title: Archie Christie

text: On Christmas Eve 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I, Christie and Agatha were married at Emmanuel Church, Clifton, Bristol, close to the home of his parents. Christie was progressively promoted during the war until he became colonel. He was mentioned in despatches five times; and, at the end of the war, he received a DSO and a CMG.


title: Archie Christie

text: After the war, Christie and Agatha took a flat in Northwick Terrace in London for a short time. Their only child, Rosalind Margaret Clarissa, was born in Agatha's childhood home, Ashfield, in Torquay in 1919. Soon after this, they found a larger flat in Addison Mansions, London.


title: Archie Christie

text: Christie left the military and took a job in the Imperial and Foreign Corporation. He remained there until 1922 when he was offered a position by his father's former colleague Major Ernest Belcher as financial adviser in the British Empire Exhibition Tour. The purpose of the Tour was to promote the forthcoming British Empire Exhibition, which was to be held at Wembley in 1924 and 1925. The Tour departed in January 1922 and returned ten months later. During that time, Christie and Agatha visited many places around the world and came to know Major Ernest Belcher, who led the Tour and subsequently organised many parts of the Wembley Exhibition.


title: Archie Christie

text: After they returned from the tour, Christie found a job in the city and later moved to Austral Development, which established him in the world of finance. He started to play golf and was elected to the Sunningdale Golf Club. He spent many of his weekends there while Agatha worked on her novels in their London flat. Christie wanted to live in Sunningdale so, in 1924, they moved to a flat called Scotswood, where they lived for two years.


title: Archie Christie

text: At the beginning of 1925, Agatha was invited to participate in a committee to design and organise a children's section of the 1925 British Empire Exhibition in Wembley. Another friend of Belcher's, Nancy Neele, was also invited to be a member of the Committee; Neele would later become Christie's mistress and second wife. The committee on which both Agatha and Nancy sat designed and organised the Children's Paradise section of the Wembley Exhibition which contained Treasure Island as its centrepiece. It was a substantial contribution to the event as "The Times" outlined its features in-depth and gave the names of the committee. It was a very successful part of the Exhibition as, in the following year, the Treasure Island feature was exported to the United States, where it was lauded as "the greatest amusement feature at the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania".


title: Archie Christie

text: At the beginning of 1926, Christie and Agatha jointly bought a large house in Sunningdale they called "Styles". In April of that year, Agatha's mother, Clarissa Miller, died, and, for several months, she moved back to her childhood home in Ashfield to sort and pack her mother's belongings. In August, Christie came to see her at Ashfield and told her he wanted a divorce as he had fallen in love with Neele. On 3 December 1926, Agatha left their home in Styles and when she did not return, Archie reported her missing. A major police hunt was undertaken, and Christie was questioned by the police. Agatha was located ten days later at the Swan Hydropathic Hotel (now the Old Swan Hotel) in Harrogate, Yorkshire, registered as Mrs Teresa Neele.


title: Archie Christie

text: Christie was asked to go to the hotel to identify his wife. She apparently did not recognise him until later, when she was recovering at her sister's house, Abney Hall. Christie issued a statement to the press saying that his wife was suffering from a nervous disorder and that she had complete loss of memory. The 1979 dramatic film "Agatha" was based on this event with Agatha and Archie portrayed by Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton. After this, the couple separated. Agatha went to live in a flat in London, and Christie remained at Styles so that he could sell it. In 1928, Christie married Nancy Neele at St George's, Hanover Square, with just a few close friends present at the ceremony.


title: Archie Christie

text: Nancy Neele was ten years younger than Christie. She was born in 1899 to middle-class parents in Stockport, Cheshire. Her father, Charles Woodward Neele, was the Chief Electrical Engineer to the Great Central Railway. Her mother, Mabel Lily Fraser, came from a cultured family where music dominated. She was one of five sisters who played orchestral music, and they were described by one newspaper as showing "a proficiency in handling their instruments that enables them to perform with grace and ease the most exacting and high class music".


title: Archie Christie

text: During Nancy's childhood, her family moved to a house called Rheola in Croxley Green. After she left school, Nancy completed a course at the Triangle Secretarial College in London and obtained a position as a clerk in the Imperial Continental Gas Association. Soon after she started there, her friend from the College, Madge Fox, joined her. In 1925, Madge married Frank Henry James, and the couple lived in Hurtmore Cottage near Godalming. It was here that Christie saw Nancy at house parties on weekends before his divorce from Agatha. After their marriage, in 1928, Archie and Nancy Christie lived in a London flat at 84 Avenue Road (NW8). They had one son, Archibald (born 1930). Christie stayed in contact with Rosalind, his daughter from his first marriage. In an interview that was published in "The Times", Rosalind Hicks made the following comments about her father's second marriage: "Eventually my father married Nancy Neele and they lived happily together until she died. I saw him quite often and we always liked and understood one another."


title: Archie Christie

text: Christie became a successful business man and was a director on the boards of several financial and investment companies. In 1949, he was appointed to the board of the Rank Organisation.


title: Archie Christie

text: The couple lived in their London flat until about 1939 when they moved to a large country house near Godalming called Juniper Hill on Hydon Heath. Christie continued to play golf at Sunningdale Golf Club. Nancy died in 1958 at the age of 58, and Christie died four years later.


title: Yanomami

text: The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil.


title: Yanomami

text: The ethnonym "Yanomami" was produced by anthropologists on the basis of the word , which, in the expression , signifies "human beings." This expression is opposed to the categories (game animals) and (invisible or nameless beings), but also (enemy, stranger, non-Indian).


title: Yanomami

text: The first report of the Yanomami to the Northern world is from 1654, when an El Salvadorian expedition under Apolinar Diez de la Fuente visited some Ye'kuana people living on the Padamo River. Diez wrote:


title: Yanomami

text: From approximately 1630 to 1720, the other river-based indigenous societies who lived in the same region were wiped out or reduced as a result of slave-hunting expeditions by the conquistadors and bandeirantes. How this affected the Yanomami is unknown. Sustained contact with the outside world began in the 1950s with the arrival of members of the New Tribes Mission as well as Catholic missionaries from the Society of Jesus and Salesians of Don Bosco.


title: Yanomami

text: In Roraima, the 1970s saw the implementation of development projects within the framework of the "National Integration Plan" launched by the Brazilian military governments of the time. This meant the opening of a stretch of perimeter road (1973–76) and various colonization programs on land traditionally occupied by the Yanomami. During the same period, the Amazonian resources survey project RADAM (1975) detected important mineral deposits in the region. This triggered a progressive movement of gold prospectors, which after 1987 took the form of a real gold rush. Hundreds of clandestine runways were opened by gold miners in the major tributaries of the Branco River between 1987 and 1990. The number of gold miners in the Yanomami area of Roraima was then estimated at 30 to 40 thousand, about five times the indigenous population resident there. Although the intensity of this gold rush has subsided greatly since 1990, gold prospecting continues today in the Yanomami land, spreading violence and serious health and social problems.


title: Yanomami

text: Increasing pressure from farmers, cattle ranchers, and gold miners, as well as those interested in by constructing roads and military bases near Yanomami communities, led to a campaign to defend the rights of the Yanomami to live in a protected area. In 1978 the Pro-Yanomami Commission (CCPY) was established. Originally named the Commission for the Creation of a Yanomami Park, it is a Brazilian non-governmental nonprofit organization dedicated to the defense of the territorial, cultural, and civil and political rights of the Yanomami. CCPY devoted itself to a long national and international campaign to inform and sensitize public opinion and put pressure on the Brazilian government to demarcate an area suited to the needs of the Yanomami. After 13 years the Yanomami indigenous land was officially demarcated in 1991 and approved and registered in 1992, thus ensuring that indigenous people had the constitutional right to the exclusive use of almost located in the States of Roraima and Amazonas.


title: Yanomami

text: The Alto Orinoco-Casiquiare Biosphere Reserve was created in 1993 with the objective of preserving the traditional territory and lifestyle of the Yanomami and Ye'kuana peoples.


title: Yanomami

text: However, while the constitution of Venezuela recognizes indigenous peoples’ rights to their ancestral domains, few have received official title to their territories and the government has announced it will open up large parts of the Amazon rainforest to legal mining.


title: Yanomami

text: The Yanomami do not recognize themselves as a united group, but rather as individuals associated with their politically autonomous villages. Yanomami communities are grouped together because they have similar ages and kinship, and militaristic coalitions interweave communities together. The Yanomami have common historical ties to Carib speakers who resided near the Orinoco river and moved to the highlands of Brazil and Venezuela, the location the Yanomami currently occupy.


title: Yanomami

text: Mature men hold most political and religious authority. A "tuxawa" (headman) acts as the leader of each village, but no single leader presides over the whole of those classified as Yanomami. Headmen gain political power by demonstrating skill in settling disputes both within the village and with neighboring communities. A consensus of mature males is usually required for action that involves the community, but individuals are not required to take part. Local descent groups also play important roles in regulating marriages and settling disputes within villages.


title: Yanomami

text: Groups of Yanomami live in villages usually consisting of their children and extended families. Villages vary in size, but usually contain between 50 and 400 people. In this largely communal system, the entire village lives under a common roof called the "shabono". "Shabonos" have a characteristic oval shape, with open grounds in the center measuring an average of . The "shabono" shelter constitutes the perimeter of the village, if it has not been fortified with palisades.


title: Yanomami

text: Under the roof, divisions exist marked only by support posts, partitioning individual houses and spaces. "Shabonos" are built from raw materials from the surrounding rainforest, such as leaves, vines, and tree trunks. They are susceptible to heavy damage from rains, winds, and insect infestation. As a result, new "shabonos" are constructed every 4 to 6 years.


title: Yanomami

text: The Yanomami can be classified as foraging horticulturalists, depending heavily on rainforest resources; they use slash-and-burn horticulture, grow bananas, gather fruit, and hunt animals and fish. Crops compose up to 75% of the calories in the Yanomami diet. Protein is supplied by wild resources obtained through gathering, hunting, and fishing. When the soil becomes exhausted, Yanomami frequently move to avoid areas that have become overused, a practice known as shifting cultivation.


title: Yanomami

text: Children stay close to their mothers when young; most of the childrearing is done by women. Yanomami groups are a famous example of the approximately fifty documented societies that openly accept polyandry, though polygyny among Amazonian tribes has also been observed. Many unions are monogamous. Polygamous families consist of a large patrifocal family unit based on one man, and smaller matrifocal subfamilies: each woman's family unit, composed of the woman and her children. Life in the village is centered around the small, matrilocal family unit, whereas the larger patrilocal unit has more political importance beyond the village.


title: Yanomami

text: Males of the Yanomami are said to commit significant intervals of bride service living with their in-laws, and levirate or sororate marriage might be practiced in the event of the death of a spouse. Kin groups tend to be localized in villages and their genealogical depth is rather shallow. Kinship is critical in the arrangement of marriage and very strong bonds develop between kin groups who exchange women. Their kinship system can be described in terms of Iroquois classificatory pattern. To quote anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon, “In a word, everyone in Yanomamo society is called by some kinship term that can be translated into what we would call blood relatives.”


title: Yanomami

text: The Yanomami are known as hunters, fishers, and horticulturists. The women cultivate cooking plantains and cassava in gardens as their main crops. Men do the heavy work of clearing areas of forest for the gardens. Another food source for the Yanomami is grubs. Often the Yanomami will cut down palms in order to facilitate the growth of grubs. The traditional Yanomami diet is very low in edible salt. Their blood pressure is characteristically among the lowest of any demographic group. For this reason, the Yanomami have been the subject of studies seeking to link hypertension to sodium consumption.


title: Yanomami

text: Rituals are a very important part of Yanomami culture. The Yanomami celebrate a good harvest with a big feast to which nearby villages are invited. The Yanomami village members gather large amounts of food, which helps to maintain good relations with their neighbors. They also decorate their bodies with feathers and flowers. During the feast, the Yanomami eat a lot, and the women dance and sing late into the night.


title: Yanomami

text: Hallucinogens or entheogens, known as "yakoana" or "ebene", are used by Yanomami shamans as part of healing rituals for members of the community who are ill. "Yakoana" also refers to the tree from which it is derived, "Virola elongata". "Yopo", derived from a different plant with hallucinogenic effects ("Anadenanthera peregrina"), is usually cultivated in the garden by the shaman. The Xamatari also mix the powdered bark of "Virola elongata" with the powdered seeds of "yopo" to create the drug "ebene". The drugs facilitate communication with the "hekura", spirits that are believed to govern many aspects of the physical world. Women do not engage in this practice, known as "shapuri".


title: Yanomami

text: The Yanomami people practice ritual endocannibalism, in which they consume the bones of deceased kinsmen. The body is wrapped in leaves and placed in the forest some distance from the "shabono;" then after insects have consumed the soft tissue (usually about 30 to 45 days), the bones are collected and cremated. The ashes are then mixed with a kind of soup made from bananas, which is consumed by the entire community. The ashes may be preserved in a gourd and the ritual repeated annually until the ashes are gone. In daily conversation, no reference may be made to a dead person except on the annual "day of remembrance", when the ashes of the dead are consumed and people recall the lives of their deceased relatives. This tradition is meant to strengthen the Yanomami people and keep the spirit of that individual alive.


title: Yanomami

text: The women are responsible for many domestic duties and chores, excluding hunting and killing game for food. Although the women do not hunt, they do work in the gardens and gather fruits, tubers, nuts and other wild foodstuffs. The garden plots are sectioned off by family, and grow bananas, plantains, sugarcane, mangoes, sweet potatoes, papayas, cassava, maize, and other crops. Yanomami women cultivate until the gardens are no longer fertile, and then move their plots. Women are expected to carry of crops on their backs during harvesting, using bark straps and woven baskets.


title: Yanomami

text: In the mornings, while the men are off hunting, the women and young children go off in search of termite nests and other grubs, which will later be roasted at the family hearths. The women also pursue frogs, terrestrial crabs, or caterpillars, or even look for vines that can be woven into baskets. While some women gather these small sources of food, other women go off and fish for several hours during the day. The women also prepare cassava, shredding the roots and expressing the toxic juice, then roasting the flour to make flat cakes (known in Spanish as ), which they cook over a small pile of coals.


title: Yanomami

text: Yanomami women are expected to take responsibility for the children, who are expected to help their mothers with domestic chores from a very young age, and mothers rely very much on help from their daughters. Boys typically become the responsibility of the male members of the community after about age 8.


title: Yanomami

text: Using small strings of bark and roots, Yanomami women weave and decorate baskets. They use these baskets to carry plants, crops, and food to bring back to the "shabono". They use a red berry known as "onoto" or "urucu" to dye the baskets, as well as to paint their bodies and dye their loin cloths. After the baskets are painted, they are further decorated with masticated charcoal pigment.


title: Yanomami

text: The start of "menstruation" symbolizes the beginning of womanhood. Girls typically start menstruation around the ages of 12 to 13. Girls are often betrothed before menarche and the marriage may be consummated only once the girl starts menstruating, though the taboo is often violated, and many girls become sexually active before then. The Yanomami word for menstruation ("roo") translates literally as "squatting" in English, as they use no pads or cloths to absorb the blood. Due to the belief that menstrual blood is poisonous and dangerous, girls are kept hidden away in a small tent-like screen of leaves. A deep hole is built in the structure over which girls squat, to "rid themselves" of their blood. These structures are regarded as isolation screens.


title: Yanomami

text: The mother is notified immediately, and she, along with the elder female friends of the girl, are responsible for disposing of her old cotton garments and replacing them with new ones that symbolize her womanhood and availability for marriage. During the week of that first menstrual period, the girl is fed with a stick, because she is forbidden from touching the food in any way. While on confinement, she has to whisper when speaking, and she may speak only to close kin, such as sisters or her mother, but never to a male.


title: Yanomami

text: Until the time of menstruation, girls are treated as children, and are only responsible for assisting their mothers in household work. When they approach the age of menstruation, they are sought out by males as potential wives. Puberty is not seen as an important time period for male Yanomami children, as it is for females. After menstruating for the first time, the girls are expected to leave childhood, enter adulthood, and take on the responsibilities of a grown Yanomami woman. After a young girl gets her period, she is forbidden from showing her genitalia and must keep herself covered with a loincloth.


title: Yanomami

text: The menstrual cycle of Yanomami women does not occur frequently due to constant nursing or child-birthing, and is treated as a very significant occurrence only at this time.


title: Yanomami

text: Yanomaman languages comprise four main varieties: Ninam, Sanumá, Waiká, and Yanomamö. Many local variations and dialects also exist, such that people from different villages cannot always understand each other. Many linguists consider the Yanomaman family to be a language isolate, unrelated to other South American indigenous languages. The origins of the language are obscure.


title: Yanomami

text: In early anthropological studies the Yanomami culture was described as being permeated with violence. The Yanomami people have a history of acting violently not only towards other tribes, but towards one another.


title: Yanomami

text: An influential ethnography by anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon described the Yanomami as living in "a state of chronic warfare". Chagnon's account and similar descriptions of the Yanomami portrayed them as aggressive and warlike, sparking controversy amongst anthropologists and creating an enormous interest in the Yanomami. The debate centered around the degree of violence in Yanomami society, and the question of whether violence and warfare were best explained as an inherent part of Yanomami culture, or rather as a response to specific historical situations. Writing in 1985, anthropologist , who had lived among the Yanomami for more than twenty years, stated:


title: Yanomami

text: Anthropologists working in the ecologist tradition, such as Marvin Harris, argued that a culture of violence had evolved among the Yanomami through competition resulting from a lack of nutritional resources in their territory. However, the 1995 study "Yanomami Warfare", by R. Brian Ferguson, examined all documented cases of warfare among the Yanomami and concluded:


title: Yanomami

text: Ferguson stresses the idea that contrary to Chagnon's description of the Yanomami as unaffected by Western culture, the Yanomami experienced the effects of colonization long before their territory became accessible to Westerners in the 1950s, and that they had acquired many influences and materials from Western culture through trade networks much earlier.


title: Yanomami

text: Lawrence Keeley questioned Ferguson's analysis, writing that the character and speed of changes caused by contact with civilization are not well understood, and that diseases, trade items, weapons, and population movements likely all existed as possible contributors to warfare before civilization.


title: Yanomami

text: Violence is one of the leading causes of Yanomami death. Up to half of all Yanomami males die violent deaths in the constant conflict between neighboring communities over local resources. Often these confrontations lead to Yanomami leaving their villages in search of new ones. Women are often victims of physical abuse and anger. Inter-village warfare is common, but does not too commonly affect women. When Yanomami tribes fight and raid nearby tribes, women are often raped, beaten, and brought back to the "shabono" to be adopted into the captor's community. Wives may be beaten frequently, so as to keep them docile and faithful to their husbands. Sexual jealousy causes much of the violence. Women are beaten with clubs, sticks, machetes, and other blunt or sharp objects. Burning with a branding stick occurs often, and symbolizes a male's strength or dominance over his wife.


title: Yanomami

text: Yanomami men have been known to kill children while raiding enemy villages. Helena Valero, a Brazilian woman kidnapped by Yanomami warriors in the 1930s, witnessed a Karawetari raid on her tribe:


title: Yanomami

text: Following the increase in threats and attacks against the uncontacted Yanomami, member of parliament Joenia Wapichana, Dario Kopenawa Yanomami and some other Brazilian indigenous leaders met with Michelle Bachelet, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, to assess the inability of the government to protect their constitutional rights. On September 13, 2021, in her report to the United Nations Human Rights Council, Michelle Bachelet declared that she was "alarmed by recent attacks against members of the Yanomami and Munduruku," in Brazil, "by illegal miners in the Amazon."


title: Yanomami

text: Gold was found in Yanomami territory in the early 1970s and the resulting influx of miners brought disease, alcoholism, and violence. Yanomami culture was severely endangered.


title: Yanomami

text: In the mid-1970s, "garimpeiros" (small independent gold-diggers) started to enter the Yanomami country. Where these "garimpeiros" settled, they killed members of the Yanomami tribe in conflict over land. In addition, mining techniques by the "garimpeiros" led to environmental degradation. Despite the existence of FUNAI, the federal agency representing the rights and interests of indigenous populations, the Yanomami have received little protection from the government against these intrusive forces. In some cases the government can be cited as supporting the infiltration of mining companies into Yanomami lands. In 1978, the militarized government, under pressure from anthropologists and the international community, enacted a plan that demarcated land for the Yanomami. These reserves, however, were small "island" tracts of land lacking consideration for Yanomami lifestyle, trading networks, and trails, with boundaries that were determined solely by the concentration of mineral deposits. In 1990, more than 40,000 "garimpeiros" had entered the Yanomami land. In 1992, the government of Brazil, led by Fernando Collor de Mello, demarcated an indigenous Yanomami area on the recommendations of Brazilian anthropologists and Survival International, a campaign that started in the early 1970s. Non-Yanomami people continue to enter the land; the Brazilian and Venezuelan governments do not have adequate enforcement programs to prevent the entry of outsiders.


title: Yanomami

text: Ethical controversy has arisen about Yanomami blood taken for study by scientists such as Napoleon Chagnon and his associate James Neel. Although Yanomami religious tradition prohibits the keeping of any bodily matter after the death of that person, the donors were not warned that blood samples would be kept indefinitely for experimentation. Several prominent Yanomami delegations have sent letters to the scientists who are studying them, demanding the return of their blood samples. As of June 2010 these samples were in the process of being removed from storage for shipping to the Amazon, pending the decision as to whom to deliver them to and how to prevent any potential health risks in doing so.


title: Yanomami

text: Members of the American Anthropological Association debated a dispute that has divided their discipline, voting 846 to 338 to rescind a 2002 report on allegations of misconduct by scholars studying the Yanomami people. The dispute has raged since Patrick Tierney published "Darkness in El Dorado" in 2000. The book charged that anthropologists had repeatedly caused harm—and in some cases, death—to members of the Yanomami people whom they had studied in the 1960s. In 2010, Brazilian director José Padilha revisited the "Darkness in El Dorado" controversy in his documentary "Secrets of the Tribe".


title: Yanomami

text: From 1987 to 1990, the Yanomami population was severely affected by malaria, mercury poisoning, malnutrition, and violence due to an influx of "garimpeiros" searching for gold in their territory. Malaria, which was first introduced to Yanomami populations by gold miners during the 1980s, is now frequent in Yanomami populations. Without the protection of the government, Yanomami populations declined when miners were allowed to enter the Yanomami territory frequently throughout this 3-year span. In 1987, FUNAI President Romero Jucá denied that the sharp increase in Yanomami deaths was due to "garimpeiro" invasions, and José Sarney, then president of Brazil, also supported the economic venture of the "garimpeiros" over the land rights of the Yanomami. Alcida Rita Ramos, an anthropologist who worked closely with the Yanomami, says this three-year period "led to charges against Brazil for genocide."


title: Yanomami

text: The Haximu massacre, also known as the Yanomami massacre, was an armed conflict in 1993, just outside Haximu, Brazil, close to the border with Venezuela. A group of "garimpeiros" killed approximately 16 Yanomami. In turn, Yanomami warriors killed at least two "garimpeiros" and wounded two more.


title: Yanomami

text: In July 2012 the government of Venezuela investigated another alleged massacre. According to the Yanomami, a village of eighty people was attacked by a helicopter and the only known survivors of the village were three men who happened to be out hunting while the attack occurred. However, in September 2012 Survival International, who had been supporting the Yanomami in this allegation, retracted their support after journalists could find no evidence to support the claim.


title: Yanomami

text: On April 3, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 15-year-old Yanomami boy from the Uraricoera River area was confirmed to have COVID-19 and was admitted to the intensive care unit at Roraima General Hospital in Boa Vista, before dying on April 10. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, this was the first confirmed Yanomami death and the third death due to COVID-19 in an indigenous tribe, and raised fears over the virus' impact on Brazil's indigenous peoples.


title: Yanomami

text: David Good, son of Yarima and her husband anthropologist Kenneth Good, created The Good Project to help support the future of the Yanomami people.


title: Yanomami

text: UK-based non-governmental organization Survival International has created global awareness-raising campaigns on the human rights situation of the Yanomami people.


title: Yanomami

text: In 1988 the US-based World Wildlife Fund (WWF) funded the musical "Yanomamo," by Peter Rose and Anne Conlon, to convey what is happening to the people and their natural environment in the Amazon rainforest. It tells of Yanomami tribesmen/tribeswomen living in the Amazon and has been performed by many drama groups around the world.


title: Yanomami

text: The German-based non-governmental organization Yanomami-Hilfe e.V. is building medical stations and schools for the Yanomami in Venezuela and Brazil. Founder Rüdiger Nehberg crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1987 in a Pedalo and, together with Christina Haverkamp, in 1992 on a self-made bamboo raft in order to draw attention to the continuing oppression of the Yanomami people.


title: Yanomami

text: The Brazilian-based Yanomami formed their own indigenous organization Hutukara Associação Yanomami and accompanying website.


title: Yanomami

text: CCPY (formerly "Comissão pela Criação do Parque Yanomami") is a Brazilian NGO focused on improving health care and education for the Yanomami. Established in 1978 by photographer Claudia Andujar, anthropologist Bruce Albert, and Catholic missionary Carlo Zacquini, CCPY has dedicated itself to the defense of Yanomami territorial rights and the preservation of Yanomami culture. CCPY launched an international campaign to publicize the destructive effects of the "garimpeiro" invasion and promoted a political movement to designate an area along the Brazil-Venezuela border as the Yanomami Indigenous Area. This campaign was ultimately successful.


title: Yanomami

text: Following demarcation of the Yanomami Indigenous Area in 1992, CCPY's health programs, in conjunction with the now-defunct NGO URIHI (Yanomami for "forest"), succeeded in reducing the incidence of malaria among the Brazilian Yanomami by educating Yanomami community health agents in how to diagnose and treat malaria. Between 1998 and 2001 the incidence of malaria among Brazilian Yanomami Indians dropped by 45%.


title: Yanomami

text: In 2000, CCPY sponsored a project to foster a market for Yanomami-grown fruit trees. This project aimed to help the Yanomami as they transition to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle because of environmental and political pressures. In a separate venture, the CCPY, per the request of Yanomami leaders, established Yanomami schools that teach Portuguese, aiming to aid the Yanomami in their navigation of Brazilian politics and international arenas in their struggle to defend land rights. Additionally, these village schools teach Yanomami about Brazilian society, including money use, good production, and record-keeping.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Antônio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim (25 January 1927 – 8 December 1994), also known as Tom Jobim (), was a Brazilian composer, pianist, guitarist, songwriter, arranger, and singer. Considered one of the great exponents of Brazilian music, Jobim internationalized bossa nova and, with the help of important American artists, merged it with jazz in the 1960s to create a new sound, with popular success. As a result, he is sometimes known as the "father of bossa nova".


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Jobim was a primary force behind the creation of the bossa nova style, and his songs have been performed by many singers and instrumentalists internationally since the early 1960s.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: In 1965, the album "Getz/Gilberto" was the first jazz record to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. It also won Best Jazz Instrumental Album – Individual or Group and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. The album's single '"Garota de Ipanema (The Girl from Ipanema)'", composed by Jobim, has become one of the most recorded songs of all time, and the album won the Record of the Year. Jobim composed many songs that are now included in jazz and pop standard repertoires. "Garota de Ipanema" has been recorded over 240 times by other artists. His 1967 album with Frank Sinatra, "Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim", was nominated for Album of the Year in 1968.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Antônio Carlos Jobim was born in the middle-class district of Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro. His father, Jorge de Oliveira Jobim (São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul; 1889–1935), was a writer, diplomat, professor and journalist. He came from a prominent family, being the great-nephew of , senator, privy councillor and physician of Emperor Dom Pedro II. His mother, Nilza Brasileiro de Almeida ( 1910–1989), was of partly Indigenous descent from Northeastern Brazil. Brasileiro de Almeida was only 16 years old when she gave birth to Antônio Carlos Jobim at their home in Tijuca on Rua Conde de Bonfim. While studying medicine in Europe, José Martins added "Jobim" to his last name, paying homage to the village where his family came from in Portugal, the parish of Santa Cruz de Jovim, Porto.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: When Antônio was still an infant, his parents separated and his mother moved with her children (Antônio Carlos and his sister Helena Isaura, born 23 February 1931) to Ipanema, the beachside neighborhood the composer would later celebrate in his songs. In 1935, when the elder Jobim died, Nilza married Celso da Frota Pessoa (died 2 February 1979), who would encourage his stepson's career. He was the one who gave Jobim his first piano. Jobim credits his stepfather, Celso da Frota Pessoa, with encouraging him to pursue music. In an interview with in 1981, he said, "I hated the piano, I thought it was a girly thing, I liked to play soccer...I had a great stepfather who really helped me get involved with music and convinced me that the piano was not a girly thing." As a young man of limited means, Jobim earned his living by playing in nightclubs and bars and later as an arranger for a recording label before starting to achieve success as a composer.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Later on in the interview with Roberto d’Ávila, Jobim talks about his feelings toward his upbringing. He notes a conversation he had with a friend of his father’s, Erico Verissimo, where Verissimo said that Tom Jobim should be somber due to the absence of his father from a young age. Jobim told d'Ávila, “I was left without a father, clinging to my mother’s skirts…some [men] have ‘excessive’ fathers, the excessive presence of their fathers is a problem, but the absence of a father is also a problem.” Jobim continued with d’Ávila, sharing that it takes something of great influence to bring someone to dedicate their life to music. He said that, “people who play the piano well are all handicapped.” He mentions the health struggles of both Sergio Mendes who had osteomyelitis and Luiz Eça who had polio. “It takes something really strong to make you leave reality behind and begin to write songs,” Jobim shared. With d’Ávila he alludes to his sadness as a young man as being the driving force that motivated him to further his pursuit in music, that he needed to be sad in order to play the piano and write. He concludes on the topic with d’Ávila that, at that point in his life (the interview having took place in 1981) that he no longer needed to be sad to create music, that he was no longer sad as he was at the beginning of his career.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Jobim's musical roots were planted firmly in the work of Pixinguinha, the legendary musician and composer who began modern Brazilian music in the 1930s. Among his teachers were Lúcia Branco and, from 1941 on, Hans-Joachim Koellreutter, a German composer who lived in Brazil and introduced atonal and twelve-tone composition in the country. Jobim's mother established a school where Jobim would begin taking lessons on the piano, this is when he would meet Hans-Joachim Koellreutter. Jobim was also influenced by the French composers Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and by the Brazilian composers Ary Barroso and Heitor Villa-Lobos, who has been described as Jobim's "most important musical influence." Among many themes, his lyrics talked about love, self-discovery, betrayal, joy and especially about the birds and natural wonders of Brazil, like the "Mata Atlântica" forest, characters of Brazilian folklore and his home city of Rio de Janeiro. In a segment with the NBC Today Show in 1986, hosted by Jane Pauley, Jobim talks about his music's origins of inspiration saying, "my music comes from this environment here, you know, the rain, the sun, the trees, the birds, the fish.”


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: In the 1940s, Jobim started to play piano in bars and nightclubs of Rio de Janeiro, and in the first years of the 1950s, he worked as an arranger in the Continental Studio, where he had his first composition recorded, in April 1953, when the Brazilian singer Mauricy Moura recorded "Incerteza", a composition by Tom Jobim with lyrics by Newton Mendonça.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Jobim became prominent in Brazil when he teamed up with poet and diplomat Vinicius de Moraes to write the music for the play "Orfeu da Conceição" (1956). The most popular song from the show was "Se Todos Fossem Iguais A Você" ("If Everyone Were Like You"). Later, when the play was adapted into a film, producer did not want to use any of the existing music from the play. Gordine asked de Moraes and Jobim for a new score for the film "Orfeu Negro", or "Black Orpheus" (1959). Moraes was at the time away in Montevideo, Uruguay, working for the Itamaraty (the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and so he and Jobim were only able to write three songs, primarily over the telephone (""A felicidade"", ""Frevo"" and ""O nosso amor""). This collaboration proved successful, and de Moraes went on to pen the lyrics to some of Jobim's most popular songs.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: In 1958 the Brazilian singer and guitarist João Gilberto recorded his first album with two of the most famous songs of Tom Jobim: "Desafinado" and "Chega de Saudade". This album inaugurates the Bossa Nova movement in Brazil. The sophisticated harmonies of his songs caught the attention of jazz musicians in the United States, principally after the first performance of Tom Jobim at Carnegie Hall, in 1962.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: A key event in making Jobim's music known in the English-speaking world was his collaboration with the American jazz saxophonist Stan Getz, the Brazilian singer João Gilberto, and Gilberto's wife at the time, Astrud Gilberto, which resulted in two albums, "Getz/Gilberto" (1963) and "Getz/Gilberto Vol. 2" (1964). The release of "Getz/Gilberto" created a bossa nova craze in the United States and subsequently internationally. Getz had previously recorded "Jazz Samba" with Charlie Byrd (1962), and "Jazz Samba Encore!" with Luiz Bonfá (1964). Jobim wrote many of the songs on "Getz/Gilberto", which became one of the best-selling jazz albums of all time, and turned Astrud Gilberto, who sang on ""Garota de Ipanema"" (The Girl from Ipanema) and ""Corcovado"" (Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars), into an international sensation. At the Grammy Awards of 1965 "Getz/Gilberto" won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group and the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. "The Girl from Ipanema" won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Among his later hits is ""Águas de Março"" (Waters of March, 1972), for which he wrote both the Portuguese and English lyrics, and which was then translated into French by Georges Moustaki (Les Eaux de Mars, 1973).


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: In talking about his creative process when writing and creating the song, Girl From Ipanema, Jobim told in 1981, “It comes to me in a way, then it changes one or two times and all of the sudden, it becomes something that makes sense…it’s like the profile of a woman…the profile of a woman, something very discernible, then you say: ‘hey, this is really beautiful…’ then you stare and as soon as you stare, it’s gone, I mean it becomes part of the past.” Jobim continues, “I mean, every time you draw something it turns into, it’s something static…that portrait remains forever.”


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Jobim and Elis Regina first met in 1974 in Los Angeles, when Regina was only 29 years old and still a fresh face in the Brazilian music industry. Regina was a force to be reckoned with, being referred to as “furacao” (hurricane in English) by those who worked with and around her. The two artists came together to create the album “"Elis & Tom"” which would unsuspectingly become tremendously popular in the United States as well as across the globe. Regina and Jobim had a special creative chemistry between them that was noted by those who were present to witness the collaborative process first hand during that era in both of their careers. Oscar Castro-Neves, a guitarist-producer who worked with Regina and Jobim on the “"Elis & Tom"” album in the mid 1970s, recalled in an article with the "Los Angeles Times", “There was a very fine line between ‘rehearsal’ and ‘hanging out,’ ‘just talking’…it was all that seamless.” Due to the nature of their work relationship, Regina and Jobim grew close and had a symbiosis that is reflected in the result of their work together. "Aguas de Março" represents this with the lyrics simulating a banter of finishing each other’s sentences.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Jobim was married to Thereza Otero Hermanny on 15 October 1949 and had two children with her: Paulo Jobim (1950–2022), an architect and musician, (father of (born 1973) and Dora Jobim (born 1976)); and Elizabeth "Beth" Jobim (born 1957), a painter. Jobim and Thereza divorced in 1978. On 30 April 1986, he married 29-year-old photographer Ana Beatriz Lontra, with whom he had two more children: João Francisco Jobim (1979–1998) and Maria Luiza Helena Jobim (born 1987). Daniel, Paulo's son, followed his grandfather to become a pianist and composer, and performed "The Girl from Ipanema" during the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: In early 1994, after finishing his album "Antonio Brasileiro", Jobim complained to his doctor, Roberto Hugo Costa Lima, of urinary problems. He underwent an operation at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City on 2 December 1994. On 8 December, while recovering from surgery, he had a cardiac arrest caused by a pulmonary embolism, and two hours later, another cardiac arrest, from which he died. He was survived by his children and grandchildren. His last album, "Antonio Brasileiro", was released posthumously three days after his death.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: His body lay in state until given a proper burial on 20 December 1994. He is buried in the Cemitério São João Batista in Rio de Janeiro.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Jobim is widely regarded as one of the most important songwriters of the 20th century. Many of his songs are jazz standards. American jazz singers Ella Fitzgerald and Frank Sinatra prominently featured Jobim's songs on their albums "Ella Abraça Jobim" (1981) and "Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim" (1967), respectively. The 1996 CD "Wave: The Antonio Carlos Jobim Songbook" included performances of Jobim tunes by Oscar Peterson, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea and Toots Thielemans.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: Jobim was an innovator in the use of sophisticated harmonic structures in popular song. Some of his melodic twists, like the melody insisting on the major seventh of the chord, became commonplace in jazz after he used them.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: The Brazilian collaborators and interpreters of Jobim's music include Vinicius de Moraes, João Gilberto (often credited as a co-creator or creator of bossa nova), Chico Buarque, Edu Lobo, Gal Costa, Elis Regina, Sérgio Mendes, Astrud Gilberto and Flora Purim. Significant arrangements of Jobim's compositions were written by Eumir Deodato, Nelson Riddle, and especially the conductor/composer Claus Ogerman.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: He won a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012. As a posthumous homage, on 5 January 1999, the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro changed the name of Rio's Galeão International Airport, located on Governador Island, to bear the composer's name. Galeão Airport is explicitly mentioned in his composition "Samba do Avião". In 2014, Jobim was posthumously inducted to the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2015, "Billboard" named Jobim as one of The 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All Time.


title: Antônio Carlos Jobim

text: American contemporary jazz singer Michael Franks dedicated his 1995 album "Abandoned Garden" to the memory of Jobim. English singer/songwriter George Michael frequently acknowledged Jobim's influence. His 1996 album "Older" was dedicated to Jobim, and he recorded "Desafinado" on "Red Hot + Rio" (1996) with Astrud Gilberto.


title: Dileep filmography

text: Dileep is an Indian actor, singer, producer, and businessman, who predominantly works in the Malayalam film industry. He has acted in more than 140 films.


title: Shabbos goy

text: A Shabbos goy, Shabbat goy or Shabbes goy (, "shabbos goy"; , "goy shel shabbat"; plural Shabbos goyim) is a non-Jew who is employed by Jews to perform certain types of work ("melakha") that Jewish religious law ("halakha") prohibits a Jew from doing on the Shabbat.


title: Shabbos goy

text: The term is a combination of the words "Shabbos" (שבת), the term for Sabbath in Ashkenazi Jewish usage, and "goy" (גוי), a gentile or non-Jew. The word "goy", which translates literally as "nation" in Biblical Hebrew, has over time acquired the meaning of someone who is not Jewish. According to Adi Ophir and Ishay Rosen-Zvi, this usage started to take place from the first and second century onwards. They argue that before this time, no crystallized dichotomy between Jew and non-Jew existed in Judaism.


title: Shabbos goy

text: On Shabbat, there are numerous restrictions and certain types of work are prohibited, such as contractor work. The rabbis ruled that asking a non-Jew to violate Shabbat for oneself is generally forbidden, but under certain circumstances the rabbis allowed it, especially to heat the oven on winter days in northern countries. A "shabbos goy" is not needed where life is at stake ("pikuach nefesh") or in the case where there would be a reasonable chance of danger to life ("safek pikuach nefesh").


title: Shabbos goy

text: Originally, the job of the "shabbos goy" was often given to a poor woman, and the compensation was in the form of "challah"; later, money was given, although not on Shabbat or not directly given to the worker, due to "halakhic" restrictions on hiring workers on Shabbat.


title: Shabbos goy

text: According to Ronald J. Eisenberg, "Today the proliferation of electronic timers has virtually eliminated the need for the "Shabbos goy", who once played an important role, especially in the "shtetls" of Eastern Europe."


title: Shabbos goy

text: Notable examples include Maxim Gorky, Floyd B. Olson, Harry S. Truman, Pete Hamill, Colin Powell, Mario Cuomo, Martin Scorsese, Ralph Branca (who did not know at the time that he was Jewish), Tom Jones, and the adolescent Elvis Presley, all of whom assisted their Jewish neighbors in this way. Barack Obama assisted his Jewish office neighbor while serving in the Illinois senate.


title: Rookie Blue

text: Rookie Blue is a Canadian police drama television series starring Missy Peregrym and Gregory Smith. It was created by Morwyn Brebner, Tassie Cameron, and Ellen Vanstone. The series premiered on June 24, 2010, at 9:00 p.m. Eastern/8:00 p.m. Central, and aired on Global in Canada and ABC in the United States.


title: Rookie Blue

text: On July 17, 2013, Global and ABC following later announced that "Rookie Blue " was renewed for a fifth season. Originally intended to be a single season consisting of 22 episodes (up from the usual 13), the season was split in two. Season 5 premiered on May 19, 2014, on Global, on June 19 on ABC, and on July 20 on Universal Channel in the UK. The second 11 episodes aired in 2015 and were later re-branded as season 6. The final episode of Season 6 aired that July.