title: Gir National Park

text: The plentiful avifauna population has more than 300 species of birds, most of which are resident. The scavenger group of birds has 6 recorded species of vultures. Some of the typical species of Gir include crested serpent eagle, endangered Bonelli's eagle, changeable hawk-eagle, brown fish owl, Indian eagle-owl, rock bush-quail, Indian peafowl, brown-capped pygmy woodpecker, black-headed oriole, crested treeswift and Indian pitta. The Indian grey hornbill was not found from the last census of 2001.


title: Gir National Park

text: The Asiatic lion's habitat is dry scrub land and open deciduous forest. The lion population increased from 411 individuals in 2010 to 674 in 2020, and all of them live in or around Gir National Park.


title: Gir National Park

text: In 1900 it was estimated that the population was as low as 100, and the Asiatic lion was declared a protected species. A census in 1936 recorded 289 animals. The first modern-day count of lions was done by Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth, the principal of Rajkumar College, Rajkot and R.S. Dharmakumarsinhji sometime between 1948 and 1963; and a further survey, in 1968, recorded that since 1936 numbers had fallen to 162.


title: Gir National Park

text: Even though the Gir Forest is well protected, there are instances of Asiatic lions being poached. They have also been poisoned in retaliation for attacking livestock. Some of the other threats include floods, fires and the possibility of epidemics and natural calamities. Gir nonetheless remains the most promising long term preserve for them.


title: Gir National Park

text: During a prolonged drought from 1899 to 1901, lions attacked livestock and people beyond the Gir Forest. After 1904, the rulers of Junagadh compensated livestock losses. Today, the lions in Gir National Park rarely attack people.


title: Gir National Park

text: The Lion Breeding Programme creates and maintains breeding centres. It also carries out studies of the behaviour of the Asiatic lions and also practices artificial insemination. One such centre has been established in the Sakkarbaug Zoo at the district headquarters of Junagadh, which has successfully bred about 180 lions. A total of 126 pure Asiatic lions have been given to zoos in India and abroad.


title: Gir National Park

text: The census of lions takes place every five years. Previously indirect methods like using pugmarks of the lion were adopted for the count. However, during the census of April 2005 (which originally was scheduled for 2006, but was advanced following the reports and controversy over vanishing tigers in India), "Block-Direct-Total Count" method was employed with the help of around 1,000 forest officials, experts and volunteers. It means that only those lions were counted that were "spotted" visually. Use of "live bait" (a prey that is alive and used as a bait) for the exercise, though thought to be a traditional practice, was not used this time. The reason believed to be behind this is the Gujarat High Court ruling of 2000 against such a use of animals.


title: Gir National Park

text: During the 2010 census 'The Cat Women of Gir Forest' counted more than 411 lions in the park, and 523 in 2015. The women who do the counting are of traditional Muslim tribes in neighboring villages. There are over 40 women van raksha sahayaks, who seek only to protect the animals of the park.


title: Gir National Park

text: Gir National Park and Sanctuary faces a number of threats to its ecosystem. Natural threats include recurrent drought, cyclones, and forest fires. Anthropogenic threats include over-grazing, encroachment, excessive traffic and resultant weed infestation. Tourism contributes to this environmental degradation, as does the mining carried out in the periphery. Pollution results from the railway lines that run through the peripheral zone. The narrow genetic base in the large mammals is also an issue of growing concern.


title: Luton Airport

text: London Luton Airport is an international airport located in Luton, Bedfordshire, England, situated east of the town centre, and north of Central London. The airport is owned by London Luton Airport Ltd (LLAL), a company wholly owned by Luton Borough Council, and operated by London Luton Airport Operations Ltd (LLAOL).


title: Luton Airport

text: An airport was opened on the site on 16 July 1938. During the Second World War, the airport was used by fighters of the Royal Air Force. Commercial activity and general aviation flight training at Luton resumed during 1952. By the 1960s, Luton Airport was playing a key role in the development of the package holiday business; by 1969, a fifth of all holiday flights from the UK departed from Luton Airport. From the mid-1960s, executive aircraft have been based at the airport. During the late 1970s, an expansion plan was initiated at Luton to accommodate as many as 5 million passengers per year, although the airport experienced a reduction in passenger numbers in the 1980s. In 1990, the airport was renamed "London Luton Airport" to try and emphasise the airport's proximity to the capital.


title: Luton Airport

text: The arrival of new operators at Luton during the 1990s, such as charter operator MyTravel Group and new low-cost scheduled flights from Debonair and EasyJet, contributed to a rapid increase in passenger numbers that made it the fastest growing major airport in the UK. In August 1997, to fund an £80million extension of the airport, a 30-year concession contract was issued to a public-private partnership consortium, "London Luton Airport Operations Limited". Throughout the 1990s, £30million was invested in Luton's infrastructure and facilities. In November 1999, a new £40million terminal was opened by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip; the new building houses 60 check-in desks, baggage and flight information systems and a range of commercial outlets. During 2004/5, the departure and arrivals lounges and other facilities were redeveloped at a cost of £38million.


title: Luton Airport

text: In 2018, over 16.5 million passengers passed through the airport, a record total for Luton making it the fifth


title: Luton Airport

text: busiest airport in the UK. It is the fourth-largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted, and is one of London's six international airports along with London City and Southend. The airport serves as a base for EasyJet, TUI Airways, Ryanair and Wizz Air and previously served as a base for Monarch Airlines until it ceased operations in October 2017. The vast majority of the routes served are within Europe, although there are some charter and scheduled routes to destinations in Northern Africa and Asia.


title: Luton Airport

text: Luton Municipal Airport was opened on the site on 16 July 1938 by the Secretary of State for Air, Kingsley Wood. Situated where the valley of the River Lea cuts its way through the north-east end of the Chiltern Hills, the airport occupies a hill-top location, with a roughly drop-off at the western end of the runway. The airport, which was owned by the Borough of Luton, was considered to be the northern terminal for neighbouring London.


title: Luton Airport

text: During the Second World War, the airport was used by the Royal Air Force, fighters of No. 264 Squadron being based there. Following the end of the conflict, the site was returned to the local council. During 1952, activity at the airport resumed on a commercial basis; a new control tower was opened around this time.


title: Luton Airport

text: British aviation company Percival Aircraft had its factory at the airport until the early 1960s. From the mid-1960s, executive aircraft have been based at the airport, initially operated by McAlpine Aviation. These activities have grown and several executive jet operators and maintenance companies are currently based at Luton.


title: Luton Airport

text: In the 1960s, Luton Airport played a key role in the development of the package holiday business, in which the popularity of the foreign holiday rose substantially, as the launch of new services had allowed greater numbers of people to travel abroad for the first time. Luton became the operating base for several charter airlines, such as Autair (which went on to become Court Line), Euravia (now TUI Airways, following Euravia's change of name to Britannia Airways and subsequent merger with First Choice Airways and TUI rebrand) and Dan-Air.


title: Luton Airport

text: By 1969, a fifth of all holiday flights from the UK departed from Luton Airport; during 1972, Luton Airport was the most profitable airport in the country. However, Luton suffered a severe setback in August 1974 when major package holiday operator Clarksons and its in-house airline Court Line (which also operated coach links) ceased operations and were liquidated. Nevertheless, by 1978, the airport's management initiated an expansion plan as to allow Luton to accommodate as many as 5 million passengers per year.


title: Luton Airport

text: During the 1980s, the airport experienced a decline in customer numbers; this was due to lack of reinvestment while the nearby Stansted Airport, which was also located north of London, was growing. The council responded to lobbying and focused again on developing the airport. During 1985, a new international terminal building was opened by Charles III (the Prince of Wales at the time). Further updates and changes over the following 15 years were made, including the opening of a new international terminal an automated baggage handling facility, a new control tower with updated air traffic control systems, a new cargo centre and runway upgrades. In 1987, Luton Airport became a limited company, of which Luton Borough Council was the sole shareholder; this reorganisation was taken as it was felt that the airport ought to be operated at arm's length via an independent management team.


title: Luton Airport

text: While developing the basic infrastructure, various business partners were courted and business models were considered. The process envisaged a cargo centre, an airport railway station, and people mover from station to airport terminal (hence the unused underpass parallel to the road as one approaches the terminal). During 1991, an attempt was made to sell Luton Airport, but it was unsuccessful; instead, a new management team was appointed to turn around the business, stem the losses, and improve passenger numbers. Over the following five years, £30million was invested in Luton's infrastructure and facilities.


title: Luton Airport

text: Originally, the airport's runways had been grass tracks 18/36 and 06/24, and then a concrete runway 08/26. By the end of the 1980s, there was only one runway, 08/26. The 18/36 grass runway had disappeared under a landfill, while 06/24 had effectively become a taxiway. For Luton to maintain viability, it was necessary to update airfield services, and achieve CAT III status. This meant updating the instrument landing system (ILS); glidepath and localiser and removing the hump in the runway; even a six-foot person could not see one end of the runway from the other. The hump was removed by building up layers at the end of the runway; this was done over 72 successive nights between October 1988 and February 1989, with the height being raised 90 mm on one particular night. During the course of this work, the airport would re-open for flights during the day.


title: Luton Airport

text: In 1990, the airport was renamed "London Luton Airport" to re-emphasise the airport's proximity to the UK capital. In 1991, another setback occurred when Ryanair, which had flown from the airport to Ireland for a number of years, transferred its London operating base from Luton to rival Stansted. This move was attributed as causing a decline in passenger numbers at Luton. Later in the 1990s, MyTravel Group began charter flights from the airport, using the "Airtours" brand and new low-cost scheduled flights from Debonair and EasyJet, the latter making Luton its base. The arrival of these new operators marked a rapid increase in passenger numbers; during 1997/1998, 3.4 million people travelled via the airport, while 4.4 million travellers were recording during the following year, making Luton Airport the fastest growing major airport in the UK.


title: Luton Airport

text: In August 1997, to fund an £80million extension of the airport, the council issued a 30-year concession contract to a public-private partnership consortium, London Luton Airport Operations Limited, a partnership of Airport Group International (AGI) and Barclays Private Equity. AGI was a specialist airport management and development company once owned by Lockheed Martin. In 1999, AGI was sold to TBI plc; in 2001, Barclays also sold its shares in Luton to TBI plc.


title: Luton Airport

text: The main feature of the development phase in 1998 was a £40million terminal made from aluminium and glass, based on an original design by Foster + Partners. The new terminal, which was officially opened in November 1999 by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, houses 60 check-in desks, baggage and flight information systems and a wide range of shops, restaurants and bars. During late 1999, British railway infrastructure company Railtrack opened the new Luton Airport Parkway railway station; built at a cost of £23million, the station facilitated a travel time to central London of less than 30 minutes.


title: Luton Airport

text: In September 2004, Luton Airport embarked on a 10-month project to develop the departure and arrivals lounges and other facilities at a cost of £38million; this work included a area featuring a spectacular vaulted ceiling was completed with the new terminal, but intended to lie unused until required. On 1 July 2005, the new departure hall opened on schedule, featuring a boarding pier extending out between the airport's north and east aprons and relocated security, customs and immigration facilities, as well as an expanded number of boarding gates from the previous number of 19 to 26.


title: Luton Airport

text: In 2004, the airport management announced that they supported the government plans to expand the facilities, which included a full-length runway and a new terminal. However, local campaign groups, including Luton and District Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise (LADACAN) and Stop Luton Airport Plan (SLAP) opposed the new expansion plans, for reasons including noise pollution and traffic concerns; LADACAN also claimed that various sites, including Someries Castle, a Scheduled Monument, would be threatened by the expansion. On 6 July 2007, it was announced that the owners of London Luton Airport had decided to scrap plans to build a second runway and new terminal for financial reasons. In order for the airport to expand further, the Department for Transport (DfT) advised the airport authority to use the airport site more efficiently. The DfT supports plans to extend the runway from its current length to and increase the length of the taxiway. A full-length runway would increase airlines' operational flexibility by enabling the use of aircraft that have a greater payload capacity and longer range than is currently possible. A longer taxiway would maximise runway use by reducing the need for taxiing aircraft to cross or move along the runway.


title: Luton Airport

text: In January 2005, London Luton Airport Operations Limited was acquired by Airport Concessions Development Limited, a company owned by Abertis Infraestructuras (90%) and Aena Internacional (10%), both Spanish companies. In November 2013, ownership of London Luton Airport Operations Ltd passed to Aena and Ardian. In April 2018, AMP Capital acquired Ardian's 49% stake in the business.


title: Luton Airport

text: From 2006 to 2008, Silverjet operated long-haul flights to Newark and Dubai from a dedicated terminal, but ceased operations due to the global economic crisis.


title: Luton Airport

text: In September 2016, La Compagnie announced it would cease operating its Luton to Newark service citing economic reasons. Therefore, Luton lost its only long-haul service. In February 2017, Hungarian low-cost carrier Wizz Air announced it would to open its first British base at Luton Airport inaugurating three new routes to Tel Aviv, Pristina and Kutaisi in addition to more than a dozen already served ones from other bases.


title: Luton Airport

text: In December 2018, a three-year redevelopment of the airport commenced. Costing roughly £160million, the airport management stated that the upgrade, which included new shops, a new boarding pier, and more boarding gates, would increase overall capacity by 50%, enabling the site to accommodate 18 million passengers by 2020. Campaigners from local pressure groups such as LADACAN have complained that the airport had failed to incorporate reduce noise reduction measures into the plan, while an airport spokesman stated "Our noise control measures are some of the most stringent of any major UK airport", noting that it had applied for additional flight restrictions. In addition, earlier that year, work had commenced on the construction of the Luton DART, an automated guided people mover which will travel between Luton Airport Parkway station and the airport. Costed at £200million, the DART will eliminate the need for shuttle buses from mid-2022.


title: Luton Airport

text: The airport possesses a single runway, running roughly east to west (07/25), with a length of at an elevation of . The runway is equipped with an Instrument Landing System (ILS) rated to Category IIIB, allowing the airport to continue operating in conditions of poor visibility.


title: Luton Airport

text: All the airport facilities lie to the north of the runway. The terminal and aprons have an unconventional layout for a commercial airport, with terminal drop-off, bus stands, taxi ranks and short-term car parks being accessed facing south towards the runway, being connected by a road. This road tunnels under a taxiway which connects the western apron area to the runway's taxiway network. There are approximately 60 stands available for aircraft, with 28 dedicated gates, which are all hardstands. All of these stands are located on the northern side of the terminal building, away from the runway and connected to it by a 'U' shaped set of taxiways and aprons that together encircle the terminal.


title: Luton Airport

text: The northern side of the U-shaped apron is ringed by a continuous line of hangars and other buildings, emphasising the fact that Luton is a major maintenance base for several airlines including TUI Airways, EasyJet, and previously Monarch Airlines. By contrast to the heavily built up apron area, the airport's southern boundary is entirely rural with only a few isolated farm buildings and houses close to the airport boundary.


title: Luton Airport

text: The airport remains in municipal ownership, owned by Luton Borough Council but managed by the private sector London Luton Airport Operations Limited (LLAOL). London Luton Airport has a Civil Aviation Authority Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P835) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction. An indicator of the importance of the airport to the economy of Luton is that Luton is reported to have the highest number of taxicabs per head of population in the United Kingdom.


title: Luton Airport

text: EasyJet's head office is Hangar 89 (H89), a building located on the grounds of London Luton Airport; the hangar, a former Britannia Airways/TUI facility, is located from the former site of EasyLand, the previous headquarters of EasyJet. Hangar 89, built in 1974, has of office space and can house two aircraft the size of an Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 at one time. When EasyJet received H89, it had a 1970s style office setup. EasyJet modernised the building and painted it orange.


title: Luton Airport

text: In addition, TUI Airways head office is at the airport, and — prior to its closure — Monarch Airlines, along with that of Monarch Group, was in Prospect House, on the grounds of the airport.


title: Luton Airport

text: Luton Airport has a single, two-storey passenger terminal building which has been expanded and rearranged several times. The ground floor has a main hall equipped with 62 check-in desks ("1-62"), a separate security screening hall, as well as some shops, service counters and the arrivals facilities. After the security screening hall, stairs lead to the departures lounge on the upper floor, where several more stores, restaurants and all 43 departure gates in three side piers ("1-19", "20-28" and "30-43") can be found. Besides branches of Burger King, Starbucks, Boots and others, one airport lounge is located inside the terminal.


title: Luton Airport

text: The airport lies a few miles away from the M1 motorway, which runs southwards to the M25 motorway and London, and northwards to Milton Keynes, the Midlands and the north of England. The airport is linked to M1's Junction 10 by the dual-carriageway A1081 road. There is a short stay car park adjacent to the terminal, together with medium and long term on airport car parks to the west and east of the terminal respectively and linked to the terminal by shuttle buses. Pre-booked off airport parking is also available from several independent operators.


title: Luton Airport

text: Luton Airport Parkway has served the airport since 1999. It is on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras, between which, journeys take as little as 22 minutes, on services branded EMR.


title: Luton Airport

text: A shuttle bus service connects the station to the airport, a distance of just over a mile. The fare is included in pre-purchased rail tickets to/from Luton Airport (Parkway) otherwise a cash fee is charged.


title: Luton Airport

text: In 2016, airport owners announced plans to build the Luton DART, a light railway from the Parkway station to the airport at £200million. A planning application was submitted in Autumn 2016; it was accepted in June 2017. The link was originally planned to come into passenger service by the end of 2020. Several schemes before the light rail building project were rejected, including in 2007 a proposal to replace the shuttle buses with segregated tracked transit conveyors. From the Midland Main Line ambitious plans to build a railway spur were put forward in 2015 to reduce time, frequently, to or from central London to 20minutes and significantly increase passenger numbers.


title: Luton Airport

text: In 2016, Luton Airport commissioned a study, with the support of the CBI, easyJet, the Federation of Small Businesses, and the Bedfordshire and the Hertfordshire Chambers of Commerce (among others) which sought to explore opportunities to expand rail services to and from the airport. The study found four fast trains per hour from central London was possible.


title: Luton Airport

text: Negotiations are underway with the Department for Transport to extend the validity of the Oyster card contactless ticketing system to the airport. Contactless bank cards (but not Oyster cards) became valid for journeys to and from London from October 2019.


title: Luton Airport

text: The airport is served by the Route A of the Luton to Dunstable Busway, a bus rapid transit route which connects the airport with Luton Town Centre and the neighbouring towns of Dunstable, Houghton Regis and Milton Keynes. The buses, operated by Arriva Shires & Essex, run on a segregated guided busway track between Luton and Dunstable.


title: Luton Airport

text: Conventional bus services also operate, connecting the airport with towns and cities in the region and parts of north London, including the 100, operated by Arriva, which offers an hourly daytime connection to the nearby towns of Hitchin and Stevenage; Metroline service 84A; Courtney Buses coach service to Bracknell.


title: Luton Airport

text: Direct coach services to London include Green Line route 757 operated by Arriva Shires & Essex and the A1 operated by National Express which operate competing services to and from Victoria Coach Station. EasyBus services operate towards Liverpool Street station. A range of longer distance National Express services linking Stansted, Heathrow and Gatwick Airports as well as destinations in the Midlands and North of England.


title: Luton Airport

text: Govia Thameslink Railway provide a shuttle bus link between the airport and Luton Airport Parkway railway station. This service runs 24 hours a day - every ten minutes from 5am to 12am and between 12am to 5am it is timed to meet each overnight train service.


title: Luton Airport

text: There are also three services around the airport operated by APCOA Parking which operate 24 hours a day serving the terminal, mid stay, long stay, and staff car parks. The service that serves the staff car park also serves the car hire centre and rental companies and all stops in between including the Holiday Inn Express, the TUI Airways HQ And the ID Unit. A new fleet of six Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses were purchased for these operations during 2014.


title: Luton Airport

text: A range of other bus services operated by off-site parking companies also serve the airport. These include Airparks, Paige Airport Parking, Centrebus and Coach Hire 4 U. The latter two operators provide staff shuttle buses on behalf of TUI and EasyJet.


title: Luton Airport

text: In February 2019, London Luton Airport Limited announced plans to expand the airport by building a second terminal. The expansion would increase airport capacity to handle 32 million passengers per year 2039. The enlarged airport would continue to operate using the existing single runway.


title: Luton Airport

text: LLAL have outlined several options for the site of the new Terminal 2. Most of the proposals involve a development that will encroach upon Wigmore Valley Park, a designated County Wildlife Site; an alternative site to the east would encroach upon the London Green Belt, and a further option proposes siting a new terminal to the south of the runway. A public consultation in October 2019 included plans for a third stop on the Luton DART transit, currently under construction.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Adrian Anthony Lester (born Anthony Harvey; 14 August 1968) is a British actor, director and writer. He is the recipient of a Laurence Olivier Award, an Evening Standard Theatre Award and a Critics' Circle Theatre Award for his work on the London stage.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester was born in Birmingham, the son of Jamaican immigrants, Monica, a medical secretary, and Reginald, a manager for a contract cleaning company. From the age of nine, Lester sang as a boy treble in the choir of St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham. At 14, he began acting with the Birmingham Youth Theatre. After leaving Archbishop Masterson RC School, he attended Joseph Chamberlain Sixth Form College for one year, before completing three years of training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester received an Ian Charleson Award commendation and a Time Out Award for his 1991 performance as Rosalind in Cheek by Jowl's all-male production of "As You Like It". In 1993, he played Anthony Hope in the National Theatre's production of "". He has also appeared on stage as Robert in the musical "Company", for which he won an Olivier Award, and in the title role of "Hamlet" (Carlton TV Theatre Award).


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 2010, he played the part of Brick in Tennessee Williams' play "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" at the Novello Theatre in London.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 2012, Lester appeared as Ira Aldridge in the play "Red Velvet", written by his wife Lolita Chakrabarti.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester played the part of Othello in the Shakespeare play of the same name in 2013 alongside Rory Kinnear as Iago at the National Theatre. Both actors won the Best Actor award in the "Evening Standard" Theatre Awards for their roles; the award is traditionally given to only one actor, but the judges were unable to choose between the pair.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 2021, Lester appeared in the live-streamed production of "Hymn" written by his wife Lolita Chakrabarti for the Almeida Theatre. The play co-starred Danny Sapani and was performed with social distancing in place in accordance with COVID-19 restrictions.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester made his Broadway debut in the 2021 production of "The Lehman Trilogy", directed by Sam Mendes.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 1997, Lester starred in an episode of "Silent Witness". It was in a two-part episode of series two entitled "Cease upon the Midnight", where he played the part of Danny Morris.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester is known for playing a big-time con artist named Michael "Mickey Bricks" Stone on the BBC television series "Hustle" between 2004 and 2012. The character was written out of the fourth series and replaced by Ashley Walters, although Lester returned from the fifth series (2009) onwards.


title: Adrian Lester

text: On American television, Lester appeared on the sitcom "Girlfriends" from 2002 to 2003, as Ellis Carter, a film star who dated Tracee Ellis Ross's character, Joan Clayton.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 2008, Lester starred on the BBC drama "Bonekickers", a programme focusing on a team of archaeologists.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester played campaign manager Henry Burton in Mike Nichols' film "Primary Colors" (1998), based on the novel by Anonymous (Joe Klein). His character is believed to represent George Stephanopoulos. This part earned him a Chicago Film Critics Association award nomination for "Most Promising Actor".


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester appeared in Kenneth Branagh's "Love's Labour's Lost", a musical adaptation of the William Shakespeare play, set in the 1930s. The film itself was poorly received, but Lester received a British Independent Film Awards nomination for his performance.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In "The Day After Tomorrow", Lester had a minor role as Simon, one of the three researchers who drink a toast of "twelve-year-old Scotch" shortly before freezing to death.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester filmed scenes for "Spider-Man 3" (2007), as a research scientist who is sought after by the Sandman (Thomas Haden Church) to find a cure for his ailing daughter. He was seen in one teaser trailer for the film; however, his scenes were cut from the final theatrical version.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 2010, Lester appeared in the documentary "When Romeo Met Juliet" together with his wife Lolita Chakrabarti as acting mentors to the pupils of two Coventry schools involved in a production of "Romeo and Juliet".


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 1997 Lester married actress and writer Lolita Chakrabarti, whom he met while they were both students at RADA. They live in south east London with their two daughters, Lila and Jasmine.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In 2007, Lester took part in "Empire's Children", a Channel 4 documentary exploring the journey taken by the "Windrush Generation" to the United Kingdom. Lester's grandfather, Kenneth Nathaniel Lester, was to be included in the documentary, but was unwell during filming in Jamaica and could not be interviewed. Kenneth died soon after the documentary completed filming and never saw the programme aired.


title: Adrian Lester

text: In April 2013, Lester appeared on the Cultural Exchange feature of "Front Row" on Radio Four, a feature of the programme where people had to choose a piece of art that meant a great deal to them. He chose "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley.


title: Adrian Lester

text: Lester was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours, both for services to drama.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: Louise Elizabeth Redknapp (née Nurding, born 4 November 1974) is an English singer, songwriter and media personality. She was a member of Eternal, an R&B girl group which debuted in 1993 with their quadruple-platinum studio album "Always & Forever". In 1995, she departed from the group for a solo career, in which she released the albums "Naked" (1996), "Woman in Me" (1997) and "Elbow Beach" (2000).


title: Louise Redknapp

text: Aside from music, Louise has presented several television shows and was a judge on the UK version of "So You Think You Can Dance". She was married to the English former footballer Jamie Redknapp.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In 2016, Louise reached the final in the fourteenth series of BBC One's "Strictly Come Dancing". In January 2020 following a 17-year hiatus from recording Redknapp released "Heavy Love" to critical acclaim. To date, Louise has sold over 5 million records in the UK and 15 million records worldwide. On 4 March 2021, Redknapp's memoir entitled "You've Got This: And Other Things I Wish I Had Known" was released.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: Louise Elizabeth Nurding was born in Lewisham, London. Her father was a builder and her mother worked at Gatwick Airport. Louise and her two younger brothers grew up in Eltham, London, and Oxted, Surrey. She describes herself as having come from a single-parent family with her mum.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: At the age of 11, Louise won a scholarship to the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London, where she met her future Eternal colleague Kéllé Bryan on her first day.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: While out clubbing at the age of 15, Louise met the music producer Denis Ingoldsby, who was forming an all-girl group. She subsequently introduced Denis to Kéllé Bryan. Kéllé and Louise, together with sisters Easther and Vernie Bennett, formed the band Eternal in 1992. The group performed R&B, and recorded a number of hits during the 1990s. Eternal's debut single "Stay" entered the UK charts at number sixteen and climbed to number four. Louise left the group in 1995 to pursue a solo career, amid unsubstantiated rumours that she was forced to leave because a radio station in the United States dedicated to black music would not promote the racially mixed group. Redknapp says that she left because she was miserable and homesick.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In late 1995, Louise signed a record deal with First Avenue management and EMI Records. Now professionally known simply as "Louise", her debut solo single was the orchestral ballad "Light of My Life" (which reached number eight on the UK charts). Her second solo release, "In Walked Love" (previously a hit from the self-titled 1992 album by the dance/pop group Exposé), fared less well and missed the UK top ten. However, Louise's third single, "Naked", turned things around and became her biggest hit to date, peaking at number five in the UK. Louise's debut solo album, also entitled "Naked", was subsequently released in 1996 on the back of the single's success. The album received lukewarm reviews, but nevertheless peaked at number seven on the UK Albums Chart. It was later certified Platinum by the BPI for over 400,000 copies sold in the UK alone and over a million copies worldwide. Two further singles were released: "Undivided Love" (UK No. 5) and "One Kiss from Heaven" (UK No. 9).


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In 1997, Louise returned with the single "Arms Around the World", which reached number four in the UK. Her second solo album, "Woman in Me", peaked at number five in the UK and went on to gain platinum status in the UK and sold over a million units worldwide. The album also made an impact across Europe, charting in a number of countries. To support and celebrate the success of the album, Louise embarked on a UK-wide 'sell-out' arena tour of over twenty dates, including Wembley Arena. "Let's Go Round Again" (a cover of a song by the Average White Band) was the second single released from the album, which reached number ten. She was voted "Sexiest Woman in the World" by the readers of "SKY Magazine" in 1997.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: At the start of 1998, Louise's career was at a high point: her second album had gone platinum, she was on the cover of magazines such as "Smash Hits" and "GQ", and she had been voted Sexiest Woman in the World by the readers of "FHM" magazine.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In 1998, Louise focused on making what she described as her "most personal album to date", "Elbow Beach", released in 2000. Louise was more involved in the process of this album than her previous two, co-writing all 12 tracks and co-producing most of them.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: The lead single from "Elbow Beach", the R&B-styled "2 Faced" went straight into the charts at number three, and became Louise's highest-charting single. Despite initial hype and critical praise, total sales for "Elbow Beach" were weaker than the previous two productions, and the album peaked at number twelve. The same year, Louise was hired to 'sex up' the 2000 National Egg Awareness Campaign.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: After "Elbow Beach" was released, Louise had one album left on her five-album deal with EMI (including Eternal's "Always and Forever"). In 2001, the label decided to release a greatest hits compilation, incorporating all of her top ten hit singles (including those she had performed with Eternal), called "Changing Faces – The Best of Louise". The collection featured three new tracks, including a cover of Five Star's 1987 hit "The Slightest Touch". The album peaked at number nine in the UK, and she embarked on the second solo tour of her career.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: EMI later released a second greatest hits album entitled "Finest Moments", with a slightly different track listing.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In 2002, Louise signed a £1.5 million contract with her manager Oliver Smallman's Positive Records (a division of Universal Music) to record her fourth solo album. The album was due for release in 2004 alongside the single "Bounce Back". However, due to the singer becoming pregnant with her son Charley, the album was never released. The only single released from the album was the double A-side "Pandora's Kiss"/"Don't Give Up", which peaked at number five and raised money for Tickled Pink/Breast Cancer Care. The unreleased album saw Louise work with the likes of Sylvia Bennett Smith and Marc 'M2E' Smith, Mark Hill and Pete Martin. The album would also have included Louise's first duet with boy band 3rd Wish on the track "Don't Ever Change". In the July 2004 edition of "FHM" magazine, Louise was named the "Sexiest Woman of the Decade".


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In August 2017, Louise posted a picture of herself in the recording studio on her Instagram account, showing that she had been working on new music. On 13 September 2017, Louise revealed she would be returning to the music industry by announcing her first live show in more than 15 years at Under The Bridge in London on 22 December 2017. Titled 'Intimate & Live', the show had enough demand for tickets selling out in under 5 minutes, leading promoters and Louise to announce additional dates for January 2018 in Manchester, Glasgow, and Birmingham.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: On 1 February 2018, Warner/Chappell UK confirmed Louise had signed a deal with them to release new material later in the year.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In February 2019, Louise announced she had signed a global record deal with ADA / Warner Music. On 25 March 2019, Louise announced that her fourth solo album "Heavy Love" would be released on 18 October 2019. The lead single, "Stretch", was released on 26 March 2019 to critical acclaim. She then released follow-up singles "Lead Me On", "Small Talk", "Breaking Back Together", "Not the Same" and "Hurt" as a bonus single after announcing "Heavy Love" was to be pushed back to a 2020 release.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: On 10 November 2022, Louise released the single "Super Magic". In an interview with "Fault" magazine, Louise shared, "I wanted to make music I loved rather than just ticking a box for what worked in the industry. I think I’ve forever had to fight to prove myself [...] I’m still fighting to prove myself. I feel that the hardest hurdle is to keep on knocking down those doors to prove myself." "Super Magic" is Louise's first release under BMG. It debuted at number 89 on the UK Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 on 18 November 2022.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: On television, Louise has presented editions of "SMTV Live", "", "Soccer Aid: Extra Time", "This Morning", three series of the revived "The Clothes Show" for UKTV Style, and in March 2007 the controversial documentary "The Truth About Size Zero" for ITV.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In 2003, Louise published a magazine called "Icon", aimed solely at professional sports stars and celebrities with Jamie Redknapp and former footballer Tim Sherwood. They later sold the magazine to another publisher.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: Louise has been seen as the face of a number of advertising campaigns: the "Safe and White" campaign for Boots, Flora's "Omega 3" products, Boots and BT. She became brand ambassador for Orbit gum in 2007 and a model for Avon. In autumn 2007, Louise was unveiled as the new face of Triumph lingerie for 2007, 2008 and 2009. In November 2008, her family were also unveiled as the Nintendo Wii Family for their Christmas 2008 advertising campaign, followed by The Louise Redknapp Nintendo Wii Fit Campaign in March 2009. In 2010, Louise and then-husband Jamie fronted a new campaign by Thomas Cook promoting their holidays on TV and throughout the media.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In 2009, Louise filmed a follow up documentary "The Truth About Super Skinny Pregnancies" displaying the pressures on women to stay in shape during and after their pregnancies. Later that year in September 2009, Redknapp presented "The Farmer Wants a Wife" for Five, a relaunch of a series that originally appeared on ITV in 2001. In 2009 Louise was also announced as the face of online fashion retailer Fashion Union. The following year in January 2010, Louise took over as the full-time presenter of the BBC Sunday morning programme "Something for the Weekend" for two years.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: Louise was a judge on the UK version of "So You Think You Can Dance", broadcast on BBC One. In 2011, Louise Redknapp made her acting debut alongside Ray Winstone as Diana Smith in the feature film "The Hot Potato". Louise had a cosmetic range named Wild About Beauty, which she launched with make-up artist Kim Jacob; which she sold in 2017.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: On 15 August 2016, Louise was announced as a contestant for the fourteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". She reached the 2016 finals with professional dancer Kevin Clifton. In April 2018, Louise made her radio debut, guest-presenting two evening shows on Heart, on Sunday 8 April and Sunday 15 April. On 23 October 2018, Louise recorded herself narrating Roald Dahl's "The Enormous Crocodile" for an audio cassette release.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In May 2021, Louise appeared on "The Masked Dancer" masked as Flamingo. She was the second celebrity to be unmasked. That same month, Louise appeared on the first series of BBC game show "I Can See Your Voice", performing "Let's Go Round Again".


title: Louise Redknapp

text: Louise married football player Jamie Redknapp at a ceremony in Bermuda on 29 June 1998. They have two sons. Prior to giving birth to her first son, Redknapp suffered from endometriosis which was treated with laser surgery. The couple confirmed in September 2017 that they had separated. A family court in central London granted a decree nisi for divorce after 19 years of marriage on 29 December 2017.


title: Louise Redknapp

text: In 2003, Louise single "Pandora's Kiss"/"Don't Give Up", was released to raise money for Breast Cancer Care's "Tickled Pink" campaign. She also participated in a celebrity edition of "The Apprentice" in 2008, to raise money for charity. Louise organised a charity sale of celebrity designer clothes at the London department store Selfridges for the charity Mothers4Children in November 2009.


title: Mindy Sterling

text: Mindy Lee Sterling (born July 11, 1953) is an American television, film and voice actress. She portrayed Frau Farbissina in the "Austin Powers" film series and starred in the web series "Con Man", the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. She has had recurring roles as Miss Francine Briggs on the Nickelodeon series "iCarly", Principal Susan Skidmore on the Disney Channel series "A.N.T. Farm", and Linda Schwartz on the ABC series "The Goldbergs".


title: Mindy Sterling

text: Sterling has also done voiceover work for animation. For Cartoon Network, she provided the voice of Ms. Endive in the series "Chowder". For Nickelodeon, she voiced Lin Beifong in "The Legend of Korra" (2012–2014) and Morgana in the Nickelodeon version of "Winx Club". Sterling was half of the duo (with Dennis Tufano of The Buckinghams) who sang the Theme song for "Family Ties" in its 1st season on TV, prior to Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams' version.


title: Mindy Sterling

text: Sterling was born in Paterson, New Jersey on July 11, 1953. Her father Dick Sterling was an actor and nightclub comedian and her mother Florence Adele “Bookie” Sterling (née Pushkin) was a dancer. She has one brother, Mark Sterling. She is Jewish.


title: Mindy Sterling

text: Around 1973, Sterling landed a recurring role on the syndicated children's series "Dusty's Treehouse". She later joined the L.A.-based comedy troupe The Groundlings. Despite having starred in numerous films in the 1980s and 1990s, it was her character Frau Farbissina, the diminutive and domineering Germanic cohort of Dr. Evil (Mike Myers) in "", that brought Sterling high praise for her work in films.


title: Mindy Sterling

text: From 1990 to 1991, she was one of the comedians in the satirical show "On the Television". Sterling plays Christian Slater's secretary Arlene Scott in the show "My Own Worst Enemy". She also played Judge Foodie on the Disney show "That's So Raven" and a volleyball coach on "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody". She appeared as the wedding planner on the "Friends" episode "The One with Barry and Mindy's Wedding" in 1996, and in 2004, as the casting director on the episode "Joey and the Big Audition" of "Joey". In 1999, following the success of "", Sterling appeared in "Drop Dead Gorgeous" (also 1999), and later reprised the character in "Austin Powers in Goldmember". In 2000, Sterling appeared as a celebrity guest on "Hollywood Squares". She returned to the show in 2002. She played one of the townspeople in the live-action adaptation of "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", and also provided additional voices in the 2018 CGI version, "The Grinch". Between 2002 and 2004, Sterling made guest appearances on the Donny Osmond version of the game show "Pyramid".


title: Mindy Sterling

text: From 2007 to 2010, Sterling voiced Ms. Endive, the main antagonist to Mung Daal in "Chowder". She voiced the character Lin Beifong, the second Police Chief of Republic City and daughter of original chief Toph Beifong, in "The Legend of Korra". She also had a recurring voice role as Morgana on the Nickelodeon version of "Winx Club" in 2012. Her many other voice-over credits include guest roles on "The Wild Thornberrys", "Invader Zim", "", "", "Higglytown Heroes", "Robot Chicken", "Mars Needs Moms", "The Looney Tunes Show", "Justice League Unlimited", "" and "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated".


title: Mindy Sterling

text: Sterling has achieved success in teen sitcoms, playing Ms. Francine Briggs on "iCarly", and in "A.N.T. Farm" as Principal Susan Skidmore. On April 25, 2013 before the finale of the second season of "A.N.T. Farm", Sterling announced she would not be appearing on the show's third season due to family obligations. She announced in June 2012 that she may return in the fourth season, with guest appearances in season three. In 2010, she had a recurring role as bitter neighbour Mitzi Kinsky in "Desperate Housewives". In 2012, she appeared in a book trailer for a parody of "The Hunger Games" entitled "The Hunger Pains". In 2013, she starred as Janice Nugent in the comedy series "Legit". In 2018, she appeared in Netflix's "A Series of Unfortunate Events". She currently appears on the sitcom "The Goldbergs" as the mother of Geoff Schwartz.


title: Mindy Sterling

text: In 1998, Sterling was diagnosed with breast cancer after a routine mammogram. After a lumpectomy, chemotherapy, radiation treatment and tamoxifen, she has remained cancer-free.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Better Luck Tomorrow is a 2002 American crime-drama film directed by Justin Lin. The film is about Asian American overachievers who become bored with their lives and enter a world of petty crime and material excess. "Better Luck Tomorrow" introduced film audiences to a cast including Parry Shen, Jason Tobin, Sung Kang, Roger Fan, and John Cho. The film was based loosely on the murder of Stuart Tay, a teenager from Orange County, California, by four Sunny Hills High School honor students on December 31, 1992.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: After meeting at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Las Vegas, Nevada in April 2001, MC Hammer (credited as a producer) provided the much needed funding to the filmmaker Justin Lin for this film. The director said, "Out of desperation, I called up MC Hammer because he had read the script and liked it. Two hours later, he wired the money we needed into a bank account and saved us."


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: In its first ever film acquisition, MTV Films eventually acquired "Better Luck Tomorrow" after it debuted at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival, then MTV Films teamed with Paramount Pictures to release the film theatrically in the United States on April 11, 2003.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Ben Manibag is a stereotypical overachieving Asian American in a wealthy Orange County suburb whose goals are to make his high school basketball team, get with his cheerleader crush Stephanie and to get into a prestigious Ivy League university. His perfectionism masks another side of his life, which is toilet-papering houses with his best friend Virgil and engaging in petty crime with Virgil's cousin Han Lue.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Though Ben makes the basketball team, he ends up being mostly a benchwarmer. Through Daric Loo, senior valedictorian and president of nearly every student club, Ben gets involved in a school-wide cheat sheet operation. Daric pays Jesus, another student, to steal the tests from the school office, and Ben uses the tests to make cheat sheets which are then sold off to students. Ben brings Virgil and Han into the scam, and the four of them make a small fortune. Meanwhile, Ben finds himself competing with Steve Choe, a private school student and Stephanie's boyfriend, for Stephanie's affections. Steve discovers Ben's crush and offers to let him take Stephanie to the Winter Formal.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: The group's activities gradually escalate into more dangerous scams, such as the theft of computer parts from the school and selling drugs. They become users themselves, with Ben developing a heavy cocaine habit. Feeling increasingly conflicted by the expectations others have of him, and horrified at waking up with a nosebleed due to his cocaine use, Ben decides to quit the group. He resumes his academic pursuits and begins spending more time with Stephanie. He eventually asks her to the formal; she accepts.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: After the Winter Formal dance, Ben is lured back to his life of crime when Steve meets with Ben and tells him he has information on a possible score. The group is stunned when Steve reveals he wants them to rob his parents' house. Though Ben and Han are initially against it, Daric convinces the group this would be the perfect opportunity to teach the haughty Steve a lesson.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: On New Year's Eve, the four meet Steve at Jesus's house under the pretense of robbing Steve's parents, but Daric, Virgil and Han begin attacking Steve while Ben keeps watch outside. In the ensuing struggle Steve gets Virgil's gun which goes off. Ben runs in and, seeing the gun in Steve's hand, beats Steve with a baseball bat. The group convinces Jesus to bury the body in his backyard for $300. Steve begins to twitch, revealing he's still alive, but Daric suffocates Steve with a gasoline-soaked rag while a tearful Virgil holds his arms back. Afterwards, the four go to a New Year's Eve party, where Ben and Stephanie kiss at midnight.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: The next day, while cleaning up the aftermath of the murder, Ben and Virgil hear Steve's phone ringing under the ground in Jesus's backyard. They dig it up and learn it was a call from Stephanie. Ben debates on whether to report Steve's murder to the police. The guilt over Steve's murder is too much for Virgil, who attempts suicide, but fails and suffers potential brain damage. Daric expresses concern about Han or Virgil reporting the murder, but Ben simply resolves to do nothing and walks away.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: At the end of the film, Ben is shown alone. He encounters Stephanie one day on the way home. She asks him whether he has seen Steve lately, and expresses some concern that he has not called. They kiss, implying the resumption of their relationship. Ben's voice-over tells the audience that he has no idea about what the future holds, but all he knows is that there is no turning back.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Justin Lin said that the title "Better Luck Tomorrow" refers to how the film explores "the whole youth culture of today, specifically Asian-American, but also just the general mentality of teenagers today. I mean, I work with teenagers, I grew up in the 80s, and already it's very different, the mentality. You go to suburbia, you look at upper-middle-class-kids, and through the media they've literally adopted an urban-gangsta-mentality."


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: While writing the script, he found inspiration in his work as a youth basketball coach and teaching high school students how to make community documentaries.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Originally the film was going to be shot in digital-video, but within two weeks, after Fujifilm and later Kodak proposed deals with the director, the filming switched to 35 mm.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Lin's original investors had wanted the entire cast to be Caucasian. Lin objected and continued to fund the project with his credit cards. He said knowing the film "potentially could’ve been the last film I ever made" he wanted to make it "about issues that were very important to me.”


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: After those funds were depleted, finishing funds equivalent to one third of the film’s budget were provided by Cherry Sky Films for post-production, preparing the film to submit to Sundance, after producer Joan Huang reconnected with Lin at the LA Asian Pacific American Film Festival. Lin also brought in an additional $10,000 from artist MC Hammer, whom he had met while working at the Japanese American National Museum.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Director Justin Lin later directed multiple films in the "Fast & Furious" franchise, with Kang reprising his role as Han Lue. "Better Luck Tomorrow" was subsequently recognized as Han's origin story, retroactively connecting the film to the "Fast & Furious" franchise.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: The film was rated "certified fresh" with an approval rating of 81% by the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 106 reviews with an average rating of 7.03/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A promising work by Lin, the energetic "Better Luck Tomorrow" is disturbing and thought-provoking." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote "Lin is a talent to watch. There's a sting to this film that gets to you." Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film a full four-star-rating and wrote that it was a "disturbing and skillfully-told parable about growing up in today's America" and that Lin "reveals himself as a skilled and sure director." In 2018, Jane Yong Kim of "The Atlantic" wrote the film "[complicates] the question of Asian American representation in Hollywood in ways that still resonate deeply today."


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: "Better Luck Tomorrow" opened on 13 screens on April 11, 2003, earning the highest per-screen average of any in film release at the time.


title: Better Luck Tomorrow

text: Much of the film’s success was attributed to grassroots campaigning by young Asian-American viewers, particularly of university age, who promoted the film on school campuses and online.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Shorter came to prominence in the late 1950s as a member of, and eventually primary composer for, Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers. In the 1960s, he joined Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet, and then co-founded the jazz fusion band Weather Report. He has recorded over 20 albums as a bandleader.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Many Shorter compositions have become jazz standards, and his music has earned worldwide recognition, critical praise and commendation. Shorter has won 11 Grammy Awards. He is acclaimed for his mastery of the soprano saxophone since switching his focus from the tenor in the late 1960s and beginning an extended reign in 1970 as "Down Beat"s annual poll-winner on that instrument, winning the critics' poll for 10 consecutive years and the readers' for 18. "The New York Times"' Ben Ratliff described Shorter in 2008 as "probably jazz's greatest living small-group composer and a contender for greatest living improviser". In 2017, he was awarded the Polar Music Prize.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Wayne Shorter was born in Newark, New Jersey, and attended Newark Arts High School, from which he graduated in 1952. He loved music, being encouraged by his father to take up the clarinet as a teenager; his older brother Alan played alto saxophone before switching to the trumpet in college. While in high school Wayne also performed with the Nat Phipps Band in Newark. After graduating from New York University with a degree in music education in 1956, Shorter spent two years in the U.S. Army, during which time he played briefly with Horace Silver. After his discharge, he played with Maynard Ferguson. In his youth Shorter had acquired the nickname "Mr. Gone", which later became an album title for Weather Report.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: His early influences include Sonny Rollins, John Coltrane and Coleman Hawkins. In 1959, Shorter joined Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers where he stayed for four years, eventually becoming musical director and composing pieces for the band. Together they toured the US, Japan, and Europe, recording several albums. During this time Shorter "established himself as one of the most gifted of the young saxophonists" and received international acknowledgment.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Herbie Hancock said of Shorter's tenure in Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet: "The master writer to me, in that group, was Wayne Shorter. He still is a master. Wayne was one of the few people who brought music to Miles that didn't get changed." Davis said, "Wayne is a real composer. He writes scores, writes the parts for everybody just as he wants them to sound. ... Wayne also brought in a kind of curiosity about working with musical rules. If they didn't work, then he broke them, but with musical sense; he understood that freedom in music was the ability to know the rules in order to bend them to your own satisfaction and taste."


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Ian Carr, musician and Rough Guide author, states that with Davis, Shorter found his own voice as a player and composer. "Blakey's hard-driving, straight-ahead rhythms had brought out the muscularity in Shorter's tenor playing, but the greater freedom of the Davis rhythm-section allowed him to explore new emotional and technical dimensions."


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Shorter remained in Davis's band after the breakup of the quintet in 1968, playing on early jazz fusion recordings including "In a Silent Way" and "Bitches Brew" (both 1969). His last live dates and studio recordings with Davis were in 1970.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Until 1968, he played tenor saxophone exclusively. The final album on which he played tenor in the regular sequence of Davis albums was "Filles de Kilimanjaro". In 1969, he played the soprano saxophone on the Davis album "In a Silent Way" and on his own "Super Nova" (recorded with then-current Davis sidemen Chick Corea and John McLaughlin). When performing live with Davis, and on recordings from summer 1969 to early spring 1970, he played both soprano and tenor saxophones; by the early 1970s, however, he chiefly played soprano.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Simultaneous with his time in the Davis quintet, Shorter recorded several albums for Blue Note Records, featuring almost exclusively his own compositions, with a variety of line-ups, quartets and larger groups, including Blue Note favourites such as trumpeter Freddie Hubbard. His first Blue Note album (of 11 in total recorded from 1964 to 1970) was "Night Dreamer", recorded at Rudy Van Gelder's studio in 1964 with Lee Morgan (trumpet), McCoy Tyner (piano), Reggie Workman (bass) and Elvin Jones (drums). Two more albums were recorded in 1964, "JuJu" and "Speak No Evil".


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Of the three Blue Note albums Shorter recorded in 1965, "The All Seeing Eye" (rec. 1965, rel. 1966) was a workout with a larger group, while "Adam's Apple" (rec. 1966, rel. 1967) was back to carefully constructed melodies by Shorter leading a quartet. Then a sextet again in the following year for "Schizophrenia" (rec. 1967, rel. 1969) with Herbie Hancock, bassist Ron Carter, trombonist Curtis Fuller, alto saxophonist/flautist James Spaulding and strong rhythms by drummer Joe Chambers.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Shorter also recorded occasionally as a sideman (again, mainly for Blue Note) with trumpeter Donald Byrd, McCoy Tyner, trombonist Grachan Moncur III, Freddie Hubbard, Lee Morgan, and bandmates Herbie Hancock and drummer Tony Williams.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Following the release of "Odyssey of Iska" in 1970, Shorter formed the fusion group Weather Report with Davis veteran keyboardist Joe Zawinul and bassist Miroslav Vitous. The other original members were percussionist Airto Moreira, and drummer Alphonse Mouzon. After Vitous' departure in 1973, Shorter and Zawinul co-led the group until the band's break-up in late 1985. A variety of musicians would make up Weather Report over the years (most notably the revolutionary bassist Jaco Pastorius) helping the band produce many high quality recordings in diverse styles, with funk, bebop, Latin jazz, ethnic music, and futurism being the most prevalent denominators.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Shorter also recorded critically acclaimed albums as a bandleader, notably 1974's "Native Dancer", which featured Hancock and Brazilian composer and vocalist Milton Nascimento.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, he toured in the V.S.O.P. quintet. This group was a revival of the 1960s Davis quintet, except that Freddie Hubbard filled the trumpet chair. Shorter appeared with the same former Davis bandmates on the Carlos Santana double LP "The Swing of Delight" (1980), for which he also composed a number of pieces.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: From 1977 through 2002, he appeared on 10 Joni Mitchell studio albums, gaining him a wider audience. He played an extended solo on the title track of Steely Dan's 1977 album "Aja".


title: Wayne Shorter

text: After leaving Weather Report in 1986, Shorter continued to record and lead groups in jazz fusion styles, including touring in 1988 with guitarist Carlos Santana, who appeared on "This is This!" (1986), the last Weather Report disc. There is a concert video recorded at the Lugano Jazz Festival in 1987, with Jim Beard (keyboards), Carl James (bass), Terri Lyne Carrington (drums), and Marilyn Mazur (percussion). In 1989, he contributed to a hit on the rock charts, playing the sax solo on Don Henley's song "The End of the Innocence" and also produced the album "Pilar" by the Portuguese singer-songwriter Pilar Homem de Melo. He has also maintained an occasional working relationship with Herbie Hancock, including a tribute album recorded shortly after Miles Davis's death with Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter, Tony Williams and Wallace Roney. He continued to appear on Mitchell's records in the 1990s and can be heard on the soundtrack of the Harrison Ford film "The Fugitive" (1993).


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 1995, Shorter released the album "High Life", his first solo recording for seven years. It was also his debut as a leader for Verve Records. Shorter composed all the compositions on the album and co-produced it with the bassist Marcus Miller. "High Life" received the Grammy Award for best Contemporary Jazz Album in 1997.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Shorter worked with Herbie Hancock once again in 1997, on the much acclaimed and heralded album "1+1". The song "Aung San Suu Kyi" (named for the Burmese pro-democracy activist) won both Hancock and Shorter a Grammy Award.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2009, he was announced as one of the headline acts at the Gnaoua World Music Festival in Essaouira, Morocco. His 2013 live album "Without a Net" (rec. 2010) is his first with Blue Note Records since "Odyssey of Iska" (rec. 1970, rel. 1971).


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2000, Shorter formed the first permanent acoustic group under his name, a quartet with pianist Danilo Perez, bassist John Patitucci, and drummer Brian Blade, playing his own compositions, many of them reworkings of tunes going back to the 1960s. Four albums of live recordings have been released: "Footprints Live!" (rec. live 2001, rel. 2002); "Beyond the Sound Barrier" (rec. live 2002–2004, rel. 2005); "Without a Net" (rec. live 2010, rel. 2013); and "Emanon" (2018), with the latter, in addition to live material, including Shorter’s quartet in a studio session with the 34-piece Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. The quartet has received great acclaim from fans and critics, especially for the strength of Shorter's tenor saxophone playing. The biography "Footprints: The Life and Work of Wayne Shorter" by journalist Michelle Mercer examines the working life of the musicians as well as Shorter's thoughts and Buddhist beliefs. "Beyond the Sound Barrier" received the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Album.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Shorter's 2003 album "Alegría" (his first studio album for 10 years, since "High Life") received the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Album; it features the quartet with a host of other musicians, including pianist Brad Mehldau, drummer Terri Lynn Carrington and former Weather Report percussionist Alex Acuña. Shorter's compositions, some new, some reworked from his Miles Davis period, feature the complex Latin rhythms that he specialised in during his Weather Report days.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2015, producer/director Dorsay Alavi began filming a documentary about the life of Wayne Shorter called "Wayne Shorter: Zero Gravity". A number of high-profile musicians, including Herbie Hancock, Esperanza Spalding, and Terri Lyne Carrington, performed at a donor event to raise funds for the documentary; two of the largest donations came from the Herb Alpert Foundation and Carlos Santana.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2016, it was announced that Shorter, Carlos Santana, and Herbie Hancock would begin touring under the name Mega Nova. Also included within the supergroup was bassist Marcus Miller and drummer Cindy Blackman Santana. Their first show together was on August 24, 2016 at the Hollywood Bowl.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2018, Shorter retired from his near 70-year performing career due to health issues. He has continued working as a composer, creating a "new operatic work" titled "(Iphigenia)", with Esperanza Spalding writing the libretto and architect Frank Gehry designing the sets, which premiered on 12 November 2021, at the Cutler Majestic Theatre.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: On September 17, 2013, Shorter received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: On December 18, 2014, the Recording Academy announced that Shorter was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in honor of his "prolific contributions to our culture and history".


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2016, Shorter was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of music composition, the only jazz artist to receive the honor that year.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2017, Shorter was announced as the joint winner of the Polar Music Prize. The award committee stated: "Without the musical explorations of Wayne Shorter, modern music would not have drilled so deep."


title: Wayne Shorter

text: In 2018, Shorter received the Kennedy Center Honors Award from the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts for his lifetime of contributions to the arts.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Shorter met Teruko (Irene) Nakagami in 1961. They were later married and had a daughter, Miyako. Some of his compositions are copyrighted as "Miyako Music" and Shorter dedicated the pieces "Miyako" and "Infant Eyes" to his daughter. The couple separated in 1964.


title: Wayne Shorter

text: Shorter met Ana Maria Patricio in 1966 and they were married in 1970. In 1986, their daughter Iska died of a grand mal seizure at age 14. Ana Maria and the couple's niece, Dalila, were both killed on July 17, 1996, on TWA Flight 800, while travelling to visit him in Italy. Dalila was the daughter of Ana Maria Shorter's sister and her husband, jazz vocalist Jon Lucien. In 1999, Shorter married Carolina Dos Santos, a close friend of Ana Maria. The Shorters practice Nichiren Buddhism and are longtime members of the Buddhist association Soka Gakkai International.


title: Member of parliament

text: A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members often have a different title. The terms congressman/congresswoman or deputy are equivalent terms used in other jurisdictions. The term parliamentarian is also sometimes used for members of parliament, but this may also be used to refer to unelected government officials with specific roles in a parliament and other expert advisers on parliamentary procedure such as the Senate Parliamentarian in the United States. The term is also used to the characteristic of performing the duties of a member of a legislature, for example: "The two party leaders often disagreed on issues, but both were excellent parliamentarians and cooperated to get many good things done."


title: Member of parliament

text: Members of parliament typically form parliamentary groups, sometimes called caucuses, with members of the same political party.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modelled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.


title: Member of parliament

text: A member of Parliament is a member of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Commonwealth (federal) parliament. Members may use "MP" after their names; "MHR" is no longer used. A member of the upper house of the Commonwealth Parliament, the Senate, is known as a "Senator".


title: Member of parliament

text: In the Australian states and territories, "MP" is commonly used. In bicameral legislatures, members of the lower house (legislative assembly or house of assembly) also use the post-nominals "MLA" or "MHA" and members of the upper house (legislative council) use "MLC".


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of the Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up by the monarch (represented by the governor-general), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at Nassau, the national capital.


title: Member of parliament

text: In Bangladesh, a member of parliament is an individual who serves in the unicameral Jatiya Sangsad or House of the Nation. Members of the Jatiya Sangsad are elected at a general election, usually held once every five years unless Parliament is dissolved sooner by the president on the advice of the prime minister. Under the Constitution of Bangladesh, an individual is required to be a citizen of Bangladesh and must have attained the age of 25 years in order to qualify for election to Parliament.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament consists of 300 directly elected members from general seats elected by use of first past the post who represent single-constituencies, while 50 seats are reserved exclusively for women and are allocated on a proportional basis. After an election, the Election Commission allocates reserved seats to parties based on the number of general seats they won. A party then presents a list of candidates, each requiring a presenter and a seconder. If the number of candidates presented and seats allocated is equal, then there is no election and the reserved seats are filled in accordance with the candidate lists prepared by parties. In the event there are more candidates than seat allocations, the 300 MPs elected from general seats vote through use of the single transferable vote system to determine the reserved seats. In reality, there has never been an election for reserved seats as parties have never nominated more candidates than they have been allocated. In order to form a Government, a political party or alliance usually requires a simple majority in Parliament. Since Bangladesh's independence, the Prime Minister has concurrently held the position of Leader of the House.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of Canada consists of the monarch, the Senate and the House of Commons. Only members of the House of Commons are referred to as Members of Parliament (); members of the Senate are called Senators (). There are currently 105 seats in the Senate and 338 in the House of Commons. Members of Parliament are elected, while senators are appointed by the governor general on behalf of the sovereign at the direction of the prime minister. Retirement is mandatory for senators upon reaching the age of 75 years.


title: Member of parliament

text: Each province (and territory) has its own legislature, with each member usually known as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). In certain provinces, legislators carry other titles: Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in Ontario, Member of the National Assembly (MNA) in Quebec () and Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) in Newfoundland and Labrador. The provincial upper houses were eliminated through the 20th century.


title: Member of parliament

text: A Member of Parliament is a member of the either of the two houses of Indian Parliament, i.e., Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. As of now, Lok Sabha has 543 seats all of whom are directly elected by the citizens of India from each parliamentary constituency of states and union territories via first past the post election method. As of 2022, Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, in which 238 members are indirectly elected and out of 238, 229 members belongs to the state legislatures and 9 members belongs to Union territories of Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Lashmir and elected by using Single transferable vote method of proportional representation and rest 12 members are nominated by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Each state has allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. As of 2022, the state of Uttar Pradesh has the greatest number of representatives in both houses. The person which secures the support of more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha forms the Government. To form the government, parties may form a coalition. The Lok Sabha is the lower house and the Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the bicameral Indian Parliament.


title: Member of parliament

text: The term of a member of the Rajya Sabha is 6 years, while the Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of 5 years unless the house is dissolved sooner. Rajya Sabha is a permanent house that is not subject to dissolution, and the (1/3)rd members retires every two years. Vacancies in both houses, whether because of death or resignation of a member has to be filled by using by-elections within six months of the vacancy - the newly elected member in which case serves only the rest of the pending term of the seat they are elected to. The number of seats in both houses is regulated by Constitution and parliamentary statutes.


title: Member of parliament

text: Since the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922 and subsequently in the Republic of Ireland, the legislature of Ireland is known as the Oireachtas, and consists of the President; the upper house, Seanad Éireann (or Senate); and lower house, Dáil Éireann (Assembly, or House of Representatives). They are functionally similar to other bicameral parliaments, with the lower house being significantly more influential and having more power over the creation of legislation. Elections to Dáil Éireann are held at least every five years using the Single Transferable Vote; while Elections to Seanad Éireann are restricted to members of both houses, elected members of local authorities, and alumni of National University of Ireland colleges. 11 Senators are nominated directly by the Taoiseach.


title: Member of parliament

text: A Member of Dáil Éireann is known as a Teachta Dála (TD) or "Deputy to the Dáil", and addressed as "Teachta" (Deputy), while a Member of the Seanad is known and addressed as Seanadóir (Senator). These titles are used much more commonly in English than the official Irish.


title: Member of parliament

text: A "member of Parliament" was the term used to refer to a member of the pre-1801 Irish House of Commons of the Parliament of Ireland. Irish members elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were also called "members of Parliament" from 1801 to 1922. Northern Ireland continues to elect MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a bicameral body, composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The Senate (upper house), the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council" – comprises 21 senators appointed by the governor-general: thirteen on the advice of the Prime Minister and eight on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition.


title: Member of parliament

text: The House of Representatives, the lower house, is made up of 63 (previously 60) Members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.


title: Member of parliament

text: The National Assembly of Kenya has a total of 349 seats; 205 members are elected from the constituencies, 47 women are elected from the counties and 12 members are nominated representatives.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of Malaysia consists of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) and two houses, the "Dewan Rakyat" (the House of Representatives) and "Dewan Negara" (the Senate).


title: Member of parliament

text: The term "members of Parliament" only refers to members of the "Dewan Rakyat". In Malay, a member of Parliament is called "Ahli Parlimen", or less formally "wakil rakyat" (people's representative).


title: Member of parliament

text: Members of Parliament are elected from population-based single-seat constituencies using first-past-the-post voting. The Prime Minister must be a member of Parliament.


title: Member of parliament

text: Members of Parliament are styled "Yang Berhormat" ("Honourable") with the initials "Y.B." appended prenominally. A prince who is a member of Parliament is styled "Yang Berhormat Mulia". The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Tuns who are members of Parliament are styled "Yang Amat Berhormat" ("Most Honourable"), abbreviated Y.A.B.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of Malta consists of the President of Malta and the House of Representatives of 69 members (article 51 of the Constitution), referred to as "members of Parliament" (article 52(1) of the Constitution). When appointed from outside the House, the Speaker is also considered a member of the Parliament. The Constitution lists the qualifications and disqualifications from serving as a member of Parliament.


title: Member of parliament

text: Privileges of members of Parliament and their Code of Ethics are laid out in the House of Representatives (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of Nauru consists of 18 seats. Members of Parliament are entitled to use the prefix "The Honourable".


title: Member of parliament

text: The New Zealand Parliament is made up of the monarch and the unicameral House of Representatives. A "member of Parliament" is a member of the House of Representatives, which has a minimum of 120 members, elected at a general election for a three-year term. There are 72 electorate MPs, of which seven are elected only by Māori who have chosen to be registered on a separate Māori electoral roll. The remaining members are elected by proportional representation from published party lists.


title: Member of parliament

text: Before 1951, New Zealand had an upper house, the Legislative Council whose members were appointed. Members of the lower house, the body that still exists, have always been elected. Since 1907, elected members have been referred to as 'Member of Parliament', abbreviated MP. From the 1860s until 1907 they were designated as Member of the House of Representatives, abbreviated MHR. Between the first general election, in 1853, and the 1860s, the designation was Member of the General Assembly, abbreviated MGA.


title: Member of parliament

text: A Member of Parliament is a member of the either of the two houses of Pakistani Parliament, i.e. National Assembly of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan. National Assembly of Pakistan has total of 342 member where 272 members are directly elected through the election and 70 seats are reserved for women and minorities. The member of national Assembly of Pakistan, MNA has the tenure of 5 years. In the other hand there are 104 total members of Senate of Pakistan, where all the four provinces are represented by 23 senators regardless of population, while the Islamabad Capital Territory is represented by four senators. The member of the Senate of Pakistan, Senator has the tenure of 6 years.


title: Member of parliament

text: "Member of Parliament" refers to elected members of the Parliament of Singapore, the appointed Non-constituency Member of Parliament from the opposition, as well as the Nominated Members of Parliament, who may be appointed from members of the public who have no connection to any political party in Singapore.


title: Member of parliament

text: In Sri Lanka, a "Member of Parliament" refers to a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (since 1978), the National State Assembly (1972–78) and the House of Representatives of Ceylon (1947–72), the lower house of the Parliament of Ceylon. Members are elected in a general elections or appointed from the national lists allocated to parties (and independent groups) in proportion to their share of the national vote at a general election. A candidate to become an MP must be a Sri Lankan citizen and can be a holder of dual-citizenship in any other country, be at least 18 years of age, and not be a public official or officeholder.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago is the legislative branch of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. The Parliament is bicameral. It consists of the elected House of Representatives, which has 41 members elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies, and the Senate which has 31 members appointed by the President: 16 Government Senators appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, 6 Opposition Senators appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and 9 Independent Senators appointed by the President to represent other sectors of civil society.


title: Member of parliament

text: MPs are elected in general elections and by-elections to represent constituencies, and may remain MPs until Parliament is dissolved, which occurs around five years after the last general election, as laid down in the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011.


title: Member of parliament

text: A candidate to become an MP must be a British or Irish or Commonwealth citizen, be at least 18 years of age (reduced from 21 in 2006), and not be a public official or officeholder, as set out in the schedule to the Electoral Administration Act 2006.


title: Member of parliament

text: Technically, MPs have no right to resign their seats (though they may refuse to seek re-election). However a legal fiction allows voluntary resignation between elections; as MPs are forbidden from holding an "office of profit under the Crown", an MP wishing to resign will apply for the Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds or the Stewardship of the Manor of Northstead which are nominally, such paid offices and thus result in the MP vacating their seat. (Accepting a salaried Ministerial office does not amount to a paid office under the Crown for these purposes.)


title: Member of parliament

text: The House of Lords is a legislative chamber that is part of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Although they are part of the parliament, its members are referred to as peers, more formally as "Lords of Parliament", not MPs. Lords Temporal sit for life, Lords Spiritual while they occupy their ecclesiastical positions. Hereditary peers may no longer pass on a seat in the House of Lords to their heir automatically. The 92 who remain have been elected from among their own number, following the House of Lords Act 1999 and are the only elected members of the Lords.


title: Member of parliament

text: "Members of Parliament" are members of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe. Members of the upper house of Parliament are referred to as Senators.


title: Member of parliament

text: "Member of Parliament" can be the term (often a translation) for representatives in parliamentary democracies that do not follow the Westminster system and who are usually referred to in a different fashion, such as "Deputé" in France, "Deputato" in Italy, "Deputat" in Bulgaria, "Parlamentario" o "Diputado" in Spain and Spanish speaking Latin America, "Deputado" in Portugal and Brazil, "Mitglied des Bundestages (MdB)" in Germany. However, better translations are often possible.


title: Member of parliament

text: Prior to the takeover of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in August 2021, a "Member of Parliament (MP)" was a member of the Lower House of the bicameral Parliament National Assembly of Afghanistan: a member of the Wolesi Jirga (House of People) held one of the in total 250 seats in the Lower House.


title: Member of parliament

text: A "member of Parliament" is a member of either of the two chambers of the Parliament of Austria ("Österreichisches Parlament"). The members of the Nationalrat are called "Abgeordnete zum Nationalrat". The members of the Bundesrat, elected by the provincial diets ("Landtage") of the nine federal States of Austria, are known as "Mitglieder des Bundesrats".


title: Member of parliament

text: In Bulgaria there are 240 members of Parliament (; transliteration Narodno sabranie / Parlament), which are called 'Deputati' (singular Deputat). Moreover, there are 240 MPs in the normal parliament and 400 in the "Great Parliament". The Great Parliament is elected when a new constitution is needed. There have been seven Great Parliaments in modern Bulgarian history, in 1879, 1881, 1886, 1893, 1911, 1946 and 1990. MPs in Bulgaria are called депутати – "deputies".


title: Member of parliament

text: The "member of parliament" () refers to the elected members of the National Assembly. There are 125 members of parliament in total. They are also alternatively called "member of the National Assembly". Parliamentary elections are traditionally held every five years with no term limits imposed. The 25 provinces of Cambodia are represented by the members of Parliament in the National Assembly. A constituency may have more than one MP, depending on the population.


title: Member of parliament

text: A "member of Parliament" is a member of either of the two chambers of the Parliament of the Czech Republic, although the term "member of Parliament of the Czech Republic" is commonly referred to as "deputy of the Parliament of the Czech Republic" (Czech: "Poslanec Parlamentu České republiky"), who is a member of the lower house of the Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. For the upper house, the Senate, the term "senator" is used.


title: Member of parliament

text: In Denmark, a "member of the Folketinget" () is one of the 179 members of the Folketinget. The title is almost always shortened to the initialism "MF".


title: Member of parliament

text: A "member of parliament" refers to the elected members of the federal Bundestag at the Reichstag building in Berlin. In German a member is called ' (member of the Federal Diet) or officially ' (member of the German Federal Diet), abbreviated MdB and attached . Unofficially the term "Abgeordneter" (, i.e. of a certain electorate) is also common (abbreviated "Abg.", never follows the name but precedes it).


title: Member of parliament

text: In accordance with article 38 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the German constitution, "[m]embers of the German Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal, and secret elections. They shall be representatives of the whole people, not bound by orders or instructions, and responsible only to their conscience." An important though not constitutionally required feature of German parliamentarianism is a slightly modified proportional representation.


title: Member of parliament

text: The 16 federal states of Germany ("Länder") are represented by the Bundesrat at the former Prussian House of Lords, whose members are representatives of the respective "Länder's" governments and not directly elected by the people.


title: Member of parliament

text: Members of the Hellenic Parliament are known as "vouleftés" (βουλευτής, "councillors") in Greek, which is rendered into English as "members of parliament". The "Vouli" is a unicameral legislature of 300 constituency members, each elected for a four-year term.


title: Member of parliament

text: Although there are no official definition to what a "member of parliament" is, it commonly refers to the elected members of the lower People's Representative Council (), known in Indonesian as (member of the DPR). Members of the upper Regional Representative Council () are referred to as "senator", although the term


title: Member of parliament

text: Currently, there are 575 and 136 members in the DPR and the DPD respectively, both elected for a renewable five-year term. Members of the DPR are required to be a member of a registered political party, whereas members of the DPD are independent.


title: Member of parliament

text: A "member of the Knesset" () is one of the 120 members of the Knesset. The title is usually shortened to the initialism "MK".


title: Member of parliament

text: Members of the lower house of the Italian Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies, are known as "deputies" ("deputati"), while members of the upper house, the Senate of the Republic, are know as "senators" ("senatori"). Deputies and senators may use the style "The Honourable" ("Onorevole"). There are currently 400 deputies and 200 senators, who are elected in general elections held every five years. The President of the Italian Republic nominates five senators for life ("senatori a vita"). Emeritus Presidents of the Republic are also appointed senators for life. The two houses of parliament together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately.


title: Member of parliament

text: In Japan, both houses of today's national parliament, the National Diet ("Kokkai"), are directly elected, and although the two chambers differ in legislative and political authority, term length and age restriction of eligibility, the members of both houses are generally equal in personal status (financial compensation, immunity, etc.). There are currently 710 members of the National Diet ("Kokkai giin", 国会議員): 465 members of the House of Representatives ("Shūgiin giin", 衆議院議員) and 245 members of the House of Councillors ("Sangiin giin", 参議院議員). The former are elected in general/by-/repeat elections of members of the House of Representatives "(Shūgiin giin sō-/hoketsu-/sai-senkyo)", the latter in regular/by-/repeat elections of members of the House of Councillors "(Sangiin giin tsūjō-/hoketsu-/sai-senkyo)". Under the postwar constitution, the prime minister is elected by the National Diet and must be a member of the National Diet, as must the majority of other ministers; by practice, all prime ministers since 1947 have been members of the House of Representatives so far.


title: Member of parliament

text: Under the constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Imperial Diet ("Teikoku-gikai") was a bicameral legislature of two houses, generally equal in legislative authority, and while the members of both houses received the same financial compensation - from 1920 and 1947, ¥7500 for the two presidents, ¥4500 for the two vice-presidents, ¥3000 for all other members of both houses, except Imperial princes, dukes and marquesses - their status was different by definition: The upper house consisted mainly of hereditary nobles and lifetime-appointed peers, the lower house of elected commoners. In the First Imperial Diet in 1890, there were initially 551 members of the Imperial Diet ("Teikoku-gikai giin", 帝国議会議員, or in contemporaneous script 帝國議會議員): 251 members of the House of Peers ("Kizokuin giin", 貴族院議員) and 300 members of the House of Representatives "(Shūgiin giin)"; of the House of Peers members, 10 were members of the Imperial family, 31 were hereditary members from the two upper nobility ranks, 104 were members elected in mutual elections from the three lower nobility ranks, 61 were lifetime-appointed members (many of these from the bureaucracy) and 45 were members elected by the 15 top taxpayers in each of the 45 prefectures. The number of noble and appointed members of the House of Peers was not fixed and varied gradually over time as members died or new peerages were granted; the number of elected top taxpayer seats, Imperial Academy seats (introduced in 1925), members appointed from the colonies Chōsen/Korea and Taiwan/Formosa (introduced in 1945), and the size of the House of Representatives was fixed by law, but was also changed several times over the decades. The last, 92nd Imperial Diet of 1946–1947 had 839 members - 466 members of the House of Representatives and 373 members of the House of Peers. As the regulations establishing the cabinet "(naikaku)" and the cabinet's prime minister "(naikaku sōri-daijin)" were decreed before the Imperial constitution, the prime minister did not have to be a member of the Imperial Diet, but after the establishment of the Imperial Diet in 1890, many prime ministers were appointed from the House of Peers; very few were members of the House of Representatives, "viz." Takashi Hara, Osachi Hamaguchi, and Tsuyoshi Inukai.


title: Member of parliament

text: The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. It is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations. Its major functions are to elect the president of the republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the president, the prime minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure. The name of a deputy in Arabic is "Naeb" (نائب). The plural of "Naeb" is "Nuwab" (نواب).


title: Member of parliament

text: The parliament of the Netherlands is known as the "Staten-Generaal", States General. It is bicameral, divided into two "Kamers" (English: chambers). The Senate is known in Dutch as the "Eerste Kamer" (First Chamber) and its members as "senatoren", senators. The House of Representatives, known in Dutch as the "Tweede Kamer" (Second Chamber), is the most important one. The important debates take place here. Also, the Second Chamber can amend proposed laws and can propose laws itself. The Senate does not have these capabilities. Its function is a more technical reviewing of laws. It can only pass a law or reject it. Both chambers are in The Hague, which is the seat of parliament but not the official capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam.


title: Member of parliament

text: The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by general elections every four years (or earlier if the government falls). The 75 members of the Senate are elected indirectly. The members of the 12 provincial parliaments and the councils of the three Caribbean "special municipalities" elect the senators. The value of a vote of a member of a provincial parliament is weighted by the population of the province. Provincial parliaments, the states-provincial, are elected by general elections every four years; a new Senate is elected three months after the provincial elections.


title: Member of parliament

text: In the Republic of North Macedonia there are 120 members of parliament () called "Pratenici" (singular "Pratenik").