title: Women in WWE

text: On April 22, 2013, it was announced a few Divas would be getting a show on E! network titled "Total Divas". It would follow the lives behind the scenes of select Divas. Natalya, Naomi, Cameron, The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), and also Eva Marie and JoJo Offerman from the developmental territory "WWE NXT" were announced as the inaugural cast for the show. The show premiered on July 28. The show was an instant hit, and was renewed for a second season. Since season 2, various former and current company female talents all have either departed or joined the show including being regulated to recurring or guest roles. There has been nine seasons of "Total Divas" so far.


title: Women in WWE

text: Additionally, the "E!" Network announced on April 18, 2016, that The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki) would be getting their own spinoff show titled "Total Bellas" following the lives of the twins.


title: Women in WWE

text: On January 8, 2018, it was announced that Maryse and her husband The Miz would be getting their own reality television series titled "Miz & Mrs." The show premiered on July 24, 2018, on the USA Network.


title: Women in WWE

text: Animated versions of the Fabulous Moolah and Wendi Richter were included on a CBS Saturday morning cartoon "Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling".


title: Women in WWE

text: WWE Sunday Dhamaal, an Indian show produced by WWE, aired a special "WWE Evolution" episode hosted by Shenaz Treasury focusing on Women in WWE.


title: Women in WWE

text: In 2019 WWE announced a reality series for Quibi "Fight Like a Girl" in which Stephanie McMahon will pair a WWE superstar with a young girl in each episode.


title: Women in WWE

text: Behind the scenes look of various WWE female superstars and Events were featured in WWE Network's documentary series "WWE 24". Episodes "Women's Evolution" and "Empowered" focused on History of Women in WWE while episodes "Becky Lynch:The Man" and "The Years on Ronda Rousey" focused on individual career of Lynch and Rousey respectively. Another documentary series on Network "WWE 365" aired Alexa Bliss special on June 23, 2019. Paige, Charlotte Flair and Sasha Banks specials were part of another WWE Network's documentary series "WWE Chronicle".


title: Women in WWE

text: Several episodes of "Table for 3" like "Diva Legends", "Millennium Divas", "Divas Champions Club", "Future Empowered", "Women's Championship Evolution", "Restaurant Riott" and "Ladies' Luncheon" featured current and former WWE female superstars discussing various aspects of their personal and professional life.


title: Women in WWE

text: Animated version of various female WWE superstars like Sasha Banks, Becky Lynch, Bella Twins, Charlotte Flair, Paige and Stephanie McMahon were included in "Camp WWE".


title: Women in WWE

text: Fabulous Moolah and Wendi Richter appeared in two of Cyndi Lauper's music videos, "The Goonies 'R' Good Enough" and "She Bop".


title: Women in WWE

text: From 1999 to 2000, Sable appeared as a guest star on an episode of "Pacific Blue" in 1999, and the following year, Chyna appeared as a guest star on "Mad TV" and "3rd Rock from the Sun" as Janice, a police officer, as well as several Stacker 2 commercials and was a presenter at the MTV Video Music Awards. In November 2001, Trish Stratus, Lita, and Stephanie McMahon appeared as contestants on "The Weakest Link's" "WWF Superstars Edition". Lita, Molly Holly, and Jacqueline appeared as contestants on "Fear Factor" in February 2002. On April 6, 2002, Lita appeared in a small role on "Dark Angel". In March 2004, she appeared on an episode of "Headbangers Ball".


title: Women in WWE

text: In 2007, Ashley Massaro, Torrie Wilson, Maryse, Brooke, Layla, and Kelly Kelly shot a video for music producer and rapper Timbaland. In the same year, Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle, Michelle McCool, Maria, Layla, and Kristal appeared in an episode of the U.S. reality show "Project Runway (season 4)", in which designers were asked to design in-ring attire for their designated Diva. In 2008, Layla, Mickie James, Kelly Kelly, and Melina appeared in the U.S. reality show "Celebrity Fit Club: Boot Camp" to get the celebrities in shape.


title: Women in WWE

text: "Fighting with My Family", a 2019 film co-produced by WWE Studios depicts the WWE career of Paige portrayed by Florence Pugh.


title: Women in WWE

text: "The Fabulous Moolah" was the sixth and season finale episode of the professional wrestling documentary series "Dark Side of the Ring". It covered various events of Moolah's life like Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection, The Brawl to End It All, The Original Screwjob, WrestleMania 34 name controversy and various other WWE related incidents.


title: Women in WWE

text: The video game "WWE 2K20" has a Showcase mode named "Four Horsewomen" which revolves around Bayley, Charlotte Flair, Sasha Banks and Becky Lynch.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: James Robert Duggar (born July 18, 1965) is an American real estate agent, politician, and television personality, known for the reality series "19 Kids and Counting," which aired from 2008 to 2015. From 1999 to 2003, he was a Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: Duggar was born in Springdale, now the fourth largest city in Arkansas, the son of James Lee "Jimmy Lee" Duggar (1936–2009) and the former Mary Lester (1941–2019), who owned a real estate brokerage agency. Duggar has an older sister, Deanna (b. 1962). He graduated from Shiloh Christian School.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: Duggar is a licensed realtor and owns several commercial properties in his local area as an investor.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: From 1999 to 2003, Duggar served in the Arkansas House of Representatives for District 6, which was located in northern Washington County. He first won election in 1998, defeating Kathy McFetridge with 56% of the vote. He was re-elected by a wider margin in 2000. Duggar was vice chair of the House Corrections and Criminal Law Subcommittee and also participated in the committees on Insurance and Commerce and Judiciary.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: In 2002, rather than seeking reelection to the state House, Duggar ran unsuccessfully in the Republican primary election for the United States Senate. He was defeated by the incumbent Senator Tim Hutchinson by a lopsided vote of 71,576 to 20,546. In 2006, Duggar unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for the District 35 seat in the Arkansas State Senate. He lost to his opponent, Bill Pritchard, by two hundred votes.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: In 2021, Duggar announced his second candidacy for the State Senate, now running in the 7th District. The election was triggered after the incumbent Republican, Lance Eads, resigned. Duggar finished third out of four candidates in the Republican primary, with 15.3% of the vote.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: On July 21, 1984, Duggar married Michelle Annette Ruark. Together, the couple has 19 children: Joshua ("Josh") (b. 1988), twins Jana and John-David (b. 1990), Jill (b. 1991), Jessa (b. 1992), Jinger (b. 1993), Joseph (b. 1995), Josiah (b. 1996), Joy-Anna (b. 1997), twins Jedidiah and Jeremiah (b. 1998), Jason (b. 2000), James (b. 2001), Justin (b. 2002), Jackson (b. 2004), Johannah (b. 2005), Jennifer (b. 2007), Jordyn (b. 2008), and Josie (b. 2009). Duggar and his wife also have permanent guardianship of his wife's great-nephew Tyler Hutchins (b. 2008), since November 2016. The family was featured on the reality series "19 Kids and Counting" from 2008 to 2015.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: Duggar and his family are Independent Baptist Christians. They are members of the Institute in Basic Life Principles organization (aka IBLP and Advanced Training Institute), a homeschooling program run by Christian minister Bill Gothard. Duggar's oldest daughter, Jana Duggar, is a leader at the IBLP's "Journey to the Heart" youth ministry.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: In 2006, Jim Bob Duggar told the Arkansas State Police that his oldest son, Josh, had molested five underage girls, including family members, in the early 2000s when he was 14–15 years old. The alleged abuse involved touching their breast and genital regions on multiple occasions while they slept and in a few cases while they were awake. Jim Bob Duggar had been prompted to speak to police after producers of "The Oprah Winfrey Show" told authorities they had received allegations against Josh Duggar. Jim Bob Duggar told police he had referred his son to a program consisting of physical labor and counseling after consulting with the leadership of his church. Michelle Duggar stated their son was sent away from home to work for a family friend in the home remodeling business. Upon the son's return home, the father took him to Arkansas State Trooper Jim Hutchens, a family acquaintance, who reportedly gave him a "stern talk". The three-year statute of limitations had expired when the allegations were reported, and Josh Duggar was not formally charged with any crime.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: The public did not learn about this until 2015, when Josh Duggar's public admission of his behavior caused TLC to cancel the reality show "19 Kids and Counting". In a joint statement to "People" magazine following the public revelation, Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar said: "Even though we would never choose to go through something so terrible, each one of our family members drew closer to God. We pray that as people watch our lives they see that we are not a perfect family. We have challenges and struggles every day."


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: TLC rebooted the Duggar's reality show as "Counting On" later in 2015, focusing on the older Duggar children and their spouses and children. This show, too, was canceled in 2021 after Josh Duggar was arrested. On December 9, 2021, Josh Duggar was convicted of receiving and possessing child pornography.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: Duggar and his wife have written two books together, both published by Howard Books. The first is titled "The Duggars: 20 and Counting!", which was released on December 2, 2008. Their second is "A Love That Multiplies", which was released June 7, 2011.


title: Jim Bob Duggar

text: In 2008, Duggar and his wife endorsed former Governor Mike Huckabee in his campaign for the Republican presidential primaries. In January 2012, the Duggars endorsed Republican former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania for president.


title: My Hero Academia (season 4)

text: The fourth season of the "My Hero Academia" anime series was produced by Bones and directed by Kenji Nagasaki (chief director) and Masahiro Mukai, following the story of the original manga series from the second half of the 14th volume to the first chapters of the 21st volume. It covers the ""Shie Hassaikai"" (chapters 125–162), ""Remedial Course"" (chapters 163–168), ""U.A. School Festival"" (chapters 169–183), and the first part of the ""Pro Hero"" arc (chapters 184–190); partially including chapters 191–193. The season ran from October 12, 2019 to April 4, 2020, on ytv and NTV.


title: My Hero Academia (season 4)

text: The season follows Izuku Midoriya and his classmates in their Hero Work-Studies, where they face off against the Shie Hassaikai group, with their goal is to stop them from creating a Quirk-Destroying Drug and save a little girl at the center of it. Meanwhile, two students of U.A. High attend a special Hero License course, having failed their previous exam. Then, U.A. holds its annual School Festival and Class 1-A decides to have a dance performance with a live band in hopes to ease the public's doubt of their worth. Later, the new hero rankings was revealed after All Might's retirement.


title: My Hero Academia (season 4)

text: Funimation has licensed the season for an English-language release in North America. Funimation premiered the first episode of the fourth season at Anime Expo on July 6, 2019, with the English dub. Crunchyroll and Hulu are simulcasting the season outside of Asia as it airs, while FunimationNow is streaming in Simuldub. Funimation's adaptation premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block on November 9, 2019. Several episodes on Toonami got delayed, due to the schedule redaction or disruption and the effects of COVID-19 pandemic which ended on June 28, 2020, instead of May as it originally scheduled.


title: My Hero Academia (season 4)

text: Four pieces of theme music are used for this season: two opening themes and two ending themes. For the first fourteen episodes, the opening theme is by Blue Encount, while the ending theme is by Sayuri. The second opening theme is by Kana-Boon and the ending theme is "Shout Baby" by Ryokuōshoku Shakai. Chrissy Costanza performs the insert songs "Each Goal" in episode 19 and "Hero too" in episode 23.


title: My Hero Academia (season 4)

text: Toho released the fourth season of the anime on DVD and Blu-ray in six volumes in Japan, with the first volume released on January 22, 2020, and the final volume released on August 19, 2020.


title: My Hero Academia (season 4)

text: Funimation released the series in North America in two volumes, with the first volume released on September 29, 2020 and the second volume on February 16, 2021. Both volumes received a DVD/Blu-ray release on February 15, 2022.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: The Kingdom of Saxony (), lasting from 1806 to 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. The kingdom was formed from the Electorate of Saxony. From 1871, it was part of the German Empire. It became a free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Before 1806, Saxony was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a thousand-year-old entity that had become highly decentralised over the centuries. The rulers of the Electorate of Saxony of the House of Wettin had held the title of elector for several centuries. When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in August 1806 following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, the electorate was raised to the status of an independent kingdom with the support of the First French Empire, then the dominant power in Central Europe. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Following the defeat of Saxony's ally Prussia at the Battle of Jena in 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and remained within the Confederation until its dissolution in 1813 with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig. Following the battle, in which Saxony – virtually alone of all the German states – had fought alongside the French, King Frederick Augustus I was deserted by his troops, taken prisoner by the Prussians, and considered to have forfeited his throne by the allies, who put Saxony under Prussian occupation and administration. This was probably more due to the Prussian desire to annex Saxony than to any crime on Frederick Augustus' part, and the fate of Saxony would prove to be one of the main issues at the Congress of Vienna. In the end, 40% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg, home of the Protestant Reformation, was annexed by Prussia, but Frederick Augustus was restored to the throne in the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig. The Kingdom also joined the German Confederation, the new organization of the German states to replace the fallen Holy Roman Empire.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria, and the Saxon army was generally seen as the only ally to bring substantial aid to the Austrian cause, having abandoned the defense of Saxony itself to join up with the Austrian army in Bohemia. This effectiveness probably allowed Saxony to escape the fate of other north German states allied with Austria – notably the Kingdom of Hanover – which were annexed by Prussia after the war. The Austrians and French insisted as a point of honour that Saxony must be spared, and the Prussians acquiesced. Saxony nevertheless joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year. With Prussia's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the members of the Confederation were organised by Otto von Bismarck into the German Empire, with William I as its emperor. John, as Saxony's incumbent king, had to accept the Emperor as primus inter pares, although he, like the other German princes, retained some of the prerogatives of a sovereign ruler, including the ability to enter into diplomatic relations with other states.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 as a result of a revolution set off in the days before Germany's defeat in World War I. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication and with an attempt to establish the Soviet Republic of Saxony, which formed around the cities of Dresden and Leipzig. The revolution would eventually and swiftly get put down by the Freikorps. Within the newly formed Weimar Republic, on November 1, 1920, the Kingdom of Saxony would be reorganized into the Free State of Saxony


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: The king was named as head of the nation. He was required to follow the provisions of the constitution, and could not become the ruler of any other state (save by blood inheritance) without the consent of the Diet, or parliament. The crown was hereditary in the male line of the royal family through agnatic primogeniture, though provisions existed allowing a female line to inherit in the absence of qualified male heirs. Added provisions concerned the formation of a regency if the king was too young or otherwise unable to rule, as well as provisions concerning the crown prince's education.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Any acts or decrees signed or issued by the king had to be countersigned by at least one of his ministers, who thus took responsibility for them. Without the ministerial countersignature, no act of the king was to be considered valid. The king was given the right to declare any accused person innocent, or alternately to mitigate or suspend their punishment or pardon them (but not to increase penalties); such decrees did not require ministerial co-signature. He was also given supreme power over religious matters in Saxony. He appointed the president of the upper house of the Diet, together with a proxy from among three candidates suggested by that house, and appointed the president and proxy of the lower house, as well. (See below.)


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: The king was given sole power to promulgate laws, and to carry them into effect, and only by his consent could any proposal for a law be advanced in the Diet. He equally had authority to issue emergency decrees and even to issue non-emergency laws that he found needful or "advantageous", though such instruments required the counter-signature of at least one of his ministers, and had to be presented to the next Diet for approval. He could not, however, change the constitution itself or the electoral laws in this manner. He was permitted to veto laws passed by the Diet (though he was required to give his reasons for so doing, in each instance), or to send them back with proposed amendments for reconsideration. He was permitted to issue extraordinary decrees to obtain money for state expenditures refused by the Diet, through the Supreme Court, though such decrees could only last for one year. He was permitted to dissolve the Diet, though new elections for the lower house had to be held within six months; he was also permitted to convoke extraordinary sessions of the legislature at his discretion.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: From 1697 the Electors of Saxony became Catholic in order to accept the crowns of Poland and Lithuania, of which they were kings until 1763. The royal family remained Roman Catholic, ruling over a domain that was 95% Protestant.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: The ministry was defined in the constitution as consisting of six departments, all of which were made responsible to the Diet:


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Members of the ministry had the right to appear in either chamber of the Diet at will, and there to participate in debate, but upon a division of the house they had to withdraw.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: The Diet, or legislature was divided into two houses, which were constitutionally equal in their rights and status, and neither house was to meet without the other.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Members of this house held their seats so long as they remained qualified to do so under the constitution, or in certain cases until they had reached the age of sixty or participated in three sessions of the Diet.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: A proxy was to also be chosen for each representative, who would take the representative's place, should they be incapacitated, absent, resign or be removed. Each representative was elected for nine years; however, approximately one-third were required to resign their seats every three years (the exact figures were set in the constitution, and determined by lot at the commencement of the first session of the Diet), though all were eligible for immediate re-election. The lower house was to nominate four members, of whom the king was to choose one to be president of that house, and another to be his proxy.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Members of the Diet must be at least 30 years of age; electors must be 25 years of age, not have been convicted of any offense in a court of law, not have their personal estate financially encumbered in any way, and not be under guardianship.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: The Diet was required to consider any business laid before it by the king, before proceeding to any other business. Members were to vote their consciences, and were not to accept instructions from their constituents. Members were granted full freedom of speech in the chambers, but were not permitted to insult each other, the king, any member of the royal family, or the parliament. Members who violated any of these rules could be disciplined by their respective house, up to and including permanent expulsion with ineligibility for re-election. The Diet could propose the formation of new laws or changes in existing ones, but no bill could be brought forward without the king's express consent. Conversely, no new law could be enacted, without the Diet's consent.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Bills could be passed by a simple one-third-plus-one vote in both houses of the Diet; a majority vote was not necessary in either house. Any bill rejected or amended must contain a statement of why it was rejected or amended. No new taxes could be imposed without the Diet's consent, though the king was permitted to bypass this in certain instances. The parliament could impeach members of the ministry by unanimous vote of both houses; ministers so impeached were to be tried by a special court; the decision of this court was final, and even the king's right of pardon did not extend to persons convicted by it.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: In the wake of the tumultuous 1848 revolutions, Saxony's Landtag extended voting rights (though still maintaining property requirements) and abolished voting taxes. In 1871, Saxony was incorporated into the German Empire and more voting rights were gradually extended. By the early 1900s, Saxony's local politics had settled into a niche in which Social Democrats, Conservatives, and National Liberals were splitting the share of votes and Landtag seats three ways. (In 1909: Social Democrats won 27% of seats, Conservatives won 31% of seats, National Liberals won 31% of seats). Voter participation was high (82% in 1909).


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: The judiciary was made independent of the civil government. The High Court of Judiciature, created in Sections 142 to 150, was also given authority to rule upon "dubious" points in the constitution; its decision was decreed to be final, and was protected from royal interference.


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Following the adoption of the 1831 constitution, by the Order of April 6, 1835 District Directorates (Kreisdirektionen) were established. These were subsequently known as Kreishauptmannschafts. Originally there were four:


title: Kingdom of Saxony

text: Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxony entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag. After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire. Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Zittau returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (; ; ; 25 November 1895 – 21 October 1978) was an Armenian Communist revolutionary, Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman. He was the only Soviet politician who managed to remain at the highest levels of power within the Communist Party while that power oscillated between the Central Committee and the Politburo. His career extended from the days of Lenin, to the eras of Stalin and Khrushchev, to his peaceful retirement under Brezhnev.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: An early convert to the Bolshevik cause, Mikoyan participated in the Baku Commune under the leadership of Stepan Shahumyan during the Russian Civil War in the Caucasus. In the 1920s, he served as the First Secretary of the North Caucasus region. During Stalin's rule, Mikoyan held several high governmental posts, including that of Minister of Foreign Trade. However, by the 1940s, Mikoyan began to lose favour with Stalin. In 1949, he lost his long-standing post of minister of foreign trade, and in October 1952, Stalin attacked him harshly at the 19th Party Congress. When Stalin died in 1953, Mikoyan again took a leading role in policy-making. Together, he and Khrushchev crafted the de-Stalinization policy and later he became First Deputy Premier under Khrushchev. Mikoyan's position during the Thaw made him the second most powerful figure in the Soviet Union at the time.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan made several key trips to communist Cuba and to the United States, acquiring an important stature on the international diplomatic scene, especially with his skill in exercising soft power to further Soviet interests. In 1964 Khrushchev was forced to step down in a coup that brought Brezhnev to power. Mikoyan served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the nominal Head of State, from 1964 until his forced retirement in 1965.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan was born to Armenian parents in the village of Sanahin, then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire (today part of Alaverdi in Armenia's Lori Province) in 1895. His father, Hovhannes, was a carpenter and his mother, a rug weaver. He had one younger brother, Artem Mikoyan, who would be the co-founder of the MiG aviation design bureau, which became one of the primary design bureaus of fast jets in Soviet military aviation.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan received his education at the Nersisian School in Tiflis and the Gevorgian Seminary in Vagharshapat (Echmiadzin), both affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church. Religion, however, played an increasingly insignificant role in his life. He would later remark that his continued studies in theology drew him closer to atheism: "I had a very clear feeling that I didn't believe in God and that I had in fact received a certificate in materialist uncertainty; the more I studied religious subjects, the less I believed in God." Before becoming active in politics Mikoyan had already dabbled in the study of liberalism and socialism.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: At the age of twenty, he formed a workers' soviet in Echmiadzin. In 1915 Mikoyan formally joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (later known as the Bolshevik Party) and became a leader of the revolutionary movement in the Caucasus. His interactions with Soviet revolutionaries led him to Baku, where he became the co-editor for the Armenian-language newspaper "Sotsyal-Demokrat" and later for the Russian-language paper "Izvestia Bakinskogo Soveta". During this time, he is said to have robbed a bank in Tiflis with TNT and had his nose broken in street fighting.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: After the February 1917 revolution that toppled the Tsarist government, Mikoyan and other Bolsheviks fought against anti-Bolshevik elements in the Caucasus. Mikoyan became a commissar in the newly formed Red Army and continued to fight in Baku against anti-Bolshevik forces. He was wounded in the fighting and was noted for saving the life of fellow Party-member Sergo Ordzhonikidze. Afterwards, he continued his Party work, becoming one of the co-founders of the Baku Commune under the leadership of Stepan Shahumyan. In Baku, he worked as the editor of the commune's official Armenian newspaper "Teghekatu", and as the political commissar supervising its armed Armenian militia. He directed the seizure of the banks in April 1918, and the defence of Baku against the advancing Turkish army in July 1918.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: After the fall of Baku, Shahumyan and other Bolshevik leaders were arrested by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship. A commando unit, led by Mikoyan, organized their escape from prison, and they fled across the Caspian Sea to Krasnovodsk (today Türkmenbaşy in present-day Turkmenistan). However, at Krasnovodsk, they were arrested by the Transcaspian Government, which was controlled by the British-allied Socialist Revolutionaries. The SR authorities executed the 26 Baku commissars, including Shahumyan, on 20 September 1918 in the Turkmen desert. It was only by accident that Mikoyan avoided their fate. As American journalist Harrison Salisbury wrote:


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: After his release in February 1919, Mikoyan returned to Baku and resumed his activities there, helping to establish the Baku Bureau of the Caucasus Regional Committee ("kraikom"). After the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, the Central Committee assigned Mikoyan to the party organization in Nizhny Novgorod in 1920. In 1922-26, he became Secretary of the South East Bureau of the Communist Party and its successor, the North Caucasus "kraikom". It was in that position that Mikoyan advocated granting Chechnya autonomous status. In 1923, he was elected to the Central Committee and remained a member of that body for more than 50 years.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan supported Stalin, whom he had first met in 1919, in the power struggle that followed Lenin's death in 1924; During the 11th Congress of the CPSU, in 1922, before the power struggle between Stalin and Leon Trotsky had broken out into the open, Mikoyan characterised Trotsky as "a man of the state but not of the party". By saying that -according to Trotsky's biographer, Isaac Deutscher, "he summed up what many members of the Old Guard thought but did not yet utter in public."


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: As People's Commissar for External and Internal Trade from 1926, he imported ideas from the West, such as the manufacture of canned goods. In 1935 he was elected to the Politburo and was one of the first Soviet leaders to pay goodwill trips to the United States in order to boost economic cooperation. Mikoyan spent three months in the United States, where he not only learned more about its food industry but also met and spoke with Henry Ford and inspected Macy's in New York. When he returned, Mikoyan introduced a number of popular American consumer products to the Soviet Union, including American hamburgers, ice cream, corn flakes, popcorn, tomato juice, grapefruit and corn on the cob.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan spearheaded a project to produce a home cookbook, which would encourage a return to the domestic kitchen. The result, "The Book of Tasty and Healthy Food" ("", "Kniga o vkusnoi i zdorovoi pishche"), was published in 1939, and the 1952 edition sold 2.5 million copies. Mikoyan helped initiate the production of ice cream in the USSR and kept the quality of ice cream under his own personal control until he was dismissed. Stalin made a joke about this, stating, "You, Anastas, care more about ice cream, than about communism." Mikoyan also contributed to the development of meat production in the USSR (particularly, the so-called Mikoyan cutlet), and one of the Soviet-era sausage factories was named after him.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In the late 1930s Stalin embarked upon the Great Purge, a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated against members of the Communist Party, as well as the peasantry and unaffiliated persons. In assessing Mikoyan's role in the purges, historian Simon Sebag-Montefiore states that he "enjoyed the reputation of one of the more decent leaders: he certainly helped the victims later and worked hard to undo Stalin's rule after the Leader's death." Mikoyan tried to save some close-knit companions from being executed. However, in 1936 he enthusiastically supported the execution of Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, claiming it to be a "just verdict." As with other leading officials in 1937, Mikoyan signed death-lists given to him by the NKVD. The purges were often accomplished by officials close to Stalin, giving them the assignment largely as a way to test their loyalty to the regime.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In September 1937, Stalin dispatched Georgy Malenkov and Mikhail Litvin of the NKVD to Yerevan, the capital of Soviet Armenia, in response to the death of Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan. Their mission was to oversee the purge of the Armenian Communist Party and its leaders First Secretary Amatuni Amatuni and NKVD chief , both Beria loyalists. Stalin later dispatched Mikoyan too, in order to test his loyalty and send a signal to Soviet Armenian leaders. Stalin did not trust Mikoyan due to his leniency towards the persecuted. In several instances, Mikoyan had intervened on behalf of his friends and colleagues to save them. During his trip to Armenia, he tried, but failed, to save one individual () from being executed. However, on Stalin's orders, he led the attack during a stormy session of the Central Committee of the Armenian Communist Party in September 1937, during which Amatuni angrily called him a "liar." More than a thousand people were arrested and seven of nine members of the Armenian Politburo were sacked from office.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In September 1939, under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union each carved out their own spheres of influence in Poland and Eastern Europe. The Soviets arrested 26,000 Polish officers in the eastern portion of Poland and in March 1940, after some deliberation, Stalin and five other members of the Politburo, Mikoyan included, signed an order for their execution as "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries". When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Mikoyan was placed in charge of organizing the transportation of food and supplies. His son Vladimir, a pilot in the Red Air Force, died in combat when his plane was shot down over Stalingrad. Mikoyan's main assignment throughout the war was supplying the Red Army with materiel, food and other necessities.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan is also credited for his significant role in the 1941 relocation of Soviet industry from the threatened western cities, such as Moscow and Leningrad, eastward to the Urals, Western Siberia, the Volga region, and other safer zones.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In February 1942, by order of Stalin, Mikoyan became a Special Representative of the State Defense Committee. He had not been a member until that point because Beria believed he would be of more use in government administration. Mikoyan was decorated with a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1943 for his efforts. In 1946, he became the Vice-Premier of the Council of Ministers. As Minister of Foreign Trade, he was responsible for the dismantlement of industry and infrastructure in Soviet-occupied Eastern Germany for collection as reparations.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Shortly before his death in 1953, Stalin considered launching a new purge against Mikoyan, Vyacheslav Molotov, and several other Party leaders. Mikoyan and others gradually began to fall out of favor and, in one instance, were accused of plotting against Stalin. Stalin's plans never came to fruition, however, as he died before he could put them into motion. Mikoyan originally argued against punishing Stalin's right-hand man, Beria, but later gave in to popular support among Party members for his arrest. Mikoyan remained in the government after Stalin's death, in the post of Minister of Trade under Malenkov. He supported Nikita Khrushchev in the power struggle to succeed Stalin, and became First Deputy Premier in recognition of his services.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In 1956, Mikoyan helped Khrushchev organize the "Secret Speech", delivered by Khrushchev at the 20th Party Congress, which denounced Stalin's personality cult. It was he, and not Khrushchev, who made the first anti-Stalinist speech at the 20th Congress. Along with Khrushchev, he helped roll back some of the stifling restrictions on national cultures imposed during Stalin's time. In 1954, he visited his native Armenia and gave a speech in Yerevan, where he encouraged Armenians to republish the works of Raffi and the purged writer Yeghishe Charents. Behind the scenes, he assisted Soviet Armenian leaders in the rehabilitation of former "enemies" in the republic, and worked with Gulag returnees Alexei Snegov and Olga Shatunovskaya on the process of de-Stalinization.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In 1957, Mikoyan refused to back an attempt by Malenkov and Molotov to remove Khrushchev from power, and thus secured his position as one of Khrushchev's closest allies during the Thaw. He backed Khrushchev because of his strong support for de-Stalinization, and his belief that a triumph by the plotters might have given way to purges similar to those in the 1930s. In recognition of his support and his economic talents, Khrushchev appointed Mikoyan First Deputy Premier.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In 1962, Khrushchev sent Mikoyan and Frol Kozlov to Novocherkassk to deal with growing unrest in the southern city. Although Mikoyan opposed force and sought dialogue with the demonstrators, Kozlov pushed for a harsh response, resulting in the Novocherkassk massacre.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan was the first Politburo member to make direct contact with the Chinese Communist Party chairman, Mao Zedong. He arrived at Mao's headquarters on 30 January 1949, one day before the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek was forced to abandon Nanjing, which was then China's capital, and move to Guangzhou. Mikoyan reported that Mao was proclaiming Stalin to be the supreme leader of world communism and 'teacher of the Chinese people', but in his report he added that Mao did not genuinely believe what he was saying. It was at Stalin's behest that Mikoyan asked that the Chinese communists arrest the US journalist Sidney Rittenberg.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: On 11 November 1951, Mikoyan made a sudden visit to Prague to deliver a message from Stalin to President Klement Gottwald insisting that Rudolf Slánský, former Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, should be arrested. When Gottwald demurred, Mikoyan broke off the interview to ring Stalin, before repeating the demand, after which Gottwald capitulated. This was the biggest single step towards the preparation of the Slánský Trial. Mikoyan's role in the repression in Czechoslovakia was kept secret until the Prague Spring of 1968.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In July 1956, Mikoyan visited the People's Republic of Hungary to oversee the removal of the dictator Mátyás Rákosi. He returned in October to gather information on the developing crisis caused by the revolution against the Hungarian Working People's Party government there. Together with Mikhail Suslov, Mikoyan traveled to Budapest in an armored personnel carrier, in view of the shooting in the streets. He sent a telegram to Moscow reporting his impressions of the situation. "We had the impression that Ernő Gerő especially, but the other comrades as well, are exaggerating the strength of the opponent and underestimating their own strength," he and Suslov wrote. Mikoyan strongly opposed the decision by Khrushchev and the Politburo to use Soviet troops, believing it would destroy the Soviet Union's international reputation, instead arguing for the application of "military intimidation" and economic pressure. The crushing of the revolution by Soviet forces nearly led to Mikoyan's resignation.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Khrushchev's liberalization of hard-line policies led to an improvement in relations between the Soviet Union and the United States during the late 1950s. As Khrushchev's primary emissary, Mikoyan visited the United States several times. Despite the volatility of the Cold War between the two superpowers, many Americans received Mikoyan amiably, including Minnesota Democrat Hubert Humphrey, who characterized him as someone who showed a "flexibility of attitude" and New York governor Averell Harriman, who described him as a "less rigid" Soviet politician.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: During November 1958 Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent, demilitarized "free city", giving the United States, Great Britain, and France a six-month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin, or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans. Mikoyan disapproved of Khrushchev's actions, claiming they violated "Party principle." Khrushchev had proposed the ultimatum to the West before discussing it with the Central Committee. Ruud van Djik, a historian, believed Mikoyan was angry because Khrushchev didn't consult him about the proposal. When asked by Khrushchev to ease tension with the United States, Mikoyan responded, "You started it, so you go!"


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: However, Mikoyan eventually left for Washington DC, which was the first time a senior governing member of the USSR's Council of Ministers visited the United States on a diplomatic mission to its leadership. Furthermore, Mikoyan approached the mission with unprecedented informality, beginning with phrasing his visa request to US Embassy as "a fortnight's holiday" to visit his friend, Mikhail Menshikov, the then Soviet Ambassador to the United States. While the White House was taken off guard by this seemingly impromptu diplomatic mission, Mikoyan was invited to speak to numerous elite American organizations such as the Council on Foreign Relations and the Detroit Club in which he professed his hopes for the USSR to have a more peaceful relationship with the US. While in Cleveland, Mikoyan gifted a troika to industrialist Cyrus Eaton and admired the city's Terminal Tower, which reminded him of the tower at Moscow State University.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In addition to such well received engagements, Mikoyan indulged in more informal opportunities to meet the public such as having breakfast at a Howard Johnson's restaurant on the New Jersey Turnpike, visiting Macy's Department Store in New York City and meeting celebrities in Hollywood like Jerry Lewis and Sophia Loren before having an audience with President Dwight Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Although Mikoyan failed to alter the US's Berlin policy, he was hailed in the US for easing international tensions with an innovative emphasis on soft diplomacy that largely went over well with the American public.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan disapproved of Khrushchev's walkout from the 1960 Paris Summit over the U-2 Crisis of 1960, which he believed kept tension in the Cold War high for another fifteen years. However, throughout this time, he remained Khrushchev's closest ally in the upper echelons of the Soviet leadership. As Mikoyan later noted, Khrushchev "engaged [in] inexcusable hysterics".


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: In November 1963 Mikoyan was asked by Khrushchev to represent the USSR at President John F. Kennedy's funeral. At the funeral ceremony, Mikoyan appeared visibly shaken by the president's death and was approached by Jacqueline Kennedy, who took his hand and conveyed to him the following message: "Please tell Mr. Chairman [Khrushchev] that I know he and my husband worked together for a peaceful world, and now he and you must carry on my husband's work."


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: The Soviet government welcomed the overthrow of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista by Fidel Castro's pro-socialist rebels in the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Khrushchev realized the potential of a Soviet ally in the Caribbean and dispatched Mikoyan as one of the top diplomats in Latin America. He was the first Soviet official to visit Cuba after the revolution, except for Soviet intelligence officers, and he secured important trade agreements with the new government. He left Cuba with a very positive impression, saying that the atmosphere there made him feel "as though I had returned to my childhood."


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Khrushchev told Mikoyan of his idea of shipping Soviet missiles to Cuba. Mikoyan was opposed to the idea, and was even more opposed to giving the Cubans control over the Soviet missiles. In early November 1962, after the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to a framework to remove Soviet nuclear missiles from Cuba, Khrushchev dispatched Mikoyan to Havana to help persuade Castro to cooperate in the withdrawal. Just prior to beginning negotiations with Castro, Mikoyan was informed about the death of his wife, Ashkhen, in Moscow; rather than return there for the funeral, Mikoyan opted to stay and sent his son Sergo there instead.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Castro was adamant that the missiles remain but Mikoyan, seeking to avoid a full-fledged confrontation with the United States, attempted to convince him otherwise. He told Castro, "You know that not only in these letters but today also, we hold to the position that you will keep all the weapons and all the military specialists with the exception of the 'offensive' weapons and associated service personnel, which were promised to be withdrawn in Khrushchev's letter [of October 27]." Castro balked at the idea of further concessions, namely the removal of the Il-28 bombers and tactical nuclear weapons still left in Cuba. But after several tense and grueling weeks of negotiations, he finally relented and the missiles and the bombers were removed in December of that year.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: On 15 July 1964, Mikoyan was appointed as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, replacing Leonid Brezhnev, who received a promotion within the Party. Mikoyan's new position was largely ceremonial; it was noted that his declining health and old age were being considered.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Some historians are convinced that by 1964 Mikoyan believed that Khrushchev had turned into a liability to the Party, and that he was involved in the October 1964 coup that brought Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin to power. However, William Taubman disputes this, as Mikoyan was the only member of the Presidium (the name for the Politburo at this time) to defend Khrushchev. Mikoyan, however, did vote to force Khrushchev's retirement (so as, in traditional Soviet style, to make the vote unanimous). Alone among Khrushchev's colleagues, Mikoyan wished the former leader well in his retirement, and he, alone, visited Khrushchev at his dacha a few years later. Mikoyan laid a wreath and sent a letter of condolence at Khrushchev's funeral in 1971.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Due to his partial defense of Khrushchev during his ouster, Mikoyan lost his high standing with the new Soviet leadership. The Politburo forced Mikoyan to retire from his seat in the Politburo due to old age. Mikoyan quickly also lost his post as head of state and was succeeded in this post by Nikolai Podgorny on 9 December 1965. In retirement, Mikoyan, like Khrushchev, wrote frank but selective memoirs from his political career, including his revolutionary activity in Baku. He died on 21 October 1978, at the age of 82, from natural causes and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. He received six commendations of the Order of Lenin.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Simon Sebag-Montefiore referred to Mikoyan as "slim, circumspect, wily and industrious". An intelligent man, he had the command of several languages. In addition to Armenian and Russian, he understood English and learned German on his own by translating the German version of Karl Marx's "Das Kapital" into Russian. Unlike many others, Mikoyan was not afraid to get into heated arguments with Stalin. "One was never bored with Mikoyan", Artyom Sergeev notes, while Khrushchev called him a true cavalier. However, Khrushchev warned of trusting "that shrewd fox from the east." In a close conversation with Vyacheslav Molotov and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin referred to Mikoyan as a "duckling in politics"; he noted, however, that if Mikoyan ever took a serious shot he would improve. Mikoyan had five boys (Stepan, Vladimir, Aleksei, Vano, and Sergo), and adopted the two sons of the late Bolshevik leader Stepan Shahumyan. He had so many children under his care that he and his wife faced financial problems. His wife Ashkhen would borrow money from Politburo wives who had fewer children. If Mikoyan had discovered this, he would, according to his children, have become furious.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Mikoyan was defiantly proud of his Armenian identity, and in a 1959 meeting with U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon in Washington, he even raised the issue of the treatment of the Armenians in Turkey. He greatly enjoyed meeting fellow Armenians abroad, including former U.S. ambassador Edward Djerejian. However, in post-Soviet Armenia, Mikoyan's legacy is contentious. His critics point to his participation in the 1930s purges in Armenia on the orders of Stalin. His supporters argue that he was a major figure on the global political stage and usually point to his role in defusing the Cuban missile crisis. Others emphasize Mikoyan's important role in de-Stalinization in Armenia, including his March 1954 speech in Yerevan and his significant involvement in rehabilitations. Mikoyan's contributions to the development of the Soviet Armenian state included support for major economic projects, such as the Arpa–Sevan canal. As a Supreme Soviet Deputy for Yerevan, he maintained close ties with Soviet Armenian leaders like Yakov Zarobyan and Anton Kochinyan and regularly consulted with them on Armenian affairs. Although limited in his ability to assist Armenian leaders on Nagorno-Karabakh, he was sympathetic to Armenian concerns, and his son Sergo was later a prominent advocate for the Karabakh movement. Despite his break with the Armenian Church, Mikoyan maintained good relations with Catholicos Vazgen I. He was also a supporter of composer Aram Khachaturian, and counted Marshal Ivan Bagramyan among his personal friends.


title: Anastas Mikoyan

text: Dubbed the Vicar of Bray of politics and known as the "Survivor" during his time, Mikoyan was one of the few Old Bolsheviks who was spared from Stalin's purges and was able to retire comfortably from political life. This was highlighted in a number of popular sayings in Russian, including "From Ilyich [Lenin] to Ilyich [Brezhnev] ... without heart attack or stroke!"("Ot Ilyicha do Ilyicha bez infarkta i paralicha"). One veteran Soviet official described his political career in the following manner: "The rascal was able to walk through Red Square on a rainy day without an umbrella [and] without getting wet. He could dodge the raindrops."


title: Hebrews

text: The terms Hebrews (Hebrew: / , ' / ', ' / '; ' / ') and Hebrew people are mostly considered synonymous with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still nomadic. However, in some instances it may also be used in a wider sense, referring to the Phoenicians, or to other ancient groups, such as the group known as Shasu of "Yhw" on the eve of the Bronze Age collapse, which appears 34 times within 32 verses of the Hebrew Bible. It is sometimes regarded as an ethnonym and sometimes not.


title: Hebrews

text: By the time of the Roman Empire, Greek "Hebraios" could refer to the Jews in general, as "Strong's Hebrew Dictionary" puts it, "any of the Jewish Nation", and at other times more specifically to the Jews living in Judea. In early Christianity, the Greek term refers to Jewish Christians as opposed to the gentile Christians and Judaizers (Acts 6:1 among others). is the province where the Temple was located.


title: Hebrews

text: In Armenian, Italian, Greek, the Kurdish languages, Old French, Serbian, Russian, Romanian and a few other languages, the transfer of the name from "Hebrew" to "Jew" never took place, and "Hebrew" is the primary word used for a Jew.


title: Hebrews

text: With the revival of the Hebrew language and the emergence of the Hebrew Yishuv, the term has been applied to the Jewish people of this re-emerging society in Israel or the Jewish people in general.


title: Hebrews

text: The definitive origin of the term "Hebrew" remains uncertain. The biblical term "Ivri" (; ), meaning "to traverse" or "to pass over", is usually rendered as "Hebrew" in English, from the ancient Greek "Ἑβραῖος" and the Latin "Hebraeus". The biblical word "Ivri" has the plural form "Ivrim", or "Ibrim".


title: Hebrews

text: The most generally accepted hypothesis today is that the text intends "ivri" as the adjective (Hebrew suffix -i) formed from "ever" (עֵבֶר) 'beyond, across' (avar (עָבַר) 'to cross, to traverse'), as a description of migrants 'from across the river' as the Bible describes the Hebrews. It is also supported by the 3rd century BCE Septuagint, which translates "ivri" to "perates" (περατής), a Greek word meaning "one who came across, a migrant", from "perao" (περάω) "to cross, to traverse", as well as some early traditional commentary. Gesenius considers it the only linguistically acceptable hypothesis. The description of peoples and nations from their location "from across the river" (often the river Euphrates, sometimes the Jordan River) was common in this region of the ancient Near-East: it appears as "eber nari" in Akkadian and "avar nahara" in Aramaic (both corresponding to Hebrew "ever nahar"), the Aramaic expression's use being quoted verbatim in the Bible, for example in an Aramaic letter sent to the King of Persia in the Book of Ezra or in the Book of Nehemiah, sometimes rendered as Trans-Euphrates.


title: Hebrews

text: Some authors argue that "Ibri" denotes the descendants of the biblical patriarch Eber (Hebrew עבר), son of Shelah, a great-grandson of Noah and an ancestor of Abraham, hence the occasional anglicization "Eberites".


title: Hebrews

text: Since the 19th-century CE discovery of the second-millennium BCE inscriptions mentioning the Habiru, many theories have linked these to the Hebrews. Some scholars argue that the name "Hebrew" is related to the name of those semi-nomadic Habiru people recorded in Egyptian inscriptions of the 13th and 12th centuries BCE as having settled in Egypt. Other scholars rebut this, proposing that the Hebrews are mentioned in later texts of the 3rd Intermediate Period of Egypt (11th century BCE) as Shasu of "Yhw", while some scholars consider these two hypotheses compatible, "Ḫabiru" being a generic Akkadian form parallel to Hebrew "ʿivri" from the Akkadian equivalent of "ʿever" "beyond, across" describing foreign peoples "from across the river", where the letter ayin (ע) in Hebrew corresponds to "ḫ" in Akkadian (as in Hebrew "zeroaʿ" corresponding to Akkadian "zuruḫ").


title: Hebrews

text: In the Hebrew Bible, the term "Hebrew" is normally used by foreigners (namely, the Egyptians) when speaking about Israelites and sometimes used by Israelites when speaking of themselves to foreigners, although Saul does use the term for his fellow countrymen in . In , Abraham (Abram) is described as a descendant of Eber; Josephus states "Eber" was the patriarch that Hebrew was named after proceeding from the Tower of Babel at the time of Eber's son Peleg, from which "Hebrew" would eventually become derived.


title: Hebrews

text: In , Abraham is described as "Avram Ha-Ivri" ("Abram the Hebrew"), which translates literally as "Abram the one who stands on the other side."


title: Hebrews

text: Israelites are defined as the descendants of Jacob, son of Isaac, grandson of Abraham. Eber, an ancestor of Jacob (seven generations removed), is a distant ancestor of many peoples, including the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, Midianites, Amalekites and Qahtanites.


title: Hebrews

text: According to the "Jewish Encyclopedia" the terms "Hebrews" and "Israelites" usually describe the same people, stating that they were called Hebrews before the conquest of the Land of Canaan and Israelites afterwards. Professor Nadav Na'aman and others say that the use of the word "Hebrew" to refer to Israelites is rare and when used it is used "to Israelites in exceptional and precarious situations, such as migrants or slaves."


title: Hebrews

text: By the Roman period, "Hebrews" could be used to designate the Jews, who use the Hebrew language. The Epistle to the Hebrews, one of the books of the New Testament, was probably directed at Jewish Christians.


title: Hebrews

text: In some modern languages, including Armenian, Greek, Italian, Romanian, and many Slavic languages, the name "Hebrews" (with linguistic variations) is the standard ethnonym for Jews; but in many other languages in which both terms exist, it is currently considered derogatory to call Jews "Hebrews".


title: Hebrews

text: Among certain left-wing or liberal circles of Judaic cultural lineage, the word "Hebrew" is used as an alternatively secular description of the Jewish people (e.g., Bernard Avishai's "The Hebrew Republic" or left-wing wishes for a "Hebrew-Arab" joint cultural republican state).


title: Hebrews

text: Beginning in the late 19th century, the term "Hebrew" became popular among secular Zionists; in this context the word alluded to the transformation of the Jews into a strong, independent, self-confident secular national group ("the New Jew") sought by classical Zionism. This use died out after the establishment of the state of Israel, when "Hebrew" was replaced with "Jew" or "Israeli".


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: Jung Jin-young (; born November 18, 1991), professionally known as Jinyoung, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He was a member of boy group B1A4, being its former leader. He is currently managed by BB Entertainment. He has also gained recognition with the television series "Love in the Moonlight" (2016) and "Police University" (2021).


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: Jung was discovered on Cyworld through a photo of himself posted on the website. He trained for roughly two years on singing, composing and acting before joining B1A4.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: Jung was the first member of B1A4 revealed to the public on April 11, 2011. The group made their debut stage on April 23, 2011, on MBC's "Show! Music Core".


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: On June 30, 2018, WM Entertainment confirmed that Jung and Baro had left the agency following the end of their contracts. Their activities with the group remain in discussion. In November 16, WM Entertainment has announced that Jung and Baro will be leaving the agency, with the remaining three members – CNU, Sandeul, and Gongchan – to continue promoting as B1A4.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: Jung first gained attention for his composing skills with B1A4's comeback title track, "Baby I'm Sorry" (2012), where he was praised by musical professionals.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: In 2013, he made his acting debut in tvN's drama "She is Wow". The following year, he made his film debut in "Miss Granny". He also wrote the ending song of the movie.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: In 2015, he starred in Mnet's musical drama "Persevere, Goo Hae-ra", where he drew praise for his acting. Later that year, he starred in the Hong sisters' romantic comedy drama "Warm and Cozy".


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: Jung took part in producing the songs "In the Same Place" and "When Cherry Blossoms Fade" for Mnet's 2016 reality survival program "Produce 101". This was the first time he composed songs for a girl group, and he received praise for his capabilities and versatility as a composer. He was named the "No.1 solo composer" of 2016. The same year, he starred in KBS's youth historical drama "Love in the Moonlight". The drama was a hit and led to increased recognition for Jung as an actor. Jung reunited with "Moonlight" co-star Chae Soo-bin a year later in the two-episode drama special "If We Were a Season" (2017).


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: In October 2017, it was confirmed that Jung would star in upcoming body-swap comedy film "The Dude in Me". The film was released in January 2019.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: In 2018, Jung was cast in Netflix's youth romance drama "My First First Love" and the web drama "Wind-Bell" in October of the same year.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: Also, in 2018, a book named "K-pop makers" about the k-pop musicians market-movers was released. Jung was featured as one of the eight hidden gems and hidden producers of South Korea, together with Big Hit Entertainment Pdogg, SM Entertainment London Noise, Mystic Story Postino, CNBLUE Jong Yong-hwa, Urban Zakapa Kwon Soon-il and Super Freak Records Jinbo.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: On June 20, 2019, Jung enlisted in the military service and he returned to the industry on April 9, 2021. His first comeback drama was a well-received drama known as "Police University" (2021) which brought KBS drama viewership ratings back to a high of 8.5% at its highest and an average of 6.5% in the Mon-Tue 9:30 pm (KST) timeslot after the predecessor had a viewership rate hovering around 1–2%.


title: Jung Jin-young (singer)

text: On June 23, 2022, Jung launched his YouTube Channel and released a teaser video for "Everything that inspires me," announcing that he would be releasing a series of no copyright music periodically so that people working in the creative works industry can use his music freely. Following that on June 25, 2022, he released "It was a First Love", the first No Copyright Sound track.


title: Jay Harrington

text: James H. Harrington III, professionally known as Jay Harrington, (born November 15, 1971) is an American actor. He is known for his role as the title character in the ABC sitcom "Better Off Ted" in 2009-2010 and since 2017 as Sgt. David "Deacon" Kay in "S.W.A.T."


title: Jay Harrington

text: Harrington was born and raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts to Judy and Terry Harrington. He has two brothers, actor Adam and Matt. As a child, his family spent summers on Cape Cod up the road from The Harwich Junior Theater. He attended Wellesley High School and then studied theater at Syracuse University.


title: Jay Harrington

text: Harrington has been featured as Dr. Simon O'Keefe on the WB drama "Summerland", FBI Special Agent Paul Ryan on FOX's short-lived "The Inside", and Steve on NBC's version of "Coupling". He appeared in a recurring role on the police drama series "The Division". He has also had roles on "A.U.S.A.", "The Shield", "Time of Your Life", "Private Practice", and "Burn Notice".


title: Jay Harrington

text: In 2006, Harrington began appearing as Dr. Ron McCready on the series "Desperate Housewives". He starred as Ted Crisp in the comedy series "Better Off Ted" from March 2009 to January 2010. He had a recurring role in Season 4 of the TV Land comedy series "Hot in Cleveland". In 2014, he co-starred on the short-lived USA Network comedy series "Benched". In 2017, he had a guest role on Suits as Mark Meadows, Donna's ex-boyfriend. He currently stars as Sergeant II David "Deacon" Kay on "S.W.A.T." based on the 1975 television series and 2003 movie of the same name.


title: Jay Harrington

text: Harrington has appeared in films such as "American Reunion" (with his character again - like in Desperate Housewives - being called "Dr. Ron"), "Whatever It Takes", "Anywhere but Here", "Catalina Trust", "A Little Inside", and "Partner(s)". He has also performed on stage, starring as Jack in "Boy's Life" and appearing in the off-Broadway productions "Barefoot in the Park" and "Tony and Tina's Wedding", Harrington is an avid sports fan who plays in the Entertainment League, a private celebrity basketball league (formerly the NBA-E League), and skates for a local amateur ice hockey team.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Phil Silvers (born Phillip Silver; May 11, 1911 – November 1, 1985) was an American entertainer and comedic actor, known as "The King of Chutzpah". His career as a professional entertainer spanned nearly sixty years. Silvers achieved major popularity when he starred in "The Phil Silvers Show", a 1950s sitcom set on a U.S. Army post in which he played Master Sergeant Ernest (Ernie) Bilko. He also starred in the films "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963) and "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1966). He was a winner of two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on "The Phil Silvers Show" and two Tony Awards for his performances in "Top Banana" and "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum". He also wrote the original lyrics to the jazz standard Nancy (with the Laughing Face).


title: Phil Silvers

text: Born Philip Silver in Brooklyn, New York, in the working-class Brownsville neighbourhood, he was the eighth and youngest child of Russian Jewish immigrants, Saul and Sarah (née Handler) Silver. His siblings were Lillian, Harry, Jack, Saul, Pearl, Michael, and Reuben Silver. His father, a sheet metal worker, helped build the early New York skyscrapers.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Silvers began entertaining at the age of 11, when he would sing in theaters when the film projector broke (a common occurrence in those days), to the point where he was allowed to keep attending the same movie theater free of charge, to sing through any future breakdowns. By age 13, he was working as a singer in the Gus Edwards Revue. Subsequently, he worked in vaudeville and as a burlesque comic.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Silvers next worked in short films for the Vitaphone studio, such as "Ups and Downs" (1937), and on Broadway, where he made his début in the short-lived show "Yokel Boy" in 1939. Critics raved about Silvers, who was hailed as the bright spot in the mediocre play. The Broadway revue "High Kickers" (1941) was based on his concept.


title: Phil Silvers

text: He made his feature film début in "Hit Parade of 1941" in 1940 (his previous appearance as a 'pitch man' in "Strike Up the Band" was cut). Over the next two decades, he worked as a character actor for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Columbia, and 20th Century Fox, in such films as "All Through the Night" (1942) with Humphrey Bogart. Around the same time, he played a scene with W. C. Fields in "Tales of Manhattan" (also 1942) which was cut from the original release, but restored decades later in home video issues. Silvers also appeared in "Lady Be Good" (1941), "Coney Island" (1943), "Cover Girl" (1944), with Gene Kelly and Rita Hayworth, and in "Summer Stock" (1950) with Kelly and Judy Garland. When the studio system began to decline, he returned to the stage.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Silvers wrote the lyrics for Frank Sinatra's "Nancy (With the Laughing Face)". Although he was not a songwriter, he wrote the lyrics while visiting composer Jimmy Van Heusen. The two composed the song for Van Heusen's writing partner Johnny Burke, for his wife Bessie's birthday. Substituting Sinatra's little daughter's name Nancy at her birthday party, the trio pressed the singer to record it himself. The song became a popular hit in 1945 and was a staple in Sinatra's live performances. Towards the end of the Second World War, Silvers entertained the troops during several successful overseas USO tours with Sinatra.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Silvers became a household name in 1955 when he starred as Sergeant Ernest G. Bilko in "You'll Never Get Rich", later retitled "The Phil Silvers Show". The military comedy became a television hit, with the opportunistic Bilko fast-talking his way through one obstacle after another. In 1958, CBS switched the show to be telecast on Friday nights and moved the setting to Camp Fremont in California. A year later, the show was off the schedule. In the 1963–1964 television season, he appeared as Harry Grafton, a factory foreman interested in get-rich-quick schemes, much like the previous Bilko character, in CBS's 30-episode "The New Phil Silvers Show", with co-stars Stafford Repp, Herbie Faye, Buddy Lester, Elena Verdugo as his sister, Audrey, and her children, played by Ronnie Dapo and Sandy Descher.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Throughout the 1960s, he appeared in films such as "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963) and "40 Pounds of Trouble" (1963). According to the documentary on the DVD of "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World", Silvers was not a traditional comedian: he was a comic actor. Silvers never did stand-up, and, out of character, he was not known for cracking jokes.


title: Phil Silvers

text: When Silvers played the quintessential con-man Harrison Floy in the 1947 Broadway production of High Button Shoes, Brooks Atkinson praised him as "an uproarious comic. He has the speed, the drollery and the shell-game style of a honky-tonk buffoon." Silvers later scored a major triumph in "Top Banana", a Broadway show of 1952. Silvers played Jerry Biffle, the egocentric, always-busy star of a major television show. (The character is said to have been based on Milton Berle.) Silvers dominated the show and won a Tony Award for his performance. He repeated the role in the 1954 film version which was initially released in 3-D. Silvers returned to Broadway in the musical "Do Re Mi" in December 1960, receiving a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical. Stanley Green wrote, "It was particularly blessed by offering two outstanding clowns in Phil Silvers as the pushiest of patsies and Nancy Walker."


title: Phil Silvers

text: Silvers was offered the leading role of conniving Roman slave Pseudolus in the Broadway musical comedy "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum". Silvers declined, and the role went instead to Zero Mostel, who was so successful in the role that he repeated the role in the 1966 film version. By this time, Silvers realized his error and agreed to appear in the film as a secondary character, flesh merchant Marcus Lycus. When actor-producer Larry Blyden mounted a Broadway revival of "Forum" in 1972, he wanted Phil Silvers to play the lead, and this time Silvers agreed. The revival was a hit and Silvers became the first leading actor ever to win a Tony Award in a revival of a musical.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Later in his career, Silvers guest-starred on "The Beverly Hillbillies", and various TV variety shows such as "The Carol Burnett Show", "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" and "The Dean Martin Show". He appeared as curmudgeonly Hollywood producer Harold Hecuba in the classic 1966 episode "The Producer" on "Gilligan's Island", where he and the castaways performed a musical version of "Hamlet". (Silvers' production company Gladasya – named after his catchphrase "Gladdaseeya!" – financed the show.) He continued to make guest appearances in television sitcoms including, "The Love Boat", "Fantasy Island", "Happy Days", and his final screen credit "CHiPs" in 1983. He also starred in various television specials and talk shows such as "The Bob Hope Special", "The Jackie Gleason Show", "The Merv Griffin Show", "The Dick Cavett Show", "The David Frost Show", "The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson" and "The Mike Douglas Show". In 1980, Silvers participated in "The Friar's Club Tribute to Milton Berle" alongside Don Rickles, Dick Shawn, Walter Matthau, Jack Lemmon, George Burns, Karl Malden, and Robert Culp.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Phil Silvers was married twice, to Jo-Carroll Dennison and to Evelyn Patrick. Both of his marriages ended in divorce. He had five daughters — Candace, Cathy, Laury, Nancey, and Tracey — all by his second wife, Evelyn Patrick.


title: Phil Silvers

text: Like his alter-ego Ernie Bilko, Silvers was a compulsive gambler, and also suffered from chronic depression. He suffered a nervous breakdown in 1962 while performing in Spain. While staying in Reno, Nevada, in the 1950s, he would often gamble all night. On one occasion, at the tiny Cal-Neva Lodge in nearby Lake Tahoe, Nevada, Silvers spent an entire night playing craps until he lost all his money and then went through $1,000 in credit. A taxi was called to return him to Reno. It was one "of the worst nights of my life", Silvers told the driver, adding, "Don't wait for any lights and don't wait for any tip . . . I left it at the Cal-Neva!"


title: Phil Silvers

text: Silvers suffered a stroke during the run of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" in August 1972. He was left with slurred speech. Despite his poor health, he continued working, playing Harry Starman in the 1974 "Horror in the Heights" episode of "" starring Darren McGavin. His guest appearances continued into the early 1980s, including co-starring in "The Chicken Chronicles" (1977), an appearance on "Fantasy Island" as an old comic trying to reunite with his old partner, and on "Happy Days" as the father of Jenny Piccolo (played by his real daughter Cathy). Silvers played the cab driver Hoppy in Neil Simon's send-up of hard-boiled detective films, "The Cheap Detective" (1978), which starred Peter Falk. In his cab, Silvers can be heard (three words) and seen turning his head towards the camera and breaking into a smile (1/4 fps) at the film's ending immediately prior to Falk entering "Hoppy's" cab. His final appearance was in an episode of "CHiPs" (entitled "Hot Date") in 1983.


title: Phil Silvers

text: On November 1, 1985, Silvers died in his sleep in Century City, California. According to his family, Silvers died of natural causes. He was interred at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.


title: Phil Silvers

text: In 2003, "The Phil Silvers Show" was voted Best Sitcom in the "Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy". In a 2005 poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, Silvers was voted #42 on the list of the top 50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. Dick Van Dyke, who made his TV debut on "Bilko", says he "was always fascinated with Phil's sense of timing. Incredible."


title: Phil Silvers

text: Voice actor Daws Butler employed an impression of Silvers as the voice of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Hokey Wolf and also used the same voice in numerous cartoons for Jay Ward. The premise of "The Phil Silvers Show" was the basis for the Hanna-Barbera animated series "Top Cat", for which Arnold Stang moderately imitated Silvers' voice for the title character. The 1993 animated series "The Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog" featured a character called Wes Weasley, who had a very similar appearance and voice to Silvers.


title: Phil Silvers

text: "Sgt Bilko's Vintage Emporium and The Phil Silvers Archival Museum" houses personal and commercial memorabilia collected by Silvers' correspondent Steve Everitt. Opened in 2015 it is located in FarGo Village, Coventry, United Kingdom.


title: Hélène Joy

text: Hélène Joy is an Australian-born Canadian actress. She is best known for her work in television series "Durham County" and "Murdoch Mysteries".


title: Hélène Joy

text: Joy was born in Perth and raised in Australia. She began acting in Kewdale Senior High School in her native Australia. She subsequently toured Europe with a youth theatre company. She spent a year as a theatre major at Curtin University before winning a place at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts in Perth where she obtained an acting diploma. She won the Academy’s Leslie Anderson Award for Best Performer.


title: Hélène Joy

text: She had minor roles in Australian television series such as: "" (1996), "Water Rats" (1996–97), "Big Sky" (1997), and "Stingers" (1999). After three years, at the urging of her then boyfriend, she moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.


title: Hélène Joy

text: After arriving in Vancouver, Joy found work on shows such as "First Wave" (2000), "The Outer Limits" (2001), "The Chris Isaak Show" (2002), and "The Twilight Zone" (2002). In 2003, she landed the lead role of Judy Surgick in the short-lived CBC TV sitcom "An American in Canada" (2003–04) which was a 2003 Gemini Award nominee for Best Ensemble Performance Comedy Series/Program. In 2005 she appeared in the feature film "Desolation Sound".


title: Hélène Joy

text: While still in Vancouver, Joy began landing roles in Toronto, including a supporting role in the TV movie "The Murdoch Mysteries:Under the Dragon’s Tail" (2004). After moving to Toronto, she played recurring roles in TV series such as "This Is Wonderland" (2005–06) and "ReGenesis" (2006). She then starred in "Durham County" between 2007 and 2010, and appeared as Doc in the primetime soap opera "MVP: The Secret Lives of Hockey Wives" (2008).


title: Hélène Joy

text: In Christmas 2007, Joy appeared in the fantastical musical film version of the Nutcracker ballet, "The Secret of the Nutcracker" starring opposite Brian Cox for the CBC. Joy starred in "An Old Fashioned Thanksgiving" with Jacqueline Bisset for Hallmark in 2008.


title: Hélène Joy

text: Joy has made guest appearances on "Heartland", "Rookie Blue" (2011), "Republic of Doyle" (2012) and "The L.A. Complex" (2012) among other programs.


title: Hélène Joy

text: Although she played a different character in "Under the Dragon's Tail", the third made-for-television film about William Murdoch and his unique ways of doing detective work, the book's author, Maureen Jennings, was so impressed with Joy's acting ability that she successfully pressed the TV show's producers to select her for the role of Dr. Julia Ogden. As a result, Joy was hired for the part and has played this continuing character in the period detective drama "Murdoch Mysteries" since 2008.


title: Hélène Joy

text: Joy's theatrical career began in Australia with roles in the Shakespeare Program at the Bell Shakespeare Company. She then played a number of roles at the Melbourne Theatre Company: Ophelia in "Hamlet", Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth", and Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet". She made her Canadian theatrical debut in 2012 in Australian playwright Andrew Bovell's "Speaking in Tongues" at The Company Theatre in Toronto.


title: Hélène Joy

text: She supplied the voice of Sunnyside and Shelly in "The Eggs" (2004), Gabby and Polly in "Faireez" (2005), Patsy and Mrs. Berton in "The Secret World of Og" (2006), Opal in "Pearlie" (2009), and Vice Principal Victoria in "Detentionaire" (2012).


title: Hélène Joy

text: In 2006, Joy was nominated for a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series for her work in the TV movie "The Murdoch Mysteries: Under the Dragon’s Tail" as well as being nominated for Best Performance by an Actress in a Guest Role Dramatic Series for "ReGenesis". In 2011, and again in 2012, she was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series for her work in "Murdoch Mysteries" by the Monte-Carlo TV Festival Awards.


title: Hélène Joy

text: She won a Leo Award in 2005 for Best Lead Performance by an Actress in a Feature Length Drama for her role in "Desolation Sound".


title: Hélène Joy

text: She won the Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role in 2008 for her role in "Durham County".


title: Hélène Joy

text: Joy left Australia and followed her boyfriend to his native Vancouver. She has been a vegan and enjoys travelling all over the world during her time off. Joy trained and is licensed as a real estate agent in Australia; she has subsequently taken up property development.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: Andrea Mitchell (born October 30, 1946) is an American television journalist, anchor and commentator for NBC News, based in Washington, D.C.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: She is NBC News' chief foreign affairs & chief Washington correspondent, reporting on the 2008 presidential election campaign for NBC News broadcasts, including "NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt," "Today" and MSNBC. She anchors "Andrea Mitchell Reports," which airs from noon to 1 p.m. ET weekdays on MSNBC. Mitchell has both appeared on and guest hosted "Meet the Press." She was also often a guest on "Hardball with Chris Matthews" and "The Rachel Maddow Show."


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: Mitchell was raised in a Jewish family, in New Rochelle, New York, the daughter of Cecile and Sydney (Rubenstein) Mitchell. Her father was the chief executive officer and partial owner of a furniture manufacturing company in Manhattan. He was also the president of Beth El Synagogue in New Rochelle for 40 years. Her mother was an administrator at the New York Institute of Technology in Manhattan. Her brother Arthur and his wife, Nancy Mitchell, moved to British Columbia in the 1970s. He has dual American and Canadian citizenship, becoming a member of the Legislative Assembly of Yukon and the leader of the Yukon Liberal Party in the 2000s.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: Mitchell is a graduate of New Rochelle High School. She went on to attend the University of Pennsylvania, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature in 1967. While at Penn, she served as news director of student radio station WXPN. Staying in Philadelphia after graduation, she was hired as a reporter at KYW radio. She rose to prominence as the station's City Hall correspondent during the Mayor Frank Rizzo’s administration and also reported for sister station KYW-TV.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: She moved in 1976 to CBS-affiliate WTOP (now WUSA) in Washington, D.C. Two years later, Mitchell moved to NBC's network news operation, where she served as a general correspondent. In 1979, she was named NBC News' energy correspondent and reported on the late-1970s energy crisis and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Mitchell also covered the White House from 1981 until becoming chief congressional correspondent in 1988.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: Mitchell has been with NBC News since late July 1978. She has been its chief foreign affairs correspondent since November 1994. Previously, she served as chief White House correspondent (1993–1994) and chief Congressional correspondent (1988–1992).


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: In 2005, Mitchell's book,"Talking Back... to Presidents, Dictators, and Assorted Scoundrels," (), was published. It chronicles her work as a journalist.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: A report in "The Washington Post" ("Bush Administration Is Focus of Inquiry CIA Agent's Identity Was Leaked to Media" by Mike Allen and Dana Priest, "The Washington Post", September 28, 2003) that Mitchell had leaked Valerie Plame's identity led to her being questioned by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. While Mitchell never appeared before the investigating grand jury or in I. Lewis Libby's trial, she was on the subpoena list as a person of interest.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: In October 2003, on the "Capitol Report", Mitchell made a statement which Libby's defense construed to mean it was widely known among journalists that Joe Wilson's wife was in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a position she later clarified by answering the question of how widely known it was in Washington that Wilson's wife worked for the CIA: "It was widely known amongst those of us who cover the intelligence community and who were actively engaged in trying to track down who among the foreign service community was the envoy to Niger. But, frankly, I wasn't aware of her actual role at the CIA, and the fact that she had a covert role involving weapons of mass destruction, not until Bob Novak wrote it."


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: During a July 2005 news conference in Khartoum, Mitchell was forcibly ejected from a room after asking Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir some pointed questions. They included: "Can you tell us why the violence is continuing?" (referring to genocide in Sudan's Darfur province) and "Can you tell us why the government is supporting the militias?" "Why should Americans believe your promises?" At this point two armed security guards grabbed her and forcibly shoved her out of the room.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: After the incident Mitchell said, "It is our job to ask. They can always say 'no comment'... but to drag a reporter out just for asking is inexcusable behavior."


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: Prior to the incident, Sudanese officials expressed reservations about allowing American newspaper or television reporters to join the Sudanese press pool. Sean McCormack, the State Department's assistant secretary for public affairs, said to his Sudanese counterpart, "I'll convey your desires about not permitting reporters to ask questions, but that's all I'll do. We have a free press." McCormack's Sudanese counterpart replied, "There is no freedom of the press here."


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: During an appearance on MSNBC on June 5, 2008, Mitchell referred to the voters of the southwest Virginia region as rednecks. On June 9, she apologized on air, saying "I owe an apology to the good people of Bristol, Virginia, for something stupid that I said last week. I was trying to explain, based on reporting from Democratic strategists, why Barack Obama was campaigning in southwest Virginia, but without attribution or explanation, I used a term strategists often use to demean an entire community. No excuses, I'm really sorry."


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: Having been led to believe that a clip showed that presidential candidate Mitt Romney was impressed by a touchscreen at a Wawa convenience store, Mitchell and contributor Chris Cillizza laughed when it was shown on "Andrea Mitchell Reports", alluding to a widely held myth that George H. W. Bush was unfamiliar with a supermarket scanner in an incident during his 1992 campaign. She suggested this might be Romney's "supermarket scanner moment." She said, "I get the feeling that Mitt Romney has not been in too many Wawas along the roadside of Pennsylvania." The full clip puts his comments in the context of his claim that Wawa's "touchtone keypads" (touchscreens) show efficiency in the private sector compared to his statement that it took multiple filings of a 33-page government form for an optometrist to change his address.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: Mitchell briefly addressed complaints from the Republican National Committee and Romney's campaign the following day. Introducing the full clip, Mitchell stated, "The RNC and the campaign both reached out to us, saying that Romney had more to say on that visit about federal bureaucracy and innovation in the private sector. We didn't get a chance to play that, so here it is now."


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: In February 2019, Mitchell characterized the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising as being against "the Polish and Nazi regimes." She apologized on Twitter for her comment. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance sued Mitchell in Polish court for alleging that Poland played a role in the Holocaust.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: She married her second husband, then Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan, on April 6, 1997, following a lengthy relationship. Previously, she was married to Gil Jackson; that marriage ended in divorce in the mid-1970s.


title: Andrea Mitchell

text: On September 7, 2011, Mitchell revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer during a doctor's visit a few weeks earlier. It was caught early and treated.


title: E-ZPass

text: E-ZPass is an electronic toll collection system used on toll roads, toll bridges, and toll tunnels in the Eastern United States, Midwestern United States, and Southern United States. The E-ZPass Interagency Group (IAG) consists of member agencies in several states, which use the same technology and allow travelers to use the same transponder on toll roads throughout the network. Since its creation in 1987, various independent systems that use the same technology have been folded into the E-ZPass system, including the I-PASS in Illinois and the NC Quick Pass in North Carolina. Negotiations are ongoing for nationwide interoperability in the United States (see ).


title: E-ZPass

text: E-ZPass tags are active RFID transponders, historically made by Kapsch TrafficCom (formerly Mark IV Industries Corp—IVHS Division) under a competitively bid contract. They communicate with reader equipment built into lane-based or open-road toll collection lanes by transmitting a unique radio signature. The most common type of tag is an "internal tag" that can be mounted on the inside of the vehicle's windshield in proximity to the rear-view mirror. Though toll agencies advise adherence to the windshield with mounting strips (usually 3M's Scotch brand "Dual Lock" fasteners), third-party options using trays with suction cups to adhere a pass to a windshield temporarily if used in multiple vehicles are available. Some vehicles have windshields that block RF signals; for those vehicles, historical vehicles, and customers who have aesthetic concerns, an "external tag" is offered, typically designed to attach to the vehicle's front license plate mounting points.


title: E-ZPass

text: Although a tag can be used with a motorcycle, usually no official instructions are given for mounting, due to the numerous variations between bike designs and the small area of a motorcycle windshield which could prove a hindrance if the transponder is attached following automobile instructions. Transponders may be put in a shirt or jacket pocket, if necessary.


title: E-ZPass

text: The E-ZPass transponder works by listening for a signal broadcast by the reader stationed at the toll booth. This 915 MHz signal is sent at 500 kbit/s using the TDM (formerly IAG) protocol in 256-bit packets. Transponders use active Type II read/write technology. In April 2013, Kapsch (purchasers of Mark IV Industries) made the protocol available to all interested parties royalty-free in perpetuity and is granting the right to sublicense the protocol.


title: E-ZPass

text: Most E-ZPass lanes are converted manual toll lanes and must have fairly low speed limits for safety reasons (between is typical), so that E-ZPass vehicles can merge safely with vehicles that stopped to pay a cash toll and, in some cases, to allow toll workers to safely cross the E-ZPass lanes to reach booths accepting cash payments. In some areas, however (typically recently built or retrofitted facilities), there is no need to slow down, because E-ZPass users can utilize dedicated traffic lanes ("Express E-ZPass" or "open road tolling") that are physically separate from the toll-booth lanes. Examples include:


title: E-ZPass

text: Other roads in the E-ZPass system have eschewed toll booths altogether, and switched to all-electronic tolling. As vehicles pass at normal speed under toll collection gantries, tolls are collected either through the E-ZPass transponder or by billing the owner of the vehicle via automatic number-plate recognition. Examples include:


title: E-ZPass

text: Each E-ZPass tag is specifically programmed for a particular class of vehicle; while any valid working tag will be read and accepted in any E-ZPass toll lane, the wrong toll amount will be charged if the tag's programmed vehicle class does not match the vehicle. This will result in a violation and possible large fine assessed to the tag holder, especially if a lower-class (e.g., passenger car) tag is being used in a higher-class vehicle such as a bus or truck. In an attempt to avoid this, E-ZPass tags for commercial vehicles are blue in color, contrasting with the white tags assigned to standard passenger vehicles. The blue E-ZPass is also used in government employee vehicles. In New York, an orange E-ZPass tag is issued to emergency vehicles as well as to employees of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and New York State Thruway Authority. New York also offers green-colored E-ZPass tags (and a 10% toll discount plan) to qualifying low-emission and zero-emission vehicles.


title: E-ZPass

text: For purposes of interoperability, all agencies are connected to each other by a secure network (the "reciprocity network"). This network provides the means to exchange tag data and process toll transactions across the various agencies. Tag data is exchanged among the agencies on a nightly basis. This data can take up to 24 hours on the primary network the unit is issued by (e.g., the New York State Thruway or Illinois Tollway system), but may be delayed by as much as 72 hours on other networks.


title: E-ZPass

text: Some issuing agencies offer a packaged E-ZPass transponder preloaded with toll funds sold over-the-counter at a retail setting (such as a supermarket or pharmacy service desk) that is valid immediately. A portion of the balance is available instantly; customers can access the remaining balance when they register their transponders with the issuing E-ZPass agency within several days of first using their E-ZPass.


title: E-ZPass

text: According to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 83.4% of vehicles crossing its six bridges and tunnels used E-ZPass for toll payment during all of 2016. As of 2020, about 86% of vehicles along the Pennsylvania Turnpike use E-ZPass for payment of tolls.


title: E-ZPass

text: The earliest test of what was then known as AVI or Automatic Vehicle Identification was conducted by The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority and the Port Authority of NY and NJ. They tested AVI tags on Staten Island and utilized a paper voucher as a control which proved to be far less accurate than the tags. As a result of the test the two agencies agreed to convene a larger group of the regions toll authorities. Their initial idea was to develop independent systems that did not interfere with each other. Larry Yermack, TBTA CFO suggested that there be a regionally cooperative system using a single tag. That became the basis for regional cooperation The tolling agencies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—which constitute two-thirds of the United States' $3-billion-a-year toll industry met at an IBTTA meeting at the Sheraton Hotel to create a compatible electronic-tolling technology that could be used on the toll roads and bridges of the three states, in an effort to reduce congestion on some of the busiest roadways and toll plazas in the United States. In 1991, the Interagency Committee was created to develop ... and involved the participation and cooperation of seven independent toll agencies—the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the New Jersey Turnpike Authority, the New Jersey Highway Authority (which, at the time, operated the Garden State Parkway), the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (legally MTA Bridges and Tunnels), the New York State Thruway Authority, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, and the South Jersey Transportation Authority (operator of the Atlantic City Expressway). The E-ZPass trademark, however, belongs to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The Port Authority has been aggressive at protecting its trademark, including forcing the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority to rename the "EZ Pass" regional transit pass to "EZ transit pass" to protect its rights.


title: E-ZPass

text: The seven agencies started making plans to test two possible technologies for E-ZPass in 1992. The technologies would be installed along the Garden State Parkway and the New York State Thruway. E-ZPass was first deployed on the Thruway at the Spring Valley toll plaza on August 3, 1993. Over the following three and a half years, the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA) installed electronic toll-collection equipment, in stages, along the Thruway. By December 1996, it was implemented at all of the Thruway's fixed-toll barriers, and by March 1998, E-ZPass was installed at all of the Thruway's mainline exits.


title: E-ZPass

text: The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, which maintains all toll bridges and tunnels that begin and end in New York City, is the largest tolling agency by revenue in the United States ($1.9 billion in 2017). It began its E-ZPass implementation in 1995 and completed it at all nine of its toll facilities by January 1997. E-ZPass was popular among motorists who frequently used TBTA crossings, and by August 1996, nearly 2,000 motorists per day were signing up for E-ZPass. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which operates all bridges and tunnels between New York City and New Jersey, implemented E-ZPass at the George Washington Bridge in July 1997, and at the Holland Tunnel and Lincoln Tunnel in October 1997.


title: E-ZPass

text: The Pennsylvania Turnpike had planned to adopt E-ZPass by 1998; however, implementation of the system was postponed until December 2, 2000, when E-ZPass debuted on the turnpike between Harrisburg West and the Delaware River Bridge. By December 15, 2001, E-ZPass could be used on the entire length of the mainline Pennsylvania Turnpike. Commercial vehicles were allowed to use the system beginning on December 14, 2002, and the entire Turnpike system was taking E-ZPass by 2006.


title: E-ZPass

text: On October 6, 1998, a U.S. patent for an "automated toll collection system" was issued to Fred Slavin and Randy J. Schafer.


title: E-ZPass

text: Meanwhile, various other agencies began work on similar electronic toll collecting facilities. This resulted in the emergence of other networks: