title: Andi Matichak

text: Matichak was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, but raised in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. She attended St. Francis High School in Wheaton, Illinois. During a summer while still in high school, Matichak worked as a model in Greece, where she met a talent agent who encouraged her to act. After returning to Chicago, she began taking acting classes. Matichak graduated from St. Francis High School one year early and forwent a full-ride soccer scholarship to attend the University of South Florida, instead moving to New York City to pursue modeling and acting.


title: Andi Matichak

text: Matichak has made guest appearances in numerous television series, such as "666 Park Avenue", "Orange Is the New Black", "Underground", and "Blue Bloods". In 2015, she made her feature film debut in an uncredited role in the Victoria Justice-starring film "Naomi and Ely's No Kiss List".


title: Andi Matichak

text: Matichak starred in the horror sequel film "Halloween" (2018). She plays the role of Allyson Nelson, the daughter of Judy Greer's character Karen Nelson, and the granddaughter of Jamie Lee Curtis' Laurie Strode, whose character also starred in the 1978 original film. She also appears in its two sequels.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: The 67th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) took place on March 27, 1995, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as the Oscars) in 23 categories honoring the films released in 1994. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gilbert Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis. Comedian David Letterman hosted the show for the first time. Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on March 4, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: "Forrest Gump" won six awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included "Ed Wood", "The Lion King", and "Speed" with two awards and "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert", "Blue Sky", "Bob's Birthday", "Bullets Over Broadway", "Burnt by the Sun", "Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life", "Legends of the Fall", "The Madness of King George", "", "Pulp Fiction", "A Time for Justice", and "Trevor" with one. The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: The nominees for the 67th Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1995, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Arthur Hiller, the then-president of the Academy, and actress Angela Bassett. "Forrest Gump" earned the most nominations with thirteen. It was the most nominated film since 1966's "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" and the fifth film to earn that many nominations. "Bullets Over Broadway", "Pulp Fiction", and "The Shawshank Redemption" tied for second with seven each.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 27, 1995. For only the second time in Oscar history, three of the four acting winners were previous winners. The 11th ceremony held in 1939 previously accomplished this feat. Best Actor winner Tom Hanks became the fifth performer to win consecutive acting Oscars and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category since Spencer Tracy won for his performances in "Captains Courageous" (1937) and "Boys Town" (1938). He also was the sixth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Supporting Actress winner Dianne Wiest became the first person to win two acting Oscars for performances in films directed by the same person. She first won in that same category for her role in Woody Allen's 1986 film "Hannah and Her Sisters". "Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life" and "Trevor"s joint win in the Best Live Action Short category marked the fifth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history; the next tie would occur at the 85th Academy Awards in 2013.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: Despite earning critical praise for the previous year's ceremony, actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg announced that she would not host the ceremony for a second consecutive year saying, "I've had a great time, but I've done it." She added that her role in the upcoming movie "Bogus" would jeopardize her busy schedule. In addition, her Comic Relief co-host and veteran Oscar emcee Billy Crystal declined to host the show citing his commitment to his film "Forget Paris" which he directed, wrote, starred in, and produced. Producer Gil Cates hired actor, comedian, and "Late Show" host David Letterman as host of the 1995 ceremony. Cates explained his decision to hire the late-night talk show host saying, "He's punctual, he's well groomed, and he knows how to keep an audience awake." ABC entertainment president Ted Harbert also approved of the choice stating, "If Dave likes the experience, this could be a great answer for the show, just the way Johnny Carson did the show for many years."


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: As with previous ceremonies he produced, Cates centered the show on a theme. This year, he christened the show with the theme "Comedy and the Movies" commenting "This year, because of the earthquakes and floods and Bosnia and Rwanda, it was a (terrible) year, and therefore seemed a great year to celebrate what movies can really give us, which is an opportunity to go for two hours in the dark and laugh together. Even with television, it's not a community experience unless you have a very big family. So it's unique to movies and theater, and it's this very human thing." In tandem with the theme, the ceremony's opening number featured a montage produced by Chuck Workman featuring scenes of humorous moments from a variety of both comedic and non-comedic films projected on a large screen on the stage. During that segment, actors Tim Curry, Kathy Najimy, and Mara Wilson performed a modified version of the song "Make 'Em Laugh" from the film "Singin' in the Rain", using blue screen technology to make it appear that they were jumping in and out of the montage on the screen. Several collections of film clips were shown throughout the broadcast highlighting various aspects of comedy such as troupes and dialogue.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: Several other people were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Bill Conti served as musical director and conductor for the event. Production designer Roy Christopher designed a new stage for the ceremony which prominently featured a proscenium which was designed to resemble the iris of a camera. Moreover, Christopher commented that the iris motif was inspired by the iris shot prominently featured in several comedic films and shorts. Dancer Debbie Allen choreographed "The Lion King" musical number. Actors Alec Baldwin, Jack Lemmon, Steve Martin, and Rosie O'Donnell participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning auditions for a role in "Cabin Boy", the film in which Letterman made his film acting debut.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: At the time of the nominations announcement on February 14, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $468 million, with an average of $93.6 million per film. "Forrest Gump" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $300 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by "Pulp Fiction" ($76 million), "Four Weddings and a Funeral" ($52 million), "Quiz Show" ($21 million) and "The Shawshank Redemption" ($16 million).


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 44 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only "Forrest Gump" (2nd), "The Client" (12th), "Pulp Fiction" (14th), "Four Weddings and a Funeral" (20th), and "Nell" (41st) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were "The Lion King" (1st), "True Lies" (3rd), "Clear and Present Danger" (6th), "Speed" (7th), "The Mask" (8th), "Interview with the Vampire" (10th), "Maverick" (11th), "Legends of the Fall" (27th) and "Little Women" (31st).


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: The show received a negative reception from most media publications. John J. O'Connor of "The New York Times" wrote, "Instead of keeping things moving smartly, Mr. Letterman stuck with his late-night shtick, too often leaving the show's pacing in shambles." He also added, "Within the show's first half-hour, with no strong hand at the helm, the audience simply sagged. Applause died long before most winners even reached the podium." Television critic John Carman of the "San Francisco Chronicle" commented, "Last night on ABC, no one got it. Hollywood's big event was wonderfully littered by technical errors, bad taste, low comedy and lower necklines." Moreover, he remarked, "Letterman, the rookie host, was off his game in his opening monologue. Maybe it was the big auditorium. Or a billion people in the television audience." Film critic Andrew Sarris of "The New York Observer" quipped, "Not only was he not witty or funny, he never knew when to let bad enough alone." He concluded, "As the evening dragged on, it became obvious that Mr. Letterman had no gift for ad-libbing through the few unpredictable opportunities in a 'live' event like the Oscars." "People" named the ceremony as one of the worst television broadcasts of 1995, summarizing it as follows: "a cranky skeptic visits the high temple of show business, mocks the gold-plated statuary and displays insufficient reverence for the gods. (Tom Hanks assisting with a stupid pet trick?!) We know who the winner wasn't."


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: Some media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Television critic Joyce Millman of "The San Francisco Examiner" noted, "In his first stint as host of the Oscar telecast, David Letterman did the impossible—he made something entertaining from what is traditionally the most boring three hours of TV this side of a test pattern." "The Buffalo News" columnist Alan Pergament praised Letterman's performance as host writing "David Letterman was a box full of chocolates on an Oscar night that was empty of much emotion until the expected "Forrest Gump" sweep in the final 15 minutes." He also added that despite a lack of surprises amongst the awards, the emotional and unexpected humorous moments provided depth and entertainment throughout the evening. Hal Boedeker of the "Orlando Sentinel" gave an average review of the ceremony but singled out Letterman noting that he "proved Monday night that he's among Oscar's Top 10 Hosts. He's definitely at the top of the list with Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal and Bob Hope."


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: The American telecast on ABC drew an average of 48.28 million people over its length, which was a 7% increase from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 81 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 32.5% of households watching over a 53 share. It also drew a higher 18–49 demographic rating with a 21.7 rating among viewers in that demographic. It was the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th ceremony held in 1983.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: In July 1995, the ceremony presentation received six nominations at the 47th Primetime Emmys. Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Jeff Margolis's direction of the telecast.


title: 67th Academy Awards

text: The annual "In Memoriam" tribute, presented by actress Sigourney Weaver, honored the following people:


title: Zero trust security model

text: The zero trust security model, also known as zero trust architecture (ZTA), zero trust network architecture or zero trust network access (ZTNA), and sometimes known as perimeterless security, describes an approach to the design and implementation of IT systems. The main concept behind the zero trust security model is "never trust, always verify,” which means that devices should not be trusted by default, even if they are connected to a permissioned network such as a corporate LAN and even if they were previously verified. ZTNA is implemented by establishing strong identity verification, validating device compliance prior to granting access, and ensuring least privilege access to only explicitly authorized resources. Most modern corporate networks consist of many interconnected zones, cloud services and infrastructure, connections to remote and mobile environments, and connections to non-conventional IT, such as IoT devices. The reasoning for zero trust is that the traditional approach — trusting devices within a notional "corporate perimeter", or devices connected via a VPN — is not relevant in the complex environment of a corporate network. The zero trust approach advocates mutual authentication, including checking the identity and integrity of devices without respect to location, and providing access to applications and services based on the confidence of device identity and device health in combination with user authentication. The zero trust architecture has been proposed for use in specific areas such as supply chains


title: Zero trust security model

text: The principles of zero trust can be applied to data access, and to the management of data. This brings about zero trust data security where every request to access the data needs to be authenticated dynamically and ensure least privileged access to resources. In order to determine if access can be granted, policies can be applied based on the attributes of the data, who the user is, and the type of environment using Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC). This zero-trust data security approach can protect access to the data.


title: Zero trust security model

text: In April 1994, the term "zero trust" was coined by Stephen Paul Marsh in his doctoral thesis on computer security at the University of Stirling. Marsh's work studied trust as something finite that can be described mathematically, asserting that the concept of trust transcends human factors such as morality, ethics, lawfulness, justice, and judgement.


title: Zero trust security model

text: In 2003 the challenges of defining the perimeter to an organisation's IT systems was highlighted by the Jericho Forum of this year, discussing the trend of what was then coined "de-perimeterisation".


title: Zero trust security model

text: In 2010 the term zero trust model was used by analyst John Kindervag of Forrester Research to denote stricter cybersecurity programs and access control within corporations.


title: Zero trust security model

text: However, it would take almost a decade for zero trust architectures to become prevalent, driven in part by increased adoption of mobile and cloud services.


title: Zero trust security model

text: In 2018, work undertaken in the United States by cybersecurity researchers at NIST and NCCoE led to the publication of "SP 800-207, Zero Trust Architecture". The publication defines zero trust (ZT) as a collection of concepts and ideas designed to reduce the uncertainty in enforcing accurate, per-request access decisions in information systems and services in the face of a network viewed as compromised. A zero trust architecture (ZTA) is an enterprise's cyber security plan that utilizes zero trust concepts and encompasses component relationships, workflow planning, and access policies. Therefore, a zero trust enterprise is the network infrastructure (physical and virtual) and operational policies that are in place for an enterprise as a product of a zero trust architecture plan.


title: Zero trust security model

text: There are several ways to implement all the tenets of ZT; a full ZTA solution will include elements of all three:


title: Zero trust security model

text: In 2019 the United Kingdom National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) recommended that network architects consider a zero trust approach for new IT deployments, particularly where significant use of cloud services is planned. An alternative but consistent approach is taken by NCSC, in identifying the key principles behind zero trust architectures:


title: Dauphin of France

text: Dauphin of France (, ; ), originally Dauphin of Viennois ("Dauphin de Viennois"), was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791, and from 1824 to 1830. The word "dauphin" is French for dolphin. At first, the heirs were granted the County of Viennois (Dauphiné) to rule, but eventually only the title was granted.


title: Dauphin of France

text: Guigues IV, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed "le Dauphin". The title of Dauphin de Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his seigneury, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assume the title of "le Dauphin". The wife of the Dauphin was known as "la Dauphine".


title: Dauphin of France

text: The first French prince called "le Dauphin" was Charles the Wise, later ascending to the throne as Charles V of France. The title was roughly equivalent to the English (thence British) "Prince of Wales", the Scottish "Duke of Rothesay", the Portuguese "Prince of Brazil", and the Spanish "Prince of Asturias". The official style of a Dauphin of France, prior to 1461, was "par la grâce de Dieu, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois" ("By the Grace of God, Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois"). A Dauphin of France united the coat of arms of the Dauphiné, which featured dolphins, with the French fleurs-de-lis, and might, where appropriate, further unite that with other arms (e.g. Francis, son of Francis I, was ruling Duke of Brittany, so united the arms of that province with the typical arms of a Dauphin; Francis II, while Dauphin, was also King of Scots by marriage to Mary I, and added the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland to those of the Dauphin).


title: Dauphin of France

text: Originally the Dauphin was personally responsible for the rule of the Dauphiné, which was legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, and which the Emperors, in giving the rule of the province to the French heirs, had stipulated must never be united with France. Because of this, the Dauphiné suffered from anarchy in the 14th and 15th centuries, since the Dauphins were frequently minors or concerned with other matters.


title: Dauphin of France

text: During his period as Dauphin, Louis, son of Charles VII, defied his father by remaining in the province longer than the king permitted and by engaging in personal politics more beneficial to the Dauphiné than to France. For example, he married Charlotte of Savoy against his father's wishes. Savoy was a traditional ally of the Dauphiné, and Louis wished to reaffirm that alliance to stamp out rebels and robbers in the province. Louis was driven out of the Dauphiné by Charles VII's soldiers in 1456, leaving the region to fall back into disorder. After his succession as Louis XI of France in 1461, Louis united the Dauphiné with France, bringing it under royal control.


title: Dauphin of France

text: The title was automatically conferred upon the next heir apparent to the throne in the direct line upon birth, accession of the parent to the throne or death of the previous Dauphin, unlike the British title "Prince of Wales", which has always been in the gift of the monarch (traditionally conferred upon the heir's 21st birthday).


title: Dauphin of France

text: The sons of the King of France held the style and rank of "fils de France" (son of France), while male-line grandsons were given the style and rank of "petits-enfants de France" (Grandson of France). The sons and grandsons of the Dauphin ranked higher than their cousins, being treated as the king's children and grandchildren respectively. The sons of the Dauphin, though grandsons of the king, were ranked as Sons of France, and the grandsons of the Dauphin ranked as Grandsons of France; other great-grandsons of the king ranked merely as princes of the blood.


title: Dauphin of France

text: The title was abolished by the Constitution of 1791, which made France a constitutional monarchy. Under the constitution the heir-apparent to the throne (Dauphin Louis-Charles at that time) was restyled "Prince Royal" (a "Prince of the Blood" retitled "prince français"), taking effect from the inception of the Legislative Assembly on 1 October 1791. The title was restored "in potentia" under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII, but there would not be another Dauphin until after his death. With the accession of his brother Charles X, Charles' son and heir Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême automatically became Dauphin.


title: Dauphin of France

text: With the removal of the Bourbons the title fell into disuse, the heirs of Louis-Philippe being titled "Prince Royal". After the death of Henri, comte de Chambord, Carlos, Duke of Madrid, the heir of the legitimist claimant, Juan, Count of Montizón, made use of the title in pretense, as have the Spanish legitimist claimants since.


title: Dauphin of France

text: In Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", Huck encounters two odd characters who turn out to be professional con men. One of them claims that he should be treated with deference, since he is "really" an impoverished English duke, and the other, not to be outdone, reveals that he is "really" the Dauphin ("Looey the Seventeen, son of Looey the Sixteen and Marry Antonet").


title: Dauphin of France

text: In Baronness Emma Orczy's "Eldorado", the Scarlet Pimpernel rescues the Dauphin from prison and helps spirit him from France.


title: Dauphin of France

text: Alphonse Daudet wrote a short story called "The Death of the Dauphin", about a young Dauphin who wants to stop Death from approaching him.


title: Kaappaan

text: Kaappaan () is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by K. V. Anand and written by Pattukkottai Prabakar. It was produced by Lyca Productions and stars Suriya, Mohanlal and Arya with Sayyeshaa, Samuthirakani, Poorna, Boman Irani and Chirag Jani in supporting roles.


title: Kaappaan

text: The narrative revolves around Kathiravan, a Special Protection Group (SPG) officer who struggles to protect the Prime Minister from a mysterious man who threatens to assassinate him.


title: Kaappaan

text: The film was released theatrically on 20 September 2019 and received mixed reviews from critics. Despite this, it was a commercial success, grossing 100 crore at the box office. It was the final directorial work of K. V. Anand, before his death on 30 April 2021.


title: Kaappaan

text: The terrorists attempt to assassinate the PM, Chandrakanth Varma, in New Delhi. The event security services learn about this, and the attack is started when the PM arrives. The PM is saved and sent to his office. The Government thwarts the attempt with NSG operations on Varma's direct orders. Unfortunately, the Union Minister for Communications, Vasudev is killed as collateral damage, whose deceased's daughter is Anjali, the PM's junior office secretary.


title: Kaappaan

text: In Thanjavur, Kathiravan "Kathir", is an organic farmer who also moonlights as a special agent working for the country's military intelligence. The captured terrorist reveals another plot to assassinate the PM during his visit to London. The SPG seek Kathir's help to protect the PM in London, and Kathir is able to identify and shoot the suspect. Anjali mistakes Kathir for the assassin and tails him, but he tricks her into getting drunk and shakes her off. Varma then leaves for India, only to find that the Indian soldiers in Kashmir were killed by the Pakistani army. Rajan Mahadev is a business tycoon and public figure, who meets with Varma and secretly discusses about methods of retaliation.


title: Kaappaan

text: While celebrating Kathir's coworker and friend, Joseph and his wife Priya's wedding anniversary, Joseph gets a murder threat, and his pet cat is fatally shot. Kathir and Joseph track the mysterious caller, but he diverts them with a mini bomb blast and escapes. Meanwhile, Varma leaves for Kashmir to address the public. A mysterious caller tampers with the SPG's communication system and points to a bomb on the stage where Varma is present. Kathir locates the explosive and throws it away without any casualties. Varma is moved to his convoy, but the caller uses this scuffle to detonate yet another bomb planted in Varma's car, killing him instantly. Aftermath of Varma's untimely demise, there is a power struggle for the successor to the PM's position. Varma's advisor chooses Varma's son, Abhishek "Abhi" Chandrakanth Varma, to be the next PM to avoid a political split.


title: Kaappaan

text: Now suspended for being unable to protect the PM, Kathir returns to the crime scene and finds an abandoned house in the vicinity, which is revealed to be the place where the killer had been. Joseph and the forensic team find evidence and match it to their friend Ranjith, a disgraced double agent in the SPG. Ranjith is now out for vengeance on Varma and the SPG because of his prior arrest resulting in his family's suicide. Meanwhile, the farmers are rioting against the construction of mines in Thanjavur, since it is destroying their agriculture. Abhishek plans to shut down the mines but is resisted by Mahadev, who owns them, and the two get into a political cold war. Abhishek takes Anjali out on her birthday, despite security warnings and a murder attempt is made on him, where Anjali injures her arm. Kathir and Joseph save Abhishek, but while escaping, Joseph is mortally wounded and dies.


title: Kaappaan

text: During the post-mortem, Kathir finds that one of his officers, Prem, has tried to tamper with the evidence. Prem reveals himself as a double agent, who is in cahoots with Ranjith, and was the one who killed Joseph while he was rescuing Abhishek. Meanwhile, the fields in Thanjavur have suddenly infested with male caelifera locusts. It was orchestrated by Mahadev, since the farmers didn't give up their land for his mining company. Mahadev also happens to be the brain behind Varma's assassination, and Ranjith and Prem are merely his puppets. Abhishek and Mahadev discuss about this ongoing feud and make a deal that in the immediate press conference, Mahadev will agree to shutting down his mines in Thanjavur. Mahadev seemingly agrees, but secretly plans to release both male and female caelifera, which will ensure the destruction of the crops without any chances of revival, and his mining company can be established without further problems.


title: Kaappaan

text: Kathir figures this out and destroys the train in which the locusts are being transported. At the press conference, Ranjith gains entry to the control room and plans to kill Abhishek on Mahadev's orders. Kathir beats up Ranjith, who reveals that the bomb is with Anjali. She is called to the control room, and they find that the cast on her broken arm contains the bomb. Anjali's cast is removed, and the bomb is disposed. Furthermore, Ranjith also says that Kathir's jacket has a bomb and removing it will cause it to detonate. With Kathir frozen on the spot, Ranjith and Mahadev escape and enter the latter's car and detonates the bomb, but the bomb explodes in the car, thus killing Mahadev and Ranjith on the spot, where it is revealed that Kathir had found the bomb in the jacket earlier and had disposed the jacket in Mahadev's car.


title: Kaappaan

text: Principal photography of the film commenced on 25 June 2018,in London. Arya replaced Allu Sirish who opted out of the film due to scheduling conflicts, making his first collaboration with Suriya. The film was shot on multiple locations at various places across the world including New York, Brazil, New Delhi and Hyderabad. It was referred to, colloquially, by the media as "Suriya 37" as it is the thirty-seventh film to star Suriya. The film also marks Boman Irani's Tamil debut. Amitabh Bachchan was approached for a role as the Prime Minister of India, but later Mohanlal was roped in.


title: Kaappaan

text: Initially, Gavemic U. Ary of "Jigarthanda" fame was announced as the cinematographer of the film, but in a turn of events Abhinandan Ramanujam replaces him. Later, cinematographer Ramanujam left the project after the first schedule, apparently due to scheduling conflicts with cinematography commitments for Malayalam film "9". Subsequently, M. S. Prabhu who previously collaborate with Suriya and director Anand for the film Ayan was assigned as cinematographer.


title: Kaappaan

text: Also, it was revealed that Harris Jayaraj, Anthony and D. R. K. Kiran was assigned as music director, film editor and art director, respectively, continuing their association with the director from his previous films.


title: Kaappaan

text: The makers had registered three titles: "Kaappaan", "Meetpaan" and "Uyirkaa", and asked fans to choose what title to name the film through a poll. Although the majority of fans voted for "Uyirkaa", on 31 December 2018, Lyca Productions announced the film's title as "Kaappaan".


title: Kaappaan

text: The movie shot a song sequence on Indonesia's Java island. Director K.V Anand shared the news via Twitter. It was also reported that Mohanlal would play the Indian Prime Minister, and Suriya is said to play a high-ranking security officer.


title: Kaappaan

text: The soundtrack album is scored by Harris Jayaraj in his fifth collaboration with director K. V. Anand. On July 21, the audio launch event of Kaappaan was held in Chennai in a grand manner. It was a star-studded affair that saw the likes of Rajinikanth, director Shankar, and lyricist Vairamuthu attend the event. Harris' daughter Karen Nikita Harris has made her debut as a singer with this film, lending her voice to the song 'Vinnil Vinmeen'.


title: Kaappaan

text: Upon release, the album received a positive review from Firstpost, commenting that "Harris Jayraj composes yet another album loaded with chartbusters for Suriya's film. Dipped in quintessential Harris signature, the album offers different styles of music, ending up with different results." Suriya and Harris Jayaraj have collaborated for the 9th time through this film.


title: Kaappaan

text: On 31 December 2018, Lyca Productions announced the film's title as "Kaappaan", following by two first look posters released on the New Year's Day, 1 January 2019. The teaser for the film was released, coinciding with the Tamil New Year on 14 April 2019. Initially, the makers announced that the film is scheduled to release on 30 August 2019, but considering the release of "Saaho", which is scheduled on the same date, the release was pushed to 20 September 2019. The first trailer of the film was released on the YouTube channel of the production company on 4 September 2019, followed by the second trailer, which was released on 14 September 2019. A Telugu dubbed version titled "Bandobast" was released simultaneously with the Tamil version. "Kaappaan" earned 88.75 crore as pre-release business.


title: Kaappaan

text: The film received positive reviews from audience, and mixed reviews from critics. "Behindwoods" rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Kaappaan is a watchable commercial drama and action treat to Suriya fans, that has some good engaging moments". "The Times of India" rated 2 out of 5 stars stating "KV Anand's Kaappaan feels like one of those patriotic films that Vijayakanth and Arjun frequently made in the 90s, but is not as entertaining as those". "Sify" rated 2 out of 5 stars stating "Ambitious but exhausting!". "News18" rated 1 out of 5 stars and stated "Despite Stellar Star Cast, Suriya-Mohanlal Starrer Loses Focus". "Firstpost" rated 2.25 out of 5 stars stating "Suriya, Mohanlal are charismatic in this formulaic action drama". "The Hindu" stated, "KV Anand's latest collaboration with his favourite leading man is a painstakingly long thriller, that neither has soul nor brain". "IndiaGlitz" rated 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Interesting premise, let down by a predictable, dull screenplay." "The New Indian Express" rated 1.5 out of 5 stars stating "Never do you truly believe that this film has a real understanding of the world and its politics." "The Indian Express" rated 1 out of 5 stars stating "KV Anand fills Kaappaaan with props, in his never-ending endeavour to create that elusive surreal ambience. But the film has artificiality written all over." "Deccan Chronicle" rated 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Kaappaan plays a big game and is very commercial in nature." "Nettv4u" rated 3 out of 5 stars stating "The racy thriller with power-packed performances and the high-octane action sequences is sure to win the hearts. Suriya is definitely back on his track, after a few average films. Kaappaan... is really a Kaappaan for LYCA, Suriya and KV Anand." "The News Minute" rated 2 out of 5 stars stating "Other than Suriya, nobody in the SPG looks like they've even slow jogged on the treadmill, let alone performed miraculous high security ops." "The Week" rated 2 out of 5 stars stating "The predictable screenplay, which reminds you of some old Vijayakanth or Arjun films, is disappointing as it comes from Anand who has had some decent outings with Suriya earlier, like Maattraan and Ayan." "MovieCrow" rated 3.25 stars out of 5 stating "Suriya delivers his charismatic Best as SPG agent."


title: Kaappaan

text: In its opening weekend, the film collected in Tamil Nadu, which at the time made it one of the highest-grossing opening weekends in Tamil film history. The film collected approximately worldwide in its first weekend. According to the film's producers, "Kaappaan" earned around worldwide. The film was a commercial success and emerged profitable for its makers.


title: Kaappaan

text: An internet meme began trending on social media platforms in late May 2020, in which Suriya's films were coincided with real life incidents, that happened around the world. Here, locust attack, was predicted in the film.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: "Pilot" (titled "Breaking Bad" on DVD and Blu-ray releases) is the series premiere of the American television crime drama series "Breaking Bad". The episode was directed and written by series creator and showrunner Vince Gilligan. It first aired on AMC on January 20, 2008.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: In the episode, chemistry teacher Walter White (Bryan Cranston) is diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. Keeping it a secret from his pregnant wife Skyler (Anna Gunn) and their teenage son Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte), he decides that he wants to spend his last years saving money for his family. After going on a drug bust with his brother-in-law and DEA agent Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), Walt spots his former student Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) and later blackmails him into helping him cook methamphetamine in an RV.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: In its initial airing, the pilot received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised Gilligan for his script and Cranston for his performance. At the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, the episode received various nominations, with Cranston winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Gilligan earning a nomination for Outstanding Directing.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: Walter White is a high school chemistry teacher in Albuquerque, New Mexico, living with his pregnant wife, Skyler, and their teenage son Walter Jr., who has cerebral palsy. Walt is heavily dissatisfied with his life, feeling overqualified as a high school teacher and resenting his degrading part-time job at a car wash. Shortly after his 50th birthday, Walt collapses at the car wash and is taken to the hospital, where he is told that he has developed inoperable lung cancer and has, at best, two years to live. He opts to keep the news from his family and from Skyler's sister Marie Schrader and her husband Hank, a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: Returning to work, Walt lashes out at his boss Bogdan Wolynetz and storms out. Having seen a news report showing large amounts of money recovered from one of Hank's drug busts, Walt takes up a previous offer to go on a ride-along as Hank and his partner Steven Gomez raid a meth lab. As DEA agents clear out the house, Walt observes Jesse Pinkman, a former student, sneaking out and fleeing. Walt later tracks down and blackmails Jesse into helping him produce crystal meth. After Walt steals chemistry supplies from the high school, he asks Jesse to purchase an RV to use as their meth lab.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: The pair drive the RV into the desert and begin to cook. Due to Walt's expertise in chemistry, Jesse claims their crystal meth is the purest he has ever seen. Jesse drives back to show the product to his distributor, Krazy-8, but encounters Krazy-8's cousin, Emilio Koyama, who believes Jesse set him up during the drug bust. To prove his loyalty, Jesse rides with them to the RV, where they meet Walt. Emilio recognizes Walt from the bust, leading him and Krazy-8 to hold the two at gunpoint and causing Jesse to accidentally knock himself out. To save his life, Walt offers to show them how he makes meth. During the cook, Emilio flicks away a cigarette that causes a brush fire. Walt synthesizes phosphine gas with red phosphorus, apparently killing Emilio and Krazy-8.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: Hearing sirens, Walt attempts to flee but drives the RV into a ditch. He stumbles out and records a video message to his family before unsuccessfully trying to shoot himself. He then realizes that the sirens are not the police but are from fire trucks responding to the fire. Walt and Jesse drive back, leaving the RV with Emilio and Krazy-8 at Jesse's home. Walt returns home, meeting his wife's troubled queries with new sexual vigor.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: "Breaking Bad" was created by television writer Vince Gilligan, with the crux of the series being the protagonist's journey into an antagonist. Noting how television shows usually kept their main character in the same state to prolong the series, Gilligan said he wanted to make a show serving as a "fundamental drive" towards change. He added that his goal with Walter White was to turn him "from Mr. Chips into Scarface." The concept of Walt as a meth dealer came to fruition when Gilligan was talking with fellow writer Thomas Schnauz, and they joked regarding their unemployment that the solution was to drive around cooking meth in an RV.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in "Drive", an episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files", where Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that only Cranston could play the part. AMC officials were wary of casting Cranston, due to him being mostly known for his comedic role as Hal on the sitcom "Malcolm in the Middle", and offered the role to John Cusack and Matthew Broderick, who both turned it down. After seeing Cranston in the "X-Files" episode, the executives were convinced to cast him. For his role, Cranston met frequently with a chemistry teacher to learn about the subject, gained fifteen pounds to reflect the character's personal decline, and had his hair dyed brown to mask his natural red highlights.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: Various actors auditioned for the role of Jesse Pinkman, including Reid Scott, Colin Hanks, and Penn Badgley. However, the audition of Aaron Paul for the character, which he himself said was "awful", caught the attention of Gilligan and casting director Dawn Steinberg. When Sony Pictures Television refused to hire Paul on the basis that he didn't look like a meth dealer, Gilligan told them that he wouldn't make the show if Paul wasn't picked for the role. For the role of Hank Schrader, Gilligan spoke with an actual DEA agent to learn more information on the character. Dean Norris, who had a history of being typecast as law enforcement and military-type characters, stated that, "I guess you have a certain look, it's kind of an authoritative law enforcement-type look, and that look is certainly the first thing that people cast you with before you get a chance to do some acting."


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: The script was originally set in Riverside, California, but at the suggestion of Sony, which was producing the pilot, Albuquerque was chosen for production due to the favorable financial conditions offered by the state of New Mexico. Filming for the episode began on March 6, 2007, concluding after several weeks on March 21.


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: The pilot episode of "Breaking Bad" received mostly positive reviews, with Barry Garron from "The Hollywood Reporter" praising the premiere for its suspense, and Jonathan Storm, from "The Philadelphia Inquirer", finding it unpredictable. Meanwhile, Robert Bianco of "USA Today" focused on Bryan Cranston's performance, which he said was "riveting and remarkable", and "The A.V. Club" journalist Donna Bowman wrote a positive review, giving the episode a grade rating of an "A−", and citing Cranston's "mesmerizing", "nihilistic", and "hulking yet impotent" performance along with lauding Vince Gilligan's screenplay. Furthermore, the "Chicago Tribune" television critic Maureen Ryan complimented Cranston's role, and noted the premiere as a "slam dunk" compared to the two following episodes. After the series concluded, The Ringer ranked "Pilot" 6th out of all 62 "Breaking Bad" episodes, where Alison Harman noted that "the addictive hook of the pilot helped power viewers through the couple of seasons it took for "Breaking Bad" to hit its stride".


title: Pilot (Breaking Bad)

text: In 2013, Gilligan recalled the viewership for the episode being below a million viewers due to a football game that aired at the same time. However, "The Hollywood Reporter" revealed later in the same year that the pilot had been watched by 1.41 million people instead.


title: North Country (film)

text: North Country is a 2005 American drama film directed by Niki Caro, starring Charlize Theron, Frances McDormand, Sean Bean, Richard Jenkins, Michelle Monaghan, Jeremy Renner, Woody Harrelson, and Sissy Spacek. The screenplay by Michael Seitzman was inspired by the 2002 book "Class Action: The Story of Lois Jenson and the Landmark Case That Changed Sexual Harassment Law" by Clara Bingham and Laura Leedy Gansler, which chronicled the case of "Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Company".


title: North Country (film)

text: In 1989, Josey Aimes flees from her abusive husband back to her hometown in northern Minnesota with her children, Sammy and Karen, and moves in with her parents, Alice and Hank. Hank is ashamed of Josey, who had Sammy as a teenager by an unknown father, and believes Josey is promiscuous. While working a job washing hair, Josey reconnects with an old acquaintance, Glory Dodge, who works at the local iron mine and suggests Josey do the same, as a job there pays six times more than what Josey's making now. When Josey takes the job, her relationship with Hank becomes strained. Hank also works at the mine and believes women shouldn't be working there, so Josey and her children move in with Glory and her husband, Kyle.


title: North Country (film)

text: Josey quickly befriends several other female workers at the mine and soon realizes the women are constant targets for sexual harassment and humiliation by most of their male co-workers, who, like Hank, believe the women are taking jobs more appropriate for men. Josey in particular is targeted by Bobby Sharp, her ex-boyfriend from high school. Josey tries to talk to her supervisor, Arlen Pavich, about the problem, but he refuses to take her concerns seriously. The women experience additional harassment and even abuse in retaliation, and Bobby spreads rumors that Josey attempted to seduce him, leading his wife to publicly berate and humiliate Josey at Sammy's hockey game. Sammy begins to resent the way the townspeople treat them and comes to believe the gossip about his mother's alleged promiscuity.


title: North Country (film)

text: Josey takes her concerns to the mine's owner, Don Pearson, but despite his previous assurances that he is there to help, she arrives to find that he has invited Pavich to the meeting, along with several other executives and offers to accept her resignation immediately. She refuses, and after Pearson implies he believes the rumors about her promiscuity, leaves devastated. Later, after being sexually assaulted by Bobby at work, she resigns and asks Bill White, a lawyer friend of Kyle and Glory, to help her file a lawsuit against the company. Bill advises her to recruit other women to form a class action lawsuit, which would be the first of its kind. The female miners, however, fear losing their jobs and facing additional harassment, so Josey attempts to go ahead with the case alone. She also discovers that Glory has Lou Gehrig's Disease, and her health is declining rapidly.


title: North Country (film)

text: Alice and Hank argue over Josey's lawsuit, and when Hank still refuses to forgive his daughter, Alice leaves him. At a union meeting, Josey attempts to address the miners and explain her reasons for suing the mine, but they constantly interrupt and insult her, leading Hank to stand up for his daughter and reprimand his co-workers for their treatment of Josey and all the women at the mine. He and Alice then reconcile. In court, the mining company's attorney attempts to hold Josey's sexual history against her, based on Bobby's testimony that Sammy is the result of a consensual sexual relationship between Josey and her high school teacher, Paul Lattavansky. Josey then reveals that after school one day, where she and Bobby had been serving detention together after being caught kissing, she was raped by Lattavansky, which led to her becoming pregnant with Sammy. Hank attacks the teacher in question and Bill gets a recess after Josey storms out of the courtroom.


title: North Country (film)

text: Sammy still refuses to believe his mother and runs away, until Kyle urges him to reconsider, and he and Josey embrace after having a talk. Bill cross-examines Bobby and gets him to admit he witnessed Lattavansky rape Josey, but was too scared to do anything about it. Glory, who has come to the court in her wheelchair and is unable to speak, has Kyle read a letter saying she stands with Josey, though still not enough to qualify for a class action suit. After a pause, many other women stand, followed by family members and even several male miners who didn't harass the female ones. The mining company is forced to pay the women for their suffering and establish a landmark sexual harassment policy at the workplace.


title: North Country (film)

text: Lois Jenson, on whom the character of Josey is based, actually began working at the EVTAC (from "Eveleth Taconite") mine in Eveleth, Minnesota, in 1975 and initiated her lawsuit in 1984, four years before the year in which the film begins. Its timeline was condensed, but in reality it took fourteen years for the case to be settled. Jenson declined to sell the rights to her story or act as the film's consultant.


title: North Country (film)

text: The character Glory Dodge, played by Frances McDormand, was based on Pat Kosmach, one of the plaintiffs in the class action suit. Kosmach died partway through the case, on November 7, 1994. Eveleth Mines settled four years later, in December 1998, paying fifteen women a total of $3.5 million.


title: North Country (film)

text: The film was shot in the northern Minnesota towns of Eveleth, Virginia, Chisholm, and Hibbing; Minneapolis; as well as Silver City and Santa Fe in New Mexico.


title: North Country (film)

text: Songs in the film that weren't in the soundtrack release include "Wasn't That a Party" by The Irish Rovers, "Shake the House Down" by Molly Hatchet and karaoke versions of George Thorogood's "I Drink Alone" and Pat Benatar's "Hit Me with Your Best Shot."


title: North Country (film)

text: The film premiered at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the Chicago International Film Festival before going into theatrical release in the US, where it grossed $6,422,455 in its opening weekend, ranking 5th at the box office. Budgeted at $30 million, it eventually grossed $18,337,722 in the US and $6,873,453 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $25,211,175.


title: North Country (film)

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 69% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 175 reviews, and an average rating of 6.7/10, with Theron and McDormand receiving critical acclaim for their performances. The site's consensus states: "Though sometimes melodramatic and formulaic, "North Country" is nonetheless a rousing, powerful story of courage and humanity." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 68 out of 100, based on 39 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.


title: North Country (film)

text: Manohla Dargis of the "New York Times" called it "a star vehicle with heart – an old-fashioned liberal weepie about truth and justice" and added, "[It] is one of those Hollywood entertainments that strive to tell a hard, bitter story with as much uplift as possible. That the film works as well as it does, delivering a tough first hour only to disintegrate like a wet newspaper, testifies to the skill of the filmmakers as well as to the constraints brought on them by an industry that insists on slapping a pretty bow on even the foulest truth."


title: North Country (film)

text: In his review in the "Chicago Sun-Times", Roger Ebert observed, ""North Country" is one of those movies that stir you up and make you mad, because it dramatizes practices you've heard about but never really visualized. We remember that Frances McDormand played a woman police officer in this same area in "Fargo", and we value that memory, because it provides a foundation for Josey Aimes. McDormand's role in this movie is different and much sadder, but brings the same pluck and common sense to the screen. Put these two women together (as actors and characters) and they can accomplish just about anything. Watching them do it is a great movie experience."


title: North Country (film)

text: Ruthe Stein of the "San Francisco Chronicle" called the film a "compelling if occasionally unnecessarily convoluted movie . . . The first 15 minutes or so are a mess . . . Fortunately, [it] calms down and becomes extremely engrossing, especially in the courtroom battles . . . it's all carefully calculated for dramatic effect and succeeds brilliantly in drawing you in and eliciting tears in the process . . . "North Country" would have benefited from crisper editing. It runs at least 15 minutes longer than necessary . . . For all its flaws, [it] delivers an emotional wallop and a couple of performances worthy of recognition come award time."


title: North Country (film)

text: In "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers awarded the film two out of a possible four stars and commented, "Any similarities between Josey and Lois Jenson, the real woman who made Eveleth Mines pay for their sins in a landmark 1988 class-action suit, are purely coincidental. Instead, we get a TV-movie fantasy of female empowerment glazed with soap-opera theatrics. The actors, director Niki Caro ("Whale Rider") and the great cinematographer Chris Menges all labor to make things look authentic. But a crock is a crock, despite the ferocity and feeling Theron brings to the role . . . Though the dirt and grime in "North Country" are artfully applied, it's purely cosmetic and skin-deep."


title: North Country (film)

text: In "Stories from North Country," a documentary accompanying the film on the DVD, Lois Jenson, on whom the story is based, said, "I think it's important for people to see this." Regarding Charlize Theron, Jenson said, "She has the character. [...] She knew the part. She knew what it needed – the depth she needed to go to. She's done a great job with it."


title: North Country (film)

text: David Rooney of "Variety" said, "[It] indulges in movie-ish manipulation in its climactic courtroom scenes. But it remains an emotionally potent story told with great dignity, to which women especially will respond . . . The film represents a confident next step for lead Charlize Theron. Though the challenges of following a career-redefining Oscar role have stymied actresses, Theron segues from "Monster" to a performance in many ways more accomplished . . . The strength of both the performance and character anchor the film firmly in the tradition of other dramas about working-class women leading the fight over industrial workplace issues, such as "Norma Rae" or "Silkwood"."


title: North Country (film)

text: In the "St. Petersburg Times", Steve Persall graded the film A and called it "deeply, undeniably moving . . . crusader cinema at its finest."


title: Billboard Global 200

text: The "Billboard" Global 200 is a weekly record chart published by "Billboard" magazine. The chart ranks the top songs globally and is based on digital sales and online streaming from over 200 territories worldwide. First announced in mid-2019, it officially launched in September 2020.


title: Billboard Global 200

text: The current number-one as of the chart dated December 24, 2022, is "All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Mariah Carey.


title: Billboard Global 200

text: "Billboard" had been working on the idea of a global chart for over two years prior to its launch. The chart was first announced on May 6, 2019, then envisioned as the "Global 100" and it was to launch later that year. The motivation for the chart's conception was "to expose people to music from multiple territories and in time", to provide "overdue exposure and recognition for acts from international markets". With the chart's official announcement on September 14, 2020, "Billboard" described it as "the first authoritative charts ranking the top songs globally", and stated that basing the chart on worldwide streams and download sales, "will give an accurate glimpse into the most popular songs on the planet".


title: Billboard Global 200

text: Establishing a global chart was dependent on the availability of the data, as well as having the various streaming and digital retail services "willing to participate and provide data"; "Billboard" considered this "not an easy task" and the reason why it took so long to launch a global chart.


title: Billboard Global 200

text: The chart officially premiered on "Billboard"s website on September 15, 2020, for the chart week dated September 19, 2020. The first number-one song on the chart was "WAP" by Cardi B featuring Megan Thee Stallion.


title: Billboard Global 200

text: The chart methodology includes sales and streaming data from more than 200 territories. Positions are measured on a weighted formula which incorporates official streams from both subscription and ad-supported levels of top digital platforms, including both audio and video music services, and download sales from top music retailers from around the world, with sales from direct-to-consumer (D2C) sites excluded. Streams are "weighted" through paid subscriptions holding more weight than streams from free subscriptions. On the question about the increasing prevalence of fake streams that call into question whether consumers can trust the information on music streaming platforms, " Billboard" explained that they "have worked closely with our data providers to implement various audit guidelines to limit any significant effect of manufactured streams. In addition, each data provider has their own safeguards in place to recognize fraudulent behavior and catch it before it gets to their data partners, including "Billboard" and MRC Data".


title: Billboard Global 200

text: Unlike the US-based "Billboard" Hot 100, the Global 200 does not have a "recurrent" rule, therefore allowing songs from any period in music history to chart. The recurrent rule on the Hot 100 indicates that descending songs are removed once they fall below number 25 after 52 weeks, or once below number 50 after 20 weeks. The chart does not factor in any form of radio airplay, as, according to MRC Data, "The focus was on metrics that could be systematically measured in each country", considering how "unlike streaming and download sales, radio is not reliably measured at this time [2020] in many territories and, even if tracked, is not done consistently from country to country". As such, the chart has been noted for being similar to the "Rolling Stone" Top 100, which, although it is a US song chart, also incorporates only sales and streams in their chart formula.


title: Billboard Global 200

text: The chart follows a Friday–Thursday tracking week. It is compiled by MRC Data/Nielsen Music through their Music Connect product, a recently launched music measurement and analytics platform, and is published every Tuesday on Billboard.com.


title: Billboard Global 200

text: Along with the Global 200, "Billboard" launched another, similar chart: the "Billboard" Global Excl. US chart. This chart follows the same formula as the Global 200, except, as the name suggests, it covers all territories excluding the US. "Billboard" stated their reasoning for having two charts: "One of the goals for this project was to expose people to music from multiple territories. So having each chart go 200 titles deep and also presenting a view of titles excluding U.S. influence was of great importance to us". The first number-one song for the chart dated September 19, 2020, was "Hawái" by Maluma.


title: Seven Bucks Productions

text: Seven Bucks Productions is a production company involved with various platforms and mediums, credited with creating original releases for television, film, emerging technologies, and digital networks. The studio was co-created and founded by Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson and Dany Garcia. The company predominantly produces a variety of projects, directly in relation with Johnson's film slate.


title: Seven Bucks Productions

text: The name Seven Bucks Productions referenced the amount of cash Johnson had in his pocket after he was released from the Canadian Football League in 1995 and before he signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE).


title: Seven Bucks Productions

text: Hiram Garcia has served as President of the company overseeing production on each of the studio's projects since 2017. That same year, Chelsea Friedland was hired as Vice President of Production. In March 2019, Kevin Hill was named as Head of Television and Digital Development.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Specialist is a military rank in some countries’ armed forces. Two branches of the United States Armed Forces use the rank. It is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the United States Army, above private (PVT), private (PV2), and private first class and is equivalent in pay grade to corporal; in the United States Space Force, four grades of specialist comprise the four junior enlisted ranks below the rank of sergeant.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: In the Royal Danish Navy and Royal Danish Air Force, the rank of specialist is branch-specific; "Naval specialist" and "Air force specialist" () respectively. The ranks are placed below corporal and above private first class (). They are rated OR-3 within NATO and the rank has the grade of M112 within the Ministry of Defence's pay structure.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: In 2018, new specialist ranks were introduced to the Danish Home Guard. These new ranks were created to remove the need for leadership training at the lower ranks, as the selected functions no longer require actual leadership.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Specialist ( "shàngděngbīng", "upper-rank soldier") is a rank in the Republic of China Army next to the rank of corporal, and has the NATO equivalent code of OR-3.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: In 1920, the Army rank and pay system received a major overhaul. All enlisted and non-commissioned ranks were reduced from 128 different insignias and several pay grades to only seven rank insignias and seven pay grades, which were numbered in seniority from seventh grade (lowest) to first grade (highest). The second grade had two rank titles: first sergeant, which was three stripes, two rockers, and a lozenge (diamond) in the middle; and technical sergeant, which was three stripes and two rockers. By World War II, the rank of first sergeant had been elevated to first grade and a third rocker was added, with the lozenge in the center to distinguish it from master sergeant. The wearing of specialist badges inset in rank insignia was abolished, and a generic system of chevrons and arcs replaced them.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: From 1920 to 1942, there was a rating (not a rank) for men of the sixth and seventh grades designated "private first class, specialist", or "private, specialist," that was graded in six classes (the lowest being sixth class and the highest being first class). They were considered the equal of a private first class or private in authority, but drew additional pay in relationship to the specialist level possessed on top of their base pay. The classes only indicated competency, not authority, and a specialist did not outrank another man of his respective non-specialist rank.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Officially, specialists wore the single chevron of a private first class because no special insignia was authorized to indicate their rank. Unofficially, a specialist could be authorized, at his commander's discretion, to wear one to six additional rockers (one rocker for sixth class, and a maximum of six rockers for first class) under their rank chevron to denote specialty level. Such insignia was commercially available through catalogs or the base Post Exchange (PX) and could also be ordered with inset trade badges.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: On 8 January 1942, the rank of technician was introduced to replace the private/specialist rank, which was discontinued by 30 June 1942. Initially, this gave technical specialists more authority by grading them as non-commissioned officers. However, confusion and lowered morale among senior NCOs led to the Army reversing this stance in late 1943, after which technicians no longer held non-commissioned officer status. Beginning 4 September 1942, technicians wore a block "T" insignia under their chevrons for easier identification.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Technicians were addressed the same as the corresponding non-commissioned officer at the same pay grade: a technician fifth grade was addressed as corporal, a technician fourth grade as sergeant, and a technician third grade as staff sergeant. The technician ranks were discontinued in 1948.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: On 1 July 1955, four grades of specialist were established: Specialist third class (E-4 or SP3), specialist second class (E-5 or SP2), specialist first class (E-6 or SP1), and master specialist (E-7 or MSP). The insignia was yellow on a dark blue background. It was the same smaller size as women's NCO stripes—to differentiate specialists from NCOs, the stripes were the same shape as NCO stripes—but were inverted to distinguish them, and the General Service Army Eagle was set in the center. The senior specialist ranks of SP2 (E5), SP1 (E6), and MSP (E7) were indicated by one, two, or three yellow arcs over the eagle, respectively.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: In 1956 the Army Green uniform was adopted. The enlisted stripes were changed from yellow on a blue backing to Goldenlite Yellow on a green backing. The specialist insignia was redesigned to be larger, broader, and more rounded.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: In 1958 the DoD added two pay grades to give enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress through a full career with additional opportunities for promotion. Thus the recognition was changed to six specialist ranks, and the pay grade was tied into the rank designation: specialist four (E-4), specialist five (E-5), specialist six (E-6), specialist seven (E-7), specialist eight (E-8), and specialist nine (E-9). The "Super Grades" of Spec./8 and Spec./9 were respectively given one and two Goldenlite chevrons below the eagle.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: CSM Daniel K. Elder goes on to explain, "In 1968 when the Army added the rank of command sergeant major, the specialist ranks at E-8 and E-9 were abolished", because they were notional rather than actual. "In 1978 the specialist rank at E-7 was discontinued and in 1985, the specialist ranks at E-5 and E-6 were discontinued."


title: Specialist (rank)

text: These specialist ranks were created to reward personnel with higher degrees of experience and technical knowledge. Appointment to either specialist or non-commissioned officer status was determined by military occupational specialty (MOS). Different military occupational specialties had various transition points. For example, in the band career field (excluding special bands at D.C. and West Point), a bandsman could not achieve non-commissioned officer status until pay grade E-6 was attained. In some military occupational specialties, a soldier was appointed either a specialist or non-commissioned officer depending on which particular position or "slot" that he filled in his organization. A cook was a specialist, while a mess steward held the rank of sergeant (E-5 through E-7).


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Specialist grades paralleled the corresponding grades of non-commissioned officer (E-4 through E-7) only in terms of pay. The specialist grades, although they outranked the enlisted grades (E-1 to E-3), were outranked by all non-commissioned officers (E-4 to E-9) and lacked the authority conferred on an NCO. This was the major differentiation between a specialist and a "hard striper".


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Only the lowest specialist grade survives today. The rank of specialist 4 became known simply as "specialist", as it is known today. While the official abbreviation was changed from "SP4" to "SPC" upon the elimination of the SP5 and SP6 ranks, the SIDPERS database was initially authorized to continue using SP4 until such time as the change could be made at little or no additional expense in conjunction with other system upgrades. The continued use of SP4 on automatically produced documents (transfer orders, leave and earnings statements, unit manning reports, "inter alia") hampered the adoption of the new abbreviation (and, to a lesser extent, the absence of "-4" in the non-abbreviated rank) by individual soldiers who viewed the computer-produced documents as the final word on what the proper term was.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Today, the rank of specialist (E-4) is the typical rank to which privates first class are promoted after two years of service, although PFCs may be waived into the rank of specialist after 18 months' time in service and 6 months' time in grade. It is granted far more often than corporal (also E-4). Those specialists who are graduates of the Basic Leader Course (BLC) and who have been recommended for promotion become corporals before further promotion. This change in Army culture applied to the Active Army and the National Guard as of 1 July 2021, and to the Army Reserve; the Army Reserve change was scheduled to take place on 1 October 2021. The rank of corporal is now reserved for personnel who have passed the BLC.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Specialists were informally called "specs" (pronunciation IPA: /ˈspɛk/ ) plus the numerical grade of their rank. Thus, a specialist 4 was called "spec 4". As of July 2016 the rank of Specialist is the most common rank in the U.S. Army, being held by 115,033 of the Army's 473,844 soldiers.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: New recruits enlisting into the United States Army who have earned a four-year degree, and those with civilian-acquired job skills, will enter as a specialist (pay grade E-4).


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Typically, newly recruited officer candidates hold the rank of specialist when enlisted and during BCT (basic combat training) prior to their official enrollment into OCS (Officer Candidate School) where they will be administratively promoted to the pay grade of E-5 but are referred to as "officer candidate" (OC) as opposed to sergeant (SGT).


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Between 1941 and 1948, the United States Navy maintained an enlisted rate of Specialist in the petty officer pay grade structure. This was to absorb directly appointed civilian experts needed in the rapidly expanding Navy. A seaman would typically be known as a specialist followed by a letter indicating what field the specialty was held. For instance, a Specialist (C) served as a "classification interviewer", while a Specialist (T) was a "navy teacher", among several other specialist designations.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: The concept was first proposed in late 1941 and was approved by the Secretary of the Navy sometime in November or December of that year. The Navy started with four specialties in February 1942, expanding to twenty-two specialties and their associated sub-specialties by the war's end in 1945. The Coast Guard added an additional five exclusive specialties in 1943 (D, CW, PR, PS and TR); four were awarded double letters to avoid duplication. The WAVES added Specialist (U) for "Utility"—a general purpose title that was abolished in 1944 and merged with the similar Specialist (X), for "Specialist (Not Elsewhere Classified)".


title: Specialist (rank)

text: The trade badge was an embroidered diamond-shaped border inset with the specialty letter and set between the US Navy Eagle and the rank chevrons. Specialists 3rd, 2nd, and 1st Class (Grades 4, 3, and 2; equivalent to Petty Officers 3rd, 2nd and 1st Class) had 1 to 3 downward red chevrons. A Chief Specialist (Grade 1; equivalent to a Chief Petty Officer) had the US Navy Eagle perched on a red rocker over three red chevrons, with the diamond trade badge inset between the stripes.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: The Navy's use of the specialist grade was reorganized in 1948 to integrate them into the petty officer structure. The assigned letters and job titles changed several times in the rank's history.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: Some positions were reclassified as "Emergency Service Ratings" (ESRs) from 1948 to 1957 and "Emergency Ratings" (ERs) from 1957 to 1965. All personnel holding an Emergency Service rating were members of the Naval Reserve subject to activation only in time of war or national emergency. Their specialty letters had a prefix of "ES" added and were different than that of those in regular service.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: A pruning and absorption or discontinuing of specialty ratings commenced between 1957 and 1964 and nearly all of the remaining specialties were discontinued in 1965. The sole remaining specialty was ESK (ES Specialty (K) – "Telecommunications Censorship Technician"). It was renamed "Information Security Specialist" in 1972 and disestablished in 1974.


title: Specialist (rank)

text: On 1 February 2021, the United States Space Force established the rank of specialist for paygrades E-1 to E-4. Specifically, the rank of specialist 1 replaced airman basic (E-1), the rank of specialist 2 replaced airman (E-2), the rank of specialist 3 replaced airman first class (E-3), and the rank of specialist 4 replaced senior airman (E-4). Specialist 4 ranks below sergeant. Verbal address for all four grades is just "Specialist". On 20 September 2021, new rank insignias for all enlisted guardians, including the specialists, were revealed. These new insignias will replace the U.S. Air Force enlisted rank insignias that have been worn by enlisted guardians since the foundation of the Space Force on 20 December 2019.


title: Robert Powell

text: Robert Powell (; born 1 June 1944) is an English actor who is known for the title roles in "Mahler" (1974) and "Jesus of Nazareth" (1977), and for his portrayal of secret agent Richard Hannay in "The Thirty Nine Steps" (1978) and its subsequent spinoff television series. Other major screen roles have included Tobias "Toby" Wren in the BBC science-fiction programme "Doomwatch" (1970), David Briggs in the sitcom "The Detectives" (1993–1997) alongside Jasper Carrott, and Mark Williams in the medical drama "Holby City" (2005–2011).


title: Robert Powell

text: His distinctive voice has become well known as a narrator of documentaries, especially in World War II documentaries including "World War II in HD Colour", "Hitler's Bodyguard", "The Story of the Third Reich" and "Secrets of World War II".


title: Robert Powell

text: Powell has been nominated for a BAFTA Award and won a Best Actor Award from the Venice Film Festival.


title: Robert Powell

text: Powell was born in Salford, Lancashire, the son of Kathleen (née Davis) and John Wilson Powell. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School (then a direct grant grammar school), and studied law at the University of Manchester.


title: Robert Powell

text: Powell took up acting while an undergraduate, although he had already appeared as a teenager in "The Adventures of Samuel Poppleton" on BBC Radio Children's Hour from the North of England in Manchester, where he came under the guidance of producer, Trevor Hill, as detailed in Hill's autobiography, "Over the Airwaves". He secured a post at a repertory theatre in Stoke-on-Trent. His first film part was in "Robbery" (1967), which starred Stanley Baker and was about the Great Train Robbery, in which he played the second man or locomotive driver's assistant. He had a small role in the original film version of "The Italian Job" (1969) playing one of the gang, but had to wait a few years for his first success, playing scientist Toby Wren in the BBC's science fiction series, "Doomwatch" in 1970.


title: Robert Powell

text: Having been killed off in "Doomwatch" right at the end of Series One in a bomb explosion, at his request, Powell became a pin-up and a household name, following up with starring roles in several BBC serials, including television adaptations of the novels "Sentimental Education" (1970) and "Jude the Obscure" (1971). In 1972–1973 he portrayed Charles Rolls in the miniseries "The Edwardians". He starred in the very first episode of the British series "Thriller" in 1973. He also appeared in the 1975 series "Looking for Clancy", based on the Frederic Mullally novel "Clancy".


title: Robert Powell

text: For several years Powell continued as a television regular, with occasional forays into film, as the Austrian composer Gustav Mahler in the Ken Russell biopic "Mahler" (1974) and Captain Walker in Russell's film version of "Tommy" (1975). His role in "Tommy" had few lines, speaking only during the overture with Ann-Margret, he is primarily seen through the mind of his son as played by Barry Winch (Young Tommy) and Roger Daltrey.


title: Robert Powell

text: He then played Jesus of Nazareth in "Jesus of Nazareth" (1977) following a successful second audition with Franco Zeffirelli. The four-part television film had an all-star cast, including Laurence Olivier as Nicodemus, Ernest Borgnine as the Roman Centurion, Stacy Keach as Barabbas, Christopher Plummer as Herod Antipas, Michael York as John the Baptist, Ian McShane as Judas Iscariot, Rod Steiger as Pontius Pilate and James Mason as Joseph of Arimathea. For this role, Powell was nominated for a BAFTA award, and collected the "TVTimes" Best Actor award for the same performance. His completist performance is frequently considered one of the best portrayals of Christ.


title: Robert Powell

text: In 1978, Powell took the leading role of Richard Hannay in the third film version of "The Thirty Nine Steps". It met with modest success, and critics compared Powell's portrayal of John Buchan's character favourably with those of his predecessors. His characterisation proved to be enduring, as almost ten years later a television series entitled simply "Hannay" appeared with Powell back in the role (although the Buchan short stories on which the series was based were set in an earlier period than "The Thirty-Nine Steps"). "Hannay" ran for two seasons.


title: Robert Powell

text: In 1980, Powell appeared in the film "Harlequin" playing the Harlequin of the title, who seems to have the power to cure the son of a powerful politician. For this performance, he won the Best Actor Award at the Paris Film Festival. In 1982, he won Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival for his role in "Imperativ".


title: Robert Powell

text: In 1984, Powell made his U.S. film debut in "What Waits Below" (also known as "Secrets of the Phantom Caverns").


title: Robert Powell

text: In 1986, Powell narrated and co-starred in William C. Faure's miniseries "Shaka Zulu", with Henry Cele in the title role. In 1992, he starred in the New Zealand World War I film "Chunuk Bair", as Sgt Maj Frank Smith. In 1993–95, he was the voice actor of Dr Livesey in "The Legends of Treasure Island".


title: Robert Powell

text: Powell then agreed to a request from his friend and golf partner, comedian Jasper Carrott, taking the part of an incompetent detective in a succession of sketches that formed part of Carrott's television series. "The Detectives" proved to be popular and was later turned into a sitcom, Powell's first and only venture into this genre.


title: Robert Powell

text: Powell's distinctive voice is frequently heard on voice-overs and as a narrator of television programmes such as "Great Crimes and Trials", "The Century of Warfare" and "World War II in HD Colour". He read the novel "Love in the Time of Cholera" by Gabriel García Márquez for BBC Radio 4's "Book at Bedtime", and has also narrated many audio books including "The Thirty Nine Steps", abridged versions of many of Alan Garner's books, and several abridged novels for The Talking Classics Collection. Powell has also lent his voice to musical works, such as David Bedford's album "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", or the 2002 rock opera "The Hound of the Baskervilles", by Clive Nolan and Oliver Wakeman, where he played the role of John Watson. He also narrated on two rock albums by Rick Wakeman called "Cost of Living" and "The Gospels" (1987).


title: Robert Powell

text: On 29 October 2001, a state-of-the-art theatre named after him was opened at the University of Salford. He became a patron of in 2004, and continues to operate in this capacity. In early 2005 he became a regular in the UK TV medical drama, "Holby City", where he remained for six years before departing to return to theatre. On 9 February 2008, he performed as narrator in Prokofiev's "Peter and the Wolf" with the Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra with conductor Natalia Luis-Bassa in the North of England. In 2008–09, Powell was series announcer, (19 episodes), on BBC4's "The Book Quiz".


title: Robert Powell

text: In 2005 Powell began appearing in the BBC soap opera "Holby City", as a hospital administrator. He said that regular employment in the series helped him make up financial losses caused by the failure of the pension fund he held with The Equitable Life Assurance Society.


title: Robert Powell

text: On Easter Sunday 1 April 2018, he appeared in a Smithsonian Channel Documentary Series based on his portrayal of the Franco Zeffirelli mini-series Jesus of Nazareth titled, "The Real Jesus of Nazareth", narrated by Judd Hirsch. Based in Israel, it covered the life of Jesus juxtaposed with segments of the film series in which Powell starred in 1977. The characters who appeared in the film are also discussed and their historical significance uncovered. The series covered 4 segments, each one hour in length dealing with historical elements of the story along with Powell interviewing biblical historians such as Helen Bond and Candida Moss. The 1977 film starring Powell differed in at least two scenes from the Gospel's historical account: in the film, the Virgin Mary is shown without the angel of the Annunciation and Jesus carries only the horizontal branch of the Holy Cross to Calvary.


title: Robert Powell

text: Powell met his future wife, the Pan's People dancer Barbara "Babs" Lord, backstage at the BBC. In 1975, shortly before he was due to start filming for "Jesus of Nazareth" on location in Tunisia, the couple were married. On 23 November 1977, they had their son, Barney, followed in 1979 by a daughter, Kate.


title: Robert Powell

text: The couple later took up sailing as a pastime. Babs Lord participated in the BT Global Yacht Challenge and the Polar race. Both took part, in different yachts, in a round-the-world race in 2000, though Powell himself was present for only one leg of the race.


title: Robert Powell

text: Powell was a founder member of the Social Democratic Party in 1981, and campaigned alongside Barry Norman on behalf of the party's first leader, Roy Jenkins.


title: Robert Powell

text: In 1995, Powell was one of the readers of Edward Lear poems on a specially made spoken word audio CD bringing together a collection of Lear's nonsense songs.


title: Robert Powell

text: He provided the narration for Clive Nolan and Oliver Wakeman’s 2002 adaptation of "The Hound of the Baskervilles" as a Progressive Rock album.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, and some 227 structures in all, placing it among the largest of Nazi concentration camps. Although initially intended for forced labor rather than extermination, the camp was used to murder people on an industrial scale during Operation Reinhard, the German plan to murder all Polish Jews within their own occupied homeland. The camp, which operated from 1 October 1941 to 22 July 1944, was captured nearly intact. The rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration prevented the SS from destroying most of the camp's infrastructure, and Deputy Camp Commandant Anton Thernes failed to remove most incriminating evidence of war crimes.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: The camp was nicknamed Majdanek ("little Majdan") in 1941 by local residents, as it was adjacent to the Lublin ghetto of Majdan Tatarski. Nazi documents initially described the site as a POW camp of the Waffen-SS, based on how it was funded and operated. It was renamed by the Reich Security Main Office as "Konzentrationslager Lublin" on April 9, 1943, but the local Polish name remained more popular.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: After the camp's liberation in July 1944, the site was formally protected by the Soviet Union. By autumn, with the war still raging, it had been preserved as a museum. The crematorium ovens and gas chambers were largely intact, serving as some of the best examples of the genocidal policy of Nazi Germany. The site was given national designation in 1965. Today, the Majdanek State Museum is a Holocaust memorial museum and education centre devoted entirely to the memory of atrocities committed in the network of concentration, slave-labor, and extermination camps and sub-camps of "KL Lublin." It houses a permanent collection of rare artifacts, archival photographs, and testimony.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: "Konzentrationslager Lublin" was established in October 1941 on the orders of "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler, forwarded to Odilo Globocnik soon after Himmler's visit to Lublin on 17–20 July 1941 in the course of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The original plan drafted by Himmler was for the camp to hold at least 25,000 POWs.<ref name="majdanek.eu/2006"></ref>


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: After large numbers of Soviet prisoners-of-war were captured during the Battle of Kiev, the projected camp capacity was subsequently increased to 50,000. Construction for that many began on October 1, 1941 (as it did also in Auschwitz-Birkenau, which had received the same order). In early November, the plans were extended to allow for 125,000 inmates and in December to 150,000. It was further increased in March 1942 to allow for 250,000 Soviet prisoners of war.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Construction began with 150 Jewish forced laborers from one of Globocnik's Lublin camps, to which the prisoners returned each night. Later the workforce included 2,000 Red Army POWs, who had to survive extreme conditions, including sleeping out in the open. By mid-November, only 500 of them were still alive, of whom at least 30% were incapable of further labor. In mid-December, barracks for 20,000 were ready when a typhus epidemic broke out, and by January 1942 all the slave laborers – POWs as well as Polish Jews – were dead. All work ceased until March 1942, when new prisoners arrived. Although the camp did eventually have the capacity to hold approximately 50,000 prisoners, it did not grow significantly beyond that size.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: In July 1942, Himmler visited Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka, the three secret extermination camps built specifically for the Nazi German Operation Reinhard planned to eliminate Polish Jewry. These camps had begun operations in March, May, and July 1942, respectively. Subsequently, Himmler issued an order that the deportations of Jews to the camps from the five districts of occupied Poland, which constituted the Nazi "Generalgouvernement", be completed by the end of 1942.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Majdanek was made into a secondary sorting and storage depot at the onset of Operation Reinhard, for property and valuables taken from the victims at the killing centers in Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. However, due to large Jewish populations in south-eastern Poland, including the ghettos at Kraków, Lwów, Zamość and Warsaw, which were not yet "processed", Majdanek was refurbished as a killing center around March 1942. The gassing was performed in plain view of other inmates, without as much as a fence around the buildings. Another frequent murder method was shootings by the squads of Trawnikis. According to the Majdanek Museum, the gas chambers began operation in September 1942.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: There are two identical buildings at Majdanek, where Zyklon B was used. Executions were carried out in barrack 41 with the use of crystalline hydrogen cyanide released by the Zyklon B. The same poison gas pellets were used to disinfect prisoner clothing in barrack 42.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Due to the pressing need for foreign manpower in the war industry, the Jewish laborers from Poland were originally spared. For a time they were either kept in the ghettos, such as the one in Warsaw (which became a concentration camp after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising), or sent to labor camps such as Majdanek, where they worked primarily at the Steyr-Daimler-Puch weapons/munitions factory.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: By mid-October 1942, the camp held 9,519 registered prisoners, of which 7,468 (or 78.45%) were Jews, and another 1,884 (19.79%) were non-Jewish Poles. By August 1943, there were 16,206 prisoners in the main camp, of which 9,105 (56.18%) were Jews and 3,893 (24.02%) were non-Jewish Poles. Minority contingents included Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians, Germans, Austrians, Slovenes, Italians, and French and Dutch nationals. According to the data from the official Majdanek State Museum, 300,000 persons were inmates of the camp at one time or another. The prisoner population at any given time was much lower.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: From October 1942 onwards, Majdanek also had female overseers. These SS guards, who had been trained at the Ravensbrück concentration camp, included Elsa Ehrich, Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner, Hermine Braunsteiner, Hildegard Lächert, Rosy Suess (Süss) Elisabeth Knoblich-Ernst, Charlotte Karla Mayer-Woellert, and Gertrud Heise (1942–1944), who were later convicted as war criminals.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Majdanek did not initially have subcamps. These were incorporated in early autumn 1943 when the remaining forced labor camps around Lublin, including Budzyn, Trawniki, Poniatowa, Krasnik, Pulawy, as well as the "Airstrip" ("Airfield"), and "Lipowa 7") concentration camps became sub-camps of Majdanek.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: From 1 September 1941 to 28 May 1942, Alfons Bentele headed the Administration in the camp. Alois Kurz, SS Untersturmführer, was a German staff member at Majdanek, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and at Mittelbau-Dora. He was not charged. On 18 June 1943, Fritz Ritterbusch moved to KL Lublin to become aide-de-camp to the Commandant.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Due to the camp's proximity to Lublin, prisoners were able to communicate with the outside world through letters smuggled out by civilian workers who entered the camp. Many of these surviving letters have been donated by their recipients to the camp museum. In 2008 the museum held a special exhibition displaying a selection of those letters.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: From February 1943 onwards, the Germans allowed the Polish Red Cross and Central Welfare Council to bring in food items to the camp. Prisoners could receive food packages addressed to them by name via the Polish Red Cross. The Majdanek Museum archives document 10,300 such itemized deliveries.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Until June 1942, the bodies of those murdered at Majdanek were buried in mass graves (these were later exhumed and burned by the prisoners assigned to "Sonderkommando 1005").


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: From June 1942, the SS disposed of the bodies by burning them, either on pyres made from the chassis of old lorries or in a crematorium. The so-called "First Crematorium" had two ovens which were brought to Majdanek from the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. This facility stood in „Interfield I", the area between the first and the second fenced camp section; it is no longer in existence today.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: In autumn of 1943, the first crematorium at Majdanek was replaced by the "New Crematorium". It was a T-shaped wooden building with five ovens, fueled with coke and built by the Heinrich Kori GmbH of Berlin. The building was set on fire by the Germans on 22 July 1944 as they abandoned the camp on the day that the Red Army entered the outskirts of Lublin. The crematorium building which stands on the site today is a reconstruction from the time when the former camp became memorial. Its ovens are the original ones built in 1943.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Operation Reinhard continued until early November 1943, when the last Jewish prisoners of the Majdanek system of subcamps from the District Lublin in the General Government were massacred by the firing squads of Trawniki men during Operation "Harvest Festival". With respect to the main camp at Majdanek, the most notorious executions occurred on November 3, 1943, when 18,400 Jews were murdered in a single day. The next morning, 25 Jews who had succeeded in hiding were found and shot. Meanwhile, 611 other prisoners, 311 women and 300 men, were commanded to sort through the clothes of the dead and cover the burial trenches. The men were later assigned to "Sonderkommando 1005", where they had to exhume the same bodies for cremation. These men were then executed. The 311 women were subsequently sent to Auschwitz, where they were murdered by gas. By the end of "Aktion Erntefest" ("Harvest Festival"), Majdanek had only 71 Jews left out of the total number of 6,562 prisoners still alive.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Executions of the remaining prisoners continued at Majdanek in the following months. Between December 1943 and March 1944, Majdanek received approximately 18,000 so-called "invalids", many of whom were subsequently murdered with Zyklon B. Executions by firing squad continued as well, with 600 shot on January 21, 1944; 180 shot on January 23, 1944; and 200 shot on March 24, 1944.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Adjutant Karl Höcker's postwar trial documented his culpability in mass murders committed at this camp: On 3 May 1989 a district court in the German city of Bielefeld sentenced Höcker to four years imprisonment for his involvement in gassing to death prisoners, primarily Polish Jews, in the concentration camp Majdanek in Poland. Camp records showed that between May 1943 and May 1944 Höcker had acquired at least of Zyklon B poisonous gas for use in Majdanek from the Hamburg firm of Tesch & Stabenow. In addition, Commandant Rudolf Höss of Auschwitz wrote in his memoirs, while awaiting trial in Poland, that one method of murder used at Majdanek (KZ Lublin) was Zyklon B.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: In late July 1944, with Soviet forces rapidly approaching Lublin, the Germans hastily evacuated the camp. However, the staff had only succeeded in partially destroying the crematoria before Soviet Red Army troops arrived on July 24, 1944, making Majdanek the best-preserved camp of the Holocaust, due to the incompetence of its deputy commander, Anton Thernes. It was the first major concentration camp liberated by Allied forces, and the horrors found there were widely publicised.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Although 1,000 inmates had previously been forcibly marched to Auschwitz (of whom only half arrived alive), the Red Army still found thousands of inmates, mainly POWs, still in the camp, and ample evidence of the mass murder that had occurred there.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: The official estimate of 78,000 victims, of those 59,000 Jews, was determined in 2005 by Tomasz Kranz, director of the Research Department of the State Museum at Majdanek, calculated following the discovery of the Höfle Telegram in 2000. That number is close to the one currently indicated on the museum's website. The total number of victims has been a controversial topic of study, beginning with the research of Judge Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz in 1948, who approximated a figure of 360,000 victims. It was followed by an estimation of around 235,000 victims by (1992) of the Majdanek Museum, which was cited by the museum for years. The current figure is considered "incredibly low" by Rajca, nevertheless it has been accepted by the Museum Board of Directors "with a certain caution", pending further research into the number of prisoners who were not entered into the Holocaust train records by German camp administration. For now, the Museum informs that based on new research, some 150,000 prisoners arrived at Majdanek during the 34 months of its existence. Of the more than 2,000,000 Jewish people murdered in the course of Operation Reinhard, some 60,000 Jews (56,000 known by name) were most certainly exterminated at Majdanek, amongst its almost 80,000 victims accounted for, altogether.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: The Soviets initially grossly overestimated the number of murders, claiming at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 that there were no fewer than 400,000 Jewish victims, and the official Soviet count was of 1.5 million victims of different nationalities, Independent Canadian journalist Raymond Arthur Davies, who was based in Moscow and on the payroll of the Canadian Jewish Congress, visited Majdanek on August 28, 1944. The following day he sent a telegram to Saul Hayes, the executive director of the Canadian Jewish Congress. It states: "I do wish [to] stress that Majdanek where one million Jews and half a million others [were] killed" and "You can tell America that at least three million [Polish] Jews [were] killed of whom at least a third were killed in Majdanek", and though widely reported in this way, the estimate was never taken seriously by scholars.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: In 1961, Raul Hilberg estimated that 50,000 Jewish victims were murdered in the camp. In 1992, Czesław Rajca gave his own estimate of 235,000; it was displayed at the camp museum. The 2005 research by the Head of Scientific Department at Majdanek Museum, historian Tomasz Kranz indicated that there were 79,000 victims, 59,000 of whom were Jews.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: The differences in estimates stem from different methods used for estimating and the amounts of evidence available to the researchers. The Soviet figures relied on the most crude methodology, also used to make Auschwitz estimates—it was assumed that the number of victims more or less corresponded to the crematoria capacities. Later researchers tried to take much more evidence into account, using records of deportations, contemporaneous population censuses, and recovered Nazi records. Hilberg's 1961 estimate, using these records, aligns closely with Kranz's report.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: After the camp takeover, in August 1944 the Soviets protected the camp area and convened a special Polish-Soviet commission, to investigate and document the crimes against humanity committed at Majdanek. This effort constitutes one of the first attempts to document the Nazi war crimes in Eastern Europe. In the fall of 1944 the Majdanek State Museum was founded on the grounds of the Majdanek concentration camp. In 1947 the actual camp became the monument of martyrology by the decree of Polish Parliament. In the same year, some 1,300 m of surface soil mixed with human ashes and fragments of bones was collected and turned into a large mound. Majdanek received the status of the national museum in 1965.


title: Majdanek concentration camp

text: Some Nazi personnel of the camp were prosecuted immediately after the war, and some in the decades afterward. In November and December 1944, four SS Men and two kapos were placed on trial; one committed suicide and the rest were hanged on December 3, 1944. The last major, widely publicized prosecution of 16 SS members from Majdanek ( in German) took place from 1975 to 1981 in West Germany. However, of the 1,037 SS members who worked at Majdanek and are known by name, only 170 were prosecuted. This was due to a rule applied by the West German justice system that only those directly involved in the murder process could be charged.