title: History of the hamburger

text: In the United States during the 20th century, there have been numerous celebrations marking the centenary of the burger. Two locations in particular organized high-profile events to celebrate 100 years of the hamburger. One was held in Athens, Texas, in November 2006, in honor of Fletcher Davis. In a resolution made by the state of Texas, it was established that Athens is the "Original Home of Hamburger". However, in August 2007, the state of Wisconsin made the same claim on behalf of the town of Seymour, the home of Charlie Nagreen who also claimed to be the creator of the hamburger. These two decisions have split the honor of creating the hamburger between these two American cities. The town of Seymour continues to annually celebrate a "Burger Fest" on the first Saturday of each August.


title: History of the hamburger

text: Since the latter part of the 20th century, the burger has undergone several controversies regarding its nutritional values. In an era in which a growing amount of the world's population has become either overweight or more conscious of weight and the need for a healthy diet in general, the appearance of exceptionally larger burgers (popularly known as "XXL hamburgers") has generated considerable controversy. One example of this is the Triple Whopper, which surpasses the one thousand calorie threshold established by the Health Strategy Against Obesity, which is promoted by the health institutes of the Spanish Association of Food and Nutrition Safety (AESAN). AESAN works to prevent the growth of the incidence of obesity in all people, particularly children. More generally, dietitians are beginning to see that the consumption of foods high in calories can cause excessive appetite. In response to this message, many restaurant chains have reduced the calories in their burgers since the beginning of the 20th century. The late 20th century witnessed a lawsuit brought by McDonald's against two environmental activists, Helen Steel and David Morris, that was colloquially known as the McLibel case. McDonald's took action following the publication of a pamphlet by Steel and Morris that was entitled "What’s wrong with McDonald’s: Everything they don’t want you to know", which was subsequently developed into a documentary called "McLibel".


title: History of the hamburger

text: In 2004, Morgan Spurlock addressed the obsessive consumption of hamburgers by some Americans by directing and starring in the documentary film "Super Size Me". In the film, he himself eats only McDonald's food for an entire month and documents how his health changes. That same year saw the premiere of "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle", a film in which White Castle restaurants played a vital part. Two years later, in 2006, the film "Fast Food Nation" presented a fictional representation of the intrigues and machinations of the meat industry on the border between Mexico and the United States. It is largely based on the 2001 book "Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal".


title: French drain

text: A French drain (also called a weeping tile,trench drain, filter drain, blind drain, rubble drain, rock drain, drain tile, perimeter drain, land drain, French ditch, sub-surface drain, sub-soil drain, or agricultural drain) is a trench filled with gravel or rock, or both, containing a perforated pipe that redirects surface water and groundwater away from an area.


title: French drain

text: French drains are primarily used to prevent ground and surface water from penetrating or damaging building foundations and as an alternative to open ditches or storm sewers for streets and highways. Alternatively, French drains may be used to distribute water, such as a septic drain field at the outlet of a typical septic tank sewage treatment system. French drains are also used behind retaining walls to relieve ground water pressure.


title: French drain

text: The earliest forms of French drains were simple ditches that were pitched from a high area to a lower one and filled with gravel. These may have been invented in France but Henry Flagg French (1813–1885) of Concord, Massachusetts, a lawyer and Assistant U.S. Treasury Secretary described and popularized them in "Farm Drainage" (1859). French's own drains were made of sections of ordinary roofing tile that were laid with a gap in between the sections to admit water. Later, specialised drain tiles were designed with perforations. To prevent clogging, the size of the gravel varied from coarse in the center to fine on the outside and was selected contingent on the gradation of the surrounding soil. The sizes of particles were critical to prevent the surrounding soil from washing into the pores, i. e., voids between the particles of gravel and thereby clogging the drain. The later development of geotextiles greatly simplified this technique.


title: French drain

text: Ditches are dug manually or by a trencher. An inclination of 1 in 100 to 1 in 200 is typical. Lining the bottom of the ditch with clay or plastic pipe increases the volume of water that can flow through the drain. Modern French drain systems are made of perforated pipe, for example weeping tile surrounded by sand or gravel, and geotextile or landscaping textile. Landscaping textiles prevent migration of the drainage material and prevent soil and roots from entering and clogging the pipe. The perforated pipe provides a minor subterranean volume of storage for water, yet the prime purpose is drainage of the area along the full length of the pipe via its perforations and to discharge any surplus water at its terminus. The direction of percolation depends on the relative conditions within and without the pipe.


title: French drain

text: Subsurface drainage systems have been used for centuries. They have many forms that are similar in design and function to the traditional French drain.


title: French drain

text: A French drain can end, i.e., open at a downhill slope, dry well, or rain garden where plants absorb and hold the drained water. This is useful if city water systems or other wastewater areas are unavailable.


title: French drain

text: Depending on the expected level and volume of rain water or runoff, French drains can be widened or also founded on two or three underground drain pipes. Multiple pipes also provide for redundancy, in case one pipe becomes overfilled or clogged by a rupture or defect in the piping. A pipe might become overfilled if it is on a side of the drain which receives a much larger volume of water, such as one pipe being closer to an uphill slope, or closer to a roofline that drips near the French drain. When a pipe becomes overfilled, water can seep sideways into a parallel pipe, as a form of load-balancing, so that neither pipe becomes slowed by air bubbles, as might happen in a full-pipe with no upper air space.


title: French drain

text: French drains are often installed around a home foundation in two different ways, or in combination of both:


title: French drain

text: In most homes, an external French drain or drain tile is installed around the foundation walls before the foundation soil is backfilled. It is laid on the bottom of the excavated area, and a layer of stone is laid on top. In many cases, a filter fabric is then laid on top of the stone to keep fine sediments and particles from entering. Once the drain is installed, the area is backfilled and the system is left alone until it clogs.


title: French drain

text: In the US, municipalities may require permits for building drainage systems as federal law requires water sent to storm drains to be free of certain contaminants and sediment.


title: French drain

text: In the UK, local authorities may have specific requirements for the outfall of a French drain into a ditch or watercourse.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: Amy Farrah Fowler is a fictional character in the CBS television series "The Big Bang Theory", portrayed by Mayim Bialik. Amy is a neuroscientist who is Sheldon's (Jim Parsons) love interest and subsequent partner in the series. She has a PhD in neurobiology (Bialik herself has a PhD in neuroscience), with a research focus on addiction in primates and invertebrates, occasionally mentioning such experiments as getting a capuchin monkey addicted to cigarettes or getting a starfish addicted to cocaine. Amy goes on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics alongside her husband, Sheldon Cooper.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: Amy makes her debut in Season 3, Episode 23 titled "The Lunar Excitation" (aired May 24, 2010). In the episode, Raj Koothrappali (Kunal Nayyar) and Howard Wolowitz (Simon Helberg) find Amy through an online dating site, after establishing an account using Sheldon's name and information. The site matches her to Sheldon, since the two share many similar traits. Upon meeting, Amy and Sheldon become acquainted. The two initially communicate via text messages and video calls, and eventually begin meeting in person.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: Early on, Amy is shown as coldly rational, displaying little emotion, and is awkward in social situations. She is initially ambivalent and often condescending towards Penny (Kaley Cuoco) and Bernadette (Melissa Rauch). But as they grow closer, she sheds her strident, aloof personality for a more feminine and social one, although retaining some social awkwardness. Amy begins to consider Penny a close friend, sometimes referring to her as her "bestie", and occasionally admitting that her entire social life revolves around Penny. Amy also often demonstrates an infatuation towards Penny, occasionally bordering on physical attraction. Amy tends to display a condescending attitude towards Bernadette, although she still considers her a close friend. Her feelings towards Sheldon grow considerably over time. Amy considers him to be ideal in almost every way, though sometimes she displays frustration with Sheldon's quirks.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: In season 5, after Amy goes out on a date with comic-bookstore owner Stuart Bloom (Kevin Sussman), Sheldon decides to solidify their relationship as boyfriend/girlfriend with a 31-page "Relationship Agreement". Later in the season, Amy begins a campaign to increase Sheldon's feelings for her by becoming more involved in his interests, including video games and "Star Trek".


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: By the beginning of season 6, Sheldon and Amy regularly display signs of affection, such as holding hands, although Amy wants the relationship to evolve further to include sexual intimacy. By mid-season, Sheldon gets some intimate views of Amy when he cares for her while she has the flu. She also provides Sheldon with consoling hugs. On one Thanksgiving, Amy receives a slap on the rear by an intoxicated Sheldon who tells everyone that she is a "great gal.”


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: In the season 7 episode "The Locomotive Manipulation", Amy wants to have a romantic Valentine’s night with Sheldon and arranges for them (and Howard and Bernadette) to have dinner on a train. While on the train, they meet Eric, another train enthusiast, who engages Sheldon in conversation during dinner. Amy is upset about it, first sparking Bernadette, then Amy herself to confront Sheldon. Sarcastically, Sheldon says he will give Amy the romance she wants. He openly mocks her, staring into her eyes then kissing her. At first, the kiss is forced, then he leans in and enjoys it.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: In Season 8, Sheldon and Amy admit to being in love with each other in "The Prom Equivalency". In “The Clean Room Infiltration”, Amy threw a Victorian Christmas at her home. Sheldon wanted to ruin her Christmas by getting her a thoughtful gift. He gave her a picture of him sitting on Santa’s lap, which she loved. Amy gave Sheldon cookies she made from his Meemaw’s recipe, which he loved as well. In the season 8 finale episode, "The Commitment Determination", Amy and Sheldon are celebrating their 5th anniversary. While making out on Sheldon’s couch, Amy tries to reminisce with him. Sheldon asks her whether he should start watching and become invested in the Flash TV show. Amy becomes upset that Sheldon can’t appreciate the irony how slowly they are taking their relationship and his interest in the Flash tv show. She doesn’t respond to any of Sheldon’s attempts to contact her, then finally answers a Skype message. Amy tells him that she has decided to take a break from her relationship with Sheldon, telling him she needs some time to think. Unbeknownst to her, Sheldon had intended to propose.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: In the Season 9 premiere, “The Matrimonial Momentum”, Amy ultimately breaks up with Sheldon after his relentless berating and annoying behavior. Amy casually dated three men while they were apart. During Thanksgiving, they decided to the aquarium together. Afterwards, Amy decided she wanted to get back together with Sheldon. She called to ask him if he wanted to get back together. Sheldon said that getting over her was the hardest thing he’s ever had to do and he didn’t think he could do it again. Disappointed, Amy decided to go out with Dave, a man she had previously went out with, to try and move on. Sheldon ended up getting an ear worm, “Darlin” by the Beach Boys, and realized it was about Amy how much he loved her. He went to Amy’s apartment, who was currently on a date with Dave to declare his love. They ended up making out and subsequently getting back together.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: In Season 9, episode 11, “The Opening Night Excitation”, Sheldon decides to skip the premiere of the new Star Wars movie and celebrates Amy’s birthday with her. As a present, he felt it was time that the two of them to get intimate. This starts a tradition of the “annual birthday booty spectacular”.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: When Sheldon's grandmother visits in season 9, she confronts Amy for hurting Sheldon and unintentionally reveals the secret engagement ring in his possession. Although initially shocked, Amy is happy to know that Sheldon loves her enough to have considered taking that step forward in their relationship. Amy later prepares a surprise birthday party for Sheldon, which he has not previously celebrated with the group.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: After a plumbing accident makes her apartment uninhabitable in season 10, Sheldon and Amy embark on a 5-week experiment living together to test their compatibility. Amy later admits she lied about how long the repairs were taking so that she could continue living with Sheldon. They eventually move into Penny's old apartment together, while Penny moves in with Leonard, and later makes the arrangement permanent. Amy is later offered a 3-month science research project at Princeton University in New Jersey and leaves with Sheldon's encouragement. She becomes angry when she learns of Sheldon spending time with Ramona Nowitzki, who she rightfully suspects to have romantic feelings for Sheldon. In the season 10 finale, after Ramona kisses Sheldon, he visits Amy and proposes to her. The episode ends on a cliffhanger awaiting her answer. In the season 11 premiere episode "The Proposal Proposal", which picks up immediately after Sheldon's proposal, Amy's answer is further delayed by a phone call from Leonard and Penny, after which she finally says yes. She and Sheldon marry in the season 11 finale. Amy objects to Sheldon wanting to provide sperm for Zack Johnson's baby but does try and get him excited about having their own child.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: Amy is musically inclined and is shown to play the harp, autoharp and keyboard throughout the series.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: In the final season, Sheldon and Amy publish their work on super-asymmetric string theory and win the Nobel Prize in Physics together.


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: The fourth season received particular praise for character developments. Alan Sepinwall of "Uproxx" praised the additions of Amy and Bernadette to the cast, writing that "With Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski promoted to semi-permanent status, the show is now able to spend large chunks of each episode focusing only on the women, and in the process has made Penny a much more well-rounded character rather than just a foil for the nerds."


title: Amy Farrah Fowler

text: For her performance as Amy Farrah Fowler, Bialik received 4 consecutive nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 64th, 65th, 66th and 67th Primetime Emmy Awards.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: James and the Giant Peach is a popular children's novel written in 1961 by British author Roald Dahl. The first edition, published by Alfred Knopf, featured illustrations by Nancy Ekholm Burkert. There have been re-illustrated versions of it over the years, done by Michael Simeon (for the first British edition), Emma Chichester Clark, Lane Smith and Quentin Blake. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1996 (with Smith being a conceptual designer) which was directed by Henry Selick, and a musical in 2010.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: The plot centres on a young English orphan boy who enters a gigantic, magical peach, and has a wild and surreal cross-world adventure with seven magically altered garden bugs he meets. Dahl was originally going to write about a giant cherry, but changed it to "James and the Giant Peach" because a peach is "prettier, bigger and squishier than a cherry." Because of the story's occasional macabre and potentially frightening content, it has become a regular target of censors.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: Dahl dedicated the book to his six-year-old daughter Olivia, who died from complications of measles only a year after the book was published.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: James Henry Trotter is a boy who lives happily with his parents in a house by the sea. Unfortunately, when he is four years old, an oddly carnivorous rhinoceros escapes from the zoo and eats James' parents. He ends up with his two cruel aunts, Spiker and Sponge. Instead of caring for him, they treat him badly, feed him improperly, and force him to sleep on bare floorboards.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: After James has been living with his aunts for three years, he meets a mysterious man who gives him a bag of magical crystals, instructing James to use them in a potion that would change his life for the better. While returning home, James stumbles and spills the bag on the ground, losing the crystals as they dig themselves underground. A nearby peach tree, in turn, produces a single peach which soon grows to the size of a house. Spiker and Sponge build a fence around it and earn money by selling viewing tickets to tourists; James is locked in the house, only able to see the peach through the bars of his bedroom window.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: After the tourists have gone, James is assigned to clean the rubbish around the peach and finds a tunnel inside it. He enters it and meets Centipede, Miss Spider, Old Green Grasshopper, Earthworm, Ladybug, Glowworm, and Silkworm who become his friends.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: The next day, Centipede cuts the stem of the peach, causing it to roll away and crush James' aunts. It reaches the sea and is surrounded by ravenous sharks. James uses Miss Spider and Silkworm to make threads, while Earthworm is used as bait and draws 502 seagulls to the peach, whereupon the threads are tied on their necks. The peach is lifted off the water. High above the clouds, the peach encounters the Cloud-Men who are portrayed as responsible for weather phenomena like hailstorms and rainbows. Centipede mocks the Cloud-Men, who throw things at the group until they get clear.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: Later, James realizes that the group has reached New York City. The wing of a passing plane severs the strings, and the falling peach lands on the spire of the Empire State Building. It is mistaken for a bomb at first, resulting in the arrival of police and firemen. Calming the crowd, James tells his story, and becomes friends with many children in New York, they eat the peach and James and his friends get their own jobs.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: A television adaptation of the novel appeared on BBC One on December 28, 1976. Paul Stone directed a script by Trever Preston. The cast included Simon Bell playing James, Bernard Cribbins playing Centipede, and Anna Quayle playing Aunt Spiker.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: Though Roald Dahl declined numerous offers during his life to have a film version of "James and the Giant Peach" produced, his widow, Felicity Dahl, approved an offer to have a film adaptation produced in conjunction with Disney in the mid-1990s. It was directed by Henry Selick and produced by Denise Di Novi and Tim Burton, both of whom previously produced "The Nightmare Before Christmas". The movie consists of live action and stop-motion to reduce production finances. It was narrated by Pete Postlethwaite (who also played the wizard). The film was released on April 12, 1996. Although it was a box office flop, it received positive reviews and eventually became a cult classic.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: There are numerous changes in both the plot of the film and the plot of the book, though the film was generally well received. Felicity Dahl said that, "I think Roald would have been delighted with what they did with James." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" praised the animated part, but calling the live-action segments "crude". It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score (by Randy Newman).


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: In August 2016, Sam Mendes was in negotiations with Disney to direct another live action adaptation of the novel, with Nick Hornby in talks for the script. In May 2017, Mendes was no longer attached to the project due to his entering talks with Disney about directing a live-action film adaptation of "Pinocchio".


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: The book was made into a musical with music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and book by Timothy Allen McDonald. The musical had its premiere at Goodspeed Musicals on October 21, 2010, and is currently produced in regional and youth theatre.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: In May 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Taika Waititi, the Oscar-winning director, worked with the Roald Dahl Story Company to publish audio-visual readings of the book. Waititi was joined by Oscar-winning actresses Meryl Streep, Lupita Nyong'o, and Cate Blanchett; actors Benedict Cumberbatch, Liam and Chris Hemsworth, Ryan Reynolds; the Duchess of Cornwall, and others in ten installments which were then published to the Roald Dahl official YouTube channel.


title: James and the Giant Peach

text: The event was organised to raise money for the global-non profit Partners In Health, founded by Dahl's daughter Ophelia, which had been fighting COVID-19 in vulnerable areas; with Roald Dahl Story Co. committing to match donations up to $1million. Waititi had already been working with the company as the writer, director, and executive producer for Netflix's upcoming serialised adaption of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory".


title: Epley maneuver

text: The Epley maneuver or repositioning maneuver is a maneuver used by medical professionals to treat one common cause of vertigo, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) of the posterior or anterior canals of the ear. The maneuver works by allowing free-floating particles, displaced otoconia, from the affected semicircular canal to be relocated by using gravity, back into the utricle, where they can no longer stimulate the cupula, therefore relieving the patient of bothersome vertigo. The maneuver was developed by the physician, John M. Epley, and was first described in 1980.


title: Epley maneuver

text: A version of the maneuver called the "modified" Epley does not include vibrations of the mastoid process originally indicated by Epley, as the vibration procedures have been proven ineffective. The modified procedure has become that now described generally as the Epley maneuver.


title: Epley maneuver

text: An Epley maneuver is a safe and effective treatment for BPPV, although the condition recurs in approximately one third of cases.


title: Epley maneuver

text: These steps may be repeated twice, for a total of three times during a procedure. During every step of this procedure, the patient may experience some dizziness.


title: Epley maneuver

text: Following the treatment, the clinician may provide the patient with a soft collar, often worn for the remainder of the day, as a cue to avoid any head positions that may once again displace the otoconia. The patient may be instructed to be cautious of bending over, lying backward, moving the head up and down, or tilting the head to either side. For the next two nights, patients should sleep in a semi-recumbent position. This means sleeping with the head halfway between being flat and being upright (at a 45-degree angle). This is most easily done by using a recliner chair or by using pillows arranged on a couch. The soft collar is removed occasionally. When doing so, the patient should be encouraged to perform horizontal movements of the head to maintain normal neck range of motion. It is important to instruct the patient that horizontal movement of the head should be performed to prevent stiff neck muscles.


title: Epley maneuver

text: It remains uncertain whether activity restrictions following the treatment improve the effectiveness of the canalith repositioning maneuver. However, study patients who were not provided with any activity restrictions, needed one or two additional treatment sessions to attain a successful outcome. The Epley maneuver appears to be a long-term, effective, and conservative treatment for BPPV that has a limited number of complications (nausea, vomiting, and residual vertigo) and is well tolerated by patients.


title: Epley maneuver

text: The goal of an Epley maneuver is to restore the equilibrium of the vestibular system, more specifically, to the semicircular canals, in order to treat the symptoms associated with BPPV. There is compelling evidence that free-floating otoconia, probably displaced from the otolithic membrane in the utricle are the main cause of this disequilibrium. Recent pathological findings also suggest that the displaced otoconia typically settle in the posterior semicircular canal in the cupula of the ampulla and render it sensitive to gravity. The cupula move in relation to acceleration of the head during rotary movements and signal to the brain via action potentials about which way the head is moving in relation to its surroundings. However, once a crystal becomes lodged in the cupula, it only takes slight head movements in combination with gravity, to create an action potential, which signals to the brain that the head is moving through space, when in reality, it is not, thus creating the experience of vertigo associated with BPPV.


title: Epley maneuver

text: When a therapist is performing an Epley maneuver, the patient's head is rotated to 45 degrees in the direction of the affected side, in order to target the posterior semicircular canal of the affected side. When the patient is passively positioned from an upright seated posture down to a supine (lying on the back) position, this momentum helps to dislodge the otoconia (crystal) embedded in the cupula. Steps 3–10 in the above-mentioned procedure are intended to cause the newly dislodged crystal to be brought back to the utricle through the posterior semicircular canal so that it can be re-absorbed by the utricle.


title: Epley maneuver

text: In 1957, John M. Epley received his M.D. degree from the University of Oregon Medical School (now Oregon Health Sciences University). While a resident at Stanford Medical School he conducted original research on the first multichannel cochlear implant. He developed his BPPV technique in 1979. He died July 31, 2019.


title: Yuengling

text: D. G. Yuengling & Son, established in 1829, is the oldest operating brewing company in the United States. In 2018, by volume of sales, it was the largest craft brewery, sixth largest overall brewery and largest wholly American-owned brewery in the United States. Its headquarters are in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. In 2015, Yuengling produced about 2.9 million barrels, operating two Pennsylvania facilities and a brewery in Tampa, Florida.


title: Yuengling

text: Yuengling is an Anglicized version of "Jüngling", its founder's surname and the German term for a "young person” or “youngster”.


title: Yuengling

text: The family-owned brewery has traditionally changed ownership through the purchase of the company by the offspring of the previous owner. Though it is an amber lager, Yuengling Traditional Lager is popular enough in Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley to be ordered in some bars by simply asking for a lager.


title: Yuengling

text: German brewer David Gottlieb Jüngling (1808–1877) immigrated to the United States in 1828 from Aldingen, near Stuttgart, in the Kingdom of Württemberg. He anglicized his surname from Jüngling to Yuengling and began the "Eagle Brewery" on Centre Street in Pottsville in 1829. His eldest son David Jr. left the Eagle Brewery to establish the James River Steam Brewery along the James River in Richmond, Virginia. The first brewery burned down in an 1831 fire and the company relocated to W. Mahantongo Street at 5th Street, its current location. The Eagle Brewery changed its name to "D. G. Yuengling and Son" in 1873 after Frederick Yuengling joined his father David in running the company. Although the company's name changed, the bald eagle remained the company's emblem. During the late 19th century, breweries were also opened in Saratoga Springs, New York City, and Trail, British Columbia. However, they were eventually merged with the Pottsville plant.


title: Yuengling

text: Frank D. Yuengling began heading the company in 1899 after his father Frederick died. During the Prohibition era, Yuengling survived by producing "near beers" (beverages with a 0.5% alcohol content) called "Yuengling Special", "Yuengling Por-Tor", and "Yuengling Juvo". The company also ran a dairy which produced ice cream and opened dance halls in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York City. In 1933, when Prohibition was repealed, Yuengling introduced its symbolic Winner Beer, celebrating Prohibition's repeal, and the brewery shipped a truck load of its popular brew to the White House to show their appreciation to President Roosevelt. Richard L. Yuengling Sr. and F. Dohrman Yuengling succeeded Frank Yuengling after their father's death in 1963.


title: Yuengling

text: Yuengling experienced an increase in sales after a renewed interest in history due to the United States Bicentennial in 1976. Yuengling bought the rights to use the Mount Carbon (Bavarian Premium Beer) name and label when Mount Carbon Brewery went out of business in 1977. Yuengling initially brewed beer at Mount Carbon but eventually abandoned it. The dairy remained in business until 1985.


title: Yuengling

text: Richard L. ("Dick") Yuengling Jr. took over as the 5th-generation company president in 1985, the same year its Pennsylvanian brewery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest in the United States. It was also so listed in the Pennsylvania Inventory of Historic Places at some unspecified date. (The company's website mentions only a vague national and state registration in 1976). Yuengling has been a registered trademark for various merchandise, including beer, since 1995. The Pottsville brewery was featured on an episode of The History Channel's "American Eats".


title: Yuengling

text: In 1987, the brewery reintroduced an amber lager they had not made in decades to take advantage of a spike in popularity of heavier-style beers. Since this time, Yuengling Lager has become its flagship brand, accounting for 80% of production and much of its rapid growth. In 1990, the brewery sold 138,000 barrels. At the time, Yuengling was the largest brewer of porter in the United States.


title: Yuengling

text: In the early 1990s, demand throughout the Delaware Valley and Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware outstripped the existing brewery's abilities. In 1999, they increased their manufacturing capacity by purchasing a Stroh Brewery Company plant in Tampa, Florida, hiring the former Stroh employees, and began working with a trade union for the first time. In 2000, the company built a third brewery in Pennsylvania, in Port Carbon in Schuylkill County near Pottsville. With production at the Port Carbon, Tampa, and original Pottsville plants, the company has expanded throughout the East Coast.


title: Yuengling

text: Yuengling employees filed for union decertification in 2006. As a result, Yuengling did not renew a contract with Teamsters Local 830 of Philadelphia in March 2006. In response, the trade union began boycotting Yuengling products.


title: Yuengling

text: As of 2017, Yuengling is a moderately priced beer popular northward through New York, westward until Illinois and Kentucky, and southward through Georgia, where it has a large following. The Tampa brewery supplies the Florida Gulf Coast, the Florida Keys, Central Florida, North Florida, the Florida Panhandle as well as Alabama and Tennessee. The brewery uses corn from Minnesota and hops from Washington as ingredients in its products. Yuengling beer returned to Massachusetts on March 3, 2014, after having circulated among some bars and restaurants beginning in February.


title: Yuengling

text: Yuengling began distribution in the state of Georgia on October 27, 2008. Yuengling also expanded distribution into West Virginia in May 2009, Ohio in October 2011, Rhode Island in June 2014, Connecticut in September 2014, Louisiana in August 2016, and Indiana in March 2017. On December 7, 2017, Yuengling announced it would expand to Arkansas in January 2018, after teasing it would expand to either that state, Kentucky, Michigan, or Texas earlier in the day on social media. Despite losing out to Arkansas, Kentucky began serving Yuengling in draft form on March 6, 2018, and began selling it for takeout use on March 19, 2018.


title: Yuengling

text: Owner Dick Yuengling spoke in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on August 26, 2013. He made his anti-union beliefs clear, calling for Pennsylvania to be a "right-to-work" state, and praising Republican governor Tom Corbett.


title: Yuengling

text: A fire broke out at Yuengling's Tampa brewery on October 26, 2013. The extent of the damage was unknown.


title: Yuengling

text: In February 2014, Yuengling Ice Cream returned to the market after a nearly 30-year absence. Although operated by the Yuengling family, it is operated by David Yuengling, a cousin of Dick Yuengling and a direct descendant of David Gottlob Jüngling. It is legally a separate company from the brewery, as was the case since 1935.


title: Yuengling

text: In June 2016, as part of a consent decree, Yuengling committed to paying $7 million to upgrade its water treatment facilities, as well as pay $2.8 million in fines, to settle violations of the Clean Water Act that occurred from 2008 through 2015.


title: Yuengling

text: In October 2016, Dick Yuengling sparked calls for boycotts of Yuengling after endorsing Donald Trump for president.


title: Yuengling

text: Yuengling will transfer at least 51% control of the company in the future to either of his daughters who are currently executives, Jennifer or Wendy; he told them which one privately, but not publicly. News reports in 2019 also indicated that Yuengling's two other daughters, Debbie and Sheryl, also both work for the company, and are also "next in line to take over."


title: Yuengling

text: In October 2019, Yuengling partnered with Hershey's to produce a limited release collaboration beer titled Yuengling Hershey's Chocolate Porter. This was the first collaborative beer for Yuengling in its 190-year history.


title: Yuengling

text: In 2021, Yuengling announced its expansion into Texas through a partnership that will see its products brewed at Molson Coors' facility in Fort Worth.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Larry Wayne "Chipper" Jones Jr. (born April 24, 1972) is an American former professional baseball third baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves from 1993 to 2012. The Braves chose Jones with the first overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft. He was also a member of their 1995 World Series championship team that beat the Cleveland Indians. An eight-time All-Star, Jones won the 1999 National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Award and the 1999 and 2000 NL Silver Slugger Award for third basemen. He was the MLB batting champion in 2008 after hitting .364.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones ended his career in 2012 with a .303 career batting average, 468 home runs, and 1,623 runs batted in (RBIs). He has the most career RBIs for a third baseman and holds the Braves team record for career on-base percentage (.402); Jones ranks third on the Braves career home run list.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Among switch hitters, Jones ranks second behind Eddie Murray for career RBIs, and he is the only switch hitter in MLB history with a career batting average of at least .300 and 400 or more home runs. He was the 18th player in MLB history to accumulate 5,000 at bats and finish with at least a .300 batting average, .400 on-base percentage, and .500 slugging percentage—and the only switch hitter to reach all of these milestones.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On June 28, 2013, the Braves retired Jones' number 10 and inducted him into the team's Hall of Fame. On July 29, 2018, he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones served as an ESPN color analyst in 2020. He returned to the Braves as an assistant hitting consultant in 2021.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Chipper Jones was born in DeLand, Florida, on April 24, 1972. His father, Larry Wayne Jones Sr., was a teacher and coach at T. DeWitt Taylor High School in Pierson, the same high school Jones would later attend and play baseball. His mother is Lynne Jones. Jones received the nickname "Chipper" from his father and other family members, who saw the younger Larry as a "chip off the old block." He showed an early love for baseball predominantly because of his father's position as coach, and began to play Little League teams at age seven.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones began his high school baseball career at Taylor High School, where he pitched a one-hitter as a freshman. He went to The Bolles School as a sophomore, where he was a two-way player in football. In baseball, he had a 6–3 win–loss record with 87 strikeouts and a 1.89 earned run average (ERA) as a pitcher, with a .391 batting average and seven home runs, earning him First Team All-State honors. In 1989, Jones won First Team All-State honors in both football and baseball, and won a state championship in baseball. He was also selected as the tournament's most valuable player, and had an 11–1 pitching record, 0.81 ERA, and 107 strikeouts in 84 innings pitched. In his senior year, the Bulldogs were the state-runner up while Jones compiled a 7–3 record with a 1.00 ERA and 100 strikeouts in 79 innings on the mound, while hitting .488 with 14 stolen bases.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones won the Gatorade Circle of Champions Florida Baseball Player of the Year, Regional Baseball Player of the Year, was the Runner-up National Player of the Year, and was inducted into the Florida High School Athletic Association Hall of Fame in 2012.


title: Chipper Jones

text: The Atlanta Braves selected Jones as the first pick overall in the 1990 Major League Baseball draft and signed him to a contract with a $275,000 signing bonus. Atlanta expressed a desire to select pitcher Todd Van Poppel as the first pick; however, Van Poppel explicitly stated that he would not sign with the Braves. Atlanta then selected Jones, who played shortstop at the time.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 1991, Jones played with the Macon Braves, Atlanta's class-A minor league affiliate. His average was .326, with 24 doubles, 11 triples, 15 home runs, 40 steals, 69 walks, and 79 strikeouts in 473 at bats; however, he made 56 errors at the shortstop position.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones moved up to the Durham Bulls, the Braves' class A-advanced minor league team, in 1992. Jones's average was .277 after 70 games; he was then moved to double-A Greenville Braves where he cut his error total from 56 in the previous season to 32.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Following a successful season, Jones played with the triple-A Richmond Braves, where he played 139 games before being called to Atlanta for his major league debut.


title: Chipper Jones

text: During his time in the Braves' minor league system, Jones was involved in a bench-clearing brawl with future Major League stars Manny Ramirez and Jim Thome. Thome and Jones would eventually go on to develop a good friendship over the years. He also changed his position from shortstop to third base, following the guidance of the Braves organization.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones made his major league debut on September 11, 1993, as the youngest player in the league. In 1994, he was expected to compete for the starting left field job after veteran Ron Gant broke his leg during an offseason dirt bike accident. However, Jones suffered an anterior cruciate ligament tear in his left knee in spring training. As a result, he spent the entire strike shortened 1994 season on the disabled list.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 1995, Jones led all major league rookies in runs batted in (RBIs; 86), games played (145), games started (123), plate appearances (602), at bats (524), and runs scored (87). That year, he finished second in the National League Rookie of the Year Award balloting behind Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Hideo Nomo. In addition to achieving a level of personal success, Jones played in the 1995 World Series, in which the Braves won in six games over the Cleveland Indians. He also played in the 1996 World Series, in which the Braves lost to the New York Yankees in six games.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones recorded the last official hit at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium before its closure and demolition in 1997, as well as the first hit in Turner Field history. In 1998, Jones came in ninth in the voting for the National League Most Valuable Player Award, as he scored 123 runs and had 96 walks (both fourth best in the league).


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 1999, Jones won the National League MVP award after becoming the first player ever to hit over .300 (.319) while slugging 40 or more home runs (45; 3rd in the NL) and doubles (41), drawing 100 or more walks (126; 3rd in the league), notching 100 or more RBI (110) and runs scored (116), and stealing 20 or more bases (25). Ironically, Jones was not selected for the MLB All-Star game that year. He was also walked intentionally 18 times; 2nd in the league, and his .633 slugging percentage was 4th best in the NL. A major factor in his selection as MVP was his performance against the Braves' chief competitors, the New York Mets. The Braves led the National League East by only one game as they entered a three-game September series against the Mets, the team that was right on their heels. Atlanta swept the series at Turner Field, though, largely thanks to Jones, who hit four home runs and drove in seven of the 13 runs that the Braves scored. For the season, he hit .319 with a .510 on-base percentage, a 1.000 slugging percentage, and seven home runs against the Mets. During the 1999 NLCS, Jones drew the ire of Mets fans by saying, "Now, all the Mets fans can go home and put their Yankees' stuff on." In the playoffs, Jones led the Braves to the World Series against the New York Yankees, in which the Braves were swept.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones signed a six-year, $90 million contract with the Braves in 2000. Jones batted .330 in 2001, 5th best in the league, and led the league with a .349 road batting average. On his 29th birthday, he hit two home runs. On defense, however, his range factor of 2.14 placed him last among the regular major league third basemen who qualified for the fielding ranking.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 2001, a season of flux for the Braves who had won the NL East every year since their 1995 World Series victory, Jones was involved in a public "lingering feud" with former teammate John Rocker. Rocker referred to Jones on the radio by saying "Chip's white trash" and "as two-faced as they came." By late June, the two claimed they had made peace.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Before the start of the 2002 season, Jones announced his willingness to move from third base to left field, to make room for the incoming Vinny Castilla. Jones proved adequate in left field, but following two more early playoff exits in 2002 and 2003, a hamstring pull in the early 2004 season and the struggles of third baseman Mark DeRosa, he moved back to his regular position of third base.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 2002, he batted .327, again 5th best in the NL. Jones was third in the league with a .435 on-base percentage. On August 16, 2004, he hit the 300th home run of his career in a 5–4 victory over the San Diego Padres. Following the 2005 season, Jones reworked his contract with the Braves—freeing up money for the Braves to pursue elite free agents, while virtually ensuring he would end his career in Atlanta. The revamped deal gave the Braves $15 million over the course of the next three years, as well as $6 million to use in 2006. The new deal also converted two final team option years to guaranteed contracts.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones was selected to play in the inaugural 2006 World Baseball Classic (along with Braves teammates Jeff Francoeur and Brian McCann). He hit a home run in his first at bat of the Classic against Mexico off of Atlanta Braves teammate Óscar Villarreal, who was with the team from 2006 to 2007. Jones went 6-for-17 with a double and two home runs in the tournament.


title: Chipper Jones

text: The 2006 season was one of numerous milestones for Jones. On June 10, he became the Atlanta Braves' all-time RBI leader when he drove in his 1,144th run against the Houston Astros at Minute Maid Park, passing former outfielder Dale Murphy and placing Jones third on the franchise's all-time list (including Braves teams based in Boston and Milwaukee), behind Hank Aaron (2,202) and Eddie Mathews (1,388).


title: Chipper Jones

text: On July 15, 2006, Jones recorded his 1,902nd career hit, to become the Atlanta Braves' all-time hits leader, passing Hank Aaron. The next day he hit a home run to extend his extra-base hitting streak to 14 games, matching the Major League record set by Pittsburgh's Paul Waner in 1927. A month later, on August 14, Jones had his first career three-home-run game. Jones homered in his final three at bats in the Braves' 10–4 win over the Washington Nationals, finishing the night 4-for-5 with five RBIs. Despite successes at the plate, injuries dogged Jones throughout the season and for the first time in his career, the Braves failed to qualify for postseason play.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones performed well both offensively and defensively during the 2007 season. On June 16, he hit a single in the second inning against the Cleveland Indians for his 2,000th career hit. On July 5, Jones tied and passed Braves legend Dale Murphy for first on the all-time Atlanta Braves home run list when he hit his 371st and 372nd home runs against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium. This game was also the first time he hit homers from both sides of the plate since 2000. The next day, he had his 400th career double in the ninth inning against San Diego Padres pitcher Kevin Cameron, who had previously only allowed one extra-base hit all year. On July 29, Jones matched a career-high with 5 RBIs as the Braves shut out the Arizona Diamondbacks 14–0. He accomplished the feat again on August 23 against the Cincinnati Reds. In the fifth inning of an August 9 game at Shea Stadium, Jones hit a towering three-run homer to right field off Mets starter John Maine. It would later be measured at .


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones finished the season first in the NL in times reached base on an error (14) and in OPS (1.029), second in batting average (.337), and third in OBP (.425) and SLG (.604). He was also sixth in MVP voting, his highest finish since winning the award in 1999.


title: Chipper Jones

text: While the Braves enjoyed some early successes, injuries to the pitching staff spoiled the ample contributions from Atlanta's potent offense. While the Braves posted a winning record, they finished third in the National League East, and sat out the postseason.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones began the 2008 season where he left off in 2007, hitting over .400 in April while slugging 7 home runs, including the first ever homer at Nationals Park during the inaugural game at the stadium on Opening Day. He also had back-to-back games in which he hit two home runs. Despite these accomplishments, he ultimately lost the NL Player of the Month award in April to Chase Utley. On June 13, Jones was hitting .414 with 15 home runs, but his average dropped to .393 by June 22.


title: Chipper Jones

text: He hit his 400th career home run on June 5 off Ricky Nolasco of the Florida Marlins, and he was named NL Player of the Week for the week of June 2–8. He was picked to start in the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, receiving the most votes by fans, managers, and other players of any NL third basemen. Jones won his first batting title at age 36, the oldest switch-hitter to win a batting title. Jones hit .364 during 2008, one point off the all-time switch-hitter high for a season of .365, set by Mickey Mantle in 1957.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In December 2008, Jones accepted an invitation to play for the USA team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. He played alongside teammate Brian McCann. Jones was scratched from an elimination game in the 2009 World Baseball Classic after straining his right oblique muscle, while playing for team USA. The announcement came an hour before the game was to be played against team Netherlands. As reported by CBC News on March 13, 2009, Jones criticized Toronto and the play schedule of the World Baseball Classic.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On March 31, 2009, Jones agreed to a three-year $42 million contract extension with the Braves; the deal includes an option that could become worth up to $61 million over four seasons. On May 28, against the Giants and Cy Young winner Tim Lincecum, Jones struck out four times in one game for the first time in his career.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 2009, he was ranked #10 on the "Sporting News" list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball. A panel of 100 baseball people, many of them members of the Baseball Hall of Fame and winners of major baseball awards, were polled to compile at the list.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 2009, Jones led all major league third basemen in errors, with 22, and had the lowest fielding percentage of any starting major league third baseman (.930).


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones got off to a poor start in 2010 and met with Atlanta Braves management in June to discuss possible retirement at the end of the season, but his performance improved as the season progressed. Jones's season came to an end after he was injured in a game against the Houston Astros on August 10, 2010; injury reports indicated that he had torn the ACL in his left knee, which would require surgery. In an August 13 press conference, he stated that he would not retire, and that "I don't want the fans' final image of me to be one of me hurt on the field".


title: Chipper Jones

text: During the off-season, Atlanta Braves general manager Frank Wren told David O'Brien of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" that Jones would likely be ready for Opening Day stating "I think he's progressed very well. He had a setback earlier in the winter when he was away for a week—I think he was actually on a hunting trip—and he was not doing the [leg] lifts. But as soon as he got back on his weights, he was fine. Right now, talking to the trainers, he should not have any restrictions coming into spring training."


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones made great progress with his rehab and took part in spring training. He was in the Braves' opening day lineup against the Nationals, getting the first hit and scoring the first run of the 2011 Major League Baseball season.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On April 8, 2011, Jones hit his 2,500th base hit in the Braves' home opener versus the Philadelphia Phillies. His former manager Bobby Cox was in attendance. On April 13, 2011, he recorded his 1,500th RBI, against the Florida Marlins, with a solo home run off Randy Choate. On April 26, 2011, Chipper recorded his 500th double against the San Diego Padres. He also tied Mickey Mantle for second-most RBIs all-time by a switch hitter; Jones passed Mantle for sole possession of second place all-time on April 27, 2011 (with 1,512 RBI) after a 3-run stand-up triple, helping the Braves beat the San Diego Padres 7–0.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones suffered from a torn meniscus in his right knee for much of the first half of the 2011 season, and received Cortisone shots in an attempt to manage the pain. When this became ineffective, he elected to undergo arthroscopic surgery and was placed on the disabled list on July 9, 2011. He returned to the lineup on July 25.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On August 12, 2011, Jones hit a three-run homer against the Chicago Cubs for his 1000th extra base hit. On August 19, 2011, Jones confirmed that he would return for the 2012 season, the final year on his contract, thus ending ongoing speculation about his possible retirement. On August 31, 2011, Jones hit his 450th career home run off John Lannan of the Washington Nationals.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On March 22, 2012, the Braves announced that Jones would retire following the 2012 season, after 19 major league seasons with the team. Following the announcement, a fan tribute song called "The Chipper Jones Song" was featured in a number of sports blogs.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones opened the 2012 season on the disabled list, following surgery on March 26, 2012, to repair a torn meniscus in his left knee. He was activated from the disabled list and was in the lineup on April 10, as the Braves faced the Houston Astros; he went 2–4 with a single and a two-run home run, helping the Braves to their first win of the season.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On April 24, Jones was in the lineup against the Los Angeles Dodgers on his 40th birthday. He hit a solo home run in Atlanta's 4–3 win, ending up with a career record of .429 (21-for-49) with five home runs on his birthday. The next day, in the final regular-season at-bat at Dodger Stadium of his career, Jones knocked in the winning run in the top of the 9th inning. On May 2, Jones capped off a wild extra-inning contest with the Philadelphia Phillies by hitting a 2-run walk-off homer in the bottom of the 11th. He referred to the game-winning home run as one of the best individual moments of his career, as it finished a 15–13 Braves win that saw the team rally from two deficits of five runs or more.


title: Chipper Jones

text: During a May 18 game at Tampa Bay, Jones was hit by a ground ball and suffered a severe contusion to his left leg. On May 25, he was placed on the DL after it became clear that the injury would require more time to heal. Jones returned to the Braves' lineup on June 10.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones hit his 460th home run off Trevor Cahill of the Arizona Diamondbacks on June 27, 2012, putting Jones in 33rd position on the list of top 300 Major League Baseball home run hitters. Jones is also in 33rd position on the list of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders, passing Lou Gehrig's record for doubles during the same series with Arizona on June 29, 2012.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On July 3, 2012, Jones was named to the NL All-Star team as a replacement for the injured Matt Kemp. That same day, he had his third career five-hit game and the first since 2002. He made it known that he wished the National League would win the All-Star game in his pregame address to his NL teammates:


title: Chipper Jones

text: During the All-Star game (the only time in his 19-year career that he played in Kansas City), Jones hit a single into right field at his first (and only) at bat during the game, and the National League won 8–0. At the All-Star Game break after July 8, Jones was hitting .318 with 6 home runs and 33 RBIs.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On August 16, 2012, Jones hit two home runs and collected his 2,700th hit. On September 12, 2012, Jones recorded his 1,500th walk in a game against the Milwaukee Brewers, becoming the first switch hitter in Major League Baseball history to obtain at least 2,500 hits, 1,500 RBIs, 1,500 runs and 1,500 walks. Jones also joined Stan Musial, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, and Lou Gehrig as the only players in Major League history to record at least 2,500 hits, 1,500 walks, 1,500 runs, 500 doubles, 450 home runs, and 1,500 RBIs while hitting .300 with a .400 on-base percentage and .500 slugging percentage.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones ended his career hitting over .300 from each side of home plate. Among switch-hitters with at least 5,000 career at-bats, the only other player to do so is Frankie Frisch. He and Mickey Mantle are the only two switch-hitters in MLB history to have an on-base percentage of .400, slugging percentage of .500, and 400 homers in their careers. Jones also has the most RBIs of any player who was primarily a third baseman.


title: Chipper Jones

text: The final game of his career was the 2012 National League Wild Card Playoff (dubbed the "infield fly rule game" following a controversial call by umpire Sam Holbrook), in which the Braves lost 6–3. In his final at-bat, Jones hit a broken-bat single for an infield base hit, with two outs in the bottom of the ninth.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In February 2013, the Atlanta Braves announced that they would induct Jones into the Braves Hall of Fame and retire his number, 10. Jones's Braves Hall of Fame induction ceremony took place on June 28 during a luncheon at the Atlanta Marriott Marquis and featured speeches from former Braves players, including Hank Aaron. Jones's number retirement ceremony also took place on June 28 prior to the Braves' game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. Jones, who approached the podium as his former walk-up song ("Crazy Train" by Ozzy Osbourne) played in the background, was joined onstage by former Braves owner Ted Turner, Braves franchise president John Schuerholz, former Braves player Dale Murphy, then-current Braves player Dan Uggla, and former Braves manager Bobby Cox, as well as his parents and children. During his speech, Jones also recognized his former Braves teammates Martín Prado, Randall Delgado, and Eric Hinske, who were all traded to or signed by the Diamondbacks during that offseason. His number 10 is the eleventh number retired by the Braves franchise. Later that same year Chipper Jones's number 10 jersey was also retired by the Durham Bulls on August 20.


title: Chipper Jones

text: During a 2014 winter storm, Jones rescued former teammate Freddie Freeman. Freeman was stuck in a traffic jam for hours. Jones came to the rescue on his ATV, and pulled Freeman out of the jam. At the start of the new year in 2016, the Atlanta Braves announced a "Chipper Rescues Freddie" bobblehead night for the upcoming season to honor the rescue.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones was announced as one of the four (alongside Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, and Trevor Hoffman) inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame on January 24, 2018. He is the second 1st-overall draft pick to be elected to the Hall of Fame.


title: Chipper Jones

text: On March 1, 2020, Jones was hired by ESPN to be a color analyst, starting with 20 "Wednesday Night Baseball" broadcasts. Jones left ESPN in the off-season after Jon Sciambi, his primary broadcast partner, joined the Marquee Sports Network as the play-by-play announcer for its Chicago Cubs telecasts.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In February 2021, Jones was hired by the Atlanta Braves as a part-time hitting consultant. Due to his hitting consultant role within the organization, Jones received his second World Series championship ring when the Braves won the 2021 World Series.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones met his first wife, Karin Fulford, while he was playing with the Braves class A affiliate in Macon, Georgia. The couple married in 1992 and divorced in 2000, after it was revealed that Jones had an 18-month extramarital affair with a Hooters waitress that produced a son, Matthew, born in 1998.


title: Chipper Jones

text: He married second wife Sharon Logonov in March 2000 in Pierson, Florida. They have three sons: Larry Wayne III (Trey), Tristen, and Shea, named after Shea Stadium because of Jones's great success in the stadium. As of June 14, 2012, Jones and his wife Sharon had separated. Their divorce was finalized in November of the same year.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Soon after his divorce from Logonov, Jones began dating former "Playboy" model Taylor Higgins. Jones and Higgins were married on June 14, 2015. On June 21, 2016, Jones and Higgins announced via Twitter that they were expecting a baby in January 2017. Their son, Cutler Ridge Jones was born on January 11, 2017, in Atlanta. Their second son, Cooper, was born on August 9, 2018.


title: Chipper Jones

text: Jones enjoys deer hunting. Jones was a co-owner of Outdoor Channel's hunting show "Buck Commander" with friends and pro athletes Adam LaRoche, Ryan Langerhans, Tom Martin, and Willie Robertson. Currently, he is co-owner and co-host of the television show "Major League Bowhunter" airing on the Sportsman Channel, alongside long time friend Matt Duff.


title: Chipper Jones

text: In 2008, Jones released a charity wine called "Chipper Chardonnay", with a portion of the proceeds supporting the Miracle League, an organization serving children with disabilities.


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: Corey Johnson (born John Johnson; May 17, 1961) is an American character actor largely active in the UK, known for his supporting roles in "Hellboy", "", "Captain Philips", "The Bourne Ultimatum", "Kick-Ass," "Ex Machina", the "Spooks" episode "The Special", the "Doctor Who" episode "Dalek" and "The Last Days of Lehman Brothers" as Richard S. Fuld, Jr., the final chairman & CEO of Lehman Brothers.


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: Johnson was born John Johnson in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was one of five children, having two brothers and two sisters. One of his brothers is a sports talk radio personality in New Orleans. He trained professionally at London's Central School of Speech and Drama where he met actress Lucy Cohu. The two married but they later divorced.


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: His films include "Out for a Kill", "The Contract", "The Bourne Ultimatum", "The Bourne Legacy", "Saving Private Ryan", Guillermo del Toro's adaptation of "Hellboy", the 2005 Ray Bradbury film "A Sound of Thunder", and "Harrison's Flowers". He also appeared in the award-winning mini series by HBO; "Band of Brothers". Johnson had a breakout year in 1999, first playing the wiseguy American tomb-raider Daniels in "The Mummy", then the bungling, dim-witted assassin Bruno Decker in "Do Not Disturb" opposite William Hurt and Michael Chiklis.


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: Johnson appeared as smug business tycoon Henry van Statten in "Dalek", an episode of the 2005 revival of "Doctor Who". Other TV guest spots include "Spooks", "Foyle's War", "Celeb" and "Nash Bridges". He played the role of Louis Nacke II, a passenger, in "United 93". In April 2007, Johnson made his Broadway debut as Nixon's Chief of Staff Jack Brennan in "Frost/Nixon".


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: While appearing on Broadway, Johnson also filmed "The Caller" starring Elliott Gould and Frank Langella.


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: In 2004, Johnson was nominated for a Best Actor award at the British TMAs for his portrayal of Eddie Carbone in Arthur Miller's "A View from the Bridge". He has also provided voice acting for several video games including the video game tie-in with the movie "Reign of Fire" and "Constantine".


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: Johnson then played The Judge/Saint Peter in "The Last Days of Judas Iscariot" at the Almeida Theatre in London.


title: Corey Johnson (actor)

text: Until 19 September 2014, Johnson played Mitch in Benedict Andrews' revival of Tennessee Williams' "A Streetcar Named Desire" at the Young Vic theatre in London, alongside Gillian Anderson and Ben Foster. Johnson's performance was described as "lovely" and "measured" by "The Evening Standard"'s theatre critic and the overall production also received considerable critical acclaim. In 2015, he played a helicopter pilot in the science fiction film "Ex Machina", starring Alicia Vikander, Domhnall Gleeson and Oscar Isaac.


title: Broad-spectrum antibiotic

text: A broad-spectrum antibiotic is an antibiotic that acts on the two major bacterial groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, or any antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. These medications are used when a bacterial infection is suspected but the group of bacteria is unknown (also called empiric therapy) or when infection with multiple groups of bacteria is suspected. This is in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against only a specific group of bacteria. Although powerful, broad-spectrum antibiotics pose specific risks, particularly the disruption of native, normal bacteria and the development of antimicrobial resistance. An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.


title: Broad-spectrum antibiotic

text: Antibiotics are often grouped by their ability to act on different bacterial groups. Although bacteria are biologically classified using taxonomy, disease-causing bacteria have historically been classified by their microscopic appearance and chemical function. The morphology of the organism may be classified as cocci, diplococci, bacilli (also known as "rods"), spiral-shaped or pleomorphic. Additional classification occurs through the organism's ability to take up the Gram stain and counter-stain; bacteria that take up the crystal violet dye stain are referred to as "gram-positive," those that take up the counterstain only are "gram-negative," and those that remain unstained are referred to as "atypical." Further classification includes their requirement for oxygen (i.e., aerobic or anaerobic), patterns of hemolysis, or other chemical properties. The most commonly encountered groupings of bacteria include gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli, atypical bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria. Antibiotics are often grouped by their ability to act on different bacterial groups. For example, 1st-generation cephalosporins are primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria, while 4th-generation cephalosporin s are generally effective against gram-negative bacteria.


title: Broad-spectrum antibiotic

text: Empiric antibiotic therapy refers to the use of antibiotics to treat a suspected bacterial infection despite lack of a specific bacterial diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis of the species of bacteria often occurs through culture of blood, sputum, or urine, and can be delayed by 24 to 72 hours. Antibiotics are generally given "after" the culture specimen has been taken from the patient in order to preserve the bacteria in the specimen and ensure accurate diagnosis. Alternatively, some species may be identified through a urine or stool test.


title: Broad-spectrum antibiotic

text: There are an estimated 38 trillion microorganisms that colonize the human body. As a side-effect of therapy, antibiotics can change the body's normal microbial content by attacking indiscriminately both the pathological and naturally occurring, beneficial or harmless bacteria found in the intestines, lungs and bladder. The destruction of the body's normal bacterial flora is thought to disrupt immunity, nutrition, and lead to a relative overgrowth in some bacteria or fungi. An overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms can lead to a secondary infection such as "Clostridioides difficile" ("C. diff") or candidiasis ("thrush"). This side-effect is more likely with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, given their greater potential to disrupt a larger variety of normal human flora. The use of doxycycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with increased risk of Crohn's disease. Likewise, the use of minocycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis.


title: Broad-spectrum antibiotic

text: In veterinary medicine, co-amoxiclav, (in small animals); penicillin & streptomycin and oxytetracycline (in farm animals); penicillin and potentiated sulfonamides (in horses).


title: Peter Scanavino

text: Peter Muller Scanavino (born February 29, 1980) is an American actor. He currently stars as ADA Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr. in the long-running NBC crime/legal drama series "".


title: Peter Scanavino

text: Since 2005, Scanavino has had dozens of minor roles in films and on television, most notably "Deception" (2008), "The Good Wife", and "The Blacklist".


title: Peter Scanavino

text: In 2005, Scanavino guest-starred on the NBC crime-drama series "" in the episode "Diamond Dogs" as petty criminal Johnny Feist. He was also a guest on "Law & Order" as a suspect who was a graphic designer in the 2009 episode "Just A Girl in the World".


title: Peter Scanavino

text: In 2010, Scanavino took some time away from acting to pursue his interest in cooking. After graduating with a certificate in Culinary Arts from The French Culinary Institute in New York, he began a brief stint working in the kitchen of Dan Barber's Michelin-starred restaurant Blue Hill in Greenwich Village. In 2013, Scanavino guest-starred on the long-running NBC crime-drama series "" in , Episode 13, "Monster's Legacy", as Johnny Dubcek. The same year, he starred in the independent romantic-comedy film "Mutual Friends", directed by Matthew Watts.


title: Peter Scanavino

text: In 2014, Scanavino joined "SVU" in its , this time as Dominick Carisi Jr., nicknamed Sonny, a new SVU detective. Initially in a recurring capacity, Scanavino was promoted to the main cast in the fifth episode of the same season. According to "SVU" Executive Producer Warren Leight, Carisi "come[s] in and shake[s] things up" and is "a guy who maybe needs a little bit of refining." Scanavino noted that Carisi is "a total outsider. He's brusque and he doesn't really get the nuances and he's not very experienced so he puts his foot in his mouth a lot of times. But he's learning. He's picking it up. I think he's a good detective, but he's got a lot to learn on how to approach cases."


title: Peter Scanavino

text: Scanavino starred in an episode of Netflix's 2020 anthology series "Social Distance" as the father of his real-life son Leo Bai-Scanavino.


title: Peter Scanavino

text: Scanavino briefly studied at Boston University. He is of Italian descent (his grandfather was from Turin).


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The sixth generation of the BMW 7 Series consists of the BMW G11 (normal version) and BMW G12 (long-wheelbase version) luxury saloons. The G11/G12 generation has been produced by BMW since 2015, and is often collectively referred to as the G11.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The G11 was unveiled on 10 June 2015 at BMW's headquarters in Munich. An official public reveal took place at the 2015 International Motor Show Germany. This generation of the 7 Series is the first car lineup of BMW to be based on the CLAR platform. The CLAR platform adopts technology first introduced in BMW i models, namely the introduction of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer as structural chassis components. Long-wheelbase cars have the letter "L" in their model name.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: As part of BMW's strategy of introducing plug-in hybrid variants for all future car models, the normal and long-wheelbase models were available with hybrid powertrains as 740e and 740Le in 2016.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The international launch of the new BMW 7 Series was at the 2015 Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Held in September 2015. The lead exterior designer is Nader Faghihzadeh and Alexey Kezha (facelift).


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: Production commenced in July 2015 at the Dingolfing manufacturing plant in Germany, with global vehicle sales starting in October 2015.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The G11 and G12, which are the respective codenames for the short and long wheelbase models, are the first passenger BMW vehicles to be based on the modular BMW CLAR (cluster architecture) platform.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The passenger cell of the 7 Series is made of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP), tensile steel and aluminium, resulting in a lower kerb weight, lower centre of gravity and maintaining a 50/50 axle load distribution. The usage of CFRP allows for weight reduction due to being lighter than steel and aluminium. CFRP also increases structural strength in areas exposed to high steering forces, as it is capable of diverting impact forces to prevent deformations of the material, resulting in higher torsional rigidity. Aluminium has been applied to the doors, boot lid, brake system, wheel hubs and rear suspension arms, further reducing weight and unsprung masses. The G11's body weighs overall less than that of its predecessor.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The front features a large signature kidney grille incorporating grille shutters that will only open when an increase of air flow to the engine bay is required, decreasing aerodynamic drag in the process. Along with air openings behind the front wheel arches that reduce turbulence in the wheel housings, the drag coefficient has been reduced to 0.24.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The standard self-levelling air suspension of the previous model has been reworked, featuring air springs at both axles with electronically-controlled shock absorbers that can automatically adjust damping according to the environment. The active anti-roll system is optionally available with an electro-hydraulic actuator that improves damper reaction times. For the first time, four-wheel steering, marketed as "Integral Active Steering", has also become available for all-wheel drive models.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The iDrive operating system for secondary car controls now receives user input from a conventional control wheel, touchscreen, voice commands and is capable of recognizing gestures through a 3D scanner. It is also possible to save a gesture movement with an individual function.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: A number of advanced driver assistance systems for the BMW 7 Series have been reworked to work autonomously or partly so—the parking system utilises a number of radar sensors and a stereo camera at the rear, allowing it to execute parking manoeuvres independently and can be operated with a digital key fob. The cruise control driver assist is able to recognize speed limits and will adjust the vehicle's speed accordingly. The lane driving assist warns the driver of possible side or rear collisions. In addition, it is able to detect lane markings and traffic, as well as alter the steering responsiveness to improve driving comfort.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: All models can be fitted with M Performance Parts. The parts are a black grille, carbon fibre mirrors, side skirts and sport brakes for facelift models.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The powertrain line-up consists of a 4.4 litre V8 engine and three engines from BMW's modular B-series engine architecture—two 3.0 litre inline-six engines in petrol and diesel form, as well a 2.0 litre inline-four engine including the hybrid model designated as 740e/740Le, or 730i/730Li for the petrol version. Initially, each model can be equipped with all-wheel drive and is mated to an 8-speed "Steptronic" ZF automatic transmission. The 750i/750Li, 740i/740Li, 740d/740Ld and 750d/750Ld models are optionally available with the all-wheel drive option xDrive. The transmission can be optionally linked with the satellite navigation system that provides the transmission with geographical data to adjust shift timing in relation to current driving conditions.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The G11 is the first 7 Series generation to feature a plug-in hybrid variant, called the 740e iPerformance. This new model effectively replaces the rather undersold ActiveHybrid 7, which evolved from a 750i based mild hybrid to a 740i based full hybrid in 2014 post-LCI (Life Cycle Impulse) variant. The 740e is marketed as a BMW iPerformance car, not as a member of the BMW i sub-brand.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which was to be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the latest BMW 7 Series, the BMW 740e iPerformance being the first of such plug-in hybrids.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The 740e iPerformance was unveiled at the 2016 Geneva International Motor Show, together with the new BMW M760Li xDrive and the BMW i8 Protonic Red Edition special-edition model. Sales of the 740e iPerformance began in Germany in July 2016.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The 740e iPerformance features the same drivetrain as the BMW X5 xDrive40e plug-in hybrid, and has an all-electric range is , dropping to in the xDrive version, both under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Under the EPA test cycle, the all-electric range was rated at . According to EPA, the 740 burns some petrol during the first , so the actual all-electric range varies between .


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The 740e iPerformance mates a turbocharged 2.0-litre, four-cylinder petrol engine with an electric motor, resulting in a combined power output of and of torque. BMW's Auto eDrive function allows drivers to choose how the car operates and features modes for pure electric driving and performance. Drivers can also select from the usual Eco Pro, Comfort and Sport modes too. The 740e can be charged in less than four hours from a domestic socket, or in under three hours from a wall charger. All models get an eight-speed automatic transmission as standard. The 740e can sprint to in 5.6 s—the long-wheelbase version is 0.1 s slower while the xDrive variant is 0.1 s faster.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: Official fuel economy figures under the NEDC test are , with emissions of . The 740e is available in both standard and long-wheelbase forms, and also as an all-wheel drive xDrive variant. In all-wheel drive variation, the 740e returns and emits of . Under the EPA test cycle, the BMW 740e xDrive iPerformance has a combined city/highway fuel economy rating of , corresponding to an energy consumption of . When running only on gasoline, the EPA-rated fuel economy is .


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The Alpina B7 xDrive was announced by BMW North America in February 2016 with sales starting in September. With an electronically limited top speed of and a acceleration time of 3.7 seconds along with a sportier setup, it is the sportiest 7 Series but is sold by BMW only in the United States and Canada. The B7 is sold in other countries by Alpina as the B7 Bi-Turbo, with a delimited top speed of .


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The Alpina B7 features a 4.4 litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine delivering of torque and a more luxurious interior. It was unveiled at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The facelift model was unveiled on 11 February 2019. The power band of the engine is improved, with the maximum of torque now being available from 2,000 rpm, and the output of between 5,500 and 6,500 rpm. Acceleration from 0– is achieved in 3.6 seconds while the top speed is now unlimited worldwide. Public introduction took place at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show and deliveries began during July.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The M760Li xDrive is the top trim of the 7 Series. It was unveiled in February 2016 and made its official public debut at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show. It is powered by BMW's N74B66 engine, a 6.6-litre twin-turbocharged V12 which generates a maximum power output of and of torque. If the optional M Driver's Package is specified, the limited top speed is raised to , versus as standard. As the first 7 Series to be an M Performance model, the M760Li receives technical upgrades over the standard 7 Series as standard equipment, including M Performance-specific tuning of the transmission's shift programmes, M Sport brakes, an M Sport exhaust system, performance tyres and standard fit Integral Active Steering. It is also the first V12-powered BMW model ever made to feature xDrive as standard, breaking the trend of the previous V12-engined BMWs which were only rear-wheel drive.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The M760Li features several visual cues to differentiate it from base 7 Series models. These include a alloy wheel design exclusive to the M760Li. Several pieces of exterior trim are finished in "Cerium Grey", most notably the mirror caps, side "Air Breathers" and the tailpipe embellishers. There are V12 badges on the C-pillars, and a unique tailpipe design at the rear.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The M760Li can also be specified as an "Excellence" top of the range model. This receives modifications to the exterior and interior which create a luxurious appearance, compared to the sporty aesthetics of the standard M760Li.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: On 18 January 2022, BMW announced a new limited edition M760Li xDrive simply called "The Final V12." As the name suggests, it will be the last BMW series production vehicle to be fitted with a V-12 engine. Built exclusively for the United States, just 12 examples will be sold to the public. BMW plans to approach previous buyers with a history of V-12 BMW ownership with an invitation to purchase the Final V12.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The updated 7 Series models were unveiled on 16 January 2019 as 2020 model year cars. Notable changes of the facelift include a larger kidney grille shared with the X7 (40 percent larger than the outgoing model) and sleeker headlights with optional laser headlights. The V8 models and the hybrid models were updated and a new hands-free driving system which operates under certain conditions was added to the range.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The new front is accompanied by a more prominent front fascia and a power dome on the bonnet. The rear of the car now has LED tail lamps joined by a central stripe and a new rear bumper. Other exterior changes include new optional wheels.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: Updates to the interior include a new instrument cluster and a infotainment screen. A new voice assistant is also added to the infotainment system along with the BMW iDrive system 7.0 with updated graphics and menus. The main technological feature is the Extended Traffic Jam Assistant which allows the driver to leave the steering wheel at speeds up to during urban city driving. The system manages steering, acceleration and braking of the car and cameras ensure that the driver pays attention on the road.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The 750i/750Li now shares the same engine enhancements as the M850i which now generates a power output of and of torque. The rear-wheel-drive option for the 750i/750Li was discontinued, making the 740i/740Li the only model to be available with optional rear-wheel-drive.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The 740e/740Le hybrid model was discontinued in favour of the updated 745e/745Le iPerformance. The 745e/745Le iPerformance uses a turbocharged inline-6 engine shared with the X5 xDrive45e. The new engine combined with electric motors generates a power output of and of torque. A new 12 kW⋅h battery pack is employed for the electric motors to increase the electric range.


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The M760Li xDrive oversaw a decrease in engine power output to , although the engine benefited from torque increased to for the US model. The engine in the European model generates a power output of .


title: BMW 7 Series (G11)

text: The G11 is produced at the BMW Group Plant Dingolfing in Germany. Complete knock-down (CKD) assembly is conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia and at the BMW Thailand plant in Rayong. It is also produced in India at BMW Group Plant, Chennai.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Kaala () is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Pa. Ranjith, and produced by Dhanush under his production house Wunderbar Films. The film stars Rajinikanth in the titular role alongside Nana Patekar, Samuthirakani, Eswari Rao, and Huma Qureshi who appear supporting roles.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The film was announced in 2016 and was earlier scheduled to be released on 27 April 2018 but was postponed to June due to the standoff between Nadigar Sangam and Digital Service Providers on the increase of Virtual Print Fee charges along with the 2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing issue which also led to the delay in release of other Tamil films. "Kaala" premiered in Malaysia on 13 June 2018, followed by a release in 1,800 theatres in India on 14 June 2018 during the week of Eid-ul Fitr. "Kaala" is the first Indian film ever to be released in Saudi Arabia, following the country lifting its ban on public theatres in December 2017.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: In Mumbai, the people who had migrated from southern Tamil Nadu are living as majority in the slum of Dharavi. Haridev "Hari Dhadha" Abhayankar, previously a gangster who had carried out attacks in Dharavi in the 1980s, repeatedly tries to evict the people of Dharavi and seize their land. Over the years, he becomes an MP and later a Union Minister. By 2015, Dharavi becomes the central spot of downtown Mumbai. Hari plans to clear the area to construct posh buildings using his construction company in the form of government schemes with the help of his party supporter Vishnu Bhai.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Karikaalan, godfather of the people living in Dharavi, opposes Hari's plans as he wants to protect the area and his people. His ex-lover Zareena returns to her native Dharavi as a representative NGO that hopes to improve the living standards in Dharavi, unbeknownst of Hari's intentions. Despite many attempts by Hari's men, Kaala does not permit evacuation of the slum. Kaala is arrested after his wedding anniversary party, and then is assaulted in the police station in front of Hari and State Minister. The next day, Kaala is released. While he is returning home, Hari's assassination attempt on Kaala, in order to take control of the area, kills Kaala's wife Selvi and second son Selvam. Kaala then decides to take revenge on Hari.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Hari threatens the people in Dharavi by creating problems, but Kaala encourages the people to protest against the government in order to give up the scheme. Kaala and his people campaign through social media, and within two weeks, the State government cancels Hari's "Clean Mumbai Initiative." Humiliated, Hari creates a curfew in Dharavi with the aid of SP Pankaj Patil. Along with some policemen and Hari's right-hand man, Inspector Sunil, they raid the area. Kaala, his younger son Lenin, daughter-in-law Puyal, and brother-in-law Vaaliyappan also fight alongside him against Hari's henchmen and the police. The police believe Kaala is dead after his "chawl" is set ablaze.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Pankaj gets arrested after a video taken by a reporter named Praveen during the curfew provides evidence that the henchmen were brought into Dharavi to create problems with police's support. They inform the media, but the people of Dharavi deny the news of his death. Hari again enters Dharavi at a function for constructing a new building. Here, he begins to hallucinate Kaala's appearance among the crowd and behaves erratically. He is then killed by the people of Dharavi in a riot, and the government again cancels the scheme. With Dharavi's success, many slums start to follow Kaala's way of protest to protect their neighborhood, irrespective of their illegal occupation of lands.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Following the commercial success of Rajinikanth-starrer "Kabali" (2016), Rajinikanth was reportedly signed for his next project backed by Dhanush's Wunderbar Films, collaborating with the actor for the first time. Vetrimaaran narrated a script to Dhanush, who set up a meeting for Vetrimaaran to discuss the script with Rajinikanth. The actor liked the script, but later turned down the offer as he felt the script was too political. Later, Rajinikanth approached Pa. Ranjith to work on a script for the former. After the actor and the producer were impressed with Ranjith's script, the latter was hired to helm the project.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Dhanush announced that he had signed Rajinikanth and Ranjith to work on a new film for his production house, Wunderbar Films during late August 2016. Refuting reports that the film would be a sequel to "Kabali", Dhanush announced that production would begin during mid-2017 following the completion of Rajinikanth's work for Shankar's science fiction film "2.0" (2018). In early May 2017, the producers received an open letter from Sundar Shekar Mishra, the foster son of gangster Haji Mastan, threatening that the makers should not depict his father in negative light and if they did, they would face consequences. In reply, Ranjith denied the film was a biopic of Haji Mastan and clarified that the film was based on fictional events, while revealing that Rajinikanth would play a man from Tirunelveli who escapes to Mumbai as a child and goes on to become a powerful don living in Dharavi slums. The title of the film, "Kaala" was announced in late May 2017, with promotional posters carrying the film's first look released.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Following the announcement of the film, Wunderbar Films sought to cast Vidya Balan in a leading role, but the actress turned down the offer. Actress Huma Qureshi was later added to the cast in early May 2017 to feature in a role opposite Rajinikanth. Marathi actress Anjali Patil also announced that she would be playing an important role in the film through a post on her official Twitter account. Several members of the technical crew of "Kabali" were retained for "Kaala", with A. Sreekar Prasad replacing Praveen K. L. as the film's editor during its pre-production stage. Bollywood actor Nana Patekar has been signed to play a politician who is the antagonist. For the role of Kaala's wife, Kasthuri was considered before Easwari Rao was confirmed. Dileepan of "Vathikuchi" fame is playing as one of the sons of Rajnikanth and Huma Qureshi is playing Zareena, Rajnikanth's ex-girlfriend. It was rumoured that Mammootty was signed in to play the role of Ambedkar in the film, but was proved to be untrue. Dopeadelicz, a rap team from Dharavi, joined the film.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Shooting of this film started on 28 May 2017 at Mumbai and the lead actor Rajinikanth participated in this first schedule. It was known that the film was shot at real locations in Mumbai, including Dharavi, CTS and Grant Road. Due to heavy rains in Mumbai, the team had taken a break and erected a set at Chennai with Mumbai as its backdrop.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: Anand Mahindra, chairman and managing director of Mahindra Group, was interested in the jeep which was used in the first look poster of this movie. He tweeted that he would love to acquire that jeep for his company's auto museum. The Mumbai schedule of the film, was completed on 29 June 2017. It was also known that the second schedule of the film has been affected due to a strike organised by Film Employees Federation of South India, which has been completed.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The soundtrack was composed by Santhosh Narayanan in his second collaboration with actor Rajinikanth after "Kabali" and his fourth collaboration with director Pa. Ranjith after "Attakathi", " Madras" and "Kabali". The soundtrack album consists of nine songs written by Kabilan, Umadevi, Arunraja Kamaraj, Arivu, Dopeadelicz, Logan and Roshan Jamrock. The audio launch event of Kaala took place on 9 May 2018, at YMCA College of Physical Education, Chennai and the songs were simultaneously released on all streaming platforms.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: There were many speculations regarding the release date of "Kaala", which is known that the film is scheduled to release before "2.0", another Rajinikanth-starrer. In February 2018, the film's producer Dhanush, announced that the film is scheduled to release on 27 April 2018. However, the film's release was postponed due to the standoff between Nadigar Sangam and Digital Service Providers, on the increase of Virtual Print Fee charges, followed by the 2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing issue.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The film was released on 7 June 2018, with the Central Board of Film Certification receiving a U/A certificate, with 14 cuts and a runtime of 166 minutes. The film was released in more than 1,800 theatres in India. Kaala was released in more than 700 screens in Tamil Nadu. It recorded lowest advance bookings, a first time for a Rajinikanth starrer. "Kaala" is the first Indian film ever to be released in Saudi Arabia, following the country lifting its ban on public theatres in December 2017.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The film was dubbed and released in Telugu and Malayalam languages under the same name, and in Hindi as "Kaala Karikalan".


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The film's title poster was launched in four languages - English, Hindi, Tamil and Telugu on 24 May 2017. The first look posters featuring Rajinikanth, were released on 25 May 2017. On 12 December 2017, coinciding with Rajinikanth's 67th birthday, the makers unveiled a new poster from "Kaala".


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The official Instagram page for Kaala was launched on 28 February 2018. The film's official teaser was supposed to be released on 1 March 2018. But the teaser was delayed, as in order to pay tribute to Jayendra Saraswati Shankaracharya, following his demise, and the teaser was uploaded on YouTube, the same day midnight. The teaser which released in Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu, got 14 million views, within its release. As of May 2018, the teaser crossed 25 million views.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The official merchandise of Kaala was launched by Cover It Up on 4 May 2018. A new Hindi poster, of Kaala was released on 19 May 2018. A contest was announced by the makers, for their fans to dress up like Kaala, and take a picture of it, and post it on twitter using the hashtag #IamKaala, and tagging the, official account of production house, where the lucky winners, would get the official merchandise of the film. The makers released a new Twitter emoji for "Kaala", becoming the second South Indian film, to do so, after "Mersal" (2017). The official trailer of Kaala was released on 28 May 2018. The makers released a set making video of the Dharavi backdrop in Chennai on 1 June 2018. The film's pre-release event took place at Novotel in Hyderabad on 4 June 2018.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: After "Kabali" (2016), multiple brands join once again with Kaala, which includes Airtel, Cadbury 5 Star, Nippon Paint and Havells. Airtel announced exclusive caller pack, and a new Airtel sim card, imprinted with a still of Rajinikanth from the film. The company had also made essential requirements, to stream the audio launch and trailer, through the Airtel TV app, and also a ticket contest, was held for fans. Nippon Paint launched a new contest called "Shades of Kaala", through their official Facebook page, through which the fans can get couple passes and floppies.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: K. Rajashekaran of GSR Vinmeen Creations filed a case claiming the title of this film against Pa Ranjith, Rajnikanth and Dhanush. His allegation was that he had registered the title "Kaarikalan" with the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce. In response, Wunderbar Films filed a counter-affidavit saying the story was written by Pa Ranjith and the title "Kaala" is registered by M/s Mini Studio, a sister concern of Wunderbar Films, with Tamil Film Producers Council on 24 May 2017.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The film's release in Karnataka, was ultimately stalled, because of Rajinikanth's statement over the Cauvery Water Sharing Issue, as a state from the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce. The film's distributor's office in Karnataka, was destroyed by pro-Kannada activists, regarding the issue, and was released in Karnataka, after high court order. Kaala's release was banned in Norway and Switzerland after Rajinikanth's comments about the Sterlite Issue, regarding the anti-social elements.


title: Kaala (2018 film)

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and stated that Ranjith owes to his excellent technical crew for "helping him visualise and deliver this 51% Rajini-49% Ranjith movie". "The Indian Express" rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 and said that "Ranjith stays true to his objective. The traces of what we saw in "Kabali" have been fleshed out and beautifully embellished". NDTV rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars and stated that Kaala is out and out a director's film with a strong political core. Rajinikanth, in a toned-down avatar, is a bonus.'. Meanwhile, "The Hindu" criticized the movie for its political elements and rated the film 2 out of 5, stating "an underwhelming film made for Rajinikanth, the politician. It’s difficult to think of "Kaala" as a film that was written for a star who claims to have had no political ambitions at the time. Now that he has become a politician, it’s Rajni the superstar that we long to see". The "Hindustan Times" gave its ratings as 4 out of 5 for the movie, stating "Rajinikanth lends his voice to Pa Ranjith’s political viewpoint".