title: Tea (meal)

text: In most of the United Kingdom (namely, the North of England, North and South Wales, the English Midlands, Scotland, and some rural and working class areas of Northern Ireland), people traditionally call their midday meal "dinner" and their evening meal "tea" (served around 6 pm), whereas the upper social classes would call the midday meal "lunch" or "luncheon" and the evening meal (served after 7 pm) "dinner" (if formal) or "supper" (if informal). This differentiation in usage is one of the classic social markers of British English (see U and non-U English). However, in most of the South of England, the midday meal is "lunch", with "dinner" being the evening meal, regardless of social class.


title: Tea (meal)

text: High tea typically consists of a savoury dish (either something hot, or cold cuts of meat such as ham salad), followed by cakes and bread, butter and jam. In "The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950", high tea is defined thus:


title: Tea (meal)

text: the central feature was the extension of a meal based predominantly on bread, butter and tea by the inclusion of some kind of fish or meat usually cooked in a frying pan.


title: Tea (meal)

text: A stereotypical expression "You'll have had your tea", meaning "I imagine you have already eaten", is used to parody people from Edinburgh as being rather stingy with hospitality. A BBC Radio 4 comedy series of this name was made by Graeme Garden and Barry Cryer.


title: Tea (meal)

text: In South Africa and New Zealand, and historically in Australia, a small informal social gathering usually at someone's home for tea and a light meal (e.g. biscuits, scones, or slices of cake or sandwiches) in the mid-afternoon is referred to as "afternoon tea". More generally, any light meal or snack taken at mid-afternoon, with or without tea or another hot drink, may also be referred to as "afternoon tea". When taken at mid-morning instead of mid-afternoon, the term "morning tea" is used in place of "afternoon tea" in Australia and New Zealand. These usages have declined in popularity in recent years, in tandem with the rise in coffee culture, particularly in Australia. The term "high tea" is now used in the southern hemisphere to describe formal afternoon teas. Formal afternoon teas are often held outside the private home in commercial tea rooms, function venues, hotels, or similar.


title: Tea (meal)

text: In Australia and New Zealand, a break from work or school taken at mid-morning was frequently known as "morning tea". A "smoko", originally meaning a cigarette break, is also used as slang for a tea break, especially for people working in manual work.


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: Lee Jung-eun (; born January 23, 1970) is a South Korean actress. She is best known internationally for her role as the housekeeper Moon-gwang in film "Parasite", which won four Academy Awards and became the first non-English language film to win the award for Best Picture.


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: Lee Jeung-eun started out as theater play assistant director. After graduating from the Department of Theater and Film at Hanyang University she debuted in the play "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in 1991.


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: In 2000, she made her big screen debut with minor role in the movie "A Masterpiece In My Life". It was followed by another minor role, in a movie "Wanee & Junah" (2001).


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: Her breakthrough as an actress was in 2008 musical "Laundry". In one of her most representative creative musicals in Korea, Lee Jung-eun played multiple roles as a master, a grandmother and a female employee. She received her first award, "Young Drama Awards" (2008) for this work. She joined the creative musical "Laundry" again in 2009 and 2012. In addition to "Laundry", she worked with director Choo Min-joo on the reading performances "House with Fig Trees" and "Scars", as well as the musical "Good Morning School".


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: Lee Jung-eun, who had gained a reputation in the musical field, decided to try movie project again. In 2009, she auditioned for costume director Choi Se-yeon, who was also the producer of the musical "Laundry", and appeared in a minor role in Bong Joon-ho's film "Mother" (2009).


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: In 2014, Lee debuted in television drama "The Queen's Classroom". Lee Jung-eun drew attention from the public for her role as Shaman of Seobinggo-dong in the tvN drama series "Oh My Ghost" (2015).


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: In 2017, Bong Joon-ho who knew her from her acting in his movie "Mother" (2009) and Musical "Laundry", asked her to act as voice actor of genetically modified pig in Netflix movie "Okja" (2017). She spent days researching for this role.


title: Lee Jung-eun (actress)

text: 2019 was the best year of her life as an actress. Lee was cast in Bong Joon-ho’s movie Parasite" (2019)." Her acting skills are recognized for her role as a housekeeper and she has won numerous Best Supporting Actress Awards including Busan Film Critics Association Award, Buil Film Award, Chunsa Film Award and Blue Dragon Film Award.


title: Temper (film)

text: Temper is a 2015 Indian Telugu-language action film written by Vakkantham Vamsi and directed by Puri Jagannadh. Starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Kajal Aggarwal and Prakash Raj, the narrative revolves around Daya, a corrupt police officer, whose life changes after a brawl that eventually leads to him stumbling upon a murder case.


title: Temper (film)

text: "Temper" was produced by Bandla Ganesh on Parameswara Art Productions banner. Anup Rubens composed the soundtrack while Mani Sharma composed the background score. Shyam K. Naidu and S. R. Sekhar handled the film's cinematography and editing, respectively. The film was made on a budget of 35 crore (350 million). Production began on 1 August 2014 at Hyderabad and principal photography commenced on the next day. After being halted twice because of the Film Federation employees' strike, the film's shoot was completed by 31 January 2015, with the film being primarily shot in and around Hyderabad and Goa.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film was released worldwide on 13 February 2015 to positive reviews from critics, who praised the principal cast's performances and criticised portions of the film for being predictable and repetitive. The film was a commercial success, grossing 74.3 crore (743 million) and collecting a share of 43.1 crore (431 million) in its lifetime. It was remade in Hindi as "Simmba" (2018) and remade in Tamil as "Ayogya" (2019) with a changed climax.


title: Temper (film)

text: Daya is an orphan who grows up believing that a cop's life to be a happy one with much money coming in the form of bribes, which inspires him to become a cop. After years, he becomes a corrupt SI and gets transferred to Visakhapatnam, where he forms an immediate friendship with the local don "Waltair" Vasu by releasing his four brothers Ravi, Mani, Varun and Sundeep from prison, who were all arrested for smuggling. Daya's attitude does not go well with his subordinate Narayana Murthy, a sincere constable. In vain, he tries to oppose Daya's deeds.


title: Temper (film)

text: Meanwhile, Daya falls in love with Shanvi, a Blue Cross member, who is kidnapped on her birthday by Vasu's men, only to be rescued by Daya. Vasu then scolds his henchmen for kidnapping the wrong woman and apologizes to both of them. As her birthday gift, Shanvi asks Daya to rescue the girl who was the actual target. Obliging the same, Daya fights off Vasu's goons and saves the girl, Lakshmi. Somehow, Daya later reconciles with Vasu and learns that Lakshmi has a piece of evidence against Vasu's brothers's atrocities.


title: Temper (film)

text: Daya meets her and learns that her sister Deepthi was kidnapped and brutally assaulted to death for 40 days by Vasu's four brothers, who filmed and stored the footage on a CD, which is with Lakshmi now. Taking the CD, Daya calls Vasu to arrange for tickets to send both Lakshmi and her mother to the US, in exchange for the disc. Before leaving, Lakshmi's conversation brings a change in his mindset. Realizing he was indirectly responsible for the murder and had let the brothers escape, Daya has a change of heart when Murthy notifies him of the same, and he fights off Vasu's goons sent to retrieve the CD.


title: Temper (film)

text: Daya credits Shanvi for bringing the change in him and reveals the truth to her, after which she forgives him. After Deepthi's corpse is found and an autopsy is performed by a female doctor, Daya produces the CD as the evidence, which turns out to be an empty one. Though no further evidence exists, Daya asks for a day gap to provide the necessary evidence so that Vasu's brothers do not escape as exonerated. Realizing he was betrayed by his lawyer, he regrets not making multiple copies of the CD in a conversation with Shanvi.


title: Temper (film)

text: The next day, Daya adds that he is also one among the 'five' men who assaulted Deepthi and convinces the judge to put the five of them to death so that the other four do not escape death. This statement shocks the media and everyone, including Shanvi, who questions Daya as to why he did it. Realizing this, Lakshmi reveals to Murthy that she has an extra copy, which is then aired by the media, revealing only the four brothers to be guilty. Daya's death sentence is cancelled, while the remaining four initiate a brawl with the police, resulting in a fight that leaves three of them dead at the hands of Daya and the remaining one committing suicide in a last-minute attempt to escape him. Daya is released from prison, where he is been reinstated into the police service, and reconciles with Shanvi and Murthy.


title: Temper (film)

text: After "Andhrawala" (2004), Puri Jagannadh and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. unsuccessfully tried to collaborate for another movie several times. When reports of their second collaboration emerged in early 2014, neither of them confirmed the reports. During the post-release promotions of "Heart Attack" (2014), Jagannadh stated that he planned to make a film based solely on family values in his next venture with Godavari shores and regional backdrop. B. V. S. N. Prasad was expected to produce this film under the Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra banner. He went to Bangkok at the end of March 2014 to write the story of this project.


title: Temper (film)

text: Bandla Ganesh was confirmed to produce the film under the Parameswara Art Productions banner. When Jagannadh was about to begin work on the film, Rama Rao Jr. asked him to listen to a point narrated by Vamsi to him four years back, and the former agreed, saying that he would definitely do the film if it is better than his story. Jagannadh chose to direct the script written by Vamsi in mid-May 2014 which marked the former's first film whose story was not written by him. The script work was in progress by late May 2014 and the film was declared a cop drama.


title: Temper (film)

text: In late June 2014, Devi Sri Prasad was selected as the music director of the film while the cast and crew were being finalised. The film was confirmed to be launched officially on 1 August 2014 at Jagannadh's new office "Cave" at 7:00 AM. Shyam K. Naidu was named as cinematographer, S. R. Sekhar was named as editor, Brahma Kadali was named as art director while FEFSI Vijayan was recruited to compose the fights.


title: Temper (film)

text: Devi Sri Prasad was replaced by Anoop Rubens later for unknown reasons while Mani Sharma was selected for composing the background score while Anoop Rubens composed the soundtrack. The titles "Kummutha", "Kummestha", "Rubabu", "Temper", "Nenorakam" with the tagline "Totally Corrupted" and "Shamsher" were considered by the makers and "Temper" was finalised and announced on 19 November 2014. The film was rumoured to be facing financial troubles in December 2014.


title: Temper (film)

text: Kajal Aggarwal was selected as the heroine of this film in early June 2013 pairing with Rama Rao Jr. after two successful films "Brindavanam" (2010) and "Baadshah" (2013) whose inclusion was confirmed by Jagannadh in a statement to the media after few days. Ajaz Khan was signed as the antagonist of the film in July 2014. On the day of launch, it was confirmed that Prakash Raj, Madhuurima, Ali, Kota Srinivasa Rao and Posani Krishna Murali would play important roles along with Tanikella Bharani, Subbaraju, Vennela Kishore, Jaya Prakash Reddy, Sapthagiri, Ramaprabha, Pavithra Lokesh and Kovai Sarala. Aggarwal had shortage of bulk dates to accommodate and it was rumoured that Tamannaah or a new actress would replace her.


title: Temper (film)

text: Ganesh denied those rumours and confirmed Aggarwal's inclusion. Though initially planned to shoot simultaneously for a film by Sudhir Mishra, Aggarwal opted to continue with this film due to certain problems with Mishra's script. S. Sreesanth and Zarine Khan were speculated to be a part of the film's cast when they visited Jagannath's "Cave" but there was no official confirmation then. Naveena was reported to be considered for a small role. Impressed with his previous works, Jagannadh cast Sapthagiri for a special comedy role in the film. Nora Fatehi replaced Shruti Haasan in an item number. Jagannadh immediately selected her after her intense training to prepare for her role as a commando in the film "" (2014).


title: Temper (film)

text: R. Narayana Murthy was approached for a special character in the film opposite Rama Rao Jr. Murthy liked the role but declined it as he did not want to move to mainstream cinema and was content making left-oriented films. Sonia Agarwal was signed on to play a significant role in the film. Apoorva Srinivasan was cast for a small yet crucial supporting role marking her debut in Telugu cinema. Junaid Sheikh was selected to play a negative role.


title: Temper (film)

text: N. T. Rama Rao Jr. was reported to be seen as a tough and eccentric police officer in this film. Regarding her character in the film, Madhuurima said that she plays a crucial role which is the turning point in the film. She later added that her role is a small one that changes the course of the protagonist's character graph. Aggarwal was confirmed to play the role of an animal lover in this film. For his role, Rama Rao Jr. hired a new trainer who specialises in improving muscle tone and shed few kilograms relying on high protein diet and workout routine to build a hefty body. He also sported a crew cut. A few still images of the film were leaked online on 26 November 2014 which confirmed Rama Rao Jr.'s look in the film.


title: Temper (film)

text: Those stills were captured during the shoot at Goa, and they went viral on social networking sites. However, the makers tried to find out who leaked it online as they wanted the pictures to be released to create a buzz before the film's launch. Another still was leaked on the next day which featured Rama Rao Jr. sitting on a Royal Enfield bike sans shirt sporting his six pack abs. The image was a working still taken on the beach, reportedly featuring in a song sequence of the film. However, none from the film's unit made a statement about the alleged leak.


title: Temper (film)

text: Rama Rao Jr.'s underwent a drastic physical transformation from head to toe in hairdo, costumes, body and attitude for this role. His stylist Ashwin Mawle shopped for the costumes and accessories from designer stores in Hong Kong and London. Regarding the styling, Ashwin further revealed, "For the hair, we tried getting a few variations of spikes — straight, cross and messy. He (Rama Rao Jr.) keeps a tab on the latest trends. He took a lot of references from latest runway looks and zeroed in on an earthy color palette: brown, burgundy and grey. Thick jackets make him look bulkier, so he has gone for slim fit shirts and jackets made of linen" in an interview with Sasidhar AS of "The Times of India". He added that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. trimmed his mustache for sporting a rugged look.


title: Temper (film)

text: Madhuurima said in an interview to Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" that she participated in few action sequences with Rama Rao Jr. in the film and added that she has no songs with him. Rama Rao Jr.'s character was named Daya and he was shown as a sub inspector of police who by his own admission is ruthless, fully corrupted, criminal minded and 100% cunning. For a particular scene where he had to walk with bare chest, Rama Rao Jr. skipped drinking a glass of water for 18 hours continuously. Aggarwal said in an interview to IANS that her character would become the reason for the transformation in the protagonist's character after she forces him to take up an issue. Posani Krishna Murali was seen in the role of a sincere constable who hates Daya because of his corrupt nature.


title: Temper (film)

text: The regular shooting was planned to commence in April 2014. In mid-May 2014, the film's shooting schedules were planned in July 2014. On 1 July 2014 it was declared that the film's shoot would be completed in 100 working days. Principal photography began on 2 August 2014. Madhuurima joined the film's sets on 9 August. N. T. Rama Rao Jr. was expected to join the film's sets on 11 August though he joined on 21 August in the Aluminium Factory at Gachibowli in Hyderabad. Few comedy scenes were shot on Rama Rao Jr., Vennela Kishore and other supporting cast after a week. The film's second schedule was planned from 10 September till the completion of the film's shoot which was postponed to 15 September because of disruption in construction of a large police station set due to rainfall.


title: Temper (film)

text: After being rumoured that the film might be shelved after the shooting was stopped midway, Bandla Ganesh has clarified that the shooting would continue from 26 September and the shooting resumed in Aluminium Factory at Gachibowli in Hyderabad, and the makers announced that the schedule would continue till the end of the principal photography. The makers selected a house in Begumpet to erect a special police station set to shoot few crucial scenes on which 2.7 million was invested. An item number on Rama Rao Jr. and Nora Fatehi was shot in Hyderabad in early October 2014. That song was a fast-paced folk song choreographed by Shekhar which Nora termed a "hyper energetic dance number".


title: Temper (film)

text: 25% of the film's shoot was wrapped up by then and the next schedule was planned in Visakhapatnam. Later the makers chose Goa to shoot major parts of the film. Few scenes on Rama Rao Jr., Aggarwal and some other actors were shot meanwhile. The film's Goa schedule was delayed due to the ongoing strike for Non-acceptance of the revised pay hike for the Film Federation Employees. The strike was called off later and the filming continued from 25 October at Goa where major part of the film was shot. The shoot of the interval block was wrapped up by 2 November. Few key scenes on Rama Rao Jr., Aggarwal and Prakash Raj were shot later. The Goa schedule came to an end on 24 November and the team returned to Hyderabad the next day. The next schedule started at Ramoji Film City from 27 November. By then, 80% of the film's shoot was complete.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film's shoot was disrupted again due to another strike caused by Film Federation Employees to appoint those technicians who have a membership in the Federation. The makers said that two weeks of filming is pending which would start immediately once the strike is called off. However, the film's shoot was reported to be progressing in Hyderabad with employees other than the ones from Federation being employed. The strike was called off on 5 December 2014 and the union members took part in the shootings from the next day. Bandla Ganesh called off the film's shoot for 10 days as Rama Rao Jr. was devastated because of the death of his step brother Nandamuri Janakiram. However Rama Rao Jr. chose to continue for ensuring a Sankranthi release and the filming resumed on 10 December 2014.


title: Temper (film)

text: 16 days of shoot was reported to be pending and the filming was expected to come to an end on 31 December 2014. Meanwhile, Rama Rao Jr. participated in the shoot of some important jail and court scenes at a specially erected set in Aluminium Factory near Gachibowli. Puri Jagannadh informed Bandla Ganesh that the film cannot be completed as planned and that film will not be ready for a Sankranti release. The latter was fine with the decision and gave a break to Rama Rao Jr. The filming resumed from 27 December 2014 in Hyderabad. Scenes on Rama Rao Jr. and others were shot in a police station set and court room set erected in Begumpet. The last song was shot on Rama Rao Jr. and Aggarwal in late January 2015. The entire filming came to an end on 31 January 2015.


title: Temper (film)

text: S. R. Sekhar simultaneously completed the editing work so that the film can release on time. Post-production activities progressed in tandem with the filming during the film's shoot at Goa. Mani Sharma began composing the background score on 4 December 2014. The film's dubbing activities began on 9 December 2014 at Hyderabad. Rama Rao Jr. and the film's cast began dubbing for their roles on 4 February 2015. The pending DTS mixing and Rama Rao Jr.'s dubbing were completed by 7 February 2015. Mani Sharma was completing the rerecording work at the same time and the final copy was planned to be sent to Central Board of Film Certification for censoring on 9 February 2015. The censoring activities were postponed by a day due to unavailability of slot for censor and delay of final mixing. The special screening for the board began at 4:00 PM. The board passed the film with an 'U/A' certificate. The film's final length after censoring was 147 minutes and 18 cuts were made in the film including the reduction of the climax by 30%.


title: Temper (film)

text: In an interview with Subhash K. Jha for the newspaper "Absolute India", Puri Jagannadh said that the film is basically the story of a bad police officer played by Rama Rao Jr. and is an action-oriented film. He added later that the film about a highly corrupt and cunning police officer who later transforms into an honest one and the title of the film signifies the protagonist's character has attitude, arrogance and is defiant. He added that the film has a novel theme and is not inspired by anyone in real life. A source from the film's unit revealed that the confrontation scene in the courtroom was shot on the lines of a similar scene from the film "Bobbili Puli" (1982) and features N. T. Rama Rao Jr. delivering dialogues that ridicule the contemporary judicial system and police hierarchy.


title: Temper (film)

text: Anup Rubens was signed in on to compose the film's soundtrack album after Rama Rao Jr. insisted Jagannadh to bring a relatively new music composer on board when the latter opted for Devi Sri Prasad. It consists of six songs all composed by Rubens and penned by Bhaskarabhatla, Kandikonda and Viswa. Rahul Kumar, mostly known as Roll Rida, rapped for the songs. The soundtrack was marketed by Aditya Music and was released on 28 January 2015 to positive reviews from critics.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film was initially planned for a worldwide theatrical release on 9 January 2015 as a Sankranthi release. The film's release was postponed from Sankranthi to a later date due to halt in the film's shoot post Nandamuri Janakiram's death and an official confirmation was awaited. Later the film was expected to release in February 2015. The release date was speculated as 13 February 2015 and an official confirmation was awaited. Rama Rao Jr. was expected to announce the film's release date at the audio launch event.


title: Temper (film)

text: Bandla Ganesh announced at the audio launch that the film would release worldwide on 13 February 2015 at 05:07 AM. 90 theatres were booked in Karnataka for the film's release which is a big number for any Telugu film. Great India Films was expected to release the film in 125 screens across the overseas markets. The film was expected to release in 1500 theatres across the world. Advance booking of tickets began on 10 February and the tickets for the first day in AP/Nizam were sold out completely while Bangalore and Chennai witnessed an advance booking of 50% each within a day.


title: Temper (film)

text: One of the benefit shows were held at Mallikarjuna 70 MM theatre in KPHB colony at 4:00 AM. The other benefit show was held at Sreeramulu 70 MM theatre in Moosapet at 5:00 AM. The ticket rates of these benefit shows ranged between 2000 - 5000 each. The film released in Japan on 28 February 2015.


title: Temper (film)

text: N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Puri Jagannadh acquired the distribution rights of Nizam region and Visakhapatnam. Later Vakkantham Vamsi was reported to acquire the distribution rights of Nellore district for an amount of . Great India Films announced in mid-January 2015 that they acquired the overseas distribution rights of the film. It was their third and fifth film with Puri Jagannadh and Rama Rao Jr. in overseas respectively. DBB Films announced later that they acquired the distribution and theatrical screening rights of the film in Europe except United Kingdom, whose theatrical screening rights were acquired by Colours Media later. Sumanth Sunkara acquired the distribution rights of the film in Canada.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film's distribution rights for different regions have been sold for an amount of 424 million, out of which the highest amount was received from Nizam region rights which were bought by Suresh Movies with an advance of 110 million followed by overseas rights for an amount of 630 million and followed by Ceded region rights bought by Siva Shakti films for an amount of 60 million. Anu Sri films and Suresh Movies acquired the East and West Godavari districts' distribution rights for an amount of 25.2 million and 230 million respectively. The distribution rights of Guntur and Nellore districts were acquired by S Creations and Icon for an amount of 330 million and 12.5 million plus 4 million advance respectively. Alankar Pictures offered 30 million advance while Hari Pictures offered 24.5 million for Krishna district rights on an NRA basis. Brunda Associates acquired Karnataka distribution rights for 45 million while SPI acquired Tamil Nadu distribution rights. North India distribution rights were sold for 5 million.


title: Temper (film)

text: On 19 May 2014, 2 posters of this film bearing the title "Production no. 5" were released wishing N. T. Rama Rao Jr. a happy birthday in advance. The makers planned to reveal the film's first look teaser on Diwali. The makers later decided to unveil the film's first look poster on 29 November and teaser on 5 December. Bandla Ganesh unveiled the official logo of the film's title on 27 November. Puri Jagannadh unveiled two posters featuring Rama Rao Jr. on the same day. Another poster featuring Rama Rao Jr. was unveiled on 6 December 2014. In that poster, he was seen sporting a sky blue cotton shirt, white cargo pants and aviator sunglasses during the film's shoot at Goa. He posted the autographed version of the same in his official Facebook page a day before which received 30 thousand likes, 2 thousand shares and more than 1 thousand comments upon its release; all of them being positive.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film's trailer was expected to be unveiled on or after 17 December 2014. A new still of Rama Rao Jr. was unveiled on 29 December 2014. The first look teaser was unveiled on 1 January 2015. Two posters featuring Rama Rao Jr. were unveiled on the same day. The teaser was successful and the theatrical trailer of 1 minute duration was planned to be unveiled on the eve of Sankranthi. A poster featuring Rama Rao Jr. was unveiled on 24 January 2015. Six audio release posters all featuring Rama Rao Jr. were unveiled on 27 January 2015. Another poster featuring Rama Rao Jr. and Aggarwal was unveiled on the same day. A set of five stills featuring the lead pair and another five stills featuring Rama Rao Jr. were released on the next day.


title: Temper (film)

text: The theatrical trailer with a duration of 116 seconds was unveiled on the night of 28 January 2015 at the audio launch. It received 0.25 million views, 3000 likes, 250 dislikes and more than 250 comments within 12 hours of its release in YouTube and received mixed feedback from the audience. "Deccan Chronicle" opined that the trailer promised action and entertainment and would leave the audience asking for more. Oneindia Entertainment wrote "As the trailer depicts him as a police officer, a dancer, a lover and a comedian and thus on a whole, "Temper" can be told as Jr. NTR in & as", adding that the trailer raised expectations. IndiaGlitz stated "NTR looks very different and stylish compared to his previous films and he has even changed his body language and dialogue delivery. If the trailer is anything to go by, the film has plenty of action sequences and Puri mark witty dialogues. NTR fans are in for a treat." In contrast, Subramanian Harikumar of Bollywood Life stated "The obsession for cop roles amongst Telugu filmmakers is refusing to die down, as Jr NTR plays corrupt sub inspector Daya. Overall, "Temper" seems like it is the same run of the mill action entertainer, which would appeal to die hard Jr NTR fans and nothing more". Meanwhile, the video promo of the item number "Ittage Rechchipodam" crossed more than 90 thousand views on the official channel in YouTube within 24 hours of its release. The dance moves of Rama Rao Jr. and Nora Fatehi received praise.


title: Temper (film)

text: The 40 second video promo of the song "Temper" received praise particularly for Rama Rao Jr.'s dance movements. The theatrical trailer crossed half a million views within 18 hours of its release in YouTube. It crossed a million views on 1 February 2015 in Puri Jagannadh's official channel on YouTube making it one of the record breaking Telugu film trailers in YouTube. The video promo of the song "One More Time" received positive response. Six new stills featuring Rama Rao Jr. along with a set of working stills were released on 4 February 2015. 60 stills were released by the makers later; most of them featured Rama Rao Jr. in stylish looks and a few of them featuring the roles played by the remaining star cast.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film satellite rights were sold for an amount of 77.5 million to an undisclosed leading channel thus beating the record set by Rama Rao Jr.'s previous film "Rabhasa" (2014). The television broadcast rights were sold to Gemini TV for an amount of 78 million who faced a stiff competition from MAA TV.


title: Temper (film)

text: Two years after the film's release, the film's writer Vakkantham Vamsi adapted the film as a novel in English which was released in April 2017.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. Y. Sunita Chowdary of "The Hindu" praised Rama Rao Jr.'s performance as one of his finest works and added "The strength of the story lies in Puri Jagan’s clarity, at no moment he is in a hurry or tempted to show the hero’s softer side. What this film needed desperately was personality and character and this time it gets both". IBN Live called it the best work of Rama Rao Jr. after "Rakhi" (2006) and added "Although the film isn't targeted mainly at family audience due to overtly dealt perverted ideas, "Temper" can be a best watch for Nandamuri Fans". Hemanth Kumar of "The Times of India" gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and praised Rama Rao Jr.'s performance and the film's underlying theme. He wrote "In the end, "Temper" comes across as a film which was meant for NTR to reinvent himself, for Puri to prove that he hasn't lost his mojo yet, for NTR's fans, whose unflinching faith in the actor hasn't diminished at all".


title: Temper (film)

text: Pravallika Anjuri of Oneindia Entertainment gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "It is surely a brave attempt by the team to opt a script like this. "Temper" deals with a sensitive story and yet conveyed it with all the commercial elements that are needed for a film to click." IndiaGlitz too gave 3.25 out of 5 stars and summarised "All in all, this one has emotion plus action, the former is the raison d' etre. Watch out for NTR. He is different and genuinely different here." Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" gave the film 3 out of 5 stars. He praised the performances of Rama Rao Jr. and Prakash Raj and termed the film as one of the best films of the former's and also his ideal comeback. Subramanian Harikumar of Bollywood Life gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated ""Temper" is one of those films which ride high on actor’s performances and this film is a Jr NTR show from start to finish. Go in with minimum expectations and get ready to be mesmerised by NTR magic."


title: Temper (film)

text: In contrast, Haricharan Pudipeddi of IANS gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and termed "Temper" a regular Puri Jagannadh film salvaged by Rama Rao Jr.'s performance which he called a "terrific" one. Behindwoods gave the film 2.25 out of 5 stars and stated "A thin one-liner made into a film with underused artists and a disengaging screenplay! Thanks to the well-known faces, reasonable songs and Junior NTR's dance, "Temper" becomes bearable."


title: Temper (film)

text: After including collections from Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, other parts of North India and international markets apart from AP/Nizam area, the first day total at the global box office stood approximately at 15 crore and became the biggest opener of Rama Rao Jr. after breaking the previous record set by "Baadshah" (2013). The film's trade witnessed around 50 per cent drop in the morning shows on its second day and improvements in the later shows and collected 6.5 crore taking its two-day global box office total to approximately 22 crore. Apart from AP/Nizam, the film collected 3.5 crore in other areas and the three day i.e. first weekend global box office total stood at 37.4 crore.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film's business witnessed a 70 percent drop on its fourth day and collected 2.5 crore and showed improvement on the next day which was Maha Shivaratri and collected 3.25 crore taking its five-day global total to 33.93 crore. Trade Analyst Trinath told IANS that the film grossed 40 crore in six days. By the end of its first week, the film collected 38 crore nett at the global box office and its distributors recovered 90 percent of their investments on the film by then. The film stood in the fifth place in the list of highest grossing Telugu film at the global box office in the first week and overtook "Gopala Gopala", "Race Gurram" (2014), "Baadshah" and "Gabbar Singh" (2012).


title: Temper (film)

text: "Temper" lost many screens across the world due to new releases "Bandipotu" and "Gayakudu" and a couple of dubbed films because of which it witnessed a huge drop in its business. The film collected 2.5 crore on its eighth day at the global box office taking its eight-day total to 40.5 crore. The film's business later witnessed a growth as the new releases received mixed reviews. It collected 46.5 crore nett by the end of its ten-day run at the global box office with which the film overtook the second week collection of "Govindudu Andarivadele" (2014) and the lifetime collections of "Gopala Gopala". The film witnessed a huge drop in its business due to new film releases and 2015 Cricket World Cup. It collected 49.5 crore nett in 14 days at the global box office.


title: Temper (film)

text: By the end of its 20-day run, the film crossed 60 crore mark by grossing 66.75 crore and collected a distributor share of 40.39 crore. The film completed its 50-day run across several centres on 3 April 2015. In its lifetime, the film grossed 74.3 crore and collected a share of 43.1 crore and was declared a profitable film for its distributors on a whole.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film collected a share of 9.68 crore at AP/Nizam box office and became the biggest opener for both Rama Rao Jr. in his career and Telugu cinema in 2015. It overtook the opening day collections of "Gopala Gopala" at AP/Nizam box office thus emerging as the third highest opener of all time there. It collected 1.1 crore from 125 shows at Bangalore box office on its first day. It collected 4 crore at AP/Nizam box office on its second day and its two-day AP/Nizam box office total stood at a share of 13.68 crore. It collected 4.5 crore at AP/Nizam box office on its third day taking its three-day total to a share of 16.72 crore breaking the opening weekend record of "Gopala Gopala". The film continued a steady run on its sixth day collecting 1.78 crore at AP/Nizam box office.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film collected approximately a share of 24.52 crore at AP/Nizam box office in its first week. The film collected a share of 9.7 crore in ten days in Nizam region making "Temper" the biggest grosser of Rama Rao Jr. in that area beating the lifetime collections of his previous films "Rabhasa" (2014), "Ramayya Vasthavayya" (2013), "Brindavanam" (2010) and "Dammu" (2012), which collected 6.9 crore, 8.9 crore, 8.3 crore and 8.2 crore respectively in Nizam region in their lifetime. However it failed to break the records set by "Race Gurram" and "Govindudu Andarivadele" in Nizam region. The film grossed 39.2 crore and collected a share of 27.25 crore in ten days at AP/Nizam box office and topped the business charts in that area followed by "Bandipotu" and "Badlapur".


title: Temper (film)

text: The film grossed 44 crore and collected a share of 29.02 crore at AP/Nizam box office by the end of its 20-day run. The film continued to stand in the first spot in the weekend business charts of AP/Nizam box office followed by "Maga Maharaju", "Pisachi", "Ram Leela" and "Badlapur". The film grossed 5.85 crore and collected a share of 2.45 crore at Bangalore box office while the share and gross in the rest of Karnataka were reported as a share of 2.3 crore and 4.8 crore respectively. The film grossed 3.6 crore and collected 1.4 crore in the rest of India, including Tamil Nadu. The film grossed 50.6 crore and collected 31.35 crore at AP/Nizam box office in its lifetime. The lifetime gross and share figures at Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the rest of India stood at 11.5 crore and 5.1 crore, 1.4 crore and 0.55 crore, 2.2 crore and 0.85 crore respectively.


title: Temper (film)

text: Taran Adarsh reported that the film collected US$256,834 on Thursday preview shows, US$228,779 on its first day, US$203,794 on its second day and US$163,395 on the third day at the United States box office taking its opening weekend total to US$852,802 in the country. It was equivalent to 5.3 crore and Adarsh called it a "flying start". It performed better than the other releases "Roy" and "Anegan" which collected US$133,453 and US$105,070 equivalent to 0.83 crore and 0.653 crore respectively. The film was expected to cross the US$1 million mark soon. The film collected US$934,467 in six days at the United States box office which was equivalent to 5.82 crore and was declared Rama Rao Jr.'s biggest success in the country.


title: Temper (film)

text: The film collected US$23,000 each on 20 and 21 February 2015 at the United States box office and crossed the US$1 million mark by collecting US$10,05,000 in 10 days. With this, "Temper" became Rama Rao Jr.'s second film to cross the US$1 million mark after "Baadshah" and also the first Indian film in 2015 to cross that mark. The lifetime gross and share figures at the United States stood at 6.6 crore and 4.25 crore respectively. The film grossed 2 crore and collected a share of 1 crore in its lifetime in other international markets.


title: Temper (film)

text: Bandla Ganesh announced the film's sequel titled "Temper 2" on 14 February 2015 through his Twitter page. Its feasibility was doubted as Jagannadh shelved the sequels of his films "Pokiri" (2006) and "Businessman" (2012) in the past. Sachiin J. Joshi announced that he would bankroll the Tamil and Hindi remakes of the film under his banner Viiking Media & Entertainment Pvt Ltd. Ganesh reportedly sold those rights to Joshi as a part of the compensation to money he owed to him when the latter financed the former's production "Govindudu Andarivadele" (2014). Dharma Productions later acquired the remake rights for Hindi, but the version titled "Simmba" (2018) was, according to its director Rohit Shetty, only a partial remake of "Temper". The film was also remade in Tamil as "Ayogya" (2019). Despite remakes, the film was later dubbed and released in Tamil and Kannada, both under the title "Inspector Daya", and also in Hindi under the same title.


title: Authentication

text: Authentication (from "authentikos", "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης "authentes", "author") is the act of proving an assertion, such as the identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity. It might involve validating personal identity documents, verifying the authenticity of a website with a digital certificate, determining the age of an artifact by carbon dating, or ensuring that a product or document is not counterfeit.


title: Authentication

text: Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person or in a certain place or period of history. In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems.


title: Authentication

text: The first type of authentication is accepting proof of identity given by a credible person who has first-hand evidence that the identity is genuine. When authentication is required of art or physical objects, this proof could be a friend, family member, or colleague attesting to the item's provenance, perhaps by having witnessed the item in its creator's possession. With autographed sports memorabilia, this could involve someone attesting that they witnessed the object being signed. A vendor selling branded items implies authenticity, while they may not have evidence that every step in the supply chain was authenticated. Centralized authority-based trust relationships back most secure internet communication through known public certificate authorities; decentralized peer-based trust, also known as a web of trust, is used for personal services such as email or files (Pretty Good Privacy, GNU Privacy Guard) and trust is established by known individuals signing each other's cryptographic key at Key signing parties, for instance.


title: Authentication

text: The second type of authentication is comparing the attributes of the object itself to what is known about objects of that origin. For example, an art expert might look for similarities in the style of painting, check the location and form of a signature, or compare the object to an old photograph. An archaeologist, on the other hand, might use carbon dating to verify the age of an artifact, do a chemical and spectroscopic analysis of the materials used, or compare the style of construction or decoration to other artifacts of similar origin. The physics of sound and light, and comparison with a known physical environment, can be used to examine the authenticity of audio recordings, photographs, or videos. Documents can be verified as being created on ink or paper readily available at the time of the item's implied creation.


title: Authentication

text: Attribute comparison may be vulnerable to forgery. In general, it relies on the facts that creating a forgery indistinguishable from a genuine artifact requires expert knowledge, that mistakes are easily made, and that the amount of effort required to do so is considerably greater than the amount of profit that can be gained from the forgery.


title: Authentication

text: In art and antiques, certificates are of great importance for authenticating an object of interest and value. Certificates can, however, also be forged, and the authentication of these poses a problem. For instance, the son of Han van Meegeren, the well-known art-forger, forged the work of his father and provided a certificate for its provenance as well; see the article Jacques van Meegeren.


title: Authentication

text: Criminal and civil penalties for fraud, forgery, and counterfeiting can reduce the incentive for falsification, depending on the risk of getting caught.


title: Authentication

text: Currency and other financial instruments commonly use this second type of authentication method. Bills, coins, and cheques incorporate hard-to-duplicate physical features, such as fine printing or engraving, distinctive feel, watermarks, and holographic imagery, which are easy for trained receivers to verify.


title: Authentication

text: The third type of authentication relies on documentation or other external affirmations. In criminal courts, the rules of evidence often require establishing the chain of custody of evidence presented. This can be accomplished through a written evidence log, or by testimony from the police detectives and forensics staff that handled it. Some antiques are accompanied by certificates attesting to their authenticity. Signed sports memorabilia is usually accompanied by a certificate of authenticity. These external records have their own problems of forgery and perjury and are also vulnerable to being separated from the artifact and lost.


title: Authentication

text: In computer science, a user can be given access to secure systems based on user credentials that imply authenticity. A network administrator can give a user a password, or provide the user with a key card or other access devices to allow system access. In this case, authenticity is implied but not guaranteed.


title: Authentication

text: Consumer goods such as pharmaceuticals, perfume, fashion clothing can use all three forms of authentication to prevent counterfeit goods from taking advantage of a popular brand's reputation (damaging the brand owner's sales and reputation). As mentioned above, having an item for sale in a reputable store implicitly attests to it being genuine, the first type of authentication. The second type of authentication might involve comparing the quality and craftsmanship of an item, such as an expensive handbag, to genuine articles. The third type of authentication could be the presence of a trademark on the item, which is a legally protected marking, or any other identifying feature which aids consumers in the identification of genuine brand-name goods. With software, companies have taken great steps to protect from counterfeiters, including adding holograms, security rings, security threads and color shifting ink.


title: Authentication

text: The ways in which someone may be authenticated fall into three categories, based on what is known as the factors of authentication: something the user "knows", something the user "has", and something the user "is". Each authentication factor covers a range of elements used to authenticate or verify a person's identity before being granted access, approving a transaction request, signing a document or other work product, granting authority to others, and establishing a chain of authority.


title: Authentication

text: Security research has determined that for a positive authentication, elements from at least two, and preferably all three, factors should be verified. The three factors (classes) and some of the elements of each factor are:


title: Authentication

text: As the weakest level of authentication, only a single component from one of the three categories of factors is used to authenticate an individual's identity. The use of only one factor does not offer much protection from misuse or malicious intrusion. This type of authentication is not recommended for financial or personally relevant transactions that warrant a higher level of security.


title: Authentication

text: Multi-factor authentication involves two or more authentication factors ("something you know", "something you have", or "something you are"). Two-factor authentication is a special case of multi-factor authentication involving exactly two factors.


title: Authentication

text: For example, using a bank card (something the user has) along with a PIN (something the user knows) provides two-factor authentication. Business networks may require users to provide a password (knowledge factor) and a pseudorandom number from a security token (ownership factor). Access to a very-high-security system might require a mantrap screening of height, weight, facial, and fingerprint checks (several inherence factor elements) plus a PIN and a day code (knowledge factor elements), but this is still a two-factor authentication.


title: Authentication

text: The most frequent types of authentication available in use for authenticating online users differ in the level of security provided by combining factors from one or more of the three categories of factors for authentication:


title: Authentication

text: The U.S. government's National Information Assurance Glossary defines strong authentication as a layered authentication approach relying on two or more authenticators to establish the identity of an originator or receiver of information.


title: Authentication

text: The Fast IDentity Online (FIDO) Alliance has been striving to establish technical specifications for strong authentication.


title: Authentication

text: Conventional computer systems authenticate users only at the initial log-in session, which can be the cause of a critical security flaw. To resolve this problem, systems need continuous user authentication methods that continuously monitor and authenticate users based on some biometric trait(s). A study used behavioural biometrics based on writing styles as a continuous authentication method.


title: Authentication

text: Recent research has shown the possibility of using smartphones sensors and accessories to extract some behavioral attributes such as touch dynamics, keystroke dynamics and gait recognition. These attributes are known as behavioral biometrics and could be used to verify or identify users implicitly and continuously on smartphones. The authentication systems that have been built based on these behavioral biometric traits are known as active or continuous authentication systems.


title: Authentication

text: The term "digital authentication", also known as "electronic authentication" or "e-authentication", refers to a group of processes where the confidence for user identities is established and presented via electronic methods to an information system. The digital authentication process creates technical challenges because of the need to authenticate individuals or entities remotely over a network.


title: Authentication

text: The American National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has created a generic model for digital authentication that describes the processes that are used to accomplish secure authentication:


title: Authentication

text: The authentication of information can pose special problems with electronic communication, such as vulnerability to man-in-the-middle attacks, whereby a third party taps into the communication stream, and poses as each of the two other communicating parties, in order to intercept information from each. Extra identity factors can be required to authenticate each party's identity.


title: Authentication

text: Counterfeit products are often offered to consumers as being authentic. Counterfeit consumer goods, such as electronics, music, apparel, and counterfeit medications, have been sold as being legitimate. Efforts to control the supply chain and educate consumers help ensure that authentic products are sold and used. Even security printing on packages, labels, and nameplates, however, is subject to counterfeiting.


title: Authentication

text: In their anti-counterfeiting technology guide, the EUIPO Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights categorizes the main anti-counterfeiting technologies on the market currently into five main categories: electronic, marking, chemical and physical, mechanical, and technologies for digital media.


title: Authentication

text: Products or their packaging can include a variable QR Code. A QR Code alone is easy to verify but offers a weak level of authentication as it offers no protection against counterfeits unless scan data is analyzed at the system level to detect anomalies. To increase the security level, the QR Code can be combined with a digital watermark or copy detection pattern that are robust to copy attempts and can be authenticated with a smartphone.


title: Authentication

text: A secure key storage device can be used for authentication in consumer electronics, network authentication, license management, supply chain management, etc. Generally, the device to be authenticated needs some sort of wireless or wired digital connection to either a host system or a network. Nonetheless, the component being authenticated need not be electronic in nature as an authentication chip can be mechanically attached and read through a connector to the host e.g. an authenticated ink tank for use with a printer. For products and services that these secure coprocessors can be applied to, they can offer a solution that can be much more difficult to counterfeit than most other options while at the same time being more easily verified.


title: Authentication

text: Packaging and labeling can be engineered to help reduce the risks of counterfeit consumer goods or the theft and resale of products. Some package constructions are more difficult to copy and some have pilfer indicating seals. Counterfeit goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be reduced with these anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include authentication seals and use security printing to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit; these too are subject to counterfeiting. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include:


title: Authentication

text: Literary forgery can involve imitating the style of a famous author. If an original manuscript, typewritten text, or recording is available, then the medium itself (or its packaging – anything from a box to e-mail headers) can help prove or disprove the authenticity of the document. However, text, audio, and video can be copied into new media, possibly leaving only the informational content itself to use in authentication. Various systems have been invented to allow authors to provide a means for readers to reliably authenticate that a given message originated from or was relayed by them. These involve authentication factors like:


title: Authentication

text: The opposite problem is the detection of plagiarism, where information from a different author is passed off as a person's own work. A common technique for proving plagiarism is the discovery of another copy of the same or very similar text, which has different attribution. In some cases, excessively high quality or a style mismatch may raise suspicion of plagiarism.


title: Authentication

text: In literacy, authentication is a readers’ process of questioning the veracity of an aspect of literature and then verifying those questions via research. The fundamental question for authentication of literature is – Does one believe it? Related to that, an authentication project is therefore a reading and writing activity in which students document the relevant research process (). It builds students' critical literacy. The documentation materials for literature go beyond narrative texts and likely include informational texts, primary sources, and multimedia. The process typically involves both internet and hands-on library research. When authenticating historical fiction in particular, readers consider the extent that the major historical events, as well as the culture portrayed (e.g., the language, clothing, food, gender roles), are believable for the period.


title: Authentication

text: Historically, fingerprints have been used as the most authoritative method of authentication, but court cases in the US and elsewhere have raised fundamental doubts about fingerprint reliability. Outside of the legal system as well, fingerprints are easily spoofable, with British Telecom's top computer security official noting that "few" fingerprint readers have not already been tricked by one spoof or another. Hybrid or two-tiered authentication methods offer a compelling the solution, such as private keys encrypted by fingerprint inside of a USB device.


title: Authentication

text: In a computer data context, cryptographic methods have been developed ("see" digital signature and challenge–response authentication) which are currently not spoofable if and only if the originator's key has not been compromised. That the originator (or anyone other than an attacker) knows (or doesn't know) about a compromise is irrelevant. It is not known whether these cryptographically based authentication methods are provably secure, since unanticipated mathematical developments may make them vulnerable to attack in the future. If that were to occur, it may call into question much of the authentication in the past. In particular, a digitally signed contract may be questioned when a new attack on the cryptography underlying the signature is discovered.


title: Authentication

text: The process of authorization is distinct from that of authentication. Whereas authentication is the process of verifying that "you are who you say you are", authorization is the process of verifying that "you are permitted to do what you are trying to do". While authorization often happens immediately after authentication (e.g., when logging into a computer system), this does not mean authorization presupposes authentication: an anonymous agent could be authorized to a limited action set.


title: Authentication

text: One familiar use of authentication and authorization is access control. A computer system that is supposed to be used only by those authorized must attempt to detect and exclude the unauthorized. Access to it is therefore usually controlled by insisting on an authentication procedure to establish with some degree of confidence the identity of the user, granting privileges established for that identity.


title: Bellerophon

text: Bellerophon (; Ancient Greek: Βελλεροφῶν) or Bellerophontes (), born as Hipponous, was a hero of Greek mythology. He was "the greatest hero and slayer of monsters, alongside Cadmus and Perseus, before the days of Heracles", and his greatest feat was killing the Chimera, a monster that Homer depicted with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail: "her breath came out in terrible blasts of burning flame."


title: Bellerophon

text: Bellerophon was also known for capturing the winged horse Pegasus with the help of Athena’s charmed bridle, and earning the disfavour of the gods after attempting to ride Pegasus to Mount Olympus to join them.


title: Bellerophon

text: One possible etymology that has been suggested is: Βελλεροφόντης (Bellerophóntēs) from Ancient Greek βέλεμνον (bélemnon), βελόνη (belóne), βέλος (bélos, "projectile, dart, javelin, needle, arrow") and -φόντης (-phóntēs, "slayer") from φονεύω (phoneúō, "to slay"). However, Geoffrey Kirk says that "Βελλεροφόντης means 'slayer of Belleros. He must have been named so after slaying an original enemy named Belleros, but there is no trace left of this ancient foe; nevertheless it must have been there from the beginning in order for Bellerophon to gain his universally-accepted name, much as Hermes got his 'Argeiphontes' epithet after slaying Argus Panoptes. Belleros could have been a Lycian, a local daimon or a Corinthian nobleman—Bellerophon's name "clearly invited all sorts of speculation".


title: Bellerophon

text: Bellerophon was the son of the mortal Eurynome (Eurymede) by either her husband, Glaucus, or Poseidon. He was the brother of Deliades (also named Peiren or Alcimenes).


title: Bellerophon

text: Bellerophon was the father of Isander (Peisander), Hippolochus, and Laodamia (Deidamia or Hippodamia) by Philonoe, daughter of King Iobates of Lycia. Philonoe was also known under several other names: Alkimedousa, Anticleia, Pasandra or Cassandra. In some accounts, Bellerophon also fathered Hydissos by Asteria, daughter of Hydeus.


title: Bellerophon

text: The "Iliad" vi.155–203 contained an embedded narrative told by Bellerophon's grandson Glaucus (who was named after his great-grandfather), which recounted Bellerophon's myth. Bellerophon's father was Glaucus, who was the King of Potniae and son of Sisyphus. Bellerophon's grandsons Sarpedon and the younger Glaucus fought in the Trojan War. In Stephanus of Byzantium’s "Ethnica", a genealogy was given for Chrysaor ("of the golden sword") that would make him a double of Bellerophon; he was called the son of Glaucus (son of Sisyphus). Chrysaor has no myth save that of his birth: from the severed neck of Medusa, who was with child by Poseidon, he and Pegasus both sprang at the moment of her death. "From this moment we hear no more of Chrysaor, the rest of the tale concerning the stallion only... [who visited the spring of Pirene] perhaps also for his brother's sake, by whom in the end he let himself be caught, the immortal horse by his mortal brother."


title: Bellerophon

text: Bellerophon's brave journey began in the familiar way, with an exile: he had murdered either his brother, whose name was usually given as Deliades, Peiren or even Alcimenes, or killed a shadowy "enemy", a "Belleros" or "Belleron", a ruler of the Corinthians (though the details are never directly told), and in expiation of his crime arrived as a suppliant to Proetus, king in Tiryns, one of the Mycenaean strongholds of the Argolid. Proetus, by virtue of his kingship, cleansed Bellerophon of his crime. The wife of the king, whether named Anteia or Stheneboea, took a fancy to him, but when he rejected her, she accused Bellerophon of attempting to ravish her. Proetus dared not satisfy his anger by killing a guest (who is protected by "xenia"), so he sent Bellerophon to King Iobates his father-in-law, in the plain of the River Xanthus in Lycia, bearing a sealed message in a folded tablet, a letter which read: "Pray remove the bearer from this world: he attempted to violate my wife, your daughter." Before opening the tablets, Iobates feasted with Bellerophon for nine days. On reading the tablet's message Iobates too feared the wrath of the Erinyes if he murdered a guest; so he sent Bellerophon on a mission that he deemed impossible: to kill the Chimera, living in neighboring Caria. The Chimera was a fire-breathing monster consisting of the body of a goat, the head of a lion and the tail of a serpent. This monster had terrorized the nearby countryside. On his way he encountered the famous Corinthian seer Polyeidos, who gave him advice about his oncoming battle.


title: Bellerophon

text: Polyeidos told Bellerophon that he would have need of Pegasus. To obtain the services of the untamed winged horse, Polyeidos told Bellerophon to sleep in the temple of Athena. While Bellerophon slept, he dreamed that Athena set a golden bridle beside him, saying "Sleepest thou, prince of the house of Aiolos? Come, take this charm for the steed and show it to the Tamer thy father as thou makest sacrifice to him of a white bull." It was there when he awoke. Bellerophon had to approach Pegasus while it drank from a well; Polyeidos told him which well —the never-failing Pirene on the citadel of Corinth, the city of Bellerophon's birth. Other accounts say that Athena brought Pegasus already tamed and bridled, or that Poseidon the horse-tamer, secretly the father of Bellerophon, brought Pegasus, as Pausanias understood. Bellerophon mounted his steed and flew off to where the Chimera was said to dwell.


title: Bellerophon

text: When Bellerophon arrived in Lycia to face the ferocious Chimera, he could not harm the monster even while riding Pegasus. He felt the Chimera's hot breath and was struck with an idea. He got a large block of lead and mounted it on his spear. He then flew head-on towards the Chimera, holding out the spear as far as he could. Before breaking off his attack, he lodged the block of lead inside the Chimera's throat. The beast's fire-breath melted the lead, which blocked its air passage, suffocating it. Bellerophon returned victorious to King Iobates. On Bellerophon's return, however, the king was unwilling to believe his story. A series of daunting quests ensued: Bellerophon was sent against the warlike Solymi and then against the Amazons, who fought like men, whom Bellerophon vanquished by dropping boulders from his winged horse. When he was sent against a Carian pirate, Cheirmarrhus, an ambush failed when Bellerophon killed everyone sent to assassinate him. The palace guards then were sent against him, but Bellerophon called upon Poseidon, who flooded the plain of Xanthus behind Bellerophon as he approached. To defend themselves, the palace women rushed from the gates with their robes lifted high to expose themselves. Unwilling to confront them while they were undressed, Bellerophon withdrew. Iobates relented, produced the letter, and allowed Bellerophon to marry his daughter Philonoe, the younger sister of Anteia, and shared with him half his kingdom, with its fine vineyards and grain fields. The lady Philonoe bore him Isander (Peisander), Hippolochus and Laodamia, who lay with Zeus the Counselor and bore Sarpedon, but was slain by Artemis.


title: Bellerophon

text: As Bellerophon's fame grew, so did his arrogance. Bellerophon felt that because of his victory over the Chimera, he deserved to fly to Mount Olympus, the home of the gods. That act of hubris angered Zeus and he sent a gadfly to sting Pegasus, causing Bellerophon to fall back to Earth. Pegasus completed the flight to Olympus where Zeus used him as a pack horse for his thunderbolts. On the Plain of Aleion ("Wandering") in Cilicia, Bellerophon, who had been blinded after falling into a thorn bush, lived out his life in misery, "devouring his own soul", until he died.


title: Bellerophon

text: Enough fragments of Euripides' lost tragedy, "Bellerophon", remain as about thirty quotations in surviving texts, giving scholars a basis for assessing its theme: the tragic outcome of his attempt to storm Olympus on Pegasus. An outspoken passage—in which Bellerophon seems to doubt the gods' existence, due to the contrast between the wicked and impious, who live lives of ease, with the suffering of the good—is apparently the basis for Aristophanes' imputation of "atheism" to the poet.


title: Bellerophon

text: The replacement of Bellerophon by the more familiar culture hero Perseus was a development of Classical times that was standardized during the Middle Ages and has been adopted by the European poets of the Renaissance and later.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system. It was established by Maurice Strong, its first director, after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972. Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues, including climate change, the management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and green economic development. The organization also develops international environmental agreements; publishes and promotes environmental science and helps national governments achieve environmental targets.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: As a member of the United Nations Development Group, UNEP aims to help the world meet the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP hosts the secretariats of several multilateral environmental agreements and research bodies, including The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), The Minamata Convention on Mercury, The Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, The Convention on Migratory Species and The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), among others.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: In 1988, the World Meteorological Organization and UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: In the 1970s, the need for environmental governance at a global level was not universally accepted, particularly by developing nations. Some argued that environmental concerns were not a priority for nations in poverty. The leadership of Canadian diplomat Maurice Strong convinced many of the developing nations' governments that they needed to prioritize this issue. In the words of Nigerian professor Adebayo Adedeji: "Mr. Strong, through the sincerity of his advocacy, soon made it clear that all of us, irrespective of the stage of our development, have a large stake in the matter."


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: After developing organisations such as the International Labour Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization, the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (the Stockholm Conference) was convened. In this conference various topics were discussed such as pollution, marine life, protection of resources, environmental change, and disasters relating to natural and biological change. This conference resulted in a "Declaration on the Human Environment" (Stockholm Declaration) and the establishment of an environmental management body, which was later named the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). UNEP was established by General Assembly Resolution 2997. Headquarters were established in Nairobi, Kenya, with a staff of 300, including 100 professionals in a variety of fields, and with a five-year fund of more than US$100 million. At the time, US$40 million were pledged by the United States and the remainder by 50 other nations. The 'Voluntary Indicative Scale of Contribution' established in 2002 has the role to increase the supporters of the UNEP. The finances related to all programs of UNEP is voluntarily contributed by Member states of the United Nations. The Environmental Fund, which all nations of UNEP invest in, is the core source of UNEP's programs. Between 1974 and 1986 UNEP produced more than 200 technical guidelines or manuals on environment including forest and water management, pest control, pollution monitoring, the relationship between chemical use and health, and management of industry.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: The location of the headquarters proved to be a major controversy, with developed countries preferring Geneva, where several other UN offices are based, while developing countries preferred Nairobi, as that would be the first international organization headquartered in the Global South. At first, Mexico City, New Delhi, and Cairo were also competing to be the headquarters, but they pulled out to support Nairobi in an act of "Third World solidarity". Many of the developing countries were "not particularly supportive of creating a new formal institution for environmental governance", but supported its creation as an act of "Southern solidarity". The location of UNEP in Nairobi was taken as "an explicitly political decision".


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: In 2000, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, based in Cambridge and sponsored by IUCN, became part of UNEP.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: In December 1972, the UN General Assembly unanimously elected Maurice Strong to be the first head of UN Environment. He was also secretary-general of both the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the Earth Summit (1992).


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: The position was then held for 17 years (1975–1992) by Mostafa Kamal Tolba, who was instrumental in bringing environmental considerations to the forefront of global thinking and action. Under his leadership, UN Environment's most widely acclaimed success—the historic 1987 agreement to protect the ozone layer—the Montreal Protocol was negotiated. He was succeeded by Elizabeth Dowdeswell (1992–1998), Klaus Töpfer (1998–2006), Achim Steiner (2006–2016), and Erik Solheim (2016–2018).


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP's acting executive director, Joyce Msuya, took office in November 2018 following the resignation of Erik Solheim. Prior to that appointment, she was UNEP's deputy executive director. Inger Andersen was appointed executive director of UNEP by UN secretary-general António Guterres in February 2019.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: The United Nations Environment Assembly is UNEP's governing body. Created in 2012 to replace the Governing Council, it currently has 193 members and meets every two years.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: Several awards programs have been established to recognize outstanding work in the environmental field. The Global 500 Roll of Honour was initiated in 1987 and ended in 2003. Its 2005 successor, Champions of the Earth, and a similar award, Young Champions of the Earth, are given annually to entrepreneurs, scientists, policy leaders, upcoming talent, individuals and organizations who make significant positive impacts on resources and the environment in their areas.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP has registered several successes, such as the 1987 Montreal Protocol for limiting emissions of gases blamed for thinning the planet's protective ozone layer, and the 2017 Minamata Convention, a treaty to limit toxic mercury.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP has sponsored the development of solar loan programmes, with attractive return rates, to buffer the initial deployment costs and entice consumers to consider and purchase solar PV systems. The most famous example is the solar loan programme sponsored by UNEP that helped 100,000 people finance solar power systems in India. Success in India's solar programme has led to similar projects in other parts of the developing world, including Tunisia, Morocco, Indonesia and Mexico.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: In 2001, UNEP alerted about the destruction of the Marshlands when it released satellite images showing that 90 percent of the marsh had been lost. The UNEP "support for environmental management of the Iraqi Marshland" began in 2004, to manage the marshland area in an environmentally sound manner.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP has a programme for young people known as Tunza. Within this programme are other projects like the AEO for Youth.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: For two decades, UNESCO and UNEP led the International Environmental Education Programme (1975-1995), which set out a vision for, and gave practical guidance on how to mobilize education for environmental awareness. In 1976 UNESCO launched an environmental education newsletter "Connect" as the official organ of the UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education Programme (IEEP). Until 2007 it served as a clearinghouse to exchange information on environmental education in general and to promote the aims and activities of the IEEP in particular, as well as being a network for institutions and individuals interested and active in environment education.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP in 1989, years ago, predicted "entire nations could be wiped off the face of the Earth by sea level rise if the global warming trend is not reversed by the year 2000".


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP in 2005, years ago, predicted "50 million people could become environmental refugees by 2010, fleeing the effects of climate change".


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: Glaciers are shrinking at record rates and many could disappear within decades, the UNEP said in 2008. The scientists measuring the health of almost 30 glaciers around the world found that ice loss reached record levels in 2006. On average, the glaciers shrank by 4.9 feet in 2006. Norway's Breidalblikkbrea glacier shrank 10.2 feet in 2006. Glaciers lost an average of about a foot of ice a year between 1980 and 1999, but since the turn of the millennium the average loss has increased to about 20 inches.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: At the fifth Magdeburg Environmental Forum held in 2008, in Magdeburg, Germany, UNEP and car manufacturer Daimler AG called for the establishment of infrastructure for electric vehicles. At this international conference 250 politicians and representatives of non-government organizations discussed future road transportation under the motto of "Sustainable Mobility–the Post-2012 Agenda".


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP is the co-chair and a founding partner (along with groups such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation) for the Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy, which is a public-private partnership of over 50 global organizations and governments seeking to support the transition to a global circular economy.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: Established in 1974, this is the world's only legal programme for the purpose of protecting the oceans and seas at the regional level. More than 143 countries participate in 18 regional programmes established by the Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans, with 14 of them underpinned by legally binding international conventions, such as the Helsinki Convention, the Oslo Dumping Convention, the Barcelona Convention or the Bucharest Convention. The RSCAPs include the Caribbean region, East Asian seas, East African region, Mediterranean Basin, Pacific Northwest region, West African region, Caspian Sea, Black Sea region, Northeast Pacific region, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, ROPME Sea Area, South Asian seas, Southeast Pacific region, Pacific region, Arctic region, Antarctic region, Baltic Sea, and Northeast Atlantic region. Each programme consists of countries which share the same sea and manages this sea at the regional level. The programmes are controlled by secretariats or Regional Coordinating Units and Regional Activity Centers. UNEP protects seas by promoting international conventions through education and training.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: Launched in 2017, the initiative's goal is to encourage and collaborate with faith-based organizations to protect the environment and invest in green resources. In 2020, UNEP published a book with the Parliament of the World's Religions Climate Action Program entitled, "Faith for Earth: A Call for Action." The book serves as an educational resource for students, teachers, and leaders across the world and highlights the role that faith-based organizations can play in addressing critical environmental issues.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UN assigns specific years to topics to raise awareness and engagement. The following years pertain to environmental topics:


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: Following the 2007 publication of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, the "Paris Call for Action", presented by French president Jacques Chirac and supported by 46 countries, called for the UNEP to be replaced by a new and more powerful "United Nations Environment Organization", to be modeled on the World Health Organization. The 46 countries included the European Union nations, but notably did not include the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China, the top four emitters of greenhouse gases.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: In December 2012, following the Rio+20 Summit, a decision by the General Assembly of the United Nations to "strengthen and upgrade" the UNEP and establish universal membership of its governing body was confirmed.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: The European Investment Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme created the Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP) in 2015 to assist a United Nations project dubbed Sustainable Energy for All. Renewable Energy Performance Platform was established with $67 million from the United Kingdom's International Climate Finance initiative, administered by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, in 2015, and $128 million in 2018. REPP was established with a five-year goal of improving energy access for at least two million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has so far invested around $45 million to renewable energy projects in 13 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Solar power and hydropower are among the energy methods used in the projects.


title: United Nations Environment Programme

text: In September 2018, a series of allegations were made against the Executive Director of the UNEP, Eric Solheim, at that time, including excessive number of days spent outside the headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. As a result, Eric Solheim resigned. Several donor countries withdrew their donation in the aftermath of the allegation, including the Dutch government who announced it would withhold $8 million in funding to UNEP until nepotism issues were resolved. Sweden and Denmark stopped funding as well. A spokesman for the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs said the freezing of funds was probably unprecedented.


title: Deborah Snyder

text: Deborah Snyder (née Johnson, born March 13, 1963) is an American producer of feature films and television commercials. She is married to filmmaker Zack Snyder, and has worked as his frequent producing partner on films such as "Watchmen" and "300". She is the co-founder of the production company The Stone Quarry.


title: Deborah Snyder

text: Deborah Snyder is married to filmmaker Zack Snyder. The couple first met in 1996, and married on September 25, 2004 at the St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in Manhattan, New York. They currently reside in Pasadena, California. They have adopted two children together, and Snyder is the stepmother to six children from his previous relationships.


title: Deborah Snyder

text: Prior to her career as a film producer, Snyder worked at the New York advertising agency Backer Spielvogel Bates. In 1996, she hired Zack Snyder to direct a commercial for Reebok, hoping to create a commercial with a cinematic feel. At the time, she was dating the art director of the commercial, while Zack Snyder was married. In 1997, Snyder served as producer for the television documentary "Talk to Me: Americans in Conversation". In 2002, she hired Zack Snyder to direct a commercial for Soft and Dry deodorant in New Zealand. The couple began dating at the end of filming. In 2004, the couple became the co-founders of Cruel and Unusual Films alongside their producing partner Wesley Coller.


title: Deborah Snyder

text: In 2007, Snyder served as an executive producer for Zack Snyder's 2007 film "300", an adaptation of Frank Miller's same-titled graphic novel. She also produced the 2009 film adaptation of the graphic novel "Watchmen". Snyder has currently served as an executive producer for the 2010 computer-animated film "", which is based on "Guardians of Ga'Hoole", a series of children's fantasy books by Kathryn Lasky. The film was released in September 2010. Snyder next produced "Sucker Punch", which was co-written, co-produced, and directed by her husband. The film was the first to credit their company Cruel and Unusual Films as a co-producer. "Sucker Punch" was released theatrically on March 25, 2011.


title: Deborah Snyder

text: Snyder produced, alongside Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas, the Superman reboot "Man of Steel", which Zack Snyder directed. She will also produce a remake of the 1969 film "The Illustrated Man" with Zack Snyder attached as a director; she will also produce "Horse Latitudes", which was formerly known as "The Last Photograph" and "The Fountainhead", a film about a photograph that inspires two men to travel to South America and a novel adaptation from Ayn Rand, respectively.


title: Deborah Snyder

text: On January 29, 2019, Zack Snyder announced that he had signed on to helm "Army of the Dead", a zombie horror thriller, for Netflix. Snyder co-produced with her husband, Zack Snyder and producing partner, Wesley Coller, via their newly rebranded production company, Stone Quarry.


title: Short circuit

text: A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit.


title: Short circuit

text: The opposite of a short circuit is an "open circuit", which is an infinite resistance between two nodes.


title: Short circuit

text: A short circuit is an abnormal connection between two nodes of an electric circuit intended to be at different voltages. This results in an electric current limited only by the Thévenin equivalent resistance of the rest of the network which can cause circuit damage, overheating, fire or explosion. Although usually the result of a fault, there are cases where short circuits are caused intentionally, for example, for the purpose of voltage-sensing crowbar circuit protectors.


title: Short circuit

text: In circuit analysis, a "short circuit" is defined as a connection between two nodes that forces them to be at the same voltage. In an 'ideal' short circuit, this means there is no resistance and thus no voltage drop across the connection. In real circuits, the result is a connection with almost no resistance. In such a case, the current is limited only by the resistance of the rest of the circuit.


title: Short circuit

text: A common type of short circuit occurs when the positive and negative terminals of a battery are connected with a low-resistance conductor, like a wire. With a low resistance in the connection, a high current will flow, causing the delivery of a large amount of energy in a short period of time.


title: Short circuit

text: A high current flowing through a battery can cause a rapid increase of temperature, potentially resulting in an explosion with the release of hydrogen gas and electrolyte (an acid or a base), which can burn tissue and cause blindness or even death. Overloaded wires will also overheat causing damage to the wire's insulation, or starting a fire.


title: Short circuit

text: In electrical devices, unintentional short circuits are usually caused when a wire's insulation breaks down, or when another conducting material is introduced, allowing charge to flow along a different path than the one intended.


title: Short circuit

text: In mains circuits, short circuits may occur between two phases, between a phase and neutral or between a phase and earth (ground). Such short circuits are likely to result in a very high current and therefore quickly trigger an overcurrent protection device. However, it is possible for short circuits to arise between neutral and earth conductors and between two conductors of the same phase. Such short circuits can be dangerous, particularly as they may not immediately result in a large current and are therefore less likely to be detected. Possible effects include unexpected energisation of a circuit presumed to be isolated. To help reduce the negative effects of short circuits, power distribution transformers are deliberately designed to have a certain amount of leakage reactance. The leakage reactance (usually about 5 to 10% of the full load impedance) helps limit both the magnitude and rate of rise of the fault current.


title: Short circuit

text: A short circuit may lead to formation of an electric arc. The arc, a channel of hot ionized plasma, is highly conductive and can persist even after significant amounts of original material from the conductors has evaporated. Surface erosion is a typical sign of electric arc damage. Even short arcs can remove significant amounts of material from the electrodes. The temperature of the resulting electrical arc is very high (tens of thousands of degrees), causing the metal on the contact surfaces to melt, pool and migrate with the current, as well as to escape into the air as fine particulate matter.


title: Short circuit

text: A short circuit fault current can, within milliseconds, be thousands of times larger than the normal operating current of the system. Damage from short circuits can be reduced or prevented by employing fuses, circuit breakers, or other overload protection, which disconnect the power in reaction to excessive current. Overload protection must be chosen according to the current rating of the circuit. Circuits for large home appliances require protective devices set or rated for higher currents than lighting circuits. Wire gauges specified in building and electrical codes are chosen to ensure safe operation in conjunction with the overload protection. An overcurrent protection device must be rated to safely interrupt the maximum prospective short-circuit current.


title: Short circuit

text: In an improper installation, the overcurrent from a short circuit may cause ohmic heating of the circuit parts with poor conductivity (faulty joints in wiring, faulty contacts in power sockets, or even the site of the short circuit itself). Such overheating is a common cause of fires. An electric arc, if it forms during the short circuit, produces high amount of heat and can cause ignition of combustible substances as well.


title: Short circuit

text: In industrial and utility distribution systems, dynamic forces generated by high short-circuit currents cause conductors to spread apart. Busbars, cables, and apparatus can be damaged by the forces generated in a short circuit.


title: Short circuit

text: In electronics, the ideal model (infinite gain) of an operational amplifier is said to produce a "virtual short circuit" between its input terminals because no matter what the output voltage is, the difference of potential between its input terminals is zero. If one of the input terminals is connected to the ground, then the other one is said to provide a virtual ground because its potential is (ideally) identical to that of the ground. An ideal operational amplifier also has infinite input impedance, so unlike a real short circuit, no current flows between the terminals of the virtual short.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Dolomite () is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite. An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: As stated by Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure the mineral dolomite was probably first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1768. In 1791, it was described as a rock by the French naturalist and geologist Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu (1750–1801), first in buildings of the old city of Rome, and later as samples collected in the mountains now known as the Dolomite Alps of northern Italy. Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure first named the mineral (after Dolomieu) in March 1792.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: The mineral dolomite crystallizes in the trigonal-rhombohedral system. It forms white, tan, gray, or pink crystals. Dolomite is a double carbonate, having an alternating structural arrangement of calcium and magnesium ions. Unless it is in fine powder form, it does not rapidly dissolve or effervesce (fizz) in cold dilute hydrochloric acid as calcite does. Crystal twinning is common.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Solid solution exists between dolomite, the iron-dominant ankerite and the manganese-dominant kutnohorite. Small amounts of iron in the structure give the crystals a yellow to brown tint. Manganese substitutes in the structure also up to about three percent MnO. A high manganese content gives the crystals a rosy pink color. Lead, zinc, and cobalt also substitute in the structure for magnesium. The mineral dolomite is closely related to huntite .


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Because dolomite can be dissolved by slightly acidic water, areas where dolomite is an abundant rock-forming mineral are important as aquifers and contribute to karst terrain formation.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Modern dolomite formation has been found to occur under anaerobic conditions in supersaturated saline lagoons such as those at the Rio de Janeiro coast of Brazil, namely, Lagoa Vermelha and Brejo do Espinho. There are many other localities where modern dolomite forms, notably along sabkhas in the Persian Gulf, but also in sedimentary basins bearing gas hydrates and hypersaline lakes. It is often thought that dolomite nucleates with the help of sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g. "Desulfovibrio brasiliensis"), but other microbial metabolisms have been also found to mediate in dolomite formation. In general, low-temperature dolomite may occur in natural supersaturated environments rich in extracelullar polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial cell surfaces. This is likely result from complexation of both magnesium and calcium by carboxylic acids comprising EPS.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Vast deposits of dolomite are present in the geological record, but the mineral is relatively rare in modern environments. Reproducible, inorganic low-temperature syntheses of dolomite are yet to be performed. Usually, the initial inorganic precipitation of a metastable "precursor" (such as magnesium calcite) can easily be achieved. The precursor phase will theoretically change gradually into a more stable phase (such as partially ordered dolomite) during periodical intervals of dissolution and re-precipitation. The general principle governing the course of this irreversible geochemical reaction has been coined "breaking Ostwald's step rule". High diagenetic temperatures, such as those of groundwater flowing along deeply rooted fault systems affecting some sedimentary successions or deeply buried limestone rocks allocate dolomitization. But the mineral is also volumetrically important in some Neogene platforms never subjected to elevated temperatures. Under such conditions of diagenesis the long-term activity of the deep biosphere could play a key role in dolomitization, since diagenetic fluids of contrasting composition are mixed as a response to Milankovitch cycles.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: A recent biotic synthetic experiment claims to have precipitated ordered dolomite when anoxygenic photosynthesis proceeds in the presence of manganese(II). A still perplexing example of an organogenic origin is that of the reported formation of dolomite in the urinary bladder of a Dalmatian dog, possibly as the result of an illness or infection.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Dolomite is used as an ornamental stone, a concrete aggregate, and a source of magnesium oxide, as well as in the Pidgeon process for the production of magnesium. It is an important petroleum reservoir rock, and serves as the host rock for large strata-bound Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) ore deposits of base metals such as lead, zinc, and copper. Where calcite limestone is uncommon or too costly, dolomite is sometimes used in its place as a flux for the smelting of iron and steel. Large quantities of processed dolomite are used in the production of float glass.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: In horticulture, dolomite and dolomitic limestone are added to soils and soilless potting mixes as a pH buffer and as a magnesium source.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Dolomite is also used as the substrate in marine (saltwater) aquariums to help buffer changes in the pH of the water.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: Calcined dolomite is also used as a catalyst for destruction of tar in the gasification of biomass at high temperature. Particle physics researchers like to build particle detectors under layers of dolomite to enable the detectors to detect the highest possible number of exotic particles. Because dolomite contains relatively minor quantities of radioactive materials, it can insulate against interference from cosmic rays without adding to background radiation levels.


title: Dolomite (mineral)

text: In addition to being an industrial mineral, dolomite is highly valued by collectors and museums when it forms large, transparent crystals. The specimens that appear in the magnesite quarry exploited in Eugui, Esteribar, Navarra (Spain) are considered among the best in the world.


title: First Daughter (2004 film)

text: First Daughter is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film released by 20th Century Fox. It stars Katie Holmes as Samantha MacKenzie, daughter of the President of the United States, who enrolls at college and develops a relationship with another student (Marc Blucas). The film follows Samantha as she experiences a new sense of freedom during her time away from the White House, and the advantages and disadvantages of her college life. It co-stars Michael Keaton as the President of the United States and Amerie as Samantha's roommate, Mia Thompson.


title: First Daughter (2004 film)

text: The film was directed by Forest Whitaker, written by Jessica Bendinger and Kate Kondell from a story by Bendinger and Jerry O'Connell, and produced by John Davis. Whitaker likened "First Daughter" to a fairy tale, characterizing it as "the story of a princess who leaves the 'castle' [the White House] to go out in the world to discover who and what she is." The film languished in "development hell" for several years, due to competition against "Chasing Liberty", and was further delayed after its completion. It was not a commercial success upon its release, and received negative reviews.