title: Jennifer Lynch

text: I would love to know why people were so mad at me for telling a crazy fairy tale. I'm the first to say I didn't know what I was doing. I did the best I could at 19, and all these crazy things happened. The idea that the film was faulted when everyone involved worked so fucking hard and believed in me, and there were these adults believing in me, who was essentially a child…when the National Organization of Women slammed me, that was sort of the final straw. It was no wonder I put my legs behind my ears and got pregnant. (laughs) Not that I didn't love sex before then, but seriously. It was my child, essentially, who saved my life.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: Following a lengthy hiatus, Lynch directed "Surveillance," which won the top prize at the Festival de Cine de Sitges. A month later, Lynch became the first woman to receive the New York City Horror Film Festival's Best Director award.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: Lynch was announced as director of the film "Nagin" (the film is also known as "Hisss") that featured Bollywood actress Mallika Sherawat, but the film that was released was not Lynch's work, even though the producers attached her name to the final product. Lynch explained in a 2012 interview:


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: "Well, ultimately, I didn't get to make that film. I put my director's cut together, and the producers decided it was not what they wanted. They took it back to India. I never did any scoring or cutting or color-timing or any of the things you do to make the movie. They took the footage and changed it into what they wanted it to be. So it's not my film. I went to India and shot some footage, but I have nothing to do with the movie they made."


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: Lynch then directed and co-wrote the 2012 thriller film "Chained", in which Vincent D'Onofrio stars as a cab-driving serial killer. It received mostly positive reviews from critics, with a 68% rating on review aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: Lynch was scheduled to film "Visibility" for the Motion Picture Corporation of America in 2011, but, as of August 2021, this project is not completed.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: , Lynch was preparing "A Fall from Grace", a film set and filmed in St. Louis and inspired by the Old Chain of Rocks Bridge.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: Lynch has directed episodes of many television series such as "", "The Watcher", "Jessica Jones", "Finding Carter", "Psych", "Quantico", "Teen Wolf", "The Walking Dead", "The Last Ship", "Wayward Pines", "American Horror Story", "The Strain", "Once Upon a Time", "Hawaii Five-0" and "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D."


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: Lynch authored "The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer" to accompany the television show "Twin Peaks" which was created by her father David Lynch and Mark Frost.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: In 1993, Lynch directed the music video "Living in the Rose" by the British rock band New Model Army.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: On March 21, 2010, Lynch was a judge at the International Surrealist Film Festival and she worked as producer for the Corey Brandenstein natural horror film "The Compound".


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: An Australian documentary titled "Despite the Gods", which chronicles Lynch's struggle to make the film "Hisss", was released in 2012. The documentary was shown at the Canadian International Documentary Festival and the program described the film: "Out of her depth shooting on location with an Indian crew and two top Bollywood stars, Lynch turns her production into a vehicle for her own self-actualization, paying no regard to timeline, budget or reality. As the story in front of the camera derails, the story behind the camera explodes.". She eventually disowned the film.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: "Boxing Helena" received incredibly scathing reviews upon its release and a Razzie Award for "Worst Director." Nevertheless, it was nominated for Grand Jury Prize in the Dramatic category at the Sundance Film Festival.


title: Jennifer Lynch

text: Lynch revealed in a 2009 interview that she underwent three spinal surgeries following the release of "Boxing Helena" due to a car accident that occurred when she was 19 years old. In the same interview, Lynch stated that she has a daughter.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Mahesh Shrinivas Bhupathi (born 7 June 1974) is an Indian former doubles world No. 1 tennis player. In 1997, he became the first Indian to win a major tournament (with Rika Hiraki). With his win at the 2006 Australian Open mixed doubles, he joined the elite group of eight tennis players who have achieved a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles. He is also the founder of International Premier Tennis League. In December 2016, Bhupathi was appointed as India's next non-playing Davis Cup captain and took over the reins from Anand Amritraj in February 2017.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Mahesh Bhupathi is considered one of the top doubles players of the 1990s and 2000s. In 1999, Bhupathi won three doubles titles with Leander Paes, including the French Open and Wimbledon. He and Paes became the first doubles team to reach the finals of all four Grand Slams, the first time such a feat has been achieved in the open era and the first time since 1952. On 26 April of that year, they became the world no. 1 doubles team. Bhupathi also won the US Open mixed doubles with Ai Sugiyama of Japan.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: In 2006, Bhupathi teamed with Martina Hingis in the Australian Open mixed doubles competition. Entering the tournament unseeded and as wildcards, the first-time pair defeated four seeded opponents along the way, while only dropping a single set throughout. Bhupathi and Hingis defeated the sixth-seeded team of Daniel Nestor and Elena Likhovtseva in straight sets, 6–3, 6–3, to capture the championship. It was the sixth mixed doubles Grand Slam for Bhupathi, and the first one for Hingis. By winning the Australian Open, Bhupathi completed a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: In 2007, Bhupathi and Radek Štěpánek reached the 2007 Australian Open men's doubles event's quarterfinals. Bhupathi teamed with Štěpánek at the 2007 French Open to make the doubles semifinals, defeating two-year defending champions Jonas Björkman and Max Mirnyi in the quarterfinals. The team lost to the eventual champions Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor. After Wimbledon, Bhupathi teamed with Pavel Vízner to win the 2007 Canada Masters, defeating the top-ranked doubles team Bob and Mike Bryan en route. After this victory, he won a tournament in New Haven with Nenad Zimonjić. At the 2007 US Open, he and Zimonjić paired in doubles. After the US Open, the team that beat Bhupathi and Štěpánek in the French Open semifinals, Knowles and Nestor, split up. Bhupathi became Knowles' partner, while Zimonjić became Nestor's, but back surgery meant he was out until the end of the year.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: In 2009, Bhupathi and compatriot Sania Mirza won the mixed doubles title at the Australian Open, beating Nathalie Dechy and Andy Ram, 6–3, 6–1, in the final. The Indian pair thus made up for the disappointment of the previous year's final when they were beaten by Sun Tiantian and Nenad Zimonjić. With this win, Bhupathi's count in mixed doubles Grand Slam titles increased to seven.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi broke up his partnership with Knowles and began playing once again with Max Mirnyi, with whom he played to win the 2002 US Open. In 2011, Bhupathi reunited with former playing partner Leander Paes for the 2011 Australian Open. The team reached the final, but lost 3–6, 4–6 to the Bryan brothers. On 7 June 2012, Bhupathi and Sania Mirza won the French Open mixed doubles.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: On 4 November 2012, Bhupathi and partner Rohan Bopanna won the Paris Masters cup. In spite of suffering a setback with their loss against Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen in the ATP Tour Finals opener, the Indian duo reached the final round of the ATP Tour Finals, but suffered a defeat at the hands of Marcel Granollers and Marc López.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi and Bopanna played with different partners for the first three months of 2013, Bhupathi winning the tournament in Dubai in March with Michaël Llodra, but rejoined starting with the Monte-Carlo Masters.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Mahesh Bhupathi is known for his big serve. According to Nadal, his strong backhand makes him the best for an Ad Court player. Roger Federer acclaims him as one of the best players of all time. He often discusses strategies between the serves with his partner during the match and also communicates using finger-at-the-back signals.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi appeared with Paes in six season finales. In 2011, they appeared, for the first time since 2002, after securing qualification in mid-October.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi played at the year-end championships with Paes from 1997 to 2000 and in 2002, reaching three finals. In 1997, they lost the final to Rick Leach and Jonathan Stark. They lost the 1999 final to Sébastien Lareau and Alex O’Brien. In 2000, they lost the final to Donald Johnson and Pieter Norval.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi also qualified with Max Mirnyi in 2003, 2004, and 2010, when they finished runners-up to Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: In 2012, he and Rohan Bopanna made it to the final, where they lost to Marcel Granollers and Marc López.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: By winning the 2006 Australian Open title, Bhupathi completed the mixed doubles Career Grand Slam. He became the eighth male player in history to achieve this.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi has donned Indian colours numerous times for the Davis Cup as well as other international tournaments, including the Asian Games.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi has played 55 matches for India in the Davis Cup (from 1995 to 2011), winning 35 and losing 20. Out of the 35 matches that he won, 27 of his victories came in doubles matches.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: In 2001, he was awarded the Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian awards. Bhupathi is an alumnus of the University of Mississippi in the United States. He is the founder of Globosport India private Limited which he started in 2002 as a sports and entertainment agency.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: He married model Shvetha Jaishankar in 2002 but the couple got divorced in 2009 after seven years of marriage. He then married Miss Universe 2000 Lara Dutta in a civil ceremony on 16 February 2011 at Bandra, Mumbai. It was followed by a Christian ceremony on 20 February 2011 at Sunset Point in Goa.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: On 1 August 2011, Dutta confirmed that she was pregnant with their first child. Their daughter Saira was born on 20 January 2012. In 2010, the couple started a film production company, Big Daddy Productions.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: In 2014, Mahesh Bhupathi launched an authentic Indian sports brand, ZEVEN. The company currently endorses Ravindra Jadeja, Rohan Bopanna, Shikhar Dhawan and Mary Kom, amongst others.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi and Leander Paes partnered in the men's doubles event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, but lost the quarterfinals, to Roger Federer and Stanislas Wawrinka of Switzerland, who went on to win the gold medal.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Paes and Bhupathi decided to team up again at the Australian Open 2011, ending a nine-year separation on the ATP circuit. They reached the finals of the event, but lost to American twins Bob and Mike Bryan. Paes stated at the time that the best thing has been to have their friendship back.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: The Indian duo has a 303–103 career record together. They have a Davis Cup record of longest winning streak in doubles, with 23 straight wins.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Leander Paes wanted to play with Mahesh Bhupathi in the men's doubles event of the London Olympics, to be held July–August 2012.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: On 19 June 2012, the All India Tennis association relented to the demands of Bhupathi and Bopanna of not playing along Paes. Two teams were sent for the London Olympics- 2012, with Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna as one team and the other team consisting of Leander Paes and Vishnu Vardhan. Bhupathi also accused AITA of using Sania Mirza as bait for Leander's participation in the Olympics. When AITA relented to the wishes of Bhupathi and Bopanna and permitted them to play together, they lost in the second round to the unseeded French pairing of Richard Gasquet and Julien Benneteau.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Bhupathi has also been involved in developing tennis facilities in India and, along with his company Globosport, has played a key rôle in developing and managing the careers of many Indian athletes, including Sania Mirza.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Mahesh Bhupathi announced the founding of the International Premier Tennis League on 25 May 2013, in Paris. The initial plan was to start the league with six charter franchises in Asia with the inaugural season commencing in November 2014. Bhupathi said the league would be modeled after the Indian Premier League, a cricket league in India. Justin Gimelstob said that the league would be star-driven as World Team Tennis was in the 1970s.


title: Mahesh Bhupathi

text: Break Point - A documentary series of Zee5 app released in 2021 unfolding the ups and downs in the relationship between Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The Hellenic Parliament (; formally titled ), also known as the Parliament of the Hellenes, the Hellenic Bouleterion or Greek Parliament, is the unicameral legislature of Greece, located in the Old Royal Palace, overlooking Syntagma Square in Athens. The parliament is the supreme democratic institution that represents the citizens through an elected body of Members of Parliament (MPs).


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: It is a unicameral legislature of 300 members, elected for a four-year term. In 1844–1863 and 1927–1935, the parliament was bicameral with an upper house (the senate) and a lower house (the chamber of deputies), which retained the name . Several important Greek statesmen have served as the speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The first national parliament of the independent Greek state was established in 1843, after the 3 September Revolution, which forced King Otto to grant a constitution. The constitution of 1844 established a constitutional monarchy under the decisive power of the monarch, who exercised legislative power jointly with the elected house of representatives and the appointed senate. It also established the ministers' accountability vis-à-vis the acts of the monarch who was appointing and suspending them.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: In October 1862 a rising wave of discontent led the people and the military to rebel again against King Otto and oust him along with the Wittelsbach dynasty. The revolt marked the end of constitutional monarchy and the beginning of a crowned democracy with George Christian Wilhelm of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Glücksburg dynasty as monarch. The constitution of 1864 created a single-chamber (unicameral) parliament, elected for a four-year term, and abolished the senate. Moreover, the king preserved the right to convoke ordinary and extraordinary parliamentary sessions, and dissolve parliament at his discretion, as long as the cabinet signed and endorsed the dissolution decree. With the revisions of 1911 and 1952 it lasted more than a century, with one of its most important elements being the restoration of the principle of popular sovereignty.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: In 1911, a revision of the constitution resulted in stronger human rights, the reinforcement of the rule of law and the modernization of institutions, among them the parliament. With regard to the protection of individual rights the most noteworthy amendments to the constitution of 1864 were a more effective protection of individual security, equality in taxation, the right to assemble and the inviolability of the domicile. Furthermore, the constitution facilitated expropriation so that land be allocated to poor farmers, while at the same time guaranteeing judicial protection of property rights. Finally, it was the first time that the constitution made provision for mandatory and free education for all, while the process of constitutional revision was simplified.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The constitution of 1927 made provisions for a head of state that the parliament and the Senate would elect to serve a five-year term. This "President of the Republic" would be held unaccountable from a political point of view; he would not possess any legislative powers and could only dissolve the parliament with the senate's approval. It also recognized the status of political parties as organic elements of the polity and established their proportional representation in the composition of parliamentary committees.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: This reform of the constitution is also a part of the Second Hellenic Republic, in reference to the Greek state using a republican democracy as a form of governance. This constitutional change was initiated in January 1924 and initiated on 13 April 1924 by the fourth national assembly.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Following World War II, the development of parliamentary institutions resumed in 1948 and in the beginning of the 1950s. The constitution of 1952 consisted of 114 articles and to a large extent was strongly attached to the constitutions of 1864 and 1911. Its central innovations were the explicit institutionalization of parliamentarianism and the consolidation for the first time of the voting rights of women, as well as of their right to stand as candidates for parliamentary office. In February 1963 the government of Konstantinos Karamanlis submitted a proposal for an extensive revision of the constitution, yet the proposal was never put into practice because only a few months after its submission, the government resigned and parliament dissolved.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: After seven years of military dictatorship, on 8 December 1974, a referendum was conducted to decide the nature of the form of government. By a majority of 69.18%, the Greeks decided against a constitutional monarchy and for a parliamentary republic. The constitution of 1975 was drafted using those of 1952 and 1927, as well as the draft constitutional revision proposals of 1963, while numerous clauses were also based on the West German constitution of 1949 and the French constitution of 1958. It included various clauses on individual and social rights, in line with developments at that time, and introduced a presidential/parliamentary democracy, wherein the head of state (president) maintained the right to interfere in politics.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Greece's current constitution has been revised three times, with the first one taking place in 1986, when the responsibilities of the president were significantly curtailed. In 2001, a very extensive revision took place as a total of 79 articles were amended. The new, revised constitution introduced new individual rights, such as the protection of genetic data and identity or the protection of personal data from electronic processing, and new rules of transparency in politics (on political party financing, electoral expenditures, the relations of media owners with the state, etc.). It modernized parliamentary functions, propped up decentralization, elevated the status of fundamental independent authorities into constitutional institutions, and adopted its provisions on MPs' disqualifications and incompatibilities to current reality after taking into consideration the Special Highest Court's case law. The most recent revision took place in 2008 and introduced several reforms and amendments; it abrogated professional incompatibility and as for growth and development measures extending on insular and mountainous areas, the central administration now assumed special responsibility thereof. It also bestowed the parliament with the power to proceed with proposals should certain preconditions apply, to amend the budget as well as an ad hoc procedure for the Parliament to oversee the budget's implementation.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The Greek parliament currently has 300 members. Although the constitution does not determine the total number of parliamentarians, it does stipulate that there shall be no less than two hundred (200) or no more than three hundred (300), and since 1952 their number has been set to 300. MPs are elected for a four-year term through a system of 'reinforced' proportional representation in 56 constituencies, 48 of which are multi-seat and 8 single-seat.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Of the 300 seats, 250 are elected proportionally, with voters selecting the candidate (or candidates depending on the size of the constituency) of their choice by marking their name on the party ballot. The other 50 are given as a bonus to the party receiving the largest share of the vote, and are filled by candidates of that party not declared elected on the lower rungs (the constituencies).


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: All Greek citizens aged 25 or over on the date of the election are eligible to sit in parliament, provided they are eligible to vote and do not fall under any of the disqualification criteria provided by the constitution. With the exception of university professors, public servants (including members of the Armed Forces) are barred from running for parliament, unless they permanently resign their office before promulgation.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Οnce MPs assume office, they form parliamentary groups. A parliamentary group in the Hellenic Parliament should consist of at least ten MPs who are members of the same party. Five MPs should also suffice provided the party they belong to had ballots in at least two thirds (2/3) of the constituencies and got at least three percent (3%) of the total number of valid ballots in the country. Provided they are an elected MP, a party leader presides over the respective parliamentary group. They may appoint up to two substitutes, though the president of the largest parliamentary group, the one which is actually in government, as well as the president of the major opposition party, may appoint up to three substitutes each. There are parliament premises meant for the exclusive use of parliamentary groups and independent MPs and parliamentary groups have their own administrative secretariats composed of revocable personnel. Surface area, number of offices, and the number of revocable staff working for parliamentary groups depend on their respective size and electoral strength. The president of the parliamentary group with the second highest proportion of MPs, i.e. head of the political party that is not in government, is referred to as the leader of the major opposition, and enjoys special prerogatives, such as extra time to speak before the assembly.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Members of parliament are immune from criminal prosecution, arrest or detention while in office, with the exception of crimes committed "in flagrante delicto". They are also immune from having to provide any information to any authority regarding their legislative functions and deliberations. However, both the constitution and the standing orders allow for the Public Prosecutor's Office to request the parliament to lift an MP's immunity for a particular crime, with MPs deciding through open balloting. Alleged crimes committed by members of the cabinet (including non-MPs) or the president of the republic are first investigated by an "ad hoc" parliamentary committee, with MPs then voting on the committee's recommendations. Should parliament determine that there is sufficient evidence for prosecution, an "ad hoc" special court is set up.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The plenum is composed of all 300 MPs elected in the general elections, which are normally held every four years unless the parliament is dissolved at an earlier date. The plenum must convene within 30 days from the date of the general election. The period for regular plenary session starts on the first Monday in October of each year and cannot last less than five months. The interval between two elections is called a parliamentary term. Consecutive parliamentary terms have been listed on a continuous number sequence since 1975 with the present being the 18th parliamentary term. Parliament holds regular Sessions during a parliamentary term, and there may also be extraordinary and special sessions.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The president of the republic may call an extraordinary session "whenever he may deem it reasonable" and also decide upon its duration and purpose. On occasion, should specific conditions apply, the parliament has to call a special session and perform its special duties by virtue of the constitution: 1) elect the president of the republic, 2) decide whether to elect a new president in the event of a prolonged incapacity hindering the president of the republic from the discharge of his duties, 3) adopt a presidential decree imposing a state of siege (state of emergency) or prolonging the state of siege, and 4) resolve on a motion of confidence which is mandatory whenever a new government is being formed. During its special sessions, the parliament deals exclusively with the matter for which it was convoked.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: When the parliament is in recess, usually in the summer, legislative work and parliamentary control is exercised by the recess section. Each recess section is composed of one third of all MPs (100). There are three recess sections, one for each month in July, August and September, where all MPs participate at least once.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The speaker of the parliament presides over parliamentary sittings and represents parliament in international parliamentary organizations and bilateral inter-parliamentary sittings. By virtue of the Greek constitution, the speaker shall temporarily exercise the office of president of the republic should the latter be absent abroad for more than ten days, passes away, resigns, is deposed or hindered from performing his duties for any reason whatsoever.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Electing a speaker requires an absolute parliamentary majority (151 votes). Should a majority not be attained, there is a new round of voting to elect the candidate who achieves most of the votes cast by relative majority.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Deputy speakers fill in for the speaker in managing and discharging parliamentary duties. Moreover, deputy speakers often fill in for the speaker and stand for parliament in Greece and abroad. Finally, the deans assist the speaker in managing organizational and executive affairs or perform duties the speaker assigns to them. Secretaries assist the speaker during parliamentary sessions and carry out duties the speaker assigns to them.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The presidium () consists of the speaker, seven deputy speakers, three deans and six secretaries. It is responsible for the proper application of the standing orders (which include all necessary provisions for the organization and day-to-day business of the parliament), with the constitution guaranteeing the parliament's independence by giving the presidium complete and absolute authority over all matters related to it, such as its budget, services and staff. A member of the presidium, who must be a member of parliament, cannot be a member of the cabinet or an under-secretary. While the speaker and the deputy speakers are elected at the beginning of each parliamentary term and for the entire duration of that term, the tenure of the deans and of the secretaries lasts for the duration of one regular session of the parliament for which they were elected.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The presidium's fundamental feature is its multi-partisan composition. Among the members of the presidium, three deputy speakers, two deans and four secretaries come from the largest parliamentary group. The fourth deputy speaker, a secretary and a dean come from the second largest parliamentary group and the fifth deputy speaker and one secretary from the third largest. Finally, the sixth and seventh deputy speakers come from the fourth and fifth largest parliamentary groups, respectively. All positions to be filled require a simple majority vote (50% plus one), provided that at least one quarter of all MPs are present.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The Conference of Presidents (), introduced by the parliament's standing orders in 1987 and sanctioned by the 2001 constitutional revision, decides the weekly agenda, determines the procedure and duration for the discussion of bills (both in committee and in plenary), and may decide to conduct an organized discussion on a specific topic or topics. The speaker and all former speakers (who have been elected MPs), all seven deputy speakers, the presidents of the six standing committees, the President of the special committee on institutions and transparency, the presidents of the parliamentary groups and one independent MP (to represent any independents, provided there are at least five), make up the composition of the conference.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Following the constitutional revision of 2001, the conference has been entrusted with the power to select, either unanimously or with the concurrence of 4/5 of its members, the board members of all independent regulatory authorities provided for by the constitution, the president, the vice-president and two members of the Statistics Authority, and the presidents and vice-presidents of the Council of State, the Court of Cassation and the Court of Audit, including the general prosecutor of the Court of Cassation.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The Scientific Council has ten members, nine of whom are university professors, whilst the tenth is a high-ranking public officer. The president of the Scientific Council is mainly responsible for approving and distributing draft laws and law proposals to the appropriate directorate for scientific elaboration, coordinating the cooperation and supervision of the work and studies undertaken by the scientific service, evaluating the work by the research fellows of the scientific service and carrying out seminars for the dissemination of scientific information to MPs.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Both the government and MPs may submit bills, amendments and additions to parliament. Government bills are called draft laws () and must always be accompanied by the General Accounting Office's report estimating its effect on the state budget. Bills originating from an MP are called law proposals () and must not include provisions benefiting a particular person or persons, such as increases in salaries or pensions, that would lead to a decrease in government revenue. It is also mandatory that an explanatory report is attached to all bills, elaborating on the purpose of the proposed legislation and indicating the exact wording of current legislation to be amended or repealed. Draft laws (but not law proposals) must also be accompanied by an impact assessment report and by a report on the results of the public consultation that took place prior to the submission of the bill. Finally, all bills are examined by the parliament's own scientific agency, which submits a review on the proposed provisions.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: In most cases, the bill is first examined and amended by the appropriate committee in two stages taking place at least seven days apart. At the first stage a debate in principle and on the articles is conducted and at the second stage a second reading takes place followed by debate and vote by article. During the legislative elaboration of every bill from the competent standing committee and until the second reading of the relevant articles, every special permanent committee can express its opinion on any specific issue that falls within its competence. If the bill passes the committee stage, it is sent to the plenary for debate. During the plenary session, MPs vote for the draft law or law proposal to become law () in three stages: first in principle, where the bill's main theme is discussed (usually a bill also includes other, miscellaneous, provisions or even provisions from other government ministries that have no relation to the bill's main theme), then per article (when amendments may be proposed and either approved or rejected) and finally as a whole.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The government may designate a draft bill or law proposal as "very urgent" and request from parliament for the voting to take place after limited debate in one sitting. Bills designated as "very urgent" are immediately sent to the competent standing committee which must first decide whether to accept or reject the government's request. If it accepts the request, it examines the bill in one sitting and must submit its report within the time constraints set by the speaker (usually within 6–8 hours). After the committee stage, the bill is immediately sent for discussion in the plenum (usually the next day) where discussion takes place in one sitting which cannot last longer than ten hours. During debate only the rapporteurs (one from each parliamentary group), the prime minister, the minister(s) responsible, the leaders of the parliamentary groups and/or their representatives, one MP from each parliamentary group and one independent MP (provided that there are at least ten) are allowed to participate. Former prime ministers or speakers of the parliament who have been elected MPs, may also participate in the discussion if they so wish. Once the list of speakers is exhausted or the ten-hour constraint has elapsed, voting takes place on the bill's principle and articles and as a whole.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Until recently, the use of this procedure was very rare. During 1993–2009, it was used for less than 0.5% of the draft laws discussed and voted in parliament, however, following the 2009 election, this percentage increased to 3.73% and since 2012 to 4.91%. Given that around 40% of the laws passed concern the enactment of international and bilateral treaties which are generally adopted by unanimity or broad consensus, the actual percentage of laws passed using the urgent legislature procedure is 6.1% since 2009 and 9.4% since 2012. In other words, since 2012 one in every 10 laws passed by parliament was debated and enacted within 2 days.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: In most cases an absolute majority (50% plus one) is sufficient for a vote to pass provided there are at least 75 MPs present in the plenum, with the exception of certain bills for which the constitution requires for a higher threshold. These include treaties that transfer sovereignty to international bodies (at least 180 MPs) or changes to the electoral law so that it cannot be abused by the party in government (at least 200 MPs).


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Custom, namely the Dedilomeni Principle, dictates that there are always 75 MPs present in the plenum and that the government has the majority of MPs inside the plenum at all times, even if on occasion there are in reality more opposition MPs and less than a quarter of all 300 MPs present in the plenum. However, at any time the opposition may challenge the government by calling for a roll call vote provided that at least 15 MPs (one-twentieth) submit to the speaker a formal request. Voting takes place after the debate has finished with each MP expressing his preference by stating "yes", "no", or "present". In such cases, for the bill to pass, an absolute majority (50% plus one) is required provided that at least 120 MPs (two-fifths) vote in favour.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Once the bill is passed, it is sent to the president of the republic to promulgate and publish in the Government Gazette. The countersignature of the appropriate government minister(s) is required along with that of the minister responsible for justice. Since 2010, all legislation is available freely through the National Typography Office website.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The plenum exercises parliamentary control at least twice a week, which includes petitions, written and oral questions, applications to submit documents and interpellations. Documents by means of which parliamentary control is exercised are submitted to parliament and ought to mention which minister they are addressed to. Should ministers to whom the document is addressed deem it is not within their competence to reply, they should transmit the aforementioned document, within the deadlines set in the standing orders, to the competent minister. Parliamentary control means must be processed within the regular session they were presented, but in the event that this is not possible, they may be submitted anew.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Parliamentary control means, other than a censure motion include) petitions, written questions, oral questions, applications to submit documents, interpellations, and investigation committees.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The parliament assumes legislative work and enforces parliamentary control. It is for this purpose that committees of MPs are established, depending on the power of parliamentary groups and independent MPs. Committees engage in legislative work or parliamentary control or special matters. Pursuant to the constitution and the standing orders the following categories of committees are currently at work.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Standing committees are instituted and composed at the onset of every regular session by a decision of the speaker of the parliament, in order to elaborate and examine draft laws or law proposals. Following the constitutional revision of 2001 and the respective amendments made to the parliament's standing orders, standing committees may also exercise both legislative work and parliamentary control. To the extent provided by law and the standing orders, they may also discuss issues that fall within their competence and give opinions on forthcoming appointments to certain public posts. Moreover, the standing committees are informed by the competent minister or the representative of the agency along with the competent minister before the conclusion of public contracts of considerable value (over 20 million Euros).


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: There are currently six standing committees: cultural and educational affairs, national defence and foreign affairs, economic affairs, social affairs, public administration, public order and justice, and production and trade.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Moreover, there is provision for four special standing committees, which are regulated in the same way as the standing committees. These are the committees on the financial statement and the general balance sheet and the implementation of the state budget, European affairs, monitoring of the social security system, and armament programs and contracts


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Special committees are established by the speaker upon government request in order to elaborate and examine specific bills or law proposals. They are functioning until they reach a final decision on the bills and law proposals for which they were established.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Special permanent committees are established at the onset of each regular session, except for the Special Permanent Committee on Institutions and Transparency, which is established at the onset of the parliamentary term and operates at the entire duration of the term. There are eight special permanent committees on institutions and transparency; Greeks abroad; environmental protection; research and technology; equality, youth and human rights; regions; road safety; and parliamentary ethics. In addition, there are the following subcommittees to the special permanent committees: the Special Permanent Committee on Environmental Protection has a subcommittee on water resources, the Special Permanent Committee on Equality, Youth and Human Rights has a subcommittee for people with disabilities, and the Special Permanent Committee of the Regions also has a subcommittee on insular and mountainous areas.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Committees on parliament's internal affairs are as follows: Committee on the Standing Orders, Committee on Parliament Finances and Committee on the Parliament's Library. The Committee on the Standing Orders is established at the onset of each parliamentary term, while the Committee on Parliament Finances and the Committee on the Parliament's Library are established at the onset of each regular session. All three deal with standing internal issues of the workings of Parliament.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: At the onset of each parliamentary term the speaker institutes the committee which operates for the entire duration of the parliamentary term, including the period between sessions. The committee gives its opinion on the suitability of nominations or renewal of terms in office for chairmen and managing directors serving at public enterprises, banking institutions, public utilities enterprises and social security agencies. The committee may invite anyone of the aforementioned individuals for a hearing six months after they have been appointed or a semester after they last appeared before it.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Such committees are instituted by means of decisions Parliament makes upon the government's suggestion or following a proposal by the speaker of the parliament or the presidents of the parliamentary groups. The committees' task is to elaborate on issues of general importance or national significance. Upon deciding to establish such a committee, the parliament also determines its subject and the deadline for submitting a report on its findings.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Investigation committees are established for the assessment of issues of general interest, following the proposal of one fifth of the total number of MPs (60 MPs) and the vote of the plenary session, which is determined by the absolute majority of the present MPs and cannot be smaller than two fifths of the total number of MPs (120 votes). If the issue relates to foreign affairs or national defense, the absolute majority of all MPs (151 votes) is required. Parliament decides on the deadline for the submission of the committees’ report. Investigation committees are vested with all the powers of the investigating authorities and the public prosecutor.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Should parliament decide to opt for a preliminary investigation, a 12-member committee of MPs shall be appointed and a date shall be set to determine the deadline by which the committee should produce a written report on its findings. In the report all relevant evidence must be attached. "Ad hoc" preliminary committees are vested with all the powers of the public prosecutor when conducting a preliminary investigation. The committee's report on its findings must be reasoned and should contain a succinct proposal to open criminal proceedings.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The committee is responsible for auditing the finances of parties, political party alliances and of candidates for parliamentary office, as well as ensuring compliance to the obligations arising from law 3023/2002 on political party financing.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: It is also responsible for auditing asset declarations made by the prime minister, the leaders of political parties represented in the Hellenic or the European Parliament, members of the cabinet (including deputy ministers and undersecretaries), MPs and MEPs, political party financial managers, as well as those of their spouses and under-age offspring of the aforementioned in order to corroborate verity and ensure that new assets acquired or a possible rise in current asset value is attributable to incoming revenue of all types taking into account living expenses of persons who have to submit the statement according to Law 3213/2003


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The committee consists of one member of parliament from each party or alliance of parties currently represented in parliament, one member from the Supreme Administrative Court, one member from the Supreme Civil Court and one member from the Court of Audit, who are all appointed by drawing lots in their respective plenaries as are their alternates. The presidium of the parliament appoints one of its deputy speakers as the committee's chairperson, who appoints a parliament staff member as a secretary. Should a party or alliance of parties which received regular or electoral campaign funds not be represented in parliament, in the committee participates a member of that party or party alliance regarding its auditing.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The committee is established by the speaker following proposals for reviewing the constitution made by at least 50 MPs. The proposals are examined by the committee. By the parliament's decision, following the speaker's proposal, a deadline for the submission of the committee's report is determined. This deadline can nonetheless be extended by subsequent parliament decisions.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Parliament has the right to revise or amend the constitution, except for those articles dealing with the "form of the state as a parliamentary republic" and those safeguarding certain fundamental rights and freedoms (specifically protection of the value of the human, equality before the law, individual liberty, rule of law and freedom of religion). For those articles to be amended, article 110 of the constitution (which regulates revision of the constitution and lists the unalterable articles) would have to be amended first.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The need for a revision of the constitution must first be established by a resolution of parliament, adopted, on the proposal of not less than fifty members of parliament, by a three-fifths majority of the total number of its members, in two ballots, held at least one month apart. The resolution must define specifically the provisions to be revised. Upon a resolution by parliament on the revision of the constitution, the next parliament must, in the course of its opening session, decide on the provisions (among those specifically defined in the original resolution) that will be revised by an absolute majority of the total number of its members (50% plus one majority). In the event that a proposal for revision of the constitution (in the previous parliament) receives the majority of the votes of the total number of members but not the three fifths majority specified, the next parliament may, in its opening session, decide on the provisions to be revised by a three-fifths majority of the total number of its members. A parliament endowed by its predecessor with the power to revise the constitution is called a "revisional parliament" ().


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Following the collapse of the military junta in 1974, the parliament that was elected was called the "5th revisional" as it operated under, and amended, the 1952 constitution. The resulting constitution of 1975 was essentially an entirely new constitution, especially since it incorporated the outcome of the 1974 plebiscite that established a parliamentary republic in place of a constitutional monarchy. Nevertheless, because it was officially deemed a revision of the 1952 constitution it was not called a "constituent parliament". Since the adoption of the new constitution in 1975, this has been revised on three occasions: in 1986, in 2001 and in 2008. A minimum of five years must elapse after the successful conclusion of the revision process, before another may be initiated.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The president of Greece is elected by the parliament on an open voting by roll-call for a term of five years. In conformity with the constitution, the president is elected on a two-thirds majority (200 votes) out of the total number of MPs and in case of no majority, the ballot is repeated after five days. Should the second ballot fail, the process is repeated after five days and president is elected the person receiving a majority of 3/5 (180 votes). Should the third ballot fail to produce the said qualified majority of three-fifths, the parliament must dissolve within ten days of the ballot and elections for a new parliament must be called. The new parliament, once constituted itself as a body, elects the president on a three-fifths majority of the total number of MPs. Should the said majority not be attained, the ballot is repeated within five days; the president is elected the person receiving the absolute majority of the total number of MPs (151 votes). Should this majority also not be attained, the ballot shall once more be repeated and the person receiving a relative majority shall be deemed elected president.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Parliament operates its own free-to-air television station, Vouli TV, which broadcasts all plenary and committee sessions. When no parliamentary business is conducted, the station broadcasts a selection of films, plays, classical music concerts, opera and ballet performances and historical documentaries.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: During summer recess, parliament operates "junior parliament" (), a series of sessions during which a rotating quota of MPs attends speeches and debates held by high school students from Greece, Cyprus, and the Greek diaspora. The program carries the twin aims of alerting parliamentarians to the needs and perspectives of younger generations, and to educate teenagers in the practice of proper debating and participation in public life. Parliament also hosts official visits and tours for schools throughout the academic year.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Parliament regularly organizes exhibitions and retrospectives on various aspects of public life, mainly dealing with aspects of political and parliamentary history.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: Parliament administers the Parliament Foundation, a research and publishing institute established to produce printed and electronic media, mainly on archival material, historical and scientific matters pertaining to parliamentary functions and the past political and cultural life of Greece.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The original meeting place of the Hellenic Parliament was the house of Athenian magnate and politician Alexandros Kontostavlos, in central Athens, which was used for the first time after King Otto was forced to grant a constitution in 1853. A devastating fire burned down the original building, and plans were made for the construction of what became the seat of the parliament between 1875 and 1932. The new building, now called the Old Parliament House, was completed to designs by French architect François Boulanger. Pending the completion of the Parliament House between 1853 and 1871, the sessions of the parliament took place in a hastily erected building near the Old Parliament House which became known as "the shack".


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The current parliament, a neoclassical three-floor structure designed by Friedrich von Gärtner and completed in 1843, originally served as a palace for the Greek monarchs, hence sometimes still referred to as the "Old Palace" (). After suffering fire damage in 1909, it entered a long period of renovation. The king and royal family moved to what was from 1897 until then the Crown Prince's Palace, from then on known as the "New Palace", one block to the east on Herodou Attikou Street, while some royals continued to reside in the "Old Palace" until 1924, when a referendum abolished the monarchy. The building was then used for many different purposes — functioning as a makeshift hospital, a museum, etc. — until November 1929, when government decided that the building would permanently house Parliament. After more extensive renovations, the Senate convened in the "Old Palace" () on 2 August 1934, followed by the Fifth National Assembly on 1 July 1935. Although the monarchy was restored that same year, the building has housed Parliament ever since.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (), guarded round the clock by the Evzones of the Presidential Guard, is located in the formal forecourt of the building. Construction of the monument began in 1929, and it was inaugurated on March 25, 1932.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The main chamber of parliament, on the ground floor, is amphitheatrical in layout, and is panelled in purple and purple-veined white marble, with inlaid gold ornaments. Seating for the MPs is arranged in five circular sectors. The speaker's chair, the lectern, the ministerial and state functionary benches, and the shorthand's vault are made of carved wood and are laid out facing the MP seats. A colonnaded balcony surrounds the upper tier of the chamber and is used as the visitors' gallery. Part of it served as the royal box in the past. A vitrail roof provides natural light during daytime.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: An almost identical (but smaller-scaled) chamber was built in the second floor for use of the senate. Since there has not been a senate for several decades, this chamber has no official function any more, and is used for party caucuses and other parliamentary or party functions on an ad hoc basis.


title: Hellenic Parliament

text: The building has two main entrances: the west-facing formal entrance (facing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and Syntagma Square) and the east-facing business entrance (facing the National Gardens). Improvements are ongoing – some of them significant (such as the addition of an 800-vehicle underground parking structure) – to ensure that the building can continue to function effectively. Despite renovations, parliamentary functions have outpaced the capacity of the listed building, and some ancillary services have moved to nearby offices around Syntagma Square.


title: Menaka (actress)

text: Padmavathy Iyengar, better known by her stage name, Menaka (born 27 August 1963), is an Indian actress and film producer. She made her debut in the 1979 Tamil film "Ramayi Vayasukku Vanthutta". In an acting career spanning from 1980 to 1987, Menaka appeared in over 125 films as a heroine, mostly in Malayalam. She also appeared in few Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi films. She married film producer G. Suresh Kumar. After 19 years, she made a comeback through the television serial "Kaliveedu". At 8th SIIMA, she received SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: Menaka (actress)

text: Menaka, whose real name is Padmavathy, was born into a Tamil Iyengar Brahmin family in Nagercoil, Kanyakumari district, India. She was the only daughter among the four children of Rajagopal and Saroja. Both her parents were school teachers. Her mother Saroja taught at the Lourdes Girls' Higher Secondary School in Perambur, Madras.


title: Menaka (actress)

text: Menaka had become one of the highest-paid actresses in South Indian cinema when she decided to retire from acting post-marriage. After 24 years, she made a comeback as a film actress in 2011 with Fazil-directed "Living Together", in a character role.


title: Menaka (actress)

text: Menaka married film producer G. Suresh Kumar at Guruvayur Temple on 27 October 1987. They have two daughters — Revathy and Keerthy Suresh. Initially they settled in Chennai and later moved to Thiruvananthapuram. Keerthy is a film actress and Revathy is an assistant director.


title: Antonov An-22

text: The Antonov An-22 "Antei" (, "An-22 Antej"; English "Antaeus") (NATO reporting name "Cock") is a heavy military transport aircraft designed by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. Powered by four turboprop engines each driving a pair of contra-rotating propellers, the design was the first wide-body transport aircraft and remains the world's largest turboprop-powered aircraft to date. The An-22 first appeared publicly outside the Soviet Union at the 1965 Paris Air Show. Thereafter, the model saw extensive use in major military and humanitarian airlifts for the Soviet Union, and is still in service with the Russian Air Force.


title: Antonov An-22

text: In the late 1950s, the Soviet Union required a large military transport aircraft to supplement the Antonov An-8 and An-12s then entering service. Originally known as the An-20, the model is a conventional multi-engined high-wing design. In the early 1960s, the Antonov bureau produced a wooden mock up at its Kyiv, Ukraine, workshops of what was designated the Model 100. The prototype, now designated the An-22, was rolled out on 18 August 1964 and first flew on 27 February 1965. The prototype was given the name Antaeus (sometimes misspelled Antheus) and, after four-months of test flying, was displayed at the 1965 Paris Air Show. All aircraft were built at the Tashkent State Aircraft Factory and the first military delivery was made to the Air Transport Wing at Ivanovo Airbase in 1969.


title: Antonov An-22

text: The aircraft was designed as a strategic airlifter, designed specifically to expand the Soviet Airborne Troops' capability to land with their then-new BMD-1 armoured vehicles. The An-22 cargo hold can accommodate four BMD-1s compared to only one in the An-12.


title: Antonov An-22

text: It has the capability to takeoff from austere, unpaved, and short airstrips, allowing airborne troops to perform air-landing operations. This is achieved by four pairs of contra-rotating propellers, similar to those on the Tupolev Tu-114. The propellers and exhaust from the engines produce a slipstream over the wings and large double-slotted flaps. The landing gear is ruggedized for rough airstrips. In early versions tire pressures could be adjusted in flight for optimum landing performance. That feature was removed in later models.


title: Antonov An-22

text: The An-22 follows traditional cargo transport design with a high-mounted wing allowing a large cargo space of 33 m in length and a usable volume of 639 m³. The forward fuselage is fully pressurized and provides space for 5 to 8 crew and up to 28 passengers, but the cargo space is pressurized to only 3.55 PSI / 0.245 bar allowing for a lighter airframe. A door equipped with pressure bulkhead is located at frame 14, separating the cargo attendant's compartment from the main cargo compartment. This allows the rear cargo doors to be opened during flight for paratroops and equipment drop. Like the An-12, the aircraft has a circular fuselage section. The An-22 has set a number of payload and payload-to-height world records.


title: Antonov An-22

text: The An-22 has the general appearance of an enlarged version of the earlier Antonov An-12 except that it is fitted with a twin tail. This gives the An-22 better engine-out performance, and reduces height restrictions for hangars. Also of note are large anti-flutter masses on the top of each tail.


title: Antonov An-22

text: Only one production variant was built, the standard An-22. Prototypes, such as the one first featured at the 1965 Paris Air Show had fully glazed noses that lacked the nose-mounted radar of production models. Those aircraft had the radar mounted below the right wheel well fairing, forward of the wheels. Antonov designated a variant with a modified electrical system and an additional augmented flight control system the An-22A but the designation was not used by the military.


title: Antonov An-22

text: A proposed civil airliner version capable of seating 724 passengers on upper and lower decks was planned but wasn't constructed. (For comparison, a typical Boeing 747 can carry 400–500 passengers.)


title: Antonov An-22

text: Several other An-22 variants were projected and constructed by Antonov but never entered serial production, notably a nuclear-powered aircraft and a ballistic missile platform.


title: Antonov An-22

text: The An-22 was originally built for the Soviet Air Force and Aeroflot (the state airline). Rearming from An-12 in the Air Force began in July 1974. Several Military Transport Aviation units were equipped. The 12th Mginsk Red Banner Military Transport Aviation Division (based at Migalovo) was one of the units which had its three regiments entirely equipped with the An-22s. Another unit that operated it was the 566th Solnechnogorsk Military Transport Aviation Regiment, which used the An-22 from 1970 to 1987.


title: Antonov An-22

text: An early use of the An-22 was to deliver Soviet humanitarian aid to Peru in July 1970 following the Ancash earthquake. One An-22 disappeared on 18 July during these relief flights. An-22s were also used to deliver Soviet military aid to Egypt and Syria during the Yom Kippur War in 1973, to Angola in 1975, and to Ethiopia in 1977.


title: Antonov An-22

text: The An-22s from Migalovo were used for the initial deployment of the Soviet Airborne Troops (VDV) during the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. One An-22 was shot down near Kabul on 28 October 1984, at takeoff, with about 250 casualties as the aircraft was used as troop carrier, probably shot down by a SA-7 missile. In 1980, one An-22 crashed at Vnukovo Airport while two crashed at Migalovo (in 1992 and 1994).


title: Antonov An-22

text: In 1984, military An-22s were used to deliver Mi-8 helicopters to Ethiopia during drought relief operations.


title: Antonov An-22

text: In 1986 the aircraft of the 8th Military Air Transport Aviation Regiment from Migalovo were used to deliver materials for the Chernobyl disaster relief operation.


title: Antonov An-22

text: During 1987 the An-22s were used to deliver military equipment to Angola. A year later the military An-22s were used to deliver 15,000 tons and 1,000 personnel for the 1988 Armenian earthquake relief operation.


title: Antonov An-22

text: The An-22 aircraft were often seen at the Le Bourget Air Show, and in 1988 delivered an engine from the An-124 to the Farnborough Airshow.


title: Antonov An-22

text: In late 1980s, the An-22s were used to deliver Internal Troops to many regional conflicts during and after the breakup of the Soviet Union. In 1995 they deployed the Russian peacekeeping force from the 98th Guards Airborne Division during the Bosnian War.


title: Antonov An-22

text: Approximately 45 An-22s remained in service by the mid-1990s, mostly with the Russian Air Force, but these are slowly being replaced by the bigger turbofan-powered Antonov An-124. The remaining An-22s appear to be operated by an independent military transport aviation squadron at Migalovo base in Tver.


title: Antonov An-22

text: As of December 2018, six An-22s were in service with the 76th Military Transport Air Squadron at Tver, with only three aircraft airworthy. They are planned to remain in service until 2033.


title: Antonov An-22

text: A single An-22 (registration number UR-09307) is in service with Antonov Airlines as of September 26, 2020 but was potentially damaged in 2022 during Russia's military action in Ukraine.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: The 2021 Full Gear was the third annual Full Gear professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It took place on November 13, 2021, at the Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The event aired on traditional PPV outlets, as well as on B/R Live in North America and FITE TV internationally.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Ten matches were contested at the event, including one on The Buy In pre-show. In the main event, "Hangman" Adam Page defeated Kenny Omega to win the AEW World Championship. In other prominent matches, CM Punk defeated Eddie Kingston, Bryan Danielson defeated Miro by technical submission in the AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament final match, and in the opening bout, MJF defeated Darby Allin. The event also saw the AEW debut of Jay Lethal, and also marked the final AEW PPV appearance of Cody Rhodes, who left the company three months later for WWE.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: The event was highly praised by fans and critics with praise being particularly focused on the main event match between Page and Omega.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Full Gear is a pay-per-view (PPV) held annually around Veterans Day by All Elite Wrestling (AEW) since 2019. It is one of AEW's "Big Four" PPVs, which includes Double or Nothing, All Out, and Revolution, their four biggest shows produced quarterly. The 2021 Full Gear was originally scheduled to be held on November 6, 2021, at the Chaifetz Arena in St. Louis, Missouri. However, during All Out on September 5, it was announced that the third Full Gear event would instead take place on November 13, but with no reference to a location. It was reported that the event was pushed back a week to avoid competition with "UFC 268" and the Canelo Álvarez vs. Caleb Plant boxing match. On September 27, it was announced that the event had been relocated to the Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Full Gear featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television programs, "Dynamite" and "Rampage", the supplementary online streaming shows, "Dark" and "", and The Young Bucks' YouTube series "Being The Elite".


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: In October 2018, prior to the formation of AEW, Adam Page joined his friends Kenny Omega and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson), forming a group known as The Elite. In January 2020, Page and Omega won the AEW World Tag Team Championship, but lost it later that year. Signs of dissent occurred during this title reign, and after more months of tension within the group, Page was removed from The Elite by The Young Bucks on the August 27, 2020, episode of "Dynamite", after Page had prevented them from winning a match. At the 2020 Full Gear event on November 7, Page faced Omega in the finals of a tournament to determine the number one contender for the AEW World Championship, with Omega winning. Omega would later go on to win the championship. Nearly a year later, on the October 6, 2021, episode of "Dynamite", Page, won the Casino Ladder Match to become the number one contender for the AEW World Championship, still held by Omega. On October 16, the championship match was scheduled for Full Gear.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: On October 8, AEW announced the return of the AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament; an eight-man single-elimination tournament culminating at Full Gear with the winner receiving a future AEW World Championship match. On the October 16 episode of "Dynamite", Bryan Danielson, Orange Cassidy, Preston "10" Vance, Lance Archer, Jon Moxley, Eddie Kingston, Dustin Rhodes, and Powerhouse Hobbs were revealed as the participants. However, on November 2, Moxley was removed from the tournament after he entered a rehabilitation program for alcohol addiction, and was replaced by Miro.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: After losing to Bryan Danielson on the October 29 episode of "Rampage", an enraged Eddie Kingston confronted CM Punk while he was being interviewed backstage. On the following episode of "Rampage", Kingston stated that although Punk had used to be a "hero" of his, he accused him of becoming "two-faced" and "narcissistic", with Punk responding that Kingston was a "bum". Kingston challenged Punk to a match at Full Gear, which was later confirmed.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: On The Buy-In pre-show, Hikaru Shida and Thunder Rosa faced Jamie Hayter and Nyla Rose (accompanied by Vickie Guerrero). Shida was distracted by Serena Deeb, allowing Vickie to hit her with a kendo stick. Rosa took out Hayter to the floor. Back in the ring, Rose performed a Splash on Shida, but Rosa broke up the pinfall. In the end, Shida reversed a Beast Bomb from Rose with a roll-up to win the match.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with MJF facing Darby Allin. When Allin attempted a Code Red, MJF reversed with a powerbomb kneebreaker. Both men were later on the apron, Allin went for a suplex; but MJF avoided it and performed a Tombstone Piledriver on Allin. Both men strived several roll-up attempts, with neither getting the pinfall. Moments later, Allin performed a Coffin Drop on MJF outside the ring. Back in the ring, Allin went for another Coffin Drop, but MJF got his knees up. Wardlow and Shawn Spears ran towards ringside, but Sting prevented them from intervening and attacked both men with his baseball bat. MJF went to ringside and grabbed Allin's skateboard. Allin would then grab the skateboard and hand it to the referee, which gave MJF enough time to struck Allin with his Dynamite Diamond Ring. MJF then performed a headlock takeover on Allin for the pinfall victory.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Next, The Lucha Brothers (Penta El Zero Miedo and Rey Fénix) (accompanied by Alex Abrahantes) defended the AEW World Tag Team Championship against FTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler) (accompanied by Tully Blanchard). Penta performed the Three Amigos on Harwood and Fénix followed up with a Frog Splash for a nearfall. FTR landed a Spike Piledriver on Fénix for a nearfall. In the closing moments, Wheeler tried to steal the win with a pin using the ropes, but the referee caught Wheeler's tactics. In the end, The Lucha Brothers performed a Fear Factor piledriver on Wheeler to retain the championships.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: The third match saw the AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament final match between Bryan Danielson and Miro, with the winner receiving a future match for the AEW World Championship. During the match, Miro performed a Samoan Drop on Danielson for a nearfall. The latter landed a shotgun missile dropkick off the top rope. Miro tossed Bryan with a release German Suplex after both men got to their feet. As Danielson went for a Busaiku Knee, Miro countered with a Powerbomb. Miro then applied the Game Over submission, but Danielson crawled to the ropes and broke the hold. Danielson performed a DDT off the top rope, and applied the Guillotine Choke submission on Miro, who passed out; thus Danielson won via technical submission.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Following this was a Falls Count Anywhere match between the team of Christian Cage and Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus) against The Superkliq (Adam Cole and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson)) (accompanied by Brandon Cutler and Michael Nakazawa). Cage hit Cole with a reverse DDT on a steel chair. Nick followed with a bulldog to Cage, Luchasaurus then landed a knee strike on the latter and performed a German Suplex on The Young Bucks. The latter poured thumbtacks in Boy's mouth and ran the ropes to kiss Cole on the cheek, followed by a double superkick on Boy for a nearfall. The Superkliq landed a BTE Trigger on Luchasaurus, but Boy broke up the pin. Boy performed a German Suplex on Nick, Christian followed with a Spear on Matt, and Luchasaurus performed a chokeslam on Cole off the stage onto Nick, Cutler, and Nakazawa. In the end, Boy performed a conchairto on Matt for the pinfall victory.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Next, Cody Rhodes and Pac (accompanied by Arn Anderson) faced Andrade El Idolo and Malakai Black (accompanied by Jose the Assistant). During the match, Pac performed an asai moonsault on Andrade and Black outside the ring. Black tagged in Rhodes, who performed a reverse superplex on Andrade off the top rope. Andrade went for a Figure Four Leglock, but Rhodes applied the move on Andrade instead. Black and Rhodes brawled into the crowd, which allowed Pac to take control and perform the Black Arrow on Andrade to win the match.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: The sixth match saw Dr. Britt Baker, D.M.D. (accompanied by Rebel and Jamie Hayter) defending the AEW Women's World Championship against Tay Conti. Conti attempted a quick roll-up for a nearfall. Baker performed a Curb Stomp on Conti for a nearfall. Baker applied her glove, but walked into a cutter from Conti for a nearfall. Baker performed an Air Raid Crash slam on Conti through the apron. While Rebel distracted the referee, Hayter pulled Conti out of the ring and threw her into the steel steps. Back in the ring, Baker performed another Curb Stomp and applied the Lockjaw submission on Conti, who broke the hold. Both women rolled around into pinfall attempts, and Baker won with a cradle pin to retain the title.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: After this, CM Punk faced Eddie Kingston. Kingston struck Punk with a spinning back fist before the match began. Both men spilled to the floor and brawled at ringside. Back in the ring, Kingston performed an exploder suplex on Punk. They went outside again where Kingston shoved Punk into the ring post, so Punk was busted open. Kingston attempted a Piledriver on the floor, but Punk countered into a back body drop. Punk dove off the apron for a diving clothesline, and tossed Kingston back in the ring. Kingston rained down punches on Punk on the top rope, and performed a superplex on the latter. In the end, Punk performed the Go to Sleep on Kingston to win the match.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: In the penultimate match, The Inner Circle (Chris Jericho, Jake Hager, Sammy Guevara, Santana and Ortiz) faced Men of the Year (Ethan Page and Scorpio Sky) and American Top Team (Junior dos Santos, Andrei Arlovski, and Dan Lambert) in a Minneapolis Street Fight match. Guevara leapt off the ladder and performed a Swanton Bomb on Sky through a table. Page gave Ortiz an Ego’s Edge on the floor in front of Baron Von Raschke, who applied the Iron Claw on him. Lambert celebrated in the ring, Jericho appeared behind him and landed multiple chops. Lambert went for the Walls of Jericho, but Jericho hit him with a kendo stick. In the culmination, Jericho performed a Frog Splash on Lambert for the victory.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Post-match, Tony Schiavone stood on the stage to introduce a special guest. Jay Lethal made his unannounced AEW debut, officially joining AEW. Lethal then challenged Sammy Guevara to a match for the AEW TNT Championship on the following episode of "Dynamite", which Guevara accepted.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: In the main event, Kenny Omega (accompanied by Don Callis) defended the AEW World Championship against "Hangman" Adam Page. Throughout the match, Callis would intervene and attack Page with the referee's vision concealed. Omega leapt off the ropes and performed a powerbomb on Page for a nearfall. Page landed a release German Suplex, which Omega would reply with a Tiger Driver '98. He then went for a Buckshot Lariat, but Omega pulled the referee in the way of the strike. Callis grabbed the AEW World Championship belt, and tried to hit Page with it. The latter saw it coming, and knocked out Callis. Omega grabbed the belt, but Page avoided it and performed a Dead Eye. A new referee ran to the ring, and counted a nearfall. Omega landed Kawada kicks, and Page fired up and landed a lariat on Omega. The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) then slowly made their way down to the ringside. Hangman attempted for another Buckshot Lariat, but Omega intercepted it with a V-Trigger. Omega went for a One Winged Angel, but Hangman performed the move on Omega himself for a nearfall. Page finally landed a Buckshot Lariat to the back of Omega. When Page set up the Buckshot Lariat from the front, Matt nodded at Page; reminiscent of the latter costing The Young Bucks an AEW World Tag Team Championship opportunity at All Out in 2020. In the climax, Page performed a second Buckshot Lariat on Omega to win the title. Following the match, Page celebrated his championship victory with the members of The Dark Order.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Full Gear received critical acclaim from critics. Writing for "Sports Illustrated", Justin Barrasso enjoyed the event and thought there was "a lot to like". Barrasso thought the MJF-Darby Allin opening match was "phenomenal" and the "match of the night". Barrasso also wrote that the Page-Omega main event was "captivating", the CM Punk-Kingston match was "short but dramatic", and the Lucha Brothers-FTR tag team championship match was "outstanding".


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Brent Brookhouse of "CBSSports.com" thought Full Gear was "incredible" and considered it to be "one of the best events in the young history of the promotion". The main event match was "fantastic", MJF-Allin was a "thriller", Lucha Brothers-FTR was "great", Danielson-Miro was "really good", and CM Punk-Kingston was "a wonderfully told story". He gave minor criticism to the Pac-Rhodes vs. Black-Andrade tag team match, which "wasn't up to the standards of the rest of the show", and The Inner Circle-American Top Team match, which was a "difficult match to rate".


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Sports journalist Dave Meltzer for the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" assigned star ratings to the event, with the main event receiving a 5 rating, making it the tenth AEW match to be rated 5 stars or more by Meltzer, and the fifth to surpass his 5 star rating scale. The falls count anywhere match between Christian Cage and Jurassic Express and The Superkliq was also rated 5 stars, making Full Gear the only AEW event to feature more than one match to attain the rating. Elsewhere on the card, MJF-Allin, CM Punk-Kingston, and Danielson-Miro all received a 4 star rating. The lowest rated match of the night was Baker-Conti, which was allocated 3 stars.


title: Full Gear (2021)

text: Brandon Thurston of "Wrestlenomics" approximated that Full Gear had received 145,000 pay-per-view buys and had sold 10,442 tickets, generating an estimated $4 million of revenue in total.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: Cape Canaveral () is a cape in Brevard County, Florida, in the United States, near the center of the state's Atlantic coast. Officially Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973, it lies east of Merritt Island, separated from it by the Banana River. It is part of a region known as the Space Coast, and is the site of the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Since many U.S. spacecraft have been launched from both the station and the Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island, the two are sometimes conflated with each other.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: Other features of the cape include Port Canaveral, one of the busiest cruise ports in the world, and the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse. The city of Cape Canaveral lies just south of the Port Canaveral District. Mosquito Lagoon, the Indian River, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore are also features of this area.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: During the middle Archaic period, from 5000 BC to 2000 BC, the Mount Taylor period culture region covered northeast Florida, including the area around Cape Canaveral. Late in the Archaic period, from 2000 BC to 500 BC, the Mount Taylor culture was succeeded by the Orange culture, which was among the earliest cultures in North America to produce pottery. The Orange culture was followed by the St. Johns culture, from 500 BC until after European contact. The area around the Indian River was in the Indian River variant of the St. Johns culture, with influences from the Belle Glade culture to the south.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: During the first Spanish colonial period the area around the Indian River, to the south of Cape Canaveral, was occupied by the Ais people, while the area around the Mosquito Lagoon, to the north of the Cape, was occupied by the Surruque people. The Surruque were allied with the Ais, but it is not clear whether the Surruque spoke a Timucua language, or a language related to the Ais language.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: In the early 16th century, Cape Canaveral was noted on maps, although without being named. It was named by Spanish explorers in the first half of the 16th century as . The name "Canaveral" ( in Spanish, meaning 'reed bed' or 'sugarcane plantation') is the third oldest surviving European place name in the United States. The first application of the name, according to the Smithsonian Institution, was from the 1521–1525 explorations of Spanish explorer Francisco Gordillo. A point of land jutting out into an area of the Atlantic Ocean with swift currents, it became a landing spot for many shipwrecked sailors. An early alternative name was "Cape of Currents". By at least 1564, the name appeared on maps.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: English privateer John Hawkins and his journalist John Sparke gave an account of their landing at Cape Canaveral in the 16th century. A Presbyterian missionary was wrecked here and lived among the Indians. Other histories tell of French survivors from Jean Ribault's colony at Fort Caroline, whose ship the wrecked on the shores of Cape Canaveral in 1565, and built a fort from its timbers.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: In December 1571, Pedro Menéndez was wrecked off the Coast of Cape Canaveral and encountered the Ais Indians. From 1605 to 1606, the Spanish Governor of Florida Pedro de Ibarra sent Alvaro Mexia on a diplomatic mission to the Ais Indian nation. The mission was a success; diplomatic ties were made and an agreement for the Ais to receive ransoms for all the shipwrecked sailors they returned.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: The first Cape Canaveral Lighthouse was completed in January 1848 to warn ships of the coral shoals off the coast.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: The hurricane of August 1885, pushed a "wall of water" over the barrier island (elevation, ) devastating Cape Canaveral and adjacent areas. The ocean waves flooded the homesteaders and discouraged further settlement in the area. The beach near the lighthouse was severely eroded prompting its relocation west inland.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: The 1890 graduating class of Harvard University started a gun club called the "Canaveral Club" at the Cape. This was founded by C. B. Horton of Boston and George H. Reed. A number of distinguished visitors including presidents Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison were reported to have stayed here. In the 1920s, the grand building fell in disrepair and later burned to the ground.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: In the 20th century, several communities sprang up in Cape Canaveral with names like Canaveral, Canaveral Harbor, Artesia and De Soto Beach. While the area was predominantly a farming and fishing community, some visionaries saw its potential as a resort for vacationers. However, the stock market crash of 1929 hampered its development. In the 1930s, a group of wealthy journalists started a community called "Journalista Beach", now called Avon by the Sea. The Brossier brothers built houses in this area and started a publication entitled the "Evening Star Reporter" that was the forerunner of the "Orlando Sentinel".


title: Cape Canaveral

text: Construction of Port Canaveral for military and commercial purposes was started in July 1950 and dedicated on 4 November 1953. Congress approved the construction of a deep-water port in 1929, half a century after it was first petitioned by the U.S. Navy in 1878. It is now the major deep-water port of Central Florida.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: Cape Canaveral became the test site for missiles when the legislation for the Joint Long Range Proving Ground was passed by the 81st Congress and signed by President Harry Truman on 11 May 1949. Work began on 9 May 1950, under a contract with the Duval Engineering Company of Jacksonville, Florida, to build the Cape's first paved access road and its first permanent launch site.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: The first rocket launched at the Cape was a V-2 rocket named Bumper 8 from Launch Complex 3 on 24 July 1950. On 6 February 1959, the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile was accomplished. NASA's Project Mercury and Gemini space flights were launched from Cape Canaveral, as were Apollo flights using the Saturn I and Saturn IB rockets.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: Cape Canaveral was chosen for rocket launches to take advantage of the Earth's rotation. The linear velocity of the Earth's surface is greatest towards the equator; the relatively southerly location of the cape allows rockets to take advantage of this by launching eastward, in the same direction as the Earth's rotation. It is also highly desirable to have the downrange area sparsely populated, in case of accidents; an ocean is ideal for this. The east coast of Florida has logistical advantages over potential competing sites. The Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 46 of the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station is the easternmost near the tip of the cape.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: In 1999, the North American Numbering Plan Administration allocated telephone area code 321 (as in a launch countdown) to the Cape Canaveral area in homage to its spacefaring heritage.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: A post office in the area was built and listed in the U.S. Post Office application as "Artesia" and retained this name from 1893 to 1954. It was "Port Canaveral" from 1954 to 1962, and then the City of Cape Canaveral from 1962 to 1963, when a larger post office was built.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: In 1963, President Lyndon Johnson issued an executive order renaming the area "Cape Kennedy", after President John F. Kennedy, who had set the goal of landing on the Moon. After Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, his widow, Jacqueline Kennedy, suggested to Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral facility would be an appropriate memorial. Johnson recommended the renaming of the entire cape, announced in a televised address six days after the assassination, on Thanksgiving evening. Accordingly, Cape Canaveral was officially renamed Cape Kennedy. Kennedy's last visit to the space facility was on 16 November 1963, six days before his death;


title: Cape Canaveral

text: Although the name change was approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names of the Department of the Interior in December 1963, it was not popular in Florida from the outset, especially in the bordering city of Cape Canaveral. In May 1973, the Florida Legislature passed a law restoring the former 400-year-old name, and the Board went along. The name restoration to Cape Canaveral became official on 9 October 1973. Senator Ted Kennedy had stated in 1970 that it was a matter to be decided by the citizens of Florida. The Kennedy family issued a letter stating they "understood the decision", and NASA's Kennedy Space Center retains the "Kennedy" name.


title: Cape Canaveral

text: The Gemini, Apollo, and the first Skylab missions were all launched while the area was named Cape Kennedy. The first crewed launch under the restored name of Cape Canaveral was Skylab 4, the final Skylab mission, on 16 November 1973.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: Primeval is a British science-fiction television programme produced for ITV by Impossible Pictures. "Primeval" follows a team of scientists tasked with investigating the appearance of temporal anomalies across the United Kingdom through which prehistoric and futuristic creatures enter the present, while simultaneously trying to stop the end of the world. "Primeval" was created by Tim Haines, who previously created the "Walking with..." documentary series, and Adrian Hodges. It ran for five series, originally broadcast from 2007 to 2011.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: The idea for "Primeval" had originally been devised by Haines in the early 2000s, in the aftermath of the production of "Walking with Dinosaurs". Originally intended as a production for the BBC, "Primeval" was ultimately turned down in 2005 after several years of concepting due to being deemed too similar to the revived "Doctor Who" by executives. Haines and Hodges then approached ITV, who were enthusiastic about the project. Before its initial broadcast, many early commentators dismissed "Primeval" as a "Doctor Who" ripoff. Despite this, the first series of "Primeval" met with an enthusisatic response, becoming both a critical and an audience hit. Also successful with international audiences, "Primeval" overcame its early dismissals and became recognised by critics as something unique in its own right.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: Though the second series met with a somewhat more lukewarm reception, "Primeval"'s third series received high praise from critics as its strongest outing yet. Despite maintaining good ratings, "Primeval" was cancelled by ITV following the third series due to financial issues. After a few months in hiatus the programme was brought back through a co-production deal with UKTV, allowing for the production of a fourth and fifth series. Reception to the fourth series was mixed but the fifth series again garnered praise from critics. Though the fifth series was a success during its initial broadcast on the channel Watch in 2011, its disappointing ratings when it was broadcast on ITV the following year led to "Primeval" being cancelled again.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: The success of "Primeval" spawned an accompanying franchise of merchandise, including novels, games and toy lines. An American film adaptation was announced to be in production in 2009 but languished in development and was ultimately never made. A Canadian spinoff series, "", aired in 2013 but was cancelled after a single 13-episode season.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: Tim Haines, who studied zoology and had a background in science journalism, made his first television breakthrough in the late 1990s when he as a television producer at the BBC envisioned and created the nature documentary series "Walking with Dinosaurs" (1999). "Walking with Dinosaurs" was the first ever natural history series on dinosaurs to make use of extensive special effects to depict them as animals in their natural environments and was a massive success, becoming the most watched science programme in British television history. While working on "Walking with Dinosaurs", Haines came up with the idea of using the technology of the series to produce a science fiction drama. Although the BBC were receptive to the idea, they wanted a recognisable property rather than a new idea, leading Haines to produce "The Lost World" (2001), an adaptation of the Arthur Conan Doyle novel of the same name. According to Haines, the success of "The Lost World" showed that it was possible to take the technology of "Walking with Dinosaurs" and create "very entertaining Hollywood-esque stories".


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: The successes of his programmes allowed Haines to co-found his own high-end television production company in 2002, Impossible Pictures. After the production of "The Lost World", Haines came up with the idea of "Primeval", though he at this point called it "Cutter's Bestiary". Among the inspirations for the idea were the old science fiction films of Ray Harryhausen, which Haines felt had a "certain charm". Another inspiration were fossil ghost lineages, which Haines imagined could be explained by animals "swapping times". Other influences included "Jurassic Park" and "King Kong". Commentators unassociated with the production team have also suggested that "Primeval" was partly inspired by series such as "Doctor Who", "Lost", "Stargate" and "Quatermass".


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: Haines wrote a script together with another writer though it ultimately led to nothing. Adrian Hodges, a television writer who at this point had recently won a BAFTA for "" (2003), met with Laura Mackie, the BBC Head of Drama to discuss possibilities of future work. Hodges turned down working on "Bleak House" (2005) due to wanting to do "something that's fun" in the vein of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Mackie then suggested "Cutter's Bestiary"; although Hodges thought the title was "terrible" he thought the concept of dinosaurs in the modern day was brilliant. Hodges came up with the title "Primeval" and he wrote several scripts for the BBC with the concept going through several different iterations, at first envisioned only as a 90-minute television film.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: When Haines and Hodges began working on the concept they had strived to create something that was also akin to "Doctor Who", which at the time had not yet been revived. Once "Doctor Who" was revived by Russell T Davies in 2005, "Primeval" was deemed to be too similar by the BBC and was turned down, four or five years after Haines had first pitched "Cutter's Bestiary". After being turned down by the BBC, Haines and Hodges pitched "Primeval" to ITV commissioner Nick Elliott. Elliott greenlit the series on account of liking the scripts produced by Hodges and out of a wish to replicate the success of the revived "Doctor Who". Additional funding for "Primeval" was also secured from the German ProSieben and the French M6.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: With the production of the series secured and several scripts already written, the producers in January 2006 moved on to casting the lead actors. Hodges and Haines personally approached Douglas Henshall, who played lead character Nick Cutter, for the role but the other actors were cast through regular auditions. Henshall was joined in the main cast by James Murray, Andrew-Lee Potts, Hannah Spearritt, Lucy Brown, Juliet Aubrey, Ben Miller and Mark Wakeling.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: "Primeval" was envisioned as a family series that did not take itself too seriously and appealed to both adults and kids. The producers sought to ensure that it would not just be a children's programme by also making the drama work on its own, working towards a "PG-13 feel". The production team also made the deliberate choice to set many of the episodes in familiar environments for the audience and give the series a "modern feel" with the intent that viewers would feel as if they could find "dinosaurs in their kitchen". In addition to following a "monster-of-the-week" format, "Primeval" also sought to touch on deeper themes such as environmental preservation and ecological disaster.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: When choosing directors for "Primeval", Haines and Hodges wished to hire people with good track records. The directors approached for the first series were Cilla Ware and Jamie Payne. Neither director had much background with action scenes but both were experienced with directing drama. The visual style of the series got some inspiration from Errol Flynn films such as "Captain Blood" (1935) and "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938). During production of the first series, the title was initially spelt "Primaeval". The production of the first series was announced by ITV on 27 December 2005, touted as a "six-part epic about scientists who travel into prehistoric times through black holes".


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: Following the success of the first series, "Primeval" was recommissioned for a second series in March 2007, announced on 8 June. The entire first series main cast returned for the second series, with the exception of Wakeling. The second series also introduced the further main cast members Karl Theobald and Naomi Bentley. The third series of "Primeval" was announced on 30 January 2008. Henshall had felt during the second series that "Primeval" had become "simplified in its ambitions" and left the series during the third series, which necessitated extensive rewrites to the intended plot of the third series, also impacting the storylines of Jenny Lewis (Lucy Brown) and Helen Cutter (Juliet Aubrey); Henshall was replaced as the main lead of the series by Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn. Further new characters were introduced in the third series, played by Laila Rouass, Ben Mansfield and Belinda Stewart-Wilson.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: Despite the third series being successful, "Primeval" was cancelled after its run on 15 June 2009 for financial reasons, ITV having come very close to bankruptcy in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. ITV declined to recommission "Primeval" for a fourth series despite Impossible Pictures, the production company behind the series, proposing numerous different options, such as producing the series cheaper (for £600,000 per episode) or offering first-run rights to a rival channel. The cancellation was likely primarily motivated by the effects budget; "Primeval" cost around millions of pounds per series and ITV could not claim all of the money earned by the series due to it being produced independently by Impossible Pictures. During the production of the third series, the producers had at no point expected that "Primeval" would not return for a fourth series, stating in subsequent interviews that they would not have left as many of character's fates up in the air had they known of the threat of cancellation.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: "Primeval" was recommissioned three months after being cancelled. The "resurrection" of the series was made possible through a new deal made by Impossible Pictures, in which the series would be co-produced by both ITV and UKTV (with the costs shared), with additional funding also being provided by BBC Worldwide and ProSieben. The deal secured the making of thirteen new episodes, split into a fourth and fifth series. The fourth series would air on ITV and then on the UKTV-owned channel Watch whereas the fifth series would air first on Watch. The production team were thrilled to be able to produce two additional series since it would allow them to resolve the plotlines of the previous series and move "Primeval" further. The fourth and fifth series had a combined budget of £15 million.


title: Primeval (TV series)

text: Although most of the cast of the third season were announced as returning for the fourth and fifth series, the production needed to cast several new characters, due to the departures of several actors and the third series leaving several characters stranded in the past. New main cast members Laila Rouass and Jason Flemyng were also unable to commit to an entire further series. As a result, the fourth and fifth series brought in several new main characters, played by Ciarán McMenamin, Ruth Kearney, Ruth Bradley and Alexander Siddig. Ultimately, poor ratings for the fifth series when it aired on ITV in 2012 caused "Primeval" not to be renewed for a sixth series, despite both the production team and the cast being interested in continuing the series.