title: Zine

text: The Indie Photobook Library, an independent archive in the Washington, DC area, is a large collection of photobooks and photo zines dating from 2008 to 2016 which the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University acquired in 2016. In California, the Long Beach Public Library began to be the first public library in the state to start circulating zines for three weeks at a time in 2015. In 2017 the Los Angeles Public Library started to circulate zines publicly to its patrons as well. Both projects have been credited to librarian Ziba Zehdar who has been an advocate in promoting circulating zines publicly at libraries in California.


title: Zine

text: It has been suggested that the adoption of zine culture by powerful and prestigious institutions contradicts their function as declarations of agency by marginalized groups.


title: Zine

text: There has been a resurgence in the alternative publication culture beginning in the 2010s, in tandem with the influx of zine libraries and as a result of the digital age, which has sparked zine festivals across the globe. The San Francisco Zine Fest started in 2001 and features up to 200+ exhibitors, while the Los Angeles Zine Fest started in 2012 with only a handful of exhibitors, now hosting over 200 exhibitors.These are considered to be some of the biggest zine fests in the United States, Other big zine fests across the globe include, San Francisco Zine Fest, Brooklyn Zine Fest, Chicago Zine Fest, Feminist Zine Fest, Amsterdam Zine Jam, and Sticky Zine Fair. At each zine fest, the zinester can be their own independent distributor and publisher simply by standing behind a table to sell or barter their work. Over time, zinesters have added posters, stickers, buttons and patches to these events. In many libraries, schools and community centers around the world, zinesters hold meetings to create, share, and pass down the art of making zines.


title: Zine

text: With the rise of the Internet in the mid-1990s, zines initially faded from public awareness possibly due to the ability of private web-pages to fulfill much the same role of personal expression. Indeed, many zines were transformed into Webzines, such as "Boing Boing" or "monochrom". The metadata standard for cataloging zines is "xZineCorex", which maps to Dublin Core. E-zine creators were originally referred to as "adopters" because of their use of pre-made type and layouts, making the process less ambiguous. Since, social media, blogging and vlogging have adopted a similar do-it-yourself publication model.


title: Zine

text: In the UK "Fracture" and "Reason To Believe" were significant fanzines in the early 2000s, both ending in late 2003. "Rancid News" filled the gap left by these two zines for a short while. On its tenth issue "Rancid News" changed its name to "Last Hours" with 7 issues published under this title before going on hiatus. "Last Hours" still operates as a webzine though with more focus on the anti-authoritarian movement than its original title. "Artcore Fanzine" (established in 1986) continues to this day, recently publishing a number of 30-year anniversary issues.


title: Zine

text: Mira Bellwether's zine "Fucking Trans Women", published in 2010 online and 2013 in print, proved influential in the field of transgender sexuality, receiving both scholarly and popular-culture attention. It was described in "Sexuality & Culture" as "a comprehensive guide to trans women's sexuality" and "The Mary Sue" as "the gold standard in transfeminine sex and masturbation".


title: Zine

text: The Usenet newsgroup "alt.zines" was created in 1992 by Jerod Pore and Edward Vielmetti for the discussion of zines and zine-related topics.


title: Zine

text: Two popular kids shows in the late 1990s and early 2000s featured zine-making: "Our Hero" (2000–02) and "Rocket Power" (1999–2004). The main character in "Our Hero", Kale Stiglic, writes about her life in the Toronto suburbs. The episodes are narrated and presented in the form of zine issues that she creates, inheriting her father's storytelling passion. The show won titles from the Canadian Comedy Awards and Gemini Awards during its development.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Celtic Woman is an all-female Irish musical ensemble conceived and created by David Kavanagh, Sharon Browne and David Downes, a former musical director of the Irish stage show "Riverdance." In 2004, Downes recruited five Irish female musicians who had not previously performed together, vocalists Chloë Agnew, Órla Fallon, Lisa Kelly and Méav Ní Mhaolchatha, and fiddler Máiréad Nesbitt, as the first lineup of the group that he named "Celtic Woman". Downes chose a repertoire that ranged from traditional Celtic tunes to modern songs.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The show was meant to be a one-time event held in Dublin, Ireland, but multiple airings on PBS helped boost the group's popularity.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The group's line-up has changed over the years. Fourteen albums have been released under the name "Celtic Woman": "Celtic Woman", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Celtic Woman: The Magic of Christmas", and "Celtic Woman: Postcards from Ireland". The group has undertaken a number of world tours. Cumulatively, albums by Celtic Woman have sold over nine million records worldwide. Celtic Woman has been described as being ""Riverdance" for the voice."


title: Celtic Woman

text: Celtic Woman has performed numerous tours in North America, with additional ones overseas. The group appeared live in more than a dozen US cities in 2005 for their original album debut, Celtic Woman The Show. This was followed by all five members' solo albums recorded between 2000 and 2004 being released in the US on 10 January 2006.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The group toured the United States twice with their tour, visiting 88 cities in 2007 and over 75 cities in 2008. In early April 2008 it was announced that The High Kings would be opening the act for the group through June 2008. The tour began on 14 February 2007 in Tampa with initial dates announced through 29 June 2007. New dates for Europe running 22 September 22 to 9 October 2007 were announced in May 2007 along with fall North American dates running 10 October to 17 November 2007 and some Japan dates. The tour finished on 6 October 2008 in Amsterdam.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The 2009 "Isle of Hope" tour was announced in late 2008. It began in the Spring of 2009 and finished on 22 November 2009.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The 2010 tour called , featured some of the same music and some new music. The tour featured Chloë Agnew, Lisa Kelly, Lynn Hilary, Alex Sharpe, and Máiréad Nesbitt. It began in February 2010.


title: Celtic Woman

text: A second ""Songs from the Heart"" tour opened in February 2011 with Agnew, Kelly, new member Lisa Lambe, and Nesbitt and consisted of about 80 concerts in North America in spring 2011 and 10 performances in Germany and Austria during summer 2011.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The "Christmas Symphony" Tour featuring songs from their Christmas Album "A Christmas Celebration" took place during December 2011.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The 2012 North American Tour ran between February 2012 and April 2012. Following directly onto this, the BELIEVE European tour took place between May and June 2012. Lisa Kelly, who was expecting her fourth child, did not participate in the 2012 tours, and was replaced by Susan McFadden, the younger sister of former Westlife member Brian McFadden.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Another "Symphony" Tour was announced for the 2012 Christmas season, featuring Agnew, Lambe, Nesbitt and McFadden. The tour began on 1 December and continued on till 22 December.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Celtic Woman took ""Believe"" on tour again from February to June 2013, with the same line-up. On 15 January 2013, Lisa Kelly announced her intentions to open "The Lisa Kelly Voice Academy", located in Peachtree City, GA, and confirmed that she would not be returning to Celtic Woman. Her husband, Scott Porter, also announced his departure as CEO of Celtic Woman.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 5 August 2013, Chloë Agnew announced that she was taking a break from Celtic Woman to focus on solo projects. She was replaced by Derry-born singer Mairéad Carlin for the second ""Believe"" European tour.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Celtic Woman took ""Believe"" to Europe in October 2013 and visited the US on their "Symphony" Tour in December 2013. The lineup featured Carlin, McFadden, Lambe and Nesbitt. The Australian Tour for "Believe", previously scheduled for September 2013, was rescheduled to January 2014.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Celtic Woman toured in the US from February to June 2014 on their "Emerald Tour" to promote their new album called "Celtic Woman: Emerald Musical Gems". Lynn Hilary came back for the Emerald Tour as Lisa Lambe left in mid-March for a role in the play "Breaking Dad," Ross O'Carroll-Kelly's sequel to "Between Foxrock and a Hard Place."" As well as the US, Celtic Woman visited Brazil, the UK, and Europe in Autumn 2014 on their "Emerald Tour", making their debut in Brazil and the UK.


title: Celtic Woman

text: They returned to the U.S. for their "Decade 10th Anniversary" "Tour" in March 2015 to celebrate the group's 10th anniversary. Their November 2014 "Emerald European Tour" was rescheduled to February 2015 and became part of the "Decade 10th Anniversary Tour" instead.


title: Celtic Woman

text: They visited Australia for the "Decade 10th Anniversary Tour" in September 2015 for the first time since January 2014 and returned to the UK in November 2015.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 6 October 2017, Celtic Woman officially announced their 2018 tour, the "Homecoming World Tour". The North American leg of the "Homecoming Tour" ran from 1 March 2018 – 17 June 2018.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 31 July 2018, the group announced "The Best of Christmas" "Tour", which ran from 26 November – 22 December 2018.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 17 October 2018, the group announced the "Tour, which" ran from 28 February 2019 - 18 November 2019.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 4 October 2019, "The Celebration 15th Anniversary Tour" was announced to run from 27 February 2020 – 7 June 2020 to celebrate the group's 15th Anniversary but was cut short in March due to the coronavirus pandemic. On 13 March 2020, an announcement was made that the cancelled dates would be rescheduled. On 20 March 2020, the rescheduled "Celebration 15th Anniversary Tour" was announced to run from 25 February 2021 – 4 June 2021 and more tour dates would be announced soon. However, on 7 January 2021, it was announced that the rescheduled "Celebration 15th Anniversary Tour" was postponed to spring 2022. On 20 April 2021, it was announced that the rescheduled "Celebration 15th Anniversary Tour" was renamed to the "Postcards from Ireland Tour," which ran from 24 February 2022 to 6 June 2022.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 30 June 2022, the group announced the "A Christmas Symphony" tour, which will run from 2 December 2022 to 22 December 2022.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Celtic Woman was taped on 15 September 2004 for PBS television at The Helix in Dublin in front of a sold-out audience. Organized by producer Sharon Browne, Chairman & CEO Dave Kavanagh, television producer and director Avril MacRory, and musical director and composer David Downes, this performance was first broadcast on PBS during March 2005 in the United States. Within weeks the group's eponymous debut album, "Celtic Woman", reached No. 1 on "Billboard"<nowiki>'s</nowiki> World Music chart, eventually breaking Andrea Bocelli's long-standing record of chart-topping longevity on 22 July 2006 by having stayed at No. 1 for 68 weeks. The album held the top position on the "Billboard" World Music chart for 81 weeks total. Much of the group's success in America has been credited to the extensive PBS publicity throughout 2005. The live performance at The Helix was released on DVD alongside the studio album.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The release of the second album, "", on 19 October 2006 knocked their first album to the No. 2 spot on the World Music chart.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In preparation for their third studio album, Celtic Woman performed at Slane Castle in County Meath, Ireland, on 23 and 24 August 2006, with this show airing on PBS during December 2006. The studio album, titled "", was released on 30 January 2007. As with their debut, the live performance was released on DVD simultaneously. This album immediately hit the "Billboard" 200 at No. 4 and the Billboard World Music chart at No. 1, moving their previous two releases down a notch and securing the top three positions on that chart for the group.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In response to the popularity of the performance at Slane Castle in 2006, PBS aired a special concert of Celtic Woman performing again in The Helix Theatre, Dublin, Ireland on 7 December 2007. This performance included songs from the group's second album, "Celtic Woman: A Christmas Celebration".


title: Celtic Woman

text: The group's fifth album, "", was released 26 January 2010. It peaked at No. 48 in July 2010 on the ARIA Top 50 Albums chart. For the album, PBS television presented a special concert starting 28 November 2009. It was taped in HD at Powerscourt House and Gardens in Enniskerry, County Wicklow. It included a 27-member film orchestra, Discovery Gospel choir, 12-member Aontas Choir, 10-member Extreme Rhythm Drummers with an 11-piece bagpipe ensemble.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The group released their sixth album, "Lullaby", available through PBS pledge or the QVC shopping website.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 15 February 2011, it was released by other major retailers as a limited edition album. It reached No. 1 on the World Charts and No. 3 on the Children's Charts, a first for Celtic Woman.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The group filmed a new special on 6 and 7 September 2011 at the Fox Theater in Atlanta, Georgia for PBS broadcast and DVD release. It is titled "". The show aired on PBS stations on 3 December 2011. The CD/DVD was released on 24 January 2012.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 9 October 2012, the group released its second worldwide Christmas album "". This album features the voices of Lisa Lambe, Chloë Agnew, Meav Ni Mhaolchatha, and Mairead Nesbitt on the fiddle. Another Christmas album, "" was released on the same day for the United States exclusively.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In July 2013, Celtic Woman released a promotional video on its YouTube channel for a new PBS special, due to be screened in early 2014. On 24 February 2014, Celtic Woman released a new CD/DVD set and PBS Special, called "". It features Lisa Lambe, Chloë Agnew, Mairead Nesbitt, and Susan McFadden. The DVD was filmed in April 2013 at a tour stop in South Bend, Indiana and was aired on PBS, starting in March.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 29 May 2015, the group released an album called "Solo" featuring ten of the former and current members. On 10 July 2015, the group released an album called "Decade: The Songs, The Show, The Traditions, The Classics" featuring all of the former and current members. The albums were released to commemorate the group's 10th Anniversary.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In August 2015, the group filmed a DVD / TV special and recorded an accompanying album called "", the first for Mairead Carlin and Éabha McMahon. Nesbitt was the only founding member on the album, although Meav Ni Mhaolchatha appeared and sang as a guest. Destiny was nominated for Best World Music Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. This was the first Grammy nomination for the group.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In August 2016, the group recorded an album called "". The album was the first to feature Tara McNeill and was also the first album to feature none of the founding members, although Meav Ni Mhaolchatha again appeared as a guest.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Celtic Woman recorded a live album, "", at the 3Arena in Dublin on 2 September 2017. The album released in January 2018. It was the first album released by the group to consist entirely of live tracks.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 19 July 2018, Celtic Woman announced a new TV special and DVD, to be recorded on 13–14 September 2018 at Johnstown Castle in Wexford, Ireland. This was the group's first outdoor TV special in nine years. The following day, the group announced a studio album to accompany the DVD. The DVD and album were named "Ancient Land".


title: Celtic Woman

text: "The Magic of Christmas" was released on 25 October 2019 in North America and on 8 November 2019 internationally.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 21 February 2020, Celtic Woman announced their album "Celebration: 15 Years of Music and Magic" to commemorate the group's 15th anniversary. It was digitally released on 27 February 2020, while the CD was released on 27 March 2020.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 10 September 2021, Celtic Woman announced their album "Postcards from Ireland", which was released on 29 October 2021.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 1 November 2022, Celtic Woman announced their EP "Christmas Cards from Ireland", which was released on digital platforms on 4 November 2022.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Originally from Kilkenny, she replaced Chloë Agnew. She will be touring with the group on their upcoming "A Christmas Symphony" tour.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Originally from Cork, she replaced Mairéad Carlin. She debuted with the group on the studio album and TV special "Postcards from Ireland", released in fall 2021.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The original performers in Celtic Woman were Chloë Agnew, Órla Fallon, Lisa Kelly, Méav Ní Mhaolchatha, and Máiréad Nesbitt. During Méav's pregnancy in 2005, Deirdre Shannon was selected to fill her place during tours. Méav returned to the group in time to record "A New Journey" and tour for that album, coinciding with Deirdre's departure from the group in February 2006.


title: Celtic Woman

text: The second line-up change was announced on 6 September 2006, with the announcement that Hayley Westenra officially joined Celtic Woman on 24 August 2006. As well as being featured on the album and DVD for "A New Journey", Hayley alternated with Méav during tour events to maintain the live five-person line-up.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 20 August 2007, Méav left Celtic Woman to focus on her solo career. Méav's replacement, Lynn Hilary, made her first appearance on 10 October 2007 in Estero, Florida, United States.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In December 2007, Lisa Kelly, who was expecting her third child in 2008, took maternity leave from the group. Alex Sharpe filled her position on the "A New Journey" tour during this leave.


title: Celtic Woman

text: It was announced on the group's website in 2009 that Órla Fallon was taking a full break to spend time with her family and to focus on recording a new solo album, and that as a result of this, Alex would be replacing Órla as a member of Celtic Woman.


title: Celtic Woman

text: For the 2009 "Isle of Hope" Tour, the group comprised vocalists Chloë Agnew, Lynn Hilary, Lisa Kelly, and Alex Sharpe; and fiddler Máiréad Nesbitt. This group completed the entire 2009 tour as well as the first leg of the "" tour, from February to May 2010, with this line-up. After the tour ended, it was announced that Alex Sharpe would take a full-time break from Celtic Woman to spend time with her family.


title: Celtic Woman

text: After the "" tour, in November 2010, Lynn Hilary announced that she was leaving the group to return to Ireland. Singer and actress Lisa Lambe joined the group as a replacement for Lynn in early 2011.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In December 2011, Lisa Kelly announced that she would be taking maternity leave from the group after the "Symphony Tour" was over. The group's website announced in January 2012 that actress Susan McFadden would be filling in for Kelly until she returned to the group. However, Kelly announced the opening of "The Lisa Kelly Voice Academy" in Peachtree City, Georgia, in January 2013 say that she was moving on from performing to teaching. Susan has since become a full member of the line-up and appeared on the new Celtic Woman PBS special and DVD Emerald, released in early 2014.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In 2012, Méav Ní Mhaolchatha returned briefly to Celtic Woman to record "Celtic Woman: Home for Christmas", the first time she had appeared with the group since her departure in 2007. She announced that she would return to the group again, temporary, in August 2013 to film the "Celtic Woman: Home for Christmas" PBS show and DVD.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Shortly before the "Home for Christmas" DVD show, Chloë Agnew announced she would be taking a break from Celtic Woman to work on solo projects and was not featured in the PBS special. On 23 August 2013, it was announced that Derry-born singer Mairéad Carlin would be taking Chloë's place.


title: Celtic Woman

text: Shortly before the beginning of the Emerald Tour on 14 February 2014, management announced that Lisa Lambe would be leaving the tour at the beginning of March, with Lynn Hilary returning to take her place. Lambe was slated to return during the summer, though no specific date was given.


title: Celtic Woman

text: In late 2014, Lambe shared she would be leaving Celtic Woman for a while to work on a solo album. She announced that her departure was permanent in early 2015 to promote her solo album and tour. Lynn Hilary again returned and took Lambe's place. It was later announced both Hilary and Alex Sharpe would be returning for the Decade 10th Anniversary tour along with Méav.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 11 August 2015, it was announced that Éabha McMahon was joining Celtic Woman as a principal singer.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 7 August 2016, it was announced that long-time member Máiréad Nesbitt was stepping away from Celtic Woman to focus on her own projects. Tara McNeill, a violinist, harpist, and singer, was announced as a new member of Celtic Woman.


title: Celtic Woman

text: From 11 to 23 March 2018, McFadden took a leave from the "Celtic Woman: Homecoming" tour to attend to a family emergency. Sharpe temporarily took McFadden's place in the lineup. McFadden returned to the tour on 24 March 2018 and remained with the group until the end of the tour.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 12 August 2018, it was announced that McFadden, expecting her first child, was taking a leave from the group. On 16 August 2018, Megan Walsh was announced as a new member of the group, taking McFadden's place. In October 2019, Susan McFadden returned for a few shows on the group's European Tour while Mairéad Carlin recovered from appendicitis.


title: Celtic Woman

text: On 22 January 2020, it was announced that Éabha McMahon was taking a leave from the group to pursue her own projects. Chloë Agnew returned to the group for the US Celebration tour to take McMahon's place for the majority of the tour, and Susan McFadden would fill in for the dates Agnew would not be performing on. On 13 January 2021, it was announced that Mairéad Carlin was taking a leave from the group to pursue other projects. On 4 June 2021, Muirgen O’Mahony was announced as a new member of the group, taking Carlin's place. On 19 August 2022, it was announced that Chloë Agnew was taking another leave from the group to focus on more solo projects. On 11 October 2022, Hannah Traynor was announced as the newest member of the group taking Agnew's place.


title: Celtic Woman

text: "We get along because we're so different. Chloë Agnew is hip, Méav Ní Mhaolchatha is rational, Orla Fallon is angelic, and Mairead Nesbitt is energetic."


title: Celtic Woman

text: According to Chloë Agnew, the friendship among the vocalists was the number one question they were asked. She explained:


title: Celtic Woman

text: "I think people are always looking for a 'Desperate Housewives' story, that they all hate each other and nobody actually gets along. It's all for show. And the truth of the matter is, it's not. The reality is we do all get along. The five of us are like sisters, best friends."


title: Celtic Woman

text: In 2007, Celtic Woman won an EBBA Award. Each year the European Border Breakers Awards (EBBA) recognize the success of ten emerging artists or groups who reached audiences outside their own countries with their first internationally released album in the past year. Celtic Woman: Destiny received a nomination for the 59th (2017) Grammy Awards in the "Best World Music Album" category.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Raman Raghav 2.0 (released internationally as Psycho Raman) is a 2016 Indian neo-noir psychological thriller film directed by Anurag Kashyap. Produced by Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Vikas Bahl, and Madhu Mantena, the film stars Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Vicky Kaushal, and debutante Sobhita Dhulipala. It depicts in eight chapters the cat and mouse chase of serial killer Ramanna (Siddiqui) by corrupt cop Raghavan (Kaushal). Real-life killer Raman Raghav, who operated in Mumbai during the 1960s, inspired the film.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Kashyap initially wanted to make a period film about Raman Raghav, but after the commercial failure of "Bombay Velvet" (2015), his previous film that was also set in the 1960s, he realized that he would be unable to find financing. Abandoning the period-piece concept, he co-wrote the film with Vasan Bala, setting it in the contemporary time. The film's music was composed by Ram Sampath, and Varun Grover wrote the lyrics. Jay Oza served as the film's cinematographer and Aarti Bajaj as its editor.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: "Raman Raghav 2.0" premiered in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. It also screened at the 2016 Sydney Film Festival, the Singapore International Film Festival, the Fantasia International Film Festival, Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival, and the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne. The film was released in India on 24 June 2016, received high critical acclaim, and proved to be a moderate commercial success, grossing over ₹70 million (US$1.1 million).


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: In 2013, Assistant Commissioner of Police Raghavan Amrendra Singh Umbi, a drug addict, visits a Mumbai drug dealer. However, his plan to purchase drugs is foiled—the dealer and another man have been murdered. Investigating the murders the next day, he receives a hammer followed by an anonymous phone call.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: In 2015, a man named Ramanna surrenders to the police and confesses to killing nine people. He is detained and beaten by the police but manages to escape with the help of a group of boys nearby. Seeking food at the home of his sister Lakshmi, Ramanna argues with his brother-in-law. After leaving the house he quickly returns and kills the couple and their son. Raghavan is among the police who later investigated the family's murder, where he finds a picture of Ramanna with Lakshmi, confirming Ramanna's involvement in the crime.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Raghavan is in a relationship with Smrutika "Simi" Naidu, but he is an abusive partner: he beats her and has forced her to have three abortions. Ramanna surveils Raghavan and Simi, suggesting a link exists between the cop and the killer. This surveillance escalates into more murders when Ramanna stalks and kills Simi's maid and her husband. After these killings, Ramanna is caught by the police with assistance from an onlooker. However, Ramanna escapes from custody again and kills the man who aided his capture. Raghavan proves to be a killer himself when, after a trip to visit his father, he murders an African drug dealer.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: That evening Raghavan picks up a woman named Ankita at a nightclub and brings her to Simi's house. Incapacitated by drug use, Raghavan is unable to perform sexually, prompting mockery from Ankita. In response he assaults her. Still enraged, he searches for the stash of drugs he keeps at the house but is unable to find it. In this state he confronts Simi and they argue. When Simi demands he leave with Ankita, he strikes Simi; her head hits a glass table killing her instantly.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Ankita locks herself in the bathroom and tries to call for help, but desists when Raghavan threatens and coerces her. He then clears away incriminating evidence and arranges the scene to implicate Ramanna for the murder. He retrieves a tyre iron similar to Ramanna's favored murder weapon and smashes Simi's head with it. During these preparations, Ankita escapes.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: The next day Ramanna surrenders to Raghavan and claims a deep connection with him: each man is the missing half of the other. Ramanna also reveals his role in the two 2013 murders that opened the film and initiated this connection. He confesses to one of the killings but witnessed Raghavan kill the other man, and thus began his surveillance of the policeman. Ramanna offers to accept the charge for Simi's murder, but only if Raghavan will kill the eyewitness, Ankita. In the final scene Raghavan's descent into evil matches Ramanna's when he murders Ankita in her home.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: "Raman Raghav 2.0" was inspired by the notorious serial killer Raman Raghav, who had killed several homeless people in Mumbai during the late 1960s. Bludgeoning his victims, he produced widespread panic until he was captured by the Mumbai police and confessed to 41 murders. Raghav was sentenced to death by the Bombay High Court, but his diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia allowed his defence to claim mental incapability and gain a change of sentence to life imprisonment. He was sent to Yerawada Central Jail, where he died of kidney failure in 1988 after 19 years of incarceration.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Director Anurag Kashyap first became interested in the story of Raman Raghav in 1991, when Sriram Raghavan was making a 68-minute film about the killer titled "Raman Raghav, A City, A Killer". Kashyap was drawn to the idea of a criminal who was not motivated by familiar human vices. According to him, the killer had "no moral compass or planning" to kill someone. He initially wanted to make a trilogy of period films based in Mumbai, the first of which was "Bombay Velvet" (2015), then a film on the Nanavati murder case after "Raman Raghav 2.0". But after the commercial failure of "Bombay Velvet", Kashyap realised that he would not get producers for another period film. He then set the film in contemporary time. The film on the Nanavati case did not materialise. Vasan Bala, the film's co-writer, had written a biopic about Raman Raghav. Kashyap re-wrote that script, taking inspiration from the actual murders. He created a police officer who would be the "mirror image" of the killer, as he felt it was difficult to create an honest cop in a contemporary time.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Kashyap said that Nawazuddin Siddiqui was his first casting choice for the film because of his "unimposing body". Kashyap modelled the character on Raghubir Yadav, who had portrayed Raman Raghav in Sriram Raghavan's 1991 film. Siddiqui left his home for two days without informing anyone and started to "fear himself" while preparing for the role.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Vicky Kaushal was called by Kashyap and was given two scenes to prepare in five days for the audition. Kaushal locked himself in the room and isolated himself from phone, internet and newspaper and kept repeating his lines from the scenes. He then gave the audition and was selected for the role of Raghav. Miss Earth India 2013, Sobhita Dhulipala made her acting debut with this film. She had got a call for audition from the casting director Mukesh Chhabra, where she was eventually selected.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Principal photography began in September 2015 and was completed on 22 November 2015. Kashyap wrote smaller scenes: "Normal Hindi films have 70 scenes, my films have 220 scenes". He mentioned that it helped in making the film look vast as the locations kept changing. The title was decided before the script was ready. The crew employed guerrilla filmmaking technique to shoot in real locations of Mumbai. Siddiqui had to deliver a ten-minute monologue in the film. To maintain continuity, he had to be still at the same place while the camera setup was changed from different angles. As a result, he ended up speaking for 300 minutes in the same position. After the shoot, the actor experienced a blackout and could not talk for sometime. Kaushal's character is shown snorting cocaine throughout the film. To make a quasi-cocaine powder, the crew used Glucon-D and Corn Starch. Kaushal practised inhaling the powder for his scenes in the film.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: While shooting in some unhygienic surroundings, Siddiqui fell ill and was hospitalised for five days. His wife later said that Siddiqui was repeating his dialogues from the film, while being semi-conscious on bed. Although the diagnosis showed dengue initially, he recovered quickly. He resumed shooting for the film when he was discharged. Siddiqui called the shoot a "mentally draining" experience. For a scene, the crew had to shoot it in the restricted area of the Mumbai airport which is guarded by snipers with strict instructions to shoot any infiltrator. Siddiqui was told not to move from his position and the scene was shot. The visual effects and title sequence for the film were executed by Mumbai-based VFX and animation studio, Plexus. Aarti Bajaj and Jay Oza served as the editor and director of photography respectively. "Raman Raghav 2.0" was distributed by Reliance Entertainment.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: The film's soundtrack and background score was composed by Ram Sampath, while the lyrics were penned by Varun Grover. The album rights were acquired by T-Series, and it was released on 3 June 2016. The first song launched was "Qatl-e-aam", which Sampath described as a "unique blend of Ghazal & Hard Trance". Sona Mohapatra, Nayantara Bhatkal, Siddharth Basrur and Ram Sampath provided vocals for the album's songs.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: The film's soundtrack received a mixed response from critics. Swetha Ramakrishnan of "Firstpost" called the soundtrack, "sensual, sinister" and "eclectic". She called the unplugged version of Mohapatra's "Qatl-E-Aam" as "cleaner, more powerful rendition". Tatsam Mukherjee of "India Today" said the music is "every indie musician's angsty reply to everything wrong with Bollywood 'phillum' music." He described Bhatkal's vocal in "Behooda" as something that "lends the song a very gangster-like feel with the continuous violin, keyboard riffs accompanying the chorus." Writing for Rediff.com, Aelina Kapoor described the soundtrack as "unconventional score that matches the filmmaker's unorthodox reputation". She said the song "Paani Ka Raasta" has a poetic touch with dark undertones. Manish Gaekwad thought that "Raghav's Theme" has a "hybrid sound in which techno music meets the sarangi to create a hypnotic instrumental track that explores the psyche of its protagonist."


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: On 24 April 2016, Kashyap released two teaser posters' of the film through his official Twitter account. They showed a runnel of blood and a pistol attached to a tap. The first look was revealed on 25 April 2016, which had Siddiqui staring at the fourth wall with his red eyes. A second poster was released on 1 May. The first teaser of "Raman Raghav 2.0" was launched on 6 May 2016, with a runtime of 46 seconds. It was followed by three other teasers which showed a glimpse of the serial killer from the film. The theatrical trailer of "Raman Raghav 2.0" was released on 10 May 2016. Before the theatrical release of the film, a series of comic strips were released showing the title character committing several crimes. A user generated song "I am Ramantic" was released online which showed people from Mumbai and other cities, who shot their ten-second videos sporting the "Raman Raghav 2.0" sunglasses. The film released internationally with the title "Psycho Raman".


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: "Raman Raghav 2.0" premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, in the Directors' Fortnight section to positive response. Siddiqui received a standing ovation post the screening of the film. It also premiered at the 2016 Sydney Film Festival, the Singapore International Film Festival, the Fantasia International Film Festival, Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival and the 2016 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne. Before the release, a special screening was held in Mumbai which was attended by actors like Kangana Ranaut, Shweta Tripathi and Abhishek Chaubey. The film was released theatrically on 24 June 2016 in 770 screens across the country. "Raman Raghav 2.0" is also available on Netflix. It was released as "The Mumbai Murders" on 21 November 2018 in France.


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: "Raman Raghav 2.0" received mostly positive response from critics upon its theatrical release. Saibal Chattejee of NDTV praised the "gripping, visceral genre film", and described the villain as "a cross between "No Country for Old Men'"s Anton Chigurh and "Se7en'"s John Doe". Writing for "The Hindu", Namrata Joshi called "Raman Raghav 2.0" a "taut thriller" that "takes you on an entertainment high." Anna M. M. Vetticad praised Siddiqui for his "eerie, scary, [and] disgusting" portrayal of the serial killer, and was particularly impressed by his ability to elicit laughs "for the matter-of-fact manner in which he goes about his bloody business". Mohar Basu of "The Times of India" wrote, "It is crude, callous and keeps you in suspense all through". He felt that it was a difficult film to watch as it made the viewer "queasy". Aseem Chhabra shared the view of the film being a "difficult watch". Although he was critical of the film's misogyny that made it a "difficult film to admire", he praised Siddiqui's performance at his "creepiest best". Sweta Kaushal of "Hindustan Times" described the film as "spine-chilling" and "pure sadism".


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Contrary to the positive critical reviews, Rajeev Masand felt the film "doesn't bring anything blazingly new or original to the serial killer genre." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" wrote that the film was "atmospheric yet hollow" and the viewers are "turned into cringing voyeurs, into reluctant participants, without redemption". Ananya Bhattacharya of "India Today" praised the film but felt that Dhulipala's character was the "weak link" as she "doesn't have much to do".


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Among the overseas reviewers, Deborah Young of "The Hollywood Reporter" noted Kaushal's performance and lack of character-depth of female characters, "Variety and depth of character are badly lacking on the female front, weakening the whole film." Maitland McDonagh commented that the film performs a "surprisingly deep dive into lust, murder and violent obsession" and "delivers a couple of truly suspenseful sequences." Guy Lodge from "Variety" mentioned it as a "luridly absorbing serial killer thriller" and felt Siddiqui's performance has an "unblinking intensity". Wendy Ide from "Screen International" reviewed the film and called it a "propulsive and bloodthirsty thriller" and an "adrenalised energy which rarely flags." But he felt that the film lacks the sense of a "Manhunter-style battle of wits." Patrick Cooper of Bloody Disgusting wrote about the film, "If you only think of Bollywood when you think of Indian film, Psycho Raman will knock some sense into you, as it stands up with the grittiest American serial killer thrillers." Suprateek Chatterjee of "HuffPost" mentioned the film as an "exercise in empty shock value".


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: "Raman Raghav 2.0" was made on a production budget of . Released on the same day as six other films, including "Junooniyat" and the Hollywood film "", only "Raman Raghav 2.0" earned favourable reviews from the critics. It collected a total of on its opening day and on its second day, making a total of . At the end of the opening weekend, the film grossed a total of . Ticket sales started to fall from Monday onward with a collection of , followed by on Tuesday, making a total of . "Raman Raghav 2.0" earned in its 10-day theatrical run. At the end of its theatrical run, the film earned a total box-office collection of .


title: Raman Raghav 2.0

text: Siddiqui received the Best Actor award at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards. Kashyap garnered the Europe Fantastic Film Festivals Federation Asian Award at the Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival. Kashyap, along with Siddiqui and Bala received the official jury prizes at the Fantastic Film Festival of the University of Málaga.


title: Richard Herring

text: Richard Keith Herring (born 12 July 1967) is an English stand-up comedian and writer, whose early work includes the comedy double act Lee and Herring (alongside Stewart Lee). He is described by "The British Theatre Guide" as "one of the leading hidden masters of modern British comedy".


title: Richard Herring

text: Towards the end of the double act, Herring also worked as a writer, producing four plays. After Lee and Herring went their separate ways he co-wrote the sitcom "Time Gentlemen Please", but quickly returned to performance with concept-driven one-person shows like "Talking Cock", "Hitler Moustache" and "Christ on a Bike" as well as regular circuit stand-up. Herring has created thirteen of these stand-up shows since 2004, performing them for eleven consecutive years at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, with annual tours and a final performance recorded for DVD. His 2016–17 show was a 'best of' tour, drawing from these shows.


title: Richard Herring

text: Herring is recognised as a pioneer of comedy podcasting, initially with broadcaster Andrew Collins on "The Collings and Herrin Podcast" and subsequently with high-profile comedians and celebrities such as Dawn French, Michael Palin and Stephen Fry on "Richard Herring's Leicester Square Theatre Podcast". He has maintained a daily blog called "Warming Up" without a break since 25 November 2002. His blog is archived by the British Library for purposes of UK documentary heritage.


title: Richard Herring

text: Richard Herring was born in Pocklington, East Riding of Yorkshire, and grew up in Cheddar, Somerset. He is the youngest of three children. He attended The Kings of Wessex School, where his father was the headmaster and maths teacher. This later formed the basis of his 2008 stand-up show, "The Headmaster's Son". Herring’s mother was also a teacher. The 2007 ITV comedy drama "You Can Choose Your Friends", which he wrote and also starred in, was based on his family. Some of the same characters later featured in the Radio 4 series "Relativity".


title: Richard Herring

text: Herring was a student at St Catherine's College, Oxford, where he wrote and performed for a comedy troupe known as the Seven Raymonds as well as the Oxford Revue. He attained a in History.


title: Richard Herring

text: Between 1992 and 2000, Richard was half of the stand-up comedy double act with Stewart Lee. Their television work included "Fist of Fun" and "This Morning With Richard Not Judy", and they had been collaborating on stage and radio projects since the 1980s.


title: Richard Herring

text: Lee and Herring wrote material for Chris Morris and Armando Iannucci's "On the Hour" in 1991 and the duo contributed to the creation of the character that was to be Alan Partridge. In 1992 and 1993, they wrote and performed "Lionel Nimrod's Inexplicable World" for Radio 4. For Radio 1, they wrote and performed one series of "Fist of Fun" in 1993, remaking it for television in 1995 and 1996. They hosted a series on Radio 1 in 1994 and 1995, called "Lee and Herring". A final television partnership with Lee, "This Morning With Richard Not Judy", ran for 18 episodes over two series was eventually cancelled "as a result of BBC management reshuffles".


title: Richard Herring

text: Herring has written and performed in thirteen one-person shows, eleven of them consecutively. A Herring show typically starts with a run at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, continues with an extensive UK tour and ends with a recorded performance for DVD.


title: Richard Herring

text: For radio, Herring co-wrote and presented the history based sketch show "That Was Then, This Is Now". For television he wrote Al Murray's sitcom "Time Gentlemen Please". He also contributed to the third series of "Little Britain" as script editor.


title: Richard Herring

text: In 2005, he presented a chat show called "Heads Up with Richard Herring" on the Pokerzone channel, in which he interviewed professional poker players and celebrities about their careers and their love of the game. There were 10 episodes in total.


title: Richard Herring

text: In February 2007, filming began on Herring's comedy drama "You Can Choose Your Friends". As well as writing the script, he also acted alongside Gordon Kennedy, Claire Skinner, Rebecca Front, Sarah-Jane Potts, Robert Daws, Anton Rodgers and Julia McKenzie. The show was broadcast on ITV on 7 June 2007.


title: Richard Herring

text: In January 2008 he began the "Collings and Herrin" (sic) podcast with Andrew Collins. They celebrated their two-year anniversary with a live "100th" podcast (it was actually the 105th recording) at the Leicester Square Theatre. On 30 January 2010 the pair began a tenure of sitting in for Adam and Joe on BBC Radio 6 Music on Saturdays mornings, a slot they occupied for more than a year.


title: Richard Herring

text: Herring's 2008 stand-up set "The Headmaster's Son" earned four 5-star reviews and several 4-star reviews. The set covers his experience growing up in The Kings of Wessex School in Somerset where his father worked as headmaster and how this may have been the origin of his fondness for telling puerile jokes. The show was seen by critics as a thoughtful look at his upbringing, and his relationship with his father, to whom the show is dedicated.


title: Richard Herring

text: Herring launched his show, "Hitler Moustache" in 2009 to see if he "could reclaim the toothbrush moustache for comedy – it was Chaplin's first, then Hitler ruined it." The show discusses broader issues, such as fascism and the British National Party. Herring and some of his contemporaries, including Dave Gorman, were angered when material from his show was misrepresented in a "Guardian" column by critic Brian Logan.


title: Richard Herring

text: On 14 October 2010, his Radio 4 series "Richard Herring's Objective" was first broadcast. Here Herring attempts to reclaim controversial items, starting with the toothbrush moustache and moving onto the hoodie, Flag of England and Dolly the Sheep. An Edinburgh special about the See-you-Jimmy hat was broadcast in August 2011 and a second series was recorded in October 2011 with episodes about the golliwog, the wheelchair, Page 3 and the old school tie.


title: Richard Herring

text: On 27 December 2010, Herring finished second on "Celebrity Mastermind" with a final score of 34 points. His specialist subject was Rasputin. He was "The Pod Delusion" "Comedian of the Year 2010."


title: Richard Herring

text: In May 2011 it was announced that "Fist of Fun" would be released on DVD by Go Faster Stripe. The first series was released in December 2011 and the second in November 2012, winning 'Best DVD' at the 2013 Chortle Awards


title: Richard Herring

text: In August and September 2015, he performed all 11 of his previous one man shows, plus a new one, "Happy Now?", at the Leicester Square Theatre over the course of six weekends in a season called "The Twelve Shows of Herring". "Happy Now?" was taken on a 50-plus date UK tour between October 2015 and June 2016. His 2017 tour show was called "Richard Herring — The Best". His 2017 Edinburgh Fringe show is called "Oh Frig, I'm 50!" This was taken on a UK tour in the Spring of 2018.


title: Richard Herring

text: In 2020, Herring was a contestant on the tenth series of "Taskmaster". He was the series' eventual winner. Herring later returned to compete against fellow winners Ed Gamble, Kerry Godliman, Liza Tarbuck and Lou Sanders for the second "Champion of Champions" special, which he also won.


title: Richard Herring

text: On 25 November 2002 Herring started his blog, "Warming Up", as a way to overcome writer's block. He has written an entry for every day, and has over 7,000 consecutive entries. His regular readership is estimated to be around 3,000. Some ideas recorded in "Warming Up" have been used in his live shows. The first year of his blog is collected in two books, "Bye Bye Balham" and "The Box Lady and Other Pesticles".


title: Richard Herring

text: On 12 October 2009, he recorded the first episode of "As It Occurs To Me", a weekly radio-style stand-up and sketch show made for the Internet. It stars him, Emma Kennedy, Dan Tetsell and Christian Reilly and currently stands at 18 episodes and 5 bonus mini-episodes. It was nominated for best internet show at the 2010 Sony Awards, though it failed to place. On 7 February 2011, "As It Occurs to Me" won the first Chortle Internet award On 20 March 2012 he retained it. In 2017, "As It Occurs To Me" returned as a six-episode web series.


title: Richard Herring

text: In 2011 Herring began playing himself at snooker for an audio podcast called "Me1 vs Me2 Snooker". On 28 July 2016 he performed at the Tempting Failure extreme art festival In 2020 he started playing this with 32 personas on Twitch and appeared on Comedians: Home Alone on BBC2 in July with an edited frame of Me1 vs Me2.


title: Richard Herring

text: In 2013, Herring won the Chortle Award for his "Leicester Square Theatre Podcast", which again won the award in 2014. In 2012 he had recorded the first 16 episodes of the long-running "Richard Herring's Leicester Square Theatre Podcast" with guests including Tim Minchin, Stewart Lee, Adam Buxton, David Mitchell and Armando Iannucci. It was nominated for a Sony Award for Best Comedy alongside a list of BBC produced comedy shows in 2013. The show won the Bronze Award. In May and June 2013 he recorded nine podcasts with guests including Stephen Fry, Russell Brand and Mary Beard. His interview with Stephen Fry, was covered by national and international news media including the BBC and Sky News when Fry revealed a recent suicide attempt. The series continued with Harry Shearer, Eddie Izzard and David Cross.


title: Richard Herring

text: On 17 November 2013, he recorded the first episode of a six-part internet stand-up, sketch and interview show "Richard Herring's Meaning of Life," structured around the philosophical concepts of 'Creation', 'the Paranormal', 'Love', 'Death', 'Good & Evil' and 'the Shape of Things To Come', the episode being broadcast online between February 2014 and early 2015.


title: Richard Herring

text: In February 2014, the first "Richard Herring Show" was broadcast on Fubar Radio. Herring presented this with comedian Lou Sanders weekly, before quitting the show together; their final episode was broadcast on 24 May 2014.


title: Richard Herring

text: On 8 March 2018, in aid of International Women’s Day, Herring raised over £150,000 for domestic abuse charity Refuge by responding to anyone on Twitter who asked when International Men's Day was (it is 19 November). He did the same on 8 March 2019, raising almost £130,000. He repeated the exercise on 8 March 2020 and streamed himself responding to tweets live on Twitch. He raised a further £70,000. In 2020 he wrote a book about his experiences and toxic masculinity called "The Problem With Men" which was published on 5 November.


title: Richard Herring

text: In March 2020 Herring started streaming regularly on Twitch as the world went into lockdown. He produced weekly remote episodes of his podcast, Richard Herring's Leicester Square Theatre Podcast, did a live feed of Stone Clearing most weekday mornings and played himself at Snooker (with 32 personas) in the evening. He also did occasional non-director's commentaries for films, as well as a newspaper review with his 128-year-old ventriloquist dummy called "Ally and Herring's Twitch of Fun".


title: Richard Herring

text: Herring was formerly in a relationship with the actress Julia Sawalha, some years after joking on "Fist of Fun" that "My ideal woman has the head of Julia Sawalha and the body of Julia Sawalha." He also dated Kelly Marcel and Sally Phillips.


title: Richard Herring

text: In April 2012, Herring married author and comedian Catie Wilkins. They had their first child, a daughter, in February 2015, followed by a son in October 2017.


title: Richard Herring

text: Herring has raised money for Scope since 2003, and ran the London Marathon in aid of the charity in 2004 as well as the Royal Parks Foundation Half Marathon in 2011, 2013 and 2014. In January 2011 he was nominated for a Just Giving Life Time Achievement Award for his extensive work in helping to raise money, awareness and support for Scope. In 2012 he was made a Patron of Scope.


title: Richard Herring

text: In February 2021 he had an orchidectomy to remove a cancerous testicle, undergoing one shot of chemotherapy a month later. In November 2021 he ran the Hertfordshire Half Marathon and raised £30,000 for the hospitals that treated his condition. His book about the experience "Can I Have My Ball Back?" was published in October 2022. In April 2022 it was announced that Herring had become an Ambassador for Movember.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: Bernardine Rae Dohrn (née Ohrnstein; born January 12, 1942) is a retired law professor and a former leader of the left-wing radical group Weather Underground in the United States. As a leader of the Weather Underground in the early 1970s, Dohrn was on the FBI's 10 Most Wanted list for several years. She remained a fugitive, even though she was removed from the list. After coming out of hiding in 1980, Dohrn pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of aggravated battery and bail jumping.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: Dohrn had graduated from the University of Chicago Law School in 1967. During the 1980s, she was employed by the Sidley & Austin law firm. From 1991 to 2013, Dohrn was a Clinical Associate Professor of Law at the Children and Family Justice Center at Northwestern University School of Law. She is married to Bill Ayers, a co-founder of the Weather Underground.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: Bernardine Dohrn was born Bernardine Ohrnstein in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1942, and grew up in Whitefish Bay, an upper-middle-class suburb of Milwaukee. Her father, Bernard D. Ohrnstein, changed the family surname to Dohrn (his middle initial plus the first letters of his last name) when Bernardine was in high school. Her father was Jewish, although the name change was intended to obscure that, and her mother, Dorothy (née Soderberg), was of Swedish background and a Christian Scientist. Dohrn graduated from Whitefish Bay High School, where she was a cheerleader, treasurer of the Modern Dance Club, a member of the National Honor Society, and editor of the school newspaper.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: She attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, for one year before transferring to the University of Chicago, where she graduated with honors with a B.A. in political science in 1963. Dohrn received her J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1967. While attending law school, Dohrn began working in support of civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. and became the first law student organizer for the National Lawyers Guild.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: Dohrn became one of the leaders of the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM), a radical wing of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), in the late 1960s. Dohrn with ten other SDS members associated with the RYM issued, on June 18, 1969, a sixteen-thousand-word manifesto entitled "You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows", in "New Left Notes". The title came from Bob Dylan's song, "Subterranean Homesick Blues." The manifesto stated that "the goal [of revolution] is the destruction of US imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism."


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: The RYM must also lead to the effective organization needed to survive and to create another battlefield of the revolution. A revolution is a war; when the Movement in this country can defend itself militarily against total repression it will be part of the revolutionary war. This will require a cadre organization, effective secrecy, self-reliance among the cadres ...


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: The manifesto also asserted that African-Americans were a "black colony" within a U.S. government that was doomed to overextend itself. And the RYM was needed to quicken this process. Dohrn said, "The best thing that we can be doing for ourselves, as well as for the [Black] Panthers and the revolutionary black liberation struggle, is to build a fucking white revolutionary movement."


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: The ninth annual national SDS conference was held at the Chicago Coliseum on June 18–22, 1969, and the SDS collapsed in a Revolutionary Youth Movement-led . Soon after the Revolutionary Youth Movement became known as the Weathermen. Dohrn led the Weatherman faction in the SDS fight and continued to be a leader afterward. Larry Grathwohl, an FBI informant who was with the Weathermen from autumn 1969 through spring 1970, considered her one of the two top leaders of the organization, along with Bill Ayers.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: On May 26, 1968, as a speaker for the National Lawyers Guild, Dohrn said she was filing a motion in federal court asking for an injunction to halt any disciplinary action that was being taken against student activists and represented students from Columbia University who were striking and protesting. On June 14, 1968, Dohrn was elected the Inter-organizational Secretary of SDS, and, once elected, was asked if she was a socialist. She replied, "I consider myself a revolutionary communist." From August 30 to September 1, 1968, Dohrn visited Yugoslavia. Her involvement with SDS and political advocacy stretch beyond the United States as well, as she and other SDS leaders had met with representatives from North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in Budapest, Hungary to discuss peace talks. She and a delegation from the SDS also traveled to Cuba via Mexico City, Mexico on July 4, 1969, and later arrived in Canada via a Cuban vessel on August 16, 1969.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: On the night of October 1, 1968, Dohrn spoke at a meeting in Chicago to condemn Chicago's Mayor Daley's orders to attack protesters during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Then, from October 11 to 13, she and SDS held a national meeting at the University of Colorado Boulder wherein Dohrn was a speaker addressing concerns about where the movement was headed and what involvement they could expect as governmental tensions mounted and the student movement splintered into factions. On October 11, 1968, Dohrn suggested she would expand the movement to non-students and do all that was necessary to complete the job of "attack, expose, destroy." Dohrn continued to give speeches on behalf of SDS and Weather Underground and attend leadership conferences for both organizations. On January 29 and 30, 1969, in recognition of the tenth anniversary of the Cuban Revolution, the University of Washington held a Cuba teach-in where Dohrn was a speaker on campus. A month later at a press conference at the regional headquarters of SDS in Chicago, Dohrn spoke of the plans that were under way to "attack" college graduation ceremonies across the country, saying, "Our presence will be known at the graduation ceremonies where the big people will come as speakers." By that time, Dohrn was known as a National Interim Committee member of the SDS and a member of the Weatherman group.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: The Weather Underground was a radical left militant organization responsible for bombings of the United States Capitol, the Pentagon, and several police stations in New York, as well as the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion that killed three of its members.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: Dohrn was a principal signatory on the Weather Underground's "Declaration of a State of War" in May 1970 that formally declared "war" on the U.S. Government, and completed the group's transformation from political advocacy to violent action. She recorded the declaration and sent a transcript of a tape recording to "The New York Times". Dohrn also co-wrote (with Bill Ayers) and published the subversive manifesto "Prairie Fire" in 1974 and participated in the covertly filmed "Underground" in 1976. In late 1975, the Weather Underground put out an issue of a magazine, "Osawatamie", which carried an article by Dohrn entitled "Our Class Struggle"; the article was described as a speech given to the organization's cadres on September 2 of that year. In the article, Dohrn clearly stated support for communist ideology:


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: We are building a communist organization to be part of the forces which build a revolutionary communist party to lead the working class to seize power and build socialism. ... We must further the study of Marxism-Leninism within the WUO [Weather Underground Organization]. The struggle for Marxism-Leninism is the most significant development in our recent history. ... We discovered thru our own experiences what revolutionaries all over the world have found — that Marxism-Leninism is the science of revolution, the revolutionary ideology of the working class, our guide to the struggle ...


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: According to a 1974 FBI study of the group, Dohrn's article signaled a developing commitment to Marxism-Leninism that had not been clear in the group's previous statements, despite their trips to Cuba and contact with Vietnamese communists there.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: Dohrn was criticized for comments she made about the murders of actress Sharon Tate and retail store owners Leno and Rosemary LaBianca by the Charles Manson clan. In a speech during the December 1969 "War Council" meeting organized by the Weathermen, attended by about 400 people in Flint, Michigan, Dohrn said, "First they killed those pigs, then they ate dinner in the same room with them, then they even shoved a fork into the pig Tate's stomach! Wild!" In greeting each other, delegates to the war council often spread their fingers to signify the fork.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: On August 22, 1969, Dohrn was arrested in Chicago and charged with possession of drugs. The defense argued that Chicago Police had conducted an illegal search of the car in which she was a passenger, which led Judge Kenneth R. Wendt of the Narcotics Court of Chicago to dismiss the charges. On September 20, 1969, at an anti-Vietnam War rally at the Davis Cup tennis tournament in Cleveland, police arrested Dohrn and twenty other persons on charges of disorderly conduct. On September 26, 1969, Dohrn was arrested again in Chicago during a rally in support of the eight men accused of conspiracy concerning protests during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, who were on trial for riot conspiracy charges. Dohrn was next arrested on October 9, 1969, by the Chicago police during a rally for the women's faction of the Weathermen group and was later released on a one thousand dollar bond. On October 31, 1969, a grand jury indicted 22 people, including Dohrn, for their involvement with the trial of the Chicago Eight, and she was again indicted on April 2, 1970, when a Federal Grand Jury indicted twelve members of the Weatherman group on conspiracy charges in violation of anti-riot acts during the "Days of Rage." However, all of these convictions were reversed on November 21, 1972, by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit on the basis the judge was biased in his refusal to permit defense attorneys to screen prospective jurors for cultural and racial bias.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: Due to the increasing volatility of the Weather Underground led by Dohrn, on October 14, 1970, Dohrn was added to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. She was removed in December 1973, after District Court Judge Damon Keith dismissed the case against the Weathermen. That dismissal was followed shortly by another, when, on January 3, 1974, Judge Julius Hoffman dismissed a 4-year-old case against twelve members of the Weatherman faction of the Students for a Democratic Society, including Dohrn. She had been charged with leading the riotous "Days of Rage".


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: While on the run from police, Dohrn used many aliases (including Bernardine Rae Ohrnstein, H.T. Smith, and Marion Del Gado) and married another Weatherman leader, Bill Ayers, with whom she has two children. During the last years of their underground life, Dohrn and Ayers resided in Chicago, where they used the aliases Christine Louise Douglas and Anthony J. Lee. In the late 1970s, the Weatherman group split into two factions, the "May 19 Coalition" and the "Prairie Fire Collective", with Dohrn and Ayers in the latter. The Prairie Fire Collective favored coming out of hiding, with members facing the criminal charges against them, while the May 19 Coalition remained in hiding. A decisive factor in Dohrn's decision to come out of hiding were her concerns about her children.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: The couple turned themselves in to authorities in 1980. While some charges relating to their activities with the Weathermen were dropped due to prosecutorial misconduct (see COINTELPRO), Dohrn pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of aggravated battery and bail jumping for which she was put on probation. After refusing to testify against ex-Weatherman Susan Rosenberg in an armed robbery case, Dohrn was held in contempt of a grand jury and served seven months in prison. Shortly after turning themselves in, Dohrn and Ayers became legal guardians of future former San Francisco District Attorney Chesa Boudin, the son of former members of the Weather Underground Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert, after the couple were convicted of murder for their roles in a 1981 armored car robbery.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: From 1984 to 1988, Dohrn was employed by the Chicago law firm Sidley Austin, where she was hired by Howard Trienens, the head of the firm, who knew Thomas G. Ayers, Dohrn's father-in-law. "We often hire friends," Trienens told a reporter for the "Chicago Tribune". However, Dohrn had not been admitted to the New York or Illinois bar even though she had passed both bar exams; she did not submit an application to the New York Supreme Court's Committee on Character and Fitness, and she was turned down by the Illinois ethics committee because of her criminal record. Trienens said of the Illinois rejection, "Dohrn didn't get a [law] license because she's stubborn. She wouldn't say she's sorry."


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: In 1991, Dohrn was hired by Northwestern University School of Law as an adjunct professor. Her title was "Clinical Associate Professor of Law". She was one of the founders of the Children and Family Justice Center in the Bluhm Legal Clinic at Northwestern Law. Because Dohrn was hired as an adjunct (a temporary assignment), her appointment did not require faculty approval. When law school officials were asked whether or not the dean or the board of trustees approved the hiring, the school responded as follows: "While many would take issue with views Ms. Dohrn espoused during the 1960s, her career at the law school is an example of a person's ability to make a difference in the legal system." She retired from Northwestern Law in 2013.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: In 2008, Dohrn and Ayers resurfaced into news headlines as presidential candidate John McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin publicly denounced the ties between Ayers and then-presidential candidate Barack Obama.


title: Bernardine Dohrn

text: In a November 4, 2010 interview, Dohrn described the political "right" in the U.S. as racist, armed, hostile, and "unspeakable". Referring to the August 28, 2010 Restoring Honor rally which was promoted by Glenn Beck and held at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., Dorhn said, "You have white people armed, demanding the end to the [Obama] presidency." She has also asserted that "the real terrorist is the American government, state terrorism unleashed against the world."


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The Build Back Better Plan or Build Back Better agenda was a legislative framework proposed by U.S. president Joe Biden between 2020 and 2021. Generally viewed as ambitious in size and scope, it sought to make the largest nationwide public investments in social, infrastructural, and environmental programs since the 1930s Great Depression-era policies of the New Deal.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The plan was divided into three parts, the first of which was the American Rescue Plan (ARP), a COVID-19 pandemic-relief bill. The other two parts were the American Jobs Plan (AJP), a proposal to address long-neglected infrastructure needs and reduce America's contributions to climate change's destructive effects, and the American Families Plan (AFP), a proposal to fund a variety of social policy initiatives, some of which (e.g., paid family leave) had never before been enacted nationally in the U.S.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The ARP was passed as the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, and was signed into law in March 2021. Aspects of the AJP's infrastructure goals were diverted into the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which was signed into law in November 2021. Other AJP priorities (e.g., climate change remediation, home health care reform, etc.) were then merged with the AFP to form the Build Back Better Act. The bill passed the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives but struggled to gain the support of Democrats Joe Manchin of West Virginia and Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona in the evenly divided Senate, with unified Republican opposition. Manchin and Sinema negotiated the reduction of Build Back Better Act's size, scope, and cost significantly with Biden and Democratic congressional leaders, but Manchin, widely viewed as the key swing vote needed to pass the bill in the Senate, ultimately rejected it over the procedural tactics used. Continued negotiations between Manchin and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer eventually resulted in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which was signed into law in August 2022, and incorporated some of the Build Back Better Act's climate change, healthcare, and tax reform proposals while excluding its social safety net proposals.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The COVID-19 pandemic caused substantial job losses in the U.S., with a May 2020 estimate finding that it had resulted in the greatest unemployment crisis since the Great Depression.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: During his presidency, Donald Trump floated using low interest rates to spend on infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and tunnels, but specifically excluding the initiatives of the Green New Deal supported by some of the members in the Democratic Party.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: Shortly before his inauguration as the 46th president of the United States, Biden laid out the following goals for his "Build Back Better" agenda:


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The first part of the plan resulted in a $1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief package, known as the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. It was signed into law on March 11 using the procedure of reconciliation, allowing it to go into effect with unanimous Democratic support in the Senate and no Republican votes.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: On March 31, 2021, Biden unveiled details of his $2.3 trillion American Jobs Plan (which, when combined with the American Families Plan, amounted to $4 trillion in infrastructure spending), which he pitched as "a transformative effort to overhaul the nation's economy". The plan aimed to create millions of jobs, bolster labor unions, expand labor protections, and address climate change.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The plan called for $621 billion of spending on transportation infrastructure. That included $115 billion towards highways and roads, $80 billion to improve American railways, $85 billion to modernize public transportation, $25 billion for airports, $174 billion to incentivize adoption of electric vehicles (including $15 billion for the construction of 500,000 electric vehicle charging stations by 2030), and $17 billion for inland waterways, coastal ports, land ports of entry and ferries. It also called for electrifying at least 20% of the country's yellow school bus fleet.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The plan called for $100 billion in funding for American energy infrastructure, aiming to transition the country to 100% carbon-free electricity production by 2035. It intended to establish a "Grid Deployment Authority" within the Department of Energy to support the construction of high-voltage transmission lines.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The plan included $213 billion for building and retrofitting more than 2 million homes and $40 billion to improve public housing. It also sought to end exclusionary zoning. The plan included $111 billion for modernizing drinking water, wastewater, and storm water systems. $45 billion of that was intended to replace 100% of the country's lead water piping. The plan aimed to deliver universal high-speed broadband coverage.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The AJP proposed a $16 billion investment in plugging "orphan wells", abandoned wells that continually release methane emissions. The plan contained $100 billion to construct and upgrade public schools, $25 billion to upgrade childcare facilities, and $12 billion to spend on community colleges.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The AJP contained a proposal for a Civilian Climate Corps modeled loosely after the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) created during the New Deal. It proposed that $10 billion be allocated for the program, which the White House stated would create somewhere between 10,000 and 20,000 jobs. In contrast, during its nine years in operation, around three million people participated in the original CCC.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The plan would have spent $180 billion on research and development, including substantial expenditures in clean energy and basic climate research. It would also have spent $50 billion on semiconductor technology. The plan set aside $300 billion for manufacturing expenditures.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The plan included $400 billion to expand access to home- or community-based care for seniors and people with disabilities.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The passage of the proposed Protecting the Right to Organize Act (PRO Act) was included as part of the proposal. The legislation would bolster unions by overriding state right-to-work laws and safeguarding union elections.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The funding was planned to come from raising the corporate tax rate as a part of a proposed "Made in America Tax Plan". This would have partially reversed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The corporate tax rate would have been raised from 21% to 28%, bringing it closer to the pre-2017 rate of 35%. The plan aimed to raise over $2 trillion by 2036, with other methods including ending subsidies for fossil fuel companies, increasing the global minimum tax from roughly 13% to 21%, and deficit spending.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: Also planned was an increase of the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) from 10.5% to 21%. GILTI taxes target intangible assets like patents, copyright, and trademarks that can sometimes be used by companies for tax avoidance. This tax was created in 2017 to discourage U.S.-based companies from shifting profits to corporate tax havens.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: On July 28, Senate negotiators announced that a $1.2 trillion agreement for physical infrastructure had been reached. According to NPR.org, this included:


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The bill also made the Minority Business Development Agency a permanent agency. On August 10, The Senate voted 69–31 to advance the bill. On November 5, the House of Representatives passed it, 228–206. Biden signed the legislation into law on November 15.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The Center for American Progress (CAP), a liberal think tank, lauded the original AJP for its focus on climate justice. The program also received support from organized labor, with AFL–CIO president Richard Trumka praising the plan for its inclusion of the PRO Act. Senator Bernie Sanders spoke favorably of the plan while arguing that the White House should go even further.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: Political conservatives dismissed the original legislation as costly and challenged the inclusion of policy areas not traditionally considered "infrastructure". Republican Senator Ted Cruz criticized the plan, arguing that it would lead to job losses and served as a "Green New Deal-lite masquerading as an infrastructure plan". Republican House minority leader Kevin McCarthy called the plan "[m]ajor expansions of government agencies and even more inflation that will lead to higher costs for all Americans."


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The third part of the original Build Back Better agenda, the American Families Plan, set aside $1 trillion in new spending and $800 billion in tax credits (both over ten years). This included:


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: It would have extended the boost to the child tax credit made in the American Rescue Plan, which effectively turned the credit into a child allowance. It would also revoke a federal restriction on people with felony drug convictions from obtaining food benefits through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: The bill was to have been at least partially funded by a number of tax hikes on high-income Americans and investors, including restoring the top marginal income tax rate to its pre-2017 level of 39.6% and nearly doubling the capital gains tax for people earning more than $1 million, as well as eliminating a provision in the tax code that reduces capital gains on some inherited assets, like vacation homes. It would also have raised revenue by boosting the Internal Revenue Service's budget by $80 billion (over ten years), which the White House estimated could raise over $700 billion in revenue that otherwise would have been lost to tax evasion. It would also have required banks to report total account outflows and inflows to the IRS to help detect tax evasion.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: A $3.5 trillion reconciliation bill that included measures related to climate change, family aid, and expansions to Medicare was rolled out, but failed to win the support of Republicans or moderate Democrats. On October 28, 2021, the White House released a new $1.75 trillion framework, but still struggled to win Democratic Senator Joe Manchin's support for using the reconciliation process. After it ultimately failed to match his envisioned cost, Manchin rejected the bill, dooming its passage.


title: Build Back Better Plan

text: In July 2022, revived negotiations between Manchin and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer yielded a deal on a slimmed-down and reworked version of the original bill, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. This bill would raise $737 billion in revenue while spending $437 billion. The remaining $300 billion would go toward deficit reduction. The bill's main goals include reducing current and future inflation, reforming corporate taxing, lowering prescription drug prices for consumers, extending health insurance subsidies through the Affordable Care Act, and curbing greenhouse gas emissions while boosting domestic energy production.


title: Davos

text: Davos (, ; ; ; archaic ) is an Alpine resort town and a municipality in the Prättigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has a permanent population of (). Davos is located on the river Landwasser, in the Rhaetian Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Ranges.


title: Davos

text: The municipality covers nearly the entire valley of the Landwasser, and the centre of population, economic activity, and administration is two adjacent villages: Davos Dorf () and Davos Platz ("Davos" "Place"), at above sea level.


title: Davos

text: Gaining prominence in the 19th century as a mountain health resort, Davos is perhaps best known today for hosting the World Economic Forum—often referred to simply as "Davos"—an annual meeting of global political and corporate leaders. With a long history of winter sport, Davos also has one of Switzerland's largest ski resorts, and hosts the international Spengler Cup ice hockey tournament each December.


title: Davos

text: The current settlement of the Davos area began in the High Middle Ages with the immigration of Rhaeto-Romans. The village of Davos is first mentioned in 1213 as "Tavaus". From about 1280 the barons of Vaz allowed German-speaking Walser colonists to settle and conceded them extensive self-administration rights. In 1289 an agreement between the people of Davos and the baron of Vaz included that the Davoser citizens would not have to pay personal taxes, only the Government of Davos had to pay a yearly amount of goods to the baron of Vaz. became the largest Walser settlement area in eastern Switzerland. Natives still speak a dialect that is atypical for Graubünden, showing similarities with the German spoken in Raron in Canton Valais.


title: Davos

text: From the middle of the 19th century, Davos modeled on Görbersdorf (now Sokołowsko) became a popular destination for the sick and ailing because the microclimate in the high valley was deemed excellent by doctors (initiated by Alexander Spengler) and recommended for lung disease patients. Robert Louis Stevenson, who suffered from tuberculosis, wintered in Davos in 1880 upon the recommendation of his Edinburgh physician Dr. George Balfour. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote an article about skiing in Davos in 1899. A sanatorium in Davos is also the inspiration for the Berghof Sanitorium in Thomas Mann's novel "Der Zauberberg" ("The Magic Mountain"). Between 1936 and 1938, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, then at the end of his life and living in Davos since 1917, depicted Davos and the Junkerboden. His painting has a both Romantic and pantheistic atmosphere and simplified formal structure.


title: Davos

text: During the "natural ice" era of winter sports, Davos and the "Davos Eisstadion" were a mecca for speed skating. Many international championships were held here, and many world records were set, beginning with Peder Østlund who set four records in 1898. The only European Bandy Championship was held in the town in 1913. Subsequently, Davos became a ski resort, especially frequented by tourists from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. After peaking in the 1970s and 1980s, the city settled down as a leading but less high-profile tourist attraction. The American Van Leer family immigrated from here with their former Valär surname. Today Valärs still live and are members of government.


title: Davos

text: The main village of Davos lies at the top of the narrow valley of the Landwasser at an altitude of , just below the Wolfgang Pass. Lake Davos is northeast of the village, formerly the source of the Landwasser.


title: Davos

text: The municipality of Davos () has an area (as of the 2004/09 survey) of , including most of the Landwasser valley and its side valleys.


title: Davos

text: Of this area, about 35.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 40.5% is unproductive land. In the 2004/09 survey a total of or about 1.2% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of over the 1985 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality increased by and is now about 0.22% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, is fields and grasslands and consists of alpine grazing areas. Since 1985 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by . Over the same time period the amount of forested land has increased by . Rivers and lakes cover in the municipality.


title: Davos

text: The Wolfgang Pass divides the waters flowing into the Landquart from the valley of the Landwasser, and has a year-round road and Rhaetian Railway connection. Crossing the pass leads to the village of Klosters and the Prättigau. Three long side valleys reach out to the south from the main valley of the Landwasser, one of which leads to the Flüela Pass and the Engadin beyond.


title: Davos

text: The municipality of Davos is divided completely into six "Fraktionsgemeinden": Davos Dorf, Davos Platz, Davos Frauenkirch, Davos Glaris, Davos Monstein, and Davos Wiesen. The names of the "Fraktionsgemeinden" correspond to their largest village within.


title: Davos

text: Smaller populated places in the municipality are: the village of Davos Clavadel, the hamlets of Laret, Wolfgang, Obem See, Meierhof, Stilli, Bünda, and Spina (in the main Landwasser valley), and Tschuggen, Dörfji, In den Büelen, Hof, Teufi, Gadmen, Am Rin, Dürrboden, Sertig Dörfli, Oberalp, Inneralp (in the side valleys).


title: Davos

text: Until 2017 the municipality was located in the Davos subdistrict of the Prättigau/Davos district; after 2017 it is part of the Prättigau/Davos Region. In terms of area, it was the largest municipality in Switzerland in 2009 after a municipal merger with Wiesen. Davos lost this distinction after the formation of Glarus Süd in 2010, and today is the 4th largest in the canton of Graubünden.


title: Davos

text: Davos has a subalpine climate (Köppen "Dfc") with an average of 125.3 days of precipitation per year and on average receives of precipitation.


title: Davos

text: The wettest month is August during which time Davos receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 13.6 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is July, with an average of 13.8, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 7.9 days, of which in 11.1 days are snowfall.


title: Davos

text: The Small Country Council ("Kleiner Landrat") constitutes the executive government of the municipality of Davos and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (), each presiding over a department ("Departement") comprising several bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as president of the municipality ("Landammann" or "Gemeindepräsident"). In the mandate period 2017–2020 ("Legislatur") the Small Country Council is presided by "Landammann" Tarzisius Caviezel. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Grand Country Council are carried by the Small Country Council. The regular election of the municipal councils by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of the municipality of Davos allowed to vote and being registered can be elected as a member of the Small Country Council for a maximal period of twelve years. The delegates are selected by means of a system of "Majorz". The President is elected as such as well by a public election while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. They usually meet once a week.


title: Davos

text: , Davos's Small Country Council is made up of two members of FDP (FDP.The Liberals, of whom one is the president), one BDP (Conservative Democratic Party), one SP (Social Democratic Party), and one SVP (Swiss People's Party). The last regular elections ("Landschaftswahlen") were held on 5 June 2016.


title: Davos

text: The Grand Country Council ("Grosser Landrat") holds legislative power. It is made up of 17 members, with elections held every four years. The Grand Country Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Small Country Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of "Majorz".


title: Davos

text: The sessions of the Grand Country Council are public. They usually meet ten times a year. Members of the Grand Country Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Davos allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Grand Country Council for a maximal period of twelve years.


title: Davos

text: The last regular election of the Grand Country Council was held on 5 June 2016 for the mandate period () from January 2017 to December 2020. Currently the Grand Country Council consist of 7 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 4 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 2 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), and one each of the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PES), and one independent.


title: Davos

text: In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 30.0% of the votes. The next five parties were the FDP (20.4%), the BDP (15.8%), the SP (14.7%), the glp (12.1%), and CVP (5.2%). In the federal election, a total of 3,231 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.7%.


title: Davos

text: None. Former relations have been cancelled since February 2010 by the council due to thorough austerity measures.


title: Davos

text: Davos has a population () of . , 27.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. In 2015 7.3% of the population was born in Germany and 6.9% of the population was born in Portugal. Over the last four years (2010-2014) the population has changed at a rate of -0.27%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2014, was 9.1, while the death rate was 8.2 per thousand residents.


title: Davos

text: Most of the population () speaks German (86.3%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (2.8%) and Italian being third (2.7%).


title: Davos

text: , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 64.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.2%. In 2015 there were 5,099 single residents, 4,666 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 550 widows or widowers and 794 divorced residents.


title: Davos

text: In 2014 there were 5,441 private households in Davos with an average household size of 2.03 persons. Of the 2,133 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 30.7% were single family homes and 39.1% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 25.9% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 8.3% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 23.46. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.71%.


title: Davos

text: In Davos about 74% of the population (ages 25–64) have completed either nonmandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either a university or a "Fachhochschule").


title: Davos

text: , there were a total of 8,853 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 203 people worked in 80 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 996 workers in 145 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 7,654 jobs in 926 businesses. In 2014 a total of 5,211 employees worked in 908 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 17 mid sized businesses with 2,074 employees and 1 large business which employed 369 people. In 2014 a total of 23.5% of the population received social assistance.


title: Davos

text: In 2015 local hotels had a total of 797,348 overnight stays, of which 46.9% were international visitors.


title: Davos

text: From the , 5,321 residents (46.6% of the population) belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church while 3,950 residents (34.6%) are Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 10 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, 439 individuals (3.85% of the population) who belonged to the Orthodox Church, 274 (2.40%) who belonged to another Christian church, 79 (0.69%) who were Muslim, 56 (0.49%) who belonged to another faith (not listed), and eight residents (0.07%) were Jewish. In addition, 832 residents (7.29%) belonged to no faith, were agnostic or atheist, and 448 individuals (3.92%) did not answer the question.


title: Davos

text: Davos's ice hockey team, HC Davos, plays in the National League (NL). Their home arena is the Vaillant Arena. In December of each year, the team and arena host the Spengler Cup, an international tournament first held in 1923.


title: Davos

text: Besides cross-country skiing, offering some of pistes, Davos has the largest natural ice skating field in Europe. Bandy is occasionally played there. An international tournament, starting in 2014, has been organised. The 1913 European Bandy Championships in Davos is so far the only one of its kind.


title: Davos

text: All areas offer summer transport as well on to the main peaks from mid May until end of October. The remote side valleys heading towards the Engadine area are worth long hikes towards the passes of Sertig or Scaletta Pass to reach, for example, Piz Kesch, an Ultra prominent peak. To the north there are no valleys but rather a direct one-day ascent to continue across a pass into the "Schanfigg" valley towards the rival resort of Arosa or even to continue to Lenzerheide in a two-day hike.


title: Davos

text: These heritage sites include the Town Archives, the Kirchner Museum, the "Grosses Jenatschhaus" (a type of charity house known as a "Pfrundhaus") and the Forest Cemetery ("Waldfriedhof"). Several hotels and spas are also included on the list. The three hotels or former hotels are: "Berghotel Schatzalp", the former "Grand Hotel Belvédère", and the "Zürcher Höhenklinik von R. Gaberel".


title: Davos

text: Davos hosts annual meetings of the World Economic Forum. The city was featured in an episode of "Viva La Bam", when cities around Europe were visited. On 14 March 2003, a festival called "Winterjam" was held in the city and bands such as Sum 41, Crazy Town, and Guano Apes performed during this event.


title: Davos

text: Davos is part of the rail network of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB). The RhB has two main stations in Davos: (northeast) and (southwest). Other stations in the municipality include and towards Klosters, and , , , and towards Filisur.


title: Davos

text: The valley station Davos Dorf DKB of the funicular Parsennbahn to Weissfluhjoch (Parsenn) is in Davos Dorf, the one to Schatzalp, the station "Davos Platz Schatzalpbahn" in Davos Platz. Also in Davos Platz are the bottom stations of the cable car to the Jakobshorn, the station "Davos Platz DKB" (right next to the corresponding railway station), but also the one of the chair lift to "Usser Isch", namely the "Davos Platz (Talstation Carjöl)".


title: Davos

text: The bottom station of the lift to Rinerhorn is right next to RhB station "Davos Glaris". The one ("Dörfji") of the Pischa area in the side valley of the Flüela, reachable by bus.


title: Davos

text: Davos has several research institutes: the AO Foundation focusing on trauma and disorders of the musculoskeletal system, the Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) and the Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL).


title: Tangerine (film)

text: Tangerine is a 2015 American comedy-drama film directed by Sean Baker, and written by Baker and Chris Bergoch, starring Kitana Kiki Rodriguez, Mya Taylor, and James Ransone. The story follows a transgender sex worker who discovers her boyfriend and pimp has been cheating on her. The film was shot with three iPhone 5S smartphones.


title: Tangerine (film)

text: "Tangerine" premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2015. It had a limited release on July 10, 2015, through Magnolia Pictures. It received critical acclaim for its screenplay, direction, performances and portrayal of transgender individuals.


title: Tangerine (film)

text: Transgender sex worker Sin-Dee Rella, who has just finished a 28-day jail sentence, meets her friend Alexandra, another trans sex worker, at a donut shop in Hollywood on Christmas Eve. Alexandra reveals that Sin-Dee's boyfriend and pimp Chester has been cheating on her with a cisgender woman. Sin-Dee storms out to search the neighborhood for Chester and the woman.


title: Tangerine (film)

text: Alexandra hands out flyers for her musical performance that evening, and argues with a client who refuses to pay; their argument is broken up by the police. Razmik, an Armenian cab driver, picks up a prostitute, but ejects her from his cab when he discovers she is not transgender. He meets Alexandra and fellates her in a car wash, then goes home to eat Christmas dinner with his family. Alexandra goes to the bar for her performance, but no customers have arrived.


title: Tangerine (film)

text: Sin-Dee finds the woman she is looking for, Dinah, at a brothel in a motel. She hauls her onto a bus to find Chester. Dinah taunts her for believing she is Chester's only girlfriend. Sin-Dee realizes she is late for Alexandra's performance and drags Dinah there instead. She reconciles with Dinah as they smoke crystal meth in the bar bathroom, and Sin-Dee applies Dinah's make-up. Alexandra performs to a mostly empty bar.


title: Tangerine (film)

text: Razmik leaves his family to attend Alexandra's performance, saying he has to work, but discovers he is too late and searches for Sin-Dee. Suspicious, his mother-in-law, Ashken, hails another Armenian cab driver, Karo. The driver knows about Razmik's interests, and while initially hesitant, Karo agrees to help her track down Razmik.


title: Tangerine (film)

text: Sin-Dee, Alexandra and Dinah go to the donut shop, where Sin-Dee confronts Chester. He insists Dinah means nothing to him and reveals that he and Sin-Dee are engaged. Razmik arrives to solicit Sin-Dee, but he is followed by his mother-in-law. Ashken at first thinks Razmik's secret is that he is smoking marijuana, but Chester accidentally explains that he only has sex with prostitutes. She calls Razmik's wife, who arrives with their infant daughter. An argument between the eight escalates until the shop owner kicks them out. Razmik's wife is upset, but she tells her mother to mind her own business. He and his family go back to their apartment. Dinah walks back to the brothel but is told there is no room for her.