title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: The 2022 limited series "Edge of Spider-Verse" introduces yet another bevy of alternate universe versions of the character.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: British teenager Zarina Zahari is secretly Spider-UK, a superpowered agent of the Weird Happenings Organization (or W.H.O.) on her world. After saving London from a gigantic dragon, Zarina is recruited by Earth-616's Madame Web to help avert a crisis that threatens all of the spiders of the multiverse.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: On a fairy tale-inspired world, Princess Petra, a young royal who longs to escape the restrictive lifestyle imposed on her by her overprotective mother, Queen Mysteria. After being visited by her Fairy Gob-Mother, Petra is granted magical spider powers, but with the caveat that if she doesn't give them up by midnight, she'll lose her chance at true love. While attending a royal ball under the costumed identity of Spinstress, Petra is forced to keep her powers in order to battle her mother, secretly the villainess known as the Mysterious Empress. Despite missing her chance with James Watson, the boy she loves, Petra vows to use her powers to fight evil with her pet spider Webster.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: Sun-Spider is Charolette "Charlie" Webber, a teenage girl who suffers from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which renders her unable to use her legs. Despite her disability, Charlie possesses the usual set of spider-powers, which allow her to traverse the city with ease. She's best friends with Glory Grant, Angelica Jones and a girl named Aster, the last of whom she has a crush on (and is secretly the superheroine Histamina).


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: An alternate version of Sergei Kravinoff who gained spider-powers after drinking a mystical potion during a safari in Zimbabwe. Taking on the costumed identity of Hunter-Spider, Kravinoff hunted down and killed his world's versions of Spider-Man's various animal-themed adversaries, such as Black Cat, Vulture, Rhino, Stegron, Puma and White Rabbit, with their bodies kept as macabre trophies in his home.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: Web-Weaver is Cooper Coen, a gay former classmate of Peter Parker who was bitten by the radioactive spider after pushing Peter out of the way. After being disowned by his homophobic parents, Cooper was taken in by his aunt Laurie and her wife Mel, whose kindness and civic mindedness inspired him to become a costumed hero. Balancing a double life as a superhero and a fashion designer working for Janet van Dyne, Cooper also has a crush on the vigilante Silk, who, unbeknownst to him, is secretly his ex-boyfriend Albert Moon.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: There are many other versions of Spider-Man outside of comic books; some in film, in television or in video games, among countless other media. Some characters have crossed over in the comic book canon as one of the separate incarnations, such as the "Ultimate Spider-Man" animated series version and the live action Japanese show version appearing in "Spider-Verse". Also, one of the alternate Spider-Men from the series finale of the '90s TV show appeared in "Spider-Verse" as a background character, and the two live-action versions from the original trilogy and "Amazing Spider-Man" series are mentioned.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: In the 2002–07 "Spider-Man" film trilogy, Peter Parker is portrayed by Tobey Maguire. This film trilogy portrays Peter gaining his abilities in his final days in high school and becoming a college student at Columbia University. While initially using his powers for selfish reasons, Peter is inspired by the death of his Uncle Ben to accept the responsibility that come with them, and begins fighting crime as Spider-Man. He navigates his relationships with his childhood crush-turned-friend and eventual girlfriend Mary Jane Watson, best friend Harry Osborn, his Aunt May, and his boss J. Jonah Jameson, while fighting adversaries such as the Green Goblin, Doctor Octopus, Sandman, Venom, and temporarily Harry as the New Goblin. Unlike most versions of Spider-Man, Maguire's iteration can shoot organic spider web from his wrists. He is also soft-spoken and is noted not to wisecrack as much as later cinematic portrayals of the character. Maguire's Parker / Spider-Man also appears in "", voiced by Neil Patrick Harris, in addition to video games associated with this film trilogy.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: The Spider-Man film series was rebooted after "Spider-Man 3", with a new iteration of Peter Parker being portrayed by Andrew Garfield in "The Amazing Spider-Man" and its sequel. Peter is portrayed in these films as a quirky, angst-driven, and intelligent high school student whose parents Richard and Mary Parker were Oscorp scientists who disappeared and presumably died when Peter was young while attempting to prevent the company from exploiting their work for malevolent purposes. He also begins to date Gwen Stacy. Upon trying to learn about his parents' past from their colleague Dr. Curt Connors, Peter sneaks into Oscorp and is bitten by genetically modified spiders, gaining his abilities. He tracks down Connors and works with him to continue the work his father and Connors did, but inadvertently plays a part in Connors becoming the Lizard. Peter, who initially uses his powers in an attempt to track down his Uncle Ben's killer, is later inspired to protect New York City's residents as Spider-Man and thwart the Lizard's schemes. He later faces Electro and the Green Goblin, and temporarily gives up being a superhero after Gwen dies while assisting him against the two villains. Despite criticism of the films' convoluted plots, Garfield's portrayal of Parker / Spider-Man has received praise.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (Earth-616), a much younger version of Peter Parker / Spider-Man is played by English actor Tom Holland. The origins of Holland's iteration of the character are not explored in-depth like Maguire and Garfield's portrayals, though he is recruited by Tony Stark / Iron Man into his faction of the Avengers during a dispute with Steve Rogers / Captain America. While continuing to work with Stark and the Avengers as an intern and gaining access to advanced technology for his suit, Peter also navigates high school life with his best friends Ned Leeds and Michelle "MJ" Jones, the latter of whom becomes his girlfriend. He joins the Avengers once more against Thanos in a universal conflict, and also fights against Vulture and Mysterio.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: After "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" failed to meet expectations, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios negotiated a deal that would allow Spider-Man to join the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with a new iteration of the character created for the film franchise starting with "". While Marvel and its parent company Disney would gain distribution rights of Spider-Man's appearances in crossover films, Sony would continue to release Spider-Man's stand-alone films in the MCU, starting with "".


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: The universe of Earth-1048 is the main setting for the "Marvel's Spider-Man" series and associated video games, developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation consoles and Microsoft Windows, introduced with "Marvel's Spider-Man" (2018). In this continuity, Peter Parker has been Spider-Man for eight years, and he and Mary Jane are no longer in a relationship. He does not work for "The Daily Bugle" anymore, but instead works as an assistant to Dr. Otto Octavius, who was Peter's idol and father figure until he sought revenge on Mayor Norman Osborn. Octavius releases the Devil's Breath Virus to tarnish Osborn's image, at the cost of many residents of New York City being infected, such as Peter's Aunt May. After a climactic battle against Doctor Octopus, Peter reclaims the cure to the Devil's Breath virus, but is unable to save May as the sample was needed to reproduce it, and May's condition had progressed to the point where she died before a cure could be mass-produced. May reveals that she knew about Peter's identity as Spider-Man. In "Spider-Geddon", the Superior Spider-Man recruits Peter to fight the Inheritors after they defeated the Tarantula. In "Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales", after helping Miles stop Rhino, he leaves New York City under Morales' protection while on a journalistic excursion with Mary Jane Watson to cover a civil war in the nation of Symkaria for the "Bugle" but returns a few weeks later following Miles' battle with the Underground and Roxxon, deciding to trust Miles with being Spider-Man he temporarily retires from vigilante activities to focus on his personal life. He will return in "Marvel’s Spider-Man 2" as one of the playable protagonists alongside Miles. He is voiced by Yuri Lowenthal.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: Miles Morales takes on the role of another featured Spider-Man within the Insomniac Games universe in the spin-off title, "" (2020) for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and Microsoft Windows. He first appeared in "Spider-Man" (2018). A pre-spider bite Miles is playable at certain points in the game with an emphasis on stealth gameplay. This version was a fan of Spider-Man growing up and grew up with an affinity for science. His father was killed from an attack by Mister Negative. He is eventually bitten by an experimental Oscorp spider, and in a post-credits scene, reveals his powers to Peter, who in turn reveals his identity as Spider-Man. In the original game he was added as a younger character with whom younger audiences could identify when it was decided to use an older Peter Parker for the game. In "Spider-Man: Miles Morales", Miles moves from Brooklyn to Harlem and is tasked with protecting the city while Peter is away on a business trip. He is forced to battle his childhood friend, Phin Mason, who has become a masked villain named the Tinkerer and leads a criminal group known as the Underground. Miles will return in "Marvel’s Spider-Man 2" as one of the playable protagonists alongside Peter Parker. He is voiced by Nadji Jeter.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: The 2018 animated film "" adapts the "Spider-Verse" storyline and the "Ultimate Spider-Man" books starring Miles Morales. Variations of Miles Morales, Spider-Gwen, Spider-Ham, Spider-Noir, SP//dr, Spider-Man 2099, and the Spider-Man from the 1960s animated series (voiced by Shameik Moore, Hailee Steinfeld, John Mulaney, Nicolas Cage, Kimiko Glenn, Oscar Isaac, and Jorma Taccone, respectively) are featured.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: The film also features two different versions of Peter Parker. The version in Miles' dimension has been Spider-Man for over 10 years, was married to Mary Jane Watson, and also had a secret underground lair in Aunt May's backyard that housed dozens of different Spider-Man costumes and gear. In the movie's first act, he is killed by the Kingpin while trying to stop the villain from using a particle accelerator to access other dimensions. His death inspires the recently bitten Miles Morales into carrying on his mission as the new Spider-Man and stopping the Kingpin from endangering the city. Unlike other versions, the Peter native to Miles' dimension had blonde hair. He was voiced by Chris Pine.


title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: Spider-Man's exposure to the particle accelerator causes an alternate version of Peter Parker to get sucked into Miles' dimension. This version of Peter is in his 40s and has been Spider-Man for over 20 years. He was also married to Mary Jane Watson, but they divorced after he refused to have children with her. This, coupled with the death of his Aunt May, sent Peter's life into a downward spiral where he gave up being the wall-crawler, resulting in him getting lazier and overweight. He reluctantly agrees to mentor Miles on becoming the new Spider-Man to return to his home dimension, but later tries to prevent Miles from joining the other displaced Spider-Men when the young hero's inexperience begins to hold them back and volunteers to sacrifice himself so the other heroes can get home. Miles later joins them in the final fight against the Kingpin and his minions after he learns how to control his powers and instills new confidence in Peter that he will successfully defend his dimension. Thanks to his experience with Miles and a run-in with an alternate version of his ex, Peter decides to give his relationship with Mary Jane another shot. He was voiced by Jake Johnson.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: Unreal (stylized as UnREAL) is an American drama television series that premiered on Lifetime on June 1, 2015. It stars Shiri Appleby as a young reality television producer pushed by her unscrupulous boss (Constance Zimmer) to swallow her integrity and do anything it takes to drum up salacious show content. The show was created by Marti Noxon and Sarah Gertrude Shapiro, and was inspired by Shapiro's award-winning independent short film "Sequin Raze".


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: On July 28, 2017, it was announced that "Unreal" has been renewed for a shortened fourth season of eight episodes. The fourth season completed production in January 2018 before the third season had aired. By May 22, 2018, the fourth season had been acquired by Hulu. The streaming service distributed the series exclusively as a "Hulu Original" in the United States for a set period of time before the episodes aired on Lifetime. On July 16, 2018, the fourth season was released on Hulu and it was confirmed that the season would be the series' last.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: Producer Rachel Goldberg returns to "Everlasting", a popular dating show, after a breakdown. With a reputation to rebuild and executive producer Quinn King breathing down her neck, Rachel must pull out all the stops in what she does best: manipulating the contestants to create the outrageous drama that viewers expect.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: On July 30, 2013, Lifetime placed a pilot order on "Unreal", inspired by Sarah Gertrude Shapiro's award-winning independent short film "Sequin Raze". Shapiro had previously worked at the American reality dating series "The Bachelor". The pilot was written by Marti Noxon and Shapiro, and directed by Peter O'Fallon. On February 6, 2014, Lifetime officially green-lit "Un-Real" with a 10-episode series order. In March 2015, the premiere date was announced as June 1, 2015. On July 6, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes, to premiere in 2016. The second season continued to feature the fictional show, "Everlasting," with Quinn and Rachel returning as main characters.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: Casting announcements began in September 2013, with Shiri Appleby first cast in the lead role of Rachel Goldberg, the young staffer working on the reality dating competition. Freddie Stroma was the next actor cast in the series, in the role of Adam Cromwell, the smart and wealthy bachelor on the dating series. Shortly after, Josh Kelly signed onto the series regular role of Jeremy, Rachel's ex-boyfriend who also works as a cameraman on the reality dating series. Breeda Wool was then added to the cast for the role of Faith, one of the contestants on the series. In early-November, Megyn Price, Nathalie Kelley and Johanna Braddy joined the show's cast. Price signed onto the role of Quinn King, the controlling executive producer on the reality series; Kelley joined in the role of Grace, an eco-swimwear designer/model and contestant on the series; and Braddy set as Anna, a type-A control freak and attorney who is also a contestant on the series. Ashley Scott was later cast in the role of Mary, the single mother of a 4-year-old daughter who joins the series hoping to find love. In June 2014, Price was replaced by Constance Zimmer as Quinn. On July 22, 2014, it was announced that Craig Bierko has been cast as a character named Chet, who is the reality dating show's creator. On August 8, 2014, it was announced that J. R. Bourne and Siobhan Williams were both cast on the show in recurring roles, Bourne as Quinn's recovering drug addict ex-boyfriend and former writing partner, and Williams as "Everlasting" new make-up artist who is also Jeremy's fiancée.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: "Unreal" premiered in the United States on Lifetime on June 1, 2015. The network made the first four episodes available on their website on June 6, 2015, before the latter three had aired.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: In July 2017, it was announced that the series has been renewed for fourth season that completed production in January 2018 before the third season had aired. On May 22, 2018, it was reported that the fourth season had been acquired by Hulu. The streaming service would distribute the series exclusively as a "Hulu Original" in the United States for a set period of time before the episodes are to air on Lifetime. On July 16, 2018, the fourth season was released on Hulu.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: In the United Kingdom, season 1 aired on Lifetime. From season 2, the show airs on Amazon Video a day after broadcast in the United States, with season 1 also available for streaming.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: In Israel the show airs on yes Drama channel and on Cellcom TV. In India, the show airs on Star World.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: "Unreal" is set behind the scenes of "Everlasting", a fictional reality dating series operating similarly to "The Bachelor". Dalene Rovenstine of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote, ""UnREAL" has comic moments, but is also twisty and dark in a way you hope isn’t reflected by real-life reality shows." According to Noxon, the series is based on what really happens in the world of reality show production. Shapiro says, "Viewers want to believe in fairy tales, and those reality shows tap into that want. Our show dismantles that want." Adds Noxon, "We thought uncovering the behind-the-scenes machinations would make great stories, and we wanted to comment on the kind of bully culture of a lot of reality television." Shapiro says of the genre:


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" called Quinn and Rachel "architects of destruction—ostensibly of the people on camera, but really of themselves." Moore noted that, despite the contestants' expectations, "the game is fixed and the matchmaking premise is only a pretext ... [the contestants] are pawns in the "Everlasting" chess game, with Quinn, in her video-paneled master control, pronouncing which contestant is the designated villainess, which is the hot one, which ones are boring and should be bounced." Appreciating Rachel's "killer instincts" and manipulative skills, Quinn also "plays on Rachel's many weaknesses to keep her in line". Caramanica commented:


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: Season one of "Unreal" has received favorable reviews. Merrill Barr of "Forbes" called it "one of the best new shows of the summer because it embraces the insanity it presents on screen". Dalene Rovenstine of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote, "If you love "The Bachelor", you’re going to like "UnREAL". If you hate "The Bachelor", you’re going to like "UnREAL"." Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" called "Unreal" "acerbic and unrelentingly sad" and "a close and sometimes frustrating study of women tearing other women down". In December 2015, Jeff Jensen of "Entertainment Weekly" named "Unreal" as one of his "10 Best New Shows of 2015".


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes lists a 98% approval rating, based on 41 reviews, with a rating average of 8.4/10. The site's consensus states: "The revealing and thought-provoking "UnREAL" uses reality TV as a suitably soapy springboard for absorbing drama." On Metacritic, the series has a score of 78 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: In May 2015, "Unreal" was one of five honorees in the Most Exciting New Series category at the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards.


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: Season two received acclaim from critics. On the review aggregator Metacritic, the season holds a score of 87 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim". The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes lists an 83% approval rating, based on 38 reviews, with a rating average of 8.6/10. The site's consensus states: ""UnREAL" is smarter, more shameless, and more confident in its thrilling and riveting second season."


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: Season three received generally favorable reviews from critics. On the review aggregator Metacritic, the season received a score of 63 out of 100 from six critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes lists a 95% approval rating, based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 7.86/10. The site's consensus states: "Timely and unapologetic, "UnReal" continues its satirical skewering with newfound fervor."


title: Unreal (TV series)

text: On January 21, 2016, it was announced that Lifetime was developing a Faith-centered spin-off web series, with Breeda Wool reprising her role from the TV series. The 10-webisode series "The Faith Diaries" premiered on April 13, 2016.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: General Gabriele D'Annunzio, Prince of Montenevoso (, , ; 12 March 1863 – 1 March 1938), sometimes written d'Annunzio, was an Italian poet, playwright, orator, journalist, aristocrat, and Royal Italian Army officer during World War I. He occupied a prominent place in Italian literature from 1889 to 1910 and later political life from 1914 to 1924. He was often referred to under the epithets "Il Vate" ("the Poet"), or "Il Profeta" ("the Prophet").


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio was associated with the Decadent movement in his literary works, which interplayed closely with French symbolism and British aestheticism. Such works represented a turn against the naturalism of the preceding romantics and was both sensuous and mystical. He came under the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche which would find outlets in his literary and later political contributions. His affairs with several women, including Eleonora Duse and Luisa Casati, received public attention.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: During the First World War, perception of D'Annunzio in Italy transformed from literary figure into a national war hero. He was associated with the elite "Arditi" storm troops of the Italian Army and took part in actions such as the Flight over Vienna. As part of an Italian nationalist reaction against the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, he set up the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro in Fiume with himself as "Duce". The Charter of Carnaro made music the fundamental principle of the state, which was corporatist in nature. Though D'Annunzio preached Italian ultranationalism and never called himself a fascist, he has been credited with partially inventing Italian fascism, as both his ideas and aesthetics were an influence upon Benito Mussolini.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio was born in the township of Pescara, in the region of Abruzzo, the son of a wealthy landowner and mayor of the town, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta D'Annunzio (1831–1893) and his wife Luisa de Benedictis (1839-1917). His father was born as Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta (the surname of his single mother), but at the age of 13 was adopted by a childless rich uncle, Antonio D'Annunzio. Legend has it that he was initially baptized Gaetano and given the name of Gabriele later in childhood, because of his angelic looks, a story that has largely been disproven.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: His precocious talent was recognised early in life, and he was sent to school at the Liceo Cicognini in Prato, Tuscany. He published his first poetry while still at school at the age of sixteen — a small volume of verses called "Primo Vere" (1879). Influenced by Giosuè Carducci's "Odi barbare", he posed side by side some almost brutal imitations of Lorenzo Stecchetti, the fashionable poet of "Postuma", with translations from the Latin. His verse was so distinguished that literary critic Giuseppe Chiarini, upon reading them, brought the unknown youth before the public in an enthusiastic article.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In 1881 D'Annunzio entered the University of Rome La Sapienza, where he became a member of various literary groups, including "Cronaca Bizantina", and wrote articles and criticism for local newspapers. In those university years he started to promote Italian irredentism.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: He published "Canto novo" (1882), "Terra vergine" (1882), "L'intermezzo di rime" (1883), "Il libro delle vergini" (1884) and the greater part of the short stories that were afterwards collected under the general title of "San Pantaleone" (1886). "Canto novo" contains poems full of pulsating youth and the promise of power, some descriptive of the sea and some of the Abruzzese landscape, commented on and completed in prose by "Terra vergine", the latter a collection of short stories dealing in radiant language with the peasant life of the author's native province. "Intermezzo di rime" is the beginning of D'Annunzio's second and characteristic manner. His conception of style was new, and he chose to express all the most subtle vibrations of voluptuous life. Both style and contents began to startle his critics; some who had greeted him as an "enfant prodige" rejected him as a perverter of public morals, whilst others hailed him as one bringing a breath of fresh air and an impulse of new vitality into the somewhat prim, lifeless work hitherto produced.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: Meanwhile, the review of D'Annunzio publisher Angelo Sommaruga perished in the midst of scandal, and his group of young authors found itself dispersed. Some entered the teaching career and were lost to literature, others threw themselves into journalism.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: Gabriele D'Annunzio took this latter course, and joined the staff of the "Tribuna", under the pseudonym of "Duca Minimo". Here he wrote "Il libro d'Isotta" (1886), a love poem, in which for the first time he drew inspiration adapted to modern sentiments and passions from the rich colours of the Renaissance.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: "Il libro d'Isotta" is interesting also, because in it one can find most of the germs of his future work, just as in "Intermezzo melico" and in certain ballads and sonnets one can find descriptions and emotions which later went to form the aesthetic contents of "Il piacere", "Il trionfo della morte" and "Elegie romane" (1892).


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio's first novel "Il Piacere" (1889, translated into English as "The Child of Pleasure") was followed in 1891 by "Giovanni Episcopo", and in 1892 by "L'innocente" ("The Intruder"). These three novels made a profound impression. "L'innocente", admirably translated into French by Georges Herelle, brought its author the notice and applause of foreign critics. His next work, "Il trionfo della morte" ("The Triumph of Death") (1894), was followed soon by "Le vergini delle rocce" ("The Maidens of the Rocks") (1896) and "Il fuoco" ("The Flame of Life") (1900); the latter is in its descriptions of Venice perhaps the most ardent glorification of a city existing in any language.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio's poetic work of this period, in most respects his finest, is represented by "Il Poema Paradisiaco" (1893), the "Odi navali" (1893), a superb attempt at civic poetry, and "Laudi" (1900).


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: A later phase of D'Annunzio's work is his dramatic production, represented by "Il sogno di un mattino di primavera" (1897), a lyrical fantasia in one act, and his "Città Morta" ("The Dead City") (1898), written for Sarah Bernhardt. In 1898 he wrote his "Sogno di un pomeriggio d'autunno" and "La Gioconda"; in the succeeding year "La gloria", an attempt at contemporary political tragedy which met with no success, probably because of the audacity of the personal and political allusions in some of its scenes; and then "Francesca da Rimini" (1901), based on an episode from Dante Alighieri's "Inferno"; a perfect reconstruction of medieval atmosphere and emotion, magnificent in style, and declared by an authoritative Italian critic – Edoardo Boutet – to be the first real, if imperfect, tragedy ever given to the Italian theatre. It was adapted by Tito Ricordi to become the libretto for the opera Francesca da Rimini by Riccardo Zandonai, which premiered in 1914.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In 1883, D'Annunzio married Maria Hardouin di Gallese, and had three sons, Mario (1884-1964), Gabriele Maria "Gabriellino" (1886-1945) and Ugo Veniero (1887-1945), but the marriage ended in 1891. In 1894, he began a love affair with the actress Eleonora Duse which became a cause célèbre. He provided leading roles for her in his plays of the time such as "La città morta" (1898) and "Francesca da Rimini" (1901), but the tempestuous relationship finally ended in 1910. After meeting the Marchesa Luisa Casati in 1903, he began a lifelong turbulent on again-off again affair with Luisa, that lasted until a few years before his death.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In 1897, D'Annunzio was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for a three-year term, where he sat as an independent. By 1910, his daredevil lifestyle had forced him into debt, and he fled to France to escape his creditors. There he collaborated with composer Claude Debussy on a musical play, "Le Martyre de saint Sébastien" ("The Martyrdom of St Sebastian"), 1911, written for Ida Rubinstein. The Vatican reacted by placing all of his works in the Index of Forbidden Books. The work was not successful as a play, but it has been recorded in adapted versions several times, notably by Pierre Monteux (in French), Leonard Bernstein (sung in French, acted in English), and Michael Tilson Thomas (in French). In 1912 and 1913, D'Annunzio worked with opera composer Pietro Mascagni, writing the libretto for the opera "Parisina", staying sometimes in a house rented by the composer in Bellevue, near Paris. D'Annunzio insisted that the entire, long libretto should be set to music, which eventually meant that the work was too long for audiences of the time, and required the entire last act to be removed.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In 1901, D'Annunzio and Ettore Ferrari, the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy, founded the Università Popolare di Milano (Popular University of Milan), located in via Ugo Foscolo. D'Annunzio held the inaugural speech and subsequently became an associated professor and a lecturer in the same institution.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio was a Grand Master of the Scottish Rite Great Lodge of Italy which in 1908 had separated from the Grand Orient of Italy. Subsequently, he adhered to the mystic and philosophic movimento known as Martinism, collaborating in Fiume with other 33rd degree Scottish Rite Freemasons and occultists like Alceste De Ambris, Sante Ceccherini and Marco Egidio Allegri. The Masonic initiation of D'Annunzio his testified by the choice of Masonic symbols for the flag of the Regence of Carnaro like the Ouroboros and the seven stars of the Ursa Major.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: After the start of World War I, D'Annunzio returned to Italy and made public speeches in favor of Italy's entry on the side of the Triple Entente. Since taking a flight with Wilbur Wright in 1908, D'Annunzio had been interested in aviation. With the war beginning he volunteered and achieved further celebrity as a fighter pilot, losing the sight of an eye in a flying accident.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In February 1918, he took part in a daring, if militarily irrelevant, raid on the harbour of Bakar (known in Italy as "La beffa di Buccari", lit. "the Bakar Mockery"), helping to raise the spirits of the Italian public, still battered by the Caporetto disaster. On 9 August 1918, as commander of the 87th fighter squadron "La Serenissima", he organized one of the great feats of the war, leading nine planes in a 700-mile round trip to drop propaganda leaflets on Vienna. This is called in Italian "il Volo su Vienna", "the Flight over Vienna".


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: The war strengthened his ultra-nationalist and irredentist views, and he campaigned widely for Italy to assume a role alongside her wartime allies as a first-rate European power. Angered by the proposed handing over of the city of Fiume (now Rijeka in Croatia) whose population, outside the suburbs, was mostly Italian, at the Paris Peace Conference, on 12 September 1919, he led the seizure by 2,000 Italian nationalist irregulars of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces. The plotters sought to have Italy annex Fiume, but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio then declared Fiume an independent state, the Italian Regency of Carnaro; the Charter of Carnaro foreshadowed much of the later Italian Fascist system, with himself as "Duce" (leader). Some elements of the Royal Italian Navy, such as the destroyer "Espero" joined up with D'Annunzio's local forces. He attempted to organize an alternative to the League of Nations for (selected) oppressed nations of the world (such as the Irish, whom D'Annunzio attempted to arm in 1920), and sought to make alliances with various separatist groups throughout the Balkans (especially groups of Italians, though also some Slavic and Albanian groups), although without much success. D'Annunzio ignored the Treaty of Rapallo and declared war on Italy itself, only finally surrendering the city on 29 December 1920 after a bombardment by the Italian navy and five days of fighting.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: After the Fiume episode, D'Annunzio retired to his home on Lake Garda and spent his latter years writing and campaigning. Although D'Annunzio had a strong influence on the ideology of Benito Mussolini, he never became directly involved in fascist government politics in Italy. In 1922, shortly before the march on Rome, he was pushed out of a window by an unknown assailant, or perhaps simply slipped and fell out himself while intoxicated. He survived but was badly injured, and recovered only after Mussolini had been appointed Prime Minister.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In 1924 he was ennobled by King Victor Emmanuel III and given the hereditary title of Prince of Montenevoso (Italian: "Principe di Montenevoso"). In 1937 he was made president of the Royal Academy of Italy. D'Annunzio died in 1938 of a stroke, at his home in Gardone Riviera. He was given a state funeral by Mussolini and was interred in a magnificent tomb constructed of white marble at Il Vittoriale degli Italiani.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: His son Gabriellino D'Annunzio became a film director. His 1921 film "The Ship" was based on a novel by his father. In 1924, he co-directed the historical epic "Quo Vadis", an expensive failure, before retiring from filmmaking.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio is often seen as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of Italian fascism. His political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored a constitution with syndicalist Alceste de Ambris, the Charter of Carnaro. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. De Ambris was the leader of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then given their vessel to the service of D'Annunzio. The constitution established a corporatist state, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy (workers, employers, professionals), and a tenth (D'Annunzio's invention) to represent the "superior" human beings (heroes, poets, prophets, supermen). The "Carta" also declared that music was the fundamental principle of the state.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio, the de facto dictator of Fiume, maintained control through what has been described as a "new and dangerously potent politics of spectacle". It was this culture of dictatorship that Benito Mussolini imitated and learned from D'Annunzio. D'Annunzio has been described as the John the Baptist of Italian Fascism, as virtually the entire ritual of Fascism was invented by D'Annunzio during his occupation of Fiume and his leadership of the Italian Regency of Carnaro. These included the balcony address, the Roman salute, the cries of ""Eia, eia, eia! Alala!"" taken from the Achilles's cry in the Iliad, the dramatic and rhetorical dialogue with the crowd, the use of religious symbols in new secular settings, as well as blackshirted followers (the Arditi) with their disciplined, bestial responses and strongarm repression of dissent. He was even said to have originated the practice of forcibly dosing opponents with large amounts of castor oil, a very effective laxative, to humiliate, disable or kill them, a practice which became a common tool of Mussolini's blackshirts.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: This famous poet, novelist and war hero was a self-proclaimed Superman. He was the outstanding interventionist in May 1915 and his dramatic exploits during the war won him national and international acclaim. In September 1919 he gathered together his 'legions' and captured the disputed seaport of Fiume. He held it for over a year and it was he who popularised the black shirts, the balcony speeches, the promulgation of ambitious charters and the entire choreography of street parades and ceremonies. He even planned a march on Rome. One historian had rightly described him as the 'First Duce' and Mussolini must have heaved a sigh of relief when he was driven from Fiume in December 1920 and his followers were dispersed. But he remained a threat to Mussolini and in 1921 Fascists like Balbo seriously considered turning to him for leadership.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In contrast Mussolini vacillated from left to right at this time. Although Mussolini's fascism was heavily influenced by the Carta del Carnaro, the constitution for Fiume written by Alceste De Ambris and D'Annunzio, neither wanted to play an active part in the new movement, both refusing when asked by Fascist supporters to run in the elections of 15 May 1921. Before the March on Rome, De Ambris even went so far as to depict the Fascist movement as: ""a filthy pawn in Mister Giolitti's game of chess, and made out of the least dignified section of the bourgeoisie"".


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio was seriously injured when he fell out of a window on 13 August 1922; subsequently the planned "meeting for national pacification" with Francesco Saverio Nitti and Mussolini was cancelled. The incident was never explained and is considered by some historians an attempt to murder him, motivated by his popularity. Despite D'Annunzio's retreat from active public life after this event, the Duce still found it necessary to regularly dole out funds to D'Annunzio as a bribe for not re-entering the political arena. When asked about this by a close friend, Mussolini purportedly stated: "When you have a rotten tooth you have two possibilities open to you: either you pull the tooth or you fill it with gold. With D'Annunzio I have chosen for the latter treatment."


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: Nonetheless, D'Annunzio kept attempting to intervene in politics almost until his death in 1938. He wrote to Mussolini in 1933 to try to convince him not to ally with Hitler. In 1934, he tried to disrupt the relationship between Hitler and Mussolini after their first meeting, even writing a satirical pamphlet about Hitler. In September 1937, D'Annunzio met with Mussolini at the Verona train station to try to convince him to leave the Axis alliance.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: At the height of his success, D'Annunzio was celebrated for the originality, power and decadence of his writing. Although his work had immense impact across Europe, and influenced generations of Italian writers, his "fin de siècle" works are now little known, and his literary reputation has always been clouded by his fascist associations. Indeed, even before his fascist period, he had his strong detractors. A "New York Times" review in 1898 of his novel "The Intruder" referred to him as "evil", "entirely selfish and corrupt". Three weeks into its December 1901 run at the Teatro Constanzi in Rome, his tragedy "Francesca da Rimini" was banned by the censor on grounds of morality.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: A prolific writer, his novels in Italian include "Il piacere" ("The Child of Pleasure", 1889), "Il trionfo della morte" ("The Triumph of Death", 1894), and "Le vergini delle rocce" ("The Maidens of the Rocks", 1896). He wrote the screenplay to the feature film "Cabiria" (1914) based on episodes from the Second Punic War. D'Annunzio's literary creations were strongly influenced by the French Symbolist school, and contain episodes of striking violence and depictions of abnormal mental states interspersed with gorgeously imagined scenes. One of D'Annunzio's most significant novels, scandalous in its day, is "Il fuoco" ("The Flame of Life") of 1900, in which he portrays himself as the Nietzschean "Superman" Stelio Effrena, in a fictionalized account of his love affair with Eleonora Duse. His short stories showed the influence of Guy de Maupassant. He was also associated with the Italian noblewoman Luisa Casati, an influence on his novels and one of his mistresses.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: The work of d' Annunzio, although by many of the younger generation injudiciously and extravagantly admired, is almost the most important literary work given to Italy since the days when the great classics welded her varying dialects into a fixed language. The psychological inspiration of his novels has come to him from many sources—French, Russian, Scandinavian, German—and in much of his earlier work there is little fundamental originality.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: His creative power is intense and searching, but narrow and personal; his heroes and heroines are little more than one same type monotonously facing a different problem at a different phase of life. But the faultlessness of his style and the wealth of his language have been approached by none of his contemporaries, whom his genius has somewhat paralysed. In his later work [meaning as of 1911], when he begins drawing his inspiration from the traditions of bygone Italy in her glorious centuries, a current of real life seems to run through the veins of his personages. And the lasting merit of D'Annunzio, his real value to the literature of his country, consists precisely in that he opened up the closed mine of its former life as a source of inspiration for the present and of hope for the future, and created a language, neither pompous nor vulgar, drawn from every source and district suited to the requirements of modern thought, yet absolutely classical, borrowed from none, and, independently of the thought it may be used to express, a thing of intrinsic beauty. As his sight became clearer and his purpose strengthened, as exaggerations, affectations, and moods dropped away from his conceptions, his work became more and more typical Latin work, upheld by the ideal of an Italian Renaissance.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: In Italy some of his poetic works remain popular, most notably his poem "La pioggia nel pineto" ("The Rain in the Pinewood"), which exemplifies his linguistic virtuosity as well as the sensuousness of his poetry. His work was part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: D'Annunzio's life and work are commemorated in a museum, "Il Vittoriale degli Italiani" ("The Shrine of Italian Victories"). He planned and developed it himself, adjacent to his villa at Gardone Riviera on the southwest bank of Lake Garda, between 1923 and his death. Now a national monument, it is a complex of military museum, library, literary and historical archive, theatre, war memorial and mausoleum. The museum preserves his torpedo boat "MAS 96" and the SVA-5 aircraft he flew over Vienna.


title: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: His birthplace is also open to the public as a museum, Birthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum in Pescara.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Gigi () is a 1958 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Vincente Minnelli and processed using Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Eastmancolor film process Metrocolor. The screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner is based on the 1944 novella of the same name by Colette. The film features songs with lyrics by Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, arranged and conducted by André Previn. Costume design by Cecil Beaton (hats by ).


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: At the 31st Academy Awards, the film won all nine of its nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director for Minnelli. It held the record for the highest clean sweep of nominations until "" won all eleven of its nominations at the 76th Academy Awards in 2004.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: In 1991, "Gigi" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The American Film Institute ranked it number 35 in "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions". The film is considered the last great Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical and the final great achievement of the Freed Unit, headed by producer Arthur Freed.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: The film is set during the Belle Époque at the turn of the 20th century. While in Bois de Boulogne, Honoré Lachaille remarks that in Paris, marriage is not the sole option for wealthy young "bon vivants" like his nephew Gaston, who is bored with life. Gaston does enjoy spending time with Madame Alvarez and her granddaughter, the precocious, carefree Gilberte, affectionately known as Gigi. Gigi's mother (a singer who is heard but never seen onscreen) leaves her care mostly to Madame Alvarez.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Following the "family tradition", Madame Alvarez regularly sends Gigi to her sister, Alicia (Gigi's great-aunt) to be groomed as a courtesan, which is a more dignified euphemism for a wealthy man's mistress. She learns proper etiquette and charm, but Gigi disdains the trivial love between a man and his mistress. She prefers having fun with Gaston, whom she regards as an older brother.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Like his uncle, Gaston is a known wealthy womanizer in Parisian high society. When his latest mistress has an affair with her ice skating instructor, Gaston publicly humiliates her, resulting in her faux-attempted suicide. Gaston plans to retreat to the country, but his uncle insists he remain in Paris and attend even more parties.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: While playing cards with Gaston, Gigi wagers that if he loses, he must take her and her grandmother to the seaside for the weekend. Gaston agrees, loses the bet, and the three travel to Trouville. While Gaston and Gigi have fun together, Honoré and Madame Alvarez unexpectedly reunite and reminisce about their once-passionate affair. As other women at the resort hold perfect poise with an air of boredom or disdain for anything unfamiliar, Gigi pulls Gaston out of his depressive rut with her carefree attitude.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: When Gaston goes to Monte Carlo, great-aunt Alicia and Madame Alvarez scheme to turn Gigi into Gaston's mistress. Though initially dubious, Madame Alvarez agrees to Gigi being intensively trained before Gaston's return. Gigi accepts this as pre-destined.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: When Gaston returns, he is discomfited when Gigi shows off her new womanly gown. Gaston insults the dress, preferring her juvenile outfits; Gigi mocks his taste in clothes. Offended, Gaston storms out, then quickly realizes his folly and returns to apologize. He offers to take Gigi to tea at the Reservoir, but Madame Alvarez interjects, telling Gaston that an unchaperoned Gigi being seen in public with him could damage her reputation.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Angered, Gaston storms out again. He walks and reflects on Gigi, realizing he has developed a romantic desire for her. Although hesitant due to her young age, Gaston realizes that he loves Gigi. He wishes only to be near her—an unheard-of behavior between a man and his mistress. Despite such conventions, he proposes a generous "business arrangement" to Madame Alvarez and Aunt Alicia for Gigi to become his mistress. The women are overjoyed by his offer, though Gigi is not.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Gigi refuses, telling Gaston she does not seek celebrity status only to eventually be abandoned by him and become another man's mistress. She wants their relationship to remain platonic, but when Gaston suddenly reveals that he loves her, Gigi bursts into tears. She chastises him, saying if he truly loved her, he would never expose her to a mistress's uncertain life. Gaston leaves dejected and is angry at Madame Alvarez, claiming she only emphasized the proposition's sordidness. He then speaks with Honoré, who says that Gigi's family has always been rather odd. Gigi later sends for Gaston and tells him that she would rather be miserable with him than without him, and agrees to the arrangement. When Gaston arrives for their first social outing, he is unexpectedly entranced by the transformed Gigi's elegant beauty.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: The couple go to Maxim's restaurant. Gigi performs perfectly as his courtesan, which only upsets Gaston. After presenting her with an expensive diamond bracelet, he grows uneasy with the unrelenting scrutiny being heaped on them. Honoré delivers a crushing blow when he congratulates Gaston on his new courtesan and remarks that Gigi is so delightful that she will likely keep him amused for months.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Gaston, too in love with Gigi to subject her to an appalling life of uncertainty and social judgment, brusquely insists they leave. He drags Gigi up the stairs and into her grandmother's apartment. Sobbing hysterically, Gigi asks what she did wrong. Gaston leaves without answering, but realizing the depth of his love, soon returns. He asks Madame Alvarez for Gigi's hand in marriage. Gigi is overjoyed, as is her grandmother.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: The final sequence returns to Honoré Lachaille, who proudly points out Gaston and Gigi getting into a carriage in the Bois de Boulogne: elegant, beautiful, and happily married.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Hollywood producer Arthur Freed first proposed a musicalization of the Colette novella to Alan Jay Lerner during the Philadelphia tryout of "My Fair Lady" in 1954. When Lerner arrived in Hollywood two years later, Freed was battling the Hays Code to bring his tale of a courtesan-in-training to the screen. Another roadblock to the project was the fact Colette's widower had sold the rights to her novella to Gilbert Miller, who planned to produce a film version of the 1954 stage adaptation by Anita Loos. It cost Freed more than $87,000 to purchase the rights from Miller and Loos.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Lerner's songwriting partner Frederick Loewe had expressed no interest in working in Hollywood, so Lerner agreed to write the screenplay only. He and Freed discussed casting; Lerner favored Audrey Hepburn, who had starred in the Broadway production written by Loos, but Freed preferred


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: MGM contract star Leslie Caron, who had co-starred in "An American in Paris" for him. Both agreed Maurice Chevalier would be ideal for aging boulevardier Honoré Lachaille, and Lerner proposed Dirk Bogarde for Gaston. Lerner agreed to write the lyrics if Freed could convince Bogarde and designer Cecil Beaton to join the project. He decided to approach Loewe once again, and when he suggested they compose the score in Paris, Loewe agreed.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: In March 1957, the duo began working in Paris. When Chevalier, who already had agreed to appear in the film, first heard "Thank Heaven for Little Girls", he was delighted. When he discussed his waning interest in wine and women in favor of performing for an audience in cabarets, Chevalier inadvertently inspired the creation of another tune for his character, "I'm Glad I'm Not Young Anymore". The lyrics for another of his songs, the duet "I Remember It Well", performed with Hermione Gingold as his former love Madame Alvarez, were adapted from words Lerner had written for "Love Life", a 1948 collaboration with Kurt Weill. "Say a Prayer for Me Tonight", a solo performed by Gigi, had been written for Eliza Doolittle in "My Fair Lady" but was removed during the pre-Broadway run. Lerner disliked the melody, but Loewe, Freed, and Minnelli voted to include it in the film.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Lerner recalls that for the film "Gigi", "The casting was so haphazard, I don't know how they ever got it on." He wrote the part of Honoré Lachaille for Chevalier, but the rest of the casting was still undecided. Having second thoughts about Audrey Hepburn, Freed asked Lerner to meet with her in Paris, but she declined the role. The producer then asked him to fly to London to speak to Leslie Caron, who was living there with her husband Peter Hall. Lerner was surprised to discover the star had become anglicized to the point of losing her French accent. She had recently starred in an unsuccessful stage production of "Gigi", but when she heard Lerner's interpretation of the story greatly differed from that of the play, she accepted his offer. Her singing voice was dubbed by Betty Wand, though Caron filmed mainly to her own tracks (a brief clip of Caron's voice is heard in the DVD extras). Dirk Bogarde expressed interest, as well, but ultimately was unable to free himself from his contract with J. Arthur Rank. Recalling Louis Jourdan from his performance in "Three Coins in the Fountain", Freed offered him the role of Gaston.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: In late April, Freed and Minnelli and their entourages arrived in Paris. The weather had become unseasonably hot, and working in hotel rooms without air-conditioning was uncomfortable. Minnelli began scouting locations while Freed and Lerner discussed the still incomplete script. Lerner had taken liberties with Colette's novella; the character of Honoré, nonexistent in the original book and very minor in the Loos play, was now a major figure. Gigi's mother, originally a significant character, was reduced to a few lines of dialogue delivered off-screen. Lerner also expanded the focus on Gigi's relationship with her grandmother.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: A signature scene was filmed on location at Maxim's, the famous Belle Epoque restaurant with its ornate Art Nouveau mirrored walls. Shooting at the restaurant was a logistical nightmare, as the mirrors reflected lighting equipment, the camera, and other undesirable behind-the-scenes artifacts. Minelli and cinematographer Joseph Ruttenberg worked together to come up with careful camera placements and a low-light visual scheme so that the location could be used without covering up the iconic mirrors. Ruttenberg even managed to cut down on the need for lighting stands and securing lights in corners by attaching lights with suction cups.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: By mid-July, the composers had completed most of the score, but still were missing the title tune. Loewe was at the piano while Lerner was indisposed in the bathroom, and when the former began playing a melody the latter liked, he later recalled he jumped up, "[his] trousers still clinging to [his] ankles, and made his way to the living room. 'Play that again,' he said. And that melody ended up being the title song for "Gigi"."


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: In September, the cast and crew flew to California, where several interior scenes were filmed, among them the entire scene in Maxim's, which included a musical number by Jourdan. Lerner was unhappy with the look of the scene as it had been shot by Minnelli, so, at considerable expense, the restaurant was recreated on a soundstage and the scene was reshot by director Charles Walters, since Minnelli was overseas working on a new project.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: The principal credited orchestrator was Conrad Salinger with vocal arrangements supervised by Robert Tucker.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Following completion of the film, it was previewed in Santa Barbara. Audience reaction was overwhelmingly favorable, but Lerner and Loewe were dissatisfied with the result. Lerner felt it was twenty minutes too long and most of the action too slow. The changes he proposed would cost an additional $300,000, money Freed was loath to spend. The songwriting team offered to buy 10% of the film for $300,000, then offered $3 million for the print. Impressed with their belief in the film, MGM executives agreed to the changes, which included eleven days of considerable reshooting, putting the project at $400,000 over budget. At a preview in Encino, audience reaction changed from "appreciation to affection", and Lerner felt the film finally was ready for release. It premiered at the Royale Theatre, a legitimate theatrical venue in New York City, on May 15, 1958.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: According to MGM records, the film earned $6.5 million in the US and Canada and $3.2 million elsewhere during its initial theatrical release, resulting in a profit of $1,983,000. It was Freed's last and largest grossing success.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: In the 1959 review for "Sight & Sound", David Vaughan calls "Gigi" "an elegant film" with a "cultivated visual taste [which] is everywhere apparent". He summarizes that "while "Gigi" does not represent a revival of the MGM musical in its heyday, it is a welcome extension of latter-day musical style in its adult subject-matter and its avoidance of spectacle made vulgar by emphasis on size." He praises Minnelli's talent for "the delicious amorality of the anecdote, but also the honesty and irony of its telling [which] have become foreign to the American cinema." Vaughan points out "Chevalier's practiced but irresistible charm [as] one of the film's greatest assets" as well as "the brilliant high-comedy playing of Isabel Jeans, who as Aunt Alicia consummately portrays the distinction and beauty of a retired aristocrat of the "demimonde"."


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" called it "a musical film that bears such a basic resemblance to "My Fair Lady" that the authors may want to sue themselves". He added, "But don't think this point of resemblance is made in criticism of the film, for "Gigi" is a charming entertainment that can stand on its own two legs. It is not only a charming comprehension of the spicy confection of Colette, but it is also a lovely and lyrical enlargement upon that story's flavored mood and atmosphere ... Vincente Minnelli has marshaled a cast to give a set of performances that, for quality and harmony, are superb."


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: Abel Green of "Variety" called the film "100% escapist fare" and predicted it "is destined for a global box-office mop-up". He added, "Alan Jay Lerner's libretto is tailor-made for an inspired casting job for all principals, and Fritz Loewe's tunes (to Lerner's lyrics) already vie with and suggest their memorable "My Fair Lady" score... Miss Caron is completely captivating and convincing in the title role... Skillful casting, performance and presentation have endowed realism to the sum total... Director Minnelli's good taste in keeping it in bounds and the general sound judgment of all concerned...distinguishes this Arthur Freed independent production. The Metrocolor rates recognition for its soft pastels under Joseph Ruttenberg's lensing; the Beaton costumes, sets and general production design are vivid physical assets at first sight. The skillful integration of words-and-music with the plot motivation makes this "Gigi" a very fair lady indeed as a boxoffice entry."


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: "Time Out New York" said, "The dominating creative contribution comes from Minnelli and Cecil Beaton ... The combination of these two visual elitists is really too much—it's like a meal consisting of cheesecake, and one quickly longs for something solid and vulgar to weigh things down. No doubt inspired by the finicky, claustrophobic sets and bric-à-brac, the cast tries (with unfortunate success) to be more French than the French, especially Chevalier. The exception is Gingold, who inhabits, as always, a world of her own."


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: "TV Guide" rated the film 3½ out of five stars, calling it "Overbaked but enjoyable, and a banquet for the eyes, thanks to the visual wonder of the Minnelli-Beaton teaming... Caron...leads the cast in a contest to see who can be the most French. The winner is Chevalier, in a performance that makes one feel as if you're gagging on pastry... Perhaps if the sweetness of "Gigi" was contrasted with elements of honest vulgarity, the picture could balance itself out... Ten minutes into the movie, you've resolved the plot and are left to wallow in lovely frou-frou. [The film] makes wonderful use of the usual Parisian landmarks, and benefits from extraordinary period costumes and sets."


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 88% from 72 reviews. The consensus summarizes: "It may not be one of Vincente Minnelli's best, but the charming and flawlessly acted "Gigi" still offers enough visual and musical treats to satisfy."


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: "Gigi" won a record-breaking nine Academy Awards (at the 1959 Oscars ceremony); however, this record only lasted for one year, as "Ben-Hur" broke this record the following year with 11 Oscars. In tribute to "Gigi"s domination of the Oscars, the MGM switchboard answered calls the following day with "M-Gigi-M". "Gigi", eventually along with 1987's "The Last Emperor", held the record as the film(s) with the most Academy Award wins in every category in which it was nominated, until 2003's "" broke the record at the 2004 Oscars ceremony with 11 Oscar nominations and 11 Oscar wins.


title: Gigi (1958 film)

text: In about 2008, the film was digitally restored by Prasad Studios, which removed dirt, tears, scratches, and other defects frame by frame.


title: One UI

text: One UI is a user interface developed by Samsung Electronics for its Android devices running Android 9 "Pie" and later. Succeeding Samsung Experience and TouchWiz, it is designed to make using larger smartphones easier and be more visually appealing. To provide more clarity, some elements of the UI are tweaked to match colors that are based on the color of the user's phone. It was announced at Samsung's developer conference in 2018, and was unveiled in Galaxy Unpacked in February 2019 alongside the Galaxy S10 series, Galaxy Buds and the Galaxy Fold.


title: One UI

text: It is also the software layer for their smartwatch Tizen and Wear OS platform, which Samsung co-developed with Google.


title: One UI

text: One UI was designed as part of a goal to make Samsung's hardware and software "work together in perfect harmony" and provide a more "natural" experience on large-screen smartphones. One UI displays most of the features that were in the Samsung Experience UX. A prominent design pattern in many of Samsung's system applications is to intentionally place common features and user interface elements along the middle of the screen rather than near the top. This makes them easier to reach with a user's thumb when using the device one-handed.


title: One UI

text: For similar reasons, apps utilise large headers to push their main content towards the vertical centre of the screen. The navigation bar supports the use of gestures and the usual 3-button system, while a system-wide "night mode" was also added (which gives UI elements and supported applications a darkened color scheme). As with Android Pie upstream, the Overview screen of recent apps uses a horizontal layout, as opposed to the vertical layout of previous versions.


title: One UI

text: One UI 1.0, over Android 9 "Pie", is the first version of One UI, brought about many features which were becoming increasingly popular among various apps and iOS. First and foremost, dark mode was added to make viewing in dark spaces easier on the user's eyes. This feature was included in many apps and eventually brought to iOS 13 and Android 10. The first version also brought native screenshot editing tools, refined curves, refinements to the Always-On Display (tap to show), an upgraded Bixby with support for remapping the Bixby button, and a new way to navigate the device: gestures.


title: One UI

text: While Android 9 “Pie” did come with gesture support, it was only available on Pixel devices and stock AOSP devices and is said to be 'half baked' by many users. However, Samsung decided to create their own gesture system to navigate devices with One UI installed. To achieve this, the user has to swipe up from the bottom of the device in the three locations of the 'buttons' to navigate. The gesture system has received mixed reviews. One UI 1.0 was released on November 7, 2018.


title: One UI

text: One UI 1.1, a minor update for One UI, brought a few camera, fingerprint, and facial recognition stability fixes and performance optimizations. This update isn't available on the Galaxy S8, Note 8, S9, and Note 9 range, but was an OTA update for the Galaxy S10 series devices. It launched with the 2019 Galaxy A series devices, such as the A30, A50 and A70 on May 21, 2019.


title: One UI

text: One UI 1.5, another minor update, was primarily for Galaxy Smart Watches, however, does provide native Link to Windows support. It launched with the Galaxy Note10 series devices on August 23, 2019.


title: One UI

text: One UI 2.0, the second generation update to One UI (powered by Android 10), provides Galaxy users with a skinned Digital Wellbeing experience, a more refined UI in some default apps such as Device Care, a minor UI change to the clock position in quick settings, a native screen recorder, the new Android 10 gesture system, Dynamic Lock Screen (different wallpaper with every unlock), a Trash folder in Files, native Android Auto, and harder Location permission access. One UI 2.0 has already rolled out to Galaxy S10, Note 10, Galaxy S9, and Note 9 on November 29, 2019.


title: One UI

text: One UI 2.1, a minor update for One UI 2.0 released on February 6, 2020, brings support for Galaxy devices that support 120 Hz refresh rate, Quick Share, Music Share, additional camera modes, and native support for Live Captions. It was first released with the Galaxy S20 series & the Galaxy Z Flip. It also arrived for other devices such as the Galaxy S9 and S10, Note 9 and Note 10, the Galaxy Fold, and select Galaxy A (2020) devices as a software update.


title: One UI

text: One UI 2.5, another minor update in the One UI 2.0 series, was initially released on August 21, 2020 with the launch of the Galaxy Note 20 series, with the update later being released for the Galaxy S20 series along with older Samsung phones. One UI 2.5 doesn't bring radical changes to the UI, but there are plenty of new feature additions to the camera, DeX, gesture navigation, and other services.


title: One UI

text: One UI 3.0, based on Android 11, was released for Galaxy S20 devices beginning on December 2, 2020. The update includes a few noteworthy revisions, such as a translucent notification panel, new volume controls positioned on the right or left of the device alongside the physical volume keys, slightly enhanced widgets, and smoother animations and transitions throughout the whole UI.


title: One UI

text: One UI 3.1, a minor update for One UI 3, first released with the Galaxy S21 series, has started rolling out to other supported Galaxy devices, starting with the Galaxy S20 series on February 17, 2021. There are no notable user interface changes. It contains many new camera feature improvements such as improved touch autofocus and auto exposure controller and improved Single Take feature and software implementations such as Object Eraser, Multi Mic Recording, Eye Comfort Shield, Private Share and others.


title: One UI

text: One UI 3.1.1, a minor update for One UI 3 on August 31, 2021, first released with the Galaxy Z Fold 3 on August 11, 2021.


title: One UI

text: One UI 4.0, based on Android 12, is the fourth generation of One UI. It was released to the Galaxy S21 Series on November 16, 2021. One UI 4 focuses on customization, privacy, and access to Samsung's expanding ecosystem.


title: One UI

text: One UI 4.1, a minor update for One UI 4, was first released with the Samsung Galaxy S22 series. It brought minor changes, however it did introduce features like Smart Calendar, added option to choose how much virtual RAM is desired (from 2, 4, 6 or 8 GB), redesigned palette picker, Smart Widgets, separate Left/Right audio balance, extra brightness toggle, Pro Mode on more cameras, Night Mode portraits, and other minor changes.


title: One UI

text: One UI 4.1.1, based on Android 12L (Not to be confused with Android 12), is a minor update for Galaxy Z Series, Galaxy Tab S6 Series, Galaxy Tab S7 Series, and Galaxy Tab S8 Series. This update brought with it more enhancements to multitasking and optimizations for foldable smartphones (Galaxy Z Fold line) and large screen tablets (Galaxy Tab line).


title: One UI

text: Announced on October 12, 2022, One UI 5.0, based on Android 13, is the fifth-generation version of One UI. It is released publicly on October 24, 2022 for Samsung's Samsung Galaxy S22 series along with several other models, like the Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4 and Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4, with the update coming to older models later.


title: One UI

text: Some features and changes include the ability to turn off the RAM Plus feature, where previously users could only limit it to 2GB rather than turning it off entirely, and a redesigned way of customizing the lock screen, similar to iOS 16. Material You was also expanded to most of Google's and Samsung's apps, allowing more ways to customize One UI. One UI 5 also brings refreshed icons for a more-refined look across the UI.


title: One UI

text: One UI 1.0 based on Android 9 “Pie” was periodically released to the Galaxy S8, Note 8, S9, and Note 9 devices throughout January, February, March and April 2019. Newer Galaxy A and M devices also have the new Samsung skin as does the Note FE (Fan Edition). One UI 1.1 was released alongside the Galaxy S10 series, Galaxy A series and Galaxy Fold.


title: One UI

text: One UI 1.5 was pre-installed on the Galaxy Note 10 devices after Samsung's partnership with Microsoft to bring better mobile integration to Windows 10. While the Galaxy S7 series and Note 5 devices did not officially receive the update from Samsung, many developers in the Open Source community have ported the system to these devices.


title: One UI

text: One UI 2.0 update from Android 10 from Galaxy S9 series, Galaxy Note 9, Galaxy S10 series and Galaxy A series, However the Galaxy S10 Lite and Note 10 Lite from pre-installed launched One UI 2.0 devices.


title: One UI

text: One UI 2.1 is stable for the S10, Note 10, S9, Note 9, and Tab S6 devices. It was pre-installed on the Samsung Galaxy S20 and most Samsung devices released in 2020.


title: One UI

text: One UI 2.5 is pre-installed on the Galaxy Note 20 devices, as well as the Galaxy Z Fold 2 and the Samsung Galaxy S20 FE.


title: One UI

text: One UI 3.0 was updated on the Galaxy S20 devices in December 2020. It was released on other devices between January 2021 and August 2021.


title: One UI

text: One UI 3.1 is pre-installed on the Galaxy S21 devices, and most Samsung devices released between February to August 2021.


title: One UI

text: One UI 4.0 was released publicly on the Galaxy S21 devices in November 2021, with the update being released for older devices between December 2021 and August 2022.


title: One UI

text: As of February 9, 2022, Samsung offers up to four years of One UI and operating system updates and five years of security updates for flagship devices sold in 2021 and later, and mid range devices sold in 2022 and later.


title: One UI

text: As of August 5, 2020, Samsung offers up to three years of One UI and operating system updates and four years of security updates for these following devices.


title: Paul Nassif

text: Paul Sabin Nassif (born June 6, 1962) is an American plastic surgeon and television personality. He specializes in rhinoplasty. Nassif is a member of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.


title: Paul Nassif

text: Nassif is best known for co-hosting the E! reality series "Botched" with Terry Dubrow. The plastic surgery-themed show premiered on June 24, 2014 and has aired for seven seasons (as of 2022), and its spin-off series "Botched by Nature", starring both Dubrow and Nassif, aired in 2016. He has also appeared on E!'s "Dr. 90210", and the first three seasons of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills", on which his ex-wife Adrienne Maloof was a main cast member.


title: Paul Nassif

text: Nassif went to Loyola High School in Los Angeles, California, and the University of Southern California, graduating in 1984. He attended Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/Chicago Medical School in his first two years of medical education, and University of Southern California School of Medicine for the latter two years, graduating in 1992. He interned in general surgery residency at University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, followed by an Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residency at University of New Mexico from 1993 to 1997. He subsequently completed a facial plastic and reconstructive surgery fellowship at St. Louis University School of Medicine in 1998.


title: Paul Nassif

text: Paul Nassif is of Lebanese descent. On May 2, 2002, Nassif married Adrienne Maloof, a businesswoman and member of the Maloof family. The couple have three sons: Gavin, Colin and Christian. They resided in Beverly Hills, California. Nassif filed for separation from Adrienne on July 30, 2012. Nassif's lawyer, Lisa Meyer, argued that Maloof displayed repetitive bouts of verbal and physical abuse towards him in the presence of their children. They were divorced on November 8, 2012.


title: Paul Nassif

text: On June 1, 2019 Nassif became engaged to Brittany Pattakos. On Saturday, September 28, 2019 the couple married in Santorini. Their daughter, Pauline Anne, was born on October 12, 2020.


title: .950 JDJ

text: The .950 JDJ (24.1×70mm) is a powerful large caliber rifle cartridge developed by American gunsmith and weapon designer J. D. Jones of SSK Industries.


title: .950 JDJ

text: .950 JDJ cases are approximately 70 mm in length, and are based on a 20×110mm case shortened and necked up to accept the bullet. Projectiles are custom-made and most commonly weigh which is 8.2 ounces or over half a pound.


title: .950 JDJ

text: As its name implies, rifles chambered for the cartridge have a groove diameter of . SSK received a "Sporting Use Exception" to de-regulate the rifles. Thus, in the United States, they can be owned like any other Title I rifle by an American citizen at age 18. The rifles use McMillan Firearms stocks and extraordinarily thick Krieger barrels bearing an muzzle brake. Overall, depending on options, the rifles weigh from and are therefore only useful for shooting from a bench rest or heavy bipod. Despite the weight, recoil is significant and shooters must be sure to choose components (i.e., scopes and bipods) that can handle the force. The sheer size, weight, and power of these rifles make them rather impractical for hunting use. SSK only manufactured three of these rifles and as of 2014 no longer produces the ammunition.


title: .950 JDJ

text: By comparison, the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge, used in the M16 and M4 rifles, produces between , while the .308 Winchester, a favorite for hunters, police, and military sniping, produces between depending on the load used. Even the .50 BMG, which has a kinetic energy of around delivers less than half the energy. The ballistics of the .950 JDJ are more similar to that of the 20 mm autocannon round, which delivers approximately . The muzzle energy of the .950 JDJ is comparable to the kinetic energy of a automobile traveling at .


title: .950 JDJ

text: In a rifle, this will develop well over of free recoil energy. Shooting usually involves a heavy "lead sled" or similar shooting rest, and the rifle scope has significant eye relief to avoid injuring the ocular orbit.


title: Dental implant

text: A dental implant (also known as an endosseous implant or fixture) is a prosthesis that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, or facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor. The basis for modern dental implants is a biologic process called osseointegration, in which materials such as titanium or zirconia form an intimate bond to bone. The implant fixture is first placed so that it is likely to osseointegrate, then a dental prosthetic is added. A variable amount of healing time is required for osseointegration before either the dental prosthetic (a tooth, bridge or denture) is attached to the implant or an abutment is placed which will hold a dental prosthetic/crown.


title: Dental implant

text: Success or failure of implants depends on the health of the person receiving the treatment, drugs which affect the chances of osseointegration, and the health of the tissues in the mouth. The amount of stress that will be put on the implant and fixture during normal function is also evaluated. Planning the position and number of implants is key to the long-term health of the prosthetic since biomechanical forces created during chewing can be significant. The position of implants is determined by the position and angle of adjacent teeth, by lab simulations or by using computed tomography with CAD/CAM simulations and surgical guides called stents. The prerequisites for long-term success of osseointegrated dental implants are healthy bone and gingiva. Since both can atrophy after tooth extraction, pre-prosthetic procedures such as sinus lifts or gingival grafts are sometimes required to recreate ideal bone and gingiva.


title: Dental implant

text: The final prosthetic can be either fixed, where a person cannot remove the denture or teeth from their mouth, or removable, where they can remove the prosthetic. In each case an abutment is attached to the implant fixture. Where the prosthetic is fixed, the crown, bridge or denture is fixed to the abutment either with lag screws or with dental cement. Where the prosthetic is removable, a corresponding adapter is placed in the prosthetic so that the two pieces can be secured together.


title: Dental implant

text: The risks and complications related to implant therapy divide into those that occur during surgery (such as excessive bleeding or nerve injury), those that occur in the first six months (such as infection and failure to osseointegrate) and those that occur long-term (such as peri-implantitis and mechanical failures). In the presence of healthy tissues, a well-integrated implant with appropriate biomechanical loads can have 5-year plus survival rates from 93 to 98 percent and 10 to 15 year lifespans for the prosthetic teeth. Long-term studies show a 16- to 20-year success (implants surviving without complications or revisions) between 52% and 76%, with complications occurring up to 48% of the time. Artificial intelligence is relevant as the basis for clinical decision support systems at the present time. Intelligent systems are used as an aid in determining the success rate of implants.


title: Dental implant

text: The primary use of dental implants is to support dental prosthetics (i.e. false teeth). Modern dental implants make use of osseointegration, the biologic process where bone fuses tightly to the surface of specific materials such as titanium and some ceramics. The integration of implant and bone can support physical loads for decades without failure.


title: Dental implant

text: The US has seen an increasing use of dental implants, with usage increasing from 0.7% of patients missing at least one tooth (1999 - 2000), to 5.7% (2015 - 2016), and was projected to potentially reach 26% in 2026. Implants are used to replace missing individual teeth (single tooth restorations), multiple teeth, or to restore edentulous dental arches (implant retained fixed bridge, implant-supported overdenture). While use of dental implants in the US has increased, other treatments to tooth loss exist (see Missing tooth replacement, Tooth Loss).


title: Dental implant

text: An evolving field is the use of implants to retain obturators (removable prosthesis used to fill a communication between the oral and maxillary or nasal cavities). Facial prosthetics, used to correct facial deformities (e.g. from cancer treatment or injuries) can use connections to implants placed in the facial bones. Depending on the situation the implant may be used to retain either a fixed or removable prosthetic that replaces part of the face.


title: Dental implant

text: Single tooth restorations are individual freestanding units not connected to other teeth or implants, used to replace missing individual teeth. For individual tooth replacement, an "implant abutment" is first secured to the implant with an abutment screw. A crown (the dental prosthesis) is then connected to the abutment with dental cement, a small screw, or fused with the abutment as one piece during fabrication. Dental implants, in the same way, can also be used to retain a multiple tooth dental prosthesis either in the form of a fixed bridge or removable dentures.


title: Dental implant

text: There is limited evidence that implant-supported single crowns perform better than tooth-supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs) on a long-term basis. However, taking into account the favorable cost-benefit ratio and the high implant survival rate, dental implant therapy is the first-line strategy for single-tooth replacement. Implants preserve the integrity of the teeth adjacent to the edentulous area, and it has been shown that dental implant therapy is less costly and more efficient over time than tooth-supported FPDs for the replacement of one missing tooth. The major disadvantage of dental implant surgery is the need for a surgical procedure.


title: Dental implant

text: An implant supported bridge (or fixed denture) is a group of teeth secured to dental implants so the prosthetic cannot be removed by the user. They are similar to conventional bridges, except that the prosthesis is supported and retained by one or more implants instead of natural teeth. Bridges typically connect to more than one implant and may also connect to teeth as anchor points. Typically the number of teeth will outnumber the anchor points with the teeth that are directly over the implants referred to as abutments and those between abutments referred to as pontics. Implant supported bridges attach to implant abutments in the same way as a single tooth implant replacement. A fixed bridge may replace as few as two teeth (also known as a fixed partial denture) and may extend to replace an entire arch of teeth (also known as a fixed full denture). In both cases, the prosthesis is said to be fixed because it cannot be removed by the denture wearer.


title: Dental implant

text: A removable implant supported denture (also an implant supported overdenture) is a removable prosthesis which replaces teeth, using implants to improve support, retention and stability. They are most commonly complete dentures (as opposed to partial), used to restore edentulous dental arches. The dental prosthesis can be disconnected from the implant abutments with finger pressure by the wearer. To enable this, the abutment is shaped as a small connector (a button, ball, bar or magnet) which can be connected to analogous adapters in the underside of the dental prosthesis.


title: Dental implant

text: Dental implants are used in orthodontic patients to replace missing teeth (as above) or as a temporary anchorage device (TAD) to facilitate orthodontic movement by providing an additional anchorage point. For teeth to move, a force must be applied to them in the direction of the desired movement. The force stimulates cells in the periodontal ligament to cause bone remodeling, removing bone in the direction of travel of the tooth and adding it to the space created. In order to generate a force on a tooth, an anchor point (something that will not move) is needed. Since implants do not have a periodontal ligament, and bone remodelling will not be stimulated when tension is applied, they are ideal anchor points in orthodontics. Typically, implants designed for orthodontic movement are small and do not fully osseointegrate, allowing easy removal following treatment. They are indicated when needing to shorten treatment time, or as an alternative to extra-oral anchorage. Mini-implants are frequently placed between the roots of teeth, but may also be sited in the roof of the mouth. They are then connected to a fixed brace to help move the teeth.


title: Dental implant

text: The introduction of small-diameter implants has provided dentists the means of providing edentulous and partially edentulous patients with immediate functioning transitional prostheses while definitive restorations are being fabricated. Many clinical studies have been done on the success of long term usage of these implants. Based on the findings of many studies, mini dental implants exhibit excellent survival rates in the short to medium term (3–5 years). They appear to be a reasonable alternative treatment modality to retain mandibular complete overdentures from the available evidence.


title: Dental implant

text: A typical "conventional implant" consists of a titanium screw (resembling a tooth root) with a roughened or smooth surface. The majority of dental implants are made of commercially pure titanium, which is available in four grades depending upon the amount of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron contained. Cold work hardened CP4 (maximum impurity limits of N .05 percent, C .10 percent, H .015 percent, Fe .50 percent, and O .40 percent) is the most commonly used titanium for implants. Grade 5 titanium, Titanium 6AL-4V (signifying the titanium alloy containing 6 percent aluminium and 4 percent vanadium alloy) is slightly harder than CP4 and used in the industry mostly for abutment screws and abutments. Most modern dental implants also have a textured surface (through etching, anodic oxidation or various-media blasting) to increase the surface area and osseointegration potential of the implant. If C.P. titanium or a titanium alloy has more than 85% titanium content, it will form a titanium-biocompatible titanium oxide surface layer or veneer that encloses the other metals, preventing them from contacting the bone.


title: Dental implant

text: Ceramic (zirconia-based) implants exist in one-piece (combining the screw and the abutment) or two-piece systems - the abutment being either cemented or screwed - and might lower the risk for peri‐implant diseases, but long-term data on success rates is missing.


title: Dental implant

text: Planning for dental implants focuses on the general health condition of the patient, the local health condition of the mucous membranes and the jaws and the shape, size, and position of the bones of the jaws, adjacent and opposing teeth. There are few health conditions that absolutely preclude placing implants although there are certain conditions that can increase the risk of failure. Those with poor oral hygiene, heavy smokers and diabetics are all at greater risk for a variant of gum disease that affects implants called peri-implantitis, increasing the chance of long-term failures. Long-term steroid use, osteoporosis and other diseases that affect the bones can increase the risk of early failure of implants.


title: Dental implant

text: It has been suggested that radiotherapy can negatively affect the survival of implants. Nevertheless, a systemic study published in 2016 concluded that dental implants installed in the irradiated area of an oral cavity may have a high survival rate, provided that the patient maintains oral hygiene measures and regular follow ups to prevent complications.


title: Dental implant

text: The long-term success of implants is determined, in part, by the forces they have to support. As implants have no periodontal ligament, there is no sensation of pressure when biting so the forces created are higher. To offset this, the location of implants must distribute forces evenly across the prosthetics they support. Concentrated forces can result in fracture of the bridgework, implant components, or loss of bone adjacent the implant. The ultimate location of implants is based on both biologic (bone type, vital structures, health) and mechanical factors. Implants placed in thicker, stronger bone like that found in the front part of the bottom jaw have lower failure rates than implants placed in lower density bone, such as the back part of the upper jaw. People who grind their teeth also increase the force on implants and increase the likelihood of failures.


title: Dental implant

text: The design of implants has to account for a lifetime of real-world use in a person's mouth. Regulators and the dental implant industry have created a series of tests to determine the long-term mechanical reliability of implants in a person's mouth where the implant is struck repeatedly with increasing forces (similar in magnitude to biting) until it fails.


title: Dental implant

text: When a more exacting plan is needed beyond clinical judgment, the dentist will make an acrylic guide (called a stent) prior to surgery which guides optimal positioning of the implant. Increasingly, dentists opt to get a CT scan of the jaws and any existing dentures, then plan the surgery on CAD/CAM software. The stent can then be made using stereolithography following computerized planning of a case from the CT scan. The use of CT scanning in complex cases also helps the surgeon identify and avoid vital structures such as the inferior alveolar nerve and the sinus.


title: Dental implant

text: The use of bone building drugs, like bisphosphonates and anti-RANKL drugs require special consideration with implants, because they have been associated with a disorder called Medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The drugs change bone turnover, which is thought to put people at risk for death of bone when having minor oral surgery. At routine doses (for example, those used to treat routine osteoporosis) the effects of the drugs linger for months or years but the risk appears to be very low. Because of this duality, uncertainty exists in the dental community about how to best manage the risk of BRONJ when placing implants. A 2009 position paper by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, discussed that the risk of BRONJ from low dose oral therapy (or slow release injectable) as between 0.01 and 0.06 percent for any procedure done on the jaws (implant, extraction, etc.). The risk is higher with intravenous therapy, procedures on the lower jaw, people with other medical issues, those on steroids, those on more potent bisphosphonates and people who have taken the drug for more than three years. The position paper recommends against placing implants in people who are taking high dose or high frequency intravenous therapy for cancer care. Otherwise, implants can generally be placed and the use of bisphosphonates does not appear to affect implant survival.


title: Dental implant

text: There are different approaches to placement dental implants after tooth extraction. The approaches are:


title: Dental implant

text: An increasingly common strategy to preserve bone and reduce treatment times includes the placement of a dental implant into a recent extraction site. On the one hand, it shortens treatment time and can improve aesthetics because the soft tissue envelope is preserved. On the other hand, implants may have a slightly higher rate of initial failure. Conclusions on this topic are difficult to draw, however, because few studies have compared immediate and delayed implants in a scientifically rigorous manner.


title: Dental implant

text: After an implant is placed, the internal components are covered with either a healing abutment, or a cover screw. A healing abutment passes through the mucosa, and the surrounding mucosa is adapted around it. A cover screw is flush with the surface of the dental implant, and is designed to be completely covered by mucosa. After an integration period, a second surgery is required to reflect the mucosa and place a healing abutment.


title: Dental implant

text: In the early stages of implant development (1970−1990), implant systems used a two-stage approach, believing that it improved the odds of initial implant survival. Subsequent research suggests that no difference in implant survival existed between one-stage and two-stage surgeries, and the choice of whether or not to "bury" the implant in the first stage of surgery became a concern of soft tissue (gingiva) management


title: Dental implant

text: When tissue is deficient or mutilated by the loss of teeth, implants are placed and allowed to osseointegrate, then the gingiva is surgically moved around the healing abutments. The down-side of a two-stage technique is the need for additional surgery and compromise of circulation to the tissue due to repeated surgeries. The choice of one or two-stages, now centers around how best to reconstruct the soft tissues around lost teeth.


title: Dental implant

text: For an implant to osseointegrate, it needs to be surrounded by a healthy quantity of bone. In order for it to survive long-term, it needs to have a thick healthy soft tissue (gingiva) envelope around it. It is common for either the bone or soft tissue to be so deficient that the surgeon needs to reconstruct it either before or during implant placement. Xenogeneic collagen matrices are used for gingival augmentation after dental implantation.


title: Dental implant

text: "Bone grafting" is necessary when there is a lack of bone. Also, it helps to stabilize the implant by increasing survival of the implant and decreasing marginal bone level loss. While there are always new implant types, such as short implants, and techniques to allow compromise, a general treatment goal is to have a minimum of 10 mm in bone height, and 6 mm in width. Alternatively, bone defects are graded from A to D (A=10+ mm of bone, B=7–9 mm, C=4–6 mm and D=0–3 mm) where an implant's likelihood of osseointegrating is related to the grade of bone.


title: Dental implant

text: To achieve an adequate width and height of bone, various bone grafting techniques have been developed. The most frequently used is called guided bone graft augmentation where a defect is filled with either natural (harvested or autograft) bone or allograft (donor bone or synthetic bone substitute), covered with a semi-permeable membrane and allowed to heal. During the healing phase, natural bone replaces the graft forming a new bony base for the implant.


title: Dental implant

text: Other, more invasive procedures, also exist for larger bone defects including mobilization of the inferior alveolar nerve to allow placement of a fixture, onlay bone grafting using the iliac crest or another large source of bone and microvascular bone graft where the blood supply to the bone is transplanted with the source bone and reconnected to the local blood supply. The final decision about which bone grafting technique that is best is based on an assessment of the degree of vertical and horizontal bone loss that exists, each of which is classified into mild (2–3 mm loss), moderate (4–6 mm loss) or severe (greater than 6 mm loss). Orthodontic extrusion or orthodontic implant site development can be used in selected cases for vertical/horizontal alveolar augmentation.


title: Dental implant

text: The gingiva surrounding a tooth has a 2–3 mm band of bright pink, very strong attached mucosa, then a darker, larger area of unattached mucosa that folds into the cheeks. When replacing a tooth with an implant, a band of strong, attached gingiva is needed to keep the implant healthy in the long-term. This is especially important with implants because the blood supply is more precarious in the gingiva surrounding an implant, and is theoretically more susceptible to injury because of a longer attachment to the implant than on a tooth (a longer biologic width).


title: Dental implant

text: When an adequate band of attached tissue is absent, it can be recreated with a soft tissue graft. There are four methods that can be used to transplant soft tissue. A roll of tissue adjacent to an implant (referred to as a palatal roll) can be moved towards the lip (buccal), gingiva from the palate can be transplanted, deeper connective tissue from the palate can be transplanted or, when a larger piece of tissue is needed, a finger of tissue based on a blood vessel in the palate (called a vascularized interpositional periosteal-connective tissue (VIP-CT) flap) can be repositioned to the area.


title: Dental implant

text: Additionally, for an implant to look esthetic, a band of full, plump gingiva is needed to fill in the space on either side of implant. The most common soft tissue complication is called a black-triangle, where the papilla (the small triangular piece of tissue between two teeth) shrinks back and leaves a triangular void between the implant and the adjacent teeth. Dentists can only expect 2–4 mm of papilla height over the underlying bone. A black triangle can be expected if the distance between where the teeth touch and bone is any greater.