title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Shortly before his death in 2002, he received the ACM PODC Influential Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the Dijkstra Prize the following year, in his honor.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Edsger W. Dijkstra was born in Rotterdam. His father was a chemist who was president of the Dutch Chemical Society; he taught chemistry at a secondary school and was later its superintendent. His mother was a mathematician, but never had a formal job.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra had considered a career in law and had hoped to represent the Netherlands in the United Nations. However, after graduating from school in 1948, at his parents' suggestion he studied mathematics and physics and then theoretical physics at the University of Leiden.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In the early 1950s, electronic computers were a novelty. Dijkstra stumbled on his career quite by accident, and through his supervisor, Professor , he met Adriaan van Wijngaarden, the director of the Computation Department at the Mathematical Center in Amsterdam, who offered Dijkstra a job; he officially became the Netherlands' first "programmer" in March 1952.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: For some time Dijkstra remained committed to physics, working on it in Leiden three days out of each week. With increasing exposure to computing, however, his focus began to shift. As he recalled:


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: When Dijkstra married Maria (Ria) C. Debets in 1957, he was required as a part of the marriage rites to state his profession. He stated that he was a programmer, which was unacceptable to the authorities, there being no such profession then in The Netherlands.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In 1959, he received his PhD from the University of Amsterdam for a thesis entitled 'Communication with an Automatic Computer', devoted to a description of the assembly language designed for the first commercial computer developed in the Netherlands, the Electrologica X1. His thesis supervisor was Van Wijngaarden.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: From 1952 until 1962, Dijkstra worked at the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam, where he worked closely with Bram Jan Loopstra and Carel S. Scholten, who had been hired to build a computer. Their mode of interaction was disciplined: They would first decide upon the interface between the hardware and the software, by writing a programming manual. Then the hardware designers would have to be faithful to their part of the contract, while Dijkstra, the programmer, would write software for the nonexistent machine. Two of the lessons he learned from this experience were the importance of clear documentation, and that program debugging can be largely avoided through careful design.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra formulated and solved the shortest path problem for a demonstration at the official inauguration of the ARMAC computer in 1956. Because of the absence of journals dedicated to automatic computing, he did not publish the result until 1959.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: At the Mathematical Center, Dijkstra and his colleague developed the first compiler for the programming language ALGOL 60 by August 1960, more than a year before a compiler was produced by another group.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In 1962, Dijkstra moved to Eindhoven, and later to Nuenen, in the south of the Netherlands, where he became a professor in the Mathematics Department at the Eindhoven University of Technology. The university did not have a separate computer science department and the culture of the mathematics department did not particularly suit him. Dijkstra tried to build a group of computer scientists who could collaborate on solving problems. This was an unusual model of research for the Mathematics Department. In the late 1960s he built the THE operating system (named for the university, then known as Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven), which has influenced the designs of subsequent operating systems through its use of software based paged virtual memory.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra joined Burroughs Corporation, a company known then for producing computers based on an innovative hardware architecture, as its research fellow in August 1973. His duties consisted of visiting some of the firm's research centers a few times a year and carrying on his own research, which he did in the smallest Burroughs research facility, namely, his study on the second floor of his house in Nuenen. In fact, Dijkstra was the only research fellow of Burroughs and worked for it from home, occasionally travelling to its branches in the United States. As a result, he reduced his appointment at the university to one day a week. That day, Tuesday, soon became known as the day of the famous 'Tuesday Afternoon Club', a seminar during which he discussed with his colleagues scientific articles, looking at all aspects: notation, organisation, presentation, language, content, etc. Shortly after he moved in 1984 to the University of Texas at Austin (USA), a new 'branch' of the Tuesday Afternoon Club emerged in Austin, Texas.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: The Burroughs years saw him at his most prolific in output of research articles. He wrote nearly 500 documents in the EWD series (described below), most of them technical reports, for private circulation within a select group.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra accepted the Schlumberger Centennial Chair in the Computer Science Department at the University of Texas at Austin in 1984.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra worked in Austin until his retirement in November 1999. To mark the occasion and to celebrate his forty-plus years of seminal contributions to computing science, the Department of Computer Sciences organized a symposium, which took place on his 70th birthday in May 2000.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra and his wife returned from Austin to his original house in Nuenen (Netherlands) where he found that he had only months to live. He said that he wanted to retire in Austin, Texas, but to die in the Netherlands. Dijkstra died on 6 August 2002 after a long struggle with cancer. He and his wife Maria (Ria) Debets were survived by their three children: Marcus, Femke, and the computer scientist Rutger M. Dijkstra.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Among his contributions to computer science are a "shortest path algorithm", known as "Dijkstra's algorithm"; the "Shunting yard algorithm"; the THE multiprogramming system, an important early example of structuring a system as a set of layers; the "Banker's algorithm"; and the semaphore construct for coordinating multiple processors and programs. Another concept due to Dijkstra in the field of distributed computing is that of self-stabilization – an alternative way to ensure the reliability of the system. Dijkstra's algorithm is used in SPF, Shortest Path First, which is used in the routing protocols OSPF and IS-IS.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In the world of computing science, Dijkstra is well known as a "character". In the preface of his book "A Discipline of Programming" (1976) he stated the following: "For the absence of a bibliography I offer neither explanation nor apology." In fact, most of his articles and books have no references at all. This approach to references was deplored by some researchers. But Dijkstra chose this way of working to preserve his self-reliance.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: As a university professor for much of his life, Dijkstra saw teaching not just as a required activity but as a serious research endeavour. His approach to teaching was unconventional. His lecturing style has been described as idiosyncratic. When lecturing, the long pauses between sentences have often been attributed to the fact that English is not Dijkstra's first language. However the pauses also served as a way for him to think on his feet and he was regarded as a quick and deep thinker while engaged in the act of lecturing. His courses for students in Austin had little to do with computer science but they dealt with the presentation of mathematical proofs. At the beginning of each semester he would take a photo of each of the students, in order to memorize their names. He never followed a textbook, with the possible exception of his own while it was under preparation. When lecturing, he would write proofs in chalk on a blackboard rather than using overhead foils. He invited the students to suggest ideas, which he then explored, or refused to explore because they violated some of his tenets. He assigned challenging homework problems, and would study his students' solutions thoroughly. He conducted his final examinations orally, over a whole week. Each student was examined in Dijkstra's office or home, and an exam lasted several hours.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra was also highly original in his way of assessing people's capacity for a job. When Vladimir Lifschitz came to Austin in 1990 for a job interview, Dijkstra gave him a puzzle. Vladimir solved it and has been working in Austin since then.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: He had no use for word processors, believing that one should be able to write a letter or article without rough drafts, rewriting, or any significant editing. He would work it all out in his head before putting pen to paper, and once mentioned that when he was a physics student he would solve his homework problems in his head while walking the streets of Leiden.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Most of Dijkstra's publications were written by him alone. He never had a secretary and took care of all his correspondence alone. When colleagues prepared a Festschrift for his sixtieth birthday, published by Springer-Verlag, he took the trouble to thank each of the 61 contributors separately, in a hand-written letter.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Throughout Dijkstra's career, his work was characterized by elegance and economy. A prolific writer (especially as an essayist), Dijkstra authored more than 1,300 papers, many written by hand in his precise script. They were essays and parables; fairy tales and warnings; comprehensive explanation and pedagogical pretext. Most were about mathematics and computer science; others were trip reports that are more revealing about their author than about the people and places visited. It was his habit to copy each paper and circulate it to a small group of colleagues who would copy and forward the papers to another limited group of scientists. His love affair with simplicity came at an early age and under his mother's guidance. He once said he had asked his mother whether trigonometry was a difficult topic. She replied that he must learn all the formulas and that further, if he required more than five lines to prove something, he was on the wrong track.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra was famous for his wit, eloquence, rudeness, abruptness and often cruelty to fellow professionals, and way with words, such as in his remark, "The question of whether Machines Can Think (…) is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim." His advice to a promising researcher, who asked how to select a topic for research, was the wise words: "Do only what only you can do". Dijkstra was also known for his vocal criticism and absence of social skills when interacting with colleagues. As an outspoken and critical visionary, he strongly opposed the teaching of BASIC.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In many of his more witty essays, Dijkstra described a fictional company of which he served as chairman. The company was called Mathematics, Inc., a company that he imagined having commercialized the production of mathematical theorems in the same way that software companies had commercialized the production of computer programs. He invented a number of activities and challenges of Mathematics Inc. and documented them in several papers in the EWD series. The imaginary company had produced a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis but then had great difficulties collecting royalties from mathematicians who had proved results assuming the Riemann Hypothesis. The proof itself was a trade secret. Many of the company's proofs were rushed out the door and then much of the company's effort had to be spent on maintenance. A more successful effort was the Standard Proof for Pythagoras' Theorem, that replaced the more than 100 incompatible existing proofs. Dijkstra described Mathematics Inc. as "the most exciting and most miserable business ever conceived". EWD 443 (1974) describes his fictional company as having over 75 percent of the world's market share.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In "The Humble Programmer" (1972), Dijkstra wrote: "We must not forget that it is not our [computing scientists'] business to make programs, it is our business to design classes of computations that will display a desired behaviour."


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra also opposed the inclusion of software engineering under the umbrella of academic computer science. He wrote that, "As economics is known as "The Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory." And "software engineering has accepted as its charter 'How to program if you cannot.'"


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra was well known for his habit of carefully composing manuscripts with his fountain pen. The manuscripts are called EWDs, since Dijkstra numbered them with "EWD", his initials, as a prefix. According to Dijkstra himself, the EWDs started when he moved from the Mathematical Centre in Amsterdam to the Eindhoven University of Technology (then Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven). After going to Eindhoven, Dijkstra experienced a writer's block for more than a year. He distributed photocopies of a new EWD among his colleagues. Many recipients photocopied and forwarded their copies, so the EWDs spread throughout the international computer science community. The topics were computer science and mathematics, and included trip reports, letters, and speeches. These short articles span a period of 40 years. Almost all EWDs appearing after 1972 were hand-written. They are rarely longer than 15 pages and are consecutively numbered. The last one, No. 1318, is from 14 April 2002. Within computer science they are known as the EWD reports, or, simply the EWDs. More than 1300 EWDs have been scanned, with a growing number transcribed to facilitate search, and are available online at the Dijkstra archive of the University of Texas.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra led a modest lifestyle, to the point of being spartan. His and his wife's house in Nuenen was simple, small and unassuming. He did not own a television, a video player, or a mobile telephone, and did not go to the movies. He played the piano, and, while in Austin, liked to go to concerts. An enthusiastic listener of classical music, Dijkstra's favorite composer was Mozart.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Dijkstra died on 6 August 2002. According to officials at the University of Texas, the cause of death was cancer.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In 1969, the British Computer Society (BCS) received approval for an award and fellowship, Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS), to be awarded under bylaw 7 of their royal charter. In 1971, the first election was made, to Dijkstra.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In 1990, on occasion of Dijkstra's 60th birthday, the Department of Computer Science (UTCS) at the University of Texas at Austin organized a two-day seminar in his honor. Speakers came from all over the United States and Europe, and a group of computer scientists contributed research articles which were edited into a book.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: In 2002, the C&C Foundation of Japan recognized Dijkstra "for his pioneering contributions to the establishment of the scientific basis for computer software through creative research in basic software theory, algorithm theory, structured programming, and semaphores." Dijkstra was alive to receive notice of the award, but it was accepted by his family in an award ceremony after his death.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: Shortly before his death in 2002, Dijkstra received the ACM PODC Influential-Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the Dijkstra Prize (Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing) the following year, in his honor.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: The Dijkstra Award for Outstanding Academic Achievement in Computer Science (Loyola University Chicago, Department of Computer Science) is named for Edsger W. Dijkstra. Beginning in 2005, this award recognizes the top academic performance by a graduating computer science major. Selection is based on GPA in all major courses and election by department faculty.


title: Edsger W. Dijkstra

text: The Department of Computer Science (UTCS) at the University of Texas at Austin hosted the inaugural Edsger W. Dijkstra Memorial Lecture on 12 October 2010. Tony Hoare, Emeritus Professor at Oxford and Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research, was the speaker for the event. This lecture series was made possible by a generous grant from Schlumberger to honor the memory of Dijkstra.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Russell "Stringer" Bell is a fictional character in "The Wire", played by Idris Elba. He is a secondary antagonist for season 1 and 2, later being the main antagonist for season 3. In the criminal world of early 2000s Baltimore, Bell serves as drug kingpin Avon Barksdale's second-in-command and assumes direct control of the Barksdale Organization during Avon's imprisonment. Bell is an extremely intelligent man and a natural leader, but shuns the flamboyance of the likes of Avon for ruthless pragmatism and terse professionalism.


title: Stringer Bell

text: He attends macroeconomics classes at Baltimore City Community College and maintains a personal library, including a copy of Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations". He attempts to legitimize the Barksdale Organization and insulates himself from direct criminality through money laundering and investments in housing development, aided through his buying of influence from politicians.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer Bell grew up in the West Baltimore housing projects with his childhood friends Avon Barksdale and Wee-Bey Brice.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer is first seen attending the trial of Avon's nephew and lieutenant, D'Angelo Barksdale, for the murder of rival drug dealer "Pooh" Blanchard. To ensure D'Angelo's acquittal, Stringer has enforcers Roland "Wee-Bey" Brice, Anton "Stinkum" Artis, and Savino Bratton intimidate and bribe witnesses over the course of the trial. When D'Angelo is released, Avon has Stringer demote D'Angelo from the Barksdale towers to the low-rise projects known as "the pit".


title: Stringer Bell

text: Elsewhere, Stringer deals with Omar Little's crew after they steal some of Barksdale's stash from the pit. Stringer instructs D'Angelo to check his organization for an informant who may have given Omar information. Avon has Stringer assist Stinkum in taking over new territory for the organization.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer takes Stinkum to survey his new territory, with some additional muscle in the form of Wee-Bey and Marquis "Bird" Hilton. While there, Stringer receives word from D'Angelo that two of his crew, Wallace and Poot Carr, have spotted Omar's boyfriend Brandon Wright at an arcade. Stringer and his crew abduct Brandon and torture him to death while trying to discover Omar's whereabouts.


title: Stringer Bell

text: After Omar kills Stinkum and wounds Wee-Bey, Stringer tries to persuade Avon to offer a truce to Omar and kill him when he lets his guard down. Avon initially brushes Stringer's suggestion aside but accepts this advice after Omar nearly kills him. Stringer also persuades Avon to give up his pager, making Stringer a buffer between Avon and the rest of the operation.


title: Stringer Bell

text: As Avon increasingly suspects that he is being watched by police, Stringer takes precautions to smoke out informants and counter wiretaps. He instructs D'Angelo to withhold pay from his subordinates for several weeks on the grounds that those who don't soon ask for money are likely to be the ones being paid as informants. However, this plan reveals no informants. To foil wiretaps, Stringer insists on phone discipline, telling D'Angelo's crew to remove nearby payphones and walk longer distances to other phones instead.


title: Stringer Bell

text: When it's time for Avon to clean house, Stringer orders the murder of Wallace, who played a part in Brandon’s abduction and was disconcerted by the sight of his mutilated body. Stringer tries to find out about Wallace's whereabouts from D'Angelo, who realizes his friend is in danger and only tells Stringer that Wallace left the business. Stringer turns to Bodie Broadus, D'Angelo's second-in-command, and learns that Wallace has returned to working for D'Angelo. Stringer asks Bodie to kill Wallace while also having Nakeesha Lyles, a witness he had bribed in D'Angelo's trial, murdered by a member of the organization.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer assumes command of the Barksdale crew when Avon is arrested at the end of season 1; Stringer is not arrested due to a lack of evidence or wiretap information mentioning Stringer. D'Angelo is also arrested and blames Stringer when he learns of Wallace's death, driving a wedge between the two. Stringer rewards Bodie's loyalty by promoting him to run their operation at the Franklin Terrace projects.


title: Stringer Bell

text: In season 2, Stringer faces a serious problem when the Barksdales' usual supplier, a Dominican named Roberto, becomes the focus of a DEA investigation. The New York-based Dominican syndicate ends its partnership with the Barksdales, suspecting Avon of informing on them in exchange for a lighter prison sentence. Avon finds alternatives through Philadelphia and Atlanta connections, but the heroin they supply is far less potent and more expensive.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Compounding this problem, all of Avon's hitmen have either been killed or arrested. At the same time, Proposition Joe introduces a purer, more effective heroin line through his connection with The Greek, leading many drug users to migrate to his territory. With the Barksdales' operation threatened, Stringer grows desperate.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer becomes concerned with D'Angelo's increasingly hostile attitude towards his uncle, fearful that he may turn against the Barksdales. Stringer secretly becomes involved with D'Angelo's girlfriend, Donette, using the relationship to keep an eye on D'Angelo. When D'Angelo cuts himself off from the rest of his family, Stringer secretly arranges with a connection in Washington, DC to have him killed. Stringer's connection has his cousin, who is in the same prison, strangle D'Angelo and stage the death as a suicide. Stringer stresses the need to keep Avon from knowing about Stringer's role in D'Angelo's murder.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Looking to solve the Barksdales’ struggling drug trade, Stringer decides to go behind Avon's back and secretly agrees to share Barksdale territory with Proposition Joe in exchange for Joe's higher-quality heroin, an idea Avon vehemently opposed. When Avon hires the legendary New York enforcer Brother Mouzone to chase rival drug dealers out of the Barksdale towers, Stringer maneuvers carefully to preserve his alliance with Joe behind Avon's back.


title: Stringer Bell

text: He manages to do so by tricking Omar into shooting Mouzone by blaming him for Brandon's death. The plan fails after Omar shoots Mouzone, but calls the paramedics after realizing he's been lied to by Stringer. With Mouzone returning to New York to recover, Avon grudgingly agrees to Joe's proposal.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer uses more business-like strategies as he continues running the Barksdale empire. He obtains legitimate business fronts for the Barksdales, forms the New Day Co-Op with Proposition Joe and other rival dealers, and runs meetings with his underlings according to Robert's Rules of Order. Stringer is also shown to have made several donations to local business leaders and politicians, including the corrupt State Senator Clay Davis, to facilitate development of a condominium complex.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Along with Joe, Stringer effectively runs the drug supply in Baltimore. The two realize that the associated murders, not the drug trade itself, are what bring on serious police investigations. Consequently they strive to minimize violence among their crews and the other Co-Op dealers.


title: Stringer Bell

text: The resulting lack of murders forces Cedric Daniels' Major Crimes Unit to turn its attention elsewhere, namely to a more reckless Jamaican dealer named Kintell "Prince K" Williamson. Most of the unit understands the decision, but Jimmy McNulty angrily objects, pointing out that Stringer is clearly a more prolific trafficker than their new target. This brings McNulty into conflict with Lester Freamon, with Kima Greggs caught in the middle, and Roland Pryzbylewski and Leander Sydnor disenchanted with the less interesting Williamson. As a result, the Major Crimes Unit, previously the most effective unit in the Baltimore Police Department, is temporarily compromised, and Stringer is able to operate without interference for a time.


title: Stringer Bell

text: When Avon is released from prison, he is uninterested in Stringer's efforts to reform the Barksdales. While Stringer wants to invest the organization's profits in legitimate business investments, Avon is more concerned with an imminent war against Marlo Stanfield. As Avon's war against Marlo begins to draw more police attention, Joe and other Co-Op members threaten to cut Stringer off from the Greek's heroin supply if he can't stop the violence.


title: Stringer Bell

text: In Stringer's view, this would make any victory over Marlo worthless, as street corners generate no money without drugs to sell on them. When Stringer asserts his opposition to Avon's war against Marlo, Avon accuses him of lacking the masculinity necessary for their business. Stringer angrily rebuts by revealing that he had ordered D'Angelo's death. Stringer's relationship with Avon is irreparably damaged by this revelation.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer's inroads into real estate are hamstrung by the nuances of a legitimate business world that he doesn't fully understand, with his condominium project repeatedly delayed by bureaucratic obstacles. Worse, Stringer bribes Davis to connect his organization with federal housing grants, only to learn that Davis had fabricated his federal contact and pocketed the money. Enraged, Stringer tells Slim Charles to assassinate Davis, an order Avon immediately rescinds.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer's luck takes a turn for the worse when Williamson joins the New Day Co-Op and McNulty manages to get the MCU to shift focus back to the Barksdales. Freamon and Prez slowly gather conspiracy evidence against Stringer and his lieutenants, and eventually catch Stringer making an incriminating phone call using one of his many SIM cards. This finally gives MCU enough evidence to make a move against Stringer.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer plans to stabilize control of the Barksdales by sending Avon back to prison for parole violations. In making those plans he betrays the location of the Barksdale weapons cache to Major Howard "Bunny" Colvin. Stringer is simultaneously betrayed by Avon, when Mouzone confronts him about Stringer's plot to engineer a conflict between himself and Omar. In an effort to avoid a war with Mouzone and his New York associates, Avon reluctantly tells him Stringer's whereabouts.


title: Stringer Bell

text: The next day, Omar and Mouzone track Stringer to his development site, kill his bodyguard, and hunt him down and corner him as he tries to escape. Stringer at first tries desperately bargaining for his life, but when Omar reveals that he and Mouzone are after him for personal reasons, and that Avon has betrayed him, he sombrely resigns to his fate and is shot to death by Omar and Mouzone.


title: Stringer Bell

text: With Stringer dead and Avon imprisoned, the Barksdale Organization crumbles. Slim Charles becomes the "de facto" leader of what remains of the crew, which he merges with Proposition Joe's drug operations. Marlo becomes the new power in West Baltimore by default. McNulty and the police search Stringer's apartment and find it extremely clean, stylishly furnished, and tastefully decorated, far from their expectations of a drug kingpin. Stringer's bookshelf includes a copy of "The Wealth of Nations".


title: Stringer Bell

text: McNulty expresses regret that he could not arrest his archrival before he died, and displays an odd admiration for Stringer's lofty dreams and a grudging respect for his talent as a drug kingpin. In essence, McNulty feels purposeless without his adversary, and it is this sense of aimlessness that leads him to transfer to patrol in the Western District and straighten his life out.


title: Stringer Bell

text: In the season 5 episode "Late Editions", Clay Davis, while describing to Lester Freamon how drug money is routed from the kingpins to state and city politicians through their lawyers, mentions how he conned a fellow named "Bell" into giving him a great deal of money, because Davis had convinced him that he would be able to use his connections to push his development forward quickly. As Davis laughs about how he conned Stringer, Freamon's eyes light up in recognition.


title: Stringer Bell

text: Stringer Bell's name is a composite of real Baltimore drug lords Stringer Reed and Roland Bell. His story bears many similarities to the life of Kenneth A. Jackson, including his crossover from the illegal drug trade to legitimate business ownership and political contributions.


title: Stringer Bell

text: In 2019, political writer Adam Serwer apparently coined the term "The Stringer Bell Rule" for the adage "don't keep notes on a criminal conspiracy", though Bell's line "[...] is you taking notes on a criminal fucking conspiracy?" from the Season 3 episode Straight and True was cited as early as 2017 to express incredulity at the Trump team's documented interactions with Russia during his 2016 election campaign, and in 2013 as advice for J P Morgan after a spreadsheet listing alleged improprieties was found during a criminal investigation.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: Alyssa Elaine Miller (born July 4, 1989) is an American model. She has done print and runway work for numerous leading companies. Among her highlights are cover appearances for "Vogue" (Germany) and "Elle" (Italy), work as a featured modelspokesperson for Guess, and appearances in the "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue".


title: Alyssa Miller

text: Miller was born in Los Angeles, California, to father Craig Miller. She has several siblings. Her ancestry includes German, Austrian, English, Irish, Scottish and Welsh. She grew up in Palmdale, Los Angeles County.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: Miller is known for her dark brown hair, full eyebrows and bone structure. She is considered to have a very European look. Guess founder Paul Marciano said, "Alyssa is the most European-looking American girl I've ever seen!" When she had her breakthrough with Guess, she drew comparisons to Sophia Loren and Brooke Shields and was regarded as something of a throwback.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: In 2003, her father sent test photos to a Los Angeles office of IMG Models. By 2005 she was an up-and-coming model with the Marilyn NY agency. She did a 2005 fall campaign for Stella McCartney at the age of 16. By February 2006, she had been featured in each of the major editions of "Vogue", including the cover of a "Vogue Italia" supplement. Following cover appearances for the October 2006 German "Vogue" and the July 2010 Italian "Elle" (she also later appeared on the October 2012 cover), she became one of the new faces of Guess clothing in late 2010. Miller has also done work for Victoria's Secret. Other ad work has included Bebe, Billabong, Chopard, Diesel, Elie Tahari, Intimissimi, Juicy Couture, La Perla and Laura Biagiotti.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: She signed with Elite Model Management in 2011. She made her "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issue debut in 2011 when she was one of five rookies (along with Shannan Click, Kenza Fourati, Izabel Goulart, and fellow Guess model Kate Upton) in the issue. According to a story in "The Wall Street Journal" she had previously thought that if she ever appeared in "Sports Illustrated" it would be for soccer, since given her athletic background she had envisioned herself as a professional soccer player. She also appeared in the body painting feature in the 2011 Swimsuit Issue where Joanne Gair painted her and Stewart Shining photographed her in New York City. 2013 was her third Swimsuit Issue. In both 2011 and 2013, Miller participated in the annual Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition of David Letterman's Top 10 on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on the night that the Swimsuit Issue cover model was announced.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: In 2012 she became the muse of Blumarine Bellissima fragrance. Miller is a former victim of bullying, and she became an advocate against bullying and cyberbullying on May 1, 2013, along with Super Bowl XLVII champion Jameel McClain, by becoming a global ambassador for STOMP Out Bullying. In 2013, Miller signed with IMG soon after a first public appearance with Jake Gyllenhaal. She was featured in the 80th anniversary issue of "Esquire" as one of the 80 things that define our time. In December 2013, she appeared on the cover and in the 2014 Calendar Girl Issue of the fashion magazine "Galore". Her images were augmented by the artwork of Claw Money who affixed his graphic cartoon paws to both black-and-white and color photographs of her as if they were gripping her while she was modelling.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: In July 2014 Miller, together with fashion publicist Robyn Berkley, launched a meditation-wear collection for Berkley's line, Live the Process, with a percentage of sales to the David Lynch Foundation. Miller made a cameo appearance in the 2015 film "Entourage". In August 2017, Miller designed a collaboration with Understated Leather. In April 2018, Miller launched her own line of leather handbags, luggages, and travel accessories called Pilgrim.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: Miller's fitness regimen includes ballet and running; she practices Transcendental Meditation. She has taken both acting and improvisation classes. She briefly dated actor Jake Gyllenhaal in 2013.


title: Alyssa Miller

text: Miller married musician Cam Avery in April 2018. On November 29, 2018 Miller confirmed via her Instagram account she and Avery had separated. From late 2021 to early 2022 she was romantically linked to Andrew Garfield.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Ángel Martín Correa (; born 9 March 1995) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and winger for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the Argentina national team.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Correa began his professional career at the age of 18 with Argentine club San Lorenzo, winning the Torneo Inicial in 2013 and the Copa Libertadores in 2014. In 2015, he signed with Atlético Madrid of La Liga.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Correa captained the Argentina under-20 team to victory at the 2015 South American U-20 Championship, where he was named the player of the tournament. Since 2015, he has been a regular selection for the Argentina senior squad, and represented the side at the 2021 Copa América.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, Correa joined San Lorenzo's youth setup in 2007, aged 12, after a trial period. In the summer of 2012, he was due to join Portuguese club Benfica on a free transfer, but the deal later collapsed.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Correa signed a four-year professional deal with the "Ciclón" on 23 September 2012, and was promoted to the first-team in January 2013. On 31 March he played his first match as a professional, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0–1 loss at Newell's Old Boys.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 11 May, Correa scored his first professional goal, netting the last of a 3–0 home success against Boca Juniors. He finished the campaign with 13 appearances (eight starts, 747 minutes of action), scoring four goals.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 27 May 2014, after scoring six goals in 2013–14, Correa had agreed a deal with La Liga holders Atlético Madrid for a reported fee of €7.5 million. He signed a five-year contract with the Madrid side, joining the club after the 2014 Copa Libertadores.


title: Ángel Correa

text: In June 2014, however, Correa was sidelined for six months due to a heart tumour. After undergoing surgery on 18 June in New York, he started a light training in August, and officially joined the club on 13 December.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 22 August 2015, Correa finally made his "Atleti" debut, replacing Óliver Torres in a 1–0 home league match win against Las Palmas. He scored his first goal for the club on 19 September, netting the first in a 2–0 away win against Eibar; he also assisted Fernando Torres in the second goal.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 6 November 2019, Correa marked his 200th appearance for Atlético, starting in a 1–2 away loss against Bayer Leverkusen. On 10 August, Atlético announced that Correa and teammate Šime Vrsaljko were both positive for COVID-19, ruling them out of the team's quarter-final fixture against RB Leipzig.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 22 May 2021, Correa scored in Atlético's 2–1 win over Real Valladolid on the final day of the 2020–21 La Liga season to win the league title for the first time since 2014.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Correa started his 2021–22 La Liga season on the right foot, as he scored in consecutive matches against Celta Vigo and Elche to hand Atlético back-to-back wins.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 6 January 2015, Humberto Grondona, Under-20 Argentina Selection Technical Director, submitted a list of 32 Argentine players including Correa, invited to train to make the final roster for the South American Under-20s Championship. After four days of training Grondona announced the final 23-man roster that featured Correa as the captain of the Under-20 Argentine side.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 14 January, Correa made his debut for Argentina U20 national football team against Ecuador in the first game of the group stage. He scored a goal and twice assisted to Giovanni Simeone for a 5–2 win.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 18 January, Correa scored a goal during a 6–2 win against Peru, helping Argentina advance out of the group stage.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 26 January, Argentina once again facing Peru in the playoff elimination stage of the tournament, Correa scored again during this matchup, helping Argentina advance to the final with a 2–0 win.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 7 February, Argentina played against tournament host Uruguay in the U-20 South America Cup final. Throughout the game was a stalemate at 1–1, until Correa scored at the 81st minute to put Argentina up for 2–1 win for the U-20 South America Championship, and Correa earning honors for the Best Player of the Tournament.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 13 May 2015, Humberto Grondona confirmed the list of 21 football players including Correa to represent Argentina in the U-20 World Cup hosted by New Zealand. On 25 May, in the team's second last friendly before the U-20 World Cup competition, Correa scored a header from a corner set for a 3–1 loss against Tahiti.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 30 May, during Argentina's opening match for the U-20 World Cup group stage against Panama, Correa scored both goals for Argentina for a 2–2 draw. Argentina only earned two points in the group stage meaning they failed to advance into the knockout round.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 4 September 2015, Correa made his full squad debut, coming on as a late substitute for Ezequiel Lavezzi in a friendly match against Bolivia, which ended in 7-0 victory. He scored the last goal of the match.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Correa was a member of the 2021 Copa América winning side, appearing twice in group stage matches against Bolivia and Paraguay.


title: Ángel Correa

text: On 17 November 2022, he received a late call up to the 2022 FIFA World Cup squad, as an emergency replacement for the injured Nicolás González.


title: Ángel Correa

text: Correa has been compared to compatriot Sergio Agüero, due to his similar height. However, his playing style is more similar to Carlos Tevez, in a more attacking positional role. He holds good skill, pace and low centre of gravity, aside from a good technique and first touch.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason Lee Scott is a fictional character and the main protagonist in the "Power Rangers" franchise, played by actor Austin St. John. Jason is known as the original Red Ranger from the first entry of the franchise, "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", as well as the leader of the first team of Power Rangers. He later becomes the Gold Ranger in "Power Rangers Zeo".


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: According to a contest held by ABC Family in 2004, Jason was voted as the #1 Ranger of all time. Out of all Rangers, he has defeated more enemies by himself than any other Ranger and is the only one to beat Tommy Oliver in a fight. A subsequent contest on Toon Disney in 2007 also voted him as the most popular Power Ranger. As stated at the first Power Morphicon, Jason still holds this title.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason is a martial artist from the fictional town of Angel Grove, California. At the beginning of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", he and his closest friends Zack Taylor, Billy Cranston, Trini Kwan and Kimberly Hart are selected by Zordon and Alpha 5 as the five "teenagers with attitude" to become the original Power Rangers and defend Earth from the forces of the evil Rita Repulsa. When Zordon first confronts the teens to give them their powers, Jason is the only one who initially believes him. Jason becomes the Red Power Ranger and is given the Dinozord Power Coin of the Tyrannosaurus, obtains the Tyrannosaurus Dinozord (a colossal assault vehicle) and is made the team leader. He leads the Rangers into many battles against Rita's monsters, establishing a rivalry with Rita's number one henchman Goldar.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: At first glance, Jason appears to be the stereotypical jock type, primarily interested in sports—particularly martial arts. Beneath the surface, however, he is big-hearted, kind, outgoing, friendly and always willing to help someone out when it is needed—such as when he takes Billy under his wing and teaches him martial arts to boost his confidence and teach him self-defense. Aside from martial arts, Jason is an accomplished athlete, weight trainer and certified scuba diving instructor.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: When Tommy Oliver comes in, he becomes competitive rivals with Jason, matching him in a martial arts competition. Rita then manipulates Tommy, turning him into the evil Green Ranger and sends him into battle. He later captures Jason, steals his Power Morpher and imprisons him in Rita's Dark Dimension where he would have to fight Goldar to retrieve his Morpher. The Green Ranger eventually arrives at the scene with orders to destroy Jason, but Billy, Trini and Alpha manage to repair the damage Tommy did to the Command Center, in time to find Jason and retrieve him seconds before Tommy kills him. Later, Jason squares off with Tommy on Earth and ultimately defeats him in combat when he hurls his energized Power Sword at the Green Ranger, disarming him and then uses his Blade Blaster to destroy the Sword of Darkness that Rita had given to Tommy, due to the sword's ability to maintain her evil spell on him. Jason then convinces Tommy to join the team and use his powers against Rita.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Later, Rita crafts a Green Candle out of special wax that had been enchanted with Tommy's touch when he was evil. Once lit, the candle continues to burn until it is gone and when it is, so too would Tommy's powers. Because Tommy's proximity to the candle accelerates the candle's melting process, Tommy is captured and placed close to it by Goldar. However, he eventually escapes and Jason is left to retrieve the candle. Jason does well in his fight with Goldar but gets recalled into the battle with Rita's Cyclops monster to save Angel Grove.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Following the failure of destroying the Green Candle, Tommy entrusts Jason with his Power Coin to prevent it from falling into Rita's hands again, allowing him access to the Green Ranger's powers (including the Dragon Shield and the Dragon Dagger, which also allows him to call the Dragonzord to aid the Rangers, even while Jason controls the Megazord, making him twice as powerful).


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: One of Jason's most cunning moments is the gambit he plays against Goldar, who kidnaps the parents of Angel Grove High's students, then ransoms them for the Ranger's five Power Coins. Jason would later reveal that though he gave up his Tyrannosaurus Power Coin to Goldar, he kept the Dragon Power Coin. With it, Tommy eventually regains his Green Ranger powers, retrieves the other Ranger's Power Coins and helps the team save their captive parents.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: When Lord Zedd arrives and overruns Rita, he sends his new brand of Putty Patrollers to Earth. The Putties possess superior strength to Rita's Putties, but it is Jason who discovers their weak spot. To compete with their new enemy's more powerful monsters, the Dinozords are upgraded into the mythical Thunderzords; Jason's Dinozord becomes the Red Dragon Thunderzord, which can transform into a humanoid form. As with the Tyrannosaurus, the Red Dragon can defeat a monster on its own, separate from the Megazord formation.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Eventually, Tommy loses his Green Ranger powers again, and Jason suffers from immense guilt because of it. Choosing to capitalize on Jason's vulnerability, Zedd creates candles for Zack, Billy, Trini and Kimberly that would remove their links to the Morphing Grid, just as Rita did to Tommy. Jason, with the help of Zordon's confidence in him, manages to save his friends and prevent them from losing their powers. Following the victory, Jason wins a martial arts trophy and dedicates it to Tommy, who soon after returns as the White Ranger and is named the new leader of the team by Zordon. Tommy's comeback relieves Jason's guilt towards him and accepting him as his successor as the team's leader and becoming the new second-in-command. Tommy still heavily relied on Jason due to his experience, as shown where he asks for Jason's help because he is struggling to defeat Nimrod the Scarlett Sentinel, Jason then comes to Tommy's aid and together with the other Rangers they beat the Nimrod.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Some time later, Jason, Trini and Zack are chosen to act as ambassadors at a Peace Conference in Switzerland (after the actors playing the characters left the show over contract disputes, the characters simply being shown in their Ranger uniforms, using old footage, or with doubles who were never directly facing the cameras, until the transfer could be incorporated into the plot of the show), and are forced to leave the team. Zordon chooses Rocky DeSantos to replace Jason as the Red Ranger.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason returns in "Power Rangers Zeo", taking over the powers of the Gold Zeo Ranger from Trey of Triforia when Trey went injured in a fight with Varox bounty hunters and required someone else to hold his powers until he could heal. Upon his return to the team, he is also made second-in-command. His return is greatly welcomed by his old friends Tommy and Billy. Jason also quickly makes new friends out of the newer Rangers Adam Park, Katherine Hillard and Tanya Sloan. However, Rocky soon becomes disturbed by his teammates' love for Jason, as he feels he is being replaced by the Ranger he previously replaced. After risking his life to prove himself to be worthy despite Jason's popularity, Rocky eventually accepts Jason as a friend. Rocky also adopts the same jovial relationship with Jason that he has with everyone else. When Tommy gets kidnapped by Prince Gasket, Jason steps up as the leader of the team once again until they were able to save Tommy and bring him back. Jason is also chosen by Tanya to become the guardian of Auric the Conqueror for a time. During "Zeo", Tommy shows a deep dependence on Jason's advice when it comes to leadership decisions. He also dates a local waitress, Emily (Lesley Pedersen).


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason returns the Gold Ranger powers to Trey in the final episode of "Zeo" when he finds out that he cannot handle it much longer, as they are draining away - along with his life force - due to the Gold Ranger powers not being intended for human physiology. However, there are no apparent long-term effects, and Jason appears perfectly healthy after he transfers it back to Trey. Retired from superheroics once more, Jason then happily focuses on his relationship with Emily.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason and Kimberly both return in "". The film throughout suggests they may be romantically linked, having gotten together sometime after Jason's turn as the Gold Ranger. They are first seen scuba diving together, but are then kidnapped by the villainess Divatox and are briefly brainwashed to fight against the Turbo Rangers. It appears that the evil influence enhanced his own emotional aspects, as at one point he taunts Tommy with "Now I'm the one with the muscles and the power!". After being restored to normal by Lerigot, he once again fades into the background, with Jason's appearance in the film being replacing the injured Rocky in a martial arts tournament and ultimately winning the match, alongside Tommy and Adam. At the end of the match, Jason can be seen celebrating and holding hands with Kimberly. In the credits- Jason and Kimberly can be seen hugging.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason returns in "Power Rangers Wild Force", in the special episode "Forever Red", which celebrated the tenth anniversary of "Power Rangers". In this special, he utilizes his original Red Ranger powers and joins nine other Red Rangers (which includes Tommy, but not Rocky, as Jason is the Mighty Morphin Red Ranger of the episode) to defeat the remnants of the Machine Empire, a force of villains that Jason had previously battled as the Gold Ranger. After the events of "Forever Red," Jason returns to living a normal life, though he presumably still retains his Red Ranger powers.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason and the other Mighty Morphin Power Rangers return as part of the army of Legendary Rangers led by Tommy that helped the Mega Rangers defeat the Armada once and for all, fighting in a huge battle against hundreds of XBorgs and dozens of Bruisers. However, Austin St. John did not return and Jason only appears morphed, as do the other Mighty Morphin rangers besides Tommy.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason returns in Season 2 of "Power Rangers Beast Morphers", in the special episode "Grid Connection".


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: When Jason's old foe Goldar is reanimated by Evox/Venjix as Goldar Maximus and dispatched to the dimension of the Dino Charge Power Rangers to gather energems, Jason is summoned by Grid Battleforce Red Ranger Devon to help him save the Dino Charge Rangers as well as members of Devon's own team. It is revealed that Jason's Tyrannosaurus Power Coin has laid dormant within a meteorite for an undisclosed amount of time. Devon hands the coin back to Jason. Jason eventually summons the rest of his Mighty Morphin team and the Dino Thunder Power Rangers to assist him against the army led by Goldar Maximus.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason appears as the main protagonist (arguably alongside Kimberly and Billy) in the 2017 reboot film, played by Australian actor Dacre Montgomery. A former high school football star, Jason ruins his potential career when he pulls a prank by bringing a bull into the school's changing room, leaving him sentenced to weekend detentions until the end of the year. He also gains a knee injury for his right leg when he flips his truck during an escape attempt on that fateful night. After he protects Billy Cranston from a bully during the detention, Billy helps Jason shut down his house arrest ankle monitor in return for driving Billy out to the old mines where Billy used to go with his father, resulting in them discovering the Power Coins at the same time as Kimberly, Trini and Zack are in the area. When they experience sudden bursts of strength and speed, (along with having Jason's knee heal overnight), the five return to the place where they found the coins and discover Zordon and Alpha 5 in the spaceship buried underground. Although skeptical at the story presented by Zordon, Jason soon accepts his role as leader and works to rally the team, even daring to confront Rita Repulsa when they have yet to master their powers. This attack on Rita results in Billy's death, but the sight of the team coming together prompts Zordon to selflessly sacrifice a chance to return to life and instead resurrect Billy, allowing the new Rangers to battle Rita after Zordon's team failed. He even wields a sword that once belonged to Zordon, and saves his dad's life without revealing his identity. Jason and Kimberly are hinted to romantically interested in each other in this adaptation with a deleted scene of a kiss between them confirming this.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason also appears in the "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" comic from Boom Studios. This version of Jason is shown to have romantic interest in Trini Kwan (Yellow Ranger) and briefly Lauren Shiba (second Red Samurai Ranger).


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: Jason also has a parallel universe doppelgänger, who not only has the Red Ranger powers but also the White Ranger's. This Jason was an archenemy of Lord Drakkon, who is an evil parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Oliver. Lord Drakkon ultimately killed his world's Jason and takes his enemy's White Ranger powers and Red Ranger helmet as trophies, and eliminates their world's Power Rangers.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: When Lord Drakkon mounted a mass attack on every Ranger team in history, Jason eventually found himself acting as leader of the forces arrayed against Drakkon, using the Dragon Shield and the Dragonzord as he issued commands to the Rangers from the future. In the process, he also formed a relationship with Lauren Shiba, the surviving Red Ranger of the Samurai Rangers, but the conclusion of this storyline erased Drakkon's attack from history, with the result that Jason and Lauren's relationship was also erased.


title: Jason Lee Scott

text: While Kimberly Hart is the main character in this comic book miniseries "MMPR: Pink", published by Boom! Studios, Jason is mentioned numerous times. The series is a modern remake but also serves as an effective continuation from Kimberly's exit in the third season of the original show. Kimberly needs to rescue a French town under siege from Goldar and she seeks help from Zordon. He temporarily makes Kimberly the pink Power Ranger again by using the Sword of Light to activate the latent pink energy within her. Kimberly asks Zordon if she can be taken to Jason, Zack and Trini but is told Jason has a mission of his own which explains his absence from this series. Instead, the role of the Red Ranger is filled by a new character named Britt who becomes the first female red Mighty Morphin Power Ranger. It is suggested at the end of the comic that Jason is the "other guy" in the infamous "Dear John" letter than Kimberly wrote to Tommy.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Roy R. Haylock (born June 27, 1975), better known by the stage name Bianca Del Rio, is an American drag queen, comedian, actor, and costume designer. She is known for winning the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Since her time on "Drag Race", Del Rio has written and toured several stand-up shows, including "It's Jester Joke" (2019), which also made her the first drag queen to headline at Wembley Arena. She has also performed as a host for various international tours, most notably Werq the World. In 2018, she published her first book, "Blame It On Bianca Del Rio: The Expert On Nothing With An Opinion On Everything".


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Haylock grew up in Gretna, Louisiana. He is of Cuban descent on his mother's side and Honduran descent on his father's side. He is the fourth of five children. He started acting and designing costumes for plays at West Jefferson High School. After high school, he decided to move to New York City, where he worked at Bloomingdale's for nine months before returning to Louisiana.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Haylock has primarily worked as a costume designer. In 1993, he won a Big Easy Entertainment Award for Best Costume Design for "Snow Queen" at the age of 17. He has been nominated for 13 Big Easy Entertainment Awards for costume design, winning six. Haylock has also made costumes for New Orleans Opera.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: In New Orleans, Haylock started performing as a drag artist in 1996 in the play "Pageant". The local drag queen Lisa Beaumann saw him in the play and later cast him in shows at the nightclub Oz. Haylock won the New Orleans Gay Entertainer of the Year for three years as drag queen Bianca Del Rio.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: In 2001, Bianca Del Rio was selected as co-grand marshal, with Pat "Estelle" Ritter and Rick Thomas, for Southern Decadence XXIX.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Haylock moved to New York City after Hurricane Katrina and worked as a costumer for different shows, ballet and opera, having worked for Barbara Matera, Ltd. He also performed in drag as Bianca Del Rio, including in cabaret with Lady Bunny at XL Nightclub. Notable events included a roast of Patricia Krentcil, better known as "Tan Mom".


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Haylock starred in the first regional production of "Rent" (following its initial Broadway closing) at Le Petit Theatre in New Orleans, playing the role of Angel opposite Christopher Bentivegna as Collins.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Del Rio was featured in the web series "Queens of Drag: NYC" by gay.com in 2010. The series featured fellow New York drag queens Dallas DuBois, Hedda Lettuce, Lady Bunny, Mimi Imfurst, Peppermint, and Sherry Vine. In 2011, Del Rio appeared on "One Night Stand Up: Dragtastic! NYC" by Logo TV. The episode was filmed live at the Bowery Ballroom and was hosted by Pandora Boxx.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Del Rio appeared on the cover of "Next" for their Summer Yearbook 2012 issue. She appeared on the variety show "She's Living for This", hosted by Sherry Vine, in 2012.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: In December 2013, Logo announced that Bianca Del Rio was among 14 drag queens who would be competing on the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". She quickly became a front-runner among the contestants and a fan favorite, eventually reaching the top three. On May 19, 2014, Del Rio was crowned the winner of the sixth season over runners-up Adore Delano and Courtney Act. She was the second winner and fourth contestant to reach the finale without having to lip sync for her life, and is the first and, to date, the only contestant in the history of the series to make it through the entire competition without ever placing low or in the bottom of a challenge. Del Rio is also the first winner of Hispanic descent of "RuPaul's Drag Race".


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: In 2013, Del Rio was announced as the lead in the independent film "Hurricane Bianca", written and directed by Matt Kugelman. An Indiegogo campaign was created to finance the film and was sponsored by Fractured Atlas, a non-profit art services organization in New York City; the campaign raised over $30,000. A sequel, "", was released in 2018.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: As of February 2019, a third film titled "Hurricane Bianca 3" is in the works and will include Sykes, Dratch and several Drag Race performers in its cast.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: Following her success on "Drag Race", Del Rio has written and toured several stand-up shows, including "The Rolodex of Hate" (2014), "Not Today Satan" (2015–16), "Blame It On Bianca Del Rio" (2017–2018), "It's Jester Joke" (2019), which also made her the first drag queen to headline Wembley Arena, and "Unsanitized" (2021-2022). She has also performed as a host on the Werq the World tour alongside other "Drag Race" queens.


title: Bianca Del Rio

text: In 2019, Del Rio starred as retired drag queen Hugo Battersby/Loco Chanelle in the hit West End musical "Everybody’s Talking About Jamie". In June 2019, a panel of judges from "New York" magazine placed Del Rio first on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestants. In November that year, it was announced that she would reprise the role for 12 weeks starting December 9. She will also reprise the role on select dates in 2021-22 during the UK Tour of the musical. Del Rio also appeared in the movie adaptation of "Everybody's Talking About Jamie" in a cameo role as Miss Haylock, whose name was based on Del Rio's actual last name.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: "Black 2" and "White 2" follow a Pokémon trainer's journey to become the Pokémon Champion of Unova, two years after the events of "Black" and "White". Following the events of its predecessors, the criminal organization Team Plasma have come back as Neo Team Plasma, and the player must thwart their plans throughout the story, stopping them from ruling the world. The games also include new features such as the Key System, Hidden Grottoes, new cities, and newly available Pokémon. Like other core series "Pokémon" games, players must trade between versions in order to complete the Pokédex.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: A “"Pokémon Grey"” game was not released due to the title clashing with the theme of opposites found in "Black" and "White", and to surprise players expecting the developers to follow the same naming pattern as previous titles. It received generally positive reviews from critics and was praised for its new features and changes over the original, but was criticized for its lack of innovation.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: Similar to previous entries, "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2" consist of two major loops of gameplay, overworld exploration and battles. Overworld exploration consists of controlling the player character from a top-down perspective, talking to non-playable characters, and looking for items and Pokémon. Battles consist of the player sending out their Pokémon with the objective to lower the opponent's Pokémon to zero health points. The player achieves this with the use of their Pokémon's "moves" which can achieve different purposes like attacking, buffing, debuffing, or inflicting status effects.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2" are set two years after the events of "Black" and "White", and much of the beginning events take place in new locations on the western side of the Unova region. These new locations also feature several Pokémon that were previously unavailable in "Black" and "White", featuring a total of 300 unique Pokemon available from the start of the game.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: "Black 2" and "White 2" are also compatible with a new downloadable game for the Nintendo 3DS, "Pokémon Dream Radar". "Pokémon Dream Radar" introduces the character Professor Burnet, as well as alternate forms for the Pokémon Tornadus, Thundurus, and Landorus, which can be transferred to "Black 2" and "White 2" after being captured in "Dream Radar". Additionally, the Dream World makes a return from "Pokémon Black" and "White", however, it was shut down on January 14, 2014, alongside all other services for fifth generation games. The mythical Pokémon Keldeo also received a new form in the game, known as the Resolute form.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: A new game mechanic introduced in "Black 2" and "White 2" is the "PokéStar Studios" side-game, where the player character participates in the filming of a movie involving Pokémon and other actors. A character named Brycen-Man also appears, as Brycen from the original games returned to his movie career. Another new mechanic is the Pokémon World Tournament, where the player battles powerful trainers from the previous games in the series, ranging from Gym Leaders Brock, Misty, Volkner, and Giovanni to Champions Cynthia, Steven, and Lance. Another new mechanic is the Key System, a feature that is unlocked after beating the game. With it, you can unlock difficulties and new additional areas like Black Tower or White Tree within the same version. You can also unlock chambers, where you can capture Regirock, Registeel, and Regice.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: The events of "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2" take place two years after the events of "Black" and "White", with new locations that weren't accessible in the previous games. These are places like Virbank City, Lentimas Town, Humilau City, along with areas called Hidden Grottoes, where you can catch special Pokémon. Also, instead of starting in Nuvema Town, the player begins their journey in Aspertia City, a new city located in the southwest of Unova. Unova's design is modeled after New York City.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: The player and their rival begin their Pokémon journey in the previously unexplorable western side of Unova. They live in the new Aspertia City, and receive their starter Pokémon from Bianca, an NPC that served as one of the player's rivals in "Black" and "White". The player also meets Cheren, the other rival character, who is now a Gym Leader in Aspertia City. Much like other "Pokémon" games, the player travels around the region, battling Gym Leaders to acquire eight Gym Badges, and then goes on to challenge the Elite Four of the Pokémon League and its champion to beat the game.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: The plot of "Black 2" and "White 2" features the antagonistic Neo Team Plasma, whom the player first encounters while running an errand, and later when travelling to the first other major city where the team announces its plans to take over the world and steal others' Pokémon in front of the player, the rival, and new Gym Leader Roxie. At the behest of Iris, the player helps Burgh track down more Neo Team Plasma members in the sewers of Castelia City, where the player meets Colress for the first time, who claims to be a researcher of the strengths of Pokémon.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: Later, it is revealed that Neo Team Plasma has stolen a Purrloin the player's rival was planning on giving to his sister, which makes the rival angry towards the organization, including its reformed former members. After learning about the legendary Pokémon Kyurem, which arrived at the Giant Chasm years ago, the player discovers that Neo Team Plasma is working to use Kyurem to take over the world, harnessing its power to freeze large portions of Unova, including Opelucid City. The player tracks Neo Team Plasma to Humilau City, home of the final new Pokémon Gym led by Marlon, who helps the player battle Neo Team Plasma to remove Kyurem from their grasp. He also helps the rival retrieve his Purrloin, which has since evolved into a Liepard that is used in battle against the player and rival.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: The battle reaches its climax in the Giant Chasm, where the player discovers Colress is working with Neo Team Plasma to learn more about the capabilities of Pokémon, and that Ghetsis is planning to use Kyurem, the "empty" Pokémon that is left over from when Zekrom and Reshiram split apart hundreds of years ago, by filling it with his ambition to rule the world. After battling the Shadow Triad with help from the player's rival, who receives his Liepard back, the player enters the inner sanctum of the Giant Chasm where they find Kyurem and Ghetsis. N appears with either his Zekrom in "Black 2" or Reshiram in "White 2" to try to talk sense into his father Ghetsis, but N's legendary Pokémon is defeated by and fused with Kyurem, transforming it into Black Kyurem in "Black 2" or White Kyurem in "White 2", and forcing the player to battle it. After defeating Kyurem, it separates from N's Pokémon and the player faces Ghetsis, who is stunned that he has been defeated again. N tries to talk sense into him, but Ghetsis leaves, and N thanks the player for his assistance in defeating Neo Team Plasma once and for all. After defeating Neo Team Plasma, the player is finally able to battle the Elite Four and the new Champion of the Unova League, Iris, and complete the main story.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: After the game's main story is completed, the player is able to challenge N who has taken up residence in his former castle, where upon the defeat of his legendary Pokémon, it turns into the object that once held its essence and N gives it to the player. The player can then bring the item to another part of Unova where it transforms back into the Pokémon and the player can then capture it. Also, after completion of the game, the player can battle former Unova Champion Alder, Sinnoh Champion Cynthia, the former Striaton City Gym Leaders, and take on the Black Tower or White Treehollow challenges in Black City or White Forest, respectively. Through use of a unique game feature called "Memory Link", the player can access new content and side quests dependent on the original "Black" and "White" games, such as references to the player's name in the previous game, flashback sequences, the ability to capture Pokémon that once belonged to N, battling Cheren and Bianca who reminisce about the protagonist of the previous game, and participating in the Pokémon World Tournament.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: During development, the theme Takao Unno raised for "Black" and "White 2" was resonance, which led the staff to bringing up the idea for 100 people to be able to play together through the Entralink. For smoother gameplay for new and returning players, a Pokémon Center was added to the first city of the region, a first for Pokémon games at that time, for an expedited introduction to the world. Takao Unno wanted "Black" and "White" players to look at Unova in "Black" and "White 2" from a different perspective, and executive director Junichi Masuda hoped that starting in a new city would make the gameworld look new to returning players. He also explains that he tries to play the games from the perspective of a newcomer, and to make them easily understandable for players new to the series.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2" were released alongside the premiere of "", and certain theaters in Japan allowed players to receive an in-game Pokémon in "Black" and "White" or "Black" and "White 2" when watching the movie.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2" background music contains the music of "Pokémon Black" and "White", adds brand new tracks, and utilizes the arrangements of most tracks from "Pokémon Black" and "White". The official soundtrack of the game titled was released in Japan on July 25, 2012. Its "DISC 4" also includes music from "Pokémon Black" and "White", "Pokémon Emerald", and "Pokémon Platinum", which had not seen an original soundtrack release prior.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: The games received "generally favorable reviews" from critics and holds an aggregate score of 80 according to Metacritic. "Famitsu" magazine awarded "Black 2" and "White 2" a point total of 36/40, slightly lower than their perfectly scoring predecessors. The games received a 9.6/10 from IGN's Audrey Drake, praising the overall changes from the original games. Game Informer's Kyle Hilliard also praised the new features, saying they "work well with the Pokémon formula," but was disappointed by “lack of innovation”. "Nintendo Life" gave the games a 9/10, calling the games “the best in the series to date” and “fresh and easy to play”. "GamesRadar+" gave the games a 4/5, saying that they relied too heavily on "Black" and "White", but also praised the storyline extension and the new accessible areas in the game.


title: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2

text: Within the first two days of release, "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2" sold over 1.6 million copies, and over 2 million copies within the first two weeks., "Pokémon Black 2" and "White 2" had combined sales of 7.81 million copies worldwide.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. The serratus anterior acts to pull the scapula forward around the thorax. The muscle is named from Latin: "serrare" = to saw, referring to the shape, "anterior" = on the front side of the body.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: Serratus anterior normally originates by nine or ten muscle slips – branches from either the first to ninth ribs or the first to eighth ribs. Because two slips usually arise from the second rib, the number of slips is greater than the number of ribs from which they originate.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The muscle is inserted along the medial border of the scapula between the superior and inferior angles along with being inserted along the thoracic vertebrae. The muscle is divided into three named parts depending on their points of insertions:


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The serratus anterior lies deep to the subscapularis, from which it is separated by the subscapularis (supraserratus) bursa. It is separated from the rib by the scapulothoracic (infraserratus) bursa.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The serratus anterior is innervated by the long thoracic nerve, a branch of the brachial plexus. The long thoracic nerve travels inferiorly on the surface of the serratus anterior muscle.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: All three parts described above pull the scapula forward around the thorax, which is essential for anteversion of the arm. As such, the muscle is an antagonist to the rhomboids. However, when the inferior and superior parts act together, they keep the scapula pressed against the thorax "together" with the rhomboids and therefore these parts also act as synergists to the rhomboids. The inferior part can pull the lower end of the scapula laterally and forward and thus rotates the scapula to make elevation of the arm possible. Additionally, all three parts can lift the ribs when the shoulder girdle is fixed, and thus assist in respiration.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The serratus anterior is occasionally called the "big swing muscle" or "boxer's muscle" because it is largely responsible for the protraction of the scapula — that is, the pulling of the scapula forward and around the rib cage that occurs when someone throws a punch.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The serratus anterior also plays an important role in the upward rotation of the scapula, such as when lifting a weight overhead. It performs this in sync with the upper and lower fibers of the trapezius.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The long thoracic nerve that supplies the serratus anterior muscle is vulnerable during certain types of surgery (for example, during lymph node clearance from the axilla for breast cancer). Damage to this nerve is the most common cause of winged scapula.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: The muscles of the shoulder can be categorized into three topographic units: the scapulohumeral, axiohumeral, and axioscapular groups. Serratus anterior forms part of the latter group together with rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae, and trapezius. The trapezius evolved separately, but the other three muscles in this group evolved from the first eight or ten ribs and the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae (homologous to the ribs).


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: Functional demands have resulted in the evolution of individual muscles from the basal unit formed by the serratus anterior. In primitive life forms, the main function of the axioscapular group is to control the movements of the vertebral border of the scapula: fibers concerned with the dorsal movement of scapula evolved into the rhomboids, those with ventral motion into serratus anterior, and those with cranial movements into levator scapulae. The evolution of the serratus anterior itself has resulted in (1) grouping of its distal and proximal fibers, (2) size reduction of its intermediate fibers, and (3) the insertion of its dominant superior and inferior parts onto the superior and inferior angles of the scapula.


title: Serratus anterior muscle

text: In primates, the thoracic cage is wide and the scapula is rotated onto its posterior side to have the glenoid cavity face laterally. Additionally, the clavicle takes care of medial forces. In cursorial mammals (for example the horse and other quadrupeds), the scapula is hanging vertically on the side of the thorax and the clavicle is absent. Therefore, in climbing animals, the serratus anterior supports the scapula against the reaction forces of the free limb and exerts high bending forces on the ribs. To sustain these forces, the ribs have a pronounced curvature and are supported by the clavicle. In cursorial animals, the thorax is hanging between the scapulae at the serratus anterior and pectoralis muscles.


title: Planned community

text: A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in a more "ad hoc" and organic fashion.


title: Planned community

text: The term "new town" refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages.


title: Planned community

text: A planned capital is a city specially planned, designed and built to be a capital. Several of the world's national capitals are planned capitals, including Canberra in Australia, Brasília in Brazil, Belmopan in Belize, New Delhi in India, Abuja in Nigeria, Islamabad in Pakistan, Naypyidaw in Myanmar (Burma) and Washington, D.C. in the United States, and the modern parts of Astana in Kazakhstan and Ankara in Turkey. In Egypt, a new capital city east of Cairo is under construction. The federal administrative and judicial centre of Malaysia, Putrajaya, is also a planned city.


title: Planned community

text: Abu Dhabi (UAE) and some of the recently built cities in the Persian Gulf region are also planned cities.


title: Planned community

text: Konza Technology City is a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030.


title: Planned community

text: The capital, Abuja, is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Several other cities are under development to accommodate the rapidly growing population, some of which include: Eko Atlantic City, a planned city of Lagos State being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 150,000 commuters. Centenary City, in the Federal Capital Territory, is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country. A list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows:


title: Planned community

text: A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups. Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom, Sasolburg and Secunda. Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages and the original town centres still lie in a grid street fashion. Some settlements were also set up for non-whites such as the former homeland capital of Bisho.


title: Planned community

text: The terrains of Hong Kong are mostly mountainous and many places in the New Territories have limited access to roads. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate rapidly growing populations. In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong. Wah Fu Estate was built in a remote corner on Hong Kong Island, with similar concepts in a smaller scale.


title: Planned community

text: In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed to date. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns are Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O. Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful at the beginning and maintained as a dormitory town up until the recent decades like the other new towns. More recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau. The government also plans to build such towns in Hung Shui Kiu, Ping Che-Ta Kwu Ling, Fanling North and Kwu Tung North. At present, there are a total of nine new towns:


title: Planned community

text: In the period of the Persian Safavid Empire, Isfahan, the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it.


title: Planned community

text: In modern-day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such as Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz. Some of these new cities are built for special purposes such as:


title: Planned community

text: According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. De facto all the cities which have Jewish population its new Jewish side have been planned like New Acre and Nazareth Illit. Those cities also known as "Development Towns". The most successful is Ashdod with more than 200,000 inhabitants, a port and developed infrastructure. Other cities that were developed following Israel's lineation plan are Shoham, Karmiel and Arad. Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut has been another of the country's most successful planned cities. Construction began in 1994 and it now has a population of over 80,000. Modi'in also rates higher in terms of average salary and graduation rates than the national average. It was designed and planned by Israeli architect Moshe Safdie. Many Israeli settlements follow this model, including towns like Modi'in Illit and Betar Illit.


title: Planned community

text: The city of Kyoto was developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then called Heian-kyō), built on a grid layout and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout remains, reflected in major east–west streets being numbered, such as . In modern times, Sapporo was built from 1868, following an American grid plan, and is today the fifth-largest city in Japan. Both these cities have regular addressing systems (following the grid) unlike the usual subdivision-based Japanese addressing system.


title: Planned community

text: Borrowing from the New Town movement in the United Kingdom, some 30 new towns have been built all over Japan. Most of these constructions were initiated during the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the Kansai region. Some towns, (, Tama New Town) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby city. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from the new urban fringe).


title: Planned community

text: Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations ("sangyo-shuseki") (Tsukuba Science City, Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance with Uzō Nishiyama's "life-spheres" principle.


title: Planned community

text: Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what Manuel Castells and Sir Peter Hall call technopolis. The technopolis program of the 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 1960s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town (Tsukuba Science City) in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment.


title: Planned community

text: In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled.


title: Planned community

text: Overall, Japan's New Town program consists of many diverse projects, most of which focus on a primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-American Garden City tradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development.


title: Planned community

text: In 2002 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment.


title: Planned community

text: Naypyidaw is the capital of Myanmar. It is administered by the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana, and approximately 300 km north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, myanma Armed Forces Day. Much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Myanmar's third largest city, after Yangon and Mandalay.


title: Planned community

text: Many ancient cities in China, especially those on the North China Plain, were carefully designed according to the fengshui theory, featuring square or rectangular city walls, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. Famous examples are Chang'an in Tang dynasty and Beijing.


title: Planned community

text: An exception to that is an ancient town in Tekes County, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, with a shape of a ba gua.


title: Planned community

text: In modern China, many special economic zones are developed from the sketch, for example, Pudong, a new district of Shanghai.


title: Planned community

text: Quezon City was the planned city of President Manuel L. Quezon, who had earlier proposed a new city to be built on land northeast of the City of Manila. Carefully planned districts include Santa Mesa Heights (part of the original Burnham Plan for Manila), the Diliman Estate (includes the University of the Philippines), New Manila, the Cubao Commercial District, South Triangle, Housing Projects 1 (Roxas District), 2 and 3 (Quirino District), 4, 5 (Kamias-Kamuning District), 6, 7, and 8.


title: Planned community

text: President Elpidio Quirino proclaimed Quezon City as the national capital on 17 July 1948, with President Ferdinand Marcos restoring Manila as the capital on 24 June 1976. He then created a metropolitan area called Metro Manila, which remains congested today due to failed execution of the Quezon City plan as well as the Burnham Plan.


title: Planned community

text: In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known as Jubail, was designated as a new industrial city by the Saudi government. It provides 50% of the country's drinking water through desalination of the water from the Persian Gulf.


title: Planned community

text: The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, Queenstown, from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the Housing and Development Board. Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country.


title: Planned community

text: Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on.


title: Planned community

text: Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the World Habitat Award to Tampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992.


title: Planned community

text: Since 2007 Sejong was planned as the new capital, but it is becoming the de facto administrative capital instead, with many national research institutes moving there between 2013 and present. It has a planned population of 0.8 million, which is the largest of all the newtown development plans. The head of the domestic-administration, the Prime Minister of South Korea, also residents in Sejong, along with more than 65% of the South Korea's government facilities.


title: Planned community

text: New Songdo City is a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres west of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10-kilometre highway bridge. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $40 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in the world.


title: Planned community

text: Gwanggyo newtown is located 25 km south away from Seoul in Suwon city and Youngin city, Gyeonggi province. Gwanggyo newtown area 11 square kilometers was designated in 2004 by Gyeonggi Province, Suwon city, Youngin city, and Gyeonggi Development Corporation (GICO). It will accommodate more than 31,000 households. Gwanggyo newtown was not only for the housing supply but also for several regional goals such as provincial office movement, convention center building, and creating economic growth core in Gyeonggi provincial area. Its infrastructure was scheduled to be constructed by 2012.


title: Planned community

text: Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in the Seoul Metropolitan Area to alleviate housing demands in Seoul. They include:


title: Planned community

text: After losing the Chinese Civil War, the central government of China and its government forces had retreated to the former Qing province and later Japanese colony of the island of Taiwan, which was still a Japanese territory under Allied occupation. As a result, Nationalist forces constructed several military dependents' villages that were intended to be temporary housing for party members and their families in order to regain Mainland China from the Communists. Many of these neighborhoods became permanent and still exist today.


title: Planned community

text: Beginning in the 1950s, the Taiwan Provincial Government was moved out of Taipei to central Taiwan for security reasons. Several planned communities were created to house these government employees, including:


title: Planned community

text: Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone, which is located in Taichung, Taiwan, was a major planned community. Before the Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone Plan, only a few farmhouses were scattered along a limited number of narrow streets. Today, this area the new central business district (CBD) of Taichung, away from the city's Central District. It features broad and widely spaced boulevards, large apartments complexes, department stores, and office towers. There are many universities nearby, such as Tunghai University and Feng Chia University.


title: Planned community

text: An urban culture is evident in the mature phase of Indus Valley civilization which thrived in present-day Pakistan and north western India from around 3300 BC. The quality of municipal city planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. The streets of major cities in present-day Pakistan such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, the world's earliest planned cities, were laid out in a perfect grid pattern comparable to that of present-day New York City. The houses were protected from noise, odours, and thieves.


title: Planned community

text: As seen in the ancient sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan and western border of India, this urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.


title: Planned community

text: The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Valley were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern South Asia today. The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls.


title: Planned community

text: India has a number of planned cities. Some prominent planned cities are Navi Mumbai, Noida, Dholera, Amaravati, New Delhi and Chandigarh. Noida was one of the most successful experiments as a planned city, undertaken by the State Government. It was divided into sectors, with residential and commercial zones, local water tanks and electricity distributors. Each sector is surrounded by roads, which ultimately connect to New Delhi, the capital of India.


title: Planned community

text: The period following independence saw India being defined into smaller geographical regions. New states such as Gujarat were formed with planned capital cities.


title: Planned community

text: New settlements were planned in Europe at least since Greek antiquity (see article Urban planning). The Greeks built new colonial cities around the Mediterranean. The ancient Romans also founded many new colonial towns through their empire. There are, however, also traces of planned settlements of non-Roman origin in pre-historic northern Europe. Most planned settlements of medieval Europe were created in the period of about the 12th to 14th centuries. All kinds of landlords, from the highest to the lowest rank, tried to found new villages and towns on their estates, to gain economical, political or military power. The settlers generally were attracted by fiscal, economical and juridical advantages granted by the founding lord, or were forced to move from elsewhere from his estates. Most of the new towns were to remain rather small (as for instance the bastides of southwestern France), but some of them became important cities, such as Cardiff, Leeds, 's-Hertogenbosch, Montauban, Bilbao, Malmö, Lübeck, Munich, Berlin, Bern, Klagenfurt, Alessandria, Warsaw and Sarajevo.


title: Planned community

text: The Romans built a large number of towns throughout their empire, often as colonies for the settlement of citizens or veterans. These were generally characterised by a grid of streets and a planned water-supply; and many modern European towns of originally Roman foundation still retain part of the original street-grid.


title: Planned community

text: Belarus has several planned towns, all built during the 1950s - 1970s from Komsomol rapid construction projects. These planned towns include:


title: Planned community

text: As many Roman army camps, the settlement of "Atuatuca Tungrorum", on the site of the modern town of Tongeren, grew into an important regional centre, laid out along a grid plan and supplied with water by an aqueduct. While Tongeren's administrative and military functions were moved to Maastricht in the wake of Germanic invasions in the 350s, given the latter's better strategic position, remains of the Roman town are visible up to this day.


title: Planned community

text: Named after king Charles II of Spain, the town of Charleroi was founded in 1666 as a stronghold near the French border, to fend off potential invasions. A few years before, in 1659, the border between France and the Spanish Netherlands had shifted northward due to the Treaty of the Pyrenees. This shift, and the consequent loss of fortified border towns such as Cambrai and Avesnes had sparked the need to found new forts to defend the border. The original fortifications were destroyed between 1867 and 1871, making place for a quickly expanding industrial centre.


title: Planned community

text: In 1923, the city of Antwerp annexed the sparsely populated, marshy lands known as Vlaams Hoofd, with the intention of using the area for urban development. Over the following decades, the terrain was elevated and a new urban community, now called Linkeroever (‘Left Bank’), was created. Notably, Le Corbusier submitted a plan along the lines of his "Cité radieuse" but neither his plan nor those of his colleagues were accepted. Instead, Linkeroever was developed gradually over the 20th and 21st centuries, inspired by a mix of modernist and later ideas.