title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: "Hello, Dolly!" ... has qualities of freshness and imagination that are rare in the run of our machine-made musicals. It transmutes the broadly stylized mood of a mettlesome farce into the gusto and colors of the musical stage. ... Mr. Herman's songs are brisk and pointed and always tuneful ... a shrewdly mischievous performance by Carol Channing. ... Making the necessary reservations for the unnecessary vulgar and frenzied touches, one is glad to welcome "Hello, Dolly!" for its warmth, color and high spirits.


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: John Chapman of the "New York Daily News" lauded Carol Channing's performance, declaring her "the most outgoing woman on the musical stage today – big and warm, all eyes and smiles, in love with everybody in the theatre and possessing a unique voice ranging somewhat upward from a "basso profundo"." He also wrote, "I wouldn't say that Jerry Herman's score is memorable." New York Post critic Richard Watts, Jr., wrote,


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: The fact that ["Hello, Dolly!"] seems to me short on charm, warmth, and the intangible quality of distinction in no way alters my conviction that it will be an enormous popular success. Herman has composed a score that is always pleasant and agreeably tuneful, although the only number that comes to mind at the moment is the lively title song. His lyrics could be called serviceable.


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: "Hello, Dolly!" is a musical comedy dream, with Carol Channing the girl of it. ... Channing opens wide her big-as-millstone eyes, spreads her white-gloved arms in ecstatic abandon, trots out on a circular runway that surrounds the orchestra, and proceeds to dance rings around the conductor. ... With hair like orange sea foam, a contralto like a horse's neighing, and a confidential swagger, [she is] a musical comedy performer with all the blowzy glamor of the girls on the sheet music of 1916.


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: Kerr perceived deficiencies in the libretto, though, stating that the "lines are not always as funny as Miss Channing makes them". John McClain of the New York Journal American particularly praised the staging of the musical, saying that


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: Gower Champion deserves the big gong for performance beyond the call of duty. Seldom has a corps of dancers brought so much style and excitement to a production which could easily have been pedestrian. ... It is difficult to describe the emotion [the song "Hello, Dolly!"] produces. Last night the audience nearly tore up the seats as she led the parade of waiters in a series of encores over the semi-circular runway that extends around the orchestra pit out into the audience, ... a tribute to the personal appeal of Miss Channing and the magical inventiveness of Mr. Champion's staging.


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: The RCA Victor cast recording of the original Broadway production was released in 1964. It was the number-one album on the "Billboard" pop albums chart for seven weeks, the top album of the year on the Year-End chart and won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. In 1965, a recording of the original London production was released. In 1967, RCA Victor released a recording of the all-black Broadway replacement cast, featuring Pearl Bailey, who also starred in the unrecorded 1975 revival.


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: The movie soundtrack was released in 1969. On November 15, 1994, the 1994 revival cast recording was released.


title: Hello, Dolly! (musical)

text: The 2017 Broadway Revival cast recording was released on May 12, 2017, featuring the songs now sung by Bette Midler, David Hyde Pierce, Kate Baldwin, and Gavin Creel.


title: Mudra

text: A mudra (; , , "seal", "mark", or "gesture"; ,) is a symbolic or ritual gesture or pose in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. While some mudras involve the entire body, most are performed with the hands and fingers.


title: Mudra

text: As well as being spiritual gestures employed in the iconography and spiritual practice of Indian religions, mudras have meaning in many forms of Indian dance, and yoga. The range of mudras used in each field (and religion) differs, but with some overlap. In addition, many of the Buddhist mudras are used outside South Asia, and have developed different local forms elsewhere.


title: Mudra

text: In hatha yoga, mudras are used in conjunction with pranayama (yogic breathing exercises), generally while in a seated posture, to stimulate different parts of the body involved with breathing and to affect the flow of prana. It is also associated with bindu, bodhicitta, amrita, or consciousness in the body. Unlike older tantric mudras, hatha yogic mudras are generally internal actions, involving the pelvic floor, diaphragm, throat, eyes, tongue, anus, genitals, abdomen, and other parts of the body. Examples of this diversity of mudras are Mula Bandha, Mahamudra, Viparita Karani, Khecarī mudrā, and Vajroli mudra. These expanded in number from 3 in the "Amritasiddhi", to 25 in the "Gheranda Samhita", with a classical set of ten arising in the "Hatha Yoga Pradipika".


title: Mudra

text: The word mudrā has Sanskrit roots. According to scholar Sir Monier Monier-Williams it means "seal" or "any other instrument used for sealing".


title: Mudra

text: Mudra is used in the iconography of Hindu and Buddhist art of the Indian subcontinent and described in the scriptures, such as Nātyaśāstra, which lists 24 ' ("separated", meaning "one-hand") and 13 ' ("joined", meaning "two-hand") mudras. Mudra positions are usually formed by both the hand and the fingers. Along with "āsanas" ("seated postures"), they are employed statically in the meditation and dynamically in the practice of Hinduism.


title: Mudra

text: Hindu and Buddhist iconography share some mudras. In some regions, for example in Laos and Thailand, these are distinct but share related iconographic conventions.


title: Mudra

text: According to Jamgön Kongtrül in his commentary on the "Hevajra Tantra", the ornaments of wrathful deities and witches made of human bones (Skt: ; ) are also known as mudra "seals".


title: Mudra

text: A Buddha image can have one of several common mudras, combined with different asanas. The main mudras used represent specific moments in the life of Lord Buddha, and are shorthand depictions of these.


title: Mudra

text: The "Abhayamudra" "gesture of fearlessness" represents protection, peace, benevolence and the dispelling of fear. In Theravada Buddhism it is usually made while standing with the right arm bent and raised to shoulder height, the palm facing forward, the fingers closed, pointing upright and the left hand resting by the side. In Thailand and Laos, this mudra is associated with the "Walking Buddha", sometime also shown having both hands making a double abhaya mudra that is uniform.


title: Mudra

text: This mudra was probably used before the onset of Buddhism as a symbol of good intentions proposing friendship when approaching strangers. In Gandharan art, it is seen when showing the action of preaching. It was also used in China during the Wei and Sui eras of the 4th and 7th centuries.


title: Mudra

text: This gesture was used by the Buddha when attacked by an elephant, subduing it as shown in several frescoes and scripts.


title: Mudra

text: In Mahayana Buddhism, the deities are often portrayed as pairing the Abhaya Mudrā with another Mudrā using the other hand.


title: Mudra

text: The "bhūmisparśa" or "earth witness" mudra of Gautama Buddha is one of the most common iconic images of Buddhism. Other names include "Buddha calling the earth to witness", and "earth-touching". It depicts the story from Buddhist legend of the moment when Lord Buddha attained complete enlightenment, with Buddha sitting in meditation with his left hand, palm upright, in his lap, and his right hand touching the earth. In the legend, Lord Buddha was challenged by the evil one, Mara, who argue for a witness to attest his right to achieve it. In response to Mara, Lord Buddha touched the ground, and Phra Mae Thorani, the earth goddess, appeared to be the witnesses for Lord Buddha's enlightenment.


title: Mudra

text: In East Asia, this mudra (also called the Maravijaya attitude) may show Buddha's fingers not reaching as far as the ground, as is usual in Burmese or Indian depictions.


title: Mudra

text: The "Bodhyangi mudrā", the "mudrā of the six elements," or the "fist of wisdom," is a gesture entailing the left-hand index finger being grasped with the right hand. It is commonly seen on statues of the Vairocana Buddha.


title: Mudra

text: The Buddha preached his first sermon after his Enlightenment in Deer Park in Sarnath. The dharmachakra Pravartana or "turning of the wheel" mudrā represents that moment. In general, only Gautama Buddha is shown making this mudrā except Maitreya as the dispenser of the Law. Dharmachakra mudrā is two hands close together in front of the chest in vitarka with the right palm forward and the left palm upwards, sometimes facing the chest.


title: Mudra

text: There are several variants such as in the Ajanta Caves frescoes, where the two hands are separated and the fingers do not touch. In the Indo-Greek style of Gandhara, the clenched fist of the right hand seemingly overlies the fingers joined to the thumb on the left hand. In pictorials of Hōryū-ji in Japan the right hand is superimposed on the left. Certain figures of Amitābha are seen using this mudra before the 9th century in Japan.


title: Mudra

text: The "dhyāna mudrā" ("meditation mudra") is the gesture of meditation, of the concentration of the Good Law and the sangha. The two hands are placed on the lap, right hand on left with fingers fully stretched (four fingers resting on each other and the thumbs facing upwards towards one another diagonally), palms facing upwards; in this manner, the hands and fingers form the shape of a triangle, which is symbolic of the spiritual fire or the Three Jewels.


title: Mudra

text: This mudra is used in representations of Gautama Buddha and Amitābha. Sometimes the dhyāna mudrā is used in certain representations of as the "Medicine Buddha", with a medicine bowl placed on the hands. It originated in India most likely in Gandhāra and in China during the Northern Wei.


title: Mudra

text: It is heavily used in Southeast Asia in Theravada Buddhism; however, the thumbs are placed against the palms. Dhyāna mudrā is also known as "samādhi mudrā" or "yoga mudrā", .


title: Mudra

text: The "mida no jōin" (弥陀定印) is the Japanese name of a variation of the dhyāna mudra, where the index fingers are brought together with the thumbs. This was predominantly used in Japan in an effort to distinguish Amitābha (hence "mida" from Amida) from the Vairocana Buddha, and was rarely used elsewhere.


title: Mudra

text: The "Varadamudrā" "generosity gesture" signifies offering, welcome, charity, giving, compassion and sincerity. It is nearly always shown made with the left hand by a revered figure devoted to human salvation from greed, anger and delusion. It can be made with the arm crooked and the palm offered slightly turned up or in the case of the arm facing down the palm presented with the fingers upright or slightly bent. The Varada mudrā is rarely seen without another mudra used by the right hand, typically abhaya mudrā. It is often confused with vitarka mudrā, which it closely resembles. In China and Japan during the Northern Wei and Asuka periods, respectively, the fingers are stiff and then gradually begin to loosen as it developed over time, eventually leading to the Tang dynasty standard where the fingers are naturally curved.


title: Mudra

text: In India, varada mudra is used by both seated and standing figures, of Buddha and boddhisattvas and other figures, and in Hindu art is especially associated with Vishnu. It was used in images of Avalokiteśvara from Gupta art (4th and 5th centuries) onwards. Varada mudrā is extensively used in the statues of Southeast Asia.


title: Mudra

text: The "Vajra mudrā" "thunder gesture" is the gesture of knowledge. An example of the application of the Vajra mudrā is the seventh technique (out of nine) of the "Nine Syllable Seals".


title: Mudra

text: The "Vitarka mudrā" "mudra of discussion" is the gesture of discussion and transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, and keeping the other fingers straight very much like the abhaya and varada mudrās but with the thumbs touching the index fingers. This mudra has a great number of variants in Mahayana Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhism, it is the mystic gesture of Tārās and bodhisattvas with some differences by the deities in Yab-Yum. Vitarka mudrā is also known as "Vyākhyāna mudrā" ("mudra of explanation").


title: Mudra

text: The "Jñāna mudrā" ("mudra of wisdom") is done by touching the tips of the thumb and the index together, forming a circle, and the hand is held with the palm inward towards the heart. The mudra represents spiritual enlightenment in the indian-origin religions. Sometimes sadhus chose to be buried alive in this samadhi position. A 2700 old skeleton arranged like this was found at Balathal in Rajasthan, suggesting that something like yoga may have existed at that time.


title: Mudra

text: The "karana mudrā" is the mudra which expels demons and removes obstacles such as sickness or negative thoughts. It is made by raising the index and the little finger, and folding the other fingers. It is nearly the same as the Western "sign of the horns", the difference is that in the Karana mudra the thumb does not hold down the middle and ring finger. This mudra is also known as "tarjanī mudrā."


title: Mudra

text: In Indian classical dance and Thai dances, the term "Hasta Mudra" is used. The "Natya Shastra" describes 24 mudras, while the "Abhinaya Darpana" of Nandikeshvara gives 28. In all their forms of Indian classical dance, the mudras are similar, though the names and uses vary. There are 28 (or 32) root mudras in Bharatanatyam, 24 in Kathakali and 20 in Odissi. These root mudras are combined in different ways, like one hand, two hands, arm movements, body and facial expressions. In Kathakali, which has the greatest number of combinations, the vocabulary adds up to c. 900. Sanyukta mudras use both hands and asanyukta mudras use one hand.


title: Mudra

text: The classical sources for the yogic seals are the "Gheranda Samhita" and the "Hatha Yoga Pradipika". The "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" states the importance of mudras in yoga practice: "Therefore the <nowiki>[</nowiki>Kundalini<nowiki>]</nowiki> goddess sleeping at the entrance of Brahma's door [at the base of the spine] should be constantly aroused with all effort, by performing mudra thoroughly." In the 20th and 21st centuries, the yoga teacher Satyananda Saraswati, founder of the Bihar School of Yoga, continued to emphasize the importance of mudras in his instructional text "Asana, Pranayama, Mudrā, Bandha".


title: Mudra

text: The yoga mudras are diverse in the parts of the body involved and in the procedures required, as in Mula Bandha, Mahamudra, Viparita Karani, Khecarī mudrā, and Vajroli mudra.


title: Mudra

text: Mula Bandha, the Root Lock, consists of pressing one heel into the anus, generally in a cross-legged seated asana, and contracting the perineum, forcing the prana to enter the central sushumna channel.


title: Mudra

text: Mahamudra, the Great Seal, similarly has one heel pressed into the perineum; the chin is pressed down to the chest in Jalandhara Bandha, the Throat Lock, and the breath is held with the body's upper and lower openings both sealed, again to force the prana into the sushumna channel.


title: Mudra

text: Viparita Karani, the Inverter, is a posture with the head down and the feet up, using gravity to retain the prana. Gradually the time spent in the posture is increased until it can be held for "three hours". The practice is claimed by the "Dattatreyayogashastra" to destroy all diseases and to banish grey hair and wrinkles.


title: Mudra

text: Khecarī mudrā, the Khechari Seal, consists of turning back the tongue "into the hollow of the skull", sealing in the "bindu" fluid so that it stops dripping down from the head and being lost, even when the yogi "embraces a passionate woman". To make the tongue long and flexible enough to be folded back in this way, the "Khecharividya" exhorts the yogi to make a cut a hair's breadth deep in the frenulum of the tongue once a week. Six months of this treatment destroys the frenulum, leaving the tongue able to fold back; then the yogi is advised to practise stretching the tongue out, holding it with a cloth, to lengthen it, and to learn to touch each ear in turn, and the base of the chin. After six years of practice, which cannot be hurried, the tongue is said to become able to close the top end of the sushumna channel.


title: Mudra

text: Vajroli mudra, the Vajroli Seal, requires the yogi to preserve the semen, either by learning not to release it, or if released by drawing it up through the urethra from the vagina of "a woman devoted to the practice of yoga".


title: Mudra

text: Some Asian martial arts forms contain positions (Japanese: "in") identical to these mudras. Tendai and Shingon Buddhism derived the supposedly powerful gestures from Mikkyo Buddhism, still to be found in many Ko-ryū ("old") martial arts "Ryū" (schools) founded before the 17th century. For example the "knife hand" or "shuto" gesture is subtly concealed in some Koryu kata, and in Buddhist statues, representing the sword of enlightenment.


title: Cottaging

text: The word "cottage", usually meaning a small, cosy, countryside home, is documented as having been in use during the Victorian era to refer to a public toilet and by the 1960s its use in this sense had become an exclusively homosexual slang term. This usage is predominantly British, though the term is occasionally used with the same meaning in other parts of the world. Among gay men in the United States, lavatories used for this purpose are called "tea rooms".


title: Cottaging

text: Cottages were and are located in places heavily used by many people such as bus stations, railway stations, airports and university campuses. Often glory holes are drilled in the walls between cubicles in popular cottages. Foot signals—tapping a foot, sliding a foot slightly under the divider between stalls, attracting the attention of the occupant of the next stall—are used to signify that one wishes to connect with the person in the next cubicle. In some heavily used cottages, an etiquette develops and one person may function as a lookout to warn if non-cottagers are coming.


title: Cottaging

text: Since the 1980s, more individuals in authority have become more aware of the existence of cottages in places under their jurisdiction and have reduced the height of or even removed doors from the cubicles of popular cottages, or extended the walls between the cubicles to the floor to prevent foot signalling.


title: Cottaging

text: Before the gay liberation movement, many, if not most, gay and bisexual men at the time were closeted and there were almost no public gay social groups for those under legal drinking age. As such, cottages were among the few places where men too young to get into gay bars could meet others whom they knew to be gay.


title: Cottaging

text: The internet brought significant changes to cottaging, which was previously an activity engaged in by men with other men, often in silence with no communication beyond the markings of a cubicle wall. Today, an online community is being established in which men exchange details of locations, discussing aspects such as when it receives the highest traffic, when it is safest and to facilitate sexual encounters by arranging meeting times. The term "cybercottage" is used by some gay and bisexual men who use the role-play and nostalgia of cottaging in a virtual space or as a notice board to arrange real life anonymous sexual encounters.


title: Cottaging

text: Laud Humphrey's "Tearoom Trade," published in 1970, was a sociological analysis and observance between the social space public "restrooms" (as toilets are euphemistically known in the US) offer for anonymous sex and the men—either closeted, gay, or straight—who sought to fulfill sexual desires that their wives, religion, or social lives could not. The study, which was met with praise on one side due to its innovation and criticism on the other due to having outed "straight" men and risked their privacy, brought to light the multidimensionality of public restrooms and the intricacy and complexity of homosexual sex amongst self-identifying straight men.


title: Cottaging

text: Sexual acts in public lavatories are outlawed by many jurisdictions. It is likely that the element of risk involved in cottaging makes it an attractive activity to some.


title: Cottaging

text: Historically in the United Kingdom, public gay sex often resulted in a charge and conviction of gross indecency, an offence only pertaining to sexual acts committed by males and particularly applied to homosexual activity. Anal penetration was a separate and much more serious crime that came under the definition of buggery. Buggery was a capital offence between 1533 and 1861 under UK law, although it rarely resulted in a death sentence. Importuning was an offer of sexual gratification between men, often for money. The Sexual Offences Act 1967 permitted sex between consenting men over 21 years of age when conducted in private, but the act specifically excluded public lavatories from being "private". The Sexual Offences Act 2003 replaced this aspect with the offence of "Sexual activity in a public lavatory" which includes solo masturbation.


title: Cottaging

text: The 1967 Act also made sex with, or between, females under the same circumstances the same offence, whereas neither was previously specifically illegal.


title: Cottaging

text: In many of the cases where people are brought to court for cottaging, the issue of entrapment arises. Since the offences are public but often carried out behind closed doors, the police have found it easier to use undercover police officers who would frequent toilets posing as homosexuals in an effort to entice other men to approach them for sex. These men would then be arrested for indecent assault. Such practices were severely curtailed after a judge decided the police officer in the case had consented to the contact if he had desired and required the defendant to touch him with sexual intent in order to have evidence of a crime.


title: Cottaging

text: Alternatively, they were arrested for importuning, with a much lower burden of proof and shorter maximum sentence.


title: Sayani Gupta

text: Sayani Gupta (born 9 October 1985) is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films. A graduate from the Film and Television Institute of India, she made her feature film debut in 2012 in "Second Marriage Dot Com". She has since appeared in supporting roles in films such as "Fan" (2016), "Jolly LLB 2" (2017) and "Article 15" (2019). She essayed the role of a blind Pakistani-Bangladeshi lesbian activist named Khanum in "Margarita with a Straw" opposite Kalki Koechlin.


title: Sayani Gupta

text: Gupta was born on 9 October 1985 in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in West Bengal. She graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India.


title: Sayani Gupta

text: As a singer, she sang "Kahab To" in "Article 15". She also served background vocals on most of the "Four More Shots Please" soundtrack.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: Tell Me a Story is an American psychological thriller television anthology series created by Kevin Williamson for CBS All Access. Based on the Spanish television series "Cuéntame un cuento", it depicts iconic fairy tales reimagined as modern-day thrillers. Each season features a mostly different cast ensemble, with Danielle Campbell and Paul Wesley appearing in both seasons of the series.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: The first season premiered on October 31, 2018, and concluded on January 3, 2019, after 10 episodes. A second season was announced shortly before the first season ended, which premiered on December 5, 2019, and concluded on February 6, 2020, after another set of 10 episodes. In May 2020, the series was canceled after two seasons. Subsequently, the television broadcast rights to the series were picked up by The CW, where it premiered in July 2020 and aired through December 2020.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: "Tell Me a Story" takes "the world's most beloved fairy tales and reimagines them as a dark and twisted psychological thriller. Set in modern-day New York City, the first season of this serialized drama interweaves "The Three Little Pigs", "Little Red Riding Hood" and "Hansel and Gretel" into an epic and subversive tale of love, loss, greed, revenge, and murder."


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: The second season of the show, set in Nashville, Tennessee, reimagines the princess-themed tales "Beauty and the Beast", "Sleeping Beauty" and "Cinderella".


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: Had it been renewed, the third season would have included adaptations of "Snow White", "Jack and the Beanstalk" and "Rapunzel".


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: Musical performances were featured throughout the series' second season, all performed by Natalie Alyn Lind. On February 11, 2020, CBS All Access released the official soundtrack containing full versions of the second season's songs.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: On November 30, 2017, it was announced that CBS All Access had given "Tell Me a Story" a series order. The show is being developed for American audiences by Kevin Williamson and is based on the Spanish television series "Érase una vez" created by Marcos Osorio Vidal. Williamson is also set to write the series and executive produce it alongside Aaron Kaplan and Dana Honor. The series is being produced by Kaplan's production company Kapital Entertainment. On May 9, 2018, it was reported that Liz Friedlander would direct and executive produce the first two episodes. On December 17, 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season. On May 11, 2020, the series was canceled after two seasons.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: In May 2018, it was announced that Billy Magnussen and Kim Cattrall had been cast in the series' lead roles. In June 2018, it was reported that Danielle Campbell, Paul Wesley, James Wolk, Dania Ramirez, and Sam Jaeger had joined the main cast. In July 2018, it was announced that Davi Santos, Zabryna Guevara, and Dorian Missick had been cast in series regular roles. In August 2018, it was reported that Michael Raymond-James, Kurt Yaeger, Rarmian Newton, and Paulina Singer had joined the cast in a recurring capacity.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: Principal photography for season one began on June 28, 2018, in New York City, New York. and ended in early November 2018. Filming for season two began on July 1, 2019 in Nashville, Tennessee, and wrapped on December 18, 2019.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: On August 5, 2018, it was announced during the Television Critics Association's annual summer press tour that the series would premiere on October 31, 2018. The second season premiered on December 5, 2019. The day of the series cancellation, The CW picked-up the television broadcast rights to the first two seasons. The first season premiered on July 28, 2020, followed by the second on October 13, 2020.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: On July 19, 2018, the series held a panel at San Diego Comic-Con in San Diego, California moderated by "Entertainment Weekly"s Henry Goldblatt and featuring executive producer Kevin Williamson as well as series stars Paul Wesley and James Wolk. The panel included the premiere of an exclusive teaser trailer for the series. On August 5, 2018, a "sneak peek" trailer for the series was released. On October 5, 2018, the official trailer for the series was released, first premiering during the series' panel at the annual New York Comic Con.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: On October 23, 2018, the series held its official premiere at the Metrograph theater in New York City, New York. Those in attendance included creator Kevin Williamson, executive producer Dana Honor, and cast members Becki Newton, Danielle Campbell, Dania Ramirez, and James Wolk.


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. Based on 15 reviews, the first season holds a 60% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 5.42 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite an enticing cast and promising premise, "Tell Me a Story"s overly plotted, grim take on Grimm's Fairy Tales fails to enchant." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 45 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Tell Me a Story (TV series)

text: In a positive review, "Refinery29"s Sesali Bowen commended the series saying, ""Tell Me A Story" captures its viewers to put themselves in the shoes of some of their favorite fables with its realism. So far it's better for it. This new CBS All Access program has enough to stand on without it thanks to an array of characters who are interesting if not a little cliche." In a more mixed critique, "Variety"s offered the series qualified praise saying, "For all its faults, the series is enthusiastically pulpy, moving with a propulsive energy that, to be frank, most streaming dramas lack. It's not nearly operating on the same prescient level as, say, "The Good Fight", nor quite the radical re-imagining of fairy tales as advertised. But if nothing else, "Tell Me a Story's" got a wicked bite that might serve it well when trying to grab curious viewers on a streaming platform that doesn't quite have anything else like it." In an outright negative assessment, "RogerEbert.com"s Brian Tallerico criticized the series saying, "There are talented TV veterans in "Tell Me a Story", likely lured by Williamson's pedigree, but even they fail to give what could reasonably be called good performances. The pacing, the dialogue, the (complete lack of) visual language, the world building—it's impossible to point to a single element that works."


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: Premonition is a 2007 American supernatural thriller film directed by Mennan Yapo and starring Sandra Bullock in the lead role, Julian McMahon, Nia Long and Amber Valletta. The film's plot depicts a homemaker named Linda who experiences the days surrounding her husband's death in a non-chronological order, and how she attempts to save him from his impending doom.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: Jim and Linda Hanson are married with two daughters, Megan and Bridgette, but their relationship is faltering. Jim is away on a business trip and Linda has just listened to a phone message from him when Sheriff Reilly knocks on the door and informs her that Jim died in a car accident the previous day. Linda's mother Joanne arrives to help the family, and Linda falls asleep on the living-room couch.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: The next morning she wakes up in bed and goes downstairs to find Jim drinking coffee and watching TV. While on the road, Linda is pulled over by Sheriff Reilly, who doesn't recognize her.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: The next day, Jim is once again dead and Linda, her mother and the girls arrive at the church for his funeral, at the same time the casket arrives. Linda, wanting answers, insists the funeral director opens the casket to see if Jim is in there. The funeral director tries to explain that Linda would be best not to see Jim, given how he died and the extent of his wounds. In the scuffle, the casket is dropped and Jim’s head is briefly seen to fall out.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: The next day, Linda awakens next to an empty bottle of lithium pills prescribed by Dr. Norman Roth. She goes downstairs and to Jim’s wake and goes outside to see the girls playing on the swings. When Jim is again dead and Bridgette turns to face her, she has scars on her face.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: At Jim's burial, Linda notices a strange woman mourning at a distance, who flees when Linda approaches her. Linda finds Dr. Roth's phone number in the garbage, but his voice-mail message states that the office is only open on weekdays. Roth later subdues her with two assistants and Sheriff Reilly and commits her to a mental-health facility. Roth confides in Reilly that Linda told him Jim was dead the day before the accident, suggesting the likelihood she murdered him and scarred Bridgette's face.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: The next day Linda awakens in bed and finds Jim in the shower. She holds him to feel that he is real.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: After dropping the girls off at school, she goes home and searches for the lithium bottle, but doesn't find it. She gets the address for Dr. Roth from the phone book and visits his office. He doesn't recognize her, and she tells him about the premonitions she's been having. He suggests she is daydreaming and maybe she wants her husband dead. He prescribes lithium and she leaves. Linda visits Jim at his office and meets the stranger from the funeral, who introduces herself as Claire Francis. Linda sees the way Jim interacts with Claire and realizes Jim seems to like her too much. Back at the house, Linda lets the lithium tablets go into the sink.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: A storm starts so Linda and the girls run to bring in the laundry but Bridgette does not realise that the glass door is closed and, despite Linda's warning, Bridgette runs through it and cuts her face and hands in the process. She takes her to the emergency room. Jim arrives and learns what happened. Bridgette returns home stitched up, and Jim complains that Linda didn't put stickers on the glass door for safety. Although Linda says she did. Linda throws Dr. Roth's number into the garbage. Suddenly, she realizes her days are unfolding out of order. She creates a calendar of events from what she remembers, and records Tuesday as the current day. Before Jim goes to bed she begs him not to go on the business trip. She tells him, "If tomorrow is Wednesday, please, wake me up before you leave. Promise me." He does.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: Linda wakes up and sees that it's now Friday morning and her mom is there. She updates the calendar she had made. She goes to see Claire who is visibly upset and tells Linda Jim was going to cheat on her. Linda confides in her friend about what happened with Jim and Claire, and suggests he didn't do it, but it would be very damaging if he had. She visits their safe deposit box at the bank and finds the insurance policy. The agent lets her know the finances should be in order, and he informs Linda that Jim came in two days earlier and tripled his insurance benefits. She visits their priest, then visits the funeral home, telling the person she already knows who she is. Linda returns home to her mother and daughters. She tells her she made funeral arrangements already for Saturday. Linda asks her mom if she "lets" Jim die, is it the same as killing him? Her mother replies "Jim is already dead".


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: Next day, Linda awakens and suggests Jim spend some time with the girls. Linda goes to the church and visits with their priest. He says its been a long time since he saw her. She tells him she is scared. The priest talks about other cases where people in history have had such premonitions. He explains she needs to have faith and fight for it. Linda drives out to mile marker 220 where Jim's accident was to see what may have happened. Jim and the girls return home to Linda. After dinner the girls go to say goodnight to their dad and Linda insists he tells them he loves them. Linda pleads with Jim outside in the rain about their relationship and tells him they're running out of time. Lightning strikes a power line, and kills the crow which she found dead a different day. Later that night, she tells him she had a dream which he was going to die. He says it was only a dream. They spend the night together.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: Linda wakes up in her bed on Wednesday and reads a note from Jim saying he has taken the kids to school and he will be back tomorrow. She searches for Jim, and calls him but gets voicemail. She goes out to look for him. Jim is seen at the bank with the insurance agent. Linda shows up to the school and sees her kids are there already. Jim calls Claire who is at the hotel where they planned to meet and he tells her he can't go forward seeing her. Next he calls the house and leaves the message from the beginning of the film. As Jim nears the site of the accident, Linda reaches him by cell phone and the two have a reconciliation after she tells him she knows about Claire. Linda tells Jim to turn the car around to avert the accident. This instead causes the accident with a fuel tanker truck, as Jim's car stalls in the middle of the road when performing the turn. Both vehicles explode and Jim burns to death.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: The film's final scene is set a few months later. Linda recalls the priest's words about faith. Linda is pregnant.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: Principal photography mostly took place in Minden and Shreveport, Louisiana. This film is also the first to be co-distributed by TriStar Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: The film was first released in the U.S. on March 16, 2007. It was not released theatrically in Norway, but it was released direct-to-video on January 2, 2008 there.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: "Premonition" opened in 2,831 theaters and came in third place behind "300" and "Wild Hogs", opening with $17,558,689 with a $6,202 average. The film stayed in theaters for 7 weeks and grossed $47,852,604 in the United States and $84,146, 832 worldwide.


title: Premonition (2007 film)

text: "Premonition" received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 8% of 163 critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 3.86/10. The site's general consensus is that "Overdosing on flashbacks, and more portentous than profound, the overly obtuse "Premonition" weakly echoes such twisty classics as "Memento", "The Sixth Sense", and "Groundhog Day"." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics, the film is considered to have "generally unfavorable reviews" with a rating score of 29 based on 30 critics. Critic James Berardinelli gave the movie 2-1/2-stars (out of five) stating, "There's some interesting material in the film about pre-destination and questions about whether it's possible to change fate." Expressing similar thoughts of blasé opaque contributions of the main characters wife Linda Hanson (Sandra Bullock) and husband James Hanson (Julian McMahon). Despite the bad reviews, several critics, including Rex Reed, commended Sandra Bullock for her performance.


title: Janet Hubert

text: Janet Louise Hubert (born January 13, 1956) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for playing the role of the original Vivian Banks on the sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" from its first season in 1990 until the end of its third season in 1993. Hubert was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in 1991. Her performance as Mignon on the digital series "King Ester" garnered her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination in 2020.


title: Janet Hubert

text: Hubert was born in Chicago, Illinois and spent her early days growing up on Chicago's South Side. At the age of nine she moved with her family to rural Chicago. She won a scholarship to the Juilliard School in New York City, but did not complete her studies.


title: Janet Hubert

text: After performing in the national tour of "Dancin'", Hubert made her Broadway debut in 1981, in the ensemble of "The First", a short-lived musical about Jackie Robinson. Hubert created the role of Tantomile in the original Broadway production of "Cats", and also understudied Grizabella and Demeter. She left "Cats" in April 1983 to star in the national tour of "Sophisticated Ladies", opposite Dee Dee Bridgewater and Gregg Burge. Hubert played Aunt Viv on "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", the role she is most known for. After she was allegedly fired by the makers of "The Fresh Prince", Hubert's character was recast and played by Daphne Maxwell Reid for the remainder of the show's run. At the time, Will Smith, the show's star, said Hubert "brought her problems to work" and wanted to be the star of the show. Hubert said Smith had gotten her fired.


title: Janet Hubert

text: Hubert was featured in a 2002 episode of "Friends" as Chandler's boss. In 2005, she began playing the recurring role of Lisa Williamson, mother of attorney Evangeline Williamson, on "One Life to Live". Her character has made occasional appearances since then. She was featured as Michel Gerard's mother in an episode of the CW show "Gilmore Girls". She has made appearances on episodes of "All My Children", "NYPD Blue", "The Bernie Mac Show", and "Tyler Perry's House of Payne", among others. In November 2018, it was announced that Hubert had been cast on the daytime soap opera, "General Hospital"; she made her debut as Yvonne on December 7, 2018.


title: Janet Hubert

text: Hubert appeared in "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Reunion" on HBO Max in November 2020. In a private conversation for the special, she and Smith spoke for the first time since her departure from the show. More information and context was offered regarding the situation and her exit. Hubert discussed issues in her personal life, including her abusive marriage, and revealed she had not been fired from the show as largely believed; she was offered a "bad deal" to return for the fourth season, a deal she turned down. Smith spoke about how he was neither "sensitive" nor "perceptive" to Hubert's situation and was very young and immature at that time. Being a parent now, however, has taught him how to understand what she was dealing with. Smith assured Hubert he wishes he had acted differently and apologized for his actions. In the end, the two appeared to reconcile. Hubert then joined the rest of the guests at the reunion.


title: Janet Hubert

text: Hubert appeared on FX's "Pose" in Season 3 as a family member of Billy Porter's character, Pray Tell, alongside Jackée Harry and Anna Maria Horsford. In 2022, she appeared on "The Ms. Pat Show" as the title character's mother-in-law, Jewell.


title: Janet Hubert

text: Hubert was married to James Whitten from 1990 to 1994; they had a son, Elijah Isaac Whitten. She has been married to Larry Kraft since 2005. She suffers from osteoporosis and is the ambassador of the National Osteoporosis Foundation.


title: Fresh water

text: Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may encompass frozen and meltwater in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, snowfields and icebergs, natural precipitations such as rainfall, snowfall, hail/sleet and graupel, and surface runoffs that form inland bodies of water such as wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, as well as groundwater contained in aquifers, subterranean rivers and lakes. Fresh water is the water resource that is of the most and immediate use to humans.


title: Fresh water

text: Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Many organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds need fresh water to survive.


title: Fresh water

text: Fresh water is not always potable water, that is, water safe to drink by humans. Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is to a substantial degree unsuitable for human consumption without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Fresh water makes up less than 3% of the world's water resources, and just 1% of that is readily available. Just 3% of it is extracted for human consumption. Agriculture uses roughly two thirds of all fresh water abstracted from the environment.


title: Fresh water

text: Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water is replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns inland as precipitation. Locally, however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability (or water scarcity) from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments. Water pollution also reduces the availability of fresh water.


title: Fresh water

text: Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic which are running-water systems; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.


title: Fresh water

text: The original source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. The precipitation leads eventually to the formation of water bodies that humans can use as sources of freshwater: ponds, lakes, rainfall, rivers, streams, and groundwater contained in underground aquifers.


title: Fresh water

text: In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.


title: Fresh water

text: In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.


title: Fresh water

text: Saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of all the water on Earth. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas have very little fresh water, such as deserts.


title: Fresh water

text: Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents, appear to survive without drinking, but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds, and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.


title: Fresh water

text: The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.


title: Fresh water

text: An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations. Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems.


title: Fresh water

text: Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities.


title: Fresh water

text: The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". Targets on freshwater conservation are included in SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation) and SDG 15 (Life on land). For example, Target 6.4 is formulated as "By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity." Another target, Target 15.1, is: "By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements."


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: USS "Harry S. Truman" (CVN-75) is the eighth of the United States Navy, named after the 33rd President of the United States, Harry S. Truman. She is currently homeported at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" was launched on 7 September 1996 by Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia, and commissioned on 25 July 1998 with Captain Thomas Otterbein in command. President Bill Clinton was the keynote speaker, and other notable attendees and speakers included Missouri Representative Ike Skelton, Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan, Secretary of Defense William Cohen and Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" was initially the flagship of Carrier Group Two and, beginning 1 October 2004, of Carrier Strike Group Ten.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: Beginning in 2001, the "Harry S. Truman" Carrier Battle Group participated in Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Summer Pulse '04, and NATO Operation Medshark/Majestic Eagle '04.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In the first half of 2016, "Harry S. Truman", as flagship of Carrier Strike Group 8, carried out an 8-month air operation deployment against ISIL from the Eastern Mediterranean as part of Operation Inherent Resolve. The ship has been the flagship of Carrier Strike Group 8 since June 2014.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" (also known as "HST" within the Navy) is long, wide and is as high as a twenty-four-story building, at . The supercarrier can accommodate approximately 90 aircraft and has a flight deck in size, using four elevators that are each to move planes between the flight deck and the hangar bay. With a combat load, "HST" displaces almost 97,000 tons and can accommodate 6,250 crewmembers.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: The warship uses two Mark II stockless anchors that came from and weigh 30 tons each, with each link of the anchor chain weighing . She is currently equipped with three 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts and two Sea Sparrow SAM launchers.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: Two Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors are used for propulsion, this means that the ship is capable of steaming more than three million miles before refueling. The ship has 4 five-bladed propellers that weigh each and can drive the ship at speeds over .


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" has been the recipient of numerous awards recognizing the ship's excellence. They include


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: The oval seal was designed by the ship's pre-commissioning crew and is primarily blue and gold. According to the ship's history webpage, a coat of arms "characterizes the global on-station capability of the ship and the United States Navy" and "Truman's name forms the shape of a forward-deployed aircraft carrier prepared to uphold and protect American interests". The three flags near the bottom represent the letters "HST". The 33 gold stars surrounding the seal represent Truman's position as the 33rd President.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: The "Harry S. Truman" battle flag was also designed by the ship's crew and is a variation of the guidons carried by the companies of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment of the 35th Infantry Division, such as Battery D, the battery under the command of then Army Capt. Harry Truman during World War I. It consists of crossed cannons on a scarlet background with the phrase "Give 'em hell", a reference to Truman's 1948 reelection campaign.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: The keel was laid by Newport News Shipbuilding on 29 November 1993 and the ship was christened on 7 September 1996. "HST" was authorized and laid down as but her name was changed in February 1995 at the direction of then Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: Three Newport News ship workers died during construction when a pump room filled with methane and hydrogen sulfide gases during a sewage leak on 12 July 1997. They are commemorated by a brass plaque in the tunnel off Hangar Bay No. 1. The ship was christened on 7 September 1996, launched 13 September 1996, and the crew began moving aboard from contract housing in Newport News in January 1998. The ship successfully completed builder's sea trial on 11 June 1998 after a short delay due to noise issues in one of the reactor closure heads. The ship was officially accepted by the Navy on 30 June 1998 and was commissioned on 25 July 1998 at Naval Station Norfolk.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: The keynote speaker of the commissioning ceremony was President Bill Clinton. Other notable attendees and speakers were: Rep. Ike Skelton, D-Mo., who pushed to have the carrier named after the 33rd president; Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan; Captain Thomas Otterbein, "Harry S. Truman"s first commanding officer; Secretary of Defense William Cohen; and Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In August 1998, "Harry S. Truman" left port for the first time to conduct certifications to test the Truman's ability to recover and launch aircraft successfully. That was followed by numerous sea trials that challenged the ship and her crew with various training exercises.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 28 November 2000, "Harry S. Truman" began her Maiden deployment with Carrier Air Wing 3 (CVW-3) on board.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 26 December 2000, "Harry S. Truman" transited the Suez Canal "in support of Operation Southern Watch" with Carrier Air Wing Three flying 869 combat sorties including a strike on Iraqi integrated air defense system sites, in a sanctioned response to Iraqi surface-to-air missile fire against United Nations Security Council coalition forces. Combat operations ended on 27 April. Almost six months later and of traveling she returned to the U.S. on 23 May. She then entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, for her first Planned Incremental Availability (PIA) on 5 September 2001.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 5 December 2002, "HST" left for her second deployment, again with CVW-3 embarked, visiting Marseille, France, Souda Bay, Crete and Koper, Slovenia. Between 19 March and 18 April, airwing aircraft flew nearly 1,300 combat sorties from the Mediterranean Sea in the early stages of 2003 invasion of Iraq. The ship stopped in Portsmouth, England,


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In August 2003, "Harry S. Truman" began her second Planned Incremental Availability at Norfolk Naval Shipyard.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 13 February 2004, "Harry S. Truman" left under budget and four days early from Norfolk Norfolk Naval Shipyard (NNSY).


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 2 June 2004, "Harry S. Truman" "surged" for Exercise Summer Pulse, deploying to the Mediterranean Sea. The ship called at Naples, Italy, and participated in Operation Majestic Eagle in the eastern Atlantic Ocean before returning home on 25 July.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 1 October 2004, as part of a Navy-wide series of redesignations, "Harry S. Truman"s immediate superior in command (ISIC) changed to Carrier Strike Group Ten. The ship set out from Norfolk on her third extended deployment on 13 October 2004, and visited Souda Bay, Crete, before relieving on 20 November in the Persian Gulf.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" and Carrier Air Wing 3 launched 2,577 sorties, totaling nearly 13,000 flight hours, flying combat missions over Iraq and maritime security operations before being relieved by Carrier Strike Group in the Persian Gulf on 19 March 2005. Despite plans to cross the equator and visit South Africa, diplomatic issues caused her instead to transit the Suez Canal, stopping in Portsmouth, England, prior to returning home on 18 April 2005.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 1 September 2005, in response to the disaster of Hurricane Katrina, "Harry S. Truman" set sail for the devastated U.S. Gulf Coast. She arrived in the Gulf of Mexico on 4 September and served as the flagship for the Naval task force. While the ship's strike group (Carrier Strike Group 10) commander, Rear Adm. Joseph Kilkenny, was appointed deputy commander of Joint Task Force Gulf Coast (also known as JTF Katrina & Rita), the ship remained anchored in the gulf and provided fresh desalinated water for the relief effort via helicopter (the actual command hub for the JTF was ). The carrier also provided support to JRB New Orleans in the form of aviation boatswain's mates and cooks to keep that station in operation. "Harry S. Truman" returned to home port in October 2005 after five weeks of relief efforts.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In January "Harry S. Truman" entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for a Docked Planned Incremental Availability. The ship received many system upgrades, and underwent preventative maintenance to repair minor weld defects originating from the initial construction of the reactor plants. She left the yard in December and continued preparations for surge beginning in April 2007.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 15 August, an E-2C Hawkeye crashed after taking off from the carrier, killing all three crewmembers.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 5 November, "Harry S. Truman" left Norfolk for her fourth extended deployment with CVW-3 embarked in support of OIF.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "HST" returned to the U.S. in June. She first pulled into Naval Station Mayport, Florida in order to welcome aboard family and friends for a three-day "Tiger Cruise" or Family Day Cruise, before returning to Norfolk Naval Station on 4 June 2008. The ship was awarded her fourth Battle E award for the east coast (for 2008) in early 2009. Jimmy Buffett visited the ship and performed a concert on 28 January.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In February, "HST" completed a nearly seven-month Planned Incremental Availability (PIA) at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, VA.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 5 August, EA-18G Growlers from Electronic Attack Squadron 129 (VAQ-129) and Electronic Attack Squadron 132 (VAQ-132) completed their first at-sea carrier-arrested landing (trap) aboard "Harry S. Truman".


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" began a seven-month deployment to the 5th and 6th Fleet areas of operations in support of maritime security operations.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 21 May, "Harry S. Truman" led a task force of 11 American warships and 5,000 men into the Suez Canal.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 20 June, The ship visited four ports during her 213 days at sea, including Marseille, France; Dubai, U.A.E; Manama, Bahrain; and Souda Bay, Crete, before returning to the United States on 21 December. During the deployment, "Harry S. Truman" traveled more than 50,000 nautical miles and flew more than 10,000 sorties in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation New Dawn.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 2 February, Commander, Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet named "Harry S. Truman" as the Battle Effectiveness Award, or Battle "E", award winner, which was third consecutive Battle "E" award. This was the sixth award in the ship's twelve-year history, having previously won the Battle "E" award in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, and 2009.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" entered a Docked Planned Increment Availability at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in late March.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 28 February, the aircraft carrier began its dry-docking planned incremental availability (DPIA) maintenance and yard overhaul period at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia ("pictured"). During this maintenance cycle, "Harry S. Truman" received a new main mast, an upgrade in her close-in weapons systems, and the installation of the Automated Digital Network System (ADNS) which provides the carrier with enhanced communications and cooperative engagement capabilities to assess possible threats. "Harry S. Truman" was expected to complete this DPIA yard overhaul in early 2012 and begin preparations for her sixth overseas deployment. Also, "Harry S. Truman"s berthing spaces were also upgraded, installing 2,500 racks, replacing 46,000 square feet of deck and painting 106,000 square feet of spaces.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 8 November, Captain Tushar Tembe died after collapsing on a pier near the ship. The ship's Executive Officer (XO) assumed the role of acting Command Officer (CO), until relieved by Captain Dee L. Mewbourne three days later, and resuming his post as XO.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 7 April, Norfolk Naval Shipyard completed the ship's nuclear power plant modernization and testing was to begin to ensure her readiness for sea trials lasting 90 days. "Harry S. Truman" returned to the U.S. Navy fleet in the summer of 2012.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 26 November, an X-47B Unmanned Combat Air System (UCAS) was hoisted on board "Harry S. Truman" in preparation for an unmanned aircraft's first, carrier-based testing. "Harry S. Truman" was to be the first aircraft carrier in Naval aviation history to host test operations for an unmanned aircraft. Testing on the X-47B was conducted over a three-week period that included in-port and underway demonstrations aboard. The X-47B successfully completed carrier deck tests aboard "Harry S. Truman" on 18 December 2012.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 6 February, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that the upcoming deployment of "Harry S. Truman", the guided-missile cruiser , and the rest of Carrier Strike Group Ten will be postponed pending the resolution of the upcoming budget sequestration, leaving the carrier and her carrier strike group as the only carrier force operating in the Persian Gulf region. The strike group was originally scheduled to depart Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, on 8 February 2013.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 22 July, "Harry S. Truman" left for an extended deployment to the 5th Fleet area of responsibility, and settled into their mission of supporting Operation Enduring Freedom and the coalition of troops on the ground in Afghanistan.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 14 February, the Commander, Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet named "Harry S. Truman" as the East Coast aircraft carrier Battle Effectiveness Award winner.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 23 March, "Harry S. Truman" was relieved by in the U.S. 5th Fleet area of responsibility conducting maritime security operations and supporting theater security cooperation efforts.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 16 November, "Harry S. Truman" assigned with Carrier Air Wing Seven, began a scheduled deployment to the U.S. 6th and 5th Fleet areas of operation. The carrier was accompanied by the cruiser and Destroyer Squadron (DESRON) 28, , , and .


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 21 December, Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh visited USS "Harry S. Truman" stationed near the Yemeni island of Berim. On 26 December while transiting the Straight of Hormuz several unguided rockets fired by Iran landed approximately away from "Harry S. Truman" which was traveling with the destroyer "Bulkeley" and the . Iran had announced over maritime radio they were carrying out tests "only 23 minutes before" and were criticized by the U.S. Central Command for "Firing weapons so close to passing coalition ships and commercial traffic within an internationally recognized maritime traffic lane."


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 29 December, "Harry S. Truman" began launching strikes against the Islamic State group. By mid-April 2016, aircraft of Carrier Air Wing Seven operating from the carrier had dropped 1,118 pieces of ordnance in operations against the group, surpassing a record of 1,085 pieces that was set by aircraft assigned to in 2015.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 12 January, an unarmed Iranian drone flew directly over "Harry S. Truman" in international waters and took "precise" photos, according to state television in the Islamic Republic.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In the first half of this year "Harry S. Truman", as flagship of Carrier Strike Group 8 (CCSG-8), carried out an eight-month air operation deployment against ISIL from the Eastern Mediterranean as part of Operation Inherent Resolve. On 3 June, F/A-18 Hornets launched from "Harry S. Truman" conducted air strikes against ISIS targets from the eastern Mediterranean. It was the first time the U.S. Navy had conducted strike missions in the Middle East from the Mediterranean Sea since flying operations against the Iraqi military in 2003.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: CVW-1 was reassigned to "Harry S. Truman". On 25 August, "Harry S. Truman" entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard for her "10-month Planned Incremental Availability (PIA)" that is "expected to be completed" a year after work officially begins on 27 September.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 21 July, the refit was concluded and was followed by various training exercises placing emphasis on damage control, flight deck operations and simulated combat at-sea.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: Carrier Strike Group 8 began a further scheduled deployment to the Middle East and Europe on 11 April 2018. The carrier returned to Norfolk on 21 July and left again for operations in the Western Atlantic Ocean on 28 August.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 25 October, the carrier took part in the NATO exercise Trident Juncture which was held in and around Norway.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 27 February, the Pentagon announced that "Harry S. Truman"s mid-life refuelling and overhaul, tentatively scheduled for 2024, may be cancelled and the ship instead retired early as a cost-saving measure. The likelihood of the ship actually being decommissioned more than 20 years ahead of schedule was uncertain, as this would have left the carrier fleet at ten ships, one below the legally mandated level. The nominated Chief of Naval Operations told Congress he supports "to forgo" the $ 3.5 billion overhaul scheduled for the Truman. Congress prevented the Navy from taking the same action with sister ship in 2016, as well as the White House, as President Donald Trump had promised to increase the carrier fleet to 12.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In late August it was announced that a malfunction of the ship's electrical distribution system would prevent her scheduled deployment.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In late October the ship's electrical malfunction was repaired and "Harry S. Truman" departed Norfolk to be deployed in the Persian Gulf. She was reported as entering the 6th Fleet Region on 2 December 2019.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" along with CVW-1 and her battlegroup deployed out to sea on 1 December 2021. It was originally planned for "Harry S. Truman" to transit the Suez Canal into the Middle East. However, in light of the standoff between Russia and Ukraine in late 2021 escalating, the carrier was ordered to stay in the Mediterranean.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: In January 2022, "Harry S. Truman" and her strike group came under command of NATO's Naval Striking and Support Forces for the first time since the Cold War, for a ten-day exercise patrolling the Mediterranean.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: From 17 May to 23 May, "Harry S. Truman" and Carrier Strike Group 8 took part in the NATO vigilance activity, Neptune Shield 2022.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: On 8 July 2022, an F/A-18E Super Hornet of Carrier Air Wing One was blown overboard into the Mediterranean Sea. The carrier had encountered unexpected heavy weather while conducting a replenishment-at-sea. One sailor received minor injuries. On 8 August 2022, the United States Sixth Fleet announced the lost aircraft had been recovered from a depth of using a remotely operated CURV-21 recovery vehicle. On 8 August 2022, "The Aviationist" reported that based on a photo sent to the outlet, taken at the Port of Augusta, Sicily, they were able to identify the involved aircraft as the aircraft with modex "205", part of Strike Fighter Squadron 211 (VFA-211). The aircraft was loaded aboard Military Sealift Command roll-on/roll-off ship at the Port of Augusta on 16 August 2022 to be transported back to the United States.


title: USS Harry S. Truman

text: "Harry S. Truman" returned to Norfolk on 12 September 2022. On 21 November 2022, the Navy accepted Auxiliary Personnel Lighter 68 (APL68), with around 600 berths (mixed gender), saying it would support the impending "Harry S. Truman" carrier repair cycle.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers and young men, ages 13 to 20, accused in Alabama of raping two white women in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The cases included a lynch mob before the suspects had been indicted, all-white juries, rushed trials, and disruptive mobs. It is commonly cited as an example of a legal injustice in the United States legal system.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: On March 25, 1931, two dozen people were "hoboing" on a freight train traveling between Chattanooga and Memphis, Tennessee, the hoboes being an equal mix of blacks and whites. A group of white teenage boys saw 18-year-old Haywood Patterson on the train and attempted to push him off, claiming that it was "a white man's train". A group of whites gathered rocks and attempted to force all of the black men from the train. Patterson and the other black passengers were able to ward off the group. The humiliated white teenagers jumped or were forced off the train and reported to the city's sheriff that they had been attacked by a group of black teenagers. The sheriff deputized a posse, stopped and searched the train at Paint Rock, Alabama and arrested the black Americans. Two young white women were also taken to the jail, where they accused the African-American teenagers of rape. The case was first heard in Scottsboro, Alabama, in three rushed trials, in which the defendants received poor legal representation. All but 13-year-old Roy Wright were convicted of rape and sentenced to death (the common sentence in Alabama at the time for black men convicted of raping white women), even though there was no medical evidence indicating that rape had taken place.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: With help from the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the case was appealed. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions, and granted 13-year-old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a minor. Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented, ruling that the defendants had been denied an impartial jury, fair trial, fair sentencing, and effective counsel. While waiting for their trials, eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison. The cases were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which led to landmark decisions on the conduct of trials. In "Powell v. Alabama" (1932), the Court ordered new trials.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The case was first returned to the lower court and the judge allowed a change of venue, moving the retrials to Decatur, Alabama. Judge Horton was appointed. During the retrials, one of the alleged victims admitted to fabricating the rape story and asserted that none of the Scottsboro Boys touched either of the white women. The jury found the defendants guilty, but the judge set aside the verdict and granted a new trial.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The judge was replaced and the case tried under a judge who ruled frequently against the defense. For the third time a jury—now with one African-American member—returned a guilty verdict. The case was sent to the US Supreme Court on appeal. It ruled that African Americans had to be included on juries, and ordered retrials. Charges were finally dropped for four of the nine defendants. The other five were convicted and received sentences ranging from 75 years to death. All but two of these served prison sentences; all were released or escaped by 1946. In 1936 one of the "boys", Ozzie Powell, was shot in the face and permanently disabled during an altercation with a sheriff's deputy in prison. He later pleaded guilty to assaulting the deputy. Two men escaped, were later charged with other crimes and convicted, and sent back to prison. Clarence Norris, the oldest defendant and the only one sentenced to death in the final trial, "jumped parole" in 1946 and went into hiding. He was found in 1976 and pardoned by Governor George Wallace. By this time, the case had been thoroughly analyzed and shown to be an injustice to the men. Norris later wrote a book about his experiences. He died in 1989 as the last surviving defendant.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: "The Scottsboro Boys", as they became known, and their case have been thoroughly analyzed. It is now widely considered a legal injustice, highlighted by the state's use of all-white juries. Black Americans in Alabama had been disenfranchised since the late 19th century and were therefore not allowed on juries, which were limited to voters. The case has also been explored in many works of literature, music, theatre, film and television. On November 21, 2013, Alabama's parole board voted to grant posthumous pardons to the three Scottsboro Boys who had not been pardoned or had their convictions overturned.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: On March 25, 1931, the Southern Railway line between Chattanooga and Memphis, Tennessee, had nine black youths who were riding on a freight train with several white males and two white women. A fight broke out between the white and black groups near the Lookout Mountain tunnel, and the whites were kicked off the train. The whites went to a sheriff in the nearby town Paint Rock, Alabama, and claimed that they were assaulted by the Black Americans on the train. The sheriff gathered a posse and gave orders to search for and "capture every Negro on the train." The posse arrested all black passengers on the train for assault.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The black teenagers were: Haywood Patterson (age 18), who claimed that he had ridden freight trains for so long that he could light a cigarette on the top of a moving train; Clarence Norris (age 19), who had left behind ten brothers and sisters in rural Georgia; Charlie Weems (age 19); brothers Andy Wright (age 19) and Roy Wright (age 12), who were leaving home for the first time; the nearly blind Olin Montgomery (age 17), who was hoping to get a job in order to pay for a pair of glasses; Ozie Powell (age 16); Willie Roberson (age 16), who suffered from such severe syphilis that he could barely walk; and Eugene Williams (age 13); Of these nine boys, only four knew each other prior to their arrest.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Two white women who were also aboard the train, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, told a member of the posse that they had been raped by a group of black teenagers. The posse brought the women to the jail where the accused were being held, and they identified them as their attackers. A doctor was summoned to examine Price and Bates for signs of rape, but none was found. A widely published photo showed the two women shortly after the arrests in 1931.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: There was no evidence (beyond the women's testimony) pointing to the guilt of the accused, yet that was irrelevant due to the prevalent racism in the South at the time, according to which black men were constantly being policed by white men for signs of sexual interest in white women, which could be punishable by lynching. Price and Bates may have told the police that they were raped to divert police attention from themselves. They were both suspected of being prostitutes and not only risked being arrested for it, but they could also have been prosecuted for violating the Mann Act by crossing a state line "for immoral purposes."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: In the Jim Crow South, lynching of black males accused of raping or murdering whites was common; word quickly spread of the arrest and rape story. Soon a lynch mob gathered at the jail in Scottsboro, demanding the youths be surrendered to them.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Sheriff Matt Wann stood in front of the jail and addressed the mob, saying he would kill the first person to come through the door. He removed his belt and handed his gun to one of his deputies. He walked through the mob and the crowd parted to let him through; Wann was not touched by anyone. He walked across the street to the courthouse where he telephoned Governor Benjamin M. Miller, who mobilized the Alabama Army National Guard to protect the jail. He took the defendants to the county seat of Gadsden, Alabama, for indictment and to await trial. Although rape was potentially a capital offense in Alabama, the defendants at this point were not allowed to consult an attorney.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The prisoners were taken to court by 118 Alabama guardsmen, armed with machine guns. It was market day in Scottsboro, and farmers were in town to sell produce and buy supplies. A crowd of thousands soon formed. Courthouse access required a permit due to the salacious nature of the testimony expected. As the Supreme Court later described this situation, "the proceedings ... took place in an atmosphere of tense, hostile, and excited public sentiment." For each trial, all-white juries were selected. There were few African Americans in the jury pool, as most had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century by a new state constitution and white discriminatory practice, and were thus disqualified from jury service.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The pace of the trials was very fast before the standing-room-only, all-white audience. The judge and prosecutor wanted to speed the nine trials to avoid violence, so the first trial took a day and a half, and the rest took place one right after the other, in just one day. The judge had ordered the Alabama bar to assist the defendants, but the only attorney who volunteered was Milo Moody, a 69-year-old attorney who had not defended a case in decades. The judge persuaded Stephen Roddy, a Chattanooga, Tennessee, real estate lawyer, to assist him. Roddy admitted he had not had time to prepare and was not familiar with Alabama law, but agreed to aid Moody.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Because of the mob atmosphere, Roddy petitioned the court for a change of venue, entering into evidence newspaper and law enforcement accounts describing the crowd as "impelled by curiosity". Local circuit judge Alfred E. Hawkins found that the crowd was curious and not hostile.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Clarence Norris and Charlie Weems were tried after Haywood Patterson. During prosecution testimony, Victoria Price stated that she and Ruby Bates witnessed the fight, that one of the black men had a gun, and that they all raped her at knifepoint. During cross-examination by Roddy, Price livened her testimony with wisecracks that brought roars of laughter.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Dr. Bridges testified that his examination of Victoria Price found no vaginal tearing (which would have indicated rape) and that she had had semen in her for several hours. Ruby Bates failed to mention that either she or Price were raped until she was cross-examined. The prosecution ended with testimony from three men who claimed the black youths fought the white youths, put them off the train, and "took charge" of the white girls. The prosecution rested without calling any of the white youths as witness.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: During the defense testimony, defendant Charles Weems testified that he was not part of the fight, that Patterson had the pistol, and that he had not seen the white girls on the train until the train pulled into Paint Rock.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Defendant Clarence Norris stunned the courtroom by implicating the other defendants. He denied participating in the fight or being in the gondola car where the fight took place. But he said that he saw the alleged rapes by the other blacks from his spot atop the next boxcar. The defense put on no further witnesses.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: During closing, the prosecution said, "If you don't give these men death sentences, the electric chair might as well be abolished." The defense made no closing argument, nor did it address the sentencing of the death penalty for their clients.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The Court started the next case while the jury was still deliberating the first. The first jury deliberated less than two hours before returning a guilty verdict and imposed the death sentence on both Weems and Norris.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The trial for Haywood Patterson occurred while the Norris and Weems cases were still under consideration by the jury. When the jury returned its verdict from the first trial, the jury from the second trial was taken out of the courtroom. When the verdicts of guilty were announced, the courtroom erupted in cheers, as did the crowd outside. A band, there to play for a show of Ford Motor Company cars outside, began playing "Hail, Hail the Gang's All Here" and "There'll be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight". The celebration was so loud that it was most likely heard by the second jury waiting inside.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: After the outburst, the defense of Patterson moved for a mistrial, but Judge Hawkins denied the motion and testimony continued. The second trial continued. During the second trial's prosecution testimony, Victoria Price mostly stuck with her story, stating flatly that Patterson raped her. She accused Patterson of shooting one of the white youths. Price volunteered, "I have not had intercourse with any other white man but my husband. I want you to know that."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Dr. Bridges repeated his testimony from the first trial. Other witnesses testified that "the negroes" had gotten out of the same gondola car as Price and Bates; a farmer claimed to have seen white women [on the train] with the black youths.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Patterson defended his actions, testifying again that he had seen Price and Bates in the gondola car, but had nothing to do with them. On cross-examination he testified that he had seen "all but three of those negroes ravish that girl", but then changed his story. He said that he had not seen "any white women" until the train "got to Paint Rock."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The younger Wright brother testified that Patterson was not involved with the girls, but that nine black teenagers had sex with the girls. On cross-examination, Roy Wright testified that Patterson "was not involved with the girls", but that "The long, tall, black fellow had the pistol. He is not here." He claimed also to have been on top of the boxcar, and that Clarence Norris had a knife.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Co-defendants Andy Wright, Eugene Williams, and Ozie Powell all testified that they did not see any women on the train. Olen Montgomery testified that he sat alone on the train and did not know of any of the referenced events. The jury quickly convicted Patterson and recommended death by electric chair.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Price repeated her testimony, adding that the black teenagers split into two groups of six to rape her and Ruby Bates. Price accused Eugene Williams of holding the knife to her throat, and said that all of the other teenagers had knives. Under cross-examination she gave more detail, adding that someone held a knife to the white teenager, Gilley, during the rapes.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: This trial was interrupted and the jury sent out when the Patterson jury reported; they found him guilty. There was no uproar at the announcement. Ruby Bates took the stand, identifying all five defendants as among the 12 entering the gondola car, putting off the whites, and "ravishing" her and Price.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Dr. Bridges was the next prosecution witness, repeating his earlier testimony. On cross-examination, Bridges testified detecting no movement in the spermatozoa found in either woman, suggesting intercourse had taken place sometime before. He also testified that defendant Willie Roberson was "diseased with syphilis and gonorrhea, a bad case of it." He admitted under questioning that Price told him that she had had sex with her husband and that Bates had earlier had intercourse as well, before the alleged rape events.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The defense called the only witnesses they had had time to find – the defendants. No new evidence was revealed.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The next prosecution witnesses testified that Roberson had run over train cars leaping from one to another and that he was in much better shape than he claimed. Slim Gilley testified that he saw "every one of those five in the gondola," but did not confirm that he had seen the women raped.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The defense again waived closing argument, and surprisingly the prosecution then proceeded to make more argument. The defense objected vigorously, but the Court allowed it.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Judge Hawkins then instructed the jury, stating that any defendant aiding in the crime was as guilty as any of the defendants who had committed it. The jury began deliberating at four in the afternoon.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The prosecution agreed that 13-year-old Roy Wright was too young for the death penalty, and did not seek it. The prosecution presented only testimony from Price and Bates. His case went to the jury at nine that evening. His jury and that from the trial of five men were deliberating at the same time.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: At nine on Thursday morning, April 9, 1931, the five defendants in Wednesday's trial were all found guilty. Roy Wright's jury could not agree on sentencing, and was declared a hung jury that afternoon. All the jurors agreed on his guilt, but seven insisted on the death sentence while five held out for life imprisonment (in cases like this, that was often an indication that the jurors believed the suspect was innocent but they were unwilling to go against community norms of conviction). Judge Hawkins declared a mistrial.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The eight convicted defendants were assembled on April 9, 1931, and sentenced to death by electric chair. The Associated Press reported that the defendants were "calm" and "stoic" as Judge Hawkins handed down the death sentences one after another.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Judge Hawkins set the executions for July 10, 1931, the earliest date Alabama law allowed. While appeals were filed, the Alabama Supreme Court issued indefinite stays of executions 72 hours before the defendants were scheduled to die. The men's cells were next to the execution chamber, and they heard the July 10, 1931 execution of Will Stokes, a black man from St. Clair County convicted of murder. They later recalled that he "died hard."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The NAACP hesitated to take on the rape case. So, the Communist Party attorneys came to aid the defendants first.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: After a demonstration in Harlem, the Communist Party USA took an interest in the Scottsboro case. Chattanooga Party member James Allen edited the Communist "Southern Worker", and publicized "the plight of the boys". The Party used its legal arm, the International Labor Defense (ILD), to take up their cases, and persuaded the defendants' parents to let the party champion their cause. The ILD retained attorneys George W. Chamlee, who filed the first motions, and Joseph Brodsky.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Later, the NAACP also offered to handle the case, offering the services of famed criminal defense attorney Clarence Darrow. However, the Scottsboro defendants decided to let the ILD handle their appeal.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Chamlee moved for new trials for all defendants. Private investigations took place, revealing that Price and Bates had been prostitutes in Tennessee, who regularly serviced both black and white clientele. Chamlee offered judge Hawkins affidavits to that effect, but the judge forbade him to read them out loud. The defense argued that this evidence proved that the two women had likely lied at trial. Chamlee pointed to the uproar in Scottsboro that occurred when the verdicts were reported as further evidence that the change of venue should have been granted.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Following Judge Hawkins' denial of the motions for a new trial, attorney George W. Chamlee filed an appeal and was granted a stay of execution. Chamlee was joined by Communist Party attorney Joseph Brodsky and ILD attorney Irving Schwab. The defense team argued that their clients had not had adequate representation, had insufficient time for counsel to prepare their cases, had their juries intimidated by the crowd, and finally, that it was unconstitutional for blacks to have been excluded from the jury. In the question of procedural errors, the state Supreme Court found none.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: On March 24, 1932, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against seven of the eight remaining Scottsboro Boys, confirming the convictions and death sentences of all but the 13-year-old Eugene Williams. It upheld seven of eight rulings from the lower court.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The Alabama Supreme Court granted 13-year-old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a juvenile, which saved him from the immediate threat of the electric chair.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The Court upheld the lower court's change of venue decision, upheld the testimony of Ruby Bates, and reviewed the testimony of the various witnesses. As to the "newly discovered evidence", the Court ruled: "There is no contention on the part of the defendants, that they had sexual intercourse with the alleged victim ... with her consent ... so the defendants would not be granted a new trial."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: As to representation, the Court found "that the defendants were represented by counsel who thoroughly cross examined the state's witnesses, and presented such evidence as was available." Again, the Court affirmed these convictions as well. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions and rescheduled the executions.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented, agreeing with the defense in many of its motions. Anderson stated that the defendants had not been accorded a fair trial and strongly dissented to the decision to affirm their sentences. He wrote, "While the constitution guarantees to the accused a speedy trial, it is of greater importance that it should be by a fair and impartial jury, "ex vi termini" ("by definition"), a jury free from bias or prejudice, and, above all, from coercion and intimidation."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: He pointed out that the National Guard had shuttled the defendants back and forth each day from jail, and that this fact alone was enough to have a coercive effect on the jury. Anderson criticized how the defendants were represented. He noted that Roddy "declined to appear as appointed counsel and did so only as "amicus curiae"." He continued, "These defendants were confined in jail in another county ... and local counsel had little opportunity to ... prepare their defense." Moreover, they "would have been represented by able counsel had a better opportunity been given." Justice Anderson also pointed out the failure of the defense to make closing arguments as an example of under zealous defense representation. About the courtroom outburst, Justice Anderson noted that "there was great applause ... and this was bound to have influence."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Anderson noted that, as the punishment for rape ranged between ten years and death, some of the teenagers should have been found "less culpable than others", and therefore should have received lighter sentences. Anderson concluded, "No matter how revolting the accusation, how clear the proof, or how degraded or even brutal, the offender, the Constitution, the law, the very genius of Anglo-American liberty demand a fair and impartial trial."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The case went to the United States Supreme Court on October 10, 1932, amidst tight security. The ILD retained Walter Pollak to handle the appeal. The Attorney General of Alabama, Thomas E. Knight, represented the State.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Pollak argued that the defendants had been denied due process: first, due to the mob atmosphere; and second, because of the strange attorney appointments and their poor performance at trial. Last, he argued that African Americans were systematically excluded from jury duty contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: Knight countered that there had been no mob atmosphere at the trial, and pointed to the finding by the Alabama Supreme Court that the trial had been fair and representation "able." He told the court that he had "no apologies" to make.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: In a landmark decision, the United States Supreme Court reversed the convictions on the ground that the due process clause of the United States Constitution guarantees the effective assistance of counsel at a criminal trial. In an opinion written by Associate Justice George Sutherland, the Court found the defendants had been denied effective counsel. Chief Justice Anderson's previous dissent was quoted repeatedly in this decision.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The Court did not fault Moody and Roddy for lack of an effective defense, noting that both had told Judge Hawkins that they had not had time to prepare their cases. They said the problem was with the way Judge Hawkins "immediately hurried to trial." This conclusion did not find the Scottsboro defendants innocent but ruled that the procedures violated their rights to due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Supreme Court sent the case back to Judge Hawkins for a retrial.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: When the case, by now a "cause celebre", came back to Judge Hawkins, he granted the request for a change of venue. The defense had urged for a move to the city of Birmingham, Alabama, but the case was transferred to the small, rural community of Decatur. This was near homes of the alleged victims and in Ku Klux Klan territory."


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The American Communist Party maintained control over the defense of the case, retaining the New York criminal defense attorney Samuel Leibowitz. He had never lost a murder trial and was a registered Democrat, with no connection to the Communist Party. They kept Joseph Brodsky as the second chair for the trial.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The case was assigned to District Judge James Edwin Horton and tried in Morgan County. His appointment to the case drew local praise. Nevertheless, the judge carried a loaded pistol in his car throughout the time he presided over these cases.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: The two years that had passed since the first trials had not dampened community hostility for the Scottsboro Boys. But others believed they were victims of Jim Crow justice, and the case was covered by numerous national newspapers.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: At the trial, some 100 reporters were seated at the press tables. Hundreds more gathered on the courthouse lawn. National Guard members in plain clothes mingled in the crowd, looking for any sign of trouble. The Sheriff's department brought the defendants to Court in a patrol wagon guarded by two carloads of deputies armed with shotguns.


title: Scottsboro Boys

text: In the courtroom, the Scottsboro Boys sat in a row wearing blue prison denims and guarded by National Guardsmen, except for Roy Wright, who had not been convicted. Wright wore street clothes. The "Birmingham News" described him as "dressed up like a Georgia gigolo."