title: Malacañang Palace

text: When the Philippines came under American sovereignty following the Spanish–American War, Malacañang Palace became the residence of the American governors-general, starting with General Wesley Merritt, the first American military governor to reside at the palace in 1898. William Howard Taft became the first civil governor to reside there in 1901. They and subsequent governors-general continued to improve and enlarge the palace, buying more land and reclaiming more of the Pasig River. Left and right wings were added. An "azotea" facing the river was joined to the existing "azotea". A staircase was transferred to the center of the foyer with galleries built around the stairway where the public could circulate during crowded receptions. The ground floor was raised above the flood line, and workers replaced wood with concrete, beautified the interiors with hardwood panelling and added intricate chandeliers.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The complex became the official residence of the president of the Philippines upon the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines on November 15, 1935. President Manuel L. Quezon became the first Filipino resident of the palace. It has been the Philippine president's official residence ever since. One major improvement addressed during the American period was flood control. Quezon tackled the flooding problem around Malacañang by reclaiming 15 feet of the Pasig River bank and building a concrete wall. He also converted the ground floor ("bodega") into a social hall. In addition to that, the Americans used shutters similar to Japanese "shoji" (made of opalescent shell) to soften the intensity of the tropical sunlight.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Emilio Aguinaldo, recognized as the first Filipino president but of the revolutionary government, the "First Philippine Republic", established during the Spanish rule, did not reside but was later taken to the palace by the Americans as a political prisoner for a few weeks in 1901 after his capture in Palanan, Isabela. He resided in his private home as president, now the Aguinaldo Shrine, in Kawit, Cavite.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Malacañang Palace survived the Second World War, the only major government building left standing after the Bombing of Manila. Only the southwest side of the palace—which would have been the State Dining Room and its service area—was damaged by shelling. During the Second World War, in 1942, the Japanese turned Malacañang into a gilded prison. Quezon moved the seat of government to Corregidor, the headquarters of General Douglas MacArthur.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: By the time President Diosdado Macapagal moved to the palace, it required immense repair and restoration works. His wife, Eva Macapagal, initiated a massive beautification project that drove sidewalk vendors away from the grounds and turned muddy areas into landscaped gardens.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The longest residents of the palace were President Ferdinand Marcos and his wife, Imelda, who resided there from December 1965 to February 1986. Following a student uprising that nearly breached the palace gates in the early 1970s, Martial Law was declared, and the palace complex and its surrounding neighbourhood was closed to the public.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Pasig River had developed a foul odor by the 1970s and became a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Between 1978 and 1979, Imelda Marcos oversaw the reconstruction of the palace. The palace was expanded with the façades on all four sides moved forward. The presidential quarters were enlarged on the front along J.P. Laurel Street, destroying the small garden and driveway leading to the private entrance, while a new dining room and expanded guest suites were built on the main entrance front. On the side facing the river, the Ceremonial Hall was built to replace the "azoteas", veranda and pavilion. A larger presidential bedroom was constructed on the remaining side, with a disco at roof level. The layout of the old rooms was retained, although the rooms themselves were enlarged and new bedroom suites inserted in what had been part of the garden.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The old palace was gutted almost entirely, not only to meet the needs of the presidential family, but also because the buildings had been weakened by patch up renovations over a century that had resulted in unstable floors and leaking roofs. The building is now made of poured concrete, concrete slabs, steel girders and trusses, all concealed under ornate hardwood floors, panels and ceilings. It is fully bullet-proofed, cooled by central air-conditioning with filters, and has an independent power supply. Architect Jorge Ramos oversaw the reconstruction, which was closely supervised by Imelda Marcos. The refurbished palace was inaugurated on May 1, 1979–the Marcos' silver wedding anniversary.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Several changes were implemented to further beautify Malacañang Palace. The servants' quarters building (now the Premier Guest House) was transformed, and the veranda overlooking the Pasig River was walled up to become the new Maharlika Hall. Across the river, a guest house was constructed. It is situated on the grounds of Malacañang Golf Club. It was called Bahay Pangarap (Dream House).


title: Malacañang Palace

text: When Marcos was overthrown in the 1986 People Power Revolution, the palace complex was stormed by protesters who roamed the grounds. The international media subsequently exposed the excesses of the Marcos family that the latter had left at the palace during the few hours they had before fleeing to Hawaii, including Imelda Marcos' infamous collection of thousands of shoes. The main palace was later reopened to the public and was converted into a museum for three years.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: After Marcos' exile, a lifestyle of excess was revealed. Some of these excesses included 15 square feet of a sunken bathtub with a mirrored ceiling and an altar with a 19th-century religious statuary of ivory with gold-embroidered robes.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: In an effort to distance herself from the decadence of her predecessor, President Corazon Aquino chose to live in the nearby Arlegui Mansion but held government affairs in the Executive Building. Her successor, President Fidel Ramos, followed suit. After the Second EDSA Revolution, security in the palace was tightened due to attempts against the government. Ramos' wife, Amelita Ramos, restored Bahay Pangarap, which became an extension of the Malacañang Ceremonial Hall. The chapel was also retained, despite Ramos' different religious point of view (Ramos was a Protestant).


title: Malacañang Palace

text: President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who had once resided in Malacañang during the term of her father, President Diosdado Macapagal, chose to live again in the main palace after her accession in 2001.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Former presidents Benigno Aquino III, Rodrigo Duterte and president Bongbong Marcos chose to reside in the "Bahay Pangarap" (renamed "Bahay ng Pagbabago" or "Bahay Pagbabago"), the guest villa on the south bank of the Pasig River across the main palace.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Malacañang Palace is the main palace and the most recognizable building in the complex. It contains 10 current main existing halls, some restored from historical times.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Official visitors to Malacañang Palace use the Entrance Hall. Its floor and walls are of beige Philippine marble. Straight from the entrance hall are the doors to the Grand Staircase leading to the state reception rooms. To its left is the Palace Chapel and the passage to the right leads to Heroes Hall.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The doors leading to the Grand Staircase depict the Philippine mythology of "Malakas" (Strong) and "Maganda" (Beautiful), the first Filipino man and woman, who emerged from a large bamboo stalk. The present resin doors were installed in 1979, replacing wrought iron and painted glass doors from the American period depicting Lapu-Lapu and the other Mactan chieftains who felled Ferdinand Magellan.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: A pair of lions used to stand guard on each side of the doors to the Grand Staircase. The lions were originally at the vestibule of the Ayuntamiento Building in Intramuros. They were apparently discarded during the 1978–79 renovations. Wooden benches dating back to the American regime that were in the Hall were transferred to the private entrance that lead directly to the living quarters of the palace.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: From the Entrance Hall, viewers walk through a mirrored passage hung with about 40 small paintings of famous Filipinos painted in 1940 by Florentino Macabuhay. The adjoining large room was originally the Social Hall, intended for informal gatherings. It was renamed Heroes Hall by First Lady Eva Macapagal, who commissioned Guillermo Tolentino to sculpt busts of national heroes.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: In 1998, the National Centennial Commission installed three large paintings specially commissioned for the place. The one in the vestibule is by Carlos Valino, while the two others are by a group of artists headed by Karen Flores and Elmer Borlongan.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The painting in the vestibule is chronologically the second of the three, depicting events of the Propaganda Movement (led by Marcelo H. Del Pilar, José Rizal, and others) and the Philippine Revolution from the formation of the Katipunan by Andrés Bonifacio, to the sewing of the Philippine flag, the Proclamation of Independence at Kawit, and the Malolos Congress. At Heroes Hall itself are the other two paintings.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: For viewers entering from the vestibule, the painting on the left shows key events from the earliest times (arrival of the ancient Filipinos and the Manunggul Jar) through Lapu-Lapu and the death of Magellan, the Moro resistance to Spanish rule, the Basi Revolt, and Gabriela Silang, to the 1872 martyrdom of the priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The painting on the right begins with the Battle of Tirad Pass and Gregorio del Pilar and other events of the Philippine–American War, the Independence Movement under Osmeña and Quezon, events of the Japanese occupation, and the presidents of the Philippines all the way to the Marcoses, President Corazon Aquino, and President Ramos.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Hall, as large as the Ceremonial Hall directly above, received a mirrored ceiling in 1979 and for the rest of the Marcos era was used not only for meetings and informal gatherings but also for state dinners in honor of visiting heads of state. Dinner was usually followed by a cultural presentation, after which formal toasts were offered by the president and the guest of honor.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Past the Malakas and Maganda doors of the Entrance Hall is the Grand Staircase, made of the finest Philippine hardwood and carpeted in red. Its walls are made of tiny pieces of wood, assembled to simulate "sawali" panels. These were put up in 1979 replacing the stucco and hardwood panels. At the top of the stairs is the landing that serves as vestibule to the Reception Hall.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Spanish and American governors-general and Philippine presidents and their visitors used this staircase. The staircase was narrower before the Marcos reconstruction. There is a story that José Rizal's mother, Teodora Alonzo, went up these stairs on her knees to beg the Governor General Camilo Polavieja for her son's life.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: A legacy of the Spanish regime are unsigned portraits of Spanish conquistadores Hernando Cortés, Sebastian del Cano, Ferdinand Magellan, and Christopher Columbus, hanging at the balcony around the stairs. At the end of the balcony a harvest scene by Fernando Amorsolo hangs.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: A large painting of Nereids (sea nymphs) by noted Spanish artist Joaquín Sorolla used to hang in place of the Luna. A case of Marcos war medals, subsequently alleged to be fake, took its place towards the end of the Marcos regime. The case continued to be on display, empty, for some years thereafter.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: To the left, as viewers reach the top of the stairs, is the famous 'The Blood Compact', painted by Juan Luna in 1886, still in its original carved frame. It was given to the government in return for the artist's scholarship in Spain. The door on the left leads to the private quarters of the presidential families. This wing contained the private dining and living rooms and two guest suites, used for meetings and waiting rooms between 1986 and 2001, while presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos lived at the Arlegui Guest House and President Estrada lived at the Premier Guest House. President Arroyo and her family lived in this wing. The door straight ahead leads to a corridor that surrounds the inner court within the private quarters.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Visitors assemble in this room prior to a program or state function at the Ceremonial Hall beyond, or while waiting to be received by the president or the first lady at the Study Room or the Music Room to its left, or before entering the State Dining Room on the right.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: This room was the largest in the palace before the 1979 renovation. The most prominent features of the Reception Hall are the three large Czech chandeliers bought in 1937 by President Quezon. During the Second World War, they were carefully disassembled prism by prism and hidden for safe-keeping. They were taken out and reassembled after the war.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Official portraits of all Philippine presidents are on the walls, from Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the Malolos Republic, to Rodrigo Duterte, painted by Fernando Amorsolo, García Llamas and other noted artists. The first portrait of President Arroyo in this hall was a photograph taken by Rupert Jacinto. That of President Fidel Ramos is unique on three counts – it is on a narra plank rather than on canvas, the likeness as well as the decorations along the sides are painstakingly singed on the wood, and it was a gift of the artist, Gaycer Masilang, a prisoner serving a life sentence.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: An elaborate ceiling was installed in the 1930s, carved by noted sculptor Isabelo Tampingco who depicted vases of flowers against a lattice background. Large mirrors, gilt sofas and armchairs, and Chinese bronze pedestals holding plant and flower arrangements decorate the Hall. The Tampingco woodwork was curved and in some eyes gave the room a coffin shape. This is supposedly why in the 1979 renovation, the Tampingcos were replaced with two facing balconies.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: This room, the largest in the palace today, is also known as the ballroom, used for state dinners and large assemblies, notably the mass oath takings of public officials begun by President Ramos. The upholstered benches are lined up for guests on such occasions. When the room is used for state dinners, the benches are removed and round tables set in place. Orchestras sometimes play from the minstrels' galleries at two ends of the hall.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Three large wood and glass chandeliers illuminate the Hall. Carved and installed in 1979 by the famous Juan Flores of Betis, Pampanga, the chandeliers are masterpieces of Philippine artistry in wood.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The hall used to be much smaller and was in effect merely an extension of the Reception Hall. It had a concave ceiling similar to those of old Philippine homes, and glass doors opening to verandas on three sides overlooking the Pasig River and Malacañang Park. Many an al fresco party was held here, with round tables set on the "azoteas" and verandah for dinner and the Ceremonial Hall, doors thrown open, cleared for dancing. Fireworks lit the skies promptly at midnight from the park across the river at New Year's Eve parties. The "azoteas" (covered patios), verandas and the intimate pavilion in the middle were combined in 1979 into the present enormous Ceremonial Hall.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: A recurring palace ritual is the presentation of credentials when a new ambassador arrives. During the Marcos administration and prior to the 1979 renovation, new ambassadors presented their credentials in a ceremony. A flourish of trumpets accompanied the arriving ambassador as he mounted the Grand Staircase and marched the full length of the Reception Hall. The yellow-gold curtains to the old Ceremonial Hall were parted to reveal the president standing alone at the far end, with members of the Cabinet lined up on the left. The ambassador presented his documents of credence to the president, who handed them to the foreign secretary. The president then delivered his welcome speech and offered a champagne toast to the head of state of the ambassador's home country. The ambassador then delivered his response, offered a toast to the president, and after small talk, left in another burst of trumpets.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Presidents Corazon Aquino and Ramos were less formal, receiving new ambassadors in the Music Room without ceremony. The old rituals were revived by President Estrada. Am arriving diplomat disembarks from his car at General Solano Street and boards what the presidential staff calls a "chariot", a luxurious open jeep where the occupant stands on a red carpet holding onto a stout bar while progressing up J.P. Laurel Street to the palace grounds. He receives military honors in the garden outside the main entrance and to fanfare, is escorted up to the Reception Hall. He marches through two columns of guards in gala uniform to present his credentials to the waiting president.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The State Dining Room is used mainly for Cabinet meetings. Before the 1935–37 renovations, this room was the ballroom of the palace. This is where presidents dined with state guests and official visitors. A long adjustable table could accommodate up to about fifty guests. The president would sit at the center of the table and the first lady across from him. The finest glassware (Irish Waterford and French St. Gobain) and china (Limoges and Meissen) in the collection were brought out on special occasions. The chandeliers are Spanish, from the Ayuntamiento Building in Manila, as are the gilded mirrors installed within since the Spanish regime.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Two paintings dominate the room. The larger is a fiesta scene by National Artist Carlos "Botong" Francisco – a pair of "tinikling" dancers, a serenade, churchgoers, boatmen, and other vignettes of rural life. Commissioned for the Manila Hotel, it originally hung in one of the hotel lobbies but was transferred to Malacañang Palace in 1975. The other painting is an early Amorsolo rural scene.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The room was widened and a mirrored ceiling installed in 1979. Previously, there was a long dining table at center and the decorations consisted of heavy crimson velvet curtains, large gilded mirrors and elaborate chandeliers.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Beyond is a smaller room just as long but narrower than the dining room called the Viewing Room. The room was intended for Cabinet meetings and film showings. The room proved rather small and was rarely used as such. It was more frequently used to hold buffets for people meeting in the State Dining Room. Another result of the 1979 renovation, this room occupies what was before a veranda overlooking the palace driveway and garden.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The State Dining Room is also where Emilio Aguinaldo was kept prisoner after his capture by the Americans in Palanán, Isabela in 1901. One of the most dramatic scenes in Palace history occurred here. In "The Good Fight", President Quezon wrote that "in April 1901, I had walked down the slopes of Mariveles Mountain, a defeated soldier, emaciated from hunger and lingering illness, to place myself at the mercy of the American Army." Suffering from malaria, he was also instructed to verify that Aguinaldo had in fact been captured. In Quezon's words,


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Presidential Study is the official office of the president, equivalent to the United States' Oval Office of the White House. Formerly known as the Rizal Room, this is where presidents from Quezon to Marcos and then Ramos received their daily stream of callers. It is currently on the second floor of the palace itself, while the old Executive Office at Kalayaan Hall (the old Executive Building) has been renamed the Quezon Executive Office.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The presidential desk is the same in use since the Commonwealth of the Philippines. It was used by all presidents from Quezon to Marcos, who use it officially until 1978 when he used his private study. Marcos had an ornately carved top added to the desk in 1969. It was restored by President Ramos, used by President Joseph Estrada, and restored once more by President Arroyo. She made the study into a conference room with the Council of State table of the Commonwealth as centerpiece, until she finally restored the room to its original function as the president's office. There is a large chandelier in the study from the 1935–1937 renovations. Behind the presidential study is a small conference room called the Study Conference Room.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The room's usage changed over the years. It was a bedroom during the American period; it turned into a library and reception room during the Commonwealth; after the war, it eventually became the Music Room. First ladies customarily received callers in this room. A Luna masterpiece, 'Una Bulaqueña' used to hang above the grand piano. 'A Cellist,' painted by Miguel Zaragoza, hangs as its pendant across the room above the sofa. The wall niches now hold Chinese trees and flowers made of semi-precious stones, where there used to be Guillermo Tolentino sculptures representing the different fine arts and later, large Ming and Qing porcelain vases. A supposed Michelangelo, a stone head, was once in the room.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Imelda Marcos decorated the room in mint green. She would sit on the antique French sofa and the visitors on the armchairs. On rare occasions, small concerts were held here, featuring famous Filipino and foreign musicians.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The room immediately behind the Music Room was set up by Imelda Marcos as her office. It later became President Fidel Ramos' private office. The room beyond was originally a small sitting room and was converted by President Joseph Estrada into his own office. President Arroyo decided to use the room as her office at first. Today, the room is used by the president to receive visitors.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Each new presidential couple took their pick of the available bedrooms, each President frequently avoiding the bedroom of his predecessor.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: A president with many children or grandchildren usually had problems, particularly when a foreign head of state arrived, expecting to be invited to stay in the palace, such as when Indonesian President Sukarno visited President Quirino shortly after the war, like many personalities who have stayed beforehand in Malacañang over the years. It is recounted that the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII, dropped by in the 1920s to play polo. American and Asian heads of state have stayed at Malacañang Palace on visits to Manila.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: With three grown children, leaky roofs, noisy air conditioners, and cramped space, the Marcos family decided to expand the palace in 1978. The bedrooms of the president and the first lady were enlarged and suites were built for their children Ferdinand, Jr., Imee, Irene, and their niece Aimee. The private living room was expanded and the entire private quarters generally added to or enlarged resulting in the present-day structure.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Bedroom Suites The bedroom suites open from the former private dining room, between which is a small sky-lit room that used to be a courtyard. These are furnished with large canopy beds, gilded wardrobes and the like. The King's Room leads to the balcony over the main entrance, from which Pope John Paul II blessed a waiting crowd during his 1981 Philippine visit and which President Arroyo has said was her bedroom as the young daughter of President Diosdado Macapagal.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The rooms are large, furnished expensively, and impressive, but are not quite the stupendous rooms that 'in comparison make Versailles Palace look like a hovel,' as a foreign observer declared.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Spanish-period Malacañang Palace probably centered on the small, open-roofed inner court that leads to all areas of the private quarters. The rooms opening to the Grand Staircase were the Dining and Living Rooms and guest suites of the Marcos period. These became meeting rooms during the Ramos and Estrada administrations and reverted to being the private quarters of the presidential family under President Arroyo.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Reception Room This was the family dining room of Presidential families until the 1979 renovation. It used to have a magnificent coffer ceiling in the Filipino-Spanish style. The famous painting of Fabián de la Rosa, "Planting Rice", used to hang on one wall. Other paintings, notably those by Fernando Amorsolo, were here and in the adjoining room.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The room beyond was used by the Marcos family variously as a private living room and a chapel. It became Meeting Room No. 1 in the Corazon Aquino, Ramos, and Estrada presidencies. A large Botong Francisco painting of dancers is on one wall. Brought from the Manila Hotel, this artwork is a pair to the one in the State Dining Room.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Discothèque The third floor added in 1979 has a roof garden and a discothèque. Reached by elevator, the disco is immediately above President Marcos' bedroom. It was complete with strobe and infinity lights, fog equipment, and the latest in music equipment then. A wide waterfall-fountain plays on the terrace outside the disco and steps lead up to a rooftop helipad. It has apparently been disused since 1986. During the Macapagal-Arroyo administration, it was renovated into a music hall.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Alleged paranormal activity has been reported as occurring in the palace, including one that some identified to be the long deceased valet of President Quezon, who occasionally ministered to favored guests.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Old Executive Building now "Kalayaan Hall", now the oldest part of the palace, was constructed in 1921 by Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. The building was once the primary office building in the Malacañang Palace until the end of Ramon Magsaysay's presidency. It was renamed as the Maharlika Hall in the 1970s, when the Ferdinand Marcos administration renovated the building. It was renamed as the Kalayaan Hall after the 1986 People Power Revolution that deposed Marcos as president by President Corazon Aquino to commemorate the revolution.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Presidential Museum and Library, formerly Malacañang Museum, the official repository of memorabilia of the president of the Philippines, is located in Kalayaan Hall. It was established in 2004 when the Presidential Museum and Malacañang Library were merged into the Malacañang Museum, then renamed to its present name in 2010. The Gallery of Presidents features exhibits and galleries showcasing the heritage of the presidents beginning from Emilio Aguinaldo to the present. It is composed of objects and memorabilia – including clothing, personal effects, gifts, publications and documents of former presidents as well as the artwork and furniture from the palace collections.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Prior to 2004, the Presidential Museum was a distinct entity from the Malacañang Library. The Quezon, Osmeña, Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and García Rooms of the Presidential Museum under the Ramos and Estrada administrations occupied the suites formerly allotted to the Marcos children (Ferdinand, Jr., Imee and Irene) which open from the inner court corridor. Most of these rooms were added in 1978 when the José P. Laurel Street in front of the palace was moved forward.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: On the other side of the palace grounds, beyond the president's residence is the New Executive Building. This was the administration building of San Miguel Corporation until it was bought by the government. President Manuel L. Quezon first proposed the purchase of the nearby San Miguel Brewery as additional office space in 1936. President Ferdinand E. Marcos initiated plans to transform it into an integral part of the palace, the former San Miguel Brewery buildings were demolished upon the expansion in 1978–79, paving way to a park near the San Miguel Church. However, it was in 1989 under President Corazon C. Aquino that its reconstruction and refurbishing as the New Executive Building took place.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Its architectural elements deliberately pay homage to the palace of the Third Republic of the Philippines. Its utilitarian nature, however, made possible much needed additional administrative space, although its newness and lack of proximity to the palace led to the resumption of the use of the palace itself by Aquino's successors, Presidents Ramos and Estrada. Currently, it houses the Office of the Presidential Spokesperson, Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office, Presidential Communications Operations Office, and the Malacañang Press Briefing Room. Across the street is a Spanish colonial period house adapted to office use now known as the "Bahay Ugnayan" (Ugnayan House). "Bahay Ugnayan" houses the Presidential Complaint Center and the 8888 Citizens' Complaint Center.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The current Administration Building or Mabini Hall on Ycaza Street is the large structure to the left upon entering Gate 4. It began as the Budget Building upon the creation of the Budget Commission (now the Department of Budget and Management) in 1936. After World War II, it temporarily housed the Supreme Court, as the "Ayuntamiento" building was destroyed during the Battle for Manila in February 1945. After the war, it was later expanded with wings and top floors added. It houses the office of the executive secretary, some units of the Department of Budget and Management, and offices of presidential assistants and advisers. Some offices in this building, particularly those of the Office of Media Affairs, were invaded by an unruly mob on the evening of February 25, 1986, during the storming of Malacañang that capped the People Power Revolution. After it was gutted in a fire in 1992, plans to demolish it and build a high-rise building in its place were completely dropped due to budgetary constraints. President Fidel V. Ramos supervised its reconstruction into a spartan but well-ventilated and lit office complex, and renamed it "Mabini Hall", after Apolinario Mabini.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The Premier Guest House (now Bonifacio Hall), the glass-fronted building across the garden from the palace's main entrance, was originally built by the American governors-general as servants' quarters to screen off Malacañang from the brewery (San Miguel) next door. The building was remodeled into the Premier Guest House in 1975 for use during the IMF-World Bank Boards of Governors Meeting.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The building, separate from the palace itself, became the temporary residence of the Marcos family while the main palace was being reconstructed in 1978–1979, when repairs were made to the palace after a fire in 1982, and when the air purification system was being improved in 1983. President Corazon C. Aquino used this building as her office from 1986 to 1992. The Ramos administration relegated this building to secondary status despite its integration into the New Executive Building. It was renovated in 1998 as a residence and office for President Joseph Estrada and his family. The bedroom of Estrada and his wife was on the second floor, where President Marcos' bedroom and President Corazon Aquino's office were. President Estrada's office was on the ground floor.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The front of the building facing the garden is a two-story high reception area, with a staircase in the center that leads to the corridor above. The president's office was on the ground floor, near the stairs. On the floor above were bedrooms and the family dining room.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: In 2003, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo renamed this building "Bonifacio Hall" in honor of Andrés Bonifacio. The private office of President Benigno S. Aquino III was located at the Aquino Room in Bonifacio Hall. After the building's structural integrity was called into question, Aquino's office was temporarily moved to the Presidential Study on June 21, 2011.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Malacañang Park, directly across the river from Malacañang Palace, adjoins the Mabini Shrine and the former quarters of the Presidential Security Command and of the National Intelligence and Security Agency. It features a Recreation Hall, a small golf course and the guesthouse "Bahay Pangarap".


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The park was created when the rice fields and grasslands of Pandacan on the south bank of the Pasig River were acquired on orders of President Quezon in 1936–1937. Intended as a recreational retreat, it contained three buildings: a recreation hall used for official entertaining, a community assembly hall for conferences with local government officials, and a rest house (now the Bahay ng Pagbabago; which served as the official residence of presidents Benigno Aquino III and Rodrigo Duterte during their respective tenures) directly opposite the palace across the Pasig River, which would serve as the venue for informal activities and social functions of the president and his or her family. The buildings, constructed by the Bureau of Public Works, were designed by Juan M. Arellano and Antonio Toledo. In addition to the buildings are a putting green, stables, and shell tennis courts.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: It is now the official residence of current President Bongbong Marcos, who has lived there since June 30, 2022.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: Satellite facilities outside the palace proper but within the gated palace complex include a television station, two churches and various other guesthouses in addition to the Premier Guest House.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The extensive grounds of Malacañang comprise one of the few parks in Manila, with tropical shrubbery, century-old acacia trees, and even a balete tree or two. The acacias are festooned with the cactus like 'Queen of the Night.' The broad lawns, lush trees and greenery indicate how Manila may have been when it was less populous and times were more leisurely.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The public garden now known as 'Freedom Park' fronts the Administration and Executive Buildings. It has statues symbolizing the four freedoms (religion, expression, want and fear), that were brought to Malacañang from the Manila International Fair of the 1950s. The statues were long forgotten at the cogon field that was then Rizal Park, when First Lady Eva Macapagal retrieved them. An Art Deco fountain from the 1930s still flows near the main Palace entrance. Cannons and lamp posts dating from the Spanish Regime accent odd corners.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: A bamboo teahouse, built in 1948 as a rest house, no longer exists, but it used to be by the river near where the swimming pool is now located.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: At the main entrance is the large balete tree with a reputed resident "kapre". Usually lit with capiz shell globe lights, it is hung with multicolored star lanterns during Christmas. One time only, it was lit with thousands of flickering fireflies, captured from some distant towns where fireflies still abounded and released as a grand ephemeral gesture of a present for the then first lady.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The palace is protected by the Presidential Security Group, as well as the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police.


title: Malacañang Palace

text: The marker of Malacanan Palace was installed in 1941 at Malacañang Palace site, San Miguel, Manila. It was installed by Philippines Historical Committee (now National Historical Commission of the Philippines).


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: Richard Hanley Jaeckel (October 10, 1926 – June 14, 1997) was an American actor of film and television. Jaeckel became a well-known character actor in his career, which spanned six decades. He received a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for his role in the 1971 adaptation of Ken Kesey's "Sometimes a Great Notion".


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: Jaeckel was born October 10, 1926, in Long Beach, New York, the son of Richard Jaeckel and Millicent Hanley. His father was active in the family's fur business, and his mother was a stage actress. His birth name was R. Hanley Jaeckel, with only the initial rather than a first name. He attended The Harvey School and other private schools. The family lived in New York until 1934, when they moved to Los Angeles, where his father operated a branch of the family business. He graduated from Hollywood High School.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: A short, tough man, Jaeckel played a variety of characters during his 50 years in films and television. Jaeckel got his start in the business at the age of seventeen while he was employed as a mailboy at 20th Century Fox studios in Hollywood. A casting director auditioned him for a role in the 1943 film "Guadalcanal Diary"; Jaeckel won the role and settled into a lengthy career in supporting parts.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: He served in the United States Merchant Marine from 1944 to 1949, then starred in two of the most remembered war films of 1949: "Battleground" and "Sands of Iwo Jima" with John Wayne. One of Jaeckel's shortest film roles was in "The Gunfighter", in which his character is killed by Gregory Peck's character in the opening scene. He played the role of Turk, the roomer's boyfriend, in the Academy Award-winning 1952 film "Come Back, Little Sheba", with Shirley Booth, Burt Lancaster, and Terry Moore. In 1960, he appeared as Angus Pierce in the western, "Flaming Star", starring Elvis Presley. He played Lee Marvin's able second-in-command, Sgt. Bowren, in the 1967 film "The Dirty Dozen" for director Robert Aldrich, and reprised the role in the 1985 sequel, "". Jaeckel appeared in several other Aldrich films, including "Attack" (1956), "Ulzana's Raid" (1972), and "Twilight's Last Gleaming" (1977).


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: Jaeckel also guest-starred in many television programs. He was cast as a boxer in a 1954 episode of Reed Hadley's CBS legal drama, "The Public Defender". Also in 1954, Jaeckel portrayed Billy the Kid in an episode of the syndicated western anthology series, "Stories of the Century", with Jim Davis as the fictitious Southwest Railroad detective Matt Clark.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: Seven years later, Jaeckel played Denver in "The Grudge Fight" episode of the NBC western series "The Tall Man".


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: In 1957, he appeared as Mort Claffey in two episodes, "Paratroop Padre" and "The Light," of the syndicated religion anthology series, "Crossroads". That same year, he portrayed Lieutenant Bradshaw in episode "War of the Whale Boats" of the military drama, "Navy Log". In 1956 and 1957, he appeared in three episodes of another military drama, "The West Point Story."


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: In 1955 and 1958, Jaeckel appeared in different roles on two episodes of CBS's fantasy drama "The Millionaire". In 1958, Jaeckel guest-starred as Webb Martin in the episode "The Bloodline" of NBC's western series "Cimarron City". That same year, he appeared in the syndicated drama of the American Civil War, "Gray Ghost" in the episode entitled "The Hero". In 1959, Jaeckel was cast as Clint Gleason in episode "The Man Behind the Star" of CBS's "The Texan" western series, starring Rory Calhoun.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: In 1960, Jaeckel appeared twice on Nick Adams's ABC western series, "The Rebel", as Marshal Roader in "The Rattler" and as Clyde Traskel in "Run, Killer, Run".


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: In 1963, Jaeckel played Willie the murderer in "The Case of the Lover's Leap" on CBS's "Perry Mason", starring Raymond Burr. That same year he was among the guest stars on the short-lived ABC/Warner Brothers western series, "The Dakotas" and in "The Predators" episode of "Have Gun – Will Travel", Season 6 (1962). Also in 1963, Jaeckel, speaking in German, played the role of Wehrmacht Sgt. Buxman in the "Combat!" TV series episode "Gideon's Army." Finally in that year, he guest starred in the TV Western Series "Gunsmoke" in the S8E27 episode "Two of a Kind", playing Irish immigrant mine owner O’Ryan, who was feuding with his partner. Jaeckel appeared in Alfred Hitchcock Presents "Incident in a Small Jail" (1961) as well as The Alfred Hitchcock Hour episodes , "Low Clouds and Coastal Fog" (1963), "Death of a Cop (1963), and "Off Season" (1965).


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: In 1964, Jaeckel appeared as Danny in the episode "Keep Cool" of "The New Phil Silvers Show" and as Mitch Devlin in an episode of "Bonanza", ″Between Heaven and Earth″.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: In 1966, Jaeckel made a second guest appearance on "Perry Mason" as Mike Woods in the episode "The Case of the Bogus Buccaneers." That same year he also co-starred as Christopher Cable in an episode – "The Night of the Grand Emir" – of "The Wild Wild West". He guest-starred in 1967 as Dibbs in the episode "Night of Reckoning" on "Bonanza".


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: Jaeckel's most famous film appearances of the 1950s are in "" (1957) and "The Naked and the Dead" (1958). His film career achieved its greatest success in the period 1967 to 1975, in such features as "The Dirty Dozen" (1967), "The Devil's Brigade" (1968), "Chisum" (1970), "Sometimes a Great Notion" (1971) (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor), "Ulzana's Raid" (1972), "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid" (1973), "The Outfit" (1973), "The Drowning Pool" (1975), and "Walking Tall Part 2" (1975). "Chisum" was a John Wayne vehicle in which Jaeckel, Christopher George and Andrew Prine all co-starred in prominent supporting roles. The three would re-team six years later in "Grizzly" (1976) (an amiable "Jaws" ripoff reset in the forest), and Jaeckel and George would team again in another "nature strikes back" story, "Day of the Animals" (1977).


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: On television, in 1975 he starred as the title character “Larkin” on the "Gunsmoke" (S20E17). In 1977, Jaeckel appeared with Donna Mills, Bill Bixby, and William Shatner in the last episode, entitled "The Scarlet Ribbon", of NBC's western series "The Oregon Trail", starring Rod Taylor and Andrew Stevens. The following year he played Sergeant Lykes in the epic TV miniseries "Centennial".


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: The later films in his career included a major role in John Carpenter's 1984 film "Starman" as an NSA agent hunting an alien life form played by Jeff Bridges as well as in the action films "Black Moon Rising" with Tommy Lee Jones and "" with Chuck Norris. In his later years, Jaeckel was known to television audiences as Lt. Ben Edwards on "Baywatch". He also co-starred on Robert Urich's ABC series "" in the role of Lieutenant Martin Quirk.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: On May 29, 1947, Jaeckel married Antoinette Helen Marches in Tijuana, Mexico. They had two sons, Barry and Richard. His son Barry is a professional golfer who has won on the PGA Tour.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: Jaeckel died at the age of 70 from cancer, at the Motion Picture & Television Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.


title: Richard Jaeckel

text: In 1972, Jaeckel received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role in "Sometimes a Great Notion". In 1992, he received a Golden Boot Award for his work in westerns.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Joseph Leo Mankiewicz (; February 11, 1909 – February 5, 1993) was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. Mankiewicz had a long Hollywood career, and won both the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in consecutive years for "A Letter to Three Wives" (1949) and "All About Eve" (1950), the latter of which was nominated for 14 Academy Awards and won six.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Comfortable in a variety of genres and able to elicit career performances from actors and actresses alike, Mankiewicz combined ironic, sophisticated scripts with a precise, sometimes stylized mise en scène.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz worked for seventeen years as a screenwriter for Paramount Pictures and as a writer and producer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer before getting a chance to direct at 20th Century Fox. Over six years, he made 11 films for Fox.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: During his over 40-year career in Hollywood, Mankiewicz wrote 48 screenplays. He also produced more than 20 films, including "The Philadelphia Story" (1940) which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and "Woman of the Year" (1942), for which he introduced Katharine Hepburn to Spencer Tracy.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to Franz Mankiewicz (died 1941) and Johanna Blumenau, Jewish emigrants from Germany and Courland, respectively. Besides his older sister, Erna Mankiewicz Stenbuck (1901–1979), he had an older brother, Herman J. Mankiewicz (1897–1953), who brought him to Hollywood to become a screenwriter. Herman also won an Oscar for co-writing "Citizen Kane" (1941).


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: At age four, Mankiewicz moved with his family to New York City, graduating in 1924 from Stuyvesant High School. He followed his brother to Columbia University, where he majored in English and wrote for the "Columbia Daily Spectator," and after he graduated in 1928, he moved to Berlin, where he worked at several jobs, including translating film intertitles from German to English for UFA.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: In 1929 Mankiewicz got a contract to work as a writer at Paramount, through his brother Herman. Herman was one of the writers on "The Dummy" (1929), on which Mankiewicz wrote titles. He also did titles for "Close Harmony" (1929) and "The Man I Love" (1929) with Jack Oakie, "The Studio Murder Mystery" (1929), "Thunderbolt" (1929), "The River of Romance" (1929), "The Saturday Night Kid" (1929) with Clara Bow, "The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu" (1929), and "The Virginian" (1929) with Gary Cooper.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz started to be credited on screenplays for films like "Fast Company" (1929) starring Jack Oakie and "Slightly Scarlet" (1930) and he worked on the script for "The Light of Western Stars" (1930) with Richard Arlen and "Paramount on Parade" (1930). Mankiewicz wrote "The Social Lion" (1930) with Oakie, "Only Saps Work" (1930), "The Gang Buster" (1931) with Arlen, "Finn and Hattie" (1931) with Oakie, and "June Moon" (1931) with Oakie.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: He also did the scripts for "Skippy" (1931) with Jackie Cooper, "Dude Ranch" (1931) with Oakie, "Newly Rich" (1931), and "Sooky" (1931), a sequel to "Skippy". This was followed by "This Reckless Age" (1932), "Sky Bride" (1932) with Arlen and Oakie, "Million Dollar Legs" (1932) with Oakie and W.C. Fields, "Night After Night" (1932) (uncredited), and "If I Had a Million " (1932). He was borrowed by RKO for "Diplomaniacs" (1933) and "Emergency Call" (1933). He returned to Paramount for "Too Much Harmony" (1933) with Oakie and Bing Crosby, "Meet the Baron" (1933) (uncredited), and the all-star "Alice in Wonderland" (1933).


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz signed a long-term contract with MGM. He wrote "Manhattan Melodrama" (1934), which was a huge hit. He freelanced for King Vidor to work on "Our Daily Bread" (1934). At MGM he wrote "Forsaking All Others" (1934) with Clark Gable, Joan Crawford and Robert Montgomery as well as "After Office Hours" (1935) with Gable and Constance Bennett, "Reckless" (1935) with Jean Harlow and William Powell, "Broadway Melody of 1936" (1935), and "I Live My Life" (1935) with Crawford.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz was promoted to producer with "Three Godfathers" (1936). On most of his films as producer he would work uncredited on the script. Mankiewicz had a commercial and critical success with "Fury" (1936), the first American film directed by Fritz Lang. Mankiewicz produced a series of films starring Crawford: "The Gorgeous Hussy" (1936), "Love on the Run" (1936), "The Bride Wore Red" (1937), and "Mannequin" (1937).


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankewicz also produced "Double Wedding" (1937) with William Powell and Myrna Loy; "Three Comrades" (1938), with Margaret Sullavan and Robert Taylor and director Frank Borzage, famously rewriting F. Scott Fitzgerald; "The Shopworn Angel" (1938) with Margaret Sullavan and James Stewart; and "The Shining Hour" (1938) with Sullavan and Crawford, directed by Borzage. He also did some uncredited writing on "The Great Waltz" (1938), and the script which became "The Pirate" (1948).


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: He produced "A Christmas Carol" (1938); "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1939) with Mickey Rooney; and "Strange Cargo" (1940) with Gable and Crawford, directed by Borzage. He had a huge hit with "The Philadelphia Story" (1940) starring Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant and James Stewart. It was followed by "The Wild Man of Borneo" (1941), and "The Feminine Touch" (1941), then he had another big success with Hepburn, "Woman of the Year" (1942). Mankiewicz's final productions at MGM were "Cairo" (1942) with Jeanette MacDonald and "Reunion in France" (1942) with Crawford and John Wayne.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz received an offer at 20th Century Fox that included the right to direct. His first film for the studio was "The Keys of the Kingdom" (1944), which he wrote with Nunnally Johnson and produced. It co-starred his wife Rose Stradner.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz made his directorial debut with "Dragonwyck" (1946), which he also wrote; Gene Tierney and Vincent Price starred. He followed it with "Somewhere in the Night" (1946), a film noir which he co-wrote. He worked as director only on "The Late George Apley" (1947) with Ronald Colman, "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir" (1948) with Tierney and Rex Harrison, and "Escape" (1948) with Harrison. All were based on scripts by Philip Dunne.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz had a huge success with "A Letter to Three Wives" (1949), which he wrote and directed, winning Oscars for both; Sol Siegel produced. He and Siegel collaborated again on "House of Strangers" (1949), on which Mankiewicz did some uncredited writing. Mankewicz wrote and directed "No Way Out" (1950), which launched the career of Sidney Poitier; Darryl F. Zanuck was credited as producer. Zanuck also took that credit on Mankiewicz's next film, "All About Eve" (1950), which quickly became regarded as a classic.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankewicz adapted and directed "People Will Talk" (1951), also produced by Zanuck, which starred Cary Grant and Jeanne Crain. He did some uncredited work on the script for "I'll Never Forget You" (1952). His last film under contract with Fox was "5 Fingers" (1952), starring James Mason and Danielle Darrieux.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: In 1951 Mankiewicz left Fox and moved to New York, intending to write for the Broadway stage. Although this dream never materialized, he continued to make films (both for his own production company Figaro and as a director-for-hire) that explored his favorite themes – the clash of aristocrat with commoner, life as performance and the clash between people's urge to control their fate and the contingencies of real life.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: In 1953 he adapted and directed "Julius Caesar" for MGM, an adaptation of Shakespeare's play produced by John Houseman. It received widely favorable reviews, and David Shipman, in "The Story of Cinema", described it as a "film of quiet excellence, faltering only in the later moments when budget restrictions hampered the handling of the battle sequences". The film serves as the only record of Marlon Brando in a Shakespearean role; he played Mark Antony and received an Oscar nomination for his performance.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: In 1953, Mankiewicz set up his own production company, Figaro. Its first production was "The Barefoot Contessa" (1954) which Mankiewicz wrote, produced and directed; it starred Humphrey Bogart and Ava Gardner. Sam Goldwyn hired him to write and direct the film version of the musical "Guys and Dolls" (1955). This was a huge hit but not highly regarded critically. Brando starred along with Frank Sinatra and Jean Simmons.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: In 1958 Mankiewicz wrote and directed "The Quiet American" for Figaro, an adaptation of Graham Greene's 1955 novel about American military involvement in what would become the Vietnam War. Mankiewicz, influenced by the climate of anti-Communism and the Hollywood blacklist, switched the message of Greene's book, changing major parts of the story. A cautionary tale about America's blind support for "anti-Communists" was turned into, according to Greene, a "propaganda film for America".


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: That year Figaro produced "I Want to Live!" (1958) though Mankiewicz had relatively little to do with it. He directed "Suddenly, Last Summer" (1959) for producer Sam Spiegel, from a script by Gore Vidal and a play by Tennessee Williams. Elizabeth Taylor, Hepburn and Montgomery Clift starred. It was a hit at the box office but attracted mixed reviews.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: In 1961, 20th Century Fox was producing "Cleopatra" starring Elizabeth Taylor and hired Mankiewicz to replace director Reuben Mamoulian. Mankiewicz accepted a lucrative contract, which he came to regret. The film consumed two years of his life and ended up both derailing his career and adding to severe financial losses for the studio, Twentieth Century-Fox.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz produced and directed "Carol for Another Christmas" (1964) for television. He wrote and directed "The Honey Pot" (1967) for United Artists and Charles K. Feldman, and produced and directed "There Was a Crooked Man..." (1970), as well as doing some uncredited work on the documentary "" (1970). Mankiewicz garnered an Oscar nomination for Best Direction in 1972 for "Sleuth", his final directing effort, starring Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine, who also received Oscar nominations.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: His sons are Eric Reynal (from his first marriage, to actress Elizabeth Young), producer Christopher Mankiewicz, and writer/director Tom Mankiewicz. He also has a daughter, Alex Mankiewicz.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: He was the uncle of Frank Mankiewicz, a well-known political campaign manager who officially announced the assassination of presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy in 1968, and the late Johanna Mankiewicz Davis, a writer who was struck and killed by a taxicab in New York City at the age of 36.


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: His great-nephews include writer-filmmaker Nick Davis (Johanna's son), NBC "Dateline" reporter Josh Mankiewicz and television personality Ben Mankiewicz (Frank's sons).


title: Joseph L. Mankiewicz

text: Mankiewicz died of a heart attack on February 5, 1993, six days before his 84th birthday. He was interred in Saint Matthew's Episcopal Churchyard cemetery in Bedford, New York.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: The Ford Maverick is a four-door, five-passenger, compact crew cab pickup truck manufactured and marketed by Ford Motor Company. It was unveiled on June 8, 2021 as Ford's smallest truck.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: Using a front-wheel drive-based unibody platform shared with the Ford Escape and Bronco Sport, the pickup's powertrain offerings include a standard full hybrid engine or an optional conventional turbo engine, the latter available with all-wheel drive.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: Ford announced plans to launch a compact pickup truck based on Ford's C2 platform used by the Ford Focus in January 2019, simultaneously with the appearance of the first pre-production prototypes.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: In July 2020, a tailgate photo leaked to the press, confirming the truck would use the "Maverick", previously used on Ford's compact passenger car (1970–1979). Ford noted the name wasn't selected to recall the earlier passenger car, but was found to resonate with younger, active customers.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: The Maverick is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Assembly in Mexico alongside the Bronco Sport for both the North and South American auto markets. Production began on September 2, 2021.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: In January 2022, Ford suspended customer orders due to a backlog in vehicle production. The company told dealers it intended to resume taking orders for the 2023 model later in the year. The strong demand for the Maverick was said to indicate consumer support for a more affordable pickup truck.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: Marketed as Flexbed, the cargo area features a load length of , (accommodating 4'x8' sheets with the tailgate lowered partially, resting on the bed's wheel wells); pre-stamped slots in the bed sides to accommodate customization; and a built-in, separately fused 12-volt electrical circuit, also to accommodate customization.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: A hybrid engine with an e-CVT gearbox is standard equipment on all Maverick models. A 2.5-liter "Duratec" Atkinson cycle inline-four gasoline engine paired with an electric motor produces a combined at 5600 rpm. The engine produces of torque at 4000 rpm, and the hybrid system produces of torque.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: A 2.0-liter "EcoBoost" turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline engine is optional. This engine produces at 5500 rpm and of torque at 3000 rpm, and is paired with an 8-speed automatic transmission. Front-wheel drive is standard on all models, with all-wheel drive offered only with the "EcoBoost" engine.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: The Maverick can tow standard, with an optional upgrade to when equipped with the optional "EcoBoost" engine, all-wheel drive, and 4K Tow Package option (which includes more robust cooling for the engine and transmission, a trailer brake controller and lower axle gear ratios). Also optional only on AWD models is an FX4 off-road package featuring additional traction control modes, hill descent control, skid plates, tow hooks and all-terrain tires.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: The Maverick is available in three trim levels with the same designations as all Ford trucks: base (XL), mid-level (XLT), and top-tier (Lariat).


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: Front-wheel drive is standard on all models, and all-wheel-drive is an available option on the 2.0L EcoBoost gasoline engine, itself an extra-cost option.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: Standard equipment on all trim levels includes a touchscreen infotainment system with wired Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration and 4G LTE capability, a rear-view camera, pre-collision assist with automatic emergency braking, power windows and door locks, remote keyless entry, auto-on headlamps and auto high-beams, a multifunction steering wheel, and air conditioning. Options available on all models include a power/tilt moonroof and the Ford CoPilot360 suite of driver assistance technologies.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: The base (XL) trim comes with silver-painted steel wheels, black exterior trim, a six-speaker audio system, and cloth seating surfaces. Notably, cruise control and power mirrors were not available as options on the 2022 base (XL) model. Cruise became a standard feature for 2023


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: The mid-level (XLT) trim adds features to the base trim, including cruise control, power mirrors, aluminum-alloy wheels, color-keyed exterior trim, higher-grade cloth seating and interior trim, a larger (4.2") full-color LCD instrument cluster display, and remote start. An optional package adds heated and power-adjustable seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel and other features to the mid-level trim.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: The top-tier (Lariat) trim adds features to the mid-level trim, including ActiveX faux leather-trimmed seating surfaces and leather-wrapped steering wheel, heated front bucket seats, powered seat adjustments, push-button ignition, a powered sliding rear window and others. Optional features available as part of the luxury package only on the top-tier trim level include adaptive cruise control, a Bang & Olufsen premium amplified audio system, and SiriusXM satellite radio.


title: Ford Maverick (2022)

text: A First Edition Package was available at launch based on the top-tier trim with options, including the 2.0L EcoBoost engine and eight-speed automatic transmission. It featured unique aluminum-alloy wheels and painted exterior trim. It was only available for a limited number of units in the 2022 model year (for which orders are now closed).


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The fifth generation of the BMW 7 Series consists of the BMW F01 (sedan version) and BMW F02 (long-wheelbase sedan version) full-size luxury sedans. The F01/F02 generation was produced by BMW from 2008 to 2015 and is often collectively referred to as the F01.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The F01 was the first BMW vehicle to be available with a hybrid drivetrain, an 8-speed automatic transmission and a turbocharged V12 engine. It was the second 7 Series to be available with a turbocharged petrol engine (the first being the European E23 745i), and all-wheel drive (xDrive). The wheelbase was increased by 8 cm over the outgoing 7 Series. Other model codes used for this generation were F03 for the "High Security 7 Series" armoured car and F04 for the "ActiveHybrid 7" hybrid-electric model.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The car's exterior was designed by Lebanese automotive designer Karim Habib. The styling retained some elements from its E65 7 Series predecessor but was a less controversial approach. The headlamps were reminiscent to the E65 but were smaller and sleeker. The car incorporated a wider and bigger kidney grille that went deeper into the front apron for a more aggressive appearance. The F01 7 Series was larger than its predecessor adding to the overall length and to the wheelbase while gaining more weight.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The car was first revealed to the public in the Red Square in Moscow (Russia) on 8 July 2008. Other launch events included the Paris Motor Show in October and the Los Angeles International Auto Show in November.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The F01 was available with rear-wheel steering (Integral Active Steering), all-wheel drive (xDrive), eight speed automatic transmission, pedestrian recognition for the night vision feature, blind spot monitoring, massage function for the rear seats and the radar cruise control system was now able to completely stop the car and accelerate from a standstill (Active Cruise Control with Stop and Go).


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: Side cameras were fitted in the front bumper to assist with merging and exiting narrow spaces. By combining these cameras with the front and rear cameras, the F01 can display a virtual overhead graphic of the car to assist with parking. The instrument cluster has an LCD backdrop (with the gauge needles and rings still present as physical objects), allowing various graphics to be shown. A lane departure warning system - as fitted to the E60 5 Series since 2007 - was also available for the first time in a 7 Series.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: Departures from the non-traditional interior design of the E65 include the transmission shifter being relocated to the centre console (previously a stalk on the steering column) and the seat controls being relocated to the outside edge of the seat base (previously located in the centre console).


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: <nowiki>**</nowiki> The V12 engine for the F01 760i/Li was redesigned as a twin-turbocharged 6.0L (codenamed N74) in order to maintain a performance advantage over the 750i, which utilised a turbocharged V8 engine. In some markets, the V12 engine was only available in the long-wheelbase model.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The 750Li High Security and 760Li High Security models are the first cars to be certified with BRV 2009 and VR7 ballistics protection ratings. Security upgrades include undercarriage armour, thick multi-layer laminated glass and armour plating on the doors, roof, body pillars, front footwell and rear bulkhead. Due to the added weight of the security upgrades, suspension components such as the shock absorbers and strut tops were upgraded. Options included an intercom system between the passengers and the driver, an alarm, a fire extinguisher with temperature sensor, irritant gas sensors (to warn of dangerous gasses in the passenger area), a fresh-air supply system and a compartment for two machine guns in the centre console.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The "ActiveHybrid 7" was the first BMW vehicle to use a hybrid drivetrain. The concept was unveiled as the Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid at the 2008 Paris Motor Show and the 2008 Los Angeles International Auto Show. The production version was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Auto Show, and shown again later at the Monaco Yacht Show 2010.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The production version called the ActiveHybrid 7 uses the engine from the 750i plus an electric motor rated at and of torque. The electric motor is integrated into the transmission housing, replacing the alternator and the starter. The battery is a lithium-ion type and located under the boot floor. Other features include an auto start/stop system. and an 8-speed automatic transmission. The hybrid system was based on the 2-mode hybrid from Daimler AG. The regenerative braking unit includes 12 V Absorbent Glass Mat batteries, running in parallel to a 120 V electrical network for electric motor. BMW claims it improved fuel consumption and reduced emissions by 15% over the non-hybrid model.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The car's exterior profile was designed by Karim Habib, Team Leader, Advanced Design for BMW in Munich, Germany.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The fuel economy benefits of the ActiveHybrid 7 were questioned by reviewers, since the EPA consumption ratings of city and are not significantly better than the significantly cheaper 740i model's ratings of city and highway. The contemporary 740i was powered by a conventional petrol engine (the turbocharged N54 six-cylinder). The 740i has less weight than the 750i over the front axle.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: In late 2012, the ActiveHybrid 7's powertrain was significantly changed, switching from the 750i's turbocharged 4.4 litre V8 engine to the turbocharged 3.0 litre six-cylinder engine from the 740i. The electric motor was upgraded to . The 2012–2015 ActiveHybrid 7 was only available as a long-wheelbase model. Fuel economy was significantly improved for the updated drivetrain, which was rated at city and highway.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The Alpina B7 is based on the 750i and began production for the 2011 model year. The vehicle was unveiled in 2010 Chicago Auto Show, and went on sale in Spring of 2010. Production version went on sale as 2011 model year vehicle. The Alpina B7's engine is assembled by hand at Alpina's facility in Buchloe, Germany, before being shipped to BMW for installation, and the assembled vehicle is then sent back to Alpina for finishing touches.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: In the 2010–2012 B7, Alpina's variant of the N63 twin-turbocharged 4.4-litre V8 engine rated at and , with the same fuel economy figures as the regular 750i. Compared with the regular N63 engine, the Alpina variant includes high-performance pistons, strengthened cylinder heads, an additional radiator and external coolers for the engine oil and transmission oil. Larger and lighter turbochargers are fitted and boost pressure is increased from to . The F01/F02 B7 marks the first time that BMW M and Alpina used the same type of forced-induction for their engines; Alpina's engine has less horsepower but more torque than the S63 variant used in the F10 M5.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The transmission is a ZF 6HP26 6-speed automatic with heavy-duty gears, and the B7 includes a strengthened drive shaft, differential and rear axles. The B7 also features a choice of regular or long-wheelbase and/or rear-wheel drive or xDrive.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: In late 2012, the B7 received a mid-life update in line with other models of the 7 Series. The updated B7 was unveiled at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance in August 2012 and went on-sale immediately thereafter. Power output increased to , and top speed increased to ( on xDrive models).


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: In North America, the BMW Alpina B7 is officially sold by BMW and have BMW VINs, whereas the Alpina B7 BiTurbo sold in Europe and Japan are sold as vehicles manufactured by Alpina.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: In 2011, a limited production (200 units) version of BMW 7 Series limousines were supplied by BMW for the wedding of Albert II, Prince of Monaco, and Charlene Wittstock. The car was based on the 740Li.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: All models from 2009 through 2012 were equipped with the 6-speed automatic transmission with Steptronic function, except for the 760i/Li which had the 8-speed automatic transmission with Steptronic. For the 2013-15 model years, all the other models received the 8-speed automatic transmission with Steptronic.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: Most changes occur in September each year, when the changes for the following model year go into production, as is typical BMW practice. Therefore, the changes for 2009 represent the 2010 model year, for example:


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The F01 facelift (also known as LCI) models began production in July 2012 and were sold as the 2013 model year cars. The facelift models were unveiled at the 2012 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance, and shown at the 2012 Monaco Yacht Show.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: The 740i and 740Li made up 10% of overall 7 Series sales in the United States, while the 760Li had 2%. In the United States, 70% of the 7 Series cars sold are the "L" long-wheelbase models.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: For the tenth anniversary of the Tate Modern, BMW provided Spanish artist Martí Anson with a 7 Series in which to chauffeur artists to the gallery, with the car parked in the gallery's Turbine Hall during the exhibition.


title: BMW 7 Series (F01)

text: BMW Group Russia provided vehicles for opening night premieres for various plays at the Bolshoi Theatre from 2004. In 2011, twenty vehicles (consisting of F01 7 Series and the F07 5 Series GT) were provided for the re-opening of the theatre's historical stage.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Flavius Valerius Constantius "Chlorus" ( – 25 July 306), also called Constantius I, was Roman emperor from 305 to 306. He was one of the four original members of the Tetrarchy established by Diocletian, first serving as caesar from 293 to 305 and then ruling as augustus until his death. Constantius was also father of Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor of Rome. The nickname Chlorus () was first popularized by Byzantine-era historians and not used during the emperor's lifetime. After his re-conquering of Roman Britain, he was given the title 'Redditor Lucis Aeternae', meaning 'The Restorer of Eternal Light'.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Of humble origin, Constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army. Around 289 he set aside Helena, Constantine's mother, to marry a daughter of Emperor Maximian, and in 293 was added to the imperial college by Maximian's colleague, Diocletian. Assigned to rule Gaul, Constantius defeated the usurper Carausius there and his successor Allectus in Britain, and campaigned extensively along the Rhine frontier, defeating the Alamanni and Franks. When the Diocletianic Persecution was announced in 303, Constantius ordered the demolition of churches but did not actively hunt down Christians in his domain. Upon becoming senior emperor in May 305, Constantius launched a successful punitive campaign against the Picts beyond the Antonine Wall. He died suddenly at Eboracum (York) in July the following year.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: After Constantius's death, the army, perhaps at his own instigation, immediately acclaimed his son Constantine as emperor. This act contributed to the collapse of the Diocletianic tetrarchy, sparking a series of civil wars which only ended when Constantine finally united the whole Roman Empire under his rule in 324. According to the "Oxford Classical Dictionary", "Constantinian propaganda bedevils assessment of Constantius, yet he appears to have been an able general and a generous ruler". His descendants, the Constantinian dynasty, ruled the Empire until the death of his grandson Julian the Apostate in 363.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Constantius's birthday was 31 March; the year is unknown, but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c. 250. Constantius was an Illyrian. He was born in Naissus, Dacia Ripensis, a Roman province on the south bank of the Middle Danube – the empire's frontier – with its capital at Ratiaria (modern Archar). According to the unreliable "Historia Augusta" he was the son of Eutropius, a nobleman from the province of Moesia Superior, and Claudia, a niece of the emperors Claudius Gothicus and Quintillus. The same source also gives Claudius the nomina "Flavius Valerius" to strengthen his connection to Constantius. Modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical fabrication created by his son Constantine I, and that his family was of humble origins. Constantine probably sought to dissociate his father's background from the memory of Maximian.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Constantius was a member of the "Protectores Augusti Nostri" under the emperor Aurelian and fought in the east against the secessionist Palmyrene Empire. While the claim that he had been made a "dux" under the emperor Probus is probably a fabrication, he certainly attained the rank of "tribunus" within the army, and during the reign of Carus he was raised to the position of "praeses", or governor, of the province of Dalmatia. It has been conjectured that he switched allegiances to support the claims of the future emperor Diocletian just before Diocletian defeated Carinus, the son of Carus, at the Battle of the Margus in July 285.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: In 286, Diocletian elevated a military colleague, Maximian, to the throne as co-emperor of the western provinces, while Diocletian took over the eastern provinces, beginning the process that would eventually see the division of the Roman Empire into two halves, a Western and an Eastern portion. By 288, his period as governor now over, Constantius had been made praetorian prefect in the west under Maximian. Throughout 287 and into 288, Constantius, under the command of Maximian, was involved in a war against the Alamanni, carrying out attacks on the territory of the barbarian tribes across the Rhine and Danube rivers. To consolidate the ties between himself and Emperor Maximian, Constantius divorced his concubine Helena and married the emperor's daughter, Theodora.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: By 293, Diocletian, conscious of the ambitions of his co-emperor for his new son-in-law, allowed Maximian to promote Constantius in a new power sharing arrangement known as the Tetrarchy. The eastern and western provinces would each be ruled by an "augustus", supported by a "caesar". Both "caesares" had the right of succession once the ruling "augustus" died.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: At Mediolanum (Milan) on 1 March 293, Constantius was formally appointed as Maximian's "caesar". He adopted the name "Flavius Valerius Constantius", and, being equated with Maximian, also took on "Herculius". His given command consisted of Gaul, Britannia and possibly Hispania. Diocletian, the eastern "augustus", in order to keep the balance of power in the "imperium", elevated Galerius as his "caesar", possibly on 21 May 293 at Philippopolis (Plovdiv). Constantius was the more senior of the two "caesares", and on official documents he always took precedence, being mentioned before Galerius. Constantius' capital was to be located at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Constantius' first task on becoming "caesar" was to deal with the Roman usurper Carausius who had declared himself emperor in Britannia and northern Gaul in 286. In late 293, Constantius defeated the forces of Carausius in Gaul, capturing Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer). Carausius was then assassinated by his "rationalis" (finance officer) Allectus, who assumed command of the British provinces until his death in 296.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the Franks who were the allies of Allectus, as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295. He also battled against the Alamanni, achieving some victories at the mouth of the Rhine in 295. Administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to Italy during this time as well. Only when he felt ready (and only when Maximian finally came to relieve him at the Rhine frontier) did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the English Channel. The first was entrusted to Julius Asclepiodotus, Constantius' long-serving Praetorian prefect, who sailed from the mouth of the Seine, while the other, under the command of Constantius himself, was launched from his base at Bononia. The fleet under Asclepiodotus landed near the Isle of Wight, and his army encountered the forces of Allectus, resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper. Constantius in the meantime occupied Londinium (London), saving the city from an attack by Frankish mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster. Constantius massacred all of them.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Constantius remained in Britannia for a few months, replaced most of Allectus' officers, and the British provinces were probably at this time subdivided along the lines of Diocletian's other administrative reforms of the Empire. The result was the division of Britannia Superior into Maxima Caesariensis and Britannia Prima, while Flavia Caesariensis and Britannia Secunda were carved out of Britannia Inferior. He also restored Hadrian's Wall and its forts.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Later in 298, Constantius fought in the Battle of Lingones (Langres) against the Alemanni. He was shut up in the city, but was relieved by his army after six hours and defeated the enemy. He defeated them again at Vindonissa thereby strengthening the defences of the Rhine frontier. In 300, he fought against the Franks on the Rhine frontier, and as part of his overall strategy to buttress the frontier, Constantius settled the Franks in the deserted parts of Gaul to repopulate the devastated areas. Nevertheless, over the next three years the Rhine frontier continued to occupy Constantius' attention.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: From 303 – the beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution – Constantius began to enforce the imperial edicts dealing with the persecution of Christians, which ordered the destruction of churches. The campaign was avidly pursued by Galerius, who noticed that Constantius was well-disposed towards the Christians, and who saw it as a method of advancing his career prospects with the aging Diocletian. Of the four Tetrarchs, Constantius made the least effort to implement the decrees in the western provinces that were under his direct authority, limiting himself to knocking down a handful of churches. Eusebius denied that Constantius destroyed Christian buildings, but Lactantius records that he did.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Between 303 and 305, Galerius began maneuvering to ensure that he would be in a position to take power from Constantius after the death of Diocletian. In 304, Maximian met with Galerius, probably to discuss the succession issue and Constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the Rhine. Although prior to 303 there appeared to be tacit agreement among the Tetrarchs that Constantius's son Constantine and Maximian's son Maxentius were to be promoted to the rank of "caesar" once Diocletian and Maximian had resigned the purple, by the end of 304 Galerius had convinced Diocletian (who in turn convinced Maximian) to appoint Galerius's nominees Severus and Maximinus as "caesares".


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Diocletian and Maximian stepped down as co-emperors on 1 May 305, possibly due to Diocletian's poor health. Before the assembled armies at Mediolanum, Maximian removed his purple cloak and handed it to Severus, the new "caesar", and proclaimed Constantius as "augustus". The same scene played out at Nicomedia (İzmit) under the authority of Diocletian. Constantius, notionally the senior emperor, ruled the western provinces, while Galerius took the eastern provinces. Constantine, disappointed in his hopes to become a "caesar", fled the court of Galerius after Constantius had asked Galerius to release his son as Constantius was ill. Constantine joined his father's court at the coast of Gaul, just as he was preparing to campaign in Britain.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: In 305, Constantius crossed over into Britain, travelled to the far north of the island and launched a military expedition against the Picts, claiming a victory against them and the title "Britannicus Maximus II" by 7 January 306. After retiring to Eboracum (York) for the winter, Constantius had planned to continue the campaign, but on 25 July 306 he died. As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor; consequently, Constantine was declared emperor by the legions at York.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Constantius was either married to, or was in concubinage with, Helena, who was probably from Nicomedia in Asia Minor. They had one son: Constantine.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: In 289, political developments forced him to divorce Helena. He married Theodora, Maximian's daughter. They had six children:


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti, names with a thicker border appear in both sections


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: As the father of Constantine, a number of Christian legends have grown up around Constantius. Eusebius's "Life of Constantine" claims that Constantius was himself a Christian, although he pretended to be a pagan, and while Caesar under Diocletian, took no part in the Emperor's persecutions. It was claimed that his first wife, Helena, found the True Cross.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Constantius's activities in Britain were remembered in medieval Welsh legend, which frequently confused his family with that of Magnus Maximus, who also was said to have wed a Saint Elen and sired a son named Constantine while in Britain. Henry of Huntingdon's "History of the English" identified Constantius's wife Helen as British and Geoffrey of Monmouth repeated the claim in his 1136 "History of the Kings of Britain". Geoffrey related that Constantius was sent to Britain by the Senate after Asclepiodotus (here a British king) was overthrown by Coel of Colchester. Coel submitted to Constantius and agreed to pay tribute to Rome, but died only eight days later. Constantius married his daughter Helena and became king of Britain. He and Helena had a son, Constantine, who succeeded to the throne of Britain when his father died at York eleven years later. These accounts have no historical validity: Constantius had divorced Helena before he went to Britain.


title: Constantius Chlorus

text: Similarly, the "History of the Britons" traditionally ascribed to Nennius claims the inscribed tomb of "Constantius the Emperor" was still present in the 9th century in the Roman fort of Segontium (near present-day Caernarfon, in North Wales). David Nash Ford credited the monument to Constantine, the supposed son of Magnus Maximus and Elen, who was said to have ruled over the area prior to the Irish invasions.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga () is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age romantic comedy-drama film directed by Shelly Chopra Dhar. The screenplay was written by Dhar, Muhammad Asif Ali and Gazal Dhaliwal, with the story inspired by the 1919 novel "A Damsel in Distress" by P. G. Wodehouse. It stars Anil Kapoor, Sonam K Ahuja, Rajkummar Rao and Juhi Chawla, and features Abhishek Duhan, Madhumalti Kapoor, Seema Pahwa, Brijendra Kala, Alka Kaushal and Kanwaljit Singh in supporting roles. Akshay Oberoi and Regina Cassandra make special appearances in the film. The film tells the story of Sweety Chaudhary, a closeted lesbian, and her attempts to come out to her conservative and traditional Punjabi family.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: The film is the first collaboration between real-life father and daughter Anil Kapoor and Sonam K Ahuja, and marks the Bollywood debut of Regina Cassandra. It was released worldwide on 1 February 2019 and emerged a flop at the box office. The screenplay was selected by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its library's Core Collection.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: A young Punjabi woman, Sweety Chaudhary, is under pressure from her traditional family to marry. She meets a young woman named Kuhu and Kuhu's brother Raza at a wedding. A year passes. In Delhi, Sahil Mirza is a playwright though not very successful, and his father, a famous film producer, thinks he should give up being a playwright. Sweety sees a rehearsal of his latest play and remarks that it is amusing but the romance is superficial. A man comes chasing her, and Sahil helps her flee. She escapes while Sahil fights the man, and Sahil accidentally hits a policeman. At the police station, Sahil learns that the man is Sweety's brother Babloo, and they live in Chaudhary Manor, Moga, Punjab. Sahil wants to see Sweety again and decides to write his next play in Moga. He is joined by Chatro, a caterer and enthusiastic amateur actress.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Sweety and Babloo's single father, Balbir Chaudhary, runs Chaudhary Garments, a clothing company. He actually wanted to become a cook, but his mother Beeji insists men do not belong in the kitchen. Babloo claims that Sweety has been going to Delhi to see a Muslim boy, so she must not be allowed to leave the house. Sahil goes to the manor with a letter for her. He sees Balbir cooking. Incorrectly assuming Balbir is the cook, Sahil pays him to give the letter to Sweety. This convinces Balbir that Sahil is Sweety's Muslim boyfriend. Sahil next pays Balbir's employee Chaubey to pass along a message to Sweety, and Chaubey tells Sahil that Sweety loves him though the family disapproves of her dating him because he is Muslim. A few individuals employed by the family bet on who Sweety will marry, with the cook Billauri betting on someone from a matchmaking app. Chaubey bets on “Mr. X”, any unknown outsider. Sweety learns Sahil is holding acting classes, and goes with Beeji and Billauri to the class. Sahil and Chatro are invited to Beeji's birthday party the following day.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: At Beeji's party, Chatro bonds with Balbir over cooking. He notices Sahil enjoying the party and tells the others that Sahil is Sweety's Muslim boyfriend. Chaubey hides Sahil and brings him to Sweety's room. Sahil says he loves her. She tells him Babloo lied and she is actually in love with a girl. Sahil is astonished and too drunk to properly respond. The next day, he cancels the acting class. Billauri saw Chaubey taking Sahil to Sweety's room and blackmails him into exchanging their bets. She helps Sweety see Sahil again. Sweety explains that she did not fit in as a child and now she hides the truth about herself. She is in a relationship with Kuhu. Babloo discovered this and tried to stop it, but she continued to see Kuhu in Delhi. She is glad to have a friend to confide in, and Sahil is glad to be her friend. Sweety wants to join Kuhu in London and study art there, yet she does not want to run away from her family. Chatro tells Balbir she is divorced with kids, and feels her kids should be free to marry or not, and to marry whomever they want to, regardless of religion. This inspires Balbir to invite Sahil to dinner and announce Sweety's engagement to him, which Babloo encourages.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Sweety resolves to marry Sahil to make her family happy, though Sahil is against this. Sahil's supportive mother reminds him about a successful play he wrote that was based on a true story. He offers to write a play for Balbir's upcoming fashion show, with Balbir, Chatro, and the others as the actors. Sahil writes a romance titled "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga", which will star Sweety and Kuhu. Balbir at first finds the story absurd, but Sahil defends it as a fresh new story. Babloo is supposed to be away but finds out about the play and reveals Sweety is actually in a relationship with Kuhu, not Sahil. Balbir leaves angrily, though Sweety declares the show will go on. As it becomes apparent the play is about a romance between two women, members of the audience start to leave, though many remain. After Balbir reads Sweety's diary and sees how she has felt lonely and misunderstood, he returns to the stage to defend Sweety and Kuhu. He is now accepting and supportive. The audience applauds. Later, Sahil's father congratulates him on his fresh new play. Sweety suggests Sahil present the play in other places for others like her. Balbir opens a restaurant and starts a relationship with Chatro. Billauri, claiming the gender of “Mr. X” is irrelevant, wins the bet on who Sweety would marry.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Principal photography began in Patiala on 29 January 2018. Initially, Anil Kapoor began filming and Sonam Kapoor joined the production shortly thereafter. It is produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra under the banner of Vinod Chopra Films.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: The film's title is derived from a similarly named song from the 1994 film "", which also stars Anil Kapoor. "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga" marks the reunion, after 11 years, of Anil Kapoor and Juhi Chawla, one of India's popular onscreen couples.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga" was released on 1 February 2019 on 1,500 screens in domestic circuit. The film is distributed by Fox Star Studios, and received a 12A certification from the British Board of Film Classification.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has approval rating based on reviews, with an average rating of .


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave it four stars out of five and wrote, "In the context of a commercial filmmaking tradition that has usually been appallingly uncaring of LGBTQ sensibilities, "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha"... is a whiff of fresh air, a huge leap forward from 2008's "Dostana". It does not seek to derive mirth and frivolity from the theme, offering instead an earnest, unapologetic depiction of the act of coming out in a conservative society." He found the story "simple enough and is told in a manner that could be faulted for being overly chaste — the same-sex lovers embrace a few times but they do not as much as plant a kiss on each other's cheeks, let alone lips — but the film achieves something far bigger than a Bollywood crowd-pleaser can...[It]...goads the audience to think differently without trying to deviate from its primary purpose, which is to deliver entertainment."


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Gaurang Chauhan of "Times Now" rated the film three and a half stars out of five, and although he faulted the comedic conflict of Sweety being mistaken by her family as "in love with a 'musalmaan'", he concluded that "Overall, "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga" is an important, well-intended film that is high on entertainment, boasts of great performances and rightfully deserves all the applause."


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Ananya Bhattacharya of "India Today" gave it four stars out of five, opining, "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga sets out to smash our ideas of right and wrong...It is an important film for the times we live in...Sonam Kapoor and Anil Kapoor, along with writer Gazal Dhaliwal and director Shelly Chopra Dhar, deliver a brilliant lesbian love story that Bollywood should be proud of."


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: Film critic Taran Adarsh gave the film three stars out of five, and said it was "brave" and "will surely trigger debates about love and life..."


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga" collected 2.90 crore on the first day of release. The first week earned 17.19 crore in domestic circuit. The film grossed 26 crore in the domestic market and 13.86 crore in the overseas market, for a combined worldwide gross of 39.86 crore. Box Office Mojo reported a total () worldwide gross as of 24 February 2019.It was a major flop at the box office.


title: Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga

text: The music for the film was composed by Rochak Kohli, while the music of the title song was originally written by R.D. Burman for the film "1942: A Love Story", and the lyrics rewritten by Gurpreet Saini. The soundtrack album was released by Saregama on 8 January 2019.


title: A Hard Day's Night (film)

text: A Hard Day's Night is a 1964 musical comedy film directed by Richard Lester and starring the English rock band the Beatles—John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr—during the height of Beatlemania. It was written by Alun Owen and originally released by United Artists. The film portrays 36 hours in the lives of the group as they prepare for a television performance.


title: A Hard Day's Night (film)

text: The film was a financial and critical success and was nominated for two Academy Awards including Best Original Screenplay. Forty years after its release, "Time" magazine rated it as one of the 100 all-time great films. In 1997, British critic Leslie Halliwell described it as a "comic fantasia with music; an enormous commercial success with the director trying every cinematic gag in the book" and awarded it a full four stars. The film is credited as being one of the most influential of all musical films, inspiring numerous spy films, the Monkees' television show and pop music videos, and various other low-budget musical film vehicles starring British pop groups, such as the Gerry and the Pacemakers film "Ferry Cross the Mersey" and John Boorman's vehicle for The Dave Clark Five, "Catch Us If You Can".


title: A Hard Day's Night (film)

text: The Beatles evade a horde of fans while boarding a train for London to film a televised concert. En route, they meet Paul McCartney's trouble-making grandfather for the first time. The band play cards and entertain some schoolgirls before arriving at the London station, where they are quickly driven to a hotel and begin to feel cooped up. Their manager Norm tasks them with answering all their fan mail, but they sneak out to party, only to be caught by Norm and taken back. They then find out that Paul's grandfather went to a gambling club using an invitation sent to Ringo, and bring him back to the hotel.


title: A Hard Day's Night (film)

text: The next day, the Beatles arrive at a TV studio for a performance. After the initial rehearsal, the producer assumes bad faith in them due to something Paul's grandfather said. After a mundane press conference, they leave through a fire escape and cavort in a field until forced off by the owner. Back in the studio, they are separated when a woman named Millie recognizes John Lennon but cannot recall who he is. George Harrison is lured into a trendmonger's office to audition for an advertisement with a popular female model. The band return to rehearse a second song and, after a quick trip to makeup, smoothly go through a third and earn a break.


title: A Hard Day's Night (film)

text: An hour before the final run-through, Ringo Starr is forced to chaperone Paul's grandfather and takes him to the canteen for tea while he reads a book. The grandfather manipulates Ringo into going outside to experience life rather than reading books, passing a surprised John and Paul on the way out. He tries to have a quiet drink in a pub, takes pictures, walks alongside the river and rides a bicycle along a railway station platform. After nearly injuring a parrot and accidentally causing a woman to fall into a newly dug hole, Ringo is apprehended by a policeman as a troublemaker, and is joined by Paul's grandfather shortly after for attempting to sell Beatles photos with forged signatures. The grandfather runs back to the studio and tells the others about Ringo. Norm sends John, Paul and George to retrieve him. While doing so, the boys wind up in a Keystone Cops-style foot chase before arriving back at the studio with Ringo, with only minutes to spare before airtime. The televised concert goes on as planned, after which the Beatles are whisked away to another performance via helicopter.