administration of an election in which he was the candidate.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: On November 7, Kemp declared victory over Abrams. The following morning, Kemp resigned as Secretary of State. On November 16, every county certified their votes with Kemp leading by roughly 55,000 votes. Shortly after the election certification, Abrams suspended her campaign; she accepted Kemp as the legal winner of the election while refusing to say that the election was legitimate. Abrams has since claimed numerous instances of election activity that allegedly unfairly affected the results. Following the election, Abrams and her organization Fair Fight filed a number of lawsuits challenging the constitutionality and Voting Rights Act compliance of Georgia's voting laws; some of which continue to wind their way through the courts in 2022.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: Kemp prevailed by 54,723 votes, defeating Abrams 50.2–48.8%. The 2018 gubernatorial election was the closest governor's race in Georgia since 1966.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp advanced to a runoff on July 24, 2018, since neither candidate amassed over 50% of the vote in the May 22 primary. On July 18, 2018, President Trump tweeted his support for Kemp, and Vice President Pence traveled to Georgia to campaign with him on July 20, 2018.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: Brian Kemp easily won the runoff by nearly 40 points despite the latest polls having him up by no more than 18. Cagle won only two counties, Monroe and Stephens.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: If no candidate had gained a simple majority of the votes in the general election, a runoff election between the top two candidates would have been held on December 4, 2018.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: Kemp retained his office as Georgia Secretary of State throughout the campaign, leading to allegations of a conflict of interest for overseeing an election in which he himself was a candidate. During the campaign, he was called upon by former president and former Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter and the Georgia chapters of the NAACP and Common Cause to resign from the secretariat position. Kemp refused to do so until after he claimed victory, two days following the election. Kemp also accused the state Democratic Party of hacking into the state's voter database a few days before the election; however, an email released shortly after the accusation was made showed the party warning election security experts, highlighting "massive" vulnerabilities within the state's My Voter Page and its online voter registration system, not an attempt to hack the database, as Kemp had claimed.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: Irregularities in voter registration occurred prior to the election. Between 2012 and 2018, Kemp's office canceled over 1.4 million voter registrations, with nearly 700,000 cancellations in 2017 alone. Over 300,000 people were removed from the rolls on the grounds that they had moved to a new address when they actually had not. On a single night in July 2017, half a million voters had their registrations canceled. According to "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution", election-law experts said that this "may represent the largest mass disenfranchisement in US history." The registrations of 53,000 voters, disproportionately affecting black people, were delayed by Kemp's office for not exactly matching state driver records. After a lawsuit was filed, Kemp agreed to allow flagged voters to vote if they had identification. These irregularities resulted in allegations that Kemp was using voter suppression to increase his chances of winning the contest. Georgia election officials responded to these allegations by stating that any voter flagged for irregularities could still vote, receiving a regular ballot (not a provisional ballot), by providing ID at a valid polling place, as is required of all voters by state law. Concerning the question of why the pending registration status mattered if those voters could vote normally at the polls, critics claimed that learning of this status might discourage those voters from turning out to the polls at all.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: The "Washington Post" reported that "more than 200 polling places" across Georgia were closed in the 2018 election, "primarily in poor and minority neighborhoods. Voters reported long lines, malfunctioning voting machines and other problems that delayed or thwarted voting in those areas." (The "Atlanta Journal-Constitution" found that "precinct closures and longer distances likely prevented an estimated 54,000 to 85,000 voters from casting ballots" on the 2018 Election Day.) According to Richard L. Hasen, professor of law and political science at the University of California at Irvine, "there is no question that Georgia in general and Brian Kemp in particular took steps to make it harder for people to register and vote, and that those people tended to skew Democratic."


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: On November 12, 2018 U.S. District Court Judge Amy Totenberg ruled that Georgia’s secretary of state office must take steps to preserve provisional ballots and begin counting them. On November 13, 2018, U.S. District Court Judge Leigh Martin May ruled that Gwinnett County violated the Civil Rights Act in rejecting absentee ballots with missing or incorrect specified year of birth of the absentee voter.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: On November 16, 2018, Abrams announced that she was ending her campaign. Abrams acknowledged that Kemp would be certified as victor, while emphasizing that her statement was not a concession, saying "I acknowledge that Secretary of State Brian Kemp will be certified as the victor of the 2018 gubernatorial election. [...] But let’s be clear, this is not a speech of concession because concession means to acknowledge an action is right, true or proper." Abrams announced the creation of Fair Fight Action, a voting rights nonprofit organization that sued the secretary of state and state election board in federal court for voter suppression. In February 2021, a federal judge ruled that Fair Fight's claims about voting machines, voter list security, and polling place issues were resolved by changes in Georgia's election law, or invalidated due to lack of standing to sue. In April 2021, a judge allowed some claims in the legal challenge to proceed while rejecting others. On September 30, 2022, a federal judge ruled against Fair Fight on the remaining claims, finding that Georgia's voting practices did not violate the Constitution or the Voting Rights Act. According to the judge, the case "resulted in wins and losses for all parties over the course of the litigation and culminated in what is believed to have been the longest voting rights bench trial in the history of the Northern District of Georgia."


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: Since losing the election, Abrams has repeatedly claimed that the election was not fairly conducted and has declined to call Kemp the legitimate governor of Georgia. Her position is that Kemp, who oversaw the election in his role as Secretary of State, had a conflict of interest and suppressed turnout by purging nearly 670,000 voter registrations in 2017, and that about 53,000 voter registrations were pending a month before the election. She has said, "I have no empirical evidence that I would have achieved a higher number of votes. However, I have sufficient and I think legally sufficient doubt about the process to say that it was not a fair election."


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: On November 9, 2018, the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution" reported that its investigation of the 2018 statewide elections in Georgia had found "no evidence ... of systematic malfeasance – or of enough tainted votes to force a runoff election". A follow-up analysis in December 2019 by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution found "an estimated 54,000 to 85,000 voters" were impacted by changes, such as precinct closures in the aftermath of Shelby County v. Holder. However, it found that Abrams would have need up to 67% of the votes at "ideal voting locations" for a runoff to occur.


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: In his 2020 book, University of California law professor and election law expert Richard L. Hasen described Kemp as "perhaps the most incompetent state chief elections officer" in the 2018 elections and said it was "hard to tell" which of Kemp's "actions were due to incompetence and which were attempted suppression."


title: 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election

text: According to "Washington Post" fact checker Glenn Kessler writing in September 2022, Abrams repeatedly falsely claimed that she "won" the election, that the election was "rigged", that it was "stolen", that it was not "free and fair", and that Kemp had "cheated". Kessler said that "Abrams played up claims the election was stolen until such tactics became untenable for anyone who claims to be an advocate for American democratic norms and values".


title: Pete Alonso

text: Peter Morgan Alonso (born December 7, 1994), nicknamed "Polar Bear" and "Big Meat Pete"," is an American professional baseball first baseman for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut during the 2019 season and broke the major league record for the most home runs by a rookie with 53. He was also the first Mets player to hit 50 or more home runs in a season, setting the Mets' single-season home run record in the process.


title: Pete Alonso

text: Alonso was born in Tampa, Florida to Peter Matthew Alonso (the son of Spanish refugees who fled Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War and moved to Queens, New York but later settled in Lancaster, Ohio) and Michelle Lynn Alonso ( Morgan), a "former college softball player at Ohio Wesleyan University, who would drive young Pete to his games".


title: Pete Alonso

text: Alonso attended Jesuit High School in Tampa for his first two years of high school, and transferred to Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa to finish high school. He played lacrosse and football as a freshman before deciding to focus solely on baseball. For the baseball team, he was a third baseman. He enrolled at the University of Florida, where he played college baseball for the Florida Gators as a first baseman. He was named All-Southeastern Conference in his freshman year. In 2014, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Madison Mallards of the Northwoods League, and in the summer of 2015, he played for the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 2016, his junior year, he hit .374/.469/.659 with 14 home runs and 60 RBIs in 58 games. He competed for Florida in the 2015 and 2016 College World Series.


title: Pete Alonso

text: The New York Mets selected Alonso in the second round, with the 64th pick overall, of the 2016 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Mets for a $909,200 signing bonus, and spent 2016 with the Brooklyn Cyclones of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League, where he posted a .322 batting average with five home runs and 21 RBIs in thirty games. He was chosen to participate in the league's All-Star Game. He began the 2017 season with the St. Lucie Mets of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, and after batting .286 with 16 home runs and 58 RBIs in 82 games, was promoted to the Binghamton Rumble Ponies of the Class AA Eastern League in August, where he batted .311 with two home runs and five RBIs in 11 games.


title: Pete Alonso

text: MLB.com ranked Alonso as New York's fourth best prospect going into the 2018 season. He began the 2018 season in Binghamton, and received a midseason promotion to the Las Vegas 51s of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. He represented the Mets in the 2018 All-Star Futures Game. In 132 games between Binghamton and Las Vegas, he slashed .285/.395/.579 with 36 home runs and 119 RBIs. He won the Joe Bauman Home Run Award. That season, Alonso was the final batter in Cashman Field history, as he hit a walk-off home run in the bottom of the 9th inning during the last baseball game played at the facility.


title: Pete Alonso

text: Alonso made the Mets Opening Day roster in 2019 as the starting first baseman. He was in the team's starting lineup on Opening Day on March 28, and recorded his first major league hit against Washington Nationals pitcher Justin Miller in the eighth inning. First publicized on March 30, third-base coach Gary DiSarcina gave Alonso the endearing nickname "Polar Bear" for his power. He hit his first major league home run on April 1 off of Drew Steckenrider of the Miami Marlins. On April 9, Alonso had his first career multi-home run game against the Minnesota Twins.


title: Pete Alonso

text: Alonso became the first player in MLB history since 1900 with 11 extra-base hits in his first 10 career games. No other player ever had more than nine. In April, Alonso batted .292 with nine home runs, eight doubles, one triple and 26 RBIs in his first games in the big leagues. He won the National League Rookie of the Month Award for April. Alonso's nine home runs led all MLB rookies and are tied for the most by a Mets player before May 1 with Neil Walker (2016), John Buck (2013), Carlos Delgado (2006) and Dave Kingman (1976).


title: Pete Alonso

text: On June 22, Alonso hit his 26th home run, breaking the National League record for most home runs by a rookie before the All-Star break, passing Cody Bellinger. The next day, with his 27th home run, he broke the Mets rookie home run record, previously set by Darryl Strawberry in 1983. Alonso was selected as a reserve to the 2019 All-Star Game. He also won the National League Rookie of the Month Award for the month of June.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On July 7, Alonso became the second player in Mets history to hit the most home runs (30) before the All-Star break, after Dave Kingman (1976). On July 8, Alonso won the 2019 MLB Home Run Derby, defeating Toronto Blue Jays third baseman Vladimir Guerrero Jr. 23–22 in the final round, becoming only the second rookie, after Aaron Judge, to win the Derby outright. On the way to the final round, Alonso also beat Carlos Santana and Ronald Acuña Jr., hitting 57 total home runs during the entire Derby.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On August 15, Alonso hit his 39th home run, tying Bellinger for the most home runs by a rookie in National League history. Alonso finished the game with a career-high five hits and six RBIs. He broke Bellinger's record on August 18 with his 40th home run in an 11–5 win against the Kansas City Royals. On August 27, Alonso hit his 42nd home run to become the Mets all-time single-season home run leader, surpassing Carlos Beltrán and Todd Hundley. He is the first rookie to set his franchise's single-season home run record since Johnny Rizzo did it for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1938.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On September 27, Alonso hit his 52nd home run of the season, tying Aaron Judge for the most home runs by a rookie in MLB history. He hit his 53rd the next day to break Judge's record. His 53 home runs led all of Major League Baseball for the 2019 season. On November 11, Alonso was awarded the National League Rookie of the Year, receiving 29 of 30 first-place votes. On December 10, Alonso was named to the first team of the inaugural All-MLB Team.


title: Pete Alonso

text: In the 2020 season shortened by COVID-19, Alonso played in 57 of the 60 games and batted .231/.326/.490 with 16 home runs and 35 RBIs.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On September 3, 2020, he hit his first career walk-off home run. Alonso's sophomore season was a step back from his breakout rookie year; Danny Abriano of Yahoo Sports called it "a season to forget" and Zach Braziller of the "New York Post" called it "underwhelming". However, he had the highest maximum exit velocity of all major league hitters, at 118.4 mph.


title: Pete Alonso

text: Alonso's sophomore slump coupled with a second consecutive breakout season from Dominic Smith led some talent evaluators to favor the latter as the team's starting first baseman heading into the 2021 season.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On July 12, Alonso won his second straight Home Run Derby after defeating Baltimore Orioles first baseman Trey Mancini 23–22 in the final round. He became the third player ever to win back-to-back Home Run Derbys, as well as the fourth player to win two Home Run Derbys (after Ken Griffey Jr., Prince Fielder, and Yoenis Céspedes). "Newsday" Mets beat writer Tim Healey noted Alonso has earned $2 million from winning the Home Run Derby twice while making $1.47 million from 2019–2021 in base salary while playing for the Mets.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On September 7, Alonso hit his 100th career home run off Miami Marlins pitcher Edward Cabrera. He accomplished the feat in 347 games, becoming the second-fastest player to reach 100 career home runs behind Ryan Howard, who did it in 325 games.


title: Pete Alonso

text: Alonso played in 152 games for the Mets in 2021, batting .262/.344/.519 with 37 home runs and 94 RBIs.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On April 9, 2022, Alonso hit his first career grand slam during a game against the Washington Nationals off of pitcher Joan Adon in the fifth inning.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On June 17, 2022, Alonso hit his second career grand slam during a game against the Miami Marlins off of pitcher Tommy Nance in the sixth inning.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On July 10, 2022, Alonso was named to the 2022 MLB All-Star Game as a representative for the National League, the second selection of his career. He was chosen as a reserve for the squad, with St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Paul Goldschmidt starting at the position. He also accepted a third consecutive nomination to the Home Run Derby, stating that he will have former Mets pitching coach Dave Jauss pitch to him. Jauss now works with the Washington Nationals, but has maintained contact with Alonso and agreed to pitch again in the Derby.


title: Pete Alonso

text: In a September 25 game against the Oakland Athletics, Alonso drove in five runs, setting a new Mets' single-season RBI record with 125. He broke the record on a 451-foot two-run home run in the fourth inning off of pitcher Norge Ruiz. The Mets previous RBI record was held by Mike Piazza (1999) and David Wright (2008).


title: Pete Alonso

text: On September 27 against the Miami Marlins, Alonso hit his 40th home run of the season, becoming the first Mets player to accomplish the feat twice.


title: Pete Alonso

text: Alonso ended the season with 131 RBIs, breaking the franchise record and tying with Aaron Judge for the 2022 Major League lead.


title: Pete Alonso

text: On August 17, 2022, Alonso announced that he would join the United States national baseball team in the 2023 World Baseball Classic. "There are lots of amazing guys on the team so far," he said. "I've always wanted to play in [the WBC]. It's an honor to play for the Stars-and-Stripes."


title: Pete Alonso

text: On March 13, 2022, Alonso was involved in a car accident in Tampa, Florida, which he described as a "really close experience to death." A driver ran a red light and struck Alonso's vehicle, which flipped over three times. Neither Alonso nor anyone else involved in the incident was injured.


title: Pete Alonso

text: An avid outdoorsman, he enjoys hunting and fishing. He was also featured in a season 9 episode of "MeatEater" in which he hunted mule deer in Colorado with Steven Rinella.


title: CLC (group)

text: CLC (, an acronym for CrystaL Clear) was a South Korean girl group formed by Cube Entertainment. The group's final lineup was composed of Seunghee, Yujin, Seungyeon, Yeeun and Eunbin. Members Elkie and Sorn departed in 2021.


title: CLC (group)

text: Their debut EP "First Love" was released on March 19, 2015, with five group members: Seunghee, Yujin, Seungyeon, Sorn and Yeeun. The remaining two members, Elkie and Eunbin, were added to the group with the release of their third EP, "Refresh", on February 29, 2016, though Eunbin did not participate in official promotions until the release of their fourth EP, "Nu.Clear," in May 2016.


title: CLC (group)

text: The group disbanded on May 20, 2022, after Cube Entertainment announced the same day that their "official activities" have ended with their CLC U Cube global fansite service discontinued on June 6.


title: CLC (group)

text: The five original members of CLC (Seunghee, Yujin, Seungyeon, Sorn and Yeeun) made their first appearance as back-up dancers for G.NA in 2014. They also modeled for the uniform brand Smart, featuring in a promotional music video with the boy groups Got7 and B1A4. Before their official debut, the group began to gain publicity through street performances they held to raise money for children with disabilities. These featured on their web reality show, "CLC's Love Chemistry".


title: CLC (group)

text: CLC debuted in 2015 with a five-member lineup of Seunghee, Yujin, Seungyeon, Sorn, and Yeeun. They released their first EP "First Love", including the lead single "Pepe", on March 19. Their debut showcase was held the day before at the Acts Hotel in Seoul, where they performed their debut song for the first time. They made their debut music show performance on "M Countdown". "Pepe" is a retro dance number written by Duble Sidekick and Yang Geng. Part of the song's choreography was choreographed by Rain.


title: CLC (group)

text: On April 16, CLC released a digital single titled "Eighteen", described as a song about teenage love influenced by 1960s/70s motown and 1980s synthpop. They began promotions for the single the following day on "Music Bank". Their second EP "Question" was released on May 28. Its lead single "Curious (Like)". On October 10–11, CLC held their first overseas promotional tour in Malaysia entitled "First Love Promo Tour in Malaysia". For the tour, Universal Music Malaysia released an "Asia Special Edition" version of "Question". The special version included tracks from "First Love" and "Question," as well as the digital single "Eighteen".


title: CLC (group)

text: CLC's third EP "Refresh" and its lead single "High Heels" were released on February 29, 2016. This marked the addition of two new members: Elkie Chong and Kwon Eun-bin. Eunbin was a participant on Mnet's girl group survival show "Produce 101" at the time. Cube Entertainment stated that Eunbin had been part of the group's original lineup but was dropped following delays in production of the group's debut album. Due to "Produce 101" contractual restrictions, Eunbin was not able to promote the single "High Heels" on music shows or other broadcasts, nor appear in the single's music video. The agency planned for Eunbin to join promotions in the event that she was eliminated from the show, or else to postpone her activities as part of the group until after "Produce 101" promotions if she was a winner. On February 29, a short version of the "High Heels" music video that included Elkie but omitted Eunbin was released. The full version of the music video, including Eunbin, was released on March 21.


title: CLC (group)

text: CLC made their Japanese debut on April 13 with the release of their first Japanese EP, "High Heels". The album includes the Japanese version of "Pepe", "First Love", "Like", "High Heels", and a cover of Kylie Minogue's "I Should Be So Lucky".


title: CLC (group)

text: On May 12, CLC launched their official Naver V App channel, followed by a broadcast of Eunbin's first live appearance with the group. The group released their fourth Korean EP "Nu.Clear" on May 30, with the title track "No Oh Oh" written by Shinsadong Tiger. CLC carried out album promotions as a seven-member group in June. On July 27, CLC released their second Japanese EP, "Chamisma". The EP peaked at #9 on the Oricon Daily Albums Chart, making it their first release to enter the Top 10 of the Oricon chart.


title: CLC (group)

text: On January 9, CLC held their first solo Japan fanmeeting at Tower Records in Tokyo. On January 17, 2017, CLC released their fifth Korean EP, "Crystyle". It marked a revamped image for the group, with a more charismatic, hip-hop concept. The EP contains six tracks including the EDM/trap lead single "Hobgoblin" (도깨비), which was co-written by Seo Jae-woo, Big Sancho, Son Yeong-jin, and HyunA. "Crystyle" debuted on Billboard's World Albums chart at #6, while "Hobgoblin" peaked at #4 on the World Digital Song Sales chart. On May 27, the group held the first fan-meeting for their fan-club, Cheshire, "2017 Cheshire Entrance Ceremony". It took place in the Olympic Hall Muse Live in Seoul.


title: CLC (group)

text: CLC released their sixth EP, "Free'sm" on August 3. The album title is portmanteau upon the words "prism" and "free", which describes the group's musical and conceptual direction for this EP. The album is inspired by 1990s girl groups Fin.K.L and S.E.S. It consists of six tracks including the R&B ballad lead single "Where Are You?" (어디야?). This was another new image for the group, contrasting with the group's previous concept with "Hobgoblin".


title: CLC (group)

text: The group released the digital single "To The Sky" on February 1, 2018, as a pre-release track of their upcoming EP. The group released their seventh extended play, "Black Dress", on February 22. CLC held their third anniversary concert "Black Dress" on April 1. It was a donation-based, charity concert where attendees made donations to a Diabetes Association. CLC held their "CLC Live Show In Hong Kong 2018 – Black Dress" concert at Macpherson Stadium in Hong Kong on July 20.


title: CLC (group)

text: On November 20, 2018, Cube Entertainment announced that Elkie would be making her official solo debut on November 23, 2018, with the digital single "I Dream".


title: CLC (group)

text: On January 30, 2019, CLC released their eighth EP, "No.1", with the title track "No". "No" is co-produced and co-written by label-mate Jeon So-yeon and co-written by member Yeeun. "No.1" debuted at No. 5 on Billboard's World Albums chart. On February 12, CLC earned their first music show win on "The Show" with the title track "No".


title: CLC (group)

text: On September 6, CLC released their fourth digital single "Devil", with Yeeun contributing to the lyrics.


title: CLC (group)

text: On March 1, 2020, "Billboard" reported that the singles "Me" and "Devil" debuted at number 5 and 7, respectively on the US World Digital Songs chart, months after their official releases with "Me" becoming the second best selling song that week only after BTS' "Black Swan".


title: CLC (group)

text: In May 2020, Yeeun joined the cast of the Mnet musical reality show, "Good Girl". Yeeun participated on 3 songs as part of the Good Girl soundtrack: "Barbie", "Witch", and "Mermaid". She later promoted the former on the 672nd episode of M Countdown. She then released a special solo music video for "Mermaid" on the CLC YouTube channel in the run-up to CLC's September 2020 comeback, "Helicopter".


title: CLC (group)

text: On August 13, 2020, Cube Entertainment announced that CLC would be making their comeback on September 2, 2020, nearly a year after their last release. On August 20, CLC released a new logo, a more simpler and mature monogram with the 'L' being stylised to look like an upside-down '7' in reference to the seven members. On August 21, Dive Studios announced that the group would be the hosts of the third season of the "Idol 42" podcast, following CIX and Verivery, starting August 27. On September 2, CLC released their single, "Helicopter". Described as a "trap pop and EDM powerhouse song", "Helicopter" was co-written by member Yeeun. On September 17, 2020, CLC released promotional videos in collaboration with Seongdong-gu district, to promote the district's urban regeneration.


title: CLC (group)

text: On December 25, 2020, Elkie sent a legal notice to Cube Entertainment requesting termination of her contract. She said she had not been paid for her acting activities, and that Cube Entertainment had already stopped their "developmental support" of CLC, putting the group's future on hold. On February 3, 2021, Cube Entertainment confirmed via an official statement that Elkie is no longer with the group, and her contract with the company has been terminated.


title: CLC (group)

text: On March 9, 2021, Seunghee, Yeeun and Seungyeon released an OST titled "Another Level" for the Korean web drama "Be My Boyfriend". On March 17, Cube Entertainment announced that Sorn would be making her official solo debut on March 23, with the English digital single "Run".


title: CLC (group)

text: On June 7, 2021, "SPOTV News" reported that Yujin would be participating in Mnet's survival show, "Girls Planet 999". Later, on August 13, 2021, during an interview Yujin gave during the show, she mentioned while tearing up that she had been told by the company that "CLC will no longer be having group activities". Cube Entertainment however did not confirm the statement made. On October 22, during the finale of Girls Planet 999, Yujin ranked 3rd and secured her spot as a member and leader of the debuting group, Kep1er.


title: CLC (group)

text: On November 16, 2021, Cube Entertainment announced the departure of Sorn after her exclusive contract was terminated.


title: CLC (group)

text: On March 18, 2022, Cube Entertainment announced that Seungyeon and Yeeun would be leaving the company as they had chosen not to renew their contract with the company.


title: CLC (group)

text: On May 20, 2022, Cube Entertainment announced the group had officially disbanded with their CLC U Cube global fansite service discontinued on June 6.


title: CLC (group)

text: Prior to their debut, the five original members of CLC busked to raise money for children with developmental disabilities. Profits from their b-side track, "Sharala", from their debut EP, "First Love," were also donated to developmental disabilities charities"." CLC's 3rd anniversary concert on April 1, 2018, was held for free, attendees had the opportunity to donate to the Pediatric Diabetes Association, which CLC are ambassadors of. On November 17, 2020, CLC was named the ambassador to the "Korea Insulin Dependent Diabetes Association".


title: Favicon

text: A favicon (; short for favorite icon), also known as a shortcut icon, website icon, tab icon, URL icon, or bookmark icon, is a file containing one or more small icons, associated with a particular website or web page. A web designer can create such an icon and upload it to a website (or web page) by several means, and graphical web browsers will then make use of it. Browsers that provide favicon support typically display a page's favicon in the browser's address bar (sometimes in the history as well) and next to the page's name in a list of bookmarks. Browsers that support a tabbed document interface typically show a page's favicon next to the page's title on the tab, and site-specific browsers use the favicon as a desktop icon.


title: Favicon

text: In March 1999, Microsoft released Internet Explorer 5, which supported favicons for the first time. Originally, the favicon was a file called codice_1 placed in the root directory of a website. It was used in Internet Explorer's "favorites" (bookmarks) and next to the URL in the address bar if the page was bookmarked. A side effect was that the number of visitors who had bookmarked the page could be estimated by the requests of the favicon. This side effect no longer works, as all modern browsers load the favicon file to display in their web address bar, regardless of whether the site is bookmarked.


title: Favicon

text: The favicon was standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in the HTML 4.01 recommendation, released in December 1999, and later in the XHTML 1.0 recommendation, released in January 2000. The standard implementation uses a link element with a codice_2 attribute in the codice_3 section of the document to specify the file format, file name, and location. Unlike in the prior scheme, the file can be in any Website directory and have any image file format.


title: Favicon

text: In 2003, the codice_4 format was registered by a third party with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) under the MIME type codice_5. However, when using the codice_4 format to display as images (e.g. not as favicon), Internet Explorer cannot display files served with this standardized MIME type. A workaround for Internet Explorer is to associate codice_4 with the non-standard codice_8 MIME type in Web servers.


title: Favicon

text: RFC 5988 established an IANA link relation registry, and codice_9 was registered in 2010 based on the HTML5 specification. The popular codice_10 theoretically identifies two relations, codice_11 and codice_12, but codice_11 is not registered and is redundant. In 2011 the HTML living standard specified that for historical reasons codice_11 is allowed immediately before codice_12; however, codice_11 does not have a meaning in this context.


title: Favicon

text: Internet Explorer 5–10 supports only the ICO file format. Netscape 7 and Internet Explorer versions 5 and 6 display the favicon only when the page is bookmarked, and not simply when the pages are visited as in later browsers.


title: Favicon

text: The following tables illustrate support of various features with major web browsers. Unless noted, the version numbers indicate the starting version number of a supported feature.


title: Favicon

text: Additionally, such icon files can be 16×16, 32×32, 48×48, or 64×64 pixels in size, and 8-bit, 24-bit, or 32-bit in color depth. The ICO file format article explains the details for icons with more than 256 colors on various Microsoft Windows platforms.


title: Favicon

text: This table illustrates the different ways the favicon can be recognized by the web browser. The standard implementation uses a link element with a codice_2 attribute in the codice_3 section of the document to specify the file's format, name and location.


title: Favicon

text: If links for both PNG and ICO favicons are present, PNG-favicon-compatible browsers select which format and size to use as follows. Firefox and Safari will use the favicon that comes last. Chrome for Mac will use whichever favicon is ICO formatted, otherwise the 32×32 favicon. Chrome for Windows will use the favicon that comes first if it is 16×16, otherwise the ICO. If none of the aforementioned options are available, Chrome will use whichever favicon comes first, exactly the opposite of Firefox and Safari. Indeed, Chrome for Mac will ignore the 16×16 favicon and use the 32×32 version, only to scale it back down to 16×16 on non-retina devices. Opera will choose from any of the available icons at random.


title: Favicon

text: The current HTML5 specification recommends specifying multiple sizes for the icons, using the attributes codice_20 within a codice_21 tag. Multiple icon formats, including container formats such as Microsoft .ico and Macintosh .icns files, as well as Scalable Vector Graphics may be provided by including the icon's content type in the format codice_22 within the codice_21 tag.


title: Favicon

text: As of iOS 5, Apple mobile devices ignore the HTML5 recommendation and instead use the proprietary codice_24 method detailed below. The Google Chrome web browser however, will select the closest matching size from those provided in the HTML headers to create 128×128 pixel application icons, when the user chooses the "Create application shortcuts..." from the "Tools" menu.


title: Favicon

text: On Apple iPhones and iPads, as well as Android mobile devices, users can pin web pages as shortcuts icons to their home screen. These shortcut icons look similar to regular apps and web developers can provide dedicated icons for them.


title: Favicon

text: For Apple devices with the iOS operating system version 1.1.3 or later, users can pin a website to the home screen using the "Add to Home Screen" button within the share sheet in Safari.


title: Favicon

text: This works for any website. But for iOS to display the shortcut with an icon, the a website needs to supplying a in the section of documents served by the website. If the custom icon is not provided, a thumbnail of the web page will be put on the home screen instead.


title: Favicon

text: The app icon sizes on the different device classes differ. The recommended sizes for the icons are 152x152 for iPads (until iPad 2, released in 2011), 167x167 for iPads with Retina screens (iPad 3 and later) and 180x180 for iPhones. If no icon in the matching size is provided, iOS will pick the largest icon with codice_25 and scale it automatically.


title: Favicon

text: The icon file referenced by codice_24 is modified to add rounded corners. On the iOS versions prior to iOS 7, a drop shadow, and reflective shine would be added, and codice_27 icon may be provided to instruct devices not to apply reflective shine on the image.


title: Favicon

text: No HTML is required by browsers or mobile devices to retrieve these icons. The website's root is the default location for the file codice_28 (in order of priority).


title: Favicon

text: On Android devices, users can use the "Add to home screen" function in Chrome's tools menu to pin a web page to their home screen.


title: Favicon

text: This also works for any website, but if no favicon is provided, a generic icon is used. As Android app icons are sized in 48x48 points, website should provide favicons sized in multiples of 48x48 pixels. For modern high resolution devices, Google recommends providing icons in 192x192 pixels.


title: Favicon

text: Android also supports Web Manifest files, which makes it possible to integrate web sites deeper within the system. A Web Manifest is a JSON file, that specifies meta data for a progressive web app. It allows the developer to not only provide the icons but also a short name for display on the home screen as well as theme colors. However, providing a web manifest file is not necessary for the "Add to home screen" feature to work.


title: Favicon

text: Various browsers such as Firefox and Opera support animation of favicons. A bug report has been open for Firefox since 2001 requesting a way to disable this feature.


title: Favicon

text: Due to the need to always check for it in a fixed location, the favicon can lead to artificially slow page-load time and unnecessary 404 entries in the server log if it is nonexistent.


title: Favicon

text: The W3C did not standardize the rel-attribute, so there are other keywords such as "shortcut icon" that are also accepted by the user agent.


title: Favicon

text: Favicons are often manipulated as part of phishing or eavesdropping attacks against HTTPS web pages. Many web browsers display favicons near areas of the web browser's UI, such as the address bar, that are used to convey whether the connection to a website is using a secure protocol like TLS. By changing the favicon to a familiar padlock image an attacker can attempt to trick the user into thinking they are securely connected to the proper website. Automated man-in-the-middle attack tools such as sslstrip utilize this trick. In order to eliminate this, some web browsers, such as Firefox or Google Chrome, display the favicon within the tab whilst displaying the security status of the protocol used to access the website beside the URL.


title: Favicon

text: Since favicons are usually located at the root of the site directory on the server, they can be employed with some reliability to disclose whether a web client is logged into a given service. This works by making use of the redirect-after-login feature of many websites, by querying for the favicon in a redirect-after-login URL and testing the server response to discern whether the user is given the requested resource (which means they are logged in), or instead redirected to the login page (which means that they are not logged into the service).


title: Favicon

text: In 2021, a method for browser tracking using favicons was demonstrated by researchers at the University of Illinois.


title: Richard Bachman

text: Richard Bachman is a pen name (as well as fictional character) of American horror fiction author Stephen King. King portrays Bachman in the third season of the FX television series "Sons of Anarchy".


title: Richard Bachman

text: At the beginning of King's career, the general view among publishers was that an author was limited to one book per year, since publishing more would be unacceptable to the public. King therefore wanted to write under another name in order to increase his publication without over-saturating the market for the King "brand". He convinced his publisher, Signet Books, to print these novels under a pseudonym.


title: Richard Bachman

text: In his introduction to "The Bachman Books," King states that adopting the pen name Bachman was also an attempt to make sense out of his career and try to answer the question of whether his success was due to talent or luck. He says he deliberately released the Bachman novels with as little marketing presence as possible and did his best to "load the dice against" Bachman. King concludes that he has yet to find an answer to the "talent versus luck" question, as he felt he was outed as Bachman too early to know. The Bachman book "Thinner" (1984) sold 28,000 copies during its initial run—and then ten times as many when it was revealed that Bachman was, in fact, King.


title: Richard Bachman

text: The pseudonym King originally selected, Gus Pillsbury, is King's maternal grandfather's name, but at the last moment (due to the pseudonym being outed) King changed it to Richard Bachman. Richard is a tribute to crime author Donald E. Westlake's long-running pseudonym Richard Stark. (The surname Stark "was" later used in King's novel "The Dark Half," in which an author's malevolent pseudonym, "George Stark", comes to life.) Bachman was inspired by Bachman–Turner Overdrive, a rock and roll band to which King was listening at the time his publisher asked him to choose a pseudonym on the spot.


title: Richard Bachman

text: King provided biographical details for Bachman, initially in the "about the author" blurbs in the early novels. Known "facts" about Bachman were that he was born in New York, served a four-year stint in the Coast Guard, which he then followed with ten years in the Merchant Marine. Bachman finally settled down in rural central New Hampshire, where he ran a medium-sized dairy farm, writing at night. His fifth novel was dedicated to his wife, Claudia Inez Bachman, who also received credit for the bogus author photo on the book jacket. Other "facts" about the author were revealed in publicity dispatches from Bachman's publishers: the Bachmans had one child, a boy, who died in an unfortunate, Stephen King-esque accident at the age of six, when he fell into a well and drowned. In 1982, a brain tumour was discovered near the base of Bachman's brain; tricky surgery removed it. After Bachman's true identity was revealed, later publicity dispatches (and "about the author" blurbs) revealed that Bachman died suddenly in late 1985 of "cancer of the pseudonym, a rare form of schizonomia".


title: Richard Bachman

text: King dedicated Bachman's early books—"Rage" (1977), "The Long Walk" (1979), "Roadwork" (1981), and "The Running Man" (1982)—to people close to him. The link between King and his shadow writer was exposed in early 1985 after Steve Brown, a bookstore clerk in Washington, D.C., noted similarities between the writing styles of King and Bachman. Brown located publisher's records at the Library of Congress which included a document naming King as the author of one of Bachman's novels. Brown wrote to King's publishers with a copy of the documents he had uncovered, and asked them what to do. Two weeks later, King telephoned Brown personally and suggested he write an article about how he discovered the truth, allowing himself to be interviewed. At the time of the announcement in 1985, King was working on "Misery", which he had planned to release as a Bachman book.


title: Richard Bachman

text: In 1987, the Bachman novel "The Running Man" inspired the Paul Michael Glaser film of the same name. King insisted that his name not be on the credits, and the screen credit for the film went to Richard Bachman.