title: Annet Mahendru

text: In 2013, Mahendru began playing the recurring character Nina Sergeevna Krilova on the FX drama "The Americans", appeared in an episode of the crime series "White Collar", and played Agent Rosen in two episodes of the crime drama "The Blacklist". She also starred in her first film, the fantasy horror "Escape from Tomorrow", which drew attention because most of it was filmed on location at both Walt Disney World and Disneyland without permission from The Walt Disney Company, owner and operator of both parks.


title: Annet Mahendru

text: In 2014, Mahendru was promoted to a series regular for the second season of "The Americans". She also starred in the comedy-drama film "Bridge and Tunnel," had a voice role in the 2014 animated film "Penguins of Madagascar", and guest-starred in the 2016 "X-Files" miniseries as Sveta, a possible UFO abductee. She played Nafisa Al-Qadi on the FX series "Tyrant".


title: Annet Mahendru

text: Mahendru stars in the title role of the independent feature film "Sally Pacholok" (2015), which premiered at and won Best Feature at the DC Independent Film Festival, in Washington, DC.


title: Annet Mahendru

text: Mahendru has also performed at theatre works at LATW. In 2017, she performed in "Seven" as an Afghan refugee and women's rights activist Farida Azizi at the LA Theatre Works. The play was a collaboration between 7 playwrights and female activists each from around the globe that portrays inspiring stories of overcoming adversities to bring about real change and improve the lives of women.


title: Annet Mahendru

text: Mahendru stars in the seventh episode of the anthology series "The Romanoffs", which began streaming on Amazon Video on November 16, 2018.


title: Annet Mahendru

text: Mahendru is married to Louie Gibson, an Australian writer and director and a son of Mel Gibson. The couple has a son born .


title: Annet Mahendru

text: Despite both her parents' families not being from Afghanistan and having lived across the world since she was young, Mahendru maintains strong ties to her Indian and Russian roots as well as her connection to her birthplace:


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The Honda Super Cub or Honda Cub is a Honda underbone motorcycle with a four-stroke single-cylinder engine ranging in displacement from .


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In continuous manufacture since 1958 with production surpassing 60 million in 2008, 87 million in 2014, and 100 million in 2017, the Super Cub is the most produced motor vehicle in history. Variants include the C100, C50, C70, C90, C100EX and C70 Passport, as well as the Honda Trail series.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The Super Cub's US advertising campaign, "You meet the nicest people on a Honda", had a lasting impact on Honda's image and on American attitudes to motorcycling, and is often used as a marketing case study.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The idea for a new motorcycle was conceived in 1956 when Honda Motor's Soichiro Honda and Takeo Fujisawa toured Germany and witnessed the popularity of mopeds and lightweight motorcycles. Soichiro Honda was primarily the engineering and production leader of the company, always with an eye towards winning on the racetrack, while his close partner Fujisawa was the man of finance and business, heading up sales and formulating strategies intended to dominate markets and utterly destroy Honda Motor's competitors. Fujisawa had been thinking about a long term expansion strategy, and unlike other Japanese companies, they did not want to simply boost production to cash in on the recent economic boom in Japan. A small, high-performance motorcycle was central to his plans. Upwardly mobile consumers in postwar Europe typically went from a bicycle to a clip-on engine, then bought a scooter, then a bubble car, and then a small car and onwards. Fujisawa saw that a motorcycle did not fit in this pattern for the average person, and he saw an opportunity to change that. Soichiro Honda was at the time tired of listening to Fujisawa talk about his new motorcycle idea; Honda came to Europe to win the Isle of Man TT race and he wanted to think about little else.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Fujisawa and Honda visited Kreidler and Lambretta showrooms, as well as others, researching the kind of motorcycle Fujisawa had in mind. Fujisawa said these designs had "no future" and would not sell well. His concept was a two-wheeler for everyman, one that would appeal to both developed and developing countries, urban and rural. The new motorcycle needed to be technologically simple to survive in places without up-to-date know-how and access to advanced tools or reliable spare parts supplies. The common consumer complaints of noise, poor reliability, especially in the electrics, and general difficulty of use would have to be addressed. Because Honda was a large company growing larger, it needed a mass-appeal product that could be produced on an enormous scale. The design had to be sorted out before production began because it would be too costly to fix problems in the vast numbers that were to be manufactured. The scooter type nearly fitted the bill but was too complex for developing countries to maintain, and the small wheels did poorly on badly maintained or nonexistent roads. Another of Fujisawa's requirements was that it could be ridden with one hand while carrying a tray of "soba" noodles, saying to Honda, "If you can design a small motorcycle, say 50 cc with a cover to hide the engine and hoses and wires inside, I can sell it. I don't know how many "soba" noodle shops there are in Japan, but I bet you that every shop will want one for deliveries."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Once interested, Soichiro Honda began developing the Super Cub on his return to Japan. The following year Honda displayed a mockup to Fujisawa that finally matched what he had in mind, Fujisawa declaring the annual sales would be 30,000 per month, half again as many as the entire monthly two-wheeler market in Japan. His goal was to export motorcycles on a scale yet unseen in the economic disorder of postwar Japan when most companies halting trade efforts were handled through foreign trading companies. Honda would have to establish its own overseas subsidiary to provide the necessary service and spare parts distribution in a large country like the US. To this end American Honda Motor Company was founded in 1959. In 1961 a sales network was established in Germany, then in Belgium and the UK in 1962, and then France in 1964.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The Honda Juno had been the first scooter to use polyester resin, or fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), bodywork, and even though production of the Juno had stopped in 1954 as a result of Honda Motor's financial and labor problems at the time, Fujisawa continued to encourage research in polyester resin casting techniques, and these efforts bore fruit for the Super Cub. The new motorcycle's fairing would be polyethylene, the most widely used plastic, which reduced weight over FRP, but Honda's supplier had never made such a large die cast before, so the die had to be provided by Honda. The Super Cub was the first motorcycle ever to use a plastic fairing. Motorcycling historian Clement Salvadori wrote that the plastic front fender and leg shields were, "perhaps the Cub's greatest contribution; plastic did the job just as well as metal at a considerably lower cost." The technology developed in the Isle of Man TT racing program was equally vital to the new lightweight motorcycle, making possible from a "50 cc" four-stroke Honda engine, where the first engine the company built a decade earlier, a "fairly exact copy" of the "50 cc" two stroke war-surplus Tohatsu engine Honda had been selling as motorized bicycle auxiliary engine, had only a output. Honda's first four-stroke, the 1951 E-type, had just a little more power than the Super Cub, , with nearly triple the displacement, .


title: Honda Super Cub

text: To make the new motorcycle, Honda built a new ¥ factory in Suzuka, Mie to manufacture 30,000, and with two shifts, 50,000, Super Cubs per month. The factory was modeled on the Volkswagen Beetle production line in Wolfsburg, Germany. Until then, Honda's top models had sold only 2,000 to 3,000 per month, and observers thought the cost of the new plant too risky an expenditure. Edward Turner of BSA went to Japan to see the motorcycle industry in September 1960, and said that investments the size of the Suzuka plant were "extremely dangerous" because the US motorcycle market was already saturated. When completed in 1960, the Suzuka Factory was the largest motorcycle factory in the world and was a model for Honda's mass production facilities of the future. The economies of scale achieved at Suzuka cut 18% from the cost of producing each Super Cub when Suzuka could be run at full capacity, but in the short term Honda faced excess inventory problems when the new factory went into operation before the full sales and distribution network was in place.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The Super Cub has been compared to the Ford Model T, Volkswagen Beetle and the Jeep as an icon of 20th century industry and transport. The C100 used a pressed steel monocoque chassis, with the horizontal engine placed below the central spine, a configuration now called the "step through" or "underbone" motorcycle. By some criteria, the type of motorcycle the Super Cub falls into is difficult to classify, landing somewhere between a scooter and a motorcycle, and sometimes it was called a moped, "", or scooterette.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The plastic fairing ran from below the handlebars and under the footpegs, protecting the rider's legs from wind and road debris, as well as hiding the engine from view. This design was like the full enclosure of a scooter, but unlike a scooter, the engine and gearbox unit was not fixed to the rear axle. This had several benefits. It moved the engine down and away from the seat, detaching the rear swingarm motion from the drivetrain for lower unsprung weight. It also made engine cooling air flow more direct, and made it possible to fit larger wheels. Placing the engine in the center of the frame, rather than close to the rear wheel, greatly improved front-rear balance. The fuel tank was located under the hinged seat, which opened to reveal the fuel filler inlet. The 17 inch wheels, in comparison to the typical 10 inch wheels of a scooter, were more stable, particularly on rough roads, and psychologically made the motorcycle more familiar, having an appearance closer to a bicycle than a small-wheel scooter.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The pushrod overhead valve (OHV) air-cooled four-stroke single cylinder engine had a bore × stroke, displacing , and could produce at 9,500 rpm, for maximum speed of , under favorable conditions. The low compression ratio meant the engine could consume inexpensive and commonly available low octane fuel, as well as minimizing the effort to kick start the engine, making the extra weight and expense of an electric starter an unnecessary creature comfort. Though some of the many Super Cub variations came with both kick and electric start, the majority sold well without it. Even the latest 2011 model year Japanese domestic market (JDM) Super Cub 50 and Super Cub 110 versions, with modern technology and conveniences like fuel injection and a fuel gauge, were not offered with an electric start option.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The sequential-shifting three- or four-speed gearbox was manually shifted, but clutchless, without the need for a clutch lever control, using instead a centrifugal clutch along with a plate clutch slaved to the foot-shift lever to engage and disengage the gearbox from the engine. While not intuitive to learn, once the rider got used to it, the semi-automatic transmission, "took the terror out of motorcycling" for novice riders. Unlike many scooters CVTs, the centrifugal clutch made it possible to push start the Super Cub, a useful advantage if the need arose.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The early Super Cubs used a 6 volt ignition magneto mounted on the flywheel, with a battery to help maintain power to the lights, while later ones were upgraded to capacitor discharge ignition (CDI) systems. The lubrication system did not use an oil pump or oil filter, but was a primitive splash-fed system for both the crankcase and gearbox, with a non-consumable screen strainer to collect debris in the engine oil. Both the front and rear brakes were drums. On both the front and rear wheels were 2.25" × 17" wire spoke wheels, with full-width hubs.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Honda recommended daily checks of the lights, horn, tire pressure, brakes, fuel and oil level, and a weekly check of the battery electrolyte level. The new engine break-in maintenance was done at , requiring adjustment of the valve tappets and contact breaker points, and an oil change, and the rider was advised to stay under for the first . Every the spark plug needed cleaning, and the chain adjustment checked, and every an oil change, breaker point check, and valve adjustment was due. At , major maintenance was due, requiring the removal and cleaning of the carburetor, drive chain, exhaust silencer, and wheel bearings. The rider closed a manual choke to aid in starting at cold temperatures. By the standards of the day, this was a simple motorcycle, with minimal maintenance demands, and it earned a reputation for high reliability.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In June 1963 in US media, Honda began the 12-year-long advertising campaign "You meet the nicest people on a Honda", created by Robert Emmenegger, creative director, Grey Advertising. Grey had bought the idea from an UCLA undergraduate student named Mike Curb, who had created the concept for a class assignment. The event marked the beginning of the decline of domestic and British motorcycle brands in the US market, and the rise of Honda and the other Japanese companies. In December 1965, Edward Turner said the sale of small Japanese motorcycles was good for BSA, by attracting new riders who would graduate to larger machines, not anticipating that the Japanese would advance over the next 5 years to directly threaten British bikes with technically sophisticated models such as the Honda CB750, and the Kawasaki Z1. As a case study in business and marketing, the campaign is still remembered half a century later, with one strategic management textbook saying, "Honda and the Supercub is probably the best known and most debated case in business strategy." It was credited with having "invented the concept of lifestyle marketing."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Specific elements of the Super Cub's design were integral to the campaign, such as the enclosed chain that kept chain lubricant from being flung on the rider's clothing, and the leg shield that similarly blocked road debris and hid the engine, and the convenience of the semi-automatic transmission. Presenting the Super Cub as a consumer appliance not requiring mechanical aptitude and an identity change into "a motorcyclist", or worse, "a biker", differentiated Honda's offering, because, "the dedication required to maintain bikes of that era limited ownership to a relatively small demographic, often regarded as young men known for their black leather jackets and snarling demeanors."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Rather than remaining limited to trying to convince traditional downmarket male buyers to switch to Honda from other brands with the macho approach of most motorcycle advertising at the time, Honda broke new ground. The ad campaign sought to improve the image of motorcycling in general and expand the overall size of the motorcycle market by attracting new riders. In a stroke of good fortune for Honda, Brian Wilson and Mike Love composed the 1964 song "Little Honda", extolling the joys of riding the Honda 50, and even inviting the listener to visit their local Honda dealership, in language that sounded as if it could have been written, or at least paid for, by Honda's advertising copywriters, yet it was not a commercial jingle. The song was released by The Hondells in 1964, followed by the release of the original recording by The Beach Boys. In 1965 The Hondells released "You Meet the Nicest People on a Honda", another song promoting the Super Cub, which was actually used in Honda's TV spots, as a B side to their version of "Sea Cruise."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The long-running campaign, including the slogan, the music, and the upbeat images of respectable, middle and upper-class people, particularly women, riding Hondas became closely associated with the Honda brand ever since. The image Honda created was contrasted with the one percenter "bad boy" biker and became a focal point of Japan bashing boosterism of US-made Harley-Davidson motorcycles.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Aside from Harley-Davidson fans, the company itself had a more conflicted reaction to the successful Honda "You meet the nicest people" campaign. At first, they were offended at the suggestion that Harley-Davidson riders were not "nice people." Harley-Davidson had, since its founding in 1903, scrupulously cultivated an image of staid respectability, and would not begin to tentatively embrace the "outlaw" demographic of their customer base for at least another ten years. In 1964 they denied any association with one-percenter bikers, and so distanced themselves from the implications of Honda's campaign. But they also "tried to have it both ways", and soon joined Vespa and Yamaha in producing ads that were "suspiciously similar" to "You meet the nicest people." Whether they were being offended by or imitating Honda, at the time Harley-Davidson did not share the interpretation that Honda's advertisements, "added to the macho Harley image."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The Honda Super Cub debuted in 1958, ten years after the establishment of Honda Motor Co. Ltd. The original 1952 Honda Cub F had been a clip-on bicycle engine. Honda kept the name but added the prefix 'Super' for the all-new lightweight machine. The Super Cub sold poorly at first, owing mainly to the recession in Japan, and then three months after the 1958 launch when customer complaints began rolling in about slipping clutches. Honda salesmen and factory workers gave up holidays to repair the affected Super Cubs, visiting each customer in person. When it was imported to the US, the name was changed to Honda 50, and later Honda Passport C70, and C90, because the Piper Super Cub airplane trademark had precedence. Similarly, in Britain they were only badged "Honda 50", "Honda 90" etc. as the Triumph Tiger Cub preceded.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The recognised the 1958 Honda Super Cub C100 as one of their "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology".


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The first Super Cub variation was the C102, launched in April 1960. The C102 had electric start in addition to kick starting, and battery and coil ignition instead of magneto, but was otherwise the same as the C100.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The enlarged OHV engine of the 1963 C200 was used on the 1965 CM90 step-through. New in 1965 was a engine with a chain-driven overhead camshaft (OHC). This was used in two new models: the C65, a step-through with , and the S65, with a frame like the C110/C200 and @ 10,000 rpm.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 1966 the C50 appeared and remained in production through the mid 80s, becoming one of the most widespread and familiar versions of the Super Cub. Honda replaced the C100's 50 cc OHV engine with the OHC alloy head and iron cylinder engine from the CS50 and C65, which increased power from . Similarly the CM90 was replaced in 1966 with the OHC CM91, which a year later on 1967, got restyled forks and headlamp like the C50, to become the familiar C90. Though the basic design of Cub remained unchanged, new styling and improvements included enclosed front forks. The C100 stayed in production alongside the newer versions one more year, until 1967. After 1980 the USA C70 was called the C70 Passport.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Because some countries offered age restriction and tax advantages for mopeds, Honda also introduced the C310S, a moped version of the Super Cub complete with bicycle pedals. The C310S fuel tank was relocated from beneath the seat to a more conventional placement at the top of the leg shield. This iteration is now somewhat rare, having been marketed primarily in the Benelux countries.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 1982, for most markets, Honda fitted a new capacitor discharge ignition (CDI) system to replace the earlier contact points ignition, thereby helping to meet emission standards in markets such as the US. At the same time the electrical system was changed from 6 volt to 12 volts.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 1984, Honda released restyled versions of the Cubs on some markets, with square lamps and plastic-covered handlebars and rear mudguard. On the domestic Japanese market the square style was optional, but in some places such as the UK they replaced imports of the traditionally styled round lamp Cub.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 1986, a larger "100 cc" HA05E engine model was introduced especially for Asian markets. The newer "100 cc" model was developed exclusively for Southeast Asian market, especially in Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam, where underbones were very popular, with new features such as a telescopic front suspension to replace the older leading link suspension, and a four-speed transmission to replace the older three-speed transmission used in older Cub variants. The "100 cc" model was initially known as the Honda Dream in Thailand and Honda EX5 in Malaysia, before being standardized as the Honda EX5 Dream in 2003. In addition, Honda Japan began importing the made-in-Thailand Dream as the Super Cub C100EX in 1988. The Japanese C100EX was later being facelifted in 1993, while the Southeast Asian EX5 Dream retains the 1986 design until the present day, with only minor cosmetic changes. In 2011, the carbureted EX5 Dream was phased out in Thailand and being replaced with the fuel-injected Honda Dream 110i, with the powertrain being derived from the fuel-injected Honda Wave 110i.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In the late 1990s, Honda introduced their newer NF series motorcycles, known as Honda Wave series, called the Honda Innova in some markets, which use steel tube frames, front disc brake, and plastic cover sets in various displacement options: "100 cc", "110 cc" and "125 cc". Though not Cubs, these bikes sold consistently well particularly in European countries, where the production of Honda Cub models had been previously discontinued. However, the production of Honda Cubs in Asia, Africa, and South America still continues today, even though the newer Honda Wave Series and other designs have been introduced alongside the Cub.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Honda made a 2018 model year special edition to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Super Cub production, with a celebration at the Ōzu, Kumamoto factory where the 100 millionth Super Cub was produced in October 2017 .


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 2018 a new model was released in the USA, Europe, and Australia with a 125cc engine. It features ABS front disk brakes, LED headlights, and a keyless ignition using a smart key. This model was available in limited numbers.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The C110 Sports Cub debuted in October 1960. The C110 was more like a traditional motorcycle that the rider had to straddle, not a step-through. It had a different frame, with the fuel tank on top of the frame and in front of the seat, and the frame's steel tube spine ran horizontally from the head tube to the seat. It also had a bit more power, increased from @ 9,500 rpm. Sub-variants of the Sports Cub were the C111, absent the pillion seat, and C110D, also called C114, which had a low exhaust pipe. Early versions of the Sports Cub had a 3-speed gearbox but later this was changed to 4 speed. The C102 stayed in production for six model years, through 1965, and the C110 Sports Cub through 1966.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 1963 came an enlarged OHV engine of and . It was used first in the C200, which had a frame like the C110, with more upright handlebars.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The S65's last year of production was 1967, and the CD65 and CL65 took its place for only one year, 1968. These had the higher-revving engine of the CS65. Then the C70 replaced the C65 and CL65 in 1969. It had the same peak horsepower, but at 9,000 rpm instead of 10,000, and more torque, at 7,000 rpm instead of at 8,000 rpm. It was introduced in the USA, Canada and Asia at launch and in the UK in 1972.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 1960 the CZ100 arrived, using the same engine in a much smaller frame with only 5″ wheels. First of the Honda Z series, the CZ100 was meant only as a short-distance novelty or paddock bike, but instead found popularity in the monkey bike niche.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: An on- and off-road version of the Super Cub, what today would be classed as a dual-sport motorcycle but called a trail bike at the time, the CA100T Trail 50, came out in 1961. Jack McCormack, the first national sales manager of American Honda Motor Company, said the Trail 50, and even more so the later Honda CB77, was the result of Honda's willingness to listen to and respond customer demand. "When you talk about Japanese manufacturers, their strength (besides the quality of their equipment) was that they listened to the marketplace. People always suggest that it was about Japanese management, but, to be frank, I was never impressed with Japanese management. They did what no other motorcycle maker did—they listened."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 1960, McCormack noticed that one Honda dealer in Boise, Idaho was selling more Honda 50s than the combined total of all six dealers in Los Angeles. He found out that the Idaho dealer, Herb Uhl, was selling the CA100s as a trail bike by adding knobby tires for off-road traction and a "cheater sprocket," that is, increasing the final drive ratio by using a larger rear sprocket with more teeth, which increased the effective torque of the rear wheel, trading off lower top speed as a result. Uhl said the advantages of light weight and the automatic clutch allowed unskilled riders to enjoy off-road riding, in comparison to traditional big trail bikes that could be difficult to handle. McCormack shipped a version of Uhl's customized CA100 to Japan and requested Honda put it into production, and by March 1961 the Trail 50 was available to US dealers. "Cycle World" praised the simple pleasure of trail riding on the new bike, and it was a US sales success.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Sales for Super Cubs have increased in Japan with upgrades to the engine and the installation of fuel injection for Japanese domestic market models starting from 2007, making it more powerful, more economical and cleaner. With respect to newer, plastic body underbone designs, such as the Wave, the original Cub remains popular.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: "Cycle World" magazine's Peter Egan and Steve Kimball entered a stock Honda C70 Passport in the 1981 Craig Vetter Fuel Economy Challenge, competing against specially designed high-mileage two-wheelers built by teams of engineering students, and an entry from American Honda. The course was a loop near San Luis Obispo that had to be completed in 1 hour and 40 minutes, give or take 10 minutes, meaning an average speed of . Kimball, riding the Passport, won the event through skillful and error-free riding, with .


title: Honda Super Cub

text: By 2002 in Vietnam, Super Cubs had been the predominant model of motorcycle taxi for so long that "Honda" had become a genericized trademark or metonymy for any motorcycle taxi, equivalent to "xe ôm". In the English speaking world as well, "Honda" was often a synonym for "motorcycle" as a result of the ubiquity of the Super Cub.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: The Super Cub was included in The Guggenheim's 1998 "The Art of the Motorcycle" exhibition. In 2006, on the Discovery Channel's "The Greatest Ever" series, an episode on motorcycles placed the 1958 49 cc Super Cub in first place. James May, a co-presenter on the popular television series "Top Gear", bought a Honda Super Cub for the . Author Roland Brown wrote that, "of all the brilliant bikes Honda have built — the CB750 superbike, Mike Hailwood's six-cylinder racers, the mighty Gold Wing, you name them — the most important of all is the C100 Super Cub of 1958."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In 2014, the Super Cub became the first vehicle in Japan to be granted a three-dimensional trademark.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Super Cub, a Japanese light novel series featuring prominently the Honda Super Cub, has been running since 2017. An anime adaptation was released in 2021.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: In June, 2018, Honda announced that, after an absence of 45 years, the 2019 Super Cub C125 model would once again be available in the US.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Chongqing Guangyu Motorcycle Manufacture Co, of China, known as Kamax, has a line of motorcycles based on the Super Cub Design, licensed from Honda, including the EEC Super Cub. This Super Cub 'remake' was developed solely for the European market in cooperation with Super Motor Company. Super Motor Company which is the sole European distributor of the EEC Super Cub sells three different variations, the Super 25, the Super 50, and the Super 100. From 2009 to 2010, Flyscooters imported a Yinxiang Super Cub variant to the US, under the name Fly Scout. Similarly, China Jialing Industrial Co., Ltd. has ten models based on Honda's Super Cub design, including the JL50Q-2 and JL90-1 which are faithful to the original 1958 styling, as well as several more modern restyling. Lifan Group exports a version to the UK, the LF100, which features telescopic forks, a four-speed gearbox and a digital gear indicator.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: SYM Motors of Taiwan licensed the Super Cub design as the Symba 100, previously called the "Symba 110", which they exported to the US between 2009 and 2016. While keeping the basic design, SYM increased the size of the front brake from and added an LED fuel gauge. Instead of leading link front forks, it featured telescopic forks. The Symba engine had a carbureted single claimed to produce at 8500 rpm, with a four speed gearbox using a centrifugal clutch semi-automatic transmission. SYM ended the production of the Symba in 2016.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: At the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show, Honda presented the EV-Cub concept vehicle, an electric motorcycle patterned after the venerable Super Cub, featuring two-wheel drive by means of electric motors mounted in the hubs of each of the wheels. Honda said they felt keeping the 1958 layout for their 21st-century concept bike made sense because, "the human body has not changed in the past 50 years," and, "the size, shape, and position of all the Super Cub parts had a kind of necessity to them, and that the design of the Super Cub was very rational and rider-centric."


title: Honda Super Cub

text: Without the engine in the center of the frame or the fuel tank under the seat, there was room for a scooter-style underseat helmet compartment. Integrated with the new electric motorcycle was an interactive communications system, to let riders converse while riding. Several other companies, including Christini, KTM, Öhlins, and Yamaha have done development on two-wheel drive motorcycles, and have found that the addition of power to the front as well as the rear wheel aids in stability, particularly in corners and in the hands of novice riders. At the time Honda hinted that they would bring the EV-Cub to market in 2010. In a 2016 speech, Honda's President and CEO Takahiro Hachigo said they planned to release the EV-Cub in Japan in about two years, followed later in other ASEAN markets.


title: Honda Super Cub

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> The Chinese Flying Pigeon bicycle, with on the order of 500 million in service as of 2007, is the most produced vehicle ever. See


title: Honda Super Cub

text: † Herb Uhl's son, Billy Uhl, competed alongside his father in the International Six Days Enduro in 1969, won the Gold Medal five times in the 1970s, and was inducted into the American Motorcyclist Association Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2007.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: Tammy K. Bruce (born August 20, 1962) is an American conservative radio host, author, and political commentator. Earlier she had been president of the Los Angeles chapter of the National Organization for Women. She is currently an on-air contributor to Fox News and host of "Get Tammy Bruce" on Fox Nation.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: For seven years, Bruce served as president of the Los Angeles chapter of the National Organization for Women (NOW) (1990–1996). She was the youngest woman at the time to lead a major chapter of NOW.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: Bruce served two years on NOW's board of directors, but later criticized the organization in one of her books. During the early 1990s, she spearheaded the campaign to publicly criticize the sexualized violence in the novel "American Psycho", and led an effort to boycott all titles by the book's publisher, Knopf, for a year.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: In 1995, responding to the verdict in the O. J. Simpson murder trial, Bruce said "What we need to teach our children is... not about racism, but is about violence against women″ and that her message to Simpson was "You are not welcome here, you are not welcome in this country, you are not welcome on our airwaves, you are not welcome in our culture." She also refused to discuss the issue on a talk show, reportedly saying "I don’t have time to argue with a bunch of black women; we’ve moved beyond that." The NOW Executive Board voted to censure her for what it called these "racially insensitive comments". In May 1996, Bruce resigned as president of Los Angeles NOW. Bruce claimed that the censure was due to her focus on domestic violence, as opposed to defense attorney Johnnie Cochran's "racial issues" trial argument. Since then, Bruce has written about the dispute in her critique on what she sees as the failings of NOW and the political left in general. She has said that the feminist establishment in the U.S. has abandoned authentic feminism. Bruce resigned from NOW five months later, in May 1996. She launched a new organization, the Women’s Progress Alliance with Denise Brown, the sister of Nicole Brown Simpson, saying “We both have been controversial, and we both will remain controversial."


title: Tammy Bruce

text: In 1997, she hosted an overnight weekend talk show on KFI. Bruce hosted a national radio program on Talk Radio Network throughout much of the 2000s.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: In 2003, Bruce was appointed to serve on Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's transition team after his successful recall election against Gray Davis.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: In 2009, after President Barack Obama and his family had moved into the White House, Bruce said, "we've got trash in the White House."


title: Tammy Bruce

text: Bruce returned to Talk Radio Network in November 2012 as a guest host during the move of "The Laura Ingraham Show" from TRN to Courtside Entertainment Group.. In 2014, Bruce created a short video for the conservative YouTube channel Prager University in which she summarized her criticisms of the contemporary feminist movement.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: Bruce was the subject of controversy in May 2017, when appearing as a guest on Fox News show "Tucker Carlson Tonight". She criticized an autistic child for asking Vice President Mike Pence for an apology when he accidentally brushed the young boy in the face. She later apologized on air.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: In December 2018, Bruce appeared on Fox News to criticize the decision of one Scottish coffee shop to call "gingerbread men" "gingerbread people". Bruce said, "obviously, they're men". She characterized the decision by the coffee shop as "the tipping point" in policing free speech.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: Bruce is a Fox News contributor. In 2019, she became the host of "Get Tammy Bruce", which airs on the Fox Nation streaming service.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: In a 2006 interview with C-SPAN, Bruce stated she was bisexual, and that for her, identifying as a lesbian was a choice. In an earlier speech, she identified herself as a pro-choice lesbian.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: At the age of 17, Bruce became lovers with 34-year-old Brenda Benet. Later, Bruce and Benet lived together for nearly a year before Bruce moved out. On April 7, 1982, two years after they had first met and two weeks after Bruce moved out, Benet committed suicide at her home during a lunch date with Bruce.


title: Tammy Bruce

text: Bruce made her film debut in the short feature film "2081", an independent film based on Kurt Vonnegut's short story "Harrison Bergeron." Bruce plays the role of Diana Moon Glampers, the United States Handicapper General in a technologically advanced, totalitarian-egalitarian state. Bruce also starred in a supporting role in the 2011 documentary "The Undefeated".


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Alabama Shakes were an American rock band formed in Athens, Alabama, in 2009. The band consists of lead singer and guitarist Brittany Howard, guitarist Heath Fogg, bassist Zac Cockrell, and drummer Steve Johnson.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: The band began its career touring and performing at bars and clubs around the Southeast for two years while honing its sound and writing music. They recorded their debut album, "Boys & Girls", with producer Andrija Tokic in Nashville while still unsigned. Online acclaim led ATO Records to sign the band, which released "Boys & Girls" in 2012 to critical success. The album's hit single "Hold On" was nominated for three Grammy Awards. After a long touring cycle, the band recorded its second record, "Sound & Color", which was released in 2015, debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, and won four Grammy Awards.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Brittany Howard grew up interested in music, filling notebooks with lyrics and teaching herself to play drums, bass, and guitar.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Howard played in multiple bands at East Limestone High School that helped to formulate and craft her taste in music. Her most serious band in her early years was Kerosene Swim Team, a rock band that consisted of Owen Whitehurst and Jonathan Passero. They went on to have a single titled "Coffins and Cadillacs" featured on a compilation track from now defunct indie label Volital Records. They would practice daily after school in Passero's garage, Whitehurst's garage, and Howard's house. They mainly played house parties, and their songs consisted of a mix of covers and originals penned by Howard. Both Whitehurst and Passero went on to continue playing backup for Howard, with Whitehurst playing with Howard and Shakes' bassist Zac Cockrell in what would eventually become The Shakes. Whitehurst would play drums and piano, with Howard and Cockrell playing their current respective instruments.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Howard met Heath Fogg in junior high when he played guitar at house parties. She met classmate and bassist Zac Cockrell in a psychology class some time later, and they soon began to spend time listening to their favorite music together and writing their own. After graduation, Howard hosted twice-weekly jam sessions at her great-grandparents' former home. Drummer Steve Johnson, who had heard Howard singing at a party years prior, began attending the jam sessions at the suggestion of Cockrell. They began making music together and recording homemade demos having little else to do in the small town.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: The group made its live debut in May 2009 under the name "The Shakes." Fogg, at this point a guitarist in the Tuscaloosa-based Tuco's Pistol, invited the group to open for his band at Brick Deli & Tavern in Decatur. The band was nervous to perform for an audience, as they felt "vulnerable." Their set included covers of Led Zeppelin, James Brown, Otis Redding, and AC/DC. The show went over well, and Fogg soon joined the group. During this time the band members held other day jobs: Howard as a fry cook and then a postal worker, Johnson at the Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant, Cockrell at an animal clinic, and Fogg painting houses. For much of their early years, the Shakes performed shows on weekends at "sports bars and country dives." They also began recording their debut album at Tokic's Bomb Shelter—the home of producer Andrija Tokic—in Nashville, funding the recordings themselves. The band chose Tokic's over other studios because they recorded mostly live to tape, and they believed it would spur a livelier performance. The band would complete arrangements in their hometown and drive an hour and a half north to Nashville to record in intervals over the course of 2011.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Their breakthrough came when Justin Gage, a Los Angeles music blogger and SiriusXM host, found a photo of Howard performing online. After contacting the band in July 2011, he posted an MP3 of their song "You Ain't Alone" on his music blog, Aquarium Drunkard. By the next morning, the group was awash in offers from record labels and management companies. Gage also contacted Patterson Hood, vocalist of the band Drive-By Truckers, who attended a show not long after. He arranged to set the band up with his managers, Christine Stauder and Kevin Morris. Alabama Shakes released a four-song EP, "Alabama Shakes", in September 2011, which gained media attention (including NPR) and earned an invitation to play at the CMJ Music Marathon industry showcase in New York. The band began negotiating a record deal with ATO Records and added "Alabama" to their name after Joseph Hicks, of Halo Stereo, noticed how many groups shared the name "The Shakes". They began to open for the Drive-By Truckers.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: The band's first full-length album, "Boys & Girls", was released in April 2012. It debuted at number 16 on the national charts as a digital-only release, but climbed to number eight as physical releases were distributed. The album received near-universal acclaim. After a European tour, they opened for Jack White over a summer tour and performed at several major music festivals, including Sasquatch, Bonnaroo and Lollapalooza. The album's lead single, "Hold On" was a radio hit (peaking at number one on "Billboard's" Adult Alternative Songs chart) and was dubbed the best song of the year by "Rolling Stone".


title: Alabama Shakes

text: "The New York Times" credited their "rapid ascent" to "Howard's singular stage presence." The group received three nominations for the 2013 Grammy Awards: Best New Artist, Best Rock Performance for "Hold On," and Best Recording Package for their debut album, "Boys & Girls". After the Grammy's performance, "Boys & Girls" returned to the top 10, peaking at number six a year after its release. "Boys & Girls" was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of over 500,000 in the United States on March 13, 2013. It has since sold over 744,000 copies in the US.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: The band began recording their second album in late 2013. They spent over a year in the studio, with no clear end-goal, as they had not written any new songs due to their exhaustive touring schedule.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: The group's second studio album, "Sound & Color", was released on April 21, 2015. It debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 in the US, making it the band's first number one album. The record's lead single, "Don't Wanna Fight", was a number two hit on the Adult Alternative Songs chart. The album eventually earned three Grammy Awards, including Best Alternative Music Album.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: The band played for the VMworld 2015 Party at ATT park in San Francisco on September 2, 2015 and Barclays British Summer Time in Hyde Park, London on July 8, 2016.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: In 2018, the band won the Grammy Award for Best American Roots Performance for their rendition of "Killer Diller Blue" in the film "The American Epic Sessions", which was directed by Bernard MacMahon. They recorded the song live on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: In 2018, the band went on hiatus due to Howard's focus on her solo project "Jaime", which led to a solo tour in 2019. In June 2020, guitarist Heath Fogg released his debut solo project under the name Sun on Shade.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: In March 2020, drummer Steve Johnson pleaded guilty to domestic violence, harassment and stalking in relation to his ex-wife, following their divorce after three and a half years of marriage. He received a one-year suspended prison sentence and 24 months' probation. On March 24, 2021, Johnson was arrested on suspicion of child abuse and was subsequently indicted by a grand jury on charges of "wilful torture, wilful abuse, and cruelly beating or otherwise wilfully maltreating a child under the age of 18." He has been released on bail. The charge was dismissed in December 2021.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Early critical reviews of their debut, "Boys & Girls" (2012), noted that the band borrowed from mid-20th century rhythm and blues. Alongside Howard's voice, the songs were compared to artists such as Janis Joplin, Otis Redding, and Aretha Franklin. Howard herself took inspiration from Bon Scott of AC/DC in her vocal style, praising his "soulful" way of singing. As the acclaim mounted, "reviewers speculated" that their sound was in homage to the music produced in Muscle Shoals, Alabama nearly five decades prior. Cockrell and Fogg were aware of the Shoals legacy, but Howard was more influenced by bands such as Led Zeppelin and artists like David Bowie. The success of debut single "Hold On" led some to believe the group "[was] trying to pass themselves off as revivalists, something they never aspired to be."


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Their second record, "Sound & Color" (2015), is steeped in several different genres, and touches on everything from shoegaze to bands such as MC5.


title: Alabama Shakes

text: Alabama Shakes has been cited as an influence for artists such as Drake, Childish Gambino, and Beyoncé.


title: Children of Henry VIII

text: Henry VIII of England had several children. The best known children are the three legitimate offspring who survived infancy and would succeed him as monarchs of England successively, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I.


title: Children of Henry VIII

text: His first two wives, Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, had several pregnancies that ended in stillbirth, miscarriage, or death in infancy. Henry acknowledged one illegitimate child, Henry FitzRoy, as his own, but is suspected to have fathered several illegitimate children by different mistresses. The number and identity of these is a matter of historical debate.


title: Children of Henry VIII

text: There are many theories about whether Henry VIII had fertility difficulties. His last three wives, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr are not known to have conceived by him, although Parr conceived in her next marriage.


title: Children of Henry VIII

text: None of Henry's acknowledged children (legitimate or otherwise) had children of their own, leaving him with no direct descendants after the death of Elizabeth in 1603.


title: Children of Henry VIII

text: Henry VIII of England had one acknowledged illegitimate child, as well as several others who are suspected to be his, by his mistresses.


title: Children of Henry VIII

text: Henry VIII acknowledged Henry Fitzroy (15 June 1519 – 23 July 1536), the son of his mistress Elizabeth Blount, and granted him a dukedom; Fitzroy married Lady Mary Howard, but had no issue.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: The Rape of Proserpina (), more accurately translated as the Abduction of Proserpina, is a large Baroque marble group sculpture by Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini, executed between 1621 and 1622, when Bernini's career was in its early stage. The group, finished when Bernini was just 23 years old, depicts the abduction of Proserpina, who is seized and taken to the underworld by the god Pluto. It features a Pluto holding a Proserpina aloft, and a Cerberus to symbolize the border into the underworld that Pluto carries Proserpina into.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Cardinal Scipione Borghese commissioned the sculpture and gave it to the newly-appointed Cardinal-nephew, Ludovico Ludovisi, possibly as a means of gaining favor. The choice to depict the myth of Proserpina may relate to the recent death of Pope Paul V, or to the recent empowerment of Ludovico. Bernini drew heavy inspiration from Giambologna and Annibale Carracci for the sculpture, which is also the only work for which preparatory material survives. "The Rape of Proserpina" is made of rare Carrara marble, and was originally placed on a since-destroyed pedestal with a poem by Maffeo Barberini. It has been praised for its realism, as the marble mimics other materials like flesh. The detail is notable; for instance, a trickle of tears contributes expressiveness to Proserpina's face.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: "The Rape of Proserpina" is based on the Latin myth of Proserpina, which is found in both Ovid's "Metamorphoses" and Claudian's "De Raptu Proserpinae." Proserpina, the daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture, is gathering flowers when she is seized by the god of the underworld, Pluto. Pluto erupts from the ground in a chariot pulled by four black horses, and forces Proserpina down into the underworld with him, but not before Ceres could hear her daughter scream. Ceres dried the earth and caused harvests to fail, prompting Jupiter to negotiate a deal: Pluto and Ceres would each have Proserpina for half the year. The myth symbolizes the changing of the seasons: when Proserpina is with Pluto, nature dies and winter begins; when she resides with Ceres, the earth is spring.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Bernini's statue depicts the climatic moment of the story, when Pluto grabs Proserpina, who struggles against him as he carries her over the border of the underworld, symbolized by a marble Cerberus. The combatants are almost fully nude, though cloth still covers Pluto's thigh and Proserpina's shoulder. The marble Cerberus is joined to Pluto through this cloth.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Many sculptures of the time did not have one central perspective from which to view them, instead forcing the observer to see them from many angles before they could understand it in its entirety. "The Rape of Proserpina", however, can be seen in full from one angle, directly in front of the base. All other viewpoints are subordinate.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: As with many of Bernini's early works, the "Rape of Proserpina" was commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese, alongside a bust in memory of Scipione's uncle, Pope Paul V, who died in January of 1621. The sculpture, the first in a series of major Borghese works including the David and the Apollo and Daphne, was finished in 1622 and delivered to the Villa Borghese, whose main facade already had the myth of Proserpina depicted. Bernini received at least three payments for its creation, of the value of at least 450 Roman scudi. Ultimately, the statue was gifted to Cardinal-nephew Ludovico Ludovisi and sent to his villa in the summer of 1623.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: It is unclear why Scipione gifted the sculpture to Ludovico, a political rival, though it may have been an attempt to curry favor with the Ludovisis after the death of the Borghese pope and the ascension of Alessandro Ludovisi to the papacy. Alternatively, the sculpture was explicit payment for a political favor done for Scipione. In either case, Scipione was disliked by the Ludovisis due to his pocketing of revenue from Pope Ludovisi's ashbishopric of Bologna. Furthermore, the Ludovisi's family ally, the Aldobrandinis, had been treated badly during the Borghese papacy, and were demanding revenge. The same month that Scipione delivered the Rape of Proserpina to Villa Ludovisi, a judge and close ally of Borghese was imprisoned; the statue therefore may have been tribute to the now-powerful Ludovisi family. Regardless, it's likely that the Apollo and Daphne replaced the Rape of Proserpina, or at least let Scipione believe he could afford to give away the first statue.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Given that Borghese was closely affiliated with the Church, it is perhaps puzzling why he chose to commission art depicting pagan mythology, however this was done to display knowledge and culture. Additionally, the myth of Proserpina— while technically symbolizing the annual renewal of nature— was linked by Christians to the death and resurrection of Christ. Matthias Winner suggests that Borghese commissioned a statue related to rebirth in hopes of a resurrection of the recently-deceased Pope Borghese. Christina Strunck, however, argues that the statue was created as an insult to the Ludovisis; interpreting the myth as the death of vegetation may be a slight at the start of the new, Ludovisi era, and Proserpina's capture may be a warning that the notoriously unhealthy Pope Ludovisi would not live long.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Bernini had access to a great deal of works from his time. His connections to Maffeo Barberini and Scipione Borghese in the early part of his career granted him access to the Vatican archives. Combined with Bernini's daily visits to the Vatican's collections as a child, and his tutelage under his father, Pietro Bernini, Gian Lorenzo would have had a great deal of sources of inspiration to draw from.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Bernini may have been inspired by Pietro da Barga's mediocre bronze Pluto and Proserpina, which features a Pluto holding a Proserpina parallel to himself and aloft, as well as a Cerberus at his feet. It was likely an attempted reconstructing of Praxiteles' bronze "Rape of Proserpina", which has since been lost, but was discussed in Pliny's "Natural History". The same work discusses a lost bronze Bacchus statue from Praxiteles, which Michelangelo later reconstructed in marble. Therefore, despite the work's apparent poor quality, Bernini may have been following Michelangelo's lead and attempting to reproduce Praxiteles.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: The elevated position of Proserpina is reminiscent of both Giambologna's "Abduction of a Sabine Woman" and his "Hercules and Antaeus". In the Abduction of the Sabine woman, the victim is held aloft as she flings her arms out and looks away in despair. Similarly, in the other sculpture, Hercules lifts Antaeus up as Antaeus pushes violently against his head. Both sculptures are similar to how Proserpina attempts to escape Pluto's grasp, but the "Abduction of a Sabine Woman" is intended to be viewed from many angles, a key difference from the Rape of Proserpina, which has one predominant perspective.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Annibale Carracci, a mentor of Bernini, was influential to the form and facial structure of Pluto and Proserpina. Characters in the "Farnese ceiling" have comparable anatomy to Proserpina's voluptuous body and her abductor's musculature. Likewise, Pluto's visage is closely related to Carracci's Jupiter, and both the form and facial structure of Proserpina recall Carracci's Andromeda as she flings herself away from Pluto and looks desperately for help. Even Cerberus finds analog to Paris' dog in the Farnese ceiling. Beyond Carracci, the expression of Proserpina resembles the "Laocoön" (which Bernini had previously restored), and her form mirrors the Niobides. Lastly, Pluto's wide stance and the usage of a buttress bear resemble to the "Borghese Gladiator", which had recently been purchased by Scipione.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Of all the Bernini works commissioned by Borghese, the only known preparatory material (and Bernini's earliest datable drawing) is a sketch of the Rape of Proserpina. In Bernini's sculpture, Pluto and Proserpina are nearly parallel, but in the drawing, Proserpina forms a diagonal across Pluto's body; additionally, the sketch lacks a Cerberus, though there is a vague object at Pluto's leg. And in the drawing, Proserpina's right arm does not lift upwards.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Additionally, a fragment study of the head of Proserpina resides in the Cleveland Museum of Art. Small particles embedded in the surface of the terracotta suggest that an larger clay study existed but was used to make a plaster cast, destroying all but the head. The remaining piece was then fired into terracotta. The fragment, which is near identical to the head of the finished sculpture, was long thought to be a preparatory work by Bernini, but scrape marks uncharacteristic of Bernini suggest that it was instead made by a family member. The Head of Proserpina was bought from the Palazzo Bernini by Busiri Vici in 1839, and sold again to the Cleveland Museum of Art in 1968.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: "The Rape of Proserpina" is made of a high-quality Carrara marble, which was hard to find in large blocks and highly coveted by 17th-century sculptors. Marble is a very heavy material, but Proserpina is held aloft with apparent ease, and her arm stretches out away from the rest of the group. Given that the original sketch had no Cerberus, it's possible that the dog was added only when Bernini realized he needed a buttress to support the rest of the sculpture. This helps Bernini achieve a weightlessness akin to flesh. Furthermore, Bernini uses different tools to render the illusion of differing materials. He formulates the softness of flesh with abrasives, foliage with a chisel, and fabric with a rasp.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: The sculpture was placed against a wall, upon a now-destroyed pedestal with a poem by Maffeo Barberini inscribed upon it: "Oh you who are bending down to gather flowers, \ behold as I am abducted to the home of the cruel Dis." The inscription, originally created between 1618 and 1620, is Proserpina's anguished warn to others collecting flowers. As flowers are not depicted in the statue, despite being explicitly mentioned in the poem, it's unlikely the poem inspired the commission.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: In 1750, "The Rape of Proserpina" was moved to the Palazzo Grande, but in the 19th century, the sculpture had returned to the Villa Ludovisi. Between 1895 and 1890, a part of the villa was destroyed, and the sculpture was placed at the foot of the grand staircase of the Palazzo Piombino. Finally, in 1908, the sculpture was bought by the Italian government and returned to the Galleria Borghese, where it was placed in the center of the Salone degli Imperatori, a room in the museum. The original pedestal, at one point destroyed, has been replaced by a simple white marble base sculpted in 1911 by Pietro Fortunati. During the First World War, the sculpture was protected by a box and sandbags to prevent damage.


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Most critics have been quick to praise the work. Rudolf Wittkower noted: "representations of such rape scenes depended on Bernini's new, dynamic conception for the next hundred and fifty years". Howard Hibbard makes similar comments noting the realistic effects that Bernini had achieved via carving hard marble, such as the "texture of the skin, the flying ropes of hair, the tears of Persephone and above all the yielding flesh of the girl". The choice of incident to depict the story is commonly cited as well: Pluto's hands encircle the waist of Proserpina just as she throws her arms out in an attempt to escape. Bernini's own son and biographer, Domenico, called it "an amazing contrast of tenderness and cruelty".


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: However, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when Bernini's reputation was at a low ebb, critics found fault with the statue. The eighteenth-century French visitor Jerome de la Lande allegedly wrote: "Pluto's back is broken; his figure extravagant, without character, nobleness of expression, and its outline bad; the female one no better". Another French visitor to the Villa Ludovisi was equally critical, stating: "The head of Pluto is vulgarly gay; his crown and beard give him a ridiculous air, while the muscles are strongly marked and the figure poses. It is not a true divinity, but a decorative god..."


title: The Rape of Proserpina

text: Others have remarked on the twisted "contrapposto" or "figura serpentinata" pose of the group. While reminiscent of Mannerism, particularly Giambologna's "The Rape of the Sabine Women", Bernini permits the viewer to absorb the scene from one single viewpoint. While other views provide further details, a spectator can see the desperation of Proserpina and the lumbering attempts of Pluto to grab her. This was in contrast to the Mannerist sculpture of Giambologna, which required the spectator to walk around the sculpture to gain a view of each of character's expression.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: Liquid oxygen—abbreviated LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace, submarine and gas industries—is the liquid form of molecular oxygen. It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which has continued to the present.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: Liquid oxygen has a pale blue color and is strongly paramagnetic: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet. Liquid oxygen has a density of , slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of and a boiling point of at . Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 1:861 under and , and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a transportable source of breathing oxygen.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: Because of its cryogenic nature, liquid oxygen can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further, if soaked in liquid oxygen, some materials such as coal briquettes, carbon black, etc., can detonate unpredictably from sources of ignition such as flames, sparks or impact from light blows. Petrochemicals, including asphalt, often exhibit this behavior.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: The tetraoxygen molecule (O) was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it to explain why liquid oxygen defied Curie's law. Modern computer simulations indicate that, although there are no stable O molecules in liquid oxygen, O molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O units.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: Liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point at −196 °C (77 K) than oxygen's −183 °C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel, there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material. Conversely, liquid nitrogen or liquid air can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: In commerce, liquid oxygen is classified as an industrial gas and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation plant.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: Air forces have long recognized the strategic importance of liquid oxygen, both as an oxidizer and as a supply of gaseous oxygen for breathing in hospitals and high-altitude aircraft flights. In 1985, the USAF started a program of building its own oxygen-generation facilities at all major consumption bases.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: Liquid oxygen is the most common cryogenic liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen, kerosene or methane.


title: Liquid oxygen

text: Liquid oxygen was used in the first liquid fueled rocket. The World War II V-2 missile also used liquid oxygen under the name "A-Stoff" and "Sauerstoff". In the 1950s, during the Cold War both the United States' Redstone and Atlas rockets, and the Soviet R-7 Semyorka used liquid oxygen. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, the ascent stages of the Apollo Saturn rockets, and the Space Shuttle main engines used liquid oxygen.


title: Curtis Axel

text: Joseph Curtis Hennig (born October 1, 1979) is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name Curtis Axel. Hennig signed with WWE in 2007 and wrestled at their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) and was a one-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion and four-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champion. In 2010, after he competed on NXT under the ring name Michael McGillicutty, he debuted on WWE's main roster as part of The Nexus. He then won the WWE Tag Team Championship with David Otunga once. In 2013, he reignited his career under the Curtis Axel ring name, paying tribute to his father Curt Hennig and his grandfather Larry "The Axe" Hennig and won the WWE Intercontinental Championship once. He then won the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship with Bo Dallas as part of The B-Team. His tenure with the company ended in April 2020, but he returned in April 2022 as a producer.


title: Curtis Axel

text: Joseph Curtis Hennig was born on October 1, 1979 in Champlin, Minnesota, the son of Leonice Hennig and professional wrestler "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig. He is the grandson of professional wrestler Larry "The Axe" Hennig. He has a younger brother named Hank, and two younger sisters named Katie and Amy, who is also a professional wrestler. He graduated from North Hennepin Community College with an Associates of Science degree in business computer systems and management.


title: Curtis Axel

text: Hennig trained under Brad Rheingans, Harley Race, and his father "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig. He made his professional wrestling debut on July 13, 2007, in Waterloo, Iowa for World League Wrestling (WLW), teaming with Ted DiBiase Jr. to defeat Branden Tatum and Dinn T. Moore by disqualification. Hennig later went on a nine-month winning streak in WLW, before suffering his first singles loss to Wade Chism.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On March 31, 2007, Hennig, along with his family, represented his father "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig at the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony by accepting the award on his behalf. On the October 26, 2007 episode of "SmackDown", Hennig teamed with Steve Fender in a loss to Jesse and Festus.


title: Curtis Axel

text: Hennig then signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and was assigned to its developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). On September 11, 2008, Hennig and Sebastian Slater defeated Nic Nemeth and Gavin Spears to win the Florida Tag Team Championship. On October 30, Hennig and Slater lost the Tag Team Championship to The New Hart Foundation (DH Smith and TJ Wilson). On November 20, Hennig challenged Sheamus O'Shaunessy for the FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship, but the match ended in a double disqualification, and a rematch was made, but Hennig was again disqualified. Hennig had another chance to win the title on December 11 when he participated in a fatal four-way match for the championship, but Eric Escobar won the match. On February 26, 2009, Hennig defeated Escobar to win the FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship. On April 5, it was announced that Hennig had suffered a serious injury and therefore he had surrendered the Florida Heavyweight Championship. Hennig returned from injury and formed a tag team with Brett DiBiase, known as The Fortunate Sons. On January 14, 2010, The Fortunate Sons won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship by defeating The Dudebusters (Caylen Croft and Trent Barreta). On March 13, The Fortunate Sons lost the championship to The Uso Brothers (Jimmy and Jules). On April 8, Hennig blamed DiBiase for the loss, and the two fought in a match to a double disqualification. At an FCW event on April 29, Hennig faced DiBiase, but DiBiase suffered a knee injury during the match, ending their storyline. On July 15, now using the ring name Michael McGillicutty, teamed with Kaval to win the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship from Los Aviadores (Epico and Hunico), becoming a four-time tag team champion. The following day, they dropped the championships back to Los Aviadores.


title: Curtis Axel

text: McGillicutty then took part in the second season of NXT, with Kofi Kingston as his pro. He made his "NXT" debut on the June 8 episode, but did not compete in a match. He made his in-ring debut on the following edition of "NXT", teaming with Kingston to defeat Mark Henry and Lucky Cannon. In the first poll on June 29, McGillicutty was ranked third, behind Kaval and Percy Watson. On the July 20 episode of "NXT", McGillicutty earned immunity from elimination in the next poll by completing an obstacle course in the fastest time. On the following episode of "NXT", he moved up to first place in the second poll. After six consecutive victories, McGillicutty suffered his first loss on the August 3 episode of "NXT", when he was defeated by pro The Miz. On the August 9 episode of "Raw", the rookies appeared in a six-man tag team match, in which McGillicutty teamed with Alex Riley and Husky Harris to defeat Kaval, Lucky Cannon, and Percy Watson. The following night on "NXT", his team lost a rematch, when McGillicutty was pinned by Kaval, and in the next poll later that night, McGillicutty relinquished the first place ranking back to Kaval, slipping to second place. In the season finale on August 31, McGillicutty ended the competition in second place, being beaten by Kaval, and at the end of the show, McGillicutty attacked Kaval with the other eliminated rookies, turning heel in the process.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On October 3, 2010, at the Hell in a Cell pay-per-view, a disguised McGillicutty and Husky Harris interfered in a match between John Cena and Wade Barrett, and helped Barrett win, forcing Cena to join The Nexus per the pre-match stipulation. On the following day's episode of "Raw", McGillicutty and Harris' identities were revealed, though Barrett claimed he had not asked for their help and refused to make them full-time members of The Nexus. The following week on "Raw", McGillicutty and Harris cost Cena a match against The Miz, prompting Barrett to give them the opportunity to win membership in The Nexus. On the October 18 episode of "Raw", McGillicutty and Harris failed to earn a place in The Nexus when they lost to Cena and Randy Orton in a tag team match. On the following "Raw", in spite of their loss, Harris and McGillicutty were inducted into The Nexus.


title: Curtis Axel

text: In January 2011, CM Punk took over The Nexus and had each of its members put through an initiation, and McGillicutty passed his initiation, a beatdown from the rest of the group, and was allowed to remain a member of Nexus, alongside Punk, Harris and David Otunga. The following month, Punk was announced as the WrestleMania XXVII opponent for Randy Orton, and as a result, each member of The Nexus was scheduled to face Orton in the month prior to WrestleMania, with McGillicutty lost to Orton on the February 28 episode of "Raw", and after the match Orton punted McGillicutty in the head. McGillicutty returned on the April 11 episode of "Raw" with the other Nexus members, preventing Orton from earning a WWE Championship match. On the May 23 episode of "Raw", McGillicutty teamed with fellow Nexus member David Otunga to win the WWE Tag Team Championship from Big Show and Kane, with the help interference from fellow Nexus members Punk and Mason Ryan. On the July 29 episode of "SmackDown", they made their only successful title defense against The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso). After CM Punk left The Nexus when his WWE contract expired on July 17, McGillicutty and Otunga competed against Santino Marella and Zack Ryder on the August 1 episode of "Raw" without any Nexus gear or armbands, and with all Nexus logos removed from their TitanTron, effectively signaling the end of The Nexus. On the August 22 episode of "Raw", McGillicutty and Otunga lost the WWE Tag Team Championship to Air Boom (Evan Bourne and Kofi Kingston), ending their reign at 91 days.


title: Curtis Axel

text: After his dissociation with Otunga, he would largely be confined to wrestling on "Superstars" and "NXT" from late 2011. On the October 20 episode of "Superstars", McGillicutty and Drew McIntyre lost a non-title match to the WWE Tag Team Champions Air Boom. In late 2011, McGillicutty and Alex Riley had a series of matches on "Superstars", which Riley won 2–1. On the February 23, 2012 episode of "Superstars", McGillicutty defeated Riley, which would be his last televised win on a non-NXT show until he was repackaged as Curtis Axel in May 2013, resulting in McGillicutty losing more than twenty non-NXT matches in a row, mostly on "Superstars", but also on "Main Event and Saturday Morning Slam."


title: Curtis Axel

text: McGillicutty made his return to "NXT", appearing from January 2012 on the fifth season "NXT Redemption", but not as a rookie. In February, McGillicutty mocked Tyson Kidd's lack of wrestling heritage, starting a feud on "NXT Redemption". McGillicutty then beat Kidd on the February 29 episode of "NXT Redemption". McGillicutty continued to insult Kidd by claiming that Kidd would never be a true 'Hart', and Kidd received a rematch on the March 21 episode of "NXT Redemption", where he defeated McGillicutty. McGillicutty and Kidd faced off in a third match on the April 11 episode of "NXT", resulting in Kidd triumphant over McGillicutty. McGillicutty then formed an occasional team with Johnny Curtis for the rest of 2012. On the final episode of the fifth season of "NXT" on June 13, McGillicutty and Curtis lost to The Usos.


title: Curtis Axel

text: After the conclusion of "NXT Redemption", NXT transitioned into the renamed Florida Championship Wrestling developmental territory. McGillicutty continued appearing on the rebooted "NXT", losing to Tyson Kidd on the first episode on June 20. On the August 8 episode of "NXT", McGillicutty was inserted into the Gold Rush Tournament to crown the first NXT Champion, where he defeated Justin Gabriel in the quarter-finals. McGillicutty was eliminated in the semi-finals on August 15, when he lost to eventual tournament winner Seth Rollins. On the next episode, Tyson Kidd heaped more misery on McGillicutty as he and Justin Gabriel defeated McGillicutty and Johnny Curtis, but on the September 12 episode of "NXT", McGillicutty gained revenge by defeating Kidd to become the number one contender for the NXT Championship. On the October 10 episode of "NXT", McGillicutty failed to win the NXT Championship from Seth Rollins. On the November 28 episode of "NXT", Johnny Curtis cashed in his promised tag title shot from winning season four of "NXT", with McGillicutty as his partner against Team Hell No (Daniel Bryan and Kane), but Team Hell No won the match. On January 2, 2013 episode of "NXT", McGillicutty turned face (but only within NXT) after saving Bo Dallas from a beating at the hands of Primo and Epico. On the next episode, Primo and Epico defeated McGillicutty and Dallas, though McGillicutty and Dallas would gain revenge when they defeated Primo and Epico in the first round of the NXT Tag Team Championship tournament to crown the inaugural champions on the January 30 episode of "NXT". On the February 6 episode of "NXT", McGillicutty and Dallas were eliminated in the semi-finals, when they lost to The Wyatt Family (Luke Harper and Erick Rowan).


title: Curtis Axel

text: On the May 20, 2013 episode of "Raw", he was repackaged under the ring name Curtis Axel (the name is a derivative of his father's first name, Curt, and his grandfather Larry's nickname "The Axe"), with Paul Heyman as his new manager, and later that night, Axel faced Triple H in his re-debut match, winning by knockout after Triple H suffered concussion-like symptoms and collapsed outside the ring. On the May 24 episode of "SmackDown", Axel defeated Sin Cara. Over the next two weeks on "Raw", Axel scored back-to-back non-title count-out wins over WWE Champion John Cena, due to distractions and interference by Ryback. On the June 7 episode of "SmackDown", Axel defeated Chris Jericho, after Jericho was distracted by CM Punk, who was, at the time another client of Paul Heyman's. Three days later on "Raw", Axel defeated Triple H twice, first by disqualification and second by forfeit. At Payback, Axel defeated Wade Barrett and The Miz in a triple threat match to win the Intercontinental Championship, joining his father as the only father-son pair to have won the WWE Intercontinental Championship. Axel made his first televised title defense on the following episode of "SmackDown", defeating Barrett in a rematch.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On the June 24 episode of "Raw", Axel saved CM Punk from an assault by The Prime Time Players (Darren Young and Titus O'Neil), at the request of Heyman and to the dismay of Punk. This led to a tag team match the following week on "Raw", where Axel won the match for his team after he tagged himself in following Punk delivering the Go To Sleep on Darren Young and pinned him for the victory. Axel suffered his first loss since becoming Heyman's client on the July 8 episode of "Raw", when he was pinned by Chris Jericho in a non-title match. At Money in the Bank, Axel defeated The Miz to retain the Intercontinental Championship, and later that night, Heyman turned on CM Punk. Axel was set to team with Heyman in an elimination handicap match against Punk at Night of Champions, and during the pay-per-view, Heyman begged Triple H to cancel the match, but Triple H refused, not only confirming the match, but making Axel defend the Intercontinental Championship against Kofi Kingston, and Axel retained the title against Kingston. Later in the event, Axel was eliminated by Punk, but Heyman won the match after interference from Ryback. On the September 30 episode of "Raw", Axel was defeated by R-Truth in a non-title match, which gave Truth a title match. At Battleground, Axel defeated R-Truth to retain the Intercontinental Championship. At Hell in a Cell, Axel was scheduled to defend his title against Big E Langston, however, the match was cancelled due to Axel's legitimate hip injury. On the November 15 episode of "SmackDown", Heyman ended his association with Axel. On the November 18 episode of "Raw", Axel lost the title to Langston, ending his reign at 155 days. At Survivor Series, Axel failed to regain the championship from Langston.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On the December 6 episode of "SmackDown", Axel and Ryback defeated WWE Tag Team Champions Cody Rhodes and Goldust in a non-title match, earning themselves a shot at the title. At , they would compete in a fatal four-way tag team elimination match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but they were eliminated by Cody Rhodes and Goldust. At WrestleMania XXX on April 6, 2014, they failed to win the WWE Tag Team Championship in a fatal four-way tag team elimination match. Axel and Ryback would continue their brief feud with Cody Rhodes and Goldust from earlier in the year at Payback which they won, before losing the rematch at Money in the Bank. Ryback then took time off for surgery and returned as a singles competitor later that year, ending the team.


title: Curtis Axel

text: At the Royal Rumble on January 25, 2015, Axel was set to enter the Royal Rumble match at number 6, but was attacked by Erick Rowan on the entrance ramp, rendering him unable to compete. As a result of not being eliminated (having never officially entered the match), Axel trended on Twitter following the event, and also received supportive tweets from former WWE wrestlers Lance Storm and Tommy Dreamer and then later from current WWE wrestlers Xavier Woods, Zack Ryder, and David Otunga, the latter offering his legal services. Axel was defeated by Rowan on the following week's episode of "Main Event". Axel then began an angle where he began referring to himself as "the true winner of the Royal Rumble", claiming that he still hadn't been eliminated from the match and that he deserved a shot at WrestleMania 31 for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship as a result. This involved Axel interrupting segments involving the likes of Dean Ambrose, John Cena, and Rusev to protest his cause, and also led to Axel starting his own hashtag, #AxelMania. At WrestleMania 31, Axel participated in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was eliminated by multiple wrestlers.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On the May 11 episode of "Raw", Axel turned face when he shook hands with Damien Sandow (who impersonating Randy Savage as "Macho Mandow"), similar to the handshake of The Mega Powers, when they formed a tag team. After this, Axel began impersonating Hulk Hogan, while teaming with Sandow, with the two were dubbed The Meta Powers. The Meta Powers were defeated by The Ascension at Payback (Konnor and Viktor). Axel and Sandow ceased their AxelMania and Macho Mandow imitations on July 24, after WWE fired Hulk Hogan and severed all ties with him.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On the January 4, 2016 episode of "Raw", Axel turned heel, when he along with Heath Slater, Adam Rose and Bo Dallas, debuted a new stable and assisted Slater in defeating Dolph Ziggler, calling themselves "The Social Outcasts". At Royal Rumble, Axel would enter the Royal Rumble match at number 5, before being eliminated by AJ Styles. On February 21 at Fastlane, Axel defeated R-Truth, with interference from fellow The Social Outcasts members. At WrestleMania 32, Axel participated in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which was won by Baron Corbin. In May, The Social Outcasts took time out to film "". The Social Outcasts returned on the June 27 episode of "Raw", confronting Enzo Amore and Big Cass. The following week on "Raw", The Social Outcasts was defeated by Enzo and Cass.


title: Curtis Axel

text: As part of the draft, Axel was drafted to the Raw brand as its last draft pick, earning him the nickname Mr. Irrelevant. After losing to the returning Neville, Axel then joined forces with former Social Outcasts member Bo Dallas, and they were defeated by Neville and Sami Zayn on the October 10 episode of "Raw". The following week on "Raw", Axel was attacked by Dallas after his match with Neville, thus turning face in the process. A week later, Axel receiving a pop from the crowd in his home state of Minnesota, before losing to Dallas. At WrestleMania 33 on April 2, 2017, Axel participated in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which was won by Mojo Rawley.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On the June 19 episode of "Raw", Intercontinental Champion The Miz approached Axel and Bo Dallas, offering to make them "the stars [they] deserve to be" if they become his entourage, and later that night, Axel and Dallas appeared in bear costumes during a in ring segment between Miz and his wife Maryse, attacking Dean Ambrose, thus turning heel once again. Axel and Dallas, now dubbed The Miztourage, began helping Miz in his matches and occasionally teamed him with him, including winning efforts against Dean Ambrose, Heath Slater and Rhyno on June 26 episode of "Raw" and Jason Jordan and The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) at SummerSlam. At No Mercy, they also helped Miz to defeat Jason Jordan to retain his title. At WrestleMania 34 on April 8, 2018, Axel participated in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was eliminated by Kane. As part of the Superstar Shake-Up, Miz was moved to the SmackDown brand, while Axel and Dallas remained on Raw. On the April 16 episode of "Raw", during a tag team match, Axel and Dallas turned on Miz, ending their alliance.


title: Curtis Axel

text: On the May 14 episode of "Raw", the duo adopted the new team name "The B-Team" and defeated Breezango (Tyler Breeze and Fandango), their first win as a team since August 2017. On the June 4 episode of "Raw," The B-Team won a tag team battle royal to determine the number one contenders for the Raw Tag Team Championships. At Extreme Rules, The B-Team defeated Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy to win the Raw Tag Team Championship. On the July 23 episode of "Raw", they successfully retained their title against Wyatt and Hardy. At SummerSlam on August 19, The B-Team successfully retained their title against The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson). On the September 3 episode of "Raw", The B-Team lost the championships to Dolph Ziggler and Drew McIntyre, ending their reign at 50 days.


title: Curtis Axel

text: At Survivor Series, The B-Team made up part of Team Raw as they took on Team SmackDown in a 10-on-10 Survivor Series tag team elimination match and Team Raw would go on to lose the match. At WrestleMania 35 on April 7, 2019, Axel competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but failed to win the match. As part of the Superstar Shake-up, both Axel and Dallas were moved to the SmackDown brand. On the February 28, 2020 edition of "SmackDown," Axel was defeated by Daniel Bryan, in what would be his final appearance in WWE. On April 30, he was released from his WWE contract due to budget cuts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, ending his 13-year tenure with the company.


title: Curtis Axel

text: In April 2022, Hennig was rehired by WWE as a producer. On the May 30, 2022 episode of "Raw", Hennig was seen as a security team member, breaking up the brawl between Cody Rhodes and Seth Rollins. Hennig was released 3 months later.


title: Curtis Axel

text: Hennig has been married to Brooke Hennig since 2004. In a WWE Network original series episode of "Table for 3", he stated that he has three sons. He enjoys ice fishing and fantasy football.


title: Curtis Axel

text: Hennig made his video game debut as a playable character in "WWE '12" and has since appeared in "WWE 2K15", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19", "WWE 2K20" and "WWE 2K Battlegrounds.


title: Curtis Axel

text: He also makes regular appearances on fellow WWE wrestler Xavier Woods's YouTube channel "UpUpDownDown", under the nickname "Cold Beer".


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Paul Rusesabagina (; born 15 June 1954) is a Rwandan politician. He worked as the manager of the Hôtel des Mille Collines in Kigali, during a period in which it housed 1,268 Hutu and Tutsi refugees fleeing the militia during the Rwandan genocide. None of these refugees were hurt or killed during the attacks.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: An account of Rusesabagina's actions during the genocide was later dramatised in the film "Hotel Rwanda" in 2004, in which he was portrayed by American actor Don Cheadle. The film has been the subject both of critical acclaim and controversy in Rwanda.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: On the back of newly-found international fame, Rusesabagina embarked on a successful career as a public speaker, mostly touring universities in the United States. He campaigns for the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation, which he founded in 2006. He holds Belgian citizenship, and a U.S. green card, and has homes in Brussels, Belgium and San Antonio, Texas. Since leaving Rwanda in 1996, he has become a prominent critic of Paul Kagame and the RPF government. He founded the PDR-Ihumure political party in 2006, and is currently President of the MRCD.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: On 31 August 2020, believing he was taking a chartered flight to Burundi from Dubai, he arrived in Kigali, where he was arrested on nine charges of terrorism that related to his association with the FLN (National Liberation Front), the armed wing of PDR-Ihumure, who claimed responsibility for terrorist attacks in 2018 which killed at least nine people.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: On 20 September 2021, he was convicted on terrorism charges and sentenced to 25 years in prison. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detentention rendered their opinion on 18 March 2022 that Rusesabagina had been illegally kidnapped, tortured, and sentenced after an unfair trial. The Working Group further found that Rusesabagina has been targeted by the Government on account of his work as a human rights defender, because of his criticism of the Government on a broad range of issues.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Rusesabagina was born in 1954. He was one of nine children born to a Hutu father, a respected community elder named Thomas Rupfure, and a Tutsi mother in Murama, Rwanda. Although stating that he grew up poor, in a "house ... made of mud and sticks" and "without shoes", Rusesabagina described his upbringing as "solidly middle class by the standards of Africa in the 1950s". The young Rusesabagina sometimes had to sleep outside his house as his family provided shelter to refugees seeking shelter from one of the clashes between the Hutu and Tutsis ethnic groups.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Rusesabagina's parents sent him to school in a town near Gitwe run by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. By the age of 13, he was fluent in English and French, as well as his native Kinyarwanda.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Due to distance and his commitment to work, he and Esther legally separated in 1981. Rusesabagina was granted full custody of their three children: Diane, Lys, and Roger. In 1987, he was invited to a wedding where he met Tatiana, a nurse who lived in Ruhengeri. Tatiana and Paul married two years later and she adopted his children. She gave birth twice, but only their son, Trésor, survived infancy. Rusesabagina's father died in 1991, and his mother passed away shortly after.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: By the end of his adolescence, Rusesabagina had decided to become a minister. He studied at the Faculty of Theology in Yaoundé. In Cameroon, he soon became disillusioned with the prospect of a career as a clergyman, deciding he wanted to live an 'urban life'.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: In December 1978, Rusesabagina moved to Kigali. While there, an acquaintance, Isaac Mulihano, invited Rusesabagina to apply for an opening to work at the Hôtel des Mille Collines. He was offered a position and was sent to Nairobi and then to Switzerland and Brussels to study hotel management.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: As he rose through the ranks at the Hôtel des Mille Collines, his promotions earned him the resentment of some fellow Rwandans in the staff. Some took to calling him 'muzungu' – a Kinyarwandan word for 'white man'. In 1992, Paul Rusesabagina was promoted to assistant general manager of the Diplomates Hotel, an affiliate of the Hôtel des Mille Collines.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: During Rusesabagina's training abroad, and his rise as a distinguished hôtelier, the Hutu-dominated government of President Juvénal Habyarimana was facing military pressure from the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). After a ceasefire in Arusha brought the Civil War to an end in 1993, several reports of militia activity – including the stockpiling of weapons and the creation of lists of Tutsis – had been received by the UN and other authorities. Alongside this, radio stations including the infamous Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines (RTLM) were broadcasting messages about Tutsi plots to murder Hutus, and encouraging violence towards Tutsis.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: On 6 April 1994, a plane containing President Habyarimana (and others, including Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira) was shot down as it approached the Kigali Airport for landing. Everyone on board was killed. 'Hutu Power' extremists within the government and local militias blamed this event on the Tutsi, and consequently, the Rwandan genocide started on 6 April 1994. Interahamwe militias consulted their lists and began searching the city for Tutsis and Tutsi 'sympathisers' to murder. Though Rusesabagina was Hutu (as his father was Hutu and his mother Tutsi), his wife Tatiana was a Tutsi and his children considered mixed – meaning that his family was under considerable threat.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: When the violence broke out, soldiers came to Rusesabagina's house, asking him to open the Hôtel Diplomates, which the interim Hutu government used as a headquarters. Rusesabagina bribed the soldiers with money from the hotel safe to ensure safe passage for his family. When the government evacuated the hotel, on account of RPF shelling, Rusesabagina arrived at the Hôtel des Mille Collines. Upon arrival, Rusesabagina promptly phoned the hotel's corporate owners, Sabena, imploring them to put him in charge as the acting general manager of the Mille Collines. They sent through a fax, and he assumed control of the hotel from the staff who had been running it since the killings begun.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Despite Rusesabagina's claims that Romeo Dallaire 'rescinded' an order for UN protection of the hotel, there was in fact, a strong UN peacekeeping presence at the Hotel, including Mbaye Diagne, a Senegalese military observer who was ferrying threatened Tutsi into the Hotel. General Dallaire – in charge of the UN deployment, and his deputy, Brent Beardsley, were also often at the hotel, ensuring its safety from killings.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Rusesabagina sheltered approximately twelve hundred people during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. One radio reporter said: “Nobody had been killed, injured, beaten, tortured, expelled or retrieved from the hotel during the whole time we were refugees. Paul Rusesabagina managed to do the impossible to save our lives at the moment when others were massacring their own children, their own wives.”


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: On 3 May, Rusesabagina ensured that his wife and children fled safely in a truck past the militia's roadblocks. The truck set out for Kigali airport so they could flee to Belgium. He remained in the hotel. Tatiana and her children were specifically targeted within the convoy by radio messages on RTLM, and they returned to the hotel after being attacked.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Tatiana's family faced extreme tragedy. Her mother, brother and sister-in-law, and four nieces and nephews died in the genocide. Her father paid Hutu militia to execute him so that he would not die a more painful death:


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: By the end of the massacre, four of Rusesabagina's eight siblings remained alive. He comments in his autobiography that "for a Rwandan family, this is a comparatively lucky outcome."


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: After staying in Rwanda for two more years after the genocide, Rusesabagina applied for asylum in Belgium and moved to Brussels with his wife, children, and two nieces in 1996, fearing for his life. There he worked as a taxi driver. They later settled in San Antonio, Texas.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: In 1999, Rusesabagina received a phone call from an American screenwriter named Keir Pearson. Pearson, along with his colleague Terry George, went on to write the script for "Hotel Rwanda" in consultation with Rusesabagina. The script was made into a Hollywood film, starring Don Cheadle as Rusesabagina. The film was released in 2004 to much critical acclaim. It received three Academy Award nominations, including for Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor for Don Cheadle's portrayal of Rusesabagina.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: In response to critics, Odette Nyiramilimo, a prominent survivor who became a senator in the new government, has openly testified that Rusesabagina was a friend, who helped save her and her family – "because of him, I am here", she said. She has also denied claims that he threatened to evict refugees who were unable to pay their bills.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: In 2008, the book "Hotel Rwanda or the Tutsi Genocide as seen by Hollywood", by Alfred Ndahiro, a public relations advisor to Kagame, and journalist Privat Rutazibwa, was published. The authors conducted interviews with 74 people who had stayed in the Hotel during the Genocide. Their accounts provide an alternative take to the portrayal of Rusesabagina's actions as seen in the film "Hotel Rwanda": many of the survivors criticise Rusesabagina in their interviews. This was followed by the 2011 publication of "Inside the Hotel Rwanda: The Surprising True Story ... And Why it Matters Today", co-written by Hotel des Mille Collines Survivor Edouard Kayihura and American writer Kerry Zukus. Both books are critical of Rusesabagina, alleging that he forced refugees to pay for their rooms and all of the food which was given to them, he cut off communication lines to the hotel which were located outside his own office, he was a prominent member of Hutu Power politics, and he handed a list of refugees over to Interahamwe forces and broadcasters at the RTLM, among other things.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: UN Peacekeepers who were present at the Hotel des Mille Collines during the genocide have also been critical of the film. At a conference in 2014, General Romeo Dallaire, who led the UNAMIR mission, said that the film was "not worth looking at."


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States, by President George W. Bush on 9 November 2005 for "remarkable courage and compassion in the face of genocidal terror".


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: After the success of "Hotel Rwanda", Rusesabagina acquired global fame. He used this to embark on a career as a public speaker – listed for bookings by both the American Programme Bureau in the United States and the London Speaker Bureau. Rusesabagina's speaking engagements ranged from schools and universities to churches and businesses, in his own words: "whoever wants to invite me, invites me and I talk about my experiences of 1994".


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: In June 2006, in Washington D.C., he founded a political party in exile: The Party for Democracy in Rwanda: PDR-Ihumure. The party's general ideology is somewhat unclear, but as Rusesabagina described in a 2012 speech, its policy is broadly oriented towards the "political struggle to liberate Rwanda from the current RPF dictatorship". The party's membership is mostly Hutu, and is almost entirely based abroad – particularly in Belgium and the United States. In January 2016, Rusesabagina announced his intent to run for President of Rwanda.


title: Paul Rusesabagina

text: Rusesabagina has been critical of Rwandan President Paul Kagame, denouncing him as a dictator and accusing him of extrajudicial killings.