title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The show was noted and known for its dry, sarcastic humour and scathing, provocative attacks on other people and objects. It also had some controversial guests throughout its 18-year run. On 26 May 2015, it was announced that the BBC had decided not to re-commission the show, in order to "create space for new entertainment formats". In September 2020, it was announced that Sky was reviving the show. In June 2021, Sky confirmed that eight episodes and a Christmas special would be shown later in the year, with Davies hosting.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The show ran on the BBC from 1996 until 2015. From its inception until December 2005, it was presented by Mark Lamarr (who also produced the show from 2004 until his departure). Simon Amstell started hosting in October 2006. Regular team captains include Phill Jupitus, Sean Hughes (until May 2002), Bill Bailey (September 2002 – February 2008), Noel Fielding (October 2009 – December 2014), and also the guest captains (October 2008 – January 2009). Bill Bailey had appeared as a guest in series 4 on Phill Jupitus's team and series 5 on Sean Hughes's team.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: At the end of 2005, it was announced that Mark Lamarr was to take a break from the show after 150 episodes, to concentrate on other projects. The series that aired in early 2006 was hosted by guest presenters, before being permanently handed over to Simon Amstell, who had appeared twice as a panellist (series 13, episode 8 and series 16, episode 11), and once as a guest presenter (series 18, episode 2). The first time Amstell appeared as a panellist under Lamarr's tenure, coincidentally, Lamarr jokingly accused him of "stealing his act".


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: Following series 20 (Amstell's second as regular host), a highlights show was broadcast, presented by Alan Yentob as a parody of his own arts series "Imagine". The highlights programme was sub-titled "Imagine… A Mildly Amusing Panel Show". From then on, every series included a compilation highlights show, usually including some mockumentary-style "behind the scenes" footage.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: Series 20 of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" concluded on 7 March 2007. The show began its 21st series on 15 November 2007 with Simon Amstell as host and Phill Jupitus and Bill Bailey as team captains, although Noel Fielding temporarily replaced Bill Bailey for three episodes of series 21. Series 21 concluded on 14 February 2008.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: On 18 September 2008, the BBC announced that Bill Bailey would be leaving the show, after eleven series, to concentrate on other commitments. While Simon Amstell and Phill Jupitus returned for the show's 22nd series, Bailey was replaced by a series of guest captains, including comedians Bob Mortimer, Jack Dee, Frank Skinner, Stephen Fry, James Corden, Mark Watson, Russell Brand, producer Mark Ronson and television presenters Dermot O'Leary and Davina McCall.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: On 25 April 2009, Amstell announced via his internet mailing list that he would not be hosting another series of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" because of his desire to concentrate on his live tours and performances instead.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The new series began 1 October with Noel Fielding as a new permanent captain. Guest hosts included Alex James, Dermot O'Leary, Jack Whitehall, Rhod Gilbert, David Walliams, Claudia Winkleman, Frank Skinner, Frankie Boyle, James Corden, Mark Watson, Martin Freeman and David Tennant.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: In 2010, guest hosts continued to present the show's 24th series, including Mark Ronson, Jack Dee, Josh Groban, Terry Wogan, Tim Minchin, Robert Webb, Tim Westwood, Catherine Tate, Frankie Boyle (hosting for the second time) and David O'Doherty, who also hosted a compilation show transmitted on 11 January 2011. On 16 July 2011, the first ever live "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" special was hosted at Latitude. It lasted roughly two hours, was hosted by David O'Doherty, had the team captains Phil Jupitus and Noel Fielding, and featured guests Seann Walsh, Charlie Baker, Paloma Faith and Robert Milton (standing in for Seasick Steve, who was supposed to be there but never arrived).


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: On 9 July 2014, it was confirmed that Rhod Gilbert had been named the next permanent host, beginning with series 28 in autumn 2014.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: Between 3 June and 22 July 2013, a special eight-part retrospective programme called "What a Load of Buzzcocks" was aired, with narration by Alex James. The show revisited key years and events through classic moments and clips from the show's 16-year history.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: Phill Jupitus was the only performer to have appeared in almost every original-run episode of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks", missing only the recording of series 25, episode 6, where Frankie Boyle filled in as team captain, and a special episode filmed as part of Comic Relief's "24 Hour Panel People".


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" returned in 2021 on Sky Max, with Noel Fielding the only returning panelist; Greg Davies was the new host, Daisy May Cooper the first female team captain, and Jamali Maddix was a regular team member in every episode.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The show usually consists of four rounds. The first round changed multiple times over the course of the show. In early series it was often "Freeze Frame" (where a music video was paused at a key point and teams had to guess what happened next) or "I Fought The Law" (where teams had to guess which of a given list of crimes or lawsuits a pop star had been involved in, and whether they'd won or lost their case). Later, it usually consisted of the teams being asked a question concerning a unique fact about a musical artist or artists, such as "Why did Girls Aloud once have to cancel a show?" or "What have we pixelated in this still from a music video?" Sometimes the teams are given options to pick from; at other times they have no help. Alternatively, the first round was 'Connections' in which the teams are asked to identify the connection between two bands or artists. Series 25 introduced sets of props for the guests to identify as being part of the answer.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The second round is the Intros Round, wherein two members of a team (the captain and usually the musical guest) were asked to convey the introduction of a song a cappella (but using vocal sounds for instruments rather than words) for their teammate to guess. During the Christmas specials, the teams were often given instruments with which to play, though they are usually inappropriate or toy instruments.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The third round is usually the Identity Parade, though this was occasionally replaced by a few other alternative rounds. The audience was shown a video of a musician (often a member of an old band or a "one hit wonder" singer), and the teams have to pick the correct person from a line-up of five people. The audience and people at home are the only ones to see the video, making it harder for the contestants. The host will go through each member of the line-up, giving them humorous names based on either the name of the musician in question or their song. When the series returned in 2021, the Identity Parade instead featured an entire band, with one impostor member who the teams had to identify.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The final round is called Next Lines, in which the host speaks a line of a song and the team has to name the next line of the song. Often the songs chosen are ones mentioned in earlier rounds and ones recorded by panel members. In the latter case, guests often prove incapable of reciting the lyrics to their own songs; for example, Romeo Stodart of The Magic Numbers failed entirely to recognise a line from a song which he joked was "like the B-side from our first single".


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: For the Christmas Eve 2006 Bumper Edition, the Next Lines round was omitted in order that the teams, plus a guest band and members of that show's Identity Parade, performed a particular song (chosen, in a short skit, by a dreidel). Phill's team, with the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain, performed Rachel Stevens' "Some Girls", and Bill's, with the Bollywood Pandits (a Bollywood Bhangra band), performed the Rednex's "Cotton Eye Joe".


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: In the first series of 2005, Mark Lamarr introduced a new segment after the end of the quiz proper, wherein Lamarr tells the audience out-of-context punchlines which weren't used during the show. Often these have included incongruous references to fingerless gloves.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: In most of the episodes in the Spring 2006 series, there was an intro or outro sketch where Phill, Bill and Athelston Williams (a frequent member of the lineup in the Identity Parade round) played in a pub band called "Fat, Gifted and Black" (a play on Young, Gifted and Black), or "Athelston, Lake and Palmer" (a play on Emerson, Lake & Palmer). The guest presenter would usually be the lead singer for this segment (e. g. Lauren Laverne and Ricky Wilson).


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: A running joke of the show was for Noel or Phil to remark on passing comments as "good band names", an example of this being "The Diabetic Squirrels".


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: Until series 18, "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" was chaired by Mark Lamarr. Until series 10, the team captains were Phill Jupitus and Sean Hughes. After series 10, Hughes departed and was replaced by Bill Bailey. Lamarr left after series 17, and series 18 was chaired by a series of guest hosts. One of these, satirical comedian and former "Popworld" presenter Simon Amstell, took over as presenter from series 19 to series 22. Amstell sent an email to his fans on 24 April 2009, stating "I am Simon Amstell. Here is some news, should you be interested in this sort of thing. I will not be hosting another series of the fun pop quiz, ‘Never Mind the Buzzcocks’. When I first took on the role of hosting ‘Never Mind the Buzzcocks’, my only hope was to bring joy and laughter to the world and if I was lucky, put an end to war, disease and poverty. Now that I have achieved that, I plan to concentrate on my live work." Series 23 was chaired by a series of guest hosts which continued for series 24 because "none of the guest hosts were good enough" according to the comedic voice over on the first episode of series 24. In July 2014, it was announced that Rhod Gilbert would be the next permanent presenter for the 28th series.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: Bill Bailey was unable to attend filming at the beginning of series 21, so Noel Fielding provided cover for three episodes starting 22 November 2007. Bill Bailey officially left the show after series 21 to pursue other commitments. His role as team captain was filled by several 'guest captains' for series 22 and permanently filled by Fielding from series 23 onward. Apart from one episode in series 25, and the 2011 Comic Relief special, Phill Jupitus appeared in every episode of the programme from its debut in 1996 until it was cancelled in 2015. Jupitus did not return for the revived series on Sky in 2021, making series 29 the first series in which he is not a regular team captain. In series 29, Greg Davies took over as host, Daisy May Cooper replaced Jupitus as team captain and Jamali Maddix joined as a regular panellist.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: There have been some instances of guests walking off the show, or episodes being pulled from broadcast due to guest behaviour:


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: In 1999, BBC Worldwide published "Never Mind the Buzzcocks: The Book, the CD, the Brief Intense Rush (followed by a feeling of paranoia and insecurity)". The book includes famous moments from the first five series of the show, from selected Identity Parades, I Fought the Law, Word Up and Connections rounds, along with collections of Mark Lamarr's one-liners from the show. The book also features new material, including comic strips (one explaining the origin of The Human League frontman Philip Oakey's hairstyle) and "Great Moments in Rock History", in which photos of famous musical moments are altered to imply that line-up regular Athelston Williams was present. The CD features several Intros rounds from the show, in the format of a game to play at home.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: In 2000, Paul Lamond Games released the "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" board game, licensed from the BBC and Talkback. The board game is played as follows: the players arrange themselves into two teams. They have two counters each on the board—one as a point marker along the edge of the board and the other to select the round they have to play on the roll of a die. There are six rounds that can be played:


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The teams earn the number of points given for the round on the card. For "In the Style of…", it is always one point for the song, and two points for the artist they are doing the song in the style of. At the end of their turn, the team moves their counter on the outer ring clockwise, by the number of points they scored.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: In 1998, a video titled "Never Rewind the Buzzcocks" was released, containing an episode of the show that was specially-recorded for the video.


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: A best of DVD including some of the unbroadcastable scenes from the Simon Amstell series was released on 16 November 2009. The DVD contains 3 specials including:


title: Never Mind the Buzzcocks

text: The DVD also includes best of clips and scenes which weren't broadcast with a compulsory commentary by Simon Amstell and Phill Jupitus.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Magic Tree House is an American series of children's books written by the American author Mary Pope Osborne. The original American series was illustrated by Salvatore Murdocca until 2016, after which AG Ford took over . Other illustrators have been used for foreign-language editions.


title: Magic Tree House

text: The series consists of two groups. The first group consists of books 1–28, in which Morgan Le Fay sends Jack and Annie Smith, two normal children who are siblings from the fictional small town of Frog Creek, Pennsylvania, on numerous adventures and missions with a magical tree house. The second group, referred to as the "Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions", begins with book 29, "Christmas in Camelot". In "Merlin Missions", Jack and Annie are given quests by the ancient wizard Merlin the Magician. These books are longer than the previous 28, and some take place in fantasy realms like Camelot. Kathleen and Teddy are two apprentices who befriend Jack and Annie during their adventures, with one of these adventures being to free Kathleen from a spell. The two occasionally join Jack and Annie, and, when they don't, provide them support instead. During "Super Edition #1", Teddy sends them on a mission instead of Morgan or Merlin. The companion "Magic Tree House Fact Trackers" are co-written by Mary Pope Osborne with her husband Will Osborne or her sister Natalie Pope Boyce.


title: Magic Tree House

text: In the beginning, Mary Pope Osborne wrote the books with Morgan sending the children on missions. Then she switched over to them being sent on missions by Merlin. About 10 years later, in 2014, she switched back to writing only the books with Morgan sending them on missions. These books were, again, much shorter.


title: Magic Tree House

text: In addition to the books listed below, Mary Pope Osborne appears to still be writing the series, having released "#36 Sunlight on the Snow Leopard" in 2022. .


title: Magic Tree House

text: After graduating college, Osborne and a friend went traveling. Osborne spent time in Crete and traveled through Iraq, Iran, India, Afghanistan, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, and Pakistan. The trip came to an end when Osborne experienced blood poisoning in Nepal requiring her to stay in a hospital for a couple of weeks where she read "The Lord of the Rings". Remarking on her travels Osborne said, "That journey irrevocably changed me. The experience gathered serves as a reference point every day of my life. I encountered worlds of light and worlds of darkness — and planted seeds of the imagination that led directly to my being an author of children's books."


title: Magic Tree House

text: Osborne's travels and experiences have factored largely into her own writing, while her writing has allowed her to experience some of the thrills of traveling. As she said, "Without even leaving my home, I’ve traveled around the globe, learning about the religions of the world."


title: Magic Tree House

text: Osborne's writing career began "one day, out of the blue" when she wrote "Run, Run As Fast As You Can" in 1982. The book itself is semi-autobiographical in nature, according to Osborne: "The girl was a lot like me and many of the incidents in the story were similar to happenings in my childhood." The book served as the starting point for Osborne's writing career. Her early work received mixed reviews. Her work includes young adult novels, picture books, retellings of mythology and fairy tales, biographies, mysteries, a six-part series of the Odyssey, a book of American Tall Tales, and a book for young readers about the major world religions.


title: Magic Tree House

text: The idea for the "Magic Tree House" series came when Penguin Random House asked Osborne to start writing a series of children's books. From the beginning Osborne knew she wanted to include time travel. The idea for the treehouse being the time-travel inducing object only came to her when she and her husband saw one on a walk through the forest in Pennsylvania.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Osborne says that she can work on "Magic Tree House" up to 12 hours a day and seven days a week and has used space at shared office space, The Writer's Room. She has modeled her writing after Hemingway by trying to be simple and direct and is "noted for writing clear, lively, well-paced prose in both her stories and her informational books."


title: Magic Tree House

text: When Osborne started writing the series she wrote Jack as her self-insert character and added Annie in as a typical annoying younger sister. After writing her in, Osborne eventually decided to add Annie in as another main character. Osborne highlights Annie’s bravery as a characteristic to serve as a main difference between Annie and herself, as Osborne has noted that she often wished she were braver than she was.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Jack is the older brother who is known for his love of books and learning, an attribute Osborne says connects her to the character. Jack has a tendency to be cautious in his approach. According to the original illustrations by Sal Murdocca, Jack is pictured with brown hair, red glasses, and is taller than Annie.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Annie is the younger sister and is known for her bravery, impulsive decisions, and her care for the people and animals around her. According to the original illustrations by Sal Murdocca, Annie is pictured with medium-length blond hair, often in double braids, and bangs.


title: Magic Tree House

text: The repetition in the books is one quality that makes the series easier for younger readers to understand. Each book includes Jack and Annie traveling to some time or place via their magic treehouse to solve a mystery. The objective of their mission is often clear and usually involves collecting an object or meeting a specific person of historical importance.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Repetition also occurs in the actual writing of the books. The sentences, “The wind started to blow. The tree house started to spin. It spun faster and faster. Then everything was still. Absolutely still” occur in at least 32 of the ‘Magic Tree House’ books as of 2005.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Repetition is known to make learning to read easier, as kids get to practice seeing and hearing the same sentences until they are comfortable with them.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Mary Pope Osborne's books have been named to a number of the Best Books of the Year Lists, including, School Library Journal, Parents’ Magazine, The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, and Bank Street College of Education. She has received honors from such organizations as the National Council of Teachers of English, The Children's Book Council, and the International Reading Association. She received the 1992 Diamond State Reading Association Award, 2005 Ludington Memorial Award from the Educational Paperback Association and the 2010 Heidelberger Leander Award. She has also received awards from the Carolina Alumni Association, the Virginia Library Association and in spring 2013 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.


title: Magic Tree House

text: Osborne served two separate terms as president of the Authors Guild and also chaired its Children's Book Committee. She has since traveled extensively in the states and throughout the world, visiting schools and speaking on issues related to reading and books. In 2011, she attended the Tokyo International Film Festival for the premiere of the "Magic Tree House" anime film and visited schools in the tsunami-hit area of Japan. The film grossed 5.7 million dollars; Osborne donated all her proceeds into her educational works.


title: Magic Tree House

text: She was profiled on NBC's "Rock Center with Brian Williams" for her continued efforts to get books into the hands of underserved children on a "Magic Tree House"-themed tour bus. She spoke of the pressure she feels as an author that children look up to, "for a child to value someone who writes books is so extraordinary."


title: Magic Tree House

text: To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the "Magic Tree House" series in 2012, Osborne created a "Magic Tree House Classroom Adventures Program". Osborne's mission with "Classroom Adventures" is to inspire children to read and to love reading while simultaneously helping kids to read at grade level by the end of 3rd grade. Free of charge, the program provides a set of online educational resources for teachers and allows for Title 1 schools to apply for free "Magic Tree House" books. Under "Classroom Adventures", Osborne, in partnership with the First Book organization in Washington, D.C., has donated hundreds of thousands of "Magic Tree House" books to underserved schools.


title: Magic Tree House

text: The "Magic Tree House" brand has taken on other forms. A full-scale musical adaptation was created by Will Osborne and Randy Court; "Magic Tree House: The Musical", premiered in September 2007. Osborne hoped that it would have the same kind of kid and adult appeal as "The Lion King" or "Mary Poppins". Based on the "Magic Tree House" book "Christmas in Camelot", the Musical has toured nationally and had a cast album.


title: Magic Tree House

text: A planetarium show; "Magic Tree House: Space Mission", also created by Will Osborne, is produced and presented exclusively at the Morehead Planetarium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.


title: Magic Tree House

text: In 2011, Will Osborne collaborated with New Orleans composer Allen Toussaint and "Ain't Misbehavin"' co-creator Murray Horwitz to write "A Night in New Orleans", a musical adaptation of "Magic Tree House" #42: "A Good Night for Ghosts" about the life of Louis Armstrong. The show features an ensemble cast and live jazz band. It premiered in 2012 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center and was shown free to every Newark 4th grade student.


title: Magic Tree House

text: "Magic Tree House Kids Shows" are theatrical adaptations of selected titles in the "Magic Tree House" series designed specifically for performance by kids. To date, children's shows have been created by husband and wife playwright and composer team Randy Courts and Jenny Laird in collaboration with Will Osborne based on the following "Magic Tree House" books: "Dinosaurs Before Dark", "The Knight at Dawn", "Pirates Past Noon", "A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time", "A Night in New Orleans", and "Stage Fright on a Summer Night", a new children's show based on the life of William Shakespeare, set to premiere at the Orlando Shakespeare Theatre in October 2017.


title: Magic Tree House

text: The animated film , produced by Media Factory, premiered in Japan in October 2011 and was generally released there on January 7, 2012.


title: Magic Tree House

text: In 2016, Lionsgate acquired the film rights with a script by Will Osborne and Jenny Laird. The film will primarily contain plot elements from Book #29, "Christmas in Camelot".


title: Magic Tree House

text: "Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions" books 1-27 were written for more advanced readers. They are more challenging adventures for readers ages 7–10. The "Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions" were originally ordered sequentially, starting at Book #29 ("Christmas in Camelot"). With the 25th anniversary re-prints, the books have been separated into their own distinct series and re-numbered starting at "Merlin Mission #1".


title: Magic Tree House

text: On January 6, 2015, the first and only "Magic Tree House Super Edition" book was released. It is 183 pages long. The super editions are longer than the original "Magic Tree House" books and the "Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions".


title: Magic Tree House

text: The "Magic Tree House Fact Trackers" (formerly called "Magic Tree House Research Guides") are non-fiction companions to the fiction books, written by Mary Pope Osborne, Will Osborne, and Natalie Pope Boyce. They were first released in 2000 by Scholastic and Random House. They provide more in-depth follow-up information on the topics in the series than already covered. 44 have been published. The first two Fact Trackers were published in August 2000 as companions for the first two stories, then 7 to 8 years old. In 2008 story #39, "Dark Day in the Deep Sea" and its fact tracker #17, "Sea Monsters" were the first story and fact tracker to be published simultaneously.


title: Ellie Bamber

text: Eleanor Elizabeth Bamber (born 2 February 1997) is an English actress. In 2018, she won third prize at the Ian Charleson Awards for her 2017 performance as Hilde in "The Lady from the Sea" at the Donmar Warehouse. She was in Tom Ford's feature film "Nocturnal Animals" and the BBC One television series, "Les Misérables", as Cosette, and portrayed Mandy Rice-Davies in the BBC series, "The Trial of Christine Keeler".


title: Ellie Bamber

text: Bamber was born in Surrey, England, and has a younger brother, Lucas. Her father, David, works in finance and her mother, Zoe, is her manager. She was privately educated at Hawley Place School (Hurst Lodge School), Eagle House School and Wellington College and was awarded drama scholarships.


title: Ellie Bamber

text: At the age of 12, Bamber became the youngest member of the Players' Theatre Club. At the age of 13 she was chosen by Sir Trevor Nunn to play the role of ‘Young Jenny’ in his production of "Aspects of Love" at the Menier Chocolate Factory. After roles in TV and film, she returned to musical theatre when she was selected for a lead role as the disruptive teenager ‘Dinah Lord’ in "High Society" at The Old Vic, London. Directed by Maria Friedman, this was the last production under Kevin Spacey’s tenure as Artistic Director. Following the run, in November 2015, she was nominated for the ‘"Evening Standard" Theatre Award’ for ‘Best Newcomer in a Musical’.


title: Ellie Bamber

text: In 2017 she played Hilde in "The Lady from the Sea", directed by Kwame Kwei-Armah at the Donmar Warehouse, and her performance won third prize at the Ian Charleson Awards.


title: Ellie Bamber

text: Her film debut was in "The Falling" (2014). In the same year she starred as Lydia Bennet, the youngest of the Bennet sisters in "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies", starring alongside Lily James, Douglas Booth, Sam Riley and Matt Smith. In 2015, she was chosen as one of the British Film Institute and Screen Daily – Screen Stars of Tomorrow.


title: Ellie Bamber

text: In 2016 she appeared in Tom Ford's "Nocturnal Animals", playing the daughter of Jake Gyllenhaal and Isla Fisher's characters, in a film also starring Amy Adams. Also that year, she filmed the feature film "Extracurricular Activities". In 2017 she also filmed "High Resolution" based on the book "Taipei" by Tao Lin.


title: Ellie Bamber

text: In 2017, Bamber appeared in the music video for Shawn Mendes' song "There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back".


title: Ellie Bamber

text: In 2018 Bamber was in "The Nutcracker and the Four Realms", alongside Keira Knightley and Morgan Freeman. In 2018, Bamber was also seen in the feature film "The Seven Sorrows of Mary" where she plays the lead role of Mary.


title: Ellie Bamber

text: In 2019 she played Cosette in the BBC 1 television series "Les Misérables" with Dominic West and Olivia Colman. She starred in the BBC 1 television series, "The Trial of Christine Keeler" as Mandy Rice-Davies alongside Sophie Cookson and James Norton and had a leading role in the acclaimed 2021 BBC drama series "The Serpent".


title: Ellie Bamber

text: In 2022, she stars as Dove/Elora Danan in Willow, the Disney+ sequel to the 1988 film of the same name.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as concentrating solar power, concentrated solar thermal) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight into a receiver. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat (solar thermal energy), which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator or powers a thermochemical reaction.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP had a global total installed capacity of 6,800 MW in 2021, up from 354 MW in 2005. Spain accounted for almost one third of the world's capacity, at 2,300 MW, despite no new capacity entering commercial operation in the country since 2013.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The United States follows with 1,740 MW. Interest is also notable in North Africa and the Middle East, as well as China and India.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The global market was initially dominated by parabolic-trough plants, which accounted for 90% of CSP plants at one point.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Since about 2010, central power tower CSP has been favored in new plants due to its higher temperature operation – up to vs. trough's maximum of – which promises greater efficiency.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Among the larger CSP projects are the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (392 MW) in the United States, which uses solar power tower technology without thermal energy storage, and the Ouarzazate Solar Power Station in Morocco, which combines trough and tower technologies for a total of 510 MW with several hours of energy storage.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: As a thermal energy generating power station, CSP has more in common with thermal power stations such as coal, gas, or geothermal. A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, day or night. This makes CSP a dispatchable form of solar. Dispatchable renewable energy is particularly valuable in places where there is already a high penetration of photovoltaics (PV), such as California, because demand for electric power peaks near sunset just as PV capacity ramps down (a phenomenon referred to as duck curve).


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP is often compared to photovoltaic solar (PV) since they both use solar energy. While solar PV experienced huge growth in recent years due to falling prices, Solar CSP growth has been slow due to technical difficulties and high prices. In 2017, CSP represented less than 2% of worldwide installed capacity of solar electricity plants.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: However, CSP can more easily store energy during the night, making it more competitive with dispatchable generators and baseload plants.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The DEWA project in Dubai, under construction in 2019, held the world record for lowest CSP price in 2017 at US$73 per MWh for its 700 MW combined trough and tower project: 600 MW of trough, 100 MW of tower with 15 hours of thermal energy storage daily.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Base-load CSP tariff in the extremely dry Atacama region of Chile reached below $50/MWh in 2017 auctions.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: A legend has it that Archimedes used a "burning glass" to concentrate sunlight on the invading Roman fleet and repel them from Syracuse. In 1973 a Greek scientist, Dr. Ioannis Sakkas, curious about whether Archimedes could really have destroyed the Roman fleet in 212 BC, lined up nearly 60 Greek sailors, each holding an oblong mirror tipped to catch the sun's rays and direct them at a tar-covered plywood silhouette away. The ship caught fire after a few minutes; however, historians continue to doubt the Archimedes story.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In 1866, Auguste Mouchout used a parabolic trough to produce steam for the first solar steam engine. The first patent for a solar collector was obtained by the Italian Alessandro Battaglia in Genoa, Italy, in 1886. Over the following years, invеntors such as John Ericsson and Frank Shuman developed concentrating solar-powered dеvices for irrigation, refrigеration, and locomоtion. In 1913 Shuman finished a parabolic solar thermal energy station in Maadi, Egypt for irrigation. The first solar-power system using a mirror dish was built by Dr. R.H. Goddard, who was already well known for his research on liquid-fueled rockets and wrote an article in 1929 in which he asserted that all the previous obstacles had been addressed.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Professor Giovanni Francia (1911–1980) designed and built the first concentrated-solar plant, which entered into operation in Sant'Ilario, near Genoa, Italy in 1968. This plant had the architecture of today's power tower plants with a solar receiver in the center of a field of solar collectors. The plant was able to produce 1 MW with superheated steam at 100 bar and 500 °C. The 10 MW Solar One power tower was developed in Southern California in 1981. Solar One was converted into Solar Two in 1995, implementing a new design with a molten salt mixture (60% sodium nitrate, 40% potassium nitrate) as the receiver working fluid and as a storage medium. The molten salt approach proved effective, and Solar Two operated successfully until it was decommissioned in 1999. The parabolic-trough technology of the nearby Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS), begun in 1984, was more workable. The 354 MW SEGS was the largest solar power plant in the world, until 2014.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: No commercial concentrated solar was constructed from 1990 when SEGS was completed until 2006 when the Compact linear Fresnel reflector system at Liddell Power Station in Australia was built. Few other plants were built with this design although the 5 MW Kimberlina Solar Thermal Energy Plant opened in 2009.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In 2007, 75 MW Nevada Solar One was built, a trough design and the first large plant since SEGS. Between 2009 and 2013, Spain built over 40 parabolic trough systems, standardized in 50 MW blocks.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Due to the success of Solar Two, a commercial power plant, called Solar Tres Power Tower, was built in Spain in 2011, later renamed Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant. Gemasolar's results paved the way for further plants of its type. Ivanpah Solar Power Facility was constructed at the same time but without thermal storage, using natural gas to preheat water each morning.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Most concentrated solar power plants use the parabolic trough design, instead of the power tower or Fresnel systems. There have also been variations of parabolic trough systems like the integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) which combines troughs and conventional fossil fuel heat systems.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP was originally treated as a competitor to photovoltaics, and Ivanpah was built without energy storage, although Solar Two had included several hours of thermal storage. By 2015, prices for photovoltaic plants had fallen and PV commercial power was selling for of recent CSP contracts. However, increasingly, CSP was being bid with 3 to 12 hours of thermal energy storage, making CSP a dispatchable form of solar energy. As such, it is increasingly seen as competing with natural gas and PV with batteries for flexible, dispatchable power.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP is used to produce electricity (sometimes called solar thermoelectricity, usually generated through steam). Concentrated-solar technology systems use mirrors or lenses with tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight onto a small area. The concentrated light is then used as heat or as a heat source for a conventional power plant (solar thermoelectricity). The solar concentrators used in CSP systems can often also be used to provide industrial process heating or cooling, such as in solar air conditioning.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Concentrating technologies exist in four optical types, namely parabolic trough, dish, concentrating linear Fresnel reflector, and solar power tower. Parabolic trough and concentrating linear Fresnel reflectors are classified as linear focus collector types, while dish and solar tower are point focus types. Linear focus collectors achieve medium concentration factors (50 suns and over), and point focus collectors achieve high concentration factors (over 500 suns). Although simple, these solar concentrators are quite far from the theoretical maximum concentration. For example, the parabolic-trough concentration gives about of the theoretical maximum for the design acceptance angle, that is, for the same overall tolerances for the system. Approaching the theoretical maximum may be achieved by using more elaborate concentrators based on nonimaging optics.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Different types of concentrators produce different peak temperatures and correspondingly varying thermodynamic efficiencies, due to differences in the way that they track the sun and focus light. New innovations in CSP technology are leading systems to become more and more cost-effective.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned at the longitudinal focal line of the parabolic mirror and filled with a working fluid. The reflector follows the sun during the daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. A working fluid (e.g. molten salt) is heated to as it flows through the receiver and is then used as a heat source for a power generation system. Trough systems are the most developed CSP technology. The Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plants in California, the world's first commercial parabolic trough plants, Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada, and Andasol, Europe's first commercial parabolic trough plant are representative, along with Plataforma Solar de Almería's SSPS-DCS test facilities in Spain.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The design encapsulates the solar thermal system within a greenhouse-like glasshouse. The glasshouse creates a protected environment to withstand the elements that can negatively impact reliability and efficiency of the solar thermal system. Lightweight curved solar-reflecting mirrors are suspended from the ceiling of the glasshouse by wires. A single-axis tracking system positions the mirrors to retrieve the optimal amount of sunlight. The mirrors concentrate the sunlight and focus it on a network of stationary steel pipes, also suspended from the glasshouse structure. Water is carried throughout the length of the pipe, which is boiled to generate steam when intense solar radiation is applied. Sheltering the mirrors from the wind allows them to achieve higher temperature rates and prevents dust from building up on the mirrors.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: GlassPoint Solar, the company that created the Enclosed Trough design, states its technology can produce heat for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) for about $5 per in sunny regions, compared to between $10 and $12 for other conventional solar thermal technologies.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: A solar power tower consists of an array of dual-axis tracking reflectors (heliostats) that concentrate sunlight on a central receiver atop a tower; the receiver contains a heat-transfer fluid, which can consist of water-steam or molten salt. Optically a solar power tower is the same as a circular Fresnel reflector. The working fluid in the receiver is heated to 500–1000 °C () and then used as a heat source for a power generation or energy storage system. An advantage of the solar tower is the reflectors can be adjusted instead of the whole tower. Power-tower development is less advanced than trough systems, but they offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability. Beam down tower application is also feasible with heliostats to heat the working fluid.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The Solar Two in Daggett, California and the CESA-1 in Plataforma Solar de Almeria Almeria, Spain, are the most representative demonstration plants. The Planta Solar 10 (PS10) in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain, is the first commercial utility-scale solar power tower in the world. The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in the Mojave Desert, is the largest CSP facility in the world, and uses three power towers. Ivanpah generated only 0.652 TWh (63%) of its energy from solar means, and the other 0.388 TWh (37%) was generated by burning natural gas.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Fresnel reflectors are made of many thin, flat mirror strips to concentrate sunlight onto tubes through which working fluid is pumped. Flat mirrors allow more reflective surface in the same amount of space than a parabolic reflector, thus capturing more of the available sunlight, and they are much cheaper than parabolic reflectors. Fresnel reflectors can be used in various size CSPs.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Fresnel reflectors are sometimes regarded as a technology with a worse output than other methods. The cost efficiency of this model is what causes some to use this instead of others with higher output ratings. Some new models of Fresnel Reflectors with Ray Tracing capabilities have begun to be tested and have initially proved to yield higher output than the standard version.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: A dish Stirling or dish engine system consists of a stand-alone parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned at the reflector's focal point. The reflector tracks the Sun along two axes. The working fluid in the receiver is heated to and then used by a Stirling engine to generate power. Parabolic-dish systems provide high solar-to-electric efficiency (between 31% and 32%), and their modular nature provides scalability. The Stirling Energy Systems (SES), United Sun Systems (USS) and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) dishes at UNLV, and Australian National University's Big Dish in Canberra, Australia are representative of this technology. A world record for solar to electric efficiency was set at 31.25% by SES dishes at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) in New Mexico on 31 January 2008, a cold, bright day. According to its developer, Ripasso Energy, a Swedish firm, in 2015 its Dish Sterling system being tested in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa showed 34% efficiency. The SES installation in Maricopa, Phoenix was the largest Stirling Dish power installation in the world until it was sold to United Sun Systems. Subsequently, larger parts of the installation have been moved to China as part of the huge energy demand.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Heat from the sun can be used to provide steam used to make heavy oil less viscous and easier to pump. Solar power tower and parabolic troughs can be used to provide the steam which is used directly so no generators are required and no electricity is produced. Solar thermal enhanced oil recovery can extend the life of oilfields with very thick oil which would not otherwise be economical to pump.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In a CSP plant that includes storage, the solar energy is first used to heat the molten salt or synthetic oil which is stored providing thermal/heat energy at high temperature in insulated tanks. Later the hot molten salt (or oil) is used in a steam generator to produce steam to generate electricity by steam turbo generator as per requirement. Thus solar energy which is available in daylight only is used to generate electricity round the clock on demand as a load following power plant or solar peaker plant. The thermal storage capacity is indicated in hours of power generation at nameplate capacity. Unlike solar PV or CSP without storage, the power generation from solar thermal storage plants is dispatchable and self-sustainable similar to coal/gas-fired power plants, but without the pollution. CSP with thermal energy storage plants can also be used as cogeneration plants to supply both electricity and process steam round the clock. As of December 2018, CSP with thermal energy storage plants generation cost have ranged between 5 c € / kWh and 7 c € / kWh depending on good to medium solar radiation received at a location. Unlike solar PV plants, CSP with thermal energy storage plants can also be used economically round the clock to produce only process steam replacing pollution emitting fossil fuels. CSP plant can also be integrated with solar PV for better synergy.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round the clock. These CSP plants are equipped with gas turbine to generate electricity. These are also small in capacity (<0.4 MW) with flexibility to install in few acres area. Waste heat from the power plant can also be used for process steam generation and HVAC needs. In case land availability is not a limitation, any number of these modules can be installed up to 1000 MW with RAMS and cost advantage since the per MW cost of these units are cheaper than bigger size solar thermal stations.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Centralized district heating round the clock is also feasible with concentrated solar thermal storage plants.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Carbon neutral synthetic fuels production using concentrated solar thermal energy at nearly 1500 °C temperature is feasible technically and viable commercially in near future with declining costs of CSP plants. Also carbon neutral hydrogen can be produced with solar thermal energy (CSP) using Sulfur–iodine cycle, Hybrid sulfur cycle, Iron oxide cycle, Copper–chlorine cycle, Zinc–zinc oxide cycle, Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, etc.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: A early plant operated in Sicily at Adrano. The US deployment of CSP plants started by 1984 with the SEGS plants. The last SEGS plant was completed in 1990. From 1991 to 2005, no CSP plants were built anywhere in the world. Global installed CSP-capacity increased nearly tenfold between 2004 and 2013 and grew at an average of 50 percent per year during the last five of those years. In 2013, worldwide installed capacity increased by 36% or nearly 0.9 gigawatt (GW) to more than 3.4 GW. Spain and the United States remained the global leaders, while the number of countries with installed CSP were growing but the rapid decrease in price of PV solar, policy changes and the global financial crisis stopped most development in these countries. 2014 was the best year for CSP but was followed by a rapid decline with only one major plant completed in the world in 2016. There is a notable trend towards developing countries and regions with high solar radiation with several large plants under construction in 2017.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The efficiency of a concentrating solar power system will depend on the technology used to convert the solar power to electrical energy, the operating temperature of the receiver and the heat rejection, thermal losses in the system, and the presence or absence of other system losses; in addition to the conversion efficiency, the optical system which concentrates the sunlight will also add additional losses.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Real-world systems claim a maximum conversion efficiency of 23-35% for "power tower" type systems, operating at temperatures from 250 to 565 °C, with the higher efficiency number assuming a combined cycle turbine. Dish Stirling systems, operating at temperatures of 550-750 °C, claim an efficiency of about 30%. Due to variation in sun incidence during the day, the average conversion efficiency achieved is not equal to these maximum efficiencies, and the net annual solar-to- electricity efficiencies are 7-20% for pilot power tower systems, and 12-25% for demonstration-scale Stirling dish systems.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The maximum conversion efficiency of any thermal to electrical energy system is given by the Carnot efficiency, which represents a theoretical limit to the efficiency that can be achieved by any system, set by the laws of thermodynamics. Real-world systems do not achieve the Carnot efficiency.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The conversion efficiency formula_1 of the incident solar radiation into mechanical work depends on the thermal radiation properties of the solar receiver and on the heat engine ("e.g." steam turbine).


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Solar irradiation is first converted into heat by the solar receiver with the efficiency formula_2 and subsequently the heat is converted into mechanical energy by the heat engine with the efficiency formula_3, using Carnot's principle. The mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by a generator.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: For a solar receiver with a mechanical converter ("e.g.", a turbine), the overall conversion efficiency can be defined as follows:


title: Concentrated solar power

text: where formula_5 represents the fraction of incident light concentrated onto the receiver, formula_6 the fraction of light incident on the receiver that is converted into heat energy, formula_7 the efficiency of conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy, and formula_8 the efficiency of converting the mechanical energy into electrical power.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The conversion efficiency formula_7 is at most the Carnot efficiency, which is determined by the temperature of the receiver formula_15 and the temperature of the heat rejection ("heat sink temperature") formula_16,


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The real-world efficiencies of typical engines achieve 50% to at most 70% of the Carnot efficiency due to losses such as heat loss and windage in the moving parts.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: For a solar flux formula_18 (e.g. formula_19) concentrated formula_20 times with an efficiency formula_21 on the system solar receiver with a collecting area formula_22 and an absorptivity formula_23:


title: Concentrated solar power

text: For simplicity's sake, one can assume that the losses are only radiative ones (a fair assumption for high temperatures), thus for a reradiating area "A" and an emissivity formula_26 applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law yields:


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Simplifying these equations by considering perfect optics (formula_28 = 1) and without considering the ultimate conversion step into electricity by a generator, collecting and reradiating areas equal and maximum absorptivity and emissivity (formula_23 = 1, formula_26 = 1) then substituting in the first equation gives


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The graph shows that the overall efficiency does not increase steadily with the receiver's temperature. Although the heat engine's efficiency (Carnot) increases with higher temperature, the receiver's efficiency does not. On the contrary, the receiver's efficiency is decreasing, as the amount of energy it cannot absorb (Q) grows by the fourth power as a function of temperature. Hence, there is a maximum reachable temperature. When the receiver efficiency is null (blue curve on the figure below), T is:


title: Concentrated solar power

text: There is a temperature T for which the efficiency is maximum, "i.e.". when the efficiency derivative relative to the receiver temperature is null:


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Solving this equation numerically allows us to obtain the optimum process temperature according to the solar concentration ratio formula_20 (red curve on the figure below)


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Theoretical efficiencies aside, real-world experience of CSP reveals a 25%–60% shortfall in projected production, a good part of which is due to the practical Carnot cycle losses not included in the above analysis.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: As early as 2011, the rapid decline of the price of photovoltaic systems lead to projections that CSP will no longer be economically viable. As of 2020, the least expensive utility-scale concentrated solar power stations in the United States and worldwide are five times more expensive than utility-scale photovoltaic power stations, with a projected minimum price of 7 cents per kilowatt-hour for the most advanced CSP stations against record lows of 1.32 cents per kWh for utility-scale PV. This five-fold price difference has been maintained since 2018.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Even though overall deployment of CSP remains limited the levelized cost of power from commercial scale plants has decreased significantly in recent years. With a learning rate estimated at around 20% cost reduction of every doubling in capacity the cost were approaching the upper end of the fossil fuel cost range at the beginning of the 2020s driven by support schemes in several countries, including Spain, the US, Morocco, South Africa, China, and the UAE:


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP deployment has slowed down considerably as most of the above-mentioned markets have cancelled their support, as the technology turned out to be more expensive on a per kWH basis than solar PV and wind power. CSP in combination with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is expected by some to remain cheaper than PV with lithium batteries for storage durations above 4 hours per day, while NREL expects that by 2030 PV with 10-hour storage lithium batteries will cost the same as PV with 4-hour storage used to cost in 2020.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In 2008 Spain launched the first commercial scale CSP market in Europe. Until 2012, solar-thermal electricity generation was initially eligible for feed-in tariff payments (art. 2 RD 661/2007) - leading to the creation of the largest CSP fleet in the world which at 2.3 GW of installed capacity contributes about 5TWh of power to the Spanish grid every year.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The capacity limits for the different system types were re-defined during the review of the application conditions every quarter (art. 5 RD 1578/2008, Annex III RD 1578/2008). Prior to the end of an application period, the market caps specified for each system type are published on the website of the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (art. 5 RD 1578/2008). Because of cost concerns Spain has halted acceptance of new projects for the feed-in-tariff on 27 January 2012 Already accepted projects were affected by a 6% "solar-tax" on feed-in-tariffs, effectively reducing the feed-in-tariff.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In this context, the Spanish Government enacted the Royal Decree-Law 9/2013 in 2013, aimed at the adoption of urgent measures to guarantee the economic and financial stability of the electric system, laying the foundations of the new Law 24/2013 of the Spanish electricity sector. This new retroactive legal-economic framework applied to all the renewable energy systems was developed in 2014 by the RD 413/2014, which abolished the former regulatory frameworks set by the RD 661/2007 and the RD 1578/2008 and defined a new remuneration scheme for these assets.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: After a lost decade for CSP in Europe, Spain announced in its National Energy and Climate Plan the intention of adding 5GW of CSP capacity between 2021 and 2030. Towards this end bi-annual auctions of 200 MW of CSP capacity starting in October 2022 are expected, but details are not yet known.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Several CSP dishes have been set up in remote Aboriginal settlements in the Northern Territory: Hermannsburg, Yuendumu and Lajamanu.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: So far no commercial scale CSP project has been commissioned in Australia, but several projects were suggested. In 2017 now bankrupt American CSP developer SolarReserve got awarded a PPA to realize the 150MW Aurora Solar Thermal Power Project in South Australia at a record low rate of just AUD$0.08/kWh or close to USD$0.06/kWh. Unfortunately the company failed to secure financing and the project got cancelled. Another promising application for CSP in Australia are mines that need 24/7 electricity but often have no grid connection. Vast Solar a startup company aiming to commercialize a novel modular third generation CSP design is looking to start construction of a 50MW combines CSP and PV facility in Mt. Isa of North-West Queensland in 2021.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: At the federal level, under the Large-scale Renewable Energy Target (LRET), in operation under the Renewable Energy Electricity Act 2000, large scale solar thermal electricity generation from accredited RET power stations may be entitled to create large-scale generation certificates (LGCs). These certificates can then be sold and transferred to liable entities (usually electricity retailers) to meet their obligations under this tradeable certificates scheme. However, as this legislation is technology neutral in its operation, it tends to favour more established RE technologies with a lower levelised cost of generation, such as large scale onshore wind, rather than solar thermal and CSP.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: At State level, renewable energy feed-in laws typically are capped by maximum generation capacity in kWp, and are open only to micro or medium scale generation and in a number of instances are only open to solar PV (photovoltaic) generation. This means that larger scale CSP projects would not be eligible for payment for feed-in incentives in many of the State and Territory jurisdictions.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Of late China has been aggressive in developing CSP technology to compete with other electricity generation methods based on renewable and non-renewable energy sources. In the current 14th Five-Year Plan CSP projects are developed in several provinces along side large GW sized solar PV and wind projects.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In 2016 China announced its intention to build a batch of 20 technologically diverse CSP demonstration projects in the context of the 13th Five-Year Plan, with the intention of building up an internationally competitive CSP industry. Since the first plants were completed in 2018, the generated electricity from the plants with thermal storage is supported with an administratively set FiT of RMB 1.5 per kWh. At the end of 2020, China operated a total of 545 MW in 12 CSP plants, seven plants (320 MW) are molten-salt towers; another two plants (150MW) use the proven Eurotrough 150 parabolic trough design, three plants (75 MW) use liner fresnel collectors. Plans to build a second batch of demonstration projects were never enacted and further technology specific support for CSP in the upcoming 14th Five-Year Plan is unknown. Federal support projects from the demonstration batch ran out at the end of 2021.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In March 2020, SECI called for 5000 MW tenders which can be combination of Solar PV, Solar thermal with storage and Coal based power (minimum 51% from renewable sources) to supply round the clock power at minimum 80% yearly availability.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: A study done by Greenpeace International, the European Solar Thermal Electricity Association, and the International Energy Agency's SolarPACES group investigated the potential and future of concentrated solar power. The study found that concentrated solar power could account for up to 25% of the world's energy needs by 2050. The increase in investment would be from €2 billion worldwide to €92.5 billion in that time period.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Spain is the leader in concentrated solar power technology, with more than 50 government-approved projects in the works. Also, it exports its technology, further increasing the technology's stake in energy worldwide. Because the technology works best with areas of high insolation (solar radiation), experts predict the biggest growth in places like Africa, Mexico, and the southwest United States. It indicates that the thermal storage systems based in nitrates (calcium, potassium, sodium...) will make the CSP plants more and more profitable. The study examined three different outcomes for this technology: no increases in CSP technology, investment continuing as it has been in Spain and the US, and finally the true potential of CSP without any barriers on its growth. The findings of the third part are shown in the table below:


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Finally, the study acknowledged how technology for CSP was improving and how this would result in a drastic price decrease by 2050. It predicted a drop from the current range of €0.23–0.15/kWh to €0.14–0.10/kWh.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The European Union looked into developing a €400 billion (US$774 billion) network of solar power plants based in the Sahara region using CSP technology to be known as Desertec, to create "a new carbon-free network linking Europe, the Middle East and North Africa". The plan was backed mainly by German industrialists and predicted production of 15% of Europe's power by 2050. Morocco was a major partner in Desertec and as it has barely 1% of the electricity consumption of the EU, it could produce more than enough energy for the entire country with a large energy surplus to deliver to Europe. Algeria has the biggest area of desert, and private Algerian firm Cevital signed up for Desertec. With its wide desert (the highest CSP potential in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions ~ about 170 TWh/year) and its strategic geographical location near Europe, Algeria is one of the key countries to ensure the success of Desertec project. Moreover, with the abundant natural-gas reserve in the Algerian desert, this will strengthen the technical potential of Algeria in acquiring Solar-Gas Hybrid Power Plants for 24-hour electricity generation. Most of the participants pulled out of the effort at the end of 2014.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Experience with first-of-a-kind CSP plants in the USA was mixed. Solana in Arizona, and Ivanpah in California indicate large production shortfalls in electricity generation between 25% and 40% in the first years of operation. Producers blame clouds and stormy weather, but critics seem to think there are technological issues. These problems are causing utilities to pay inflated prices for wholesale electricity, and threaten the long-term viability of the technology. As photovoltaic costs continue to plummet, many think CSP has a limited future in utility-scale electricity production. In other countries especially Spain and South Africa CSP plants have met their designed parameters


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP has other uses than electricity. Researchers are investigating solar thermal reactors for the production of solar fuels, making solar a fully transportable form of energy in the future. These researchers use the solar heat of CSP as a catalyst for thermochemistry to break apart molecules of HO, to create hydrogen (H) from solar energy with no carbon emissions. By splitting both HO and CO, other much-used hydrocarbons – for example, the jet fuel used to fly commercial airplanes – could also be created with solar energy rather than from fossil fuels.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Around the turn of the millennium up to about 2010, there have been several proposals for gigawatt size, very-large-scale solar power plants using CSP. They include the Euro-Mediterranean Desertec proposal and Project Helios in Greece (10 GW), both now canceled. A 2003 study concluded that the world could generate 2,357,840 TWh each year from very large scale solar power plants using 1% of each of the world's deserts. Total consumption worldwide was 15,223 TWh/year (in 2003). The gigawatt size projects would have been arrays of standard-sized single plants. In 2012, the BLM made available of land in the southwestern United States for solar projects, enough for between 10,000 and 20,000 GW. The largest single plant in operation is the 510 MW Noor Solar Power Station. In 2022 the 700 MW CSP 4th phase of the 5GW Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai will become the largest solar complex featuring CSP.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: The locations with highest direct irradiance are dry, at high altitude, and located in the tropics. These locations have a higher potential for CSP than areas with less sun.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Abandoned opencast mines, moderate hill slopes and crater depressions may be advantageous in the case of power tower CSP as the power tower can be located on the ground integral with the molten salt storage tank.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: CSP has a number of environmental effects, particularly on water use, land use and the use of hazardous materials.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Water is generally used for cooling and to clean mirrors. Some projects are looking into various approaches to reduce the water and cleaning agents used, including the use of barriers, non-stick coatings on mirrors, water misting systems, and others.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Concentrating solar power plants with wet-cooling systems have the highest water-consumption intensities of any conventional type of electric power plant; only fossil-fuel plants with carbon-capture and storage may have higher water intensities. A 2013 study comparing various sources of electricity found that the median water consumption during operations of concentrating solar power plants with wet cooling was for power tower plants and for trough plants. This was higher than the operational water consumption (with cooling towers) for nuclear at , coal at , or natural gas at . A 2011 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory came to similar conclusions: for power plants with cooling towers, water consumption during operations was for CSP trough, for CSP tower, for coal, for nuclear, and for natural gas. The Solar Energy Industries Association noted that the Nevada Solar One trough CSP plant consumes . The issue of water consumption is heightened because CSP plants are often located in arid environments where water is scarce.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: In 2007, the US Congress directed the Department of Energy to report on ways to reduce water consumption by CSP. The subsequent report noted that dry cooling technology was available that, although more expensive to build and operate, could reduce water consumption by CSP by 91 to 95 percent. A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent. A 2015 report by NREL noted that of the 24 operating CSP power plants in the US, 4 used dry cooling systems. The four dry-cooled systems were the three power plants at the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility near Barstow, California, and the Genesis Solar Energy Project in Riverside County, California. Of 15 CSP projects under construction or development in the US as of March 2015, 6 were wet systems, 7 were dry systems, 1 hybrid, and 1 unspecified.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Although many older thermoelectric power plants with once-through cooling or cooling ponds "use" more water than CSP, meaning that more water passes through their systems, most of the cooling water returns to the water body available for other uses, and they "consume" less water by evaporation. For instance, the median coal power plant in the US with once-through cooling uses , but only (less than one percent) is lost through evaporation. Since the 1970s, the majority of US power plants have used recirculating systems such as cooling towers rather than once-through systems.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Insects can be attracted to the bright light caused by concentrated solar technology, and as a result birds that hunt them can be killed by being burned if they fly near the point where light is being focused. This can also affect raptors who hunt the birds. Federal wildlife officials were quoted by opponents as calling the Ivanpah power towers "mega traps" for wildlife.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: Some media sources have reported that concentrated solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat from the concentrated sunrays. Some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated.


title: Concentrated solar power

text: According to rigorous reporting, in over six months, 133 singed birds were counted at Ivanpah. By focusing no more than four mirrors on any one place in the air during standby, at Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project, in three months, the death rate dropped to zero.


title: Antipasto

text: Antipasto (plural antipasti) is the traditional first course of a formal Italian meal. Usually made of bite-size small portions and served on a platter from which everyone serves themselves, the purpose of antipasti is to stimulate the appetite. Typical ingredients of a traditional antipasto include cured meats, olives, peperoncini, mushrooms, anchovies, artichoke hearts, various cheeses (such as provolone or mozzarella), pickled meats, and vegetables in oil or vinegar.


title: Antipasto

text: The contents of an antipasto vary greatly according to regional cuisine. Different preparations of saltwater fish and traditional southern cured meats (like soppressata or 'nduja) are popular in the south of Italy, whereas in northern Italy it is common to serve different kinds of cured meats and mushrooms and, especially near lakes, preparations of freshwater fish. The cheeses included also vary significantly between regions and backgrounds, and include hard and soft cheeses.


title: Antipasto

text: Many compare antipasto to hors d'oeuvre, but antipasto is served at the table and signifies the official beginning of the Italian meal. It may also be referred to as a starter, or an appetizer.


title: Tekken 6

text: While this version retains elements from the earlier games, "Tekken 6" introduces a new Rage system that increases the strength of the player characters when their health gets low. It also features a beat 'em up mode focused on a soldier named Lars Alexandersson who leads a coup d'état along with his underlings. Losing his memory in an attack against Jin Kazama's Mishima Zaibatsu special forces, Lars goes on a journey with a robot named Alisa Bosconovitch to learn his identity, so that he will be able to recover the subject of his mission. In this campaign mode, the player can win items by completing missions and enhance different power areas of any characters they choose to control.


title: Tekken 6

text: The game received generally positive reviews. Critics praised the visuals and the new fight mechanics but had mixed opinions about the handling of the Scenario Campaign. Nevertheless, the PSP port was also well-received for how faithful it was to the initial console versions. The game's sales have reached 3.5 million copies worldwide. It was later re-released with the spin-off "Tekken Tag Tournament 2" and "Soulcalibur V" for the PlayStation 3. A sequel, "Tekken 7", was released in 2015.


title: Tekken 6

text: "Tekken 6" features bigger stages with more interactivity than its predecessors, including walls or floors that can be broken to reveal new fighting areas. The character customization feature has been enhanced, and certain items have implications in some aspects of the gameplay.


title: Tekken 6

text: A new Rage system gives characters more damage per hit when their vitality is below a certain point. Once activated, a reddish energy aura appears around the character, and their health bar starts to flicker in red. The Rage aura can be customized with different colors and effects to appear like fire, electricity, and ice, among others. Another newly added gameplay feature is the "bound" system. Every character has several moves that when used in a juggle combo will cause the opponent to be smashed hard into the ground, bouncing them off it in a stunned state, leaving them vulnerable to another combo or an additional attack. As of the "Bloodline Rebellion" update, successfully parrying a low attack will also put a character into a bound state.


title: Tekken 6

text: The console versions (excluding the PSP version) include an extra beat 'em up mode titled "Scenario Campaign", which bears similarities with the "Tekken Force" and "Devil Within" modes from previous installments. In this mode, the player can move freely in an environment similar to that of a third-person role-playing game. Players can also pick up weapons like poles and Gatling guns, along with lootable items, money, and power-ups which can be found inside crates that are scattered throughout the playing environment. Players can move freely between fights, but when a group of enemies is encountered, the gameplay switches to the traditional, two-dimensional "Tekken" style. This mode originally included offline single player only, but on January 18, 2010, Namco released a patch that allows online co-op for the Scenario Campaign.


title: Tekken 6

text: Both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game include an online versus multiplayer mode over the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live. It includes Ranked Matches mode, where the player can promote their character to a higher ranking, and Player Matches mode, where the player's fights are not ranked and they can invite friends to have matches with them.


title: Tekken 6

text: Following Jin Kazama's victory against his great-grandfather, Jinpachi Mishima, in the previous King of Iron Fist Tournament, he is now the new head of the Mishima Zaibatsu special forces. Jin uses the company's resources to declare independence, becoming a global superpower, severing its national ties and openly declaring war against all nations over the following year. Meanwhile, Kazuya Mishima, Jin's father, who has risen to lead G Corporation, places a bounty on his son's head. In retaliation, Jin announces the sixth King of Iron Fist Tournament to lure Kazuya out.


title: Tekken 6

text: As the war continues to erupt, the field leader of Mishima Zaibatsu's Tekken Force, Lars Alexandersson, has rebelled from the army along with several of his soldiers. However, Lars loses his memory during an attack by the G Corporation and spends some time recovering it. Accompanied by an android, Alisa Bosconovitch, Lars ventures throughout the world, avoiding the Mishima Zaibatsu's manhunt for him while also trying to recover his past. It is eventually revealed that Lars is actually the illegitimate son of Heihachi Mishima, who has gone into hiding since his supposed demise in the last tournament, and has been trying to take the Mishima Zaibatsu from Jin's hands. After coming into contact with several allies, including his adoptive brother, Lee Chaolan, Lars confronts the G Corporation and Mishima Zaibatsu's headquarters. Jin reveals he had sent Alisa to spy on Lars' actions all along. Taking control of Alisa, Lars is forced to confront his former teammate, who leaves with Jin to Egypt.


title: Tekken 6

text: Helped by one of his allies, Raven, Lars goes to Egypt. He meets an astrologist named Zafina who fears an ancient evil that will destroy the world: Azazel. Azazel is a demonic monster currently bound in an ancient temple. Lars confronts his half-brother Kazuya in front of the door leading to Azazel's chamber and fights him. As Kazuya escapes, Lars and Raven seemingly defeat Azazel. Outside the temple, Lars is forced to damage the opposing Alisa. Enraged, Lars beats up Jin, when he mocks her Alisa's failure. Following his defeat, Jin admits that his reason for launching the war was to awaken Azazel as it can only take a physical form through the negative energies of the world, and destroy him. In doing this, he would free himself from the Devil Gene in his body. Revealing Azazel can only be destroyed by someone with the Devil Gene, Jin confronts and attacks the revived Azazel, sending them both plummeting to the desert. Lars requests Lee to fix Alisa and goes on another mission. Raven unearths Jin's body in the desert and notes that Jin still has the Devil mark on his arm.


title: Tekken 6

text: The original arcade version of "Tekken 6" features 39 playable characters, consisting of 34 returning and 5 new ones. "Bloodline Rebellion" and the console version adds two new fighters for a total of 41 playable characters. There are also two unplayable bosses: NANCY-MI847J and Azazel, although the former can be controlled for a brief time in the console version's Scenario Campaign mode.


title: Tekken 6

text: Japanese gaming magazine "Famitsu" first announced in April 2006 that "Tekken 6" was to be developed for the PlayStation 3. The first trailer was revealed at Sony's E3 press conference that year. According to Video Games Daily, feedback from the first trailer was negative. However, project director Katsuhiro Harada said at that time the team was not working on "Tekken 6" full-time because they were busy developing "Tekken Dark Resurrection". Harada's main concern with "Tekken 6" was that it appeal to newcomers and older players. The game was released in Japanese arcades on November 26, 2007. It was the first game running on the PlayStation 3-based System 357 arcade board. Both versions also saw a limited release in North America. Harada said Namco decided to make a "Tekken" installment for the Xbox 360 because of multiple fan requests. Response to the original arcade game was highly positive, but Harada said the team aimed to make more improvements to attract new players. He noted that feedback from the arcade's release in Japan had surpassed that of previous titles. For the updated release, the team wanted to include more playable characters than in "Tekken 5", make the techniques unique as well as more intuitive, and make the fights as brutal as possible. The game uses a proprietary graphics engine running at 60 frames per second as well as a dynamic physics engine named the "Octave Engine", which simulates fluid dynamics and among other things, allows water to behave realistically according to how the characters move. The graphics engine has been designed with a focus on character-animation to make movements look smoother and more realistic. This led to many animations being remade to either reflect the impact and damage caused, or to create new possibilities in gameplay. The developers considered animation extremely important for a fighting game and wanted to make the game "look good in motion", whereas previous installments had been designed to "look good on still shots". Since "Bloodline Rebellion", the game has supported dynamic full-body motion blur, making "Tekken 6" the first fighting game to do so.


title: Tekken 6

text: Harada revealed they had encountered difficulties making the cast balanced. As a result, Namco took notes from the characters' victories in the original arcades and modified the cast and rebalanced the game. To make battles more strategic, the Rage system was created. Another new element is the use of items by the characters. While Harada did not find this as unique as the Rage System, he felt it added more to the battles' fun factor. Like some games in the "Mortal Kombat" series, "Tekken 6" is notable for adding the element that allows players to throw enemies down to another area of the stage. This was added to create longer combos if the player has the opportunity, not for the sole purpose of inflicting more damage. A major obstacle in producing the game was Namco's idea to include game modes that allowed four simultaneous characters. This took major rework, especially for online mode. Director Yuichi Yonemori also noted that the team wanted to make fights faster while adding these new mechanics. To provide more variety, each stage that could be destroyed was given its own sound effect and each character also had their own.


title: Tekken 6

text: On October 23, 2009, Namco Bandai released a "Tekken 6" themed Game Space on the North American version of PlayStation Home. "Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion" was first released as "Tekken 6" to Japanese arcades on December 18, 2008. It featured new characters, stages, items and customization options and gave the game a balance update to its characters and items. The console version of "Tekken 6" is based on this arcade version and was released for consoles, but under the name "Tekken 6". In October 2009, Namco announced the game's development had been completed, and it would be released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles. The online elements of "Tekken 6" were based on the ones from "". Harada announced the game's roster would be the largest in the series, and that after "Tekken 3" they were paying special attention to make sure each character is unique in appearance, personality and techniques and does not overlap with other characters.


title: Tekken 6

text: This new version features two new characters: Alisa Bosconovitch, an android built in the image of Dr. Bosconovitch's deceased daughter, and Lars Alexandersson, Heihachi Mishima's illegitimate son and leader of a rebellious Tekken Force faction fighting Jin's tyranny. This expansion also features a number of new items and customization options for characters to use during fights. Unlike previous console games, all the characters are unlocked when the game starts. Harada said the reason behind this was his belief that unlocking characters was outdated, and that online gamers would find their favorite characters faster. Unlike other new "Tekken 6" characters who were based on fan input, both Lars and Alisa were created using a different approach, focusing on their importance to the game's story. As a result, in the arcade version of "Tekken 6", most of Lars' identity was kept a mystery, leaving it to the console versions' Scenario Campaign mode to explain his role in the series, with Harada teasing about his potential attack on Jin Kazama's forces. Jin's characterization was changed from an anti-hero to a villain, something Harada had been planning to develop for years. However, his change of personality remained a secret to be explored in the story.


title: Tekken 6

text: A number of artists joined the team to create new outfits for a few characters: Lars, Jin, Kazuya and Zafina were also given additional outfits designed by Masashi Kishimoto, Clamp, Takayuki Yamaguchi and Mutsumi Inomata, respectively. Outfits for Anna Williams and Asuka Kazama were made by Mamoru Nagano, and Ito Ogure did one for Lili Rochefort.


title: Tekken 6

text: It was ported for the PlayStation Portable on November 24, 2009. Although the scenario campaign was removed from the PlayStation Portable's port, the developers added background information for the characters in the arcade mode. Makoto Iwai, chief operating officer of Namco Bandai, said the developers tried to make the PlayStation Portable contain as much content as the original console versions. For this reason, the PSP port has new modes and stages not present in the original one. In late 2009, Harada hinted at the possibility of the game having downloadable content but said that whenever possible it would be made available free of charge. In January 2019, "Tekken 6" became playable on the Xbox One, thanks to its backwards compatibility function.


title: Tekken 6

text: "Tekken 6" features a large cast of composers most notably Keiichi Okabe, Shinji Hosoe, Go Shiina, Satoru Kōsaki, Hitoshi Sakimoto, Masaharu Iwata, among others. Two soundtracks based on the main game and the PSP port were released. Shiina was in charge of the low key tracks.


title: Tekken 6

text: Critical response to "Tekken 6" among reviewers has been generally favorable, with the PS3 version scoring a 79 on Metacritic and the 360 an 80. Several jorunalists praised the additions to the game's mechanics and modes, as well as the large cast. Though compared with competitors from the same genre like "Soulcalibur IV" and "Virtua Fighter 5", critical response remained positive in general. However, the Rage system was found unfair by 1UP.com due to the high damage the player can deal with it while GameSpot found it unlikely to help weakened characters. The two new leads, Lars and Alisa, were praised by critics for their moves even if their designs came across as ridiculous. Newcomer Bob was praised for his surprising obese appearance that contrasts the rest of the fighters with "GameInformer" comparing to the "Street Fighter IV" debuting member Rufus. The final boss, Azazel, though, was heavily criticized for being overpowered.


title: Tekken 6

text: The game's Scenario Campaign mode was subject to mixed criticism as well for citing bland environments and repetitive enemies. The camera was reported to have some issues that might affect the moves' input—moves. Additionally, the mode was compared to role-playing games due to how the player can power up the characters. On the other hand, there was positive response thanks due to its variety, length as well as the amount of replay value.


title: Tekken 6

text: The PlayStation 3 version of the game initially garnered negative resposne for its excessive load times when run without installing it previously and its initially laggy online multiplayer component, which was later improved via updates. Once Namco patched it the score of 1UP.com was revised upward. The PSP version received positive reviews, with Metacritic giving it 82 out of 100. "IGN" said the portable version had greatly improved loading times compared to its console counterparts, while others enjoyed it despite lacking the Scenario Campaign and retaining the same graphics. More shared similar opinions on how the PSP port managed to impress, retaining the large cast, and for its responsive controls.


title: Tekken 6

text: During its first week, the PlayStation 3 version of "Tekken 6" sold 103,000 units in Japan. According to Media Create, this made it the fastest-selling fighter. It remained so until August 2012 when the PS3 port of "Persona 4 Arena" broke the record with sales of 180,000 units. In May 2011, Namco Bandai reported it had become its best-selling game from 2010 with 1.5 million units sold. The game got to number three on the UK sales charts. In North America, the game sold over one million units as of August 2010. Upon its release in Japan, the PSP port sold 25,131 units. As of May 2011, Tekken 6 has sold more than 3.5 million copies worldwide.


title: Tekken 6

text: In 2009, "Tekken 6" was nominated for a Spike Fighting Game of the Year award but lost to "Street Fighter IV". However, it still won the Best PSP Fighting Game and Best PSP Fighting Game Readers' Choice from IGN.


title: Tekken 6

text: In retrospective, Harada believes "Tekken 6", and "Tekken 5", managed to attract a new group of fans, something "Tekken 4" failed to do. For this game, Lars was given an alternate design created by manga author Masashi Kishimoto, famous for writing the series "Naruto". In 2009, CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama read in a "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine that Lars' third costume had been designed by Kishimoto and thought he should be included in the "Naruto" video game "". As a result, Matsuyama approached "Tekken 6" producer Suguru Sasaki and his team and asked them to allow him to include Lars in the game using Kishimoto's outfit. Once this was approved, the "Tekken" staff began assisting CyberConnect2 to adjust Lars' moves to fit the other characters in the "Naruto" game.


title: Tekken 6

text: The first CGI scene from the game also influenced the developers to create a film titled "" which uses this type of animation.


title: Tekken 6

text: At the MCM London Comic Con 2009, a "Tekken 6" player named Eliot Smith-Walters was awarded the Guinness World Record for the longest winning streak in "Tekken 6", having won 68 consecutive matches.


title: Tekken 6

text: "Tekken 6" was followed by a spin-off titled "Tekken Tag Tournament 2". A sequel, titled "Tekken 7", was announced on July 13, 2014. More information on the sequel was made available during Bandai Namco's panel at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International event. The game had a limited arcade release in Japan on February 18, 2015, followed by a full release on March 18, 2015. Harada states that "Tekken 7"s story mode was influenced by the Scenario Campaign from "Tekken 6" as he believes recent games in the franchise have tried elaborating more on the series' storytelling despite being a fighting game. "Tekken 6" was rereleased in 2015 with "Tag Tournament 2" and "Soulcalibur V" as "PlayStation 3 Fighting Edition" for its title console.


title: Love Island Australia (season 3)

text: The third season of Love Island Australia premiered on the Nine Network and 9Now on Monday, 11 October 2021 presented by Sophie Monk and narrated by Stephen Mullan.


title: Love Island Australia (season 3)

text: "Love Island" involves a group of contestants, referred to as Islanders (in the show) living in isolation from the outside world in a villa in Byron Bay, constantly under video surveillance. To survive in the villa the Islanders must be coupled up with another Islander, whether it be for love, friendship or money, as the overall winning couple receives $50,000. On the first day, the Islanders couple up for the first time based on first impressions, but over the duration of the series, they are forced to "re-couple" where they can choose to remain in their current couple or swap and change.


title: Love Island Australia (season 3)

text: Any Islander who remains single after the coupling is eliminated and dumped from the island. Islanders can also be eliminated via public vote, as during the series the public vote through the "Love Island" app available on smartphones for their favourite islanders (as singles or couples), or who they think is the most compatible. Those with the fewest votes risk being eliminated. Occasionally, Islanders themselves will vote off each other off the island. During the final week, the public vote for which couple they want to win the series and therefore take home $50,000. The winners can pick between share the money ($25,000 each) or take it all depending on an envelope they open as seen in previous seasons.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The "Völkisch" movement (; alternative ) was a German ethno-nationalist movement active from the late 19th century through to the Nazi era, with remnants in the Federal Republic of Germany afterwards. Erected on the idea of "blood and soil", inspired by the one-body-metaphor ("Volkskörper", "ethnic body"; literally "body of the people"), and by the idea of naturally grown communities in unity, it was characterized by organicism, racialism, populism, agrarianism, romantic nationalism and – as a consequence of a growing exclusive and ethnic connotation – by antisemitism from the 1900s onward. "Völkisch" nationalists generally considered the Jews to be an "alien people" who belonged to a different "Volk" ("race" or "folk") from the Germans.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The "Völkisch" movement was not a homogeneous set of beliefs, but rather a "variegated sub-culture" that rose in opposition to the socio-cultural changes of modernity. The "only denominator common" to all "Völkisch" theorists was the idea of a national rebirth, inspired by the traditions of the Ancient Germans which had been "reconstructed" on a romantic basis by the adherents of the philosophy. This rebirth would have been achieved by either "Germanizing" Christianity – an Abrahamic and "Semitic" religion that spread into Europe from the Near East – or by rejecting any Christian heritage that existed in Germany in order to revive pre-Christian Germanic paganism. In a narrow definition, the term is used to designate only groups that consider human beings essentially preformed by blood, or by inherited characteristics.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The "Völkischen" are often encompassed in a wider Conservative Revolution by scholars, a German national conservative movement that rose in prominence during the Weimar Republic (1918–1933).


title: Völkisch movement

text: During the period of the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis believed in and enforced a definition of the German "Volk" which excluded Jews, the Romani people, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and other "foreign elements" living in Germany. Their policies led to these "undesirables" being rounded up and murdered in large numbers, in what became known as The Holocaust.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The adjective "Völkisch" () is derived from the German word "Volk" (cognate with the English "folk"), which has overtones of "nation", "race" or "tribe". While "Völkisch" has no direct English equivalent, it could be loosely translated as "ethno-nationalist", "ethnic-chauvinist", "ethnic-popular", or, closer to its original meaning, as "bio-mystical racialist".


title: Völkisch movement

text: If "Völkisch" writers used terms like "Nordische Rasse" ("Nordic race") and "Germanentum" ("Germanic peoples"), their concept of "Volk" could, however, also be more flexible, and understood as a "Gemeinsame Sprache" ("common language"), or as an "Ausdruck einer Landschaftsseele" ("expression of a landscape's soul"), in the words of geographer Ewald Banse.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The defining idea which the "Völkisch" movement revolved around was that of a "Volkstum", literally the "folkdom" or the "culture of the "Volk"". Other associated German words include "Volksboden" (the "Volk's essential substrate"), "Volksgeist" (the "spirit of the "Volk""), "Volksgemeinschaft" (the "community of the "Volk""), as well as "Volkstümlich" ("folksy" or "traditional") and "Volkstümlichkeit" (the "popular celebration of the "Volkstum"").


title: Völkisch movement

text: The "Völkisch" movement was not unified but rather "a cauldron of beliefs, fears and hopes that found expression in various movements and were often articulated in an emotional tone". According to historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, "Völkisch" denoted the "national collectivity inspired by a common creative energy, feelings and sense of individuality. These metaphysical qualities were supposed to define the unique cultural essence of the German people." Journalist Peter Ross Range writes that ""Völkisch" is very hard to define and almost untranslatable into English. The word has been rendered as popular, populist, people's, racial, racist, ethnic-chauvinist, nationalistic, communitarian (for Germans only), conservative, traditional, Nordic, romantic – and it means, in fact, all of those. The "völkisch" political ideology ranged from a sense of German superiority to a spiritual resistance to 'the evils of industrialization and the atomization of modern man,' wrote scholar David Jablonsky. But its central component, as Harold J. Gordon, Jr., noted, was always racism".


title: Völkisch movement

text: "Völkisch" thinkers tended to idealize the myth of an "original nation", that still could be found at that time in the rural regions of Germany, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites." The notion of "people" ("Volk") subsequently turned into the idea of a "racial essence", and "Völkisch" thinkers referred to the term as a birth-giving and quasi-eternal entity—in the same way as they would write on "the Nature"—rather than a sociological category.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The movement combined sentimental patriotic interest in German folklore, local history and a "back-to-the-land" anti-urban populism with many parallels in the writings of William Morris. "In part this ideology was a revolt against modernity", Nicholls remarked. As they sought to overcome what they felt was the malaise of a scientistic and rationalistic modernity, "Völkisch" authors imagined a spiritual solution in a "Volk"s essence perceived as authentic, intuitive, even "primitive", in the sense of an alignment with a primordial and cosmic order.


title: Völkisch movement

text: The "Völkisch" movement emerged in the late 19th century, drawing inspiration from German Romanticism and the history of the Holy Roman Empire, and what many saw as its harmonious hierarchical order. The delayed unification of the German-speaking peoples under a single German Reich in the 19th century is cited as conducive to the emergence of the "Völkisch" movement.