title: Radical (chemistry)

text: Radicals may also be involved in Parkinson's disease, senile and drug-induced deafness, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's. The classic free-radical syndrome, the iron-storage disease hemochromatosis, is typically associated with a constellation of free-radical-related symptoms including movement disorder, psychosis, skin pigmentary melanin abnormalities, deafness, arthritis, and diabetes mellitus. The free-radical theory of aging proposes that radicals underlie the aging process itself. Similarly, the process of mitohormesis suggests that repeated exposure to radicals may extend life span.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: Because radicals are necessary for life, the body has a number of mechanisms to minimize radical-induced damage and to repair damage that occurs, such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. In addition, antioxidants play a key role in these defense mechanisms. These are often the three vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E and polyphenol antioxidants. Furthermore, there is good evidence indicating that bilirubin and uric acid can act as antioxidants to help neutralize certain radicals. Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of red blood cells' contents, while uric acid is a breakdown product of purines. Too much bilirubin, though, can lead to jaundice, which could eventually damage the central nervous system, while too much uric acid causes gout.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: Reactive oxygen species or ROS are species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, commonly associated with cell damage. ROS form as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: Two important oxygen-centered radicals are superoxide and hydroxyl radical. They derive from molecular oxygen under reducing conditions. However, because of their reactivity, these same radicals can participate in unwanted side reactions resulting in cell damage. Excessive amounts of these radicals can lead to cell injury and death, which may contribute to many diseases such as cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes and major disorders. Many forms of cancer are thought to be the result of reactions between radicals and DNA, potentially resulting in mutations that can adversely affect the cell cycle and potentially lead to malignancy. Some of the symptoms of aging such as atherosclerosis are also attributed to radical induced oxidation of cholesterol to 7-ketocholesterol. In addition radicals contribute to alcohol-induced liver damage, perhaps more than alcohol itself. Radicals produced by cigarette smoke are implicated in inactivation of alpha 1-antitrypsin in the lung. This process promotes the development of emphysema.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: Oxybenzone has been found to form radicals in sunlight, and therefore may be associated with cell damage as well. This only occurred when it was combined with other ingredients commonly found in sunscreens, like titanium oxide and octyl methoxycinnamate.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: ROS attack the polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, to form a series of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid products that serve as signaling molecules that may trigger responses that counter the tissue injury which caused their formation. ROS attacks other polyunsaturated fatty acids, e.g. arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, to produce a similar series of signaling products.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: Until late in the 20th century the word "radical" was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms, such as a methyl group or a carboxyl, whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own. The qualifier "free" was then needed to specify the unbound case. Following recent nomenclature revisions, a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent, and "radical" now implies "free". However, the old nomenclature may still appear in some books.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: The term radical was already in use when the now obsolete radical theory was developed. Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau introduced the phrase "radical" in 1785 and the phrase was employed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 in his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie. A radical was then identified as the root base of certain acids (the Latin word "radix" meaning "root"). Historically, the term "radical" in radical theory was also used for bound parts of the molecule, especially when they remain unchanged in reactions. These are now called functional groups. For example, methyl alcohol was described as consisting of a methyl "radical" and a hydroxyl "radical". Neither are radicals in the modern chemical sense, as they are permanently bound to each other, and have no unpaired, reactive electrons; however, they can be observed as radicals in mass spectrometry when broken apart by irradiation with energetic electrons.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: In a modern context the first organic (carbon–containing) radical identified was the triphenylmethyl radical, (CH)C. This species was discovered by Moses Gomberg in 1900. In 1933 Morris S. Kharasch and Frank Mayo proposed that free radicals were responsible for anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide to allyl bromide.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: In most fields of chemistry, the historical definition of radicals contends that the molecules have nonzero electron spin. However, in fields including spectroscopy and astrochemistry, the definition is slightly different. Gerhard Herzberg, who won the Nobel prize for his research into the electron structure and geometry of radicals, suggested a looser definition of free radicals: "any transient (chemically unstable) species (atom, molecule, or ion)". The main point of his suggestion is that there are many chemically unstable molecules that have zero spin, such as C, C, CH and so on. This definition is more convenient for discussions of transient chemical processes and astrochemistry; therefore researchers in these fields prefer to use this loose definition.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: In chemical equations, radicals are frequently denoted by a dot placed immediately to the right of the atomic symbol or molecular formula as follows:


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: The homolytic cleavage of the breaking bond is drawn with a 'fish-hook' arrow to distinguish from the usual movement of two electrons depicted by a standard curly arrow. The second electron of the breaking bond also moves to pair up with the attacking radical electron; this is not explicitly indicated in this case.


title: Radical (chemistry)

text: Radicals also take part in radical addition and radical substitution as reactive intermediates. Chain reactions involving radicals can usually be divided into three distinct processes. These are "initiation", "propagation", and "termination".


title: David Lander

text: David L. Lander (born David Leonard Landau, June 22, 1947 – December 4, 2020) was an American actor, comedian, musician, and baseball scout. He was best known for his portrayal of Andrew "Squiggy" Squiggman in the ABC sitcom "Laverne & Shirley". He also served as a Goodwill ambassador for the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.


title: David Lander

text: David Leonard Landau was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest son of two Jewish schoolteacher parents, Stella (Goldman) and Saul Landau.


title: David Lander

text: Lander decided to become an actor when he was 10. He studied to become an actor at the High School for the Performing Arts and continued at Carnegie Tech and New York University. It was in high school he took the stage name of David Lander, which he would later legally adopt, after a classmate "borrowed" his real name to register with an actors' union.


title: David Lander

text: He was best known for his role as Andrew Helmut "Squiggy" Squiggman on the situation comedy "Laverne & Shirley" from 1976 to 1982 along with sitcom sidekick Lenny, played by Michael McKean.


title: David Lander

text: Lander's partnership with McKean began during their acting classes at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, where they developed the characters of Lenny and Squiggy. Lander's character went through a name change because producers felt that there were already too many Italian characters in the cast of "Laverne & Shirley." Therefore, Anthony Squiggliano became Andrew Helmut "Squiggy" Squiggman.


title: David Lander

text: After Pittsburgh, they teamed up in the Los Angeles-based comedy ensemble The Credibility Gap. The duo released an album as Lenny and the Squigtones in 1979 featuring Christopher Guest on guitar, credited as Nigel Tufnel, a name Guest would later reuse in the spoof rock band Spinal Tap. Lander and McKean also appeared together in the 1979 Steven Spielberg comedy "1941", and the 1980 Kurt Russell film "Used Cars". Lander and McKean lent their vocal talents to the animated TV series "Oswald", which ran from 2001 to 2003. Lander and McKean voiced the characters of the penguin cousins Henry and Louie, respectively.


title: David Lander

text: Lander also appeared in numerous other TV shows and movies, including "The Bob Newhart Show", "Barney Miller", "Happy Days" (as Squiggy), "Viva Valdez", "Married... with Children", "Twin Peaks", "On the Air", "The Weird Al Show", "Mad About You", "Pacific Blue", and "The Drew Carey Show". His film roles were more sparse but still memorable; these included the part of a minor league baseball radio announcer in the film, "A League of Their Own" and a bit part of the minister officiating the marriage ceremony in "Say It Isn't So". He also played "Tanning Intruder" in "Christmas with the Kranks". Lander created the starring role of the demented fast-food franchise clown Bruce Burger in the cult film "Funland", directed by Michael A. Simpson.


title: David Lander

text: Lander's voice acting roles included the "dramatic reproduction" of Elvis Presley quotations for the Pop Chronicles music documentary and the voice of Jerry Lewis in the Filmation series "Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down" in 1970. He voiced "Doc Boy" Arbuckle, the farm-boy brother of Jon Arbuckle, in most animated adaptations of the "Garfield" franchise. Later voice roles included "The Big Bang", "A Bug's Life", "Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills", "Oswald", "Titan A.E.", "" and the animated TV series "Galaxy High" as the six-armed Milo de Venus. In 2002, he reprised his role as Squiggy in the animated sitcom "The Simpsons". Lander was the voice of Smart Ass, the chief weasel of Judge Doom's Toon Patrol in the 1988 Disney film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". Lander reprised his role as Smart Ass on the related ride, but the character was renamed Wiseguy. He was credited as Stephen Lander in "Boo, Zino & the Snurks". One of his later roles was that of Ch'p in the DC Comics animated movie "".


title: David Lander

text: He played the psychiatrist in the video for "Why's Everybody Always Pickin' on Me?" by The Bloodhound Gang.


title: David Lander

text: Lander had multiple sclerosis. Diagnosed on May 15, 1984, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, he went public in 1999 and regularly spoke at related conventions. In 2002, his autobiography was published, titled "Fall Down Laughing: How Squiggy Caught Multiple Sclerosis and Didn't Tell Nobody" (), written with Lee Montgomery.


title: David Lander

text: Lander, a Pittsburgh Pirates fan, had a small stake in the Portland Beavers. In 1997, He began work as a baseball talent scout, first for the Anaheim Angels, and later for the Seattle Mariners. He was a member of the Society of American Baseball Research, the baseball sabermetrics organization, for many years.


title: David Lander

text: Lander died of complications from Multiple sclerosis at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, on December 4, 2020. He was 73 years old.


title: Kyle XY

text: Kyle XY is an American science fiction television series produced by ABC Family. The central character is a teenage boy (Matt Dallas) who awakens naked in a forest outside Seattle, Washington, with no more knowledge or abilities than a newborn and no belly button. He is taken in by a family and given the name Kyle. The series follows Kyle as he tries to solve the puzzles of who he is and why he has no memory before that day. Although set in present-day Seattle, the series was filmed in the Vancouver, British Columbia area.


title: Kyle XY

text: The show premiered June 26, 2006, on the ABC Family cable channel. Episodes were also broadcast on the ABC network the first season, but only for part of the second season, after which it was only seen on ABC Family.


title: Kyle XY

text: After the 10-episode debut season on ABC Family during summer 2006, news reported a total of 23 new episodes were ordered for the second season, which started on June 11, 2007, with rebroadcasts on ABC beginning on June 15, 2007. The second season's 13th episode, "Leap of Faith", aired on Monday, September 3, 2007; the remaining 10 began airing on January 12, 2008.


title: Kyle XY

text: The German version was aired December 8, 2007. The show started its second season in the UK on Monday, September 3, 2007, and on April 5, the first season was broadcast in France on M6. On October 5, 2007, TV Guide reported that ABC family had renewed "Kyle XY" for a third season of 10 episodes, which began airing on January 12, 2009.


title: Kyle XY

text: On January 31, 2009, ABC Family announced that "Kyle XY" would not be returning for a fourth season. The season finale of the show aired on Monday, March 16, 2009, at 9/8c on ABC Family, leaving several unresolved dramatic cliffhangers. Following the last episode, writer Julie Plec revealed what had been planned for further seasons. She also noted that the season three DVD would contain a "mini wrap-up" feature for the series. The "wrap-up" is called "Kyle XY: Future Revealed", with the writers and actors explaining their plans for future episodes and what would have ultimately happened in the series ending.


title: Kyle XY

text: "Kyle XY" was ABC Family channel's highest-rated original series from June 2006 to July 2008. The show lost its reign when the series premiere of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" brought in 2.8 million viewers. According to the same press release, "Kyle XY" received a household rating of 2.1 and reached 2.6 million viewers. The repeat showing of the first episode on sister broadcast network ABC had more than 5.2 million viewers. Several news sources said low ratings is one of the reasons for the series' cancellation.


title: Kyle XY

text: The third-season premiere (in a new time slot, with high-viewership lead-in "The Secret Life of the American Teenager") was 1.5 million total viewers, down 33 percent from the Season 2 opener, and most ABC Family shows significantly outperformed the show. The second episode slid to 1.426 million viewers.


title: Kyle XY

text: There are currently two novels based on the series, both from author S. G. Wilkins. The first, "", concerns Kyle's first Halloween, while the second, "", concerns the school's presidential election, with Kyle as a candidate.


title: Kyle XY

text: On May 22, 2007 a soundtrack for "Kyle XY" was released. It was released on the same day as the release of the first season. Track listing is as follows:


title: Kyle XY

text: The music supervisor for the show is Chris Mollere. Michael Suby wrote the opening theme, and most of the score and cues. Neither the theme nor any of the score appear on the soundtrack CD.


title: Kyle XY

text: "Kyle XY" featured an online alternate reality game during the first season in which players were "invited" to help solve the mystery of Kyle's actual identity. ABC Family and Touchstone hosted a website by the fictional business The Mada Corporation that served as the game's rabbit hole introducing players to the in-game universe, but the project ended during the second season.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The first generation of the BMW Z4 consists of the BMW E85 (roadster version) and BMW E86 (coupe version) sports cars. The E85/E86 generation was produced from 2002 to 2008. The E85/E86 replaced the Z3 and is the third model in the BMW Z Series. Initial models were in the roadster (E85) body style, with the coupé (E86) body style being added in 2006. In February 2009, the BMW Z4 (E89) began production as the successor to the E85/E86.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: As per the Z3, the E85/E86 was manufactured solely in Greer, South Carolina. The M model, the Z4 M, is powered by the S54 straight-six engine.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The E85 was designed by Danish BMW-designer Anders Warming from mid-1998 to the summer of 1999. The coupe models were designed by Tomasz Sycha. The E85 designs were frozen on March 1, 2000. The Z4 was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in 2002, and North American models went on sale in November of the same year (as the 2003 model year). European sales began in March 2003.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Z4 Roadster was launched in 2002 with the 2.5i and 3.0i six-cylinder models. Transmission choices were a five-speed manual, six-speed manual, five-speed automatic and a six-speed "SMG-II" automated manual transmission.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: BMW unveiled a concept coupé version of the Z4 at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show. The design of the Z4 and Z4 coupé has variously been ascribed to Anders Warming, Chris Bangle, the controversial former BMW Head of Design, and Adrian van Hooydonk, former BMW chief designer, and BMW designer Tomasz Sycha. The design was approved in Summer of 2004 and frozen in December 2004. The company announced in 2005 that the two-door coupé would be available for production including the return of the M Coupé. The production car was introduced at the New York Auto Show in April 2006 and was available for sale in late May 2006.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Coupe's fixed roof increases torsional rigidity, resulting in a stiffness of per degree of body twist on the coupe (compared to per degree on the roadster), which improves turn-in and overall handling response. The roof has a "double-bubble" contour which serves as an aerodynamic aid and offers more headroom than the roadster with the soft top closed. The Coupé has a sleek fastback rear window that slopes down to an integrated spoiler which is shaped to deliver downforce to the rear axle at high-speed.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The model range for the Coupé was more limited than the roadster, and consisted of the six-cylinder 3.0si and Z4 M model only. Transmission choices were a 6-speed manual and a 6-speed automatic with shift paddles mounted on the steering column.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: Compared with its Z3 predecessor, the Z4 is larger and has a stiffer chassis. As per the Z3, the front suspension is a Macpherson strut design. The rear suspension uses a multi-link design, instead of the semi-trailing design used by the Z3.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Z4 used lightweight materials to offset the increased weight over the smaller Z3, such as an aluminum hood and suspension components, magnesium roof frame. Run-flat tires removed the need for a spare tire, which reduces weight and allows for a larger trunk.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The 6-cylinder engines included all-alloy construction, variable valve timing (double-VANOS), and throttle by wire. Safety technology included four-wheel disc brakes and electronic stability control, incorporating ABS and traction control.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: An optional "Sport Package" included added stiffer and lower suspension, 18 inch wheels, and sport tuned electronic steering, throttle and shift parameters ("Dynamic Driving Control").


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: Electric power steering replaced the traditional hydraulic power steering used by the Z3. The power assist is speed-sensitive, allowing for easier maneuvering at low speeds. However, the Z4 M uses hydraulic power steering, and has been judged as having a more direct and communicative feel to the steering.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: All models are E85 roadsters except as noted. European specifications shown. North American vehicles may have slightly lower power ratings. US models include 2.5i Roadster, 3.0i Roadster, 3.0si Roadster & Coupé, M Roadster & Coupé.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Z4 M Coupe/Roadster was introduced in 2006 and is powered by the S54 straight-six engine shared with the E46 M3. The S54 was also on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2001 through 2004. The engine in the North American Z4 M models are rated at at 7,900 rpm, 3 hp less than the North American M3. In other markets, the power output is the same as the M3. The engine had BMW double VANOS system and a compression ratio of 11.5:1. The torque generated by the engine amounted to at 4,500 rpm. The torque was available from 2,500 rpm.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Z4 M uses hydraulic power steering, unlike the electric power steering used by the rest of the Z4 range. The Roadster used the E46 M3 steering rack, the Coupe the faster M3 CS/CSL rack. Other changes include a wider front track, revised front suspension, wider non-runflat-tires (measuring 225/45 at the front, 255/40 at the rear), and steering geometry. The brakes and the entire rear axle was too from the M3 CS/CSL.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Alpina Roadster S is a high-performance iteration of the pre-facelift Z4 introduced at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. Manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Alpina, the Roadster S was assembled at the manufacturer's Buchloe plant from body-in-white sent by the Spartanburg BMW factory. The Roadster S was produced for two years (2004 to 2005) before production was halted due to stricter emission regulations stopping engine supplies. The Roadster S was available in two trims, those being Standard and Luxury with the Luxury trim adding more creature comforts and bigger wheels over the Standard trim. The car had a claimed top speed of and accelerated to from a standstill in 5.3 seconds. The engine was modified by Alpina and change the name to E5/2. The engine create max output 300hp and max torque 362 Nm.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Concept Coupé Mille Miglia is a concept car inspired by the BMW 328 Mille Miglia Touring Coupé. It was unveiled at the 2006 Mille Miglia rally in Italy.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: Using the Z4 M Coupé's mechanical components, the concept car is longer, wider but flatter than the Z4 M Coupé. Other features of the concept car include 20-inch alloy wheels with 245/40R20 tyres, permanently integrated sidewalls, swing-up cockpit, an LED headlight panel, silver-coloured carbon-fibre reinforced plastic body and an interior constructed from stainless steel, untreated cowhides and Lycra fabric.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Z4 facelift (also known as LCI) models were launched at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The major changes were:


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: Over the Z4's life cycle, 197,950 vehicles had been produced, with 180,856 roadsters and 17,094 coupés.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The last of the first-generation Z4 (Z4 3.0si Roadster in Space Grey) rolled off the production line on 28 August 2008.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The Z4M Roadster had a total worldwide production of 5,070, including 3,042 cars for the North American market.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The worldwide model breakdown for the E86 Coupe over its life cycle (2006–2008) is 12,819 Z4 3.0si coupés, and 4,275 Z4M coupés. Even from its introduction in 2006, the Coupé was relatively rare: In its first 13 months on the market, the roadster outsold it at a ratio of 7 to 1. For the UK 3.0si coupe model, 1598 cars were produced with a manual transmission and 1998 cars with an automatic transmission.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: The North American (United States and Canada) production total for coupe models is 3,919, comprising 1,815 M-Coupes and 2,104 were the 3.0si Coupes. Of the 2,104 3.0si Coupes produced for the North American market, 1,276 were automatics and 828 were manual transmission; the Z4M was only available with a manual transmission.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: In North America, the 3.0si coupe was only available for sale in the United States although a number were imported into Canada from the US.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: Dieter Quester, Dirk Werner, Jamie Campell-Walter and Tim Mullen won the Silverstone Britcar 24-Hour race with a BMW Z4 M Coupé. The unit of the racing version is a modified version of the S54B32 3.2-litre straight-six engine, producing approximately . The car is made by BMW's M Division and called the Z4 M Coupé Motorsport.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: In the 2008 Super Taikyu Endurance Series in Japan, the Petronas Syntium Team entered two Z4M cars. The cars dominated the series by taking first and second at every race, finishing the Super Taikyu 1 class in first and second place to win both the championship and drivers title. The Petronas Syntium Team earned 277 points, compared to the next placed team on 98 points. The cars were driven by established and popular drivers such as Fariqe Hairuman, Nobuteru Taniguchi, Masataka Yanagida, Manabu Orido and father and son pairing of Hans-Joachim Stuck and Johannes Stuck.


title: BMW Z4 (E85)

text: In August 2008, a modified Z4 debuted in Round 6 of the Super GT season, marking BMW's return to the series after the M3 was retired from the JGTC series. It was run by the Studie team and participated in the GT300 class. The car was powered by a detuned version of the S62 V8 engine from the E39 M5. The Z4 competed in the 2009 Super GT season (aside from than Sepang Race), and they would replace their H-pattern to a sequential transmission, as well as their S62 Engine with an S65B40 after race 3, after they had suffered an unrepairable engine blow in race 2 at Suzuka. The car was retired at the end of the 2009 season, with its E89 Z4 GT3 successor making its debut in the 2010 season.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: The black-eyed pea or black-eyed bean is a legume grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible bean. It is a subspecies of the cowpea, an Old World plant domesticated in Africa, and is sometimes simply called a cowpea.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: The common commercial variety is called the California Blackeye; it is pale-colored with a prominent black spot. The American South has countless varieties, many of them heirloom, that vary in size from the small lady peas to very large ones. The color of the eye may be black, brown, red, pink, or green. All the peas are green when freshly shelled and brown or buff when dried. A popular variation of the black-eyed pea is the purple hull pea or mud-in-your-eye pea; it is usually green with a prominent purple or pink spot. The currently accepted botanical name for the black-eyed pea is "Vigna unguiculata" subsp. "unguiculata", although previously it was classified in the genus "Phaseolus". "Vigna unguiculata" subsp. "dekindtiana" is the wild relative and "Vigna unguiculata" subsp. "sesquipedalis" is the related asparagus bean. Other beans of somewhat similar appearance, such as the "frijol ojo de cabra" (goat's-eye bean) of northern Mexico, are sometimes incorrectly called black-eyed peas, and vice versa.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: The Black eyed pea originates from West Africa and has been cultivated in China and India since prehistoric times. It was grown in Virginia since the 17th century by African slaves who were brought to America along with the indigenous plants from their homelands. The crop would also eventually prove popular in Texas. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by George Washington Carver because, as a legume, it adds nitrogen to the soil and has high nutritional value. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient today in soul food and cuisines of the Southern United States. The black eye pea is cultivated throughout the world.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: This heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before germination. Black-eyed peas are extremely drought tolerant, so excessive watering should be avoided.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: The crop is relatively free of pests and disease. Root-knot nematodes can be a problem, especially if crops are not rotated. As a nitrogen-fixing legume, fertilization can exclude nitrogen three weeks after germination.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: The blossom produces nectar plentifully, and large areas can be a source of honey. Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators, care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In the Southern United States, eating black-eyed peas or Hoppin' John (a traditional soul food) on New Year's Day is thought to bring prosperity in the new year. The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as bacon, fatback, ham bones, or hog jowls) and diced onion, and served with a hot chili sauce or a pepper-flavored vinegar. The traditional meal also includes cabbage, collard, turnip, or mustard greens, and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion. Cornbread, which represents gold, also often accompanies this meal.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: Several legends exist as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South's association with peas and good luck dates back to the American Civil War. The first is associated with General William T. Sherman's march of the Union Army to the sea, during which they pillaged the Confederates' food supplies. Stories say peas and salted pork were said to have been left untouched, because of the belief that they were animal food unfit for human consumption. Southerners considered themselves lucky to be left with some supplies to help them survive the winter, and black-eyed peas evolved into a representation of good luck. One challenge to this legend is that General Sherman brought backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28. As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black-eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas were a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who after the Civil War were officially freed on New Years Day.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations eating the peas.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: Black-eyed peas contain calcium (41 mg), folate (356 μg), protein (13.22 g), fiber (11.1 g) and vitamin A (26 IU), among other nutrients, with less than of food energy in a serving.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In Egypt, black-eyed peas called "lobia", when cooked with onions, garlic, meat, and tomato juice and served with Egyptian rice with some pastina called "shaerya" mixed in, make the most famous rice dish in Egypt.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, "lobya" or green black-eyed-beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In Nigeria and Ghana within West Africa and the Caribbean, a traditional dish called "akara" or "koose" comprises mashed black-eyed peas with added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried. In Nigeria a pudding called 'moin-moin' is made from ground and mixed peas with seasoning as well as some plant proteins before it is steamed. This is served with various carbohydrate-rich foods such as pap, rice or garri.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In Indonesia, black-eyed peas are called "" or "kacang tolo" in the local language. They are commonly used in curry dishes such as "sambal goreng", a hot and spicy red curry dish, "sayur brongkos", or "sayur lodeh".


title: Black-eyed pea

text: The bean is commonly used across India. In North India, black-eyed peas are called "lobia" or "rongi" and cooked like "daal", served with boiled rice. In Maharashtra, they are called "chawli" and made into a curry called "chawli amti" or "chawli usal". In Karnataka they are called "alsande kalu" and used in the preparation of "huli", a popular type of curry. In South Kanara district they are called as "lathanay dha beeja" and are cooked in spiced coconut paste to make a saucy curry or a dry coconut curry. In Tamil Nadu, they are called "karamani" or "thattapayaru" and used in various recipes, including being boiled and made into a salad-like "sundal" (often during the Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri festivals). In Andhra Pradesh they are known by the name "alasandalu" and are used for variety of recipes, most popularly for Vada. In Kerala, they are a part of the Sadhya dish, Olan.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In Vietnam, black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called "chè đậu trắng" (black-eyed peas and sticky rice with coconut milk).


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In Cyprus (φρέσκο λουβί (fresko luvi)), Greece (μαυρομάτικα) and Turkey (börülce salatası), blanched black-eyed peas are eaten as salad with a dressing of olive oil, salt, lemon juice, onions and garlic.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: "Hoppin' John", made of black-eyed peas or field peas, rice, and pork, is a traditional dish of parts of the Southern United States.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: In Brazil's northeastern state of Bahia, especially in the city of Salvador, black-eyed peas (named "feijão fradinho" there) are used in a traditional street food of West African cuisine origin called "acarajé". The beans are peeled and mashed, and the resulting paste is made into balls and deep fried in "dendê". "Acarajé" is typically served split in half and stuffed with "vatapá", "caruru", diced green and red tomatoes, fried sun-dried shrimp and homemade hot sauce.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: This vegetable is a decent source of complex starches, fiber, and numerous fundamental nutrients and minerals. One cup or 165 grams (g) of cooked black-eyed peas contains:


title: Black-eyed pea

text: Black-eyed pea contains some important source of nutritional benefits and also have the following health benefits listed below:


title: Black-eyed pea

text: Black-eyed pea can assist with further developing absorption for certain individuals because of their fiber content, which can assist with advancing customary solid discharges.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: It also contain prebiotic fiber, which takes care of the useful microscopic organisms in the intestinal system.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: They are a rich source of complex carbohydrates, which require more effort to process than basic carbohydrates. Therefore, individuals who eat them may feel more full, which can help maintain a healthy weight.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: There is evidence that consistently eating vegetables can assist with bringing down LDL cholesterol. Bringing down elevated cholesterol can diminish the danger of coronary artery disease.


title: Black-eyed pea

text: Black-eyed peas contain a large measure of beta carotene, which the body converts to Vitamin A. In a single serving, it meets a fourth of a typical adults daily Vitamin A requirement. Vitamins A is important for healthy eyes and skin.


title: Shades of orange

text: In optics, orange has a wavelength between approximately 585 and 620 nm and a hue of 30° in HSV color space. In the RGB color space it is a secondary color numerically halfway between gamma-compressed red and yellow, as can be seen in the . The complementary color of orange is azure. Orange pigments are largely in the ochre or cadmium families, and absorb mostly blue light.


title: Shades of orange

text: Varieties of the color orange may differ in hue, chroma (also called saturation, intensity, or colorfulness) or lightness (or value, tone, or brightness), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being an orange or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below.


title: Shades of orange

text: The color known as "color wheel orange" is the tone of orange that is a pure chroma on the HSV color wheel, the expression of which is known as the , exactly halfway between red and yellow. The complementary color of orange is azure.


title: Shades of orange

text: Safety orange (also known as blaze orange, and a number of other names) was defined in ANSI standard Z535.1–1998 and is commonly used in a wide variety of contexts to warn of hazards, including: high-viz clothing, road cones, and as the background color in safety warning notices.


title: Shades of orange

text: A shade of orange known as "International orange" is used in the aerospace industry to set objects apart from their surroundings, similar to Safety orange, but deeper and with a more reddish tone. It was the color used for the Space Shuttle pressure suits.


title: Shades of orange

text: The tone of international orange used to paint the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California is slightly lighter than the standard International orange used by military contractors and in engineering (shown below), thus increasing its visibility to ships. The 25 de Abril Bridge in Lisbon, Portugal also uses this color.


title: Shades of orange

text: The color called "orange" in Pantone is taken from the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #021 TPX—Orange.


title: Shades of orange

text: The web color "papaya whip" is a pale tint of orange. It is a representation of the color that would result if mashed papayas were blended with vanilla ice cream, whipped cream, or yogurt.


title: Shades of orange

text: The color "melon" is a representation of the color of the interior flesh of a cantaloupe, the most commonly consumed melon.


title: Shades of orange

text: The name of the color xanthous is derived from "xantho" (meaning yellow or golden), from the Ancient Greek ξανθός and "ous" (meaning full of), from the Latin adjectival suffix -ōsus.


title: Shades of orange

text: "Carrot orange" is a tint of orange that is a representation of the color of the raw carrot vegetable.


title: Shades of orange

text: A discussion of the difference between the color "orange" (the color halfway between red and yellow, shown above as "color wheel orange") and the color "orange peel" (the actual color of the outer skin of an orange), may be found in Maerz and Paul.


title: Shades of orange

text: The color symbolizes Princeton University and is defined as Pantone 158. The equivalent RGB values vary among sources.


title: Shades of orange

text: This shade of orange is unique to the University of Tennessee (UT), defined by the institution as Pantone 151, and is called "UT orange". It is offered for sale by The Home Depot and licensed by the university. According to the university, this shade of orange is derived from the American daisy, which grew in profusion on the oldest part of the campus, The Hill. The University of Tennessee colors are UT orange and white, and are used across its various sports teams, advertising, and merchandise.


title: Shades of orange

text: "Spanish orange" is the color that is called "anaranjado" (the Spanish word for the colour "orange") in the "Guía de coloraciones" ("Guide to colorations") by Rosa Gallego and


title: Shades of orange

text: Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.


title: Shades of orange

text: The first recorded use of saffron as a color name in English was in 1200. It is considered as the most important colour in Hinduism. It is worn by the monks of the Theravada tradition.


title: Shades of orange

text: The web color goldenrod is a representation of the color of some of the deeper gold colored goldenrod flowers.


title: Shades of orange

text: The color "Giants orange" symbolizes, along with black and cream, the San Francisco Giants baseball team.


title: Shades of orange

text: Orange pudding (milk added to pureed oranges that is mixed in a blender with flour and slowly boiled on a stovetop) is colored Persian orange, assuming no food coloring is added. Allis-Chalmers tractors have been colored Persian orange since 1928 so that, even when caked with dirt, they could still be distinguished from landscape features.


title: Shades of orange

text: "Alloy orange" is one of the colors in the special set of metallic Crayola crayons called Metallic FX, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 2001.


title: Shades of orange

text: Although this is supposed to be a metallic color, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a computer.


title: Shades of orange

text: This color is one variation that is used as a school color of The University of Texas at Austin, Auburn University, and Virginia Tech.


title: Shades of orange

text: Burnt orange is not a standard color; for example, it is defined differently by Auburn University and the University of Texas at Austin. The National Hockey League's San Jose Sharks use burnt orange as a secondary color, and it is one of three colors of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns. The Chicago Bears also use it as an alternate color.


title: Shades of orange

text: Burnt orange was used by the University of Montana prior to 1996 and Oklahoma State University for its football uniforms from 1973 through 1983.


title: Shades of orange

text: The color "tiger’s eye" is named for the tiger’s eye gemstone, so named because its banding resembles the eye of a tiger. This color was formulated by Crayola in 1994 as part of the Gem Tones set.


title: Shades of orange

text: "Brown", although an independent color term, actually combines the orange hue (or close to orange) with low brightness. It can be described as an especially "dark orange" or, in painters' terminology, a deep shade of orange.


title: Shades of orange

text: The first recorded use of "brown" as a color name in English was in about 1000 AD in the "Metres of Boethius".


title: History of the World, Part I

text: History of the World, Part I is a 1981 American comedy film written, produced, and directed by Mel Brooks. Brooks also stars in the film, playing five roles: Moses, Comicus the stand-up philosopher, Tomás de Torquemada, King Louis XVI, and Jacques, "le garçon de pisse". The large ensemble cast also features Sid Caesar, Shecky Greene, Gregory Hines (in his film debut), Charlie Callas; and Brooks regulars Ron Carey, Dom DeLuise, Madeline Kahn, Harvey Korman, Cloris Leachman, Andreas Voutsinas, and Spike Milligan.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: The film also has cameo appearances by Royce D. Applegate, Bea Arthur, Nigel Hawthorne, Hugh Hefner, John Hurt, Phil Leeds, Barry Levinson, Jackie Mason, Paul Mazursky, Andrew Sachs and Henny Youngman, among others. Orson Welles narrates each story.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Despite carrying the title Part I, there were originally no plans for a sequel. The title is a play on "The History of the World, Volume 1" by Sir Walter Raleigh, as detailed below. However, 40 years after the film was originally released, Hulu announced that it ordered a sequel variety series titled "History of the World, Part II", with production planned to begin in Spring 2022.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: The film is a parody of the historical spectacular film genre anthology, including the sword and sandal epic and the period costume drama subgenres. The four main segments consist of stories set during the Stone Age, the Roman Empire, the Spanish Inquisition, and the French Revolution. Other intermediate skits include reenactments of the giving of the Ten Commandments and the Last Supper.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Cavemen (including Sid Caesar) depict the invention of fire, the first artist (which in turn gives rise to the first critic), the first marriages (Homo sapiens and then homosexual), primitive weapons (particularly spears), and the first funerals. Also depicted are early attempts at comedy and music, by smashing each other's feet with rocks and thus creating an orchestra of screams (until performing Handel's "Hallelujah Chorus" at the end).


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Moses (Mel Brooks) comes down from Mount Sinai carrying three stone tablets, having received the Law from God (the voice of an uncredited Carl Reiner). When announcing the giving of the reception of the law to the people, Moses proclaims, "The Lord Jehovah has given unto you these fifteen..." (whereupon he drops one of the tablets, which promptly shatters) "Oy... ten! "TEN Commandments"! For all to obey!"


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Brooks plays Comicus, a "stand-up philosopher," whose job combines elements of philosophy and stand-up comedy. Comicus is notified by his agent Swiftus (Ron Carey) that he has landed a gig at Caesar's palace. In route to the palace Comicus meets and falls in love with a Vestal Virgin named Miriam (Mary-Margaret Humes) and befriends an Ethiopian slave named Josephus (Gregory Hines). Josephus' life is spared when he is conscripted into the service of the Empress Nympho (Madeline Kahn).


title: History of the World, Part I

text: At the Palace, Emperor Nero (Dom DeLuise) gorges on food, ogles pretty maidens and waits to be entertained. Comicus forgets his audience and begins to crack insulting one-liners about the emperor's abundant body contours and corrupt ways. Josephus absentmindedly pours a jug of wine into Nero's lap and is ordered to fight Comicus to the death in a gladiatorial manner. They fight their way out of the palace, assisted in their escape by Miriam, Empress Nympho and a horse named Miracle.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: After Miriam helps Comicus, Josephus and Swiftus briefly find refuge in Empress Nympho's palace, Josephus is "outed" among a row of eunuchs after "reacting" to a seductive dancer's performance, and the group is chased by Roman soldiers led by Marcus Vindictus (Shecky Greene). As the soldiers gain on the group's cart (pulled by Miracle), Josephus instructs them to pull over in a field and requests much papyrus. He takes "Roman Red" marijuana which is growing alongside the road and rolls it into the papyrus, forming a device he calls Mighty Joint, sets fire to it and mounts it to the back of their chariot, trailing smoke into the chasing army.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: The resulting smoke confuses and incapacitates the trailing Roman army. The escaping group then sets sail from the port to Judea. While waiting tables at a restaurant, Comicus blunders into a private room where the Last Supper is taking place, as Jesus is telling the apostles "One of you has betrayed me tonight". The Apostles are in fear. Comicus says "JUDAS." Judas, startled, almost jumps out of his seat as Comicus replies "Do you want some mulled wine?", and interrupts Jesus (John Hurt) repeatedly (using his name as an expression for dismay or concern, right in front of him). Eventually, Leonardo da Vinci (Art Metrano) arrives to paint the group's portrait. Dissatisfied that he can only see the backs of half of their heads, he has them move to one side of the table and paints them with Comicus behind Jesus, holding a silver plate which doubles as a halo.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: The Spanish Inquisition segment parodies a grandiose Busby Berkeley-style production, consisting of an extended song-and-dance number featuring Brooks as the infamous Torquemada. The sequence opens with a herald introducing Torquemada and making a play on his name; despite pleas for mercy from the condemned, "you can't Torquemada anything" (talk him outta anything). Instances of comical torture include a spinning iron maiden and "water torture" reimagined with nuns performing an Esther Williams-style aquatic ballet. Jackie Mason and Ronny Graham supply cameos as Jewish torture victims.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: In her tavern Madame Defarge (Cloris Leachman) incites a mob to plot the French Revolution. Meanwhile, King Louis of France (Brooks again) is warned by his advisors, Count de Monet (played by Harvey Korman and mistakenly called "Count da Money" by the king and others) and his associate Béarnaise (Andreas Voutsinas), that the peasants do not think he likes them — a suspicion reinforced by the king's use of peasants as clay pigeons in a murderous (and humorous) game of skeet. A beautiful woman, Mademoiselle Rimbaud (Pamela Stephenson), asks King Louis to free her father, who has been imprisoned in the Bastille for 10 years because he said "the poor ain't so bad." He agrees to the pardon under the condition that she have sex with him that night, while threatening that should she refuse, her father will die. He gives her ten seconds to decide between "hump or death" and at the last second she agrees to "hump".


title: History of the World, Part I

text: De Monet manages to convince the king that the revolution is building and he needs to go into hiding, so they will need a stand-in to pretend to be him. Thus Jacques (also Brooks), the "garçon de pisse" (a.k.a. "piss-boy," whose job is to hold up buckets for the king and his advisors to urinate into), is chosen to impersonate the real king. Later that night, Rimbaud, unaware of the subterfuge, arrives and offers herself to the piss-boy who is dressed as the king. As she invites him to take her virginity, he pardons her father without requiring the sexual favors. After Rimbaud and her senile father (Spike Milligan) return from the prison, the peasants burst into the room and capture the piss-boy "king" and Rimbaud. They are taken to the guillotine for the crimes committed by the crown. When asked if he would like a blindfold or any last words, Jacques declines. However, when they test the guillotine, Jacques make a final request for Novocain. The dialogue recognizes this as an anachronism when the executioner declares "there is no such thing known to medical science", to which Jacques replies "I'll wait". Just as Jacques is about to be beheaded, Rimbaud muses that "only a miracle can save him now", and Josephus arrives in a cart pulled by Miracle, the horse from the film's Roman Empire segment. They all escape Paris, riding away in the cart. The last shot is of the party approaching a mountain carved with the words "THE END".


title: History of the World, Part I

text: The end of the film presents a mock teaser trailer for "History of the World, Part II", narrated by Brooks, which promises to include Hitler on Ice, a Viking funeral, and "Jews in Space", a parody of "Star Wars" and "The Muppet Show".


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Despite the preview, there were originally no plans for a sequel to be released. The "Part I" of the film's title was originally intended to be a historical joke ("The History of the World, Volume 1" was written by Sir Walter Raleigh while prisoner in the Tower of London; he had only managed to complete the first volume before being beheaded). However, in 2021, a sequel was announced to be in production as detailed below.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Richard Pryor was to play the role of Josephus, but two days before he was to shoot his part he was hospitalized with serious burns in a much-publicized incident. Brooks was about to write the part out when Madeline Kahn suggested Gregory Hines.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: John Cleese was originally scheduled to play “Count de Monet” but due to scheduling conflicts Harvey Korman was instead cast.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: One scene was removed from the final cut of the film that referred to the Three Mile Island accident. "I had a father and a mother," Brooks said, "made up to look like half a dog and half a cat as a result of a nuclear meltdown. But the audience was seriously chilled and didn't laugh, so I left it out."


title: History of the World, Part I

text: The film holds an approval rating of 61% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 33 reviews. It was nominated for Worst Picture at the 1981 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards but lost to "Tarzan, the Ape Man". The revised ballot, released in 2007, removed its Worst Picture nomination and instead nominated it for Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy (which it won). It also garnered a Worst Song nomination at the same ceremony for "The Inquisition" (lost to "Baby Talk" from "Paternity").


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and described it as "a rambling, undisciplined, sometimes embarrassing failure from one of the most gifted comic filmmakers around. What went wrong? Brooks never seems to have a clear idea of the rationale of his movie, so there's no confident narrative impetus to carry it along." Gene Siskel, however, gave it three stars out of four and said that even though the film "borrows heavily from [Brooks'] previous work," it "contains a bunch of solid laughs." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote, "There are loads of familiarly funny gags in the film ... But the movie is so sour that its humor is often undermined, because so many of the jokes are either mean-spirited or scatological, or both." Pauline Kael of "The New Yorker" was positive and wrote, "It's an all-out assault on taste and taboo, and it made me laugh a lot." "Variety" called it "a disappointingly uneven farce which serves up a fair share of hearty laughs during its first half, but sputters out long before the close." Sheila Benson of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Presumably everyone was so busy doing shtick and reacting off each other that there was no one left to mind the story and to say, 'Not funny.' Not only not funny, but a big, overblown, crashing bore, fellas." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" called it "an entertaining mishmash of skits which finds Mel Brooks back in lively form, for better and for worse ... To a considerable extent the funny stuff works in a laughing-in-spite-of-yourself way." Leonard Maltin's film guide gave the movie one-and-a-half out of a possible four stars and stated that the gags "range from hilarious to hideous. After a while there's no more momentum, and it all just lies there, despite the efforts of a large comic cast."


title: History of the World, Part I

text: Jonathan Rosenbaum has always championed the film as a guilty pleasure, writing that "the wonderful stuff is so funny that it makes most of the awful stuff tolerable ... Keep in mind that Brooks is more verbal than visual in orientation and you'll be amply rewarded."


title: History of the World, Part I

text: The film opened in 484 theatres the same weekend as "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and "Clash of the Titans" and finished fourth for the weekend with a gross of $4.8 million, behind "Raiders", "Clash" and "Cheech and Chong's Nice Dreams". With a per-screen average of $10,000, it was Brooks' highest opening on a per-screen basis. Despite the strong start, poor word of mouth impacted its box office. Although it grossed $31.7 million, it was considered a commercial disappointment because the film had been "tracking" well and Brooks' previous films had been so successful.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: "History of the World, Part I" was released on DVD. According to the MPAA, it was rated "R" for "crude sexual humor, language, comic violence, sex and nudity, and drug use". In May 2010, it was released on Blu-ray.


title: History of the World, Part I

text: On October 18, 2021, Hulu and Searchlight Television (the TV division of 20th Century's sister studio, Searchlight Pictures) announced that a sequel variety series, called "History of the World, Part II" is in the works, with a spring 2022 production date scheduled. Mel Brooks is producing and writing the series along with Wanda Sykes, Ike Barinholtz, and Nick Kroll.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Cyberwarfare is the use of cyber attacks against an enemy state, causing comparable harm to actual warfare and/or disrupting vital computer systems. Some intended outcomes could be espionage, sabotage, propaganda, manipulation or economic warfare.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: There is significant debate among experts regarding the definition of cyberwarfare, and even if such a thing exists. One view is that the term is a misnomer, since no cyber attacks to date could be described as war. An alternative view is that it is a suitable label for cyber attacks which cause physical damage to people and objects in the real world.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Many countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, Israel, Iran, and North Korea have active cyber capabilities for offensive and defensive operations. As states explore the use of cyber operations and combine capabilities, the likelihood of physical confrontation and violence playing out as a result of, or part of, a cyber operation is increased. However, meeting the scale and protracted nature of war is unlikely, thus ambiguity remains.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The first instance of kinetic military action used in response to a cyber-attack resulting in the loss of human life was observed on 5 May 2019, when the Israel Defense Forces targeted and destroyed a building associated with an ongoing cyber-attack.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: There is ongoing debate over how cyberwarfare should be defined and no absolute definition is widely agreed upon. While the majority of scholars, militaries and governments use definitions which refer to state and state-sponsored actors, other definitions may include non-state actors, such as terrorist groups, companies, political or ideological extremist groups, hacktivists, and transnational criminal organizations depending on the context of the work.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: 'Cyberwarfare' is used in a broad context to denote interstate use of technological force within computer networks in which information is stored, shared or communicated online.Parks and Duggan focused on analyzing cyberwarfare in terms of computer networks and pointed out that "Cyberwarfare is a combination of computer network attack and defense and special technical operations." According to this perspective, the notion of cyberwarfare brings a new paradigm into the military doctrine. Paulo Shakarian and colleagues, put forward the following definition in 2013 drawing from various works including Clausewitz's definition of war: "War is the continuation of politics by other means":Cyberwarfare is an extension of policy by actions taken in cyberspace by state actors (or by non-state actors with significant state direction or support) that constitute a serious threat to another state's security, or an action of the same nature taken in response to a serious threat to a state's security (actual or perceived).


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The warfare grounded on certain uses of ICTs within an offensive or defensive military strategy endorsed by a state and aiming at the immediate disruption or control of the enemy's resources, and which is waged within the informational environment, with agents and targets ranging both on the physical and non-physical domains and whose level of violence may vary upon circumstances.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Robinson et al. proposed in 2015, that the intent of the attacker dictates whether an attack is warfare or not, defining cyber warfare as "the use of cyber attacks with a warfare-like intent."


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In 2010, the former US National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection and Counter-terrorism, Richard A. Clarke, defined cyberwarfare as "actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation's computers or networks for the purposes of causing damage or disruption." Own cyber-physical infrastructure may be weaponized and used by the adversary in case of a cyber conflict, thus turning such infrastructure into tactical weapons.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: There is debate on whether the term "cyberwarfare" is accurate. In 2012, Eugene Kaspersky, founder of Kaspersky Lab, concludes that "cyberterrorism" is a more accurate term than "cyberwar." He states that "with today's attacks, you are clueless about who did it or when they will strike again. It's not cyber-war, but cyberterrorism." Howard Schmidt, former Cyber Security Coordinator of the Obama Administration, said that "there is no cyberwar... I think that is a terrible metaphor and I think that is a terrible concept. There are no winners in that environment."


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Some experts take issue with the possible consequences linked to the warfare analogy. In 2011, Ron Deibert, of Canada's Citizen Lab, has warned of a "militarization of cyberspace", as militaristic responses may not be appropriate. Although, to date, even serious cyber attacks which have disrupted large parts of a nations electrical grids (230,000 customers, Ukraine, 2015) or affected access to medical care, thus endangering life (NHS, WannaCry, 2017) have not led to military action.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In 2017, Oxford academic Lucas Kello proposed a new term – "Unpeace" – to denote highly damaging cyber actions whose non-violent effects do not rise to the level of traditional war. Such actions are neither warlike nor peace-like. Although they are non-violent, and thus not acts of war, their damaging effects on the economy and society may be greater than even some armed attacks. This term is closely related to the concept of the "grey zone" which has come to prominence in 2017, describing actions which fall below the traditional threshold of war.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The term "cyberwarfare" is distinct from the term "cyber war." "Cyberwarfare" does not imply scale, protraction or violence which are typically associated with the term "war". Cyber warfare includes techniques, tactics and procedures which may be involved in a cyber war. The term war inherently refers to a large scale action, typically over a protracted period of time and may include objectives seeking to utilize violence or the aim to kill. A cyber war could accurately describe a protracted period of back-and-forth cyber attacks (including in combination with traditional military action) between warring states. To date, no such action is known to have occurred. Instead, tit-for-tat military-cyber actions are more commonplace. For example, in June 2019, the United States launched a cyber attack against Iranian weapons systems in retaliation to the shooting down of a US drone being in the Strait of Hormuz.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The use of digital attacks, as described by the concept of cyberwarfare, in this page can be a retaliatory response to the cyber attacks. In addition, countries can use cyber sanctions as a reaction to being the targets of the cyber attacks. Sometimes, it is not easy to detect the attacker; however, it might be the case that suspicions can focus on a certain country or group of countries. In these cases, unilateral and multilateral economic sanctions can be used instead of cyberwarfare. For example, economic sanctions related to cyber attacks have been frequently used by the United States government. There are two Executive Orders, EO 13694 in 2015 and EO 13757 in 2016, issued during the Obama administration specifically focused on the implementation of the cyber sanctions. Later on, these Executive Orders have been frequently used by the following US presidents. Furthermore, the Congress is an important actor when it comes to the cyber sanctions. For example, Iran Cyber Sanctions Act of 2016 is a bill that imposes sanctions on specific individuals responsible for the cyber attacks.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Cyber warfare can present a multitude of threats towards a nation. At the most basic level, cyber attacks can be used to support traditional warfare. For example, tampering with the operation of air defenses via cyber means in order to facilitate an air attack. Aside from these "hard" threats, cyber warfare can also contribute towards "soft" threats such as espionage and propaganda.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Eugene Kaspersky, founder of Kaspersky Lab, equates large-scale cyber weapons, such as Flame and NetTraveler which his company discovered, to biological weapons, claiming that in an interconnected world, they have the potential to be equally destructive.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Traditional espionage is not an act of war, nor is cyber-espionage, and both are generally assumed to be ongoing between major powers. Despite this assumption, some incidents can cause serious tensions between nations, and are often described as "attacks". For example:


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Computers and satellites that coordinate other activities are vulnerable components of a system and could lead to the disruption of equipment. Compromise of military systems, such as C4ISTAR components that are responsible for orders and communications could lead to their interception or malicious replacement. Power, water, fuel, communications, and transportation infrastructure all may be vulnerable to disruption. According to Clarke, the civilian realm is also at risk, noting that the security breaches have already gone beyond stolen credit card numbers, and that potential targets can also include the electric power grid, trains, or the stock market.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In mid-July 2010, security experts discovered a malicious software program called Stuxnet that had infiltrated factory computers and had spread to plants around the world. It is considered "the first attack on critical industrial infrastructure that sits at the foundation of modern economies," notes "The New York Times".


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Stuxnet, while extremely effective in delaying Iran's nuclear program for the development of nuclear weaponry, came at a high cost. For the first time, it became clear that not only could cyber weapons be defensive but they could be offensive. The large decentralization and scale of cyberspace makes it extremely difficult to direct from a policy perspective. Non-state actors can play as large a part in the cyberwar space as state actors, which leads to dangerous, sometimes disastrous, consequences. Small groups of highly skilled malware developers are able to as effectively impact global politics and cyber warfare as large governmental agencies. A major aspect of this ability lies in the willingness of these groups to share their exploits and developments on the web as a form of arms proliferation. This allows lesser hackers to become more proficient in creating the large scale attacks that once only a small handful were skillful enough to manage. In addition, thriving black markets for these kinds of cyber weapons are buying and selling these cyber capabilities to the highest bidder without regard for consequences.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit card payment gateways, and even root nameservers. DoS attacks often leverage internet-connected devices with vulnerable security measures to carry out these large-scale attacks. DoS attacks may not be limited to computer-based methods, as strategic physical attacks against infrastructure can be just as devastating. For example, cutting undersea communication cables may severely cripple some regions and countries with regards to their information warfare ability.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The federal government of the United States admits that the electric power grid is susceptible to cyberwarfare. The United States Department of Homeland Security works with industries to identify vulnerabilities and to help industries enhance the security of control system networks. The federal government is also working to ensure that security is built in as the next generation of "smart grid" networks are developed. In April 2009, reports surfaced that China and Russia had infiltrated the U.S. electrical grid and left behind software programs that could be used to disrupt the system, according to current and former national security officials. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) has issued a public notice that warns that the electrical grid is not adequately protected from cyber attack. China denies intruding into the U.S. electrical grid. One countermeasure would be to disconnect the power grid from the Internet and run the net with droop speed control only. Massive power outages caused by a cyber attack could disrupt the economy, distract from a simultaneous military attack, or create a national trauma.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Iranian hackers, possibly Iranian Cyber Army pushed a massive power outage for 12 hours in 44 of 81 provinces of Turkey, impacting 40 million people. Istanbul and Ankara were among the places suffering blackout.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: It's possible that hackers have gotten into administrative computer systems of utility companies, but says those aren't linked to the equipment controlling the grid, at least not in developed countries. [Schmidt] has never heard that the grid itself has been hacked.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In June 2019, Russia said that its electrical grid has been under cyber-attack by the United States. The "New York Times" reported that American hackers from the United States Cyber Command planted malware potentially capable of disrupting the Russian electrical grid.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Cyber propaganda is an effort to control information in whatever form it takes, and influence public opinion. It is a form of psychological warfare, except it uses social media, fake news websites and other digital means. In 2018, Sir Nicholas Carter, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army stated that this kind of attack from actors such as Russia "is a form of system warfare that seeks to de-legitimize the political and social system on which our military strength is based".


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Jowell and O'Donnell (2006) state that "propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist" (p. 7). The internet is the most important means of communication today. People can convey their messages quickly across to a huge audience, and this can open a window for evil. Terrorist organizations can exploit this and may use this medium to brainwash people. It has been suggested that restricted media coverage of terrorist attacks would in turn decrease the number of terrorist attacks that occur afterwards.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In 2017, the WannaCry and Petya (NotPetya) cyber attacks, masquerading as ransomware, caused large-scale disruptions in Ukraine as well as to the U.K.'s National Health Service, pharmaceutical giant Merck, Maersk shipping company and other organizations around the world. These attacks are also categorized as cybercrimes, specifically financial crime because they negatively affect a company or group.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The idea of a "cyber Pearl Harbor" has been debated by scholars, drawing an analogy to the historical act of war. Others have used "cyber 9/11" to draw attention to the nontraditional, asymmetric, or irregular aspect of cyber action against a state.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: There are a number of reasons nations undertake offensive cyber operations. , a cyber security expert and adviser to NATO, advocates that states take cyber warfare seriously as they are viewed as an attractive activity by many nations, in times of war and peace. Offensive cyber operations offer a large variety of cheap and risk-free options to weaken other countries and strengthen their own positions. Considered from a long-term, geostrategic perspective, cyber offensive operations can cripple whole economies, change political views, agitate conflicts within or among states, reduce their military efficiency and equalize the capacities of high-tech nations to that of low-tech nations, and use access to their critical infrastructures to blackmail them.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: With the emergence of cyber as a substantial threat to national and global security, cyber war, warfare and/or attacks also became a domain of interest and purpose for the military.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In the U.S., General Keith B. Alexander, first head of USCYBERCOM, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that computer network warfare is evolving so rapidly that there is a "mismatch between our technical capabilities to conduct operations and the governing laws and policies. Cyber Command is the newest global combatant and its sole mission is cyberspace, outside the traditional battlefields of land, sea, air and space." It will attempt to find and, when necessary, neutralize cyberattacks and to defend military computer networks.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Alexander sketched out the broad battlefield envisioned for the computer warfare command, listing the kind of targets that his new headquarters could be ordered to attack, including "traditional battlefield prizes – command-and-control systems at military headquarters, air defense networks and weapons systems that require computers to operate."


title: Cyberwarfare

text: One cyber warfare scenario, Cyber-ShockWave, which was wargamed on the cabinet level by former administration officials, raised issues ranging from the National Guard to the power grid to the limits of statutory authority.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The distributed nature of internet based attacks means that it is difficult to determine motivation and attacking party, meaning that it is unclear when a specific act should be considered an act of war.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Examples of cyberwarfare driven by political motivations can be found worldwide. In 2008, Russia began a cyber attack on the Georgian government website, which was carried out along with Georgian military operations in South Ossetia. In 2008, Chinese "nationalist hackers" attacked CNN as it reported on Chinese repression on Tibet. Hackers from Armenia and Azerbaijan have actively participated in cyberwarfare as part of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, with Azerbaijani hackers targeting Armenian websites and posting Ilham Aliyev's statements.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Jobs in cyberwarfare have become increasingly popular in the military. All four branches of the United States military actively recruit for cyber warfare positions.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: As the military have become more and more entangled into the national and global threat proposed by the utilization of the cyber domain, a new research field within the Military Science field have slowly emerged. In essence, its focus is centered towards describing, understanding and explaining what Military Cyber Operations is, can do and be tackled. In the "Handbook of Military Sciences" Aaron Brantly and Max Smeets define Military Cyber Operations to be "those cyber operations which a military entity of a nation-state plans and conducts to achieve strategic, operational, or tactical gain." More so, they argue these types of military operations are commonly divided into three types of operations.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Potential targets in internet sabotage include all aspects of the Internet from the backbones of the web, to the internet service providers, to the varying types of data communication mediums and network equipment. This would include: web servers, enterprise information systems, client server systems, communication links, network equipment, and the desktops and laptops in businesses and homes. Electrical grids, financial networks, and telecommunication systems are also deemed vulnerable, especially due to current trends in computerization and automation.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Politically motivated hacktivism involves the subversive use of computers and computer networks to promote an agenda, and can potentially extend to attacks, theft and virtual sabotage that could be seen as cyberwarfare – or mistaken for it.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Hacktivists use their knowledge and software tools to gain unauthorized access to computer systems they seek to manipulate or damage not for material gain or to cause widespread destruction, but to draw attention to their cause through well-publicized disruptions of select targets. Anonymous and other hacktivist groups are often portrayed in the media as cyber-terrorists, wreaking havoc by hacking websites, posting sensitive information about their victims, and threatening further attacks if their demands are not met. However, hacktivism is more than that. Actors are politically motivated to change the world, through the use of fundamentalism. Groups like Anonymous, however, have divided opinion with their methods.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Cyber attacks, including ransomware, can be used to generate income. States can use these techniques to generate significant sources of income, which can evade sanctions and perhaps while simultaneously harming adversaries (depending on targets). This tactic was observed in August 2019 when it was revealed North Korea had generated $2 billion to fund its weapons program, avoiding the blanket of sanctions levied by the United States, United Nations and the European Union.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Computer hacking represents a modern threat in ongoing global conflicts and industrial espionage and as such is presumed to widely occur. It is typical that this type of crime is underreported to the extent they are known. According to McAfee's George Kurtz, corporations around the world face millions of cyberattacks a day. "Most of these attacks don't gain any media attention or lead to strong political statements by victims." This type of crime is usually financially motivated.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: But not all those who engage in cyberwarfare do so for financial or ideological reasons. There are institutes and companies like the University of Cincinnati or the Kaspersky Security Lab which engage in cyberwarfare so as to better understand the field through actions like the researching and publishing of new security threats.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: A number of countries conduct exercise to increase preparedness and explore the strategy, tactics and operations involved in conducting and defending against cyber attacks against hostile states, this is typically done in the form of war games.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCE), part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), have conducted a yearly war game called Locked Shields since 2010 designed to test readiness and improve skills, strategy tactics and operational decision making of participating national organizations. Locked Shields 2019 saw 1200 participants from 30 countries compete in a red team vs. blue team exercise. The war game involved a fictional country, Berylia, which was "experiencing a deteriorating security situation, where a number of hostile events coincide with coordinated cyber attacks against a major civilian internet service provider and maritime surveillance system. The attacks caused severe disruptions in the power generation and distribution, 4G communication systems, maritime surveillance, water purification plant and other critical infrastructure components". CCDCE describe the aim of the exercise was to "maintain the operation of various systems under intense pressure, the strategic part addresses the capability to understand the impact of decisions made at the strategic and policy level." Ultimately, France was the winner of Locked Shields 2019.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The European Union conducts cyber war game scenarios with member states and foreign partner states to improve readiness, skills and observe how strategic and tactical decisions may affect the scenario.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: As well as war games which serve a broader purpose to explore options and improve skills, cyber war games are targeted at preparing for specific threats. In 2018 the Sunday Times reported the UK government was conducting cyber war games which could "blackout Moscow". These types of war games move beyond defensive preparedness, as previously described above and onto preparing offensive capabilities which can be used as deterrence, or for "war".


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Approximately 120 countries have been developing ways to use the Internet as a weapon and target financial markets, government computer systems and utilities.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: "Foreign Policy" magazine puts the size of China's "hacker army" at anywhere from 50,000 to 100,000 individuals.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Diplomatic cables highlight US concerns that China is using access to Microsoft source code and 'harvesting the talents of its private sector' to boost its offensive and defensive capabilities.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The 2018 cyberattack on the Marriott hotel chain that collected personal details of roughly 500 million guests is now known to be a part of a Chinese intelligence-gathering effort that also hacked health insurers and the security clearance files of millions more Americans, The hackers, are suspected of working on behalf of the Ministry of State Security (MSS), the country's Communist-controlled civilian spy agency. "The information is exactly what the Chinese use to root out spies, recruit intelligence agents and build a rich repository of Americans' personal data for future targeting."


title: Cyberwarfare

text: A 2008 article in the "Culture Mandala: The Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies" by Jason Fritz alleges that the Chinese government from 1995 to 2008 was involved in a number of high-profile cases of espionage, primarily through the use of a "decentralized network of students, business people, scientists, diplomats, and engineers from within the Chinese Diaspora". A defector in Belgium, purportedly an agent, claimed that there were hundreds of spies in industries throughout Europe, and on his defection to Australia Chinese diplomat Chen Yonglin said there were over 1,000 such in that country. In 2007, a Russian executive was sentenced to 11 years for passing information about the rocket and space technology organization to China. Targets in the United States have included "aerospace engineering programs, space shuttle design, C4ISR data, high-performance computers, Nuclear weapon design, cruise missile data, semiconductors, integrated circuit design, and details of US arms sales to Taiwan".


title: Cyberwarfare

text: While China continues to be held responsible for a string of cyber-attacks on a number of public and private institutions in the United States, India, Russia, Canada, and France, the Chinese government denies any involvement in cyber-spying campaigns. The administration maintains the position that China is not the threat but rather the victim of an increasing number of cyber-attacks. Most reports about China's cyber warfare capabilities have yet to be confirmed by the Chinese government.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: According to Fritz, China has expanded its cyber capabilities and military technology by acquiring foreign military technology. Fritz states that the Chinese government uses "new space-based surveillance and intelligence gathering systems, Anti-satellite weapon, anti-radar, infrared decoys, and false target generators" to assist in this quest, and that they support their "Informatisation" of their military through "increased education of soldiers in cyber warfare; improving the information network for military training, and has built more virtual laboratories, digital libraries and digital campuses." Through this informatisation, they hope to prepare their forces to engage in a different kind of warfare, against technically capable adversaries. Many recent news reports link China's technological capabilities to the beginning of a new "cyber cold war."


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Operation Shady RAT is an ongoing series of cyber attacks starting mid-2006, reported by Internet security company McAfee in August 2011. China is widely believed to be the state actor behind these attacks which hit at least 72 organizations including governments and defense contractors.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: On 14 September 2020, a database showing personal details of about 2.4 million people around the world was leaked and published. A Chinese company, Zhenhua Data compiled the database. According to the information from "National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System", which is run by State Administration for Market Regulation in China, the shareholders of Zhenhua Data Information Technology Co., Ltd. are two natural persons and one general partnership enterprise whose partners are natural persons. Wang Xuefeng, who is the chief executive and the shareholder of Zhenhua Data, has publicly boasted that he supports "hybrid warfare" through manipulation of public opinion and "psychological warfare".


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The Department of Information Technology created the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) in 2004 to thwart cyber attacks in India. That year, there were 23 reported cyber security breaches. In 2011, there were 13,301. That year, the government created a new subdivision, the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to thwart attacks against energy, transport, banking, telecom, defense, space and other sensitive areas.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The Executive Director of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) stated in February 2013 that his company alone was forced to block up to ten targeted attacks a day. CERT-In was left to protect less critical sectors.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: A high-profile cyber attack on 12 July 2012 breached the email accounts of about 12,000 people, including those of officials from the Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Home Affairs, Defense Research and Development Organizations (DRDO), and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP). A government-private sector plan being overseen by National Security Advisor (NSA) Shivshankar Menon began in October 2012, and intends to boost up India's cyber security capabilities in the light of a group of experts findings that India faces a 470,000 shortfall of such experts despite the country's reputation of being an IT and software powerhouse.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In February 2013, Information Technology Secretary J. Satyanarayana stated that the NCIIPC was finalizing policies related to national cyber security that would focus on domestic security solutions, reducing exposure through foreign technology. Other steps include the isolation of various security agencies to ensure that a synchronised attack could not succeed on all fronts and the planned appointment of a National Cyber Security Coordinator. As of that month, there had been no significant economic or physical damage to India related to cyber attacks.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: On 26 November 2010, a group calling itself the Indian Cyber Army hacked the websites belonging to the Pakistan Army and the others belong to different ministries, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Pakistan Computer Bureau, Council of Islamic Ideology, etc. The attack was done as a revenge for the Mumbai terrorist attacks.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: On 4 December 2010, a group calling itself the Pakistan Cyber Army hacked the website of India's top investigating agency, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). The National Informatics Center (NIC) has begun an inquiry.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In July 2016, Cymmetria researchers discovered and revealed the cyber attack dubbed 'Patchwork', which compromised an estimated 2500 corporate and government agencies using code stolen from GitHub and the dark web. Examples of weapons used are an exploit for the Sandworm vulnerability (), a compiled AutoIt script, and UAC bypass code dubbed UACME. Targets are believed to be mainly military and political assignments around Southeast Asia and the South China Sea and the attackers are believed to be of Indian origin and gathering intelligence from influential parties.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The Defence Cyber Agency, which is the Indian Military agency responsible for Cyberwarfare, is expected to become operational by November 2019.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The Chinese are being blamed after a cybersecurity company, F-Secure Labs, found a malware, NanHaiShu, which targeted the Philippines Department of Justice. It sent information in an infected machine to a server with a Chinese IP address. The malware which is considered particularly sophisticated in nature was introduced by phishing emails that were designed to look like they were coming from an authentic sources. The information sent is believed to be relating to the South China Sea legal case.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In July 2009, there were a series of coordinated denial of service attacks against major government, news media, and financial websites in South Korea and the United States. While many thought the attack was directed by North Korea, one researcher traced the attacks to the United Kingdom. Security researcher Chris Kubecka presented evidence multiple European Union and United Kingdom companies unwittingly helped attack South Korea due to a W32.Dozer infections, malware used in part of the attack. Some of the companies used in the attack were partially owned by several governments, further complicating attribution.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In July 2011, the South Korean company SK Communications was hacked, resulting in the theft of the personal details (including names, phone numbers, home and email addresses and resident registration numbers) of up to 35 million people. A trojaned software update was used to gain access to the SK Communications network. Links exist between this hack and other malicious activity and it is believed to be part of a broader, concerted hacking effort.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: With ongoing tensions on the Korean Peninsula, South Korea's defense ministry stated that South Korea was going to improve cyber-defense strategies in hopes of preparing itself from possible cyber attacks. In March 2013, South Korea's major banks – Shinhan Bank, Woori Bank and NongHyup Bank – as well as many broadcasting stations – KBS, YTN and MBC – were hacked and more than 30,000 computers were affected; it is one of the biggest attacks South Korea has faced in years. Although it remains uncertain as to who was involved in this incident, there has been immediate assertions that North Korea is connected, as it threatened to attack South Korea's government institutions, major national banks and traditional newspapers numerous times – in reaction to the sanctions it received from nuclear testing and to the continuation of Foal Eagle, South Korea's annual joint military exercise with the United States. North Korea's cyber warfare capabilities raise the alarm for South Korea, as North Korea is increasing its manpower through military academies specializing in hacking. Current figures state that South Korea only has 400 units of specialized personnel, while North Korea has more than 3,000 highly trained hackers; this portrays a huge gap in cyber warfare capabilities and sends a message to South Korea that it has to step up and strengthen its Cyber Warfare Command forces. Therefore, in order to be prepared from future attacks, South Korea and the United States will discuss further about deterrence plans at the Security Consultative Meeting (SCM). At SCM, they plan on developing strategies that focuses on accelerating the deployment of ballistic missiles as well as fostering its defense shield program, known as the Korean Air and Missile Defense.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In an extension of a bilateral dispute between Ethiopia and Egypt over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Ethiopian government websites have been hacked by the Egypt-based hackers in June 2020.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: The New York Times published an exposé revealing an extensive three-year phishing campaign aimed against diplomats based in Cyprus. After accessing the state system the hackers had access to the European Union's entire exchange database. By login into Coreu, hackers accessed communications linking all EU states, on both sensitive and not so sensitive matters. The event exposed poor protection of routine exchanges among European Union officials and a coordinated effort from a foreign entity to spy on another country. "After over a decade of experience countering Chinese cyberoperations and extensive technical analysis, there is no doubt this campaign is connected to the Chinese government", said Blake Darche, one of the Area 1 Security experts - the company revealing the stolen documents. The Chinese Embassy in the US did not return calls for comment. In 2019, another coordinated effort took place that allowed hackers to gain access to government (gov.cy) emails. Cisco's Talos Security Department revealed that "Sea Turtle" hackers carried out a broad piracy campaign in the DNS countries, hitting 40 different organizations, including Cyprus.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In April 2007, Estonia came under cyber attack in the wake of relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn. The largest part of the attacks were coming from Russia and from official servers of the authorities of Russia. In the attack, ministries, banks, and media were targeted. This attack on Estonia, a seemingly small Baltic state, was so effective because of how most of Estonian government services are run online. Estonia has implemented an e-government, where bank services, political elections and taxes, and pretty much anything modern society is now all done online.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In 2013, the French Minister of Defense, Mr Jean-Yves Le Drian, ordered the creation of a cyber army, representing its fourth national army corp (along with ground, naval and air forces) under the French Ministry of Defense, to protect French and European interests on its soil and abroad. A contract was made with French firm EADS (Airbus) to identify and secure its main elements susceptible to cyber threats. In 2016 France had planned 2600 "cyber-soldiers" and a 440 million euros investment for cybersecurity products for this new army corp. An additional 4400 reservists constitute the heart of this army from 2019.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In 2013, Germany revealed the existence of their 60-person Computer Network Operation unit. The German intelligence agency, BND, announced it was seeking to hire 130 "hackers" for a new "cyber defence station" unit. In March 2013, BND president Gerhard Schindler announced that his agency had observed up to five attacks a day on government authorities, thought mainly to originate in China. He confirmed the attackers had so far only accessed data and expressed concern that the stolen information could be used as the basis of future sabotage attacks against arms manufacturers, telecommunications companies and government and military agencies. Shortly after Edward Snowden leaked details of the U.S. National Security Agency's cyber surveillance system, German Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich announced that the BND would be given an additional budget of 100 million Euros to increase their cyber surveillance capability from 5% of total internet traffic in Germany to 20% of total traffic, the maximum amount allowed by German law.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Greek hackers from Anonymous Greece targeted Azerbaijani governmental websites during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In the Netherlands, Cyber Defense is nationally coordinated by the (NCSC). The Dutch Ministry of Defense laid out a cyber strategy in 2011. The first focus is to improve the cyber defense handled by the Joint IT branch (JIVC). To improve intel operations, the intel community in the Netherlands (including the military intel organization, MIVD) has set up the Joint Sigint Cyber Unit (JSCU). The Ministry of Defense oversees an offensive cyber force, called Defensive Cyber Command (DCC).


title: Cyberwarfare

text: Russian, South Ossetian, Georgian and Azerbaijani sites were attacked by hackers during the 2008 South Ossetia War.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: When Russia was still a part of the Soviet Union in 1982, a portion of a Trans-Siberia pipeline within its territory exploded, allegedly due to a Trojan Horse computer malware implanted in the pirated Canadian software by the Central Intelligence Agency. The malware caused the SCADA system running the pipeline to malfunction. The "Farewell Dossier" provided information on this attack, and wrote that compromised computer chips would become a part of Soviet military equipment, flawed turbines would be placed in the gas pipeline, and defective plans would disrupt the output of chemical plants and a tractor factory. This caused the "most monumental nonnuclear explosion and fire ever seen from space." However, the Soviet Union did not blame the United States for the attack.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In June 2019, the "New York Times" reported that American hackers from the United States Cyber Command planted malware potentially capable of disrupting the Russian electrical grid.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: It has been claimed that Russian security services organized a number of denial of service attacks as a part of their cyber-warfare against other countries, most notably the 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia and the 2008 cyberattacks on Russia, South Ossetia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. One identified young Russian hacker said that he was paid by Russian state security services to lead hacking attacks on NATO computers. He was studying computer sciences at the "Department of the Defense of Information". His tuition was paid for by the FSB.


title: Cyberwarfare

text: In January 2017, Sweden's armed forces were subjected to a cyber-attack that caused them to shutdown a so-called Caxcis IT system used in military exercises.